text:
U.S.-India Joint Statement issued by the White House
Office of the Press Secretary
http://www.whitehouse.gov/
U.S.-India Joint Statement
The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and the President of the United States of America Barack Obama met this morning. Marking their first bilateral summit, the President recognized the Prime Minister's historic election victory in the largest democratic election ever held.
The two leaders extolled the broad strategic and global partnership between the United States and India, which will continue to generate greater prosperity and security for their citizens and the world. Prime Minister Modi emphasized the priority India accords to its partnership with the United States, a principal partner in the realization of India's rise as a responsible, influential world power. Given the shared values, people-to-people ties, and pluralistic traditions, President Obama recognized that India's rise as a friend and partner is in the United States' interest. They endorsed the first "Vision Statement for the Strategic Partnership" as a guide to strengthen and deepen cooperation in every sector for the benefit of global stability and people's livelihoods over the next ten years. They committed to a new mantra for the relationship, "Chalein Saath Saath: Forward Together We Go."
The two leaders recognized that the bilateral relationship enjoys strong support in both countries, which has allowed the strategic partnership to flourish even as the governments change. Welcoming the wide range of collaborative activities undertaken to improve their citizens' lives, both leaders agreed to revitalize the existing partnership and find new areas for collaboration and mutual benefit.
Noting that two-way trade has increased fivefold since 2001 to nearly $100 billion, President Obama and Prime Minister Modi committed to facilitate the actions necessary to increase trade another fivefold. President Obama and Prime Minister Modi recognized that U.S. and Indian businesses have a critical role to play in sustainable, inclusive, and job-led growth and development.
In order to raise investment by institutional investors and corporate entities, the leaders pledged to establish an Indo-U.S. Investment Initiative led by the Ministry of Finance and the Department of Treasury, with special focus on capital market development and financing of infrastructure. They pledged to establish an Infrastructure Collaboration Platform convened by the Ministry of Finance and the Department of Commerce to enhance participation of U.S. companies in infrastructure projects in India.
In this context, the U.S. government welcomes India's offer for U.S. industry to be the lead partner in developing smart cities in Ajmer (Rajasthan), Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) and Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh). The Prime Minister will welcome two trade missions in 2015 focused on meeting India's infrastructure needs with U.S. technology and services.
They also committed to a new partnership to advance the Prime Minister's goal of improved access to clean water and sanitation for all. USAID, through the Urban India Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Alliance, will serve as knowledge partner to help leverage private and civil society innovation, expertise, and technology, such as with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, to support the Prime Minister's 500 Cities National Urban Development Mission and Clean India Campaign.
The President welcomed the Prime Minister's ambitious plan to extend basic financial services to all its citizens, giving them powerful tools to manage their finances and more fully participate in India's growing economy. The President and Prime Minister underlined the important contribution that U.S. locomotive technology, equipment to monitor rail system assets, and U.S. best practices can play in modernizing India's vast railway network, including accessing programs of U.S. Trade and Development Agency in this work.
The leaders discussed their concerns about the current impasse in the World Trade Organization and its effect on the multilateral trading system, and directed their officials to consult urgently along with other WTO members on the next steps. The leaders committed to work through the Trade Policy Forum to promote a business environment attractive for companies to invest and manufacture in India and in the United States. Agreeing on the need to foster innovation in a manner that promotes economic growth and job creation, the leaders committed to establish an annual high-level Intellectual Property (IP) Working Group with appropriate decision-making and technical-level meetings as part of the Trade Policy Forum. They recognized in particular the contribution of the Indian and U.S. Information Technology (IT) industry and the IT-enabled service industry in strengthening India-U.S. trade and investment relations.
The two leaders committed to hold public-private discussions in early 2015 under the Commercial Dialogue on new areas of cooperation, including innovation in advanced manufacturing. In order to share best practices in manufacturing and work toward greater harmonization of standards, the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Manufacturing Extension Partnership program will start a dialogue with Indian counterparts. The two countries plan to work expeditiously through several joint initiatives to facilitate greater confidence in cross-border trade and investment.
The President also offered to support the Prime Minister to achieve his goal of preparing young Indians for 21stcentury jobs through new partnerships to share expertise and global standards for skills development in India, including by reinvigorating the Higher Education Dialogue.
The leaders look forward to the annual U.S.-India Economic and Financial Partnership in early 2015. They also welcomed the expansion of the partnership in oversight of financial institutions, including between Reserve Bank of India and the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Office of the Comptroller of Currency. They also agreed to reinvigorate the India-U.S. CEO Forum, and welcomed India's offer to host the Forum for the second time in early 2015.
The two leaders reaffirmed their commitment to implement fully the U.S.-India civil nuclear cooperation agreement. They established a Contact Group on advancing the implementation of civil nuclear energy cooperation in order to realize early their shared goal of delivering electricity from U.S.-built nuclear power plants in India. They looked forward to advancing the dialogue to discuss all implementation issues, including but not limited to administrative issues, liability, technical issues, and licensing to facilitate the establishment of nuclear parks, including power plants with Westinghouse and GE-Hitachi technology.
Recognizing the critical importance of increasing energy access, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and improving resilience in the face of climate change, President Obama and Prime Minister Modi agreed to a new and enhanced strategic partnership on energy security, clean energy, and climate change. They agreed to strengthen and expand the highly successful U.S.-India Partnership to Advance Clean Energy (PACE) through a series of priority initiatives, including a new Energy Smart Cities Partnership to promote efficient urban energy infrastructure; a new program to scale-up renewable energy integration into India's power grid; cooperation to support India's efforts to upgrade its alternative energy institutes and to develop new innovation centers; an expansion of the Promoting Energy Access through Clean Energy (PEACE) program to unlock additional private sector investment and accelerate the deployment of cost-effective, super-efficient appliances; and the formation of a new Clean Energy Finance Forum to promote investment and trade in clean energy projects.
Both leaders are committed to working towards a successful outcome in Paris in 2015 of the conference of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including the creation of a new global agreement on climate change.
The leaders recalled previous bilateral and multilateral statements on the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). They recognized the need to use the institutions and expertise of the Montreal Protocol to reduce consumption and production of HFCs, while continuing to report and account for the quantities reduced under the UNFCCC. They pledged to urgently arrange a meeting of their bilateral task force on HFCs prior to the next meeting of the Montreal Protocol to discuss issues such as safety, cost, and commercial access to new or alternative technologies to replace HFCs. The two sides would thereafter cooperate on next steps to tackle the challenge posed by HFCs to global warming.
They launched a new U.S.-India Partnership for Climate Resilience to advance capacity for climate adaptation planning, and a new program of work on air quality aimed at delivering benefits for climate change and human health.
They also launched a new U.S.-India Climate Fellowship Program to build long-term capacity to address climate change-related issues in both countries. The President and Prime Minister instructed their senior officials to work through the U.S.-India Energy Dialogue, U.S.-India Joint Working Group on Combating Climate Change, and other relevant fora to advance these and other initiatives.
The leaders welcomed the conclusion of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Export-Import Bank and the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, which would make up to $1 billion in financing available to bolster India's efforts to transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient energy economy, while boosting U.S. renewable energy exports to India. The two leaders reiterated the importance of conserving India's precious biodiversity and agreed to explore opportunities for collaboration on national parks and wildlife conservation.
