There are some things you just don't expect to see. After all, how weird would it be to see a baby at a night club, an elephant trotting down Fifth Avenue, or say, a vegan burger being sold at the butcher counter? Well, Beyond Meat, the company who says they have formulated a plant-based burger that can truly compete with the traditional kind, is doing just that.
Beyond Meat's new "Beyond Burger" will debut in a Whole Foods location in Boulder, Colorado, but instead of stocking the plant-based patty in the frozen section where you find other frozen veggie burgers, it will be sold in a case directly alongside meat, poultry, pork, and lamb.
The bold move has been one that Beyond Meat's founder, Ethan Brown, has been plotting from the start. His motivation? To target a much wider audience than those that deliberately go looking for plant-based alternatives to meat and cheese. And with one-third of Americans choosing to leave meat off their plate more frequently, and dairy consumption on a steady decline since the 1970s, we'd say this group of consumers is bigger than ever.
Brown's statement could not be more accurate. Despite the fact that the Beyond Burger is obviously being praised for its taste and texture, its impact will go far beyond taste buds. Producing enough animal protein to feed the world's ever-growing population is proving to be the greatest challenge of our time. At current rates, the livestock system covers over 50 percent of the world's land and uses a majority of freshwater supplies. Given that the average person in the developed world consumes two-thirds more protein than is recommended, the demand for meat is absurdly high and extremely unsustainable. Thankfully, products like the Beyond Burger that are made of plant-proteins can provide all the benefits of taste and texture that come with meat while having a minimal negative impact on the planet.
The plant-based burger is one of the many products aiming to propel us into the future of food, an era when the food industry will begin to make more sustainable choices and start supporting products that could actually feed the world's growing population. As uneasy as it may make some people seeking meat alternatives to go to the very counter they are trying to avoid, Brown's decision sees the bigger picture: if we want people to honestly put the hamburger down and pick up a vegan burger, the options need to be presented side by side. While the Beyond Burger will obviously be a wonderful option for those already seeking to leave meat out of their routine, a focus must be put on those not yet convinced to #EatForthePlanet and embrace the newest plant-based creations if we're ever going to transform the infrastructure of the food system. Only then, will we truly start to see change.
I think more people will try it if they can get it near the meat counter.


text:
Three-Ring Marriage also known as 3-Ring Marriage is a lost 1928 American silent drama film directed by Marshall Neilan and starring Mary Astor, Lloyd Hughes, and Lawford Davidson.

Cast
 Mary Astor as Anna
 Lloyd Hughes as Cal
 Lawford Davidson as Souvane
 Yola d'Avril as Minnie
 Alice White as Trapeze Performer
 Harry Earles as Cubby Snodd
 Tiny Doll as Mrs. Cubby Snodd
 George Reed as  Valet
 R.E. 'Tex' Madsen as Giant
 Anna Magruder as Fat Woman
 James Neill as Hutch
 Dell Henderson as Gangster
 Rudolph Cameron as Gangster
 Richard 'Skeets' Gallagher as Gangster
 Jay Eaton as Gangster
 Art Rowlands as Gangster
 Howard Truesdale
 Daisy Earles as Minor Role
 George Y. Harvey as Detective

References

Bibliography
 Lowe, Denise. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films: 1895-1930. Routledge, 2014.

External links

1928 films
American romantic drama films
Films directed by Marshall Neilan
American silent feature films
1920s English-language films
First National Pictures films
American black-and-white films
Lost drama films
Lost American films
1928 lost films
1928 romantic drama films
1920s American films
Silent romantic drama films
Silent American drama films

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Welcome to our site! Here at T-Smart Technology we specialise in high quality expert and affordable CCTV installations in Hailsham & surrounding areas Hellingly, Upper Dicker & Horsebridge as well as the entire BN27 region and East Sussex County.
If you're interested in protecting your home or business with CCTV then you have come to the right place. We have multiple solutions for you and we can help with anything from a single camera installation or alignment to complete business & commercial CCTV systems designed & installed.
We offer a wide variety of CCTV services in and around Hailsham in East Sussex and here are some of the most popular services that we can offer you.
If you're interested in protecting your home with CCTV, please do get in touch today and we have both high quality & affordable solutions for you. CCTV can be used as a deterrent to limit the chances that it is your property that will be targeted for acts of crime like theft, burglary & vandalism. CCTV can be used to protect your home, car, family & loved ones, gardens, land & out buildings as well as a whole a load of other uses.
All of our systems when set up have the ability for you to be able to log in remotely when connected the internet to view live images, access recordings and even get alerts when someone has crossed a boundary on your property. This makes it perfect for keeping an eye on the kids, elderly relatives and pets.
If you haven't already I recommend that you check our Home CCTV installation packages.
When installed correctly CCTV can act as a deterrent to limit the possibility that it is your business that will be targeted by criminals and should the worst ever happen provide evidence that can be submitted to the court and given to the police.
You may have stock going missing or staff are not performing as well as expected, in which case CCTV could be your answer. CCTV can be used to monitor cash tills and staff to ensure that they are working efficiently.
Obviously, I can't speak on behalf of your broker or underwriter but having CCTV installed on your business premises can lead to cheaper business insurance premiums & many forms of cover will not be available to you without CCTV so over time the CCTV could pay for itself with the money saved.
All the systems we install are of the minimum of equivalent of 1080p full HD, even the analogue ones. IP CCTV offers many advantages over traditional HD-TVI systems and these include increased security, increased picture quality, one of our cameras in capable of images of 12MP & can be far easier to expand to a greater number of cameras. IP CCTV operates over data cabling so can integrate with your existing data cable or structured cabling network.
As well as CCTV installations in Hailsham, Horsebridge & Hellingly. We can also help you with CCTV services in the following towns and villages. Magham Down, Upper Dicker, Herstmonceux, Stunts Green, Bodle Street Green, Windmill Hill & Cowbeech.


Experienced freelancer with a background in SEO and web design. For a while, I also worked as a high-school teacher, which helped me understand how young people use and perceive IT. Besides that, I am a blogger and occasionally write articles on Marketing, SEO, Education, and Technology.


Due to the bad winter weather moving in Friday night and continuing into Saturday, we are postponing the annual Membership Appreciation Meeting. It will be held next Saturday, January 20, same time, same place. See previous post for details. If you couldn't make it on the original date but can make it on 1/20, RSVP to Tom McNicholl by 5pm on Monday, 1/15 with number attending and dinner choices. See previous post for details.


Paul R. Brodzenski, more affectionately known as Drywall Paul, left this life for eternal rest and relaxation on January 26, 2016. Paul was a skilled craftsman and meticulous home improvement hobbyist. He enjoyed cooking, gardening, and socializing. Retired from the Painter's and Finisher's Union, Paul's artistic side and creativity could be seen throughout his home in the masterfully applied techniques of his trade. He is loved by many and will be greatly missed by family and friends alike.
He is preceded in death by his parents Herman J. and Glendolene V. (Cutright) Brodzenski and brother Herman E. "Butch" Brodzenski.
Paul is survived by his sons Steven P. and wife Victoria (Perkins) and Kevin A. Brodzenski, grandson, Gryffin T. Brodzenski-Kinsinger, niece Brandi J. Brodzenski and her children Katelynn, Nicolas, and Jason.
Paul desired no funeral services to be held. Instead, his family wishes to invite you to join them in celebrating Paul's life on Saturday, February 6th, from 2:00 pm at the Oriole's Nest 315, 3151 Mahoning Rd. NE. Canton, OH. Covered dishes are welcome. Condolences and special memories may be shared below.


I was out looking for some easter picks to dress up my spring pots and couldn't find any. So off I went to my trusty dollar store and came up with these. A dozen styrofoam easter eggs, two curly ribbon swirls for presents (all ready cut and when I pulled out the staples, one had 12 pieces and one had 24 pieces…how convenient), and bamboo skewers.
Take three ribbon swirl sections, stack them, fold them over the bamboo skewer and stick the skewer into the bottom of the egg, far enough so the egg won't come off.
For extra security, you could add a dab of glue to the top of the skewer before you stick it in the egg but I was in a hurry 🙂 Add them to your basket and voila…for about $5.00 you have a dozen easter eggs for your basket or pot.


text:
Adobe software helps award-winning Palo Alto journalism students shine
By Esther Wojcicki
Students use InDesign software to create multi-page layouts, Photoshop software to edit and enhance photos, and Illustrator software to create more complex vector graphics. Students also organize thousands of digital assets using Adobe Bridge, which streamlines the workflow in a highly visual manner.
Following the integrated media approach essential in today's publishing world, Paly's journalism program also has moved beyond traditional journalism classes into broadcast journalism. In Focus, the television news station, serves to disseminate campus news and selected features to the school community with professionalism, humor, and unbounded creativity. Among multiple tools, students use Premiere Elements software to digitally edit content for in-depth, web-based video segments. All the student segments are uploaded daily to the program's web site and streamed. Also, student teams often create pieces that are regularly uploaded to YouTube.
As the journalism program continued to expand in 1999, Paly's news and general feature magazine, called Verde, was launched. Verde is produced by students six times a year and showcases features, opinion articles, reviews, and an analysis of news. The first issue, published in 1999 with a team of 20 staff members, was an 80-page quarterly magazine that was received warmly by the campus community and the scholastic journalism community at large. Notably, that first issue won a Pacemaker–one of the two most prestigious awards in scholastic journalism–from the National Scholastic Press Association.
Rounding out Paly's journalism program is the department's newest addition, the sports magazine class. The Viking is published six times a year and is available both online and in print. Again, the student workflow includes components of Design Premium similar to The Campanile and Verde.
In today's world, no program would be complete without web journalism, replete with social connectivity, blogging, and live feeds. The Paly Voice, a web site created using basic HTML and Dreamweaver software, debuted in 2002 with students presenting their own reporting, writing, and photography along with repurposed content from the school's magazine, newspaper, and broadcast classes. In 2005 the site won two Webby Awards–an Academy Award and a People's Award. The site serves as a searchable archive of the content from all Paly publications. Students are using Fireworks software to optimize graphics for web presentation, and Flash Professional software to create motion graphics for the web that are viewable with the free Adobe Flash Player.
The students are excited about having the freedom to express themselves in a variety of publications, and this excitement attracts many new students each year. Paly's journalism teachers have found that Adobe tools and technology help students communicate their ideas effectively. The goal of the journalism program is to give students a proactive, creative outlet that is socially sanctioned and gives them a powerful voice in the community.
Esther Wojcicki teaches journalism at Palo Alto High School.
SMART Technologies Rolls Out Two New Editions of the ONLY True Multi-User Interactive Display

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


>very similar levels of detail get dismissed out of hand as UI-related.
it matches your characterization, as far as I can tell anyway.
If you have an example of a "general requirement around presentation"
Previous message: Heather West: "UI and scope"
Next in thread: イアンフェッティ: "Re: UI and scope"
Reply: イアンフェッティ: "Re: UI and scope"


text:
Christopher Gerald Uhlmann (born 24 June 1960) is an Australian former journalist and television presenter.

Career
Uhlmann was formerly a seminarian, a security guard, and a journalist with The Canberra Times before joining the Australian Broadcasting Corporation as a radio producer in 1998.

From 1999 to 2004, Uhlmann co-hosted Local Radio Breakfast on 666 ABC Canberra with David Kilby. In 2005, he was Jon Faine's producer for the Mornings show on 774 ABC Melbourne, and in 2006 was made chief political correspondent for ABC Radio current affairs.

In 2008, Uhlmann switched to television, and was political editor for The 7.30 Report, ABC News, and ABC News channel. In December 2010, he was appointed as co-host of the ABC Television current affairs program, 7.30. In 2012, the show was revamped again, with Uhlmann returning to the political editor role, and Leigh Sales hosting the program.

In 2013, Uhlmann stepped down as 7.30 political editor. He announced that he would be working on a documentary about the Rudd and Gillard Governments for the ABC.

In February 2014, Uhlmann became the 14th presenter of AM, the ABC Radio news and current affairs program. He took over after Tony Eastley resigned to take up a senior presenter role with the ABC News channel.

In January 2015, Uhlmann was appointed in a newly-created position as ABC News political editor. As a result of the new position Uhlmann left his role as presenter of AM, and was replaced by Michael Brissenden.

In July 2017, Uhlmann's 2-minute report for ABC's Insiders on Donald Trump's appearance at the 2017 G20 Hamburg summit went viral, and he was interviewed extensively in the United States, on various television networks.

In August 2017, Uhlmann announced that he would be leaving the ABC to join Nine News as political editor, replacing Laurie Oakes.

In August 2018, amid the 2018 Liberal Party leadership spill, Uhlmann gained popularity again
on social media when he appeared on Today, where he stated that the Sky News television channel, 2GB radio station and News Corp were "waging a war" against Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Turnbull. When asked how he expected presenters on Sky or 2GB to respond, he said he "couldn't give a rat's arse", adding "If you dish it out, you have to be prepared to take it".

Awards
2008: Walkley Award for Broadcast Interviewing

Politics
Uhlmann unsuccessfully contested the ACT 1998 general election for the electorate of Molonglo with the Osborne Independent Group.
The conservative group was named after Paul Osborne, who strongly opposed abortion care and advocated blocking both euthanasia legislation and any attempt to decriminalise abortion. Osborne and Uhlmann fell out when Osborne moved to severely restrict abortion in the ACT. Six years earlier, Uhlmann had written in support of establishing an abortion clinic in the territory.

Books
With Steve Lewis, Uhlmann has written a series of political novels set in Canberra: The Marmalade Files (2012), The Mandarin Code (2014) and The Shadow Game (2016). These feature a political reporter, Harry  Dunkley,  investigating a conspiracy involving China, the US and Australian security organisations. In 2016 the first two books were adapted as the Australian television series Secret City, and Harry became Harriet.

Personal life
Uhlmann is married to Gai Brodtmann who was an Australian Labor Party member of the House of Representatives for the Division of Canberra from 2010 to 2019. Gai is also a member of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) council, which is a partly Defence Industry and Defence Ministry funded think tank.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Australian television journalists
ABC News (Australia) presenters
ABC radio (Australia) journalists and presenters
Australian radio producers
Australian people of German descent
Walkley Award winners
Australian television talk show hosts


text:
BIZ SOLUTIONS
AD RATES & MEDIA KIT
WOMR BROADCAST SCHEDULE
2020 FOOD GUIDE
2020 FASHION GUIDE
2020 FALL / HOLIDAY GUIDE
12 STEP MEETINGS
BONFIRES
HISTORY SNIPPETS
TAKE OUT & DELIVERY
When is The Pilgrim Monument Lighting?
Sep 5, 2020 | Events
When: The Pilgrim Monument Lighting is November 11, 2020 from 5:00 pm – 7:00 pm
Where: Pilgrim Monument and Provincetown Museum
About: The annual Pilgrim Monument Lighting, which celebrates the Pilgrims' first landing in the New World in Provincetown on November 11, 1620, is one of Cape Cod's most beautiful traditions and one that is supported by PMPM's members and friends. Every year, people from near and far come to this iconic event to witness the Monument festooned with more than 3,100 "landing lights" which shine nightly through January 6 of the following year. Admission is free, and light refreshments and entertainment are provided.
More information as it becomes available at the Monument website.
The Pilgrim Monument was founded in 1892 as the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association—Cape Cod's oldest not-for-profit organization. Its purpose is to commemorate the Mayflower Pilgrims' first landing in the New World in Provincetown, in November 1620. Here the Pilgrims spent 5 weeks exploring the tip of Cape Cod, before they sailed on to Plymouth. They also drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact, which established the rule of law for the new land.
The Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association built the Pilgrim Monument to honor the Pilgrims' first landing in Provincetown. President Theodore Roosevelt laid the cornerstone in 1907. In 1910, President William Howard Taft dedicated the finished 252-foot tower. In 1910, the Cape's first building built to house a museum opened at the base of the monument, to educate the public about Provincetown's role in Pilgrim history and American history.
Today, millions of visitors and generations of local residents have admired and climbed the 252 foot granite Pilgrim Monument for almost 100 years.
Check out the Lobster Pot Tree Lighting!
Art We Love & Why: Edward Walsh Creates Light
How Can I Tell Between The Different Qualities Of Cannabis?
How Do Labs Test For Cannabis CBD/THC Potency?
How Do I Get a Medical Cannabis Card in Massachusetts?
A Very (p)Townie Holiday Extravaganza!
Art in Provincetown
Ferry Tales
Homepage Display
Marijuana in Provincetown
New to Provincetown 2019
Provincetown 2020 Guide
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WOMR
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I started using Bitwig 8 Track with my Nektar LX25+ which included the license. Now, I'm a problem. It seems presets do not work at all. For example, I can create a track by dragging the Polysynth instrument in, and it works flawlessly. Then, If I double click or drag any preset which is for the Polysynth, for example the Sad Bell, it simply does not work. The settings for Polysynth do not change and the sound is always the same.
What can I do? I have OS X El Capitan on a MacBook Pro Retina mid-2014.
All my presets and templates suddenly gone!


text:
Part of HuffPost Latino Voices. ©2021 Verizon Media. All rights reserved.
Hispanic Population Facts: A Look At Latinos By The Numbers (SLIDESHOW)
By Carolina Moreno
The strength of the Hispanic population can be felt everywhere these days. From the box office to the polls, the Latino community has demonstrated its power in the United States and it doesn't intend to stop growing.
In celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month, the Census Bureau has gathered data on the country's largest ethnic group -- figures which can numerically vouch for the potential and persistent growth of Hispanics in the U.S.
At 53 million strong, Hispanics represent great potential in both politically and economically. Still, it should not be forgotten that while the population has found strength in numbers, the term "Latino" continues to be an ambiguous way of defining a diverse group of people with backgrounds that encompass over two dozen nationalities.
The question "What is Latino?" may continue to go unanswered, but the impact the community has had is evident and growing. Just let these numbers speak for themselves:
Census: Latinos By The Numbers
Mexico To Ensure Undocumented Migrants In U.S. Have Access To Vaccines Virginia Man Arrested At D.C. Checkpoint With Gun, 500 Rounds Of Ammo: Reports Biden Outlines 'Day One' Agenda Of Executive Actions 'Horrified' Loews Hotels Cancels Josh Hawley Fundraiser After Capitol Attack
Carolina Moreno
Reporter, HuffPost
Hispanic Heritage Month Latino Voices Latinos & Hispanics
The Hispanic population of the United States as of July 1, 2012, making people of Hispanic origin the nation's largest ethnic or racial minority. Hispanics constituted 17 percent of the nation's total population. Source: 2012 Population Estimates


Big data describes large volume of data –both structure and unstructured- that inundates an organization's day to day operations. As the world of digital continues to evolve, more data and information are being generated from an ever-expanding range of sources, meaning businesses like yours can really drill down and find out everything they need to know about their customers, both on a mass and individual basis. Built-in along with our A.I, data can be easily streamlined where we present only what you deemed essential together with forecast. However it's not the amount of data that's important, it's what organizations do with the data that matters. Hence at S5 Systems we combine big data with high-powered analytics so you can make better decisions and strategic business moves.