Defense and Homeland Security Cooperation
The Prime Minister and the President stated their intention to expand defense cooperation to bolster national, regional, and global security. The two leaders reaffirmed that India and the United States would build an enduring partnership in which both sides treat each other at the same level as their closest partners, including defense technology transfers, trade, research, co-production, and co-development.
To facilitate deeper defense cooperation, they welcomed the decision to renew for ten more years the 2005 Framework for the U.S.-India Defense Relationship and directed their defense teams to develop plans for more ambitious programs and activities. The two leaders also agreed to reinvigorate the Political-Military Dialogue and expand its role to serve as a wider dialogue on export licensing, defense cooperation and strategic cooperation.
The leaders welcomed the first meeting under the framework of the Defense Trade and Technology Initiative in September 2014 and endorsed its decision to establish a Task Force to expeditiously evaluate and decide on unique projects and technologies which would have a transformative impact on bilateral defense relations and enhance India's defense industry and military capabilities.
The President and Prime Minister welcomed cooperation in the area of military education and training, and endorsed plans for the United States to cooperate with India's planned National Defence University. They also decided to expand military-to-military partnerships including expert exchanges, dialogues, and joint training and exercises. They also committed to enhancing exchanges of civilian and military intelligence and consultation.
The leaders agreed to intensify cooperation in maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and unimpeded movement of lawful shipping and commercial activity, in accordance with accepted principles of international law. To achieve this objective, the two sides considered enhancing technology partnerships for India's Navy including assessing possible areas of technology cooperation. They also agreed to upgrade their existing bilateral exercise MALABAR.
The leaders reaffirmed their deep concern over the continued threat posed by terrorism, most recently highlighted by the dangers presented by the ISIL, and underlined the need for continued comprehensive global efforts to combat and defeat terrorism. The leaders stressed the need for joint and concerted efforts, including the dismantling of safe havens for terrorist and criminal networks, to disrupt all financial and tactical support for networks such as Al Qaeda, Lashkar-e Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, the D-Company, and the Haqqanis. They reiterated their call for Pakistan to bring the perpetrators of the November 2008 terrorist attack in Mumbai to justice.
They pledged to enhance criminal law enforcement, security, and military information exchanges, and strengthen cooperation on extradition and mutual legal assistance. Through operational cooperation through their law enforcement agencies, they aimed to prevent the spread of counterfeit currency and inhibit the use of cyberspace by terrorists, criminals, and those who use the internet for unlawful purposes, and to facilitate investigation of criminal and terrorist activities. The leaders also committed to identify modalities to exchange terrorist watch lists. President Obama pledged to help India counter the threat of improvised explosive devices with information and technology. The leaders committed to pursue provision of U.S.-made mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicles to India.
The President and Prime Minister looked forward to easing travel between their two countries, as India introduces visa-on-arrival for U.S. citizens in 2015 and works toward meeting the requirements to make the United States' Global Entry Program available to Indian citizens.
High Technology, Space and Health Cooperation
Fundamental science and high technology cooperation has been a critical pillar of the strategic partnership, the two leaders confirmed, and they looked forward to renewing the Science and Technology Agreement in order to expand joint activities in innovative technology. The Prime Minister welcomed the United States as a partner country, for the first time, at India's annual Technology Summit in November 2014. In addition, they committed to convene the ninth High Technology Cooperation Group (HTCG). They plan to launch new partnerships to source and scale innovation for the benefit of citizens in both countries and to harness innovation to solve global development challenges.
The President welcomed India's contribution and cooperation on high-energy physics and accelerator research and development with the U.S. Department of Energy. The President thanked the Prime Minister for his offer to have U.S. institutions partner with a new Indian Institute of Technology.
The leaders committed to partner on the Digital India initiative, with the goal of enhancing digital infrastructure, deploying e-governance and e-services, promoting industry collaboration, and digitally empowering India's citizens. The President welcomed India's proposal to establish the Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN, or Knowledge) under which India would invite and host up to 1,000 American academics each year to teach in centrally-recognized Indian Universities, at their convenience.
The two leaders exchanged congratulations on the successful entry into orbit of their respective Mars missions, which occurred two days apart. They welcomed the establishment and planned first meeting of the NASA-ISRO Mars Joint Working Group under the U.S.-India Civil Space Joint Working Group. The leaders also look forward to the successful conclusion of a new agreement to support the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, to be launched in 2021.
The United and India also intend to start a new dialogue on maintaining long-term security and sustainability of the outer space environment, including space situational awareness and collision avoidance in outer space.
The President and Prime Minister recognized the extensive ongoing cooperation in the health sector which they will put to use in preventing the spread of the Ebola virus. The President welcomed India's contribution to the UN Fund and donation of protective gear to the effort against Ebola, and thanked the Prime Minister for encouraging Indian-owned businesses in West Africa to contribute to the fight against Ebola. The Prime Minister also offered to deploy Indian expertise in the fight against Ebola, including by investing its resources in producing modelling of the spread of the disease, jointly producing rapid deployable diagnostics, and considering joint training of response personnel. The United States stands ready to amplify India's efforts to achieve a further reduction in preventable child and maternal deaths, including replicating India's successful approaches in other countries.
The leaders agreed to launch a new phase of the India-U.S. Vaccine Action Program to develop affordable vaccines for dengue, malaria, and tuberculosis, and the establishment of an adjuvant development center. They also agreed in principle to initiate cooperative activities to increase capacity in cancer research and patient care delivery, including by developing collaborative programs for and with India's upcoming AIIMS-National Cancer Institute. The President welcomed India's offer to take a leading role in the Global Health Security Agenda.
Global Issues and Regional Consultations
Highlighting their shared democratic values, the President and Prime Minister recognized the critical role that women play in India and the United States, as shown by India's "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao" ("Save Daughters, Celebrate Daughters, Educate Daughters") initiative. They looked forward to holding a Women Empowerment Dialogue in order to exchange best practices to enhance the role of women in their countries, and they asserted zero tolerance for violence against women.
As a critical step in strengthening global nonproliferation and export control regimes, the President and Prime Minister committed to continue work towards India's phased entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the Wassenaar Arrangement and the Australia Group. The President affirmed that India meets MTCR requirements and is ready for membership in the NSG. He supported India's early application and eventual membership in all four regimes.
As active participants in the Nuclear Security Summit process, the United States and India welcomed progress toward reducing the risk of terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons or related materials, and noted their shared commitment to improving nuclear security nationally and globally. They reviewed their bilateral dialogue on nuclear security and endorsed working through India's Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership to reinforce safe and secure use of nuclear energy worldwide. They also pledged to strengthen their efforts to forge a partnership to lead global efforts for non-proliferation of WMDs, to reduce the salience of nuclear weapons in international affairs, and to promote universal, verifiable, and non-discriminatory global nuclear disarmament.
Noting India's "Act East" policy and the United States' rebalance to Asia, the leaders committed to work more closely with other Asia Pacific countries through consultations, dialogues, and joint exercises. They underlined the importance of their trilateral dialogue with Japan and decided to explore holding this dialogue among their Foreign Ministers.
The President and Prime Minister emphasized the need to accelerate infrastructure connectivity and economic development corridors for regional economic integration linking South, Southeast, and Central Asia. The President reiterated that the United States, through its New Silk Road and India-Pacific Economic Corridor, is promoting the linkage of India to its neighbors and the wider region to enable a freer flow of commerce and energy.
The President and Prime Minister noted the success of their countries' collaboration on agricultural innovation in three African countries. They announced a new agreement to expand joint development initiatives in third countries in a range of sectors, including agricultural productivity, clean energy, health, women's empowerment, and disaster preparedness. They also look forward to continuing the productive cooperation in Afghanistan on promoting women's economic empowerment.
The Prime Minister and the President reaffirmed their shared interest in preserving regional peace and stability, which are critical to the Asia Pacific region's continued prosperity. The leaders expressed concern about rising tensions over maritime territorial disputes, and affirmed the importance of safeguarding maritime security and ensuring freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the region, especially in the South China Sea. The Prime Minister and President called on all parties to avoid the use, or threat of use, of force in advancing their claims. The two leaders urged the concerned parties to pursue resolution of their territorial and maritime disputes through all peaceful means, in accordance with universally recognized principles of international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
India and the United States pledged to consult closely on global crises, especially unfolding events in Syria and Iraq. The two leaders committed to exchange information about nationals returning from these conflict zones, and to seek cooperation in protecting and responding to the needs of civilians stranded in the middle of these conflicts.
Recognizing the importance of their respective strategic partnerships with Afghanistan, the leaders asserted the importance of a sustainable, inclusive, sovereign, and democratic political order in Afghanistan, and committed to continue close consultations and cooperation in support of Afghanistan's future.
They stressed the need for diplomacy to resolve the serious concerns of the international community regarding Iran's nuclear program, and called on Iran to comply with its UN Security Council-imposed obligations and to cooperate fully with the International Atomic Energy Agency.
The two leaders expressed concerns over the continued development by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) of its nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs, including its uranium enrichment activities. They urged DPRK to take concrete actions toward denuclearization and other goals, as well as to comply fully with all its international obligations, including all relevant UN Security Council resolutions, and to fulfill its commitments under the 2005 Joint Statement of the Six-Party Talks.
The President expressed appreciation for the contributions of Indian peacekeepers to global peace and stability for the past 60 years, and welcomed the partnership with India to train third country peacekeepers at India's training center in New Delhi. The President reaffirmed his support for a reformed UN Security Council with India as a permanent member, and both leaders committed to ensuring that the Security Council continues to play an effective role in maintaining international peace and security as envisioned in the United Nations Charter.
The President also affirmed his commitment to enhancing India's voice and vote in international financial institutions, and ensuring that resources are made available and are used creatively through multilateral development banks for infrastructure financing.
The President thanked the Prime Minister for the gracious invitation to return to the great nation of India. In conclusion, the two leaders affirmed their long-term vision for a resilient and ambitious partnership through the first "Vision Statement for the Strategic Partnership," which they will hold up as the guiding framework for their governments and people.
Posted by Palash Biswas at 1:59 PM
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Apologetics for the Masses - Issue #160
For those of you who might wish to send one or more of these newsletters to someone, you can go to the "Newsletter" page of our website (biblechristiansociety.com), click on any particular issue, and then if you scroll to the bottom you will see "Forward This Issue." Simply click on that phrase and you can send that issue to yourself (in case you've missed one somehow) or to anyone else. It's quick, easy, and painless.
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In this issue I am going to start a formal debate with Thomas N. Thrasher on the question of whether or not Peter was the 1st Pope. Mr. Thrasher is a member of the Church of Christ. Below are the rules of engagement:
Agreement for Debate:
1. Proposition: The apostle Peter was the first Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
Affirm: John Martignoni
Deny: Thomas N. Thrasher
2. Each of the participants will write five e-mail articles on the proposition. The participants will alternate e-mail articles, beginning with the affirmative.
3. No article will exceed 2000 words, as counted by standard word processing software. No new arguments may be introduced in the final negative article.
4. Either participant will have the right to publish the debate in book form or on the internet, as long as it is published in its entirety.
5. The participants will conduct themselves as gentlemen.
So, let the games begin…
Challenge/Response/Strategy
First affirmative: John Martignoni
My task is to argue the affirmative of the proposition: "The apostle Peter was the first Pope of the Roman Catholic Church." I am not going to try to "prove" that Peter was the first pope, because I obviously cannot offer a piece of definitive evidence that would be accepted by all that "proves," beyond a shadow of a doubt, that Peter was the first pope. After all, we have ample photographic evidence and multitudes of firsthand accounts of the Holocaust, yet there are still those that do not believe the Holocaust occurred.
So, no "proof" is offered that Peter was the first pope, merely evidence for that fact. And, the fact of the matter is, we do have evidence Peter was indeed the first pope, the first head of the Church, while we have little to no evidence that he was not.
Before presenting the evidence that Peter was the first pope, however, I should explain exactly what is meant by the word, "pope." "Pope" is the title given to the leader of the Catholic Church. The word "pope" is the English version of the Latin "papa" from Greek "pappas," which means "father." The title pope (papa) was once used in a broader way than we use it now. In the Eastern Church it was generally used for all priests, while in the Western Church the term seems to have been generally restricted to bishops. It apparently became a distinctive title for the Bishop of Rome (the leader of the Catholic Church) at sometime in the third or fourth century.
So, was Peter called, "Pope Peter?" Maybe, but at that time other bishops were probably called "pope," or "papa," as well. So, this is not a debate as to whether or not Peter was called by the title of "pope," but rather a debate on whether or not Peter was the first head of the Catholic Church.
The arguments that I have previously seen from various quarters against Peter being the first head of the Church generally follow two main themes, either: 1) They deny that Peter was the chief of the Apostles and, therefore, was never head of the Church in Rome or anywhere else; or 2) They deny that Peter was ever in Rome, thus he was never the Bishop of Rome, thus he was never the "Pope," and thus he did not pass on his authority to the next Bishop of Rome. So, I will argue in the affirmative with these two lines of dissent in mind, and I will use both Scripture and historical documents in my arguments.
Peter as the head of the Apostles. Does the Bible present any evidence to support the Catholic Church's claim to this effect? Indeed it does. Let's start with the simple fact that any time the 12 Apostles are listed, Peter's name tops the list (Matt. 10:1-4, Mark 3:16-19, Luke 6:14-16, and Acts 1:13). Also, Peter's name is mentioned some 160-170 times in the New Testament. All the other Apostles combined are only mentioned about 95 times. If Peter does not hold primacy amongst the Apostles, why is he listed first and why is he getting so much press?
But, beyond that, who was the only Apostle to receive the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven from Jesus Christ Himself? Was it Paul? No. Was it John? No. Andrew? No. It was Peter and Peter alone to whom Christ gave the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven: "I will give you [Peter] the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven…" (Matt 16:19).
Why is this significant? It's significant because keys are the symbol of authority and power. Peter alone is given this symbol of authority. And it is also significant in light of Isaiah 22:20-22. We see that Jesus was using the identical language in Matthew 16 that Isaiah uses. In this passage from Isaiah, the Lord is talking to Shebna, who is the king's prime minister, he is over the king's household, "In that day I will call my servant Eliakim, the son of Hilkiah, and I will clothe him with your robe, and will bind your girdle on him, and will commit your authority to his hand; and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. And I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David; he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open."
The passing on of authority is symbolized by the key of the house of David. Eliakim will be over the house of David: he shall open and none shall shut; he shall shut and none shall open. In Matt 16:19, Peter, and Peter alone, is given the keys. Peter, and Peter alone, is tapped, by God, as the prime minister of the new house of David, which is the Church. Whatever he binds (shuts) on earth shall be bound in Heaven and whatever he looses (opens) on earth shall be loosed in Heaven.