With this ad-hoc expansion service, ICE helps you meet your established expansion goals and implement your multi-channel e-commerce strategy using our extensive marketplace knowledge and cultural awareness.
Based on predetermined goals, ICE prepares listing tool upload files and marks cells with missing data. You can decide to add the missing data yourself or ask ICE to enhance the data.
Once the account is launched, control will be handed back over to you.
If you are looking for more proactive and comprehensive expansion support, you may want to consider TEAM Managed Care.
With the TEAM Managed Care package, you'll have a Strategic Manager who acts as an extension of your team, connecting you with ICE's marketplace expansion experts and using their skills & experience to continuously boost your online presence. While International E-commerce Expansion is an ad-hoc service based on your company's established strategy, TEAM is longer term. It includes strategy creation, implementation and sustained maintenance to take your e-commerce business across the globe with the help of ICE's experts.


text:
Q: imagecopymerge not responding I am trying to merge two images with image copy merge.  This is the code I have:
<?php

$unframedPhoto = ('unframedPhoto.jpg');
$frame = ('frame.jpg');

imagecopymerge($frame, $unframedPhoto, 200, 200, 0, 0, 800, 800,0);

header('Content-Type: image/jpeg');
imagejpeg($frame, 'framedImage.jpg');

?>

That's the only code in my script.  I am executing it by going to the .php file on my localhost, and I am getting no response.  I do not see a new image 'framedImage.jpg' in my directory.
Any ideas what's going on here?

A: Do like this...
<?php

$unframedPhoto= imagecreatefromjpeg('unframedPhoto.jpg');
$frame  = imagecreatefromjpeg('frame.jpg');
imagecopymerge($frame, $unframedPhoto, 200, 200, 0, 0, 800, 800,0);
header('Content-Type: image/jpeg');
imagejpeg($frame);
imagedestroy($frame);
imagedestroy($frame);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Among the main reasons individuals begin organisations is to make cash. For some it's a blessing to make cash doing something they enjoy. I'm not stating that you need to like house cleaning in order to have an effective house cleaning service; nevertheless it would be a good idea if you didn't dislike it.
What does it cost? The money you make depends upon how big you desire your business to be. It could be a single person operation where you establish the houses and service locations close to house, or you could set up an office and employ people to work for you.
Here are 7 simple steps to start your own house cleaning service.
1) Decide precisely what sort of house cleaning company you will use.
Here you chose what cleaning you will do, like making beds, vacuuming, mopping and waxing flooring, cleaning and so on. Note exactly what you will not do, e.g. laundry. You can likewise choose to specialize, e.g. by cleaning up carpets only, or cleaning suspended ceilings only.
2) Pricing your house cleaning service.
To have a concept of the best ways to charge for your housekeeping service, use your competitors. Examine your telephone directory and the classified advertisements section in your regional newspapers for cleaning organisations, call them up (pretend to be a potential client) and discover exactly what cleaning services they use and what does it cost? they charge. With this info collected choose the best cost to charge for your cleaning company.
For this you have to think about, tools, material, transportation, marketing, insurance coverage and so on. Make a note of a list all the tools and material you need, like cleaners, sponges, mops, carpet cleaning devices and so on. Next learn the expense of each product on the list.
Advertising: You can utilize totally free marketing (word of mouth) and paid marketing (classifieds, telephone directory ads etc). Call to your regional paper and the telephone business who publish your telephone directory will tell you the cost of putting advertisements. Most people use the internet so it best to use free online services that some websites offer.
Once you've collected all this information, calculate your overall start-up expenses which can be as little as $200.
Selecting a suitable name for your home cleansing company is essential. Here are a few examples I got of the internet, 'Maid Brigade', 'All Shine Cleaning', 'White Glove Cleaning Service'. Please avoid utilizing 'Your Name Cleaning Services'. Using your very own name as part of your business name is over done by lots of house cleaning organisations. Brainstorm and develop a name that helps you stand apart of the crowd.
5) Learn the zoning policies of your community.
Examine the city clerk's Office or your local library for a copy for a copy of the zoning laws governing your neighborhood. Your factor for doing this is that some zoning regulations restrict home businesses in a neighborhood.
6) Do a few free cleaning tasks.
Well you're not in fact doing them totally free. You're doing them in exchange for references (these add to your credibility for future paying clients and are important). You can use these complimentary cleaning jobs to pals, non profit organizations in your communities etc.
7) Get your very first paying client then get another and another and another and so on.
Inform everybody you know that you've started a cleaning company and location advertisements in the local newspapers. In the start you need to invest the majority of your money and time earning money clients. The more clients you get the less time and cash you invest on marketing and more time you invest on cleaning and making your clients happy.
This is just the beginning. Once you start making money take a home cleaning service course to help you handle your business in regards to development, accounting, taxes, insurance much better marketing strategies and more.
I'm not stating that you have to like home cleaning in order to have an effective house cleansing service; nevertheless it would be a good idea if you didn't dislike it.
Look at your telephone directory and the categorized advertisements in your area and also regional newspapers for cleaning services. Call them up (pretend to be a potential customer) and discover out what cleaning services they use and how much they charge. Selecting a proper name for your house cleaning business is crucial. Utilizing your own name as part of your business name is over done by numerous home cleaning businesses. Inform everyone you know that you have started a cleaning service and place advertisements in the local papers in print and online.
Reference: Visit Simply Clean by Sarah and her house cleaning service in Watson LA and see the type of business cards she is using.