Also, Peter has his named changed from Simon to Peter (which means rock). Peter is the only one of the Twelve to have his name changed, which is always a significant event in Scripture. Then, in John 21:15-17, Jesus tells Peter to, "Feed My lambs," "Tend My sheep," and "Feed My sheep." Who is it that feeds the lambs, tends the sheep, and feeds the sheep? The shepherd! Jesus, knowing that He is to soon ascend into Heaven, is appointing Peter as shepherd of the flock in His absence. Did Christ say these words to any other Apostle? No.
What else in Scripture points to the fact that Peter was indeed the head of the Apostles? Well, Peter received a special revelation from the Father to know that Jesus was the Christ (Matt 16:16-17); Peter walked on water (Matt 14:28-29); Peter generally spoke for the Apostles as a whole (Matt 16:16, Matt. 18:21, Luke 12:41, John 6:68-69), and when it came time to pay the temple tax, who was it that Jesus, through a miracle, paid the temple tax for? He paid it for Himself and Peter (Matt 17:24-27), but not for any other Apostle. In the Acts of the Apostles, Peter is always the first to act. The 1st half of the Acts of the Apostles is all about Peter. Peter was the one who commanded that Judas be replaced (Acts 1:15); it was Peter who spoke to the crowds on Pentecost (Acts 2:14); it was Peter to whom God told Cornelius to send men (Acts 10:5); it was Peter to whom God gave the revelation to preach the Gospel to the Gentiles (Acts 10:9-21); it was Peter who meted out the judgment to Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5:1-11); and it was Peter who settled the debate at the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15:7-12).
In Luke 22:31-32, Jesus says, "Simon, Simon, behold, Satan demanded to have you [the Apostles] that he might sift you [the Apostles] like wheat, but I have prayed for you [Peter] that your faith may not fail; and when you [Peter] have turned again, strengthen your brethren." Jesus prays that Peter's faith may not fail so that he may strengthen his brethren. Jesus did not pray that John's faith or James' faith or Bartholomew's faith may not fail and for them to strengthen their brethren, it was for Peter alone that Jesus prayed. Why did Jesus just pray for Peter here?
Over and over again, we see Peter in a position of primacy. Peter, because of the power of the keys, was indeed put into a position of primacy over the other Apostles and over the Church as a whole. He was made the Prime Minister of God's kingdom.
In other words, there is ample evidence, from Scripture, for the primacy of Peter among the Apostles and in the Church. Now, what about historical evidence for the primacy of Peter?
Tertullian (ca 213 A.D.), "Peter alone [among the Apostles] do I find married, and through mention of his mother-in-law. I presume he was a monogamist; for the Church, built upon him…" The Church is built upon Peter.
St. Clement of Alexandria (ca 200 A.D.), "On hearing these words, the blessed Peter, the chosen, the pre-eminent, the first among the disciples, for whom alone with Himself the Savior paid the tribute…"
Origen (ca 230 A.D.), "Peter, upon whom is built the Church of Christ, against which the gates of hell shall not prevail…"
St. Cyprian of Carthage (ca 251 A.D.), "On him [Peter] He builds the Church and to him He gives the command to feed the sheep; and although He assigns a like power to all the Apostles, yet He founded a single chair, and He established by His own authority a source and an intrinsic reason for that unity. Indeed, the others were that also which Peter was, but a primacy is given to Peter, whereby it is made clear that there is but one Church and one chair. So, too, all are shepherds, and the flock is shown to be one, fed by all the Apostles in single-minded accord. If someone does not hold fast to this unity of Peter, can he imagine that he still holds the faith? If he deserts the chair of Peter upon whom the Church was built, can he still be confident that he is in the Church?"
These are just a few quotes from early Christian writers that attest to the primacy of Peter in the Church…that Peter was indeed the first head of the early Church.
Now, what about the question of whether Peter was ever in Rome or not? First, what does Scripture say? Well, not much. However, there is one verse in Scripture that seems to suggest he was indeed in Rome. That verse is 1 Peter 5:13, "She [the Church] who is at Babylon, who is likewise chosen, sends you greetings, and so does my son, Mark." Babylon is considered by many to be a code-word for Rome. So, there is evidence, from the Bible, that Peter was indeed in Rome. Now, that is not by any means conclusive evidence from Scripture, but nowhere does Scripture say, "Peter was never in Rome." So, using Scripture alone, there is one verse that seems to indicate Peter was in Rome, and none that say Peter was never in Rome.
Now, let's turn to the historical record. Do we have any historical accounts of Peter being in Rome? Indeed we do.
Ignatius of Antioch (110 A.D.), "Not as Peter and Paul did, do I command you. They were apostles, and I am a convict," (Letter to the Romans).
Caius, Presbyter of Rome, (ca. 205 A.D.), "It is recorded that Paul was beheaded in Rome itself, and Peter, likewise, was crucified, during the reign [of Nero]. The account is confirmed by the names of Peter and Paul over the cemeteries there, which remain to the present time."
St. Dionysius of Corinth (ca. 170 A.D.), "You have also, by your very admonition, brought together the planting that was made by Peter and Paul at Rome and at Corinth…"
St. Irenaeus (ca. 190 A.D.), "Matthew also issued among the Hebrews a written Gospel in their own language, while Peter and Paul were evangelizing in Rome and laying the foundation of the Church."
Tertullian (ca. 200 A.D.), "But if you are near to Italy, you have Rome, whence also our authority derives. How happy is that Church, on which Apostles poured out their whole doctrine along with their blood, where Peter endured a passion like that of the Lord…"
St. Clement of Alexandria (ca. 200 A.D.), "When Peter preached the Word publicly at Rome, and declared the Gospel by the Spirit…"
To summarize, I have given evidence from Scripture and from history for both the primacy of Peter in the Church and among the Apostles, and for the presence of Peter in Rome. Peter was indeed the first head (pope) of the Catholic Church.
Depending on the timing of Mr. Thrasher's response, I'll continue with the debate in the next newsletter.
I hope all of you are having a happy and holy Advent Season.
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Per-protocol analyses for primary outcomes corroborated the stati
Per-protocol analyses for primary outcomes corroborated the statistical significance and clinical relevance of the intention-to-treat results (Table 3), including time
to initial clinical response (Fig. 3). The remaining per-protocol results were generally comparable to the observed intention-to-treat results and, therefore, are not reported herein. The clinical response and relapse profiles of these patients with moderate to severe chronic LBP provide a unique perspective on the short-term outcomes of OMT. Patients who received OMT experienced about twice as much learn more substantial LBP improvement over time as those who received sham OMT. A large majority of rapid responders who were identifiable after one scheduled OMT
session maintained a clinical response to OMT at the week 12 exit visit. Typically, in patients who were clinical responders to OMT at week 12, three scheduled treatment sessions within four weeks were sufficient to cross the 50% pain reduction threshold for substantial LBP improvement. Thus, it appears that relatively few treatment sessions may be needed to attain and predict short-term response to OMT. The large effect size for overall short-term efficacy of OMT was driven by stable responders who never dropped below the 50% pain reduction threshold for substantial LBP improvement throughout the study. With the caveats of limited sample size and statistical power, and originally unplanned analyses, our subgroup analyses yielded findings Interleukin-2 receptor that may help guide future studies in this field. There were very large RRs for Trametinib cost stable clinical response and clinical response at the week 12 exit visit in the subgroup
of patients with co-morbid depression vs. those without depression, although patients with depression were more likely to relapse. Other subgroups that consistently exhibited large RRs for stable clinical response and clinical response at the week 12 exit visit, coupled with small RRs for relapse, included those in the 21–39 year age category; current cigarette smokers; and patients with LBP duration greater than one year, greater deficits in back-specific functioning, and poorer general health. Although OMT was associated with decreased need of prescription rescue mediation (RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.43–1.00) in the originally reported outcomes of the OSTEOPATHIC Trial (Licciardone et al., 2013b), our present findings suggest that patients who concurrently use non-prescription medication for LBP may experience an enhanced response to OMT and decreased likelihood of relapse. It is interesting to review potential mechanisms by which OMT may exert its treatment effects in light of our subgroup findings. Previous analyses of OSTEOPATHIC Trial data have found reductions in serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration (Licciardone et al., 2012) and remission of psoas syndrome (Licciardone et al.