text:
International Communist Current
Workers of the world, unite!
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What is the ICC?
Basic Positions
Manifesto (1975)
History of the ICC
20 years of the ICC
What is the communist left?
Who's behind the ICC?
ICC press
ICConline
International Review
2010s - 140 to 179
1990s - 60 to 99
1970s - 1 to 19
World Revolution
Internationalism
Internasyonalismo
Communist Internationalist
Dutch and German Communist Left
Communist Organisations and Class Consciousness
Nation or Class?
The Period of Transition
Decadence of Capitalism
Unions Against the Working Class
Left Wing of the Turkish Communist Party
Manifesto on the October revolution
Buy from ICC
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ICConline - 2010s
» ICConline - 2016
Growing difficulties for the bourgeoisie and for the working class
Submitted by ICConline on 13 July, 2016 - 20:32
When 52% of those who voted in the UK Referendum on membership of the European Union chose the Brexit option it was not an isolated incident but another example of the growing international problem of populism. You can see it in the support for Donald Trump in the battle for the US Presidency; in Germany with the appearance of political forces to the right of the Christian Democrats (Pegida and Alternative für Deutschland); in the recent presidential elections in Austria where the Social Democrats and Christian Democrats were eclipsed, and the contest was between the Greens and the populist right; in France there is the continuing rise of the Front National; in Italy there is the Five Star movement; and there's also the governments of Poland and Hungary.
Populism is not another player in the games between the parties of left and right; it exists because of widespread discontent that can find no means of expressing itself. It's entirely on the political terrain of the bourgeoisie, but is based on opposition to elites and 'the Establishment', on antagonism towards immigration, distrust of left-wing promises and right-wing austerity, all expressing a loss of confidence in the institutions of capitalist society but not for a moment recognising the revolutionary alternative of the working class.
In the ICC's "Theses on Decomposition" (https://en.internationalism.org/node/3253), published in 1990, we wrote about "the bourgeoisie's growing difficulty in controlling the evolution of the political situation" and "the ruling class' loss of control over its own political strategy". Although the use of democracy has proven a very effective tool and ideology for the capitalist class, something in which their control of the political situation has been sustained, the latent tendency for difficulties to emerge for the ruling class has come more and more to the surface with the growth of populism.
The rise of populism, at a certain level, strengthens democracy with the discontented rallying to the populist parties, with others rallying to any force that will confront populism. However, the UK vote to Leave the EU is a reminder of the difficulties that populism can cause for the bourgeoisie's political control. The ruling class uses democracy to try and give its rule some legitimacy, but populism undermines its attempts at validation. Populism poses dangers for the bourgeoisie because, as it develops, it brings unpredictable upsets in the democratic process
The British bourgeoisie faced with the problem of populism
We have often had good reason to emphasise that the British ruling class is the most experienced bourgeoisie in the world, able to manoeuvre at the diplomatic, political and electoral level in a manner that is the envy of capitalist states across the globe. However, in this case, the Brexit vote shows the limits of the abilities of the British bourgeoisie.
Although the UK has a long history of capitalism's use of elections, it has had little use for referenda. After the EU referendum of 1975, apart from local referenda in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, there was only the 2011 referendum on a new voting system before this year's vote on Leave/Remain. This has been a wise policy for the bourgeoisie because there is always the danger that a referendum can be used as a focus for protest on any issue, regardless of the actual subject of the vote. In practice David Cameron's calling of a referendum was a massive miscalculation about the growth of populism. Far from being limited to a battle with UKIP and Eurosceptic Tories, there were many from all and no political backgrounds drawn into the fray. This also accounted for the weakness of the Remain campaign. While it presented facts, common sense and rational considerations (from a capitalist point of view), the Leave campaign appealed, with greater success, to irrational emotions.
The Brexiters personalised the argument by focussing on the rich Cameron and Osborne who couldn't understand the concerns of ordinary people; they said that people were fed up with experts and should trust their gut feelings; they portrayed immigration as a problem and one worsened by EU membership; and they promised £350m per week would be available to spend on the NHS (later saying this was a 'mistake'). Against this the Remain campaign sustained its arguments on the need to continue the benefits of EU membership, displayed the analysis of armies of economists, and quoted the testimonies of businesses that recognised the importance of the EU. When Remain did approach questions like immigration they agreed with the Leavers that it was a problem, but insisted that the EU framework was the best way of further clamping down on the movement of people looking for employment or safety.
The unpredictable consequences of Brexit
After the EU referendum there will be no return to political 'business as usual". Neither side had a plan for what to do in the event of a Leave victory. Whatever happens those who will suffer most will be those who were suffering already. While Osborne was quick to announce a cut in Corporation Tax to attract business to Britain, it is clear that it will be the working class that will have to make the economic sacrifices, and that workers would bear the brunt of attacks whether Remain or Leave had won.
At the economic level there has been much speculation as to what could happen, how British capitalism can best defend its interests, how the countries of the EU can defend themselves against any collateral damage in the aftermath of the referendum. The implications are international. There will be attempts to limit the impact on the EU. The dangers of a Brexit contagion spreading to other countries are very real. There are forces in many countries that resent the dominance of France and Germany in the EU. A British exit could further deepen these centrifugal forces.
One other prospect opens up with the growth of separatist tendencies. With the Scottish vote in the referendum strongly in favour of remaining in the EU, and with the 2015 General Election leaving only a handful of Scottish MPs not in the Scottish National Party, the possibility of a further loss of control and the undermining of the Union has been the subject of much speculation. It's a different situation in Northern Ireland, but a majority there also wanted to remain, which could also cause further difficulties for the United Kingdom.
On the political level there will be realignments, but there's no guarantee that there'll be a return to the unambiguous certainties of Left/Right politics. Parliament has 40 years of EU legislation to examine in a short period. After its internal battles the Conservative Party is not going to settle down easily. There was a big split in the Tory Cabinet during the campaign, and, after the referendum, the battle between Gove and Johnson showed a further division in the Brexit camp. Of the two women who are candidates for the Conservative leadership, May was for the Remain side but now says that "Brexit means Brexit", while Leadsom, in 2013, said leaving the EU "would be a disaster for our economy", but campaigned to Leave in 2016. The 150,000 members of the Conservative Party who will decide on the next Prime Minister might not be a predictable electorate, any more than the Labour Party was when it voted for Corbyn. (Editor's note: Since this article was written, the political situation has evolved yet again, with Theresa May now installed as Prime Minister, following Leadsom's withdrawal.)
The situation in the Labour Party is a microcosm of the overall political difficulties faced by the bourgeoisie. Labour is not being called on to fulfil any important government function at present, but it does have an important oppositional role and needs to be ready for the future whenever the working class begins to stir. There is a gap between the MPs who don't support Corbyn as leader and the membership who do. The unions are not united, but they too will contribute to the situation, not necessarily to provide stability.
The UK's EU referendum is a disquieting example to the bourgeoisie elsewhere. If the British bourgeoisie, across the spectrum, has difficulties in coping with the growth of populism then the same will apply to every other state. While democracy is one of the main means for containing and diverting the impulses of the working class and other social strata, the force of populism shows that the democratic process has its limitations and doesn't always follow the will of the dominant factions of the bourgeoisie.
The working class in the face of populism
One of the reasons for the growth of populism is the weakness of the working class, at the level of its struggles, its consciousness and its sense of its own identity. If the working class was widely seen to present an alternative to capitalism then it would be an inspirational factor in the perspective of a human community. But this is currently not the case.
Not only that, many workers have fallen in with populism, taken in by the idea of the 'people' against the elites. It is significant that in those areas of old industrial Britain that have been most run down and neglected there was a greater working class tendency to vote Leave. The Labour Party has taken support in these areas for granted, and although a majority of Labour voters voted to Remain, the minority that didn't was significant. These are the sections of the working class who have suffered most from the 'neo-liberal' policies which have displaced whole industries from the old capitalist heartlands, have turned the housing market into an arena for unrestricted speculation, and which subsequently offered austerity as the medicine needed to avert the disintegration of the international financial system.
Faced with this onslaught, often presented in the guise of a kind of capitalist 'internationalism', it is not surprising that whole sectors of the working class feel a very real anger against the establishment, but this does not in itself lead to the development of class consciousness. The appeal of populist demagogues, with their easy targets to blame, the EU, a metropolitan elite, immigration, foreigners, is quite concrete. Where capitalism is an abstraction, the populists can change their focus from EU regulations to Islamist terrorism to globalisation, even to the parasitic rich, without pausing for breath. Populism represents a considerable danger to the working class, because it does not have to be in any way coherent to be effective. It is a big challenge for revolutionaries to analyse the significance this whole phenomenon, and we are only just beginning this work.
The UK referendum, both campaign and result, is just one demonstration of a situation that is changing because of the growth of populism. It is a problem that can only get worse until the proletariat begins to appreciate its historic role, understands that it is not just an exploited class but that it has the capacity to overthrow capitalism and establish an international human community.
Car 9/7/16
Geographical:
Rubric:
British Situation
‹ EU, Brexit, populism:Against nationalism in all its forms! up Repression shows the true face of the democratic state ›
Communist Internationalist - 2000s
ICConline - 2010
Cleaning up the image of the democratic state
Duterte Regime: The lure of the strong man and the weakness of the working class
EU, Brexit, populism:Against nationalism in all its forms!
Repression shows the true face of the democratic state
Union 'radicalism' helps impose attacks
Internasyonalismo - 2000s
International Review 1970s: 1-19
International Review 1980s : 20 - 59
International Review 2000s : 100 - 139
Internationalism - 1990s
Manifesto on the October revolution, Russia 1917
Pamphlet: The Period of Transition
Pamphlet: Unions Against the Working Class
The Decadence of Capitalism
The Left Wing of the Turkish Communist Party
World Revolution 1970s
World Revolution 1990s - 168-230
World Revolution 2000s - 231 to 330


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Thick black smoke could be seen billowing into the sky from the city this morning.
A fire at a plastics firm near Meriden, which could be spotted from the A45, was attended by ten firefighters.
The blaze originated in a pile of wooden pallets and fire crews managed to stop it spreading to any nearby trees.
The service was alerted to the fire by police at the scene of a nearby police van crash, which left one officer injured.
A spokesman for West Midlands Fire Service said: "We got a call at 10.23am to Main Road, Meriden. The call originated from police.
"We sent a crew from Coventry and a crew from Canley, totalling 10 firefighters.
"The fire started in a pile of wooden pallets.
"One firefighter wore breathing apparatus while two hose jets were used on the blaze. They used a forklift truck on the site to remove the debris.
"The crews look to have put the fire out around 10.53am."


The full trailer for The Expendables 2 has finally hit. The first one was loud dumb fun, this one just looks.....it simply doesn't look very good. Could the dialogue be worse than in this trailer? Probably. Let's hope it's more fun than it looks. It hits theaters later this summer!


text:
Translating English from around the world
Led by translator and social researcher Gitanjali Patel
In this challenging workshop, students will explore translation between different types of English using a range of texts and media from around the globe, from Jamaica to Kenya to India. Students will address the UK's colonial history and the historical, political and cultural processes that have shaped the language across the globe. They will use these insights to develop a sensitive and nuanced approach to their translations, whilst gaining exposure to a wide range of literature, music and film that may not already be on their radar.
"The workshop have changed the way I see translation: it is a very creative process that requires great knowledge of oneself, society and literary and historical context."
– Student, Lycée International Winston Churchill
Book a workshop series at your school
Been translating professionally since I was a teenager, & wish I had had more support/mentorship. Check out comments below, inc @shadow_heroes @TiffTsao @JeremyTiang. (Being a mentor & being mentored is a position I hope to be in always, taking and giving back; lucky to be in it) https://twitter.com/yilinwriter/status/1351318684996755457
PUB DAY 🥳 for my translation of @ShahlaUjayli 's award-winning microfiction collection. 👏🏽👏🏽👏🏽 Available here in the UK: https://www.waterstones.com/book/a-bed-for-the-kings-daughter/shahla-ujayli/sawad-hussain/9781477322284
US: https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/ujayli-a-bed-for-the-kings-daughter @UTexasPress
I'm really tired of all the racism in the translation world. I would love to see more support for emerging racialized translators. If you're a friend/mutual who has some translation experience and can offer some time to give them advice on how to "break in", can you reply?
"I didn't know my mother-tongue wasn't considered an 'official' language in my country until I started going to school. Flipping through the school curriculum and not finding myself." Read this from @KeletsoMopai via @CatapultStory: https://www.lnk.xyz/B1a_nLlnH?aduc=3WYmpC61586393609492
*amazing* team https://twitter.com/shadow_heroes/status/1349301482118639616
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A proud Coloradoan, Scott C. Miller is a Ph.D candidate in early American economic history and business culture at the University of Virginia (UVa). After earning a Masters of Arts at George Mason University in American History (2013) and a second MA in Economic History at the University of Virginia (2015), Scott successfully completed comprehensive examinations in the Development of American Capitalism, 1700-1920, Early American History and the Atlantic World, 1650-1830, and the Global Economy, 1850-Present in September 2015. Scott is the recipient of numerous grants and fellowships including the Bankard Fund for Political Economy Pre-Doctoral Fellowship and the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington Research Fellowship. Scott's work focuses on the socio-political effects of financial and economic change and the development of commercial networks and markets in times of economic panic and depression. Scott is currently researching his dissertation, "A Merchant's Republic: Independence, Depression, and the Development of American Capitalism, 1760-1807," which analyzes the merchant-entrepreneur-led reformation of American business after American independence.
"Financial Speculation and America's First Financial Crisis," Financial History, 108, Fall 2013: 28-31.
"That Universal Panic Which Now Prevails": An Analytical Narrative of the Panic of 1791. MA thesis, George Mason University, 2013.
"Pacific Air War Archive." Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Spring 2013. http://www.pacificairwar.org/.
"Alexander Hamilton and the Freedom of the Press," Clio and Cicero, Spring 2010: 1-15.
Scott's research focuses on the socio-political effects of financial and economic change and the development of commercial networks and markets in times of economic panic and depression. Scott is currently researching his dissertation, "A Merchant's Republic: Independence, Depression, and the Development of American Capitalism, 1760-1807," which analyzes the merchant-entrepreneur-led reformation of American business after American independence. This project follows a cast of approximately 100 merchant-entrepreneurs in Boston, Providence, Philadelphia, New York, and Charleston, tracing the evolution of their business practices and the capitalist culture they inaugurated. In the end, Scott aims to demonstrate the importance of human contingency in the creation of capitalist institutions while combating the macroeconomic determinism that so frequently dominates interpretations of early American economic development.