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (Lot#0000120825; L
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (Lot#0000120825; Lonza®, Walkersville, MD, USA) were cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in endothelial basal media (EBM-2) supplemented with a bullet kit (Lonza®) containing human fibroblast growth factor B, hydrocortisone, vascular endothelial growth factor, ascorbic acid, heparin, human
Rapamycin in vivo endothelial growth factor, and fetal bovine serum. For cell passage, cultures were incubated to approximately 40% confluence within the culture flask, according to LONZA guidelines. For experiments, cultures were incubated to approximately 50% confluence then harvested by exposure to trypsin–EDTA (Lonza®) for 2 min at 37 °C. Cell suspensions were centrifuged at 201g for 5 min in a 5810R tabletop centrifuge (Eppendorf,
Westbury, NY, USA), and resuspended in endothelial growth media at a concentration of 1.0 × 106 cells/mL in 1 mL aliquots maintained in 12 × 75 mm round bottom plastic tubes (VWR, Edmonton Canada) prior to experimentation. The dual fluorescent assay (SytoEB) Bcl-2 inhibitor uses a combination of two fluorescent dyes, Syto13 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) and ethidium bromide (EB) (Sigma–Aldrich, Mississauga, ON, Canada) to assess cell membrane integrity. Syto13 is a DNA/RNA binding stain that permeates all cells and fluoresces green on excitation by UV wavelengths. Ethidium bromide permeates cells with damaged plasma membranes, exhibiting red fluorescence upon UV exposure. The combination of these two dyes makes a binary assay with membrane intact cells exhibiting green fluorescence (Syto13) and membrane compromised cells exhibiting red fluorescence (EB). The SytoEB stain was prepared using 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and aliquots of Syto and EB diluted from the stock solution. The final dye was comprised of 25 μM EB and 12.5 μM Syto13. 10 μL of the prepared dye were added to the 1 mL aliquot of HUVEC in suspension and incubated for 2 min at room temperature before analysis. The ratiometric dye 5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine-iodide
(JC-1) (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) was used as an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential before of HUVEC in suspension. The fluorescence shifts from green (∼525 nm) in low polarization states (non-functional mitochondria) to red (∼590 nm) in high polarization states (functioning mitochondria). This change in color of fluorescence is based on a concentration-dependent shift from monomers of the dye which fluoresce green to J-aggregates which fluoresce red [34]. Initially the dye is present as cationic monomers (green) that permeate into cells, influenced by the negative intracellular potential. In healthy cells these monomers permeate into the mitochondrial matrix, drawn by the electronegative interior of mitochondria where these monomers form J-aggregates (red) [15].
Our dynamics study of cancellous bone adjacent to cortical bone (
Our dynamics study of cancellous bone adjacent to cortical bone (Fig. 3D) showed that mineralization occurred between the first and second labelings, but not between the second labeling and osteoid formation during the 28-day period before biopsy, which implied that the mineralization had occurred due to promotion of food intake in hospital, while the later lack of mineralization was caused by poor eating outside hospital. Malnutrition with vitamin D depletion may
have a negative influence on bone formation due to impairment of mineralization. The presence of GSI-IX ic50 'Empty lacunae' (Fig. 3E) is supported by Mullender et al. [9]. Bone is a dynamic tissue that undergoes continuous renewal.
Its mechanical integrity is ensured by removal of old bone and subsequent replacement by new bone. A negative balance between the processes of resorption and formation may cause progressive bone loss in patients with osteoporosis. Osteocytes play a role in the regulation of bone remodeling. Because our patient's bone mass and kidney injury improved after weight gain and normalization of serum potassium by a highly nutritious diet, malnutrition with vitamin D depletion and hypokalemia may have a negative influence on bone formation due to impairment of mineralization, and bone resorption by osteoclasts may be activated via the formation of empty lacunae, though this was not confirmed by repeat bone biopsy to assess the changes after weight gain. In summary, our patient was found to have severe osteoporosis by DEXA and bone biopsy, as well as chronic interstitial nephritis selleck inhibitor on renal biopsy. Her BMD, renal dysfunction and hypokalemia improved after weight gain of 10 kg (BMI increased from 11.0 to 15.0), which indicates that malnutrition including hypokalemia
contributes to the pathogenesis of premenopausal osteoporosis and renal dysfunction over in this patient. Thus, unlike postmenopausal osteoporosis, it may not require pharmacological therapy such as bisphosphonates or teriparatide. This is the first report on the bone histological features of premenopausal osteoporosis in a patient with AN and kidney injury. We thank Akemi Ito of the Ito bone histomorphometry institute for performing histomorphometric analysis. "
"The prediction interval (PI) reported on page 107, paragraph 3, line 6 contained an error. The corrected sentence appears below. The 95% PI was − 5.242 to 6.590. "
"The dose of osteogenic supplement (OS) described in the section of cell culture system on page 103 contained errors. The corrected sentence appears below. This inner dish was placed into a 100-mm outer dish, and cultured in αMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum and osteogenic supplement (OS) consisting of 5 mM β-glycerophosphate and 50 μM ascorbic acid under 5% CO2 and 20% O2.
Expression of the proneural bHLH transcription factor Ascl2
is associated with stemness and is absolutely required for intestinal stem cell maintenance. Active Notch is required for Ascl2 expression and its loss results in precocious crypt cell differentiation [8 and 10]. The proneural protein Atoh1 acts as a master regulator of fate specification Birinapant of the secretory lineage [2 and 11]. Ascl2 expression is maintained by active Notch signalling that also acts to suppress Atoh1. Expression of Atoh1 is cell-autonomously inhibited by Hes proteins and in the absence of Notch signalling, crypt stem cells precociously differentiate into secretory goblet cells [7 and 12]. The spatial organisation of cells expressing Notch ligand and receptor in the crypt evokes a classic lateral inhibition scenario for control of stem versus secretory fate (Figure 2). Stem cells towards the crypt base found preferentially adjacent to Delta-expressing Paneth cells, express Notch receptor [13• and 14], signaling pathway and are maintained in an undifferentiated state by constant Notch signalling
and suppression of Atoh1 [7, 9, 15 and 16], As migrating cells lose contact with Paneth cells and the high Notch signalling they confer, they become poised between secretory and non-secretory fate. Lineage selection may then arise by stochastic variation in Delta expression leading some cells to express higher levels than others. This initial stochastic imbalance in Delta expression becomes reinforced allowing only a subset of cells (Delta high, Atoh high) rising up the crypt to become committed to a secretory fate while the rest become absorptive enterocytes. This regulation and functional organisation readily explains a binary fate in a supra-Paneth cell poised population but fits less well with a subsequent downstream cascade of secretory lineage choices specified after a series of cell divisions each progressing unidirectionally towards a more restricted fate. Moreover, recent evidence derived from regenerating systems casts doubt both on the existence of stable populations of
progenitors and the irreversibility of lineage specification. For many years it has also been known Metalloexopeptidase that intestinal regeneration following damage is not solely a function of surviving stem cells expanding to restore homeostasis (Figure 3) [17]. Following radiation induced injury the clonogenic fraction of crypt cells is elevated suggesting that these might correspond to the abundant and immature absorptive cells present within the early transit-amplifying compartment of the lower crypt. In support, specific ablation of the key Lgr5+ population using targeted diptheria toxin is not catastrophic as non-Lgr5+ cells (Bmi1+) cells are able to act as a replacement stem cell pool at least for a limited time [18].