text:
Autumn (Fall) & Winter
Plough Sunday
Abbots Bromley Horn Dance
Mummers Plays
Throughout the year, we perform a number of short mummers plays, most of them associated with a specific season or time of the year. For many of these plays we have disguised faces.
The plays typically include a number of bizarre characters (such as King George, Turkish Knight, Beelzebub and a quack doctor) and commonly tell a humorous tale based on the well-known death & resurrection story. However, one of them tells a tale of courting while another covers the potential ramifications of excessive alcohol consumption.
Mummers play sources are varied and numerous. Most of our plays are assembled from a variety of traditional sources, the main exception being the morality play which was written by Jim Coulson of the Wakeman Mummers, Ripon, Yorks. and shared with us in 1994.
Special thanks are due to the Hartley Morris Men, from whom we collected the Horse Play from Kent.
Bassingham (Lincs) Wooing Play (12th Night and Plough Sunday)
The Pace Egging Play (Easter)
The Horse Play from Kent (Spring/Summer)
The Antrobus (Cheshire) Soul Caking Play (Halloween)
The Hero/Combat Play (Christmas)
The Drinker - a morality play (anytime)
To see more examples of our mummers plays, please explore our Media Arcihive.


text:
Former Michigan State Golf Coach and GCAA Hall of Fame Member Bruce Fossum Passes Away At Age 86
EAST LANSING, Mich. - Legendary Michigan State men's golf coach Bruce Fossum died on Tuesday, March 11, in his hometown of Okemos, Mich. He was 86.
Fossum spent 25 years as head coach of the Michigan State men's golf program, holding the position from 1965-1989, before returning for one season in 1998-99. He coached the Spartans to their first Big Ten title in 1969, as part of a string of 10-consecutive top-5 finishes at the conference tournament. In all, he had 16 top-five finishes, including eight years in the top-three. Individually, 10 Spartans had top-five finishes at the conference tournament under his watch, earning All-Big Ten honors in the process.
Fossum coached 10 All-Americans and one Academic All-American during his tenure, leading five teams, and six other individuals to the NCAA Tournament, finishing as high as sixth in 1967. In addition, Fossum remains the winningest coach in Spartan history with 17 tournament victories.
Fossum was inducted into the Golf Coaches Association of America (GCAA) Hall of Fame in 1985, and followed by his wife Mary in 1988, becoming the first husband-wife combination in GCAA Hall of Fame history. In addition, he was the chairman of the NCAA Golf Committee in 1971 and 1975, and president of the GCAA from 1977-79. Fossum also was inducted into the Michigan Golf Hall of Fame in 2007.
His biggest legacy may have been his golf instruction in the Greater Lansing area. Since moving to the area in 1959, Fossum has taught many locals the game of golf, mainly at the Forest Akers Golf Course and the FunTyme Okemos Golf Dome. He was also a professor at Michigan State for over 30 years, and authored two books –GOLFandGolf Made Easier Not Easy.
Prior to becoming head men's golf coach, Fossum was an assistant coach for the Michigan State men's basketball program from 1959-65.
Born on Jan. 16, 1928, Fossum is survived by his wife, Mary, and their four children, nine grandchildren and one great grandchild. A memorial will be held at a later date.
Remembering Bruce Fossum …
Michigan State athletic director Mark Hollis:
"My thoughts and prayers are with the Fossum family, after hearing the news of Bruce's passing. Bruce and his wife Mary mean so much to the Michigan State and Greater Lansing golf communities. The impact that Bruce has had on so many people - as a teacher, a coach, a father and a friend – is immeasurable. The Fossum name will forever be synonymous with Spartan golf."
Michigan State men's golf coach Casey Lubahn:
"We were deeply saddened to hear the news of the passing of Coach Bruce Fossum. It is with heavy hearts that we say goodbye to a coaching legend, mentor and dear friend.
"Coach Fossum has been a fixture in this community for over 50 years and has touched countless people along the way. His legacy as a coach, professor, instructor and author will always be a part of the great tradition of Michigan State University and our golf programs. However, I will remember him as a husband, father, grandfather and friend – who always had time for others who needed a helping hand.
"While we will miss Coach so much, we are honored to continue on the legacy and foundation he has built for all of us who are fortunate enough to follow in his footsteps here at Spartan golf."
Michigan State women's golf coach Stacy Slobodnik-Stoll:
"It's a sad day for all of us and for Spartan golf. For me, Mary and Bruce go hand-in-hand. I always knew when I was a student-athlete at Michigan State that they were the only husband and wife coaching team in the nation, which was very special to us as players. Mary was our coach, but we also had Bruce there as our coach as well, because that was his nature and that's who he was. He was just an incredible resource.
"As my time went on at Michigan State, they became more and more like family to me. My own child (10-year-old daughter, Olivia) calls them Grandma Mar-Mar and Grandpa Bruce. They've not only supported me, but every student-athlete that they've coached; Bruce had such an effect on so many young people.
"A great story about Bruce is that Casey (Lubahn) and I got to meet Jack Nicklaus last fall at Oakland Hills, and I was telling Bruce about this wonderful opportunity to meet Jack Nicklaus, and Bruce goes, 'Well, you make sure to tell Jack that Michigan State is the only place that he ever lost in college.' Bruce even remembered what scores Jack shot and who he lost to.
"Bruce watched not only men's golf evolve into what it is today, but also our team, and helped Mary along the way, and helped me along the way. Bruce and Mary were always there when I wanted to talk about golf, and they could give my advice on any situation. I can only imagine all of the conversations they had together about their teams. Bruce was an integral part of the Spartan golf family and he will be dearly missed."


text:
Occupational noise exposure and ischaemic heart disease mortality
R McNamee1,
G Burgess1,
W M Dippnall1,
N Cherry2
1Division of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
2Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
Correspondence to:
Dr R McNamee
Biostatistics Group, Division of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; rmcnamee{at}manchester.ac.uk
Aims: To investigate the hypothesis that long term exposure to excessive noise can increase the risk of ischaemic heart disease.
Methods: A case-control design, nested within a cohort of nuclear power workers employed at two sites in England over the period 1950–98, was used. Cases were men who died from ischaemic heart disease (ICD-9: 410–414) aged 75 or under; each was matched to a surviving control of the nearest age who joined the same site at the same time. Personal noise exposure was assessed retrospectively for each man by hygienists using (1) company work histories, (2) noise survey records from 1965–98, and (3) judgements about likely use of hearing protection devices. Men were classified into four groups according to their cumulative exposure to noise, with men whose exposure at the company never exceeded 85dB(A) for at least one year being considered "unexposed". Risks were compared via odds ratios (ORs) using conditional logistic regression and adjusted for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, height, BMI, and smoking, as measured at recruitment to the company.
Results: Analysis was based on 1101 case-control pairs. There was little difference between the exposure groups at recruitment. There was no evidence of increased risk at site A: the ORs for ischaemic heart disease mortality among low, medium, and high exposure categories, compared to unexposed men, being 1.04, 1.00, and 0.77. The corresponding ORs (95% CIs) at site B were 1.15 (0.81–1.65) 1.45 (1.02–2.06), and 1.37 (0.96–1.96). When the comparison was confined to men with at least five years of employment, these dropped to 1.07 (0.64–1.77), 1.33 (0.88–2.01), and 1.21 (0.82–1.79) respectively.
Conclusions: The authors did not find statistically robust evidence of increased risk but the estimates at site B are consistent with those in a major cohort study. A strength of the present study is that the validity of noise estimation at site B has been demonstrated elsewhere.
BMI, body mass index
BP, blood pressure
NIL, noise immission level
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2005.026245
Excessive noise, at work or in the wider environment, has been linked with increased blood pressure and risk of ischaemic heart disease. A meta-analysis1 of nine cross sectional, "well matched" occupational studies concluded that an increase of 5dB(A) on the 8-hour A-weighted scale was associated with an increase of 0.51 mmHg (95% CI 0.01 to 1.00) in systolic blood pressure and of 14% (1%–29%) in the prevalence of hypertension. However, the authors noted that the results of the studies were inconsistent and there was some evidence of a publication bias against small negative studies. An earlier review of occupational exposure2 concluded that there was considerable evidence that noise has short term effects on cardiovascular function and catecholamine levels but that, although there was a suggestion that chronic noise exposure might lead to sustained increases in blood pressure, there was a lack of convincing evidence that it caused cardiovascular disease. This was, in part, due to poor quantification of noise exposures and inadequate consideration of confounders.
Another problem is that there have been few longitudinal studies: although some of the reviewed studies incorporated estimates of cumulative exposure, they were essentially cross sectional with the emphasis on prevalence. One longitudinal study3 of miners with high exposures who remained in work for at least 10 years found no evidence of a link with blood pressure. Lang et al4 found effects on blood pressure only among those exposed at work to levels above 85dB(A) for at least 20 years, but there may have been insufficient power at lower durations. Recently, the findings from a large cohort study5 of lumber mill workers, including workers with 20 or more years at levels over 85dB(A), have been reported. Among workers who terminated employment before the introduction of hearing protection devices, there was a exposure-response relation between ischaemic heart disease mortality and years of exposure above 85dB(A), with a relative risk of 1.3 (p = 0.04) in those with 20 or more years' exposure above 85dB(A) compared to less than three years, after adjustment for age, calendar year, and ethnicity. Twenty or more years above 95dB(A) produced an RR of 1.5 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.2).
According to the Netherlands Health Council committee on Noise and Health, the "no adverse effect level" for industrial workers is at most 85dB(A) on the 8-hour A-weighted scale and, for general environmental noise, 70dB(A) on the 24-hour Ldn scale.6,7 A large cohort study8 of road traffic noise and incidence of ischaemic heart disease found no statistically significant effects, perhaps because the maximum Ldn was less than 70 dB(A). On the other hand, a recent, large case-control study9 found an OR of 1.8 (95% CI 1.0 to 3.2) for myocardial infarction among men who lived for at least 10 years in homes with daytime traffic noise levels above 70dB(A). Other cross sectional studies10,11 found a relation between aircraft noise, up to 76dB(A) on the Ldn scale, and use of medication for cardiovascular diseases.
Given these results and the ubiquity of noise exposure, there is a need for further longitudinal studies. We report here on a longitudinal study of occupational exposure and mortality from ischaemic heart disease among a cohort of nuclear power workers in England.
A nested case-control design was used for reasons of economy. The study cohort was defined as all males who started "industrial work" at either of two rural sites (referred to here as site A and site B) of the same company, while aged 50 years or under between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 1998, and who worked there for at least one month. Work at the sites included nuclear power production, reprocessing nuclear fuel, manufacture of nuclear fuel rods, and light engineering. Industrial workers comprised those directly involved in production, manual skilled, and unskilled workers who were indirectly associated with production (for example, painters, joiners, storemen), and excluded professional, technical, and administrative staff. In the course of the study, a small number of subjects were found to have started work in the 1940s; these were retained in the analyses.
Under an existing agreement between the company and the Office of National Statistics for England and Wales, all deaths among study population members had already been notified to the company, together with cause of death coded to (Internation Classification of Diseases) ICD-8 or ICD-9 depending on year of death. The 1220 cohort members who died from ischaemic heart disease (ICD-9 codes 410–414) at age 75 years or under between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 1998 formed the case group for the present study. For each case a control, who was alive at the time of the case's death, was chosen from cohort members at the same site, matched as closely as possible on age and year of starting work, with a maximum difference of three years being allowed on these variables.
Assessment of noise exposure
Anonymous work histories for each subject, consisting of building numbers and job titles throughout employment, were extracted by company personnel from workplace records and given to the study team. All relevant information from three sources—personnel, the occupational health department, and the radiation dosimetry department—was extracted. Personnel data were generally the most complete, giving, for each man, start and end dates for consecutive periods of work during which job title and building were said to be fixed. If other sources suggested that place of work or job title was not fixed within any such period, a further split into two or more periods was made. Where there were discrepancies between the three sources of information in terms of buildings, dosimetry department records were considered the most reliable; information from other sources was used to fill any gaps in their record. In some cases, buildings were described in words rather than by a number, and some of these had shut down or undergone a change of function. To help translate text into building numbers, needed for linkage with noise survey records, retired and long term employees of the company familiar with the sites were consulted; nevertheless numbers could not be assigned in some instances. If the job title for a particular period was missing, but job titles in the periods immediately preceding and immediately following were identical, then the same job title was assigned to the intervening period.
Employment information from all subjects was aggregated, for each site separately, to give a list of all the combinations of building × job title × year for which noise estimates were required. Estimates of the LEP,d, that is, 8-hour average daily personal noise exposure, measured in decibels on the A-weighted scale (dB(A)), were made for each combination by a team of three occupational hygienists who were unaware of whether the histories related to cases or controls.
The methods used by the hygienists are described in full elsewhere.12 The company had carried out noise monitoring surveys since 1965. Survey reports, from 67 buildings of interest at site A and 89 buildings at site B, were made available to the hygienists, and included about 4590 sound pressure measurements at site A and 832 at site B. These were mainly hourly measurements but also included some one minute readings (15%) and personal dosimetry measurements (5%). Using these reports, two of the hygienists independently estimated noise exposures for each combination of building × job title × year. If their separate estimates for a given combination differed by 5dB(A) or less, the midpoint was taken as the final estimate. If they differed by 6 to 10 dB(A), a third hygienist provided an additional independent estimate; the median of the three estimates was then taken as the final estimate. If any two estimates differed by more than 10 dB(A), the three hygienists met to reach a consensus. Where noise surveys did not cover the whole period of interest for a building, extrapolations were made from other periods after considering the possibility of time trends in exposure.
Some buildings did not have noise surveys; also building number was unknown for parts of some subject histories. To fill these gaps, noise estimates were constructed based on additional rules using job title and site of work only. For each combination of site and job title separately, noise estimates from surveyed buildings were aggregated and the median level found, after weighting estimates by the number of study subjects in each building. These medians were used as the estimates, except if they implied a noise exposure above 80dB(A) for a building in existence after 1965 but never surveyed. In this case, the value was reduced to 80dB(A) on the grounds that if noise levels had been higher, company hygienists would have carried out a survey. If there was no job title, no estimate of noise exposure was made.
A hearing protection questionnaire (Burgess et al,12 p. 126, Table A2) was used to elicit information, about likely use and type of personal protective equipment, from long term employees or retired workers whose jobs required them to visit many parts of the sites. The hygienists then defined a set of rules by which the above environmental noise exposure estimates were to be reduced to give personal exposure estimates. Exposure estimates for years before 1960 at site B, and before 1975 at site A, were left unchanged. Reductions were made to exposures over 90dB(A), for selected buildings at site B during 1960–74 and from 1974–90 for all buildings at both sites. These were generally small (1 or 2dB(A)) reflecting a judgement that hearing protection might not have been used, or not used appropriately before 1990. From 1990 onwards, all exposure estimates over 90dB(A) were reduced to 90dB(A).
Classification of subjects by noise levels
For each subject, the complete exposure history consisted of a series of time periods of varying length, T, within which the 8-hour personal noise exposure, E, was assumed constant. The threshold for any adverse effect of noise on long term cardiovascular risk was assumed to be one year at 85dB(A): men estimated to have less than one year's exposure at a level of 85dB(A) or higher were classified as "unexposed".
Three indices of exposure—TT85, M85, and NIL85—were calculated for other subjects. TT85 was the total years with estimated noise exposure above 85dB(A), while M85 and NIL85 were measures of average and cumulative intensity over time. If exposure estimates were missing for part of a subject's employment, TT85 was imputed by assuming that the proportion of their employment with E ⩾85dB(A) was equal to the observed proportion during periods with estimates. The mean, M85, measured in dB(A), was based on periods with E ⩾85dB(A) only, and was calculated as follows. For each such period, the noise intensity, I (watts/m2) was calculated from E by I = 10−12*(10E/10), and multiplied by the number of years, T. The cumulative intensity, ΣIT, and the mean intensity ΣIT/TT85, across these periods was found. M85 was calculated from mean intensity using the reverse transformation. If exposure estimates were missing for part of a subject's employment, M85 was based only on periods with estimates. The measure of cumulative exposure, the noise immission level (NIL),13 could in theory be calculated by applying the same transformation to cumulative intensity. Here it was calculated using the equivalent formula, NIL85 = M85+10*log10(TT85), as this approach automatically took account of periods with missing data.
Categories of NIL85 were created using cut-off points which divided the exposed subjects into roughly three equal sized groups, with values in the ranges (85–94.7), (94.8–99.6), and (99.7–109.6)dB(A)-years. The NIL85 scale assumes that, for example, four years exposure at 91dB(A) is the same as eight years at 88dB(A) or 16 years at 85dB(A).
The predictive validity of the measures TT85, M85, NIL85 has been investigated in a separate study14 of their relation with hearing loss. A exposure-response relation was observed between hearing loss and NIL85 among workers at site B and there was evidence that both TT85 and M85 were separately predictive. No relation was seen at site A.
Measures of potential confounders
All subjects had a pre-employment medical assessment and annual examinations while employed, which measured blood pressure (BP), weight, and height, and recorded smoking habit. Only variables from the pre-employment examinations were considered as potential confounders, as changes over the course of employment, for example in blood pressure, might be an effect of exposure to noise and thus an intermediate variable on the causal pathway of interest. Information on weight, height, and BP at pre-employment was fairly complete but where either of these or smoking at pre-employment was missing, it was imputed from the next medical examination with relevant data. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilos divided by the square of height in metres. Information on smoking habit was not routinely recorded until later years and therefore for some subjects, no pre-employment classification, imputed or otherwise, was possible. Information was available on whether subjects worked shifts during employment and was used to classify each worker according to whether or not he had worked shifts for a month or more.
The employment history of controls was censored at the time of death of their matching case if necessary, and measures of noise exposure calculated from the preceding period only. Odds ratios (ORs) associated with the various indices of exposure were estimated using a conditional logistic regression model which also included smoking habit, BMI, height, systolic BP, and diastolic BP as recorded at the pre-employment medical examination. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, BMI, and height were represented as continuous variables in the regression models. Smoking status was categorised as non/ex-smoker, 1–9 per day, 10–19 per day, and 20+ per day, and unknown. Both categorical and continuous indices of exposure were examined in different models. Tests for trends of increasing risk with increasing levels of exposure in the exposed subgroup alone were based on continuous exposure measures but with the dichotomous variable (exposed/not exposed) also included in the same model. As discussed below, the possibility that duration of employment might act as a confounder was considered and it was included in some models classified in five-yearly intervals. In an alternative approach, estimates of noise effects were based only on comparisons among those with at least five years employment at the company.
Statistical power
Power calculations were based on a hypothetical study population with only two exposure categories, "low" and "high", and half of the population in the high category. If high exposure increased risk by 30% (40%) (50%), then a nested case-control study in such a population, based on 550 cases and 550 controls, would have 56% (78%) (91%) power to find a statistically significant result, using a two-sided test and a 5% significance level. Although the actual study was almost twice this size, these power considerations are relevant to a comparison of the highest and lowest quartiles of the exposure distribution.
There were 1220 deaths from ischaemic heart disease, 569 from site A and 651 from site B. Ten per cent (n = 119) of the 1220 case-control pairs were omitted from the analyses due to missing information: there was no information on noise levels during employment for 11 subjects (five cases, six controls) and a further 120 subjects (63 cases, 57 controls) had no information on either height, blood pressure or weight. Because of the "paired" nature of the statistical analyses, both subjects with missing data and their pair match had to be omitted from analysis, leaving 1101 pairs with complete data. Omissions were greater at site B (15%) than site A (4%), and for those with shorter employment: 14% of those employed less than five years were omitted versus 7% of the remainder.
The median age at death of the cases was 63 years (range 29–75 years). Twenty per cent of cases died while still employed by the company, while 30% died more than 20 years after leaving. The majority of cases began work at the company in the period 1950–69, with a median age at the start of employment being 37 years. Length of employment varied considerably: the median was 9.7 years, but 23% were employed for less than two years and 23% were employed for 20 years or more.