"This article has been removed: please see Elsevier Policy
"This article has been removed: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been removed at the request of the author. This abstract was inadvertently published in the journal when the authors
had requested that it should not. "
"Marijuana smoke is a complex mixture composed of thousands of chemical compounds, B-Raf inhibition many of which are qualitatively similar to those found in tobacco smoke (Moir et al., 2008). Like tobacco smoke, marijuana smoke has been associated with numerous adverse pulmonary effects in humans including airway inflammation, chronic bronchitis, edema, mucus hypersecretion, and the impairment of large airway function and lung efficiency (Lee and Hancox, 2011 and Tashkin, 2005). Moreover, Aldington et al. showed that the impairment of large airway function and lung efficiency is 2.5–5 times greater in marijuana
smokers than tobacco smokers (Aldington et al., 2007). Like tobacco smoke, previous studies have also shown marijuana smoke to be genotoxic both in vitro and in vivo (see Selleck Dapagliflozin Maertens et al., 2009 for a review). In addition, it is suspected that marijuana smoke may be carcinogenic. Indeed, some agencies such as the California Environmental Protection Agency have placed marijuana smoke on their list of chemicals known to cause cancer (Tomar et al., 2009). However, since there is a paucity of marijuana-only smoking populations to complete definitive studies, epidemiological studies conducted to date
are limited in scope, and often confounded by concurrent heptaminol tobacco smoking (Aldington et al., 2008, Hashibe et al., 2006, Sasco et al., 2002, Sidney et al., 1997 and Voirin et al., 2006). Therefore, a clear and widely accepted empirical link between marijuana smoking and cancer does not exist. Information on the pharmacokinetics of marijuana smoke, and the mechanisms by which it may cause adverse effects, is also limited. Several mechanisms have been proposed including genotoxicity (Ammenheuser et al., 1998, Busch et al., 1979, Chiesara et al., 1983, Leuchtenberger et al., 1973, Sherman et al., 1995, Stenchever et al., 1974, Vassiliades et al., 1986 and Wehner et al., 1980), alterations in endocrine function (Lee et al., 2006 and Lee et al., 2005), alterations in cell signaling pathways (Hart et al., 2004), and immune suppression (Baldwin et al., 1997, Massi et al., 2006 and Rieder et al., 2010). However, many of these findings are based on the testing of individual cannabinoids (e.g., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabidiol) found in marijuana smoke, as opposed to the whole smoke or smoke condensate. Genome-wide expression profiling may provide information to permit a better understanding of the toxicological pathways perturbed by exposure to marijuana smoke. Currently, there are no published studies that have used a whole genome toxicogenomics approach to evaluate responses to marijuana smoke. However, Sarafian et al.
Thus, this additional experiment rules out explanations of vestib
Thus, this additional experiment rules out explanations of vestibular-induced analgesia based on tactile gating of pain (Model 2), and confirms Model 1 (see Fig.
3A). This experiment further suggests that a common vestibular signal has projections to multiple independent somatic sensory systems, enhancing tactile perception and directly reducing acute pain perception. Although vestibular inputs produce no overt, recognizable conscious sensations, the vestibular system provides continuous information to the brain to maintain orientation in space (Angelaki and Cullen, 2008). A common vestibular input projects to multiple independent somatic sensory systems, directly increasing tactile perceptual processing, and directly decreasing perceptual processing of nociceptive stimuli. This finding provides new insights into the role of the vestibular Bortezomib in vivo system in buy DZNeP multisensory interactions, and in bodily awareness. Several multimodal sensory areas are known to receive both vestibular information and information from other modalities, notably vision and somatosensation (Faugier-Grimaud and Ventre,
1989). For example, functional imaging studies highlighted an anatomical overlap of vestibular and somatosensory projections in primary and secondary somatosensory cortices bilaterally (Bottini et al., 1994; Fasold et al., 2002; Emri et al., 2003). The bilateral modulations of touch and pain that we observed are consistent with this neuroimaging evidence. Our bilateral effects further suggest that the vestibular modulation of somatosensation may particularly Methamphetamine involve cortical areas whose neurons have bilateral somatosensory receptive fields, or strong transcallosal connections. The secondary somatosensory cortex is one such area (Iwamura et al., 1994). Interestingly, this area plays a major role in both
touch and pain perception (Ploner et al., 1999). A striking feature of vestibular multisensory interactions, therefore, is the specific independent modulation of distinct somatosensory submodalities. Decreases in tactile threshold demonstrate an up-regulation of tactile processing, while increases in pain threshold demonstrate a down-regulation of nociceptive processing. The pattern of correlation across participants between touch and pain effects suggests that both these modulations result from a common vestibular drive. Oculomotor and somatosensory effects of vestibular stimulation appeared to reflect a single latent factor. This view is also supported by a control experiment with nociceptive-specific laser stimulation. The vestibular system thus modulates connections with different somatosensory submodalities, regulating the activity in multiple sensory systems independently. Interestingly, human neuroimaging studies support this model, showing that vestibular stimulation both increases somatosensory cortex activations (Bottini et al., 1994, 1995; Bense et al., 2001; Fasold et al., 2002; Emri et al., 2003), but deactivates visual cortex (Bense et al., 2001).
The use of fluorescent labeling and fluorescent monitoring of the
The use of fluorescent labeling and fluorescent monitoring of the SE-HPLC peaks significantly increased the analytical sensitivity for measuring ATI, which can reach a concentration of 0.011 μg/mL, compared with the suboptimal concentration of 200–500 ng/mL achieved by bridging ELISA. Re-analysis of clinical samples which had previously tested positive using a bridging ELISA
method showed that 5% of them were negative using ATI-HMSA; otherwise, there was good correlation between the two assays on the ATI-positive samples. The false‐positive rate with the cut point of 1.19 μg/mL was 3%. However, this rate could be reduced by repeating the test if the result is within 10% of the cut point http://www.selleckchem.com/products/atezolizumab.html (i.e., 1.19–1.21 μg/mL). Additional patient samples are needed to verify the clinical utility of the ATI- and IFX-HMSA. Because a variety of anti-TNF drugs have been shown
to induce antibody formation in clinical studies (Bartelds et al., 2011, Karmiris et al., 2009 and Lichtenstein et al., 2010), the HMSA method may be applied to measure other antibody drug levels and anti-drug antibodies in patient serum samples. In conclusion, the liquid-phase HMSA methodology presented in this paper for the purpose of measuring ATI and IFX in IBD patient serum samples overcomes many limitations encountered in the solid-phase ELISA and RIA methods. Validation of the ATI- and selleck products IFX-HMSA also showed higher sensitivity and drug tolerance compared to that achieved by the ELISA method. This liquid-phase HMSA format is a useful platform that can be broadly applied to detect anti-drug antibodies and drug Montelukast Sodium levels for a variety of protein therapeutics during drug development and post-approval monitoring. All authors contributed to this study's design, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of data. All authors contributed to the writing of this manuscript and in the decision to submit the article for publication. All authors are employees of Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. This study and analyses were funded by Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. The
authors thank Dr. Emil Chuang, Dr. Reshma Shringarpure and Mr. Sami Shihabi for reviewing the manuscript. Writing support was provided by Drs. Rebecca Watson and Anthony Stonehouse of Watson & Stonehouse Enterprises, LLC and was funded by Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. "
"T cells play an important role in the protection against pathogens and cancer and have been shown to cause/contribute towards many autoimmune diseases (Wong and Pamer, 2003, Rudolph et al., 2006 and Bulek et al., 2012). The T cell receptor (TCR) recognizes foreign and self protein fragments bound to the self-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) (Garboczi et al., 1996). The first structure of a murine TCR (2C) with MHC class I H2-Kb in association with dEV8 peptide was published in 1996 (Garcia et al., 1996).
G0900785 and by the Royal Society through the Paul Instrument Fun
G0900785 and by the Royal Society through the Paul Instrument Fund. The authors would
like to express appreciation to Clive Dixon, Mike Olsen, Ian Taylor, and Ian Thexton for fabrication of specialized glassware and equipment used in this work. The authors would like to also thank Prof. Ian Hall, and Prof. Peter Morris for useful discussions. A special thanks goes to Clémentine Lesbats for her assistance during the experiments. "
"By producing nuclear spin polarization far beyond that available at thermal equilibrium, hyperpolarization can provide improved sensitivity for NMR, enabling the detection of less concentrated molecules. In the area of molecular imaging, MRI has recently been used to study the distribution [1] and metabolism [2], selleck chemicals llc [3] and [4] of hyperpolarized substrates. For instance, multiple studies have reported on the conversion of hyperpolarized 13C-labeled pyruvate to its metabolic
products, alanine, lactate and carbonate in vivo [2], [3], [4], [5] and [6], in which higher lactate production is an important indicator of cancer. This technique is already being translated to the clinic and a first trial is ongoing [7]. Major hyperpolarization techniques include dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) [8] and [9], spin exchange optical pumping polarization of noble gases [10] and parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) [11], [12], [13], [14], [15] and [16]. Parahydrogen is a spin isomer of hydrogen with an antisymmetric singlet spin state. By incorporating this pure spin state into a molecule through a hydrogenation reaction, STI571 in vitro large signal enhancements have been observed in a variety of situations as first conceived by Bowers
and Weitekamp [12] and Pravica and Weitekamp [14]. In 2009, Duckett's group developed a parahydrogen polarization technique that works without the need for the chemical modification of the substrate [17]. In this approach, Etomidate the substrate and the parahydrogen bind to a catalyzing metal complex simultaneously, thus enabling polarization to be transferred to the substrate through the scalar coupling network. The polarized substrate is subsequently released, and replaced by new substrate which is polarized in turn. Such Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) has already been applied to detect trace amounts of chemicals [18], [19] and [20] and used in conjunction with zero-field NMR spectroscopy [21]. According to a theoretical description of SABRE, the signal enhancement level depends on the binding kinetics and the magnetic field in which polarization transfer occurs [22]. In order to achieve better enhancement, new catalyst precursors have been developed to tune the binding kinetics. Enhancements can be boosted by using the bulky electron-donating phosphines of the Crabtree catalyst [23].
01) In contrast, comparing the effect of ATP depletion to that o
01). In contrast, comparing the effect of ATP depletion to that of BCRP inhibition ( Fig. 3B) showed that these two treatments caused similar changes to [3H]nifurtimox accumulation after 1, 2.5, 5 and 20 min, although it was noted that after 30 minutes ATP depletion caused a significantly greater increase (by 17–20%) in [3H]nifurtimox accumulation (p < 0.05). There
were no significant differences in [14C]sucrose accumulation between any treatments (data not shown). Probenecid (350 μM) was used to assess any initial contributions to [3H]nifurtimox and [14C]sucrose accumulation from proteins separate to P-gp and BCRP; namely multi-drug resistance associated BIBW2992 in vitro proteins (MRP) 1 and 2, organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and organic anion transporters (OATs) (Table 1). Fig. 4 illustrates
the time dependent effect of probenecid on [3H]nifurtimox accumulation. This was not matched by the presence of 10 μM indomethacin, where no significant change to [3H]nifurtimox was observed at any time point. Taurocholic acid (TCA, 200 μM) and para-aminohippuric acid (PAH, 500 μM) were then Regorafenib mouse used to assess function of OATPs and OATs respectively. The addition of TCA caused significant changes in [3H]nifurtimox accumulation from 2.5 min (p < 0.01) and onwards when all three time-points showed significant increases (p < 0.001 Fig. 3), albeit less than those observed with the BCRP inhibitors. PAH caused no significant differences in accumulation of [3H]nifurtimox at any time point. No significant differences in [14C]sucrose accumulation between any treatments were observed (data not shown). With
CTs becoming the treatments of choice for HAT, the effect of their addition to the accumulation buffer was observed on [3H]nifurtimox and [14C]sucrose accumulation. The accumulation of [3H]nifurtimox in the hCMEC/D3s was not significantly affected by unlabelled melarsoprol (30 μM), whereas unlabelled pentamidine (10 μM) caused an increase at 2.5 min (p < 0.01) and this was maintained onwards to 30 min (p < 0.001), in comparison to DMSO controls ( Fig. 5A). The effect Oxaprozin of eflornithine (250 μM) and suramin (150 μM) on the accumulation of [3H]nifurtimox (without the presence of DMSO) saw no significant changes arise (Fig. 5B). There were no significant differences in [14C]sucrose accumulation between any of these treatments, or between DMSO and no DMSO controls (both [3H]nifurtimox and [14C]sucrose, data not shown). The potential of the compounds used in this study to cause cytotoxicity was assessed using an MTT assay and the effect compared to untreated control endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) (Fig. 6). There were no significant differences on cell viability after 30 minutes exposure to the drugs, except when using the positive control 1% Triton X-100 (p < 0.01).