Controls and cases were very similar as regards age at start of employment and year of recruitment (table 1), reflecting the matching in the study design. The median length of employment among controls (10.6 years) was about a year longer than for cases, but when coverage of employment of controls was censored at the date of death of the matching case, the median for controls (8.6 years) was less than for cases (9.7 years).
Employment characteristics of 1101 cases and 1101 controls
Over 1500 building × job title combinations were assessed by hygienists; the median noise estimate was 85dB(A) (range 60–97). Noise exposure estimates were made for 96% of the 24 860 person-years of employment for all subjects combined, the remainder being periods for which there were no job titles. Estimates were made from information in the noise survey reports for 65% of the total person-years, from additional rules for buildings not included in noise surveys for a further 16%, and on the basis of job titles only for a further 15%. In terms of subjects, 93% had noise estimates covering their whole period of employment. For the remainder, exposure in missing periods was inferred from the part of their employment that had noise estimates (see Methods). Noise estimation was more likely to be based directly on noise survey data at site A (79% of person-years) compared to site B (52% of person-years).
Sixty four per cent of subjects (n = 1402) were considered exposed—that is, they had a noise exposure of 85dB(A) or more for at least one year; the remaining subjects formed the "unexposed" group. Twenty six per cent (n = 583) had exposure for at least 10 years and 8% (n = 186) for at least 20 years. Among the exposed, 468, 469 and 465 were placed in "Low", "Medium", and "High" exposure groups respectively based on the NIL85 measure.
Baseline cardiovascular and other factors for exposure groups
The relation between exposure and the measured baseline cardiovascular risk factors, BP, BMI, height, and smoking is shown in table 2 for the control group, who represent the population base15 in this design. In general the differences are very small; the biggest is between the prevalence of hypertension at pre-employment among the High exposure group (25%) and the Low exposure group (19%). Smoking data were more likely to be missing in the unexposed group, but among those with smoking data, there was little evidence that exposure was correlated with smoking behaviour. However there was a strong relation between length of employment and exposure, as might be expected when an exposure measure is partly based on duration. The large differences in employment duration between High and Low noise exposure groups are a reminder that, if there was another occupational risk factor for cardiovascular disease in this cohort, exposure to which also increased with length of employment, it would confound the noise/heart disease relation unless properly controlled.
Baseline cardiovascular factors and employment characteristics by exposure group (controls only)
There were some differences between subjects at the two sites. On average, employees at site A were two years older at the start of employment and the duration of employment was two years less. Eighty five per cent of employees at site A had smoking information compared to 65% at site B. More subjects were classified as exposed (72%) at site A compared to B (56%).
Association between cardiovascular mortality and noise exposure
The five cardiovascular risk factors at pre-employment—systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, height, and smoking—all showed the expected relationships with mortality in regression analyses, with somewhat stronger relationships emerging from site A. There was no evidence of increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in shiftworkers (OR = 0.98 comparing shift and non-shift) and this variable was omitted from further analyses. In general, adjustment for the five cardiovascular variables did not greatly change the ORs for exposure: the overall OR for exposed versus unexposed, adjusted for the five factors, was 1.15 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.40) compared to 1.14 when unadjusted (table 3). When the association was estimated separately for each site, no evidence of increased risk was found for site A (adjusted OR = 1.00), but at site B the OR was 1.32 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.70). When duration of employment was also included in the model, the latter reduced to 1.25 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.62). In what follows, "adjusted ORs" always indicates adjustment for the five cardiovascular risk factors only, unless further qualified. Results with further adjustment for duration of employment are also shown in tables.
Ischaemic heart disease mortality and noise exposure: odds ratio for exposed (⩾1 year at 85dB(A) or higher) v unexposed
There was no evidence of a trend with years of exposure above 85dB(A). In fact the highest ORs tended to be seen in those with 1–10 years of exposure (table 4) and, at site A, the ORs for those with more than 10 years exposure were less than 1. Tests of trend in risk with increasing years of exposure in the exposed group alone were carried out as described in the Methods. None of the trends was statistically significant: at site A the OR per 10 years of exposure above 85dB(A) was 0.84 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.05) and at site B, it was 1.01 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.24) (table 5).
Ischaemic heart disease mortality and noise exposure at 85dB(A) or higher: odds ratios by years of exposure compared to unexposed
Ischaemic heart disease mortality and noise exposure at 85dB(A) or higher: odds ratios associated with each 10 years of exposure, assuming a constant trend in exposed group only*
The NIL85 measure, which combines duration with intensity of noise above 85dB(A), might be expected to show a stronger relationship than duration alone. Overall, there was no evidence (table 6) of an exposure-response relation for this variable: those in the High exposure category (NIL85 ⩾99.7) had almost the same risk (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.39) as the unexposed group. However, at site B, the ORs showed a pattern more consistent with an exposure-response relation, being 1.15 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.65), 1.45 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.06) and 1.37 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.96) for Low, Medium, and High categories respectively. With further adjustment for duration of employment, these dropped to 1.15, 1.32, and 1.31 respectively and none of these was significantly different from one (table 6). When a test of trend in risk with increasing values of the continuous measure, NIL85, at site B was carried out, there was little evidence of a systematic trend: the adjusted OR associated with an increase of 5dB(A) in NIL85 was 1.03 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.22).
Ischaemic heart disease mortality and NIL85: odds ratios for categories* of NIL85 versus unexposed
Duration of employment was investigated as an independent predictor of risk, after controlling for the five cardiovascular risk factors, and also with additional control for NIL85. Those employed for less than five years were used as the baseline group. At site A, there was little evidence of a relation (table 7) but at site B, there was evidence of a non-linear trend: mortality rates from ischaemic heart disease were higher in those with at least five years' employment but with a smaller increase in those with very long employment. To investigate the possibility of a non-linear relation with duration at this site, a quadratic function of the continuous variable, employment duration, was fitted in the model instead, The quadratic term was statistically significant (p = 0.047), and the model coefficients suggested a peak in risk at approximately 20 years' employment. In the analysis with adjustment for NIL85 as well as the five cardiovascular risk factors, the p value for this term was 0.101.
Ischaemic heart disease mortality odds ratio by duration of employment and site
If duration of employment is a proxy for some other exposure, then it is important that the estimates of noise effects are properly adjusted. As shown in table 2, duration of employment and cumulative exposure were strongly correlated; in fact 95% of those with Medium or High cumulative exposure were employed for more than five years compared to 33% of the unexposed group. In previous models (tables 3–6) where noise effects were "adjusted" for duration of employment, the models assumed that the effects of duration of employment and noise on risk combine multiplicatively. Arguably (see Discussion) a better analysis is to stratify by employment duration (<5 years, 5 years or more) and to compare noise exposure groups within each stratum, with a focus on those employed for longer. An analysis of this kind was carried out within the framework of a conditional logistic regression model. Among workers at site B with at least five years' employment, there were 211 unexposed subjects and 95, 186, and 218 subjects in the Low, Medium, and High categories of NIL85; the ORs for the exposed categories compared to unexposed were 1.07 (93% CI 0.64 to 1.77), 1.33 (95% CI 0.88 to 2.01), and 1.21 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.79) respectively.
Interpretation of the results from this study is complicated by an apparent divergence between the results for the two sites. The validity of the retrospective noise estimation process is critical to interpretation. In a separate study,14 we found that years of exposure above 85dB(A) and the NIL85 measure were predictive of hearing loss at site B, with a clear dose-response relation. However there was little evidence of predictive validity at site A. There are a number of possible explanations for this, including poor measures of hearing loss and/or poor estimation of noise at site A. One possibility, raised by a referee, was that inappropriate or inadequate adjustments for hearing protection when estimating noise dose might have distorted the relations at site A. If so, and there is a genuine effect of noise on cardiovascular risk, we might expect to see a stronger relation among the 350 case-control pairs at site A whose exposure histories preceded 1975: no adjustments for hearing protection were made before that date. In fact, the OR for exposed versus unexposed in this period, adjusted for the five risk factors, was 1.04 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.49) and there was no evidence of a dose-response relation. Whatever the reasons for the poor predictive validity at site A, it suggests that the results on the relation between noise and ischaemic heart disease deaths at that site might be unreliable. In what follows, we consider mainly site B.
The results at site B suggested an increased risk at medium and high levels of cumulative exposure: the adjusted ORs for these groups were 1.45 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.06) and 1.37 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.96) respectively. However, interpretation of the results from site B is complicated by an apparent relation between duration of employment and deaths from ischaemic heart disease. This trend could reflect the presence of another exposure at site B whose effects also increased with duration. However, we know of no other exposures at this workplace which could plausibly16 be related to ischaemic heart disease, apart from shiftwork; in unpublished work, we found no relation with duration of shiftwork at this site. Another possible explanation for this trend is that it reflects a complicated employment selection process whereby those who leave the workforce within five years have better cardiovascular health than longer term employees, coupled with a healthy worker survivor effect in very long term employees. Our final analysis, which estimated noise effects from those with at least five years' employment, would overcome part of any such selection or confounding problem. The ORs from this analysis, 1.07, 1.33, and 1.22 for Low, Medium, and High categories of NIL85 respectively, were not statistically significant.
There is no consensus about noise threshold levels for cardioscular effects. Our choice of 85dB(A) as a threshold on our scale was based in part on opinions6,7 that the threshold was at most 85dB(A), in part on our view that the hygienists' assessments were unlikely to be underestimates, and in part to allow comparability with another occupational study5 which used this same threshold. For comparison, it is useful to note that 20 years' exposure at a level of 85dB(A) would give a NIL85 of 98 dB(A)-years, which is at the upper end of our Medium category. The ORs here for Medium and High groups are of a similar magnitude to the OR of 1.3 reported by Davies5 for workers with 20 years exposure at levels of 85dB(A) or higher. However, although suggestive of a trend, our results do not provide clear evidence of an exposure effect. One possible explanation is lack of statistical power: although the overall study power was adequate to detect relative risks of the order of 1.3 or greater, the power for separate site analyses was much reduced.
Possible mechanisms whereby noise might induce cardiovascular effects have been described and are based on activation of the sympathetic and/or endocrine systems.17 Authors have considered the possibility that effects might be seen only in those annoyed by noise, in which case subjective assessment of noise might be a better predictor than objective measures; however, in studies with objective and subjective measures, the former performed better.17 Nevertheless, sensitivity to noise might induce some workers to change their jobs, leaving a healthy subgroup who are better able to cope. If true for our cohort, such a phenomenon, akin to the healthy worker survivor effect, would mean that noise dose-response relations would be flattened.18 We have not attempted to correct for any such survivor effects.
General strengths of the study methodology, applicable to both sites, should be noted. The study was confined to industrial workers and thus there was a form of indirect matching for those cardiovascular factors that tend to vary by social class. There seemed little difference between noise groups for those risk factors that were measured at pre-employment at an average age of 38 years. Confounding is still possible if exposed and unexposed men went on to develop a different pattern of exogeneous risk factors, but it seems unlikely that a large difference would have emerged. In assessing noise exposure, study hygienists had no access to information that could identify subjects and therefore noise assessment was blind to group (case/control) status.
An important limitation is that the study estimated noise exposure only while employed by a single company, rather than lifetime exposure. Workers could have been exposed to high noise in other jobs or in the general environment or through hobbies. Both sites, but especially B, were in a relatively sparsely populated part of the UK where urban noise—from traffic, aircraft, etc—was probably not high. Duration of exposure to noise via hobbies seems unlikely to be high, and occasional high intensity exposure from hobbies is unlikely to be important. However exposure to noise through other jobs seems likely; the proportion of the total noise burden which is missing from our cumulative noise measures is likely to be greater for short term employees. These considerations further support the restriction of the analysis to those with longer employment. Ideally we would have restricted by duration of employment still further, but the numbers were too small.
Overall, the strength of this study, beyond the obvious advantages of longitudinal studies, is that it is accompanied by substantial information about the strength of the exposure assessment. Many commentators19–21 in occupational epidemiology have drawn attention to the difficulties of retrospective exposure assessment and its validation. Here the incorporation of a validation study has added substantially to the quality of the evidence on the association between noise and cardiovascular mortality at site B. Given that noise levels still exceed 85dB(A) in many industries,22 further longitudinal research is undoubted needed.
We thank the workforces of the industries concerned, whose representatives gave permission for this work to be undertaken, and also the staff at Westland Research Institute in Cumbria, who assisted with data preparation.
Van Kempen E, Kruize H, Boshuizen H, et al. The association between noise exposure and blood pressure and ischaemic heart disease. Environ Health Perspect2002;110:307–17.
Butler M, Graveling R, Pilkington A, et al.Non-auditory effects of noise at work: a critical review of the literature post 1988. Suffolk, UK: HSE books,.
Hessel P, Sluis-Cremer G. Occupational noise exposure and blood pressure: longitudinal and cross-sectional observations in a group of underground miners. Arch Environ Health1994;49:128–34.
Lang T, Fouriand C, Jacquinet-Salord M. Length of occupational exposure and blood pressure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health1992;63:369–72.
Davies H, Teschke K, Kennedy S, et al. Occupational exposure to noise and mortality from acute myocardial infarction. Epidemiology2005;16:25–32.
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Babisch W, Ising H, Gallacher J, et al. Traffic noise and cardiovascular risk: the Caerphilly and Speedwell studies, third phase—10 year follow-up. Arch Environ Health1999;54:210–16.
Babisch W, Beule B, Schust M, et al. Traffic noise and risk of myocardial infarction. Epidemiology2005;16:33–40.
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Burgess G, Dipnall W, Ravandi M, et al. Retrospective noise estimates for British nuclear workers using an alternative approach. Ann Occup Hyg2004;48:117–27.
Lawton B, Robinson D. A concise vocabulary of audiology and allied topics. Part 1: vocabulary. Institute of Sound and Vibration Research 1999.
McNamee R, Burgess, Dippnall WM, et al. Predictive validity of a retrospective measure of noise exposure. Occup Environ Med2006;63:808–12.
Miettinen O. Theoretical Epidemiology. Principles of occurrence research in medicine. Wiley 1985.
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McNamee R. Confounding and confounders. Occup Environ Med2003;60:227–34.
Kromhout H. Assessing historical exposure is like solving a mystery. Occup Environ Med2005;62:429–30.
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Published Online First 15 August 2006
Funding: this study was funded by a grant from the UK Department of Health.
Conflict of interests: none.


In the 1930s, two young American scholars journey to Albania to research the oral epics of Homer. Mistaken for foreign spies, the two find themselves under the surveillance of a near-sighted informer. Research and intrigue proceed, but soon involve a Servian monk who plots a violent end to the project. A work of inventive genius from the acclaimed author of THE PYRAMID, THE PALACE OF DREAMS, and other works.
Reviews of the El expediente H.


text:
Invisible Scarlet O'Neil is a 1940-1956 American comic strip written and drawn by Russell Stamm, who had previously been an assistant to Chester Gould on Dick Tracy. The strip focused on Scarlet O'Neil, a plainclothes superhero (and one of the first superheroines) with the power of invisibility.

Publication history
Originally published by the Chicago Daily Times and distributed by its syndication service, Invisible Scarlet O'Neil began on June 3, 1940. In September 1949, the title of the strip was reduced to simply Scarlet O'Neil, and her invisibility powers were seen much more rarely.

Starting September 13, 1954, Emery Clarke drew the strip from Stamm's scripts. The title was changed again to Stainless Steel on October 24, 1954, and the character of Scarlet was dropped. The strip ended in 1956.

Characters and story

Scarlet used her power of invisibility mostly to help out strangers in need and help the police catch dangerous criminals, as explained by comics historian Don Markstein:

In other media
Scarlet O'Neil also appeared in a comic book series published by Harvey Comics, as well as Big Little Books, and a 1943 prose novel. Atlantis Studios in 2007 published a one-shot comic book Untold Origins of Invisible Scarlet O'Neil on the history of the character. In 2017 Babes With Blades premiered a play by Barbara Lhota based on the strip.

Graphic novel
In 2012 New Legends Productions published a graphic novel with a contemporary setting written by the son of the creator, Russell Stamm Jr., and artwork by Wendell Cavalcanti (pencils), Rob Jones and Elton Thomasi (inks).

References

External links
Russell Stamm's Invisible Scarlet O'Neil official site

1940 comics debuts
1956 comics endings
American comics characters
American comic strips
American superheroes
Comics about women
Comics characters introduced in 1940
Female characters in comics
Fiction about invisibility
Fictional characters who can turn invisible
Golden Age superheroes
Female superheroes
Superhero comic strips
Comic strip superheroes