, 2001) In 1995, (Nobel et al (1995)) demonstrated that another
, 2001). In 1995, (Nobel et al. (1995)) demonstrated that another DC, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), induces apoptosis in thymocytes by increasing the intracellular level of copper and, consequently, changing the redox activity in the medium, a similar result obtained here, but with relation with time and concentration of the DC. (Viquez et al. (2008)) suggested that DEDTC had the ability to accumulate copper, leading to lipid oxidation and damage with myelin inflammation in rats. Our studies showed that the cellular response was influenced by the DEDTC concentration with a non-linear accumulation of copper
Apoptosis inhibitor inside the cell. The effect of a higher DEDTC concentration that did not cause cell toxicity – as 25 μM – is a lower intracellular
copper accumulation than DEDTC at 5 μM, proving that copper content inside the cell can be responsible for the effects of DEDTC toxicity. Consequently, the intracellular accumulation of copper could generate oxidative stress with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); many studies have reported the influence of copper on the formation of ROS in neuroblastoma cells that causes DNA damage (Arciello et al., 2005, Marengo et al., 2005, Gabbianelli et al., 1999 and Filomeni et al., 2007). Our results of the cell cycle studies (Fig. 2C) showed an increase in number of cells in the sub-G1 phase upon DEDTC treatment, confirming that the chelation caused some damage to cellular DNA. This result was confirmed by Annexin V/FITC and PI flow cytometry studies that showed an increase in the sub-G1 population selleck kinase inhibitor during the incubation with DEDTC, clearly indicating an apoptotic process (Fig. 3B). The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor that regulates cell cycle progression and DNA repair in cells exposed to genotoxic
stress (Culmsee and Mattson, 2005). In many types of cells, the accumulation of p53 triggers apoptosis (Morrison et al., 2003 and Meulmeester and Jochemsen, 2008). Our results suggested that DEDTC induced the accumulation of p53 (Fig. 4) and, thus, triggered apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cells. Apoptosis is regulated and executed by two main families of proteins, the Bcl-2 family and caspases (Aravind et al., 1999 and Hacker PRKD3 et al., 2011), and their activation can be initiated in two different ways, the extrinsic pathway (cytoplasmic) or the intrinsic pathway (mitochondrial). Our intention was to clarify the role of caspase 8 in p53-dependent apoptosis induced by DEDTC. Caspase 8 is a key upstream mediator in death receptor-mediated apoptosis and also participates in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via the cleavage of proapoptotic Bid. In our studies, the observed activation of caspases 8 and 3 (Fig. 3A) and the unchanged levels of Bcl-2 (data not shown) suggested that the mechanism of DEDTC-induced apoptosis mainly involved the extrinsic pathway.


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Fantasy And Reality essays
Emma's Reading Of Books In Madame Bovary
In the novel, Madame Bovary, Gustave Flaubert uses a very descriptive style of writing in order to mock bourgeois life in nineteenth century France, to portray the dangers of fantasy, and to reveal the effects of self-delusion. Continually, the author uses the heroine, Emma, and the other elements in the novel in a way that forces the reader to realize the emptiness of modern life and to eventually identify with the heroine's search for ecstasy. Throughout the course of Madame Bovary, Flaubert u...
Children Of Dahl's Fantastic Mr Fox
The Realism and Fantasy of Roald Dahl's, Fantastic Mr. Fox " The delightful tale of a fox who lives by poaching food from his three neighbours, Messrs. Boggis, Bunce, and Bean, three farmers - each one meaner than the other" (Telgan, Children " literature Review, Vol. 41, pg. 27). Mr. Fox and his family endure the hardships of attempted murder, being hunted, and starvation as the farmers resort to violence to rid themselves of Mr. Fox and preserve their livestock. Out of an undying will to survi...
Vivaldi To Ellena
The Italian Essay written by Monika MezykIn Ann Radcliffe's 'The Italian', the very first thing that we see described is a veiled woman: 'It was in the church of San Lorenzo at Naples, in the year 1758, that Vincent io di Vivaldi first saw Ellena di Rosalia. The sweetness and fine expression of her voice attracted his attention to her figure, which had a distinguished air of delicacy and grace; but her face was concealed in her veil. So much was he fascinated by the voice, that a most painful cu...
Most Unconscious Form Of Defense Mechanism
All people use defense mechanisms, whether they be consciously or unconsciously. Anxiety may arise from an intense situation or even past experience. It is then the ego's job to displace anxiety so as to protect the rest of the mind. Through defense mechanisms such as sublimation, repression, fantasy, compulsive fun-seeking, and negativism, the ego eliminates anxiety caused by surroundings which in effect tries to prevent insanity. Fantasy is a device used to thwart reality. It involved the imag...
Elephant Vanishes Stories By Haruki Murakami
In "The Elephant Vanishes Stories" by Haruki Murakami, he uses a mixture of fantasy and reality to engage the reader into the main idea of object or people disappearing. Most of his stories may seen as if they came from life but he adds mystery to each one of them when something is missing or vanishes and the circumstances around it becomes unreal. In "The Wind-Up Bird and Tuesday's Women" Murakami starts off by surrounding the plot around a man who quits his job for no apparent reason at all, w...
Differences And Similarities Between Fantasy And Reality
The group of the forest, Oberon, Puck, Titania and her fairies, serve as the other end of the comparison. The fairies represent a fantasy world that operates according to a different set of standards than the real world. Living somewhere between fantasy and reality are the four lovers, Lys nader, Hermia, Demetrius, and Helen. The lovers are living in a dream like state; the essence of their relationships remains similar through the transitions from reality to fantasy and back. The final group of...
Birches Reality Vs Fantasy
"Birches " Birches Reality vs. Fantasy "Birches' by Robert Frost is a nostalgic poem filled with fond memories and fantasies, yet at the same time the speaker reveals his longing to escape. Frost sets up a conversation with himself using dialogue between his sensible, knowing self and his fantasizing, nostalgic self. At first the poem seems to be just an account for all of the birches leaning with none standing straight. Frost would like to think that a child at play bent the trees, probably to ...


BROCKPORT, NY– The six men of The King's College's new golf club headed to Brockport for their first tournament Thursday, Oct. 18. Captain Sean Spurlock ('14), John Bianchi (Dec '12), Reese Evans ('16), John Cunningham ('15), James Bentson ('16) and Richie Hicks ('16) rented a minivan for a six-hour road trip late Friday afternoon to compete Saturday.
Bianchi and Cunningham scored an 83, Bentson and Hicks a 75, and Spurlock and Evans a 72– only 4 strokes above the winning team's score of 68. Spurlock and Evans placed 9th out of 23 teams.
The team left last Thursday to compete in its second tournament at Mill Valley Golf Links in Springfield, Mass. against 16 teams. The top three teams of both competitions won a chance to participate in a national competition in Vegas.
Last weekend was Bianchi's first time playing in about two years due to a hernia.
"It was great to play with the guys and get back out on the course," Bianchi said. "I thought it was a really great tournament. We played really well– a lot better than I expected."
Pre-Hurricane Sandy rain held off during the tournament, but the course was significantly more difficult than the previous one. If Bianchi and Hicks had played together in this last tourney of the season, they would have done much better, Bianchi explained. Although the team expected do better than it did, the members said they enjoyed their time together. Bianchi described the trip as "amazing."
For the past month and a half, the team has practiced at the New Jersey National Golf Club.
"The guys are fantastic to golf with and be on the team with," Bianchi said. Although this past weekend's tournament marks the end of the season, the team looks forward to more practices and tournaments in the next season this spring.


Charlie was a wild dog living behind the prison in West Nashville. Guards in the towers saw him running with a pack of coyotes until one trapped him, brought him home, chained him to a tree and beat him for 9 months. The rage filled Charlie was relieved from the situation by a guy that dumped him on his girlfriend with a note, "I'm moving to Florida." Sounds awful, but this was the best thing that could have happened. His cat loving new mom never gave up on him. After helping his mom better understand pack psychology, Charlie morphed from a rage filled dog to a lover boy and later became a resource to other challenged dogs in rescues. Kind of a doggie mentor. Charlie is very loved and deeply loves all humans and critters in his life.
Andy was a large male blind Great Dane, found chained to a tree in the middle of no where, starving and left to die. Before being left, someone used something sharp to scramble the insides of his ears deafening him and mangled his tail. The person that found him got him to a Great Dane rescue that placed him in a loving foster home. Andy was deemed a dangerous dog, so the rescue pointed the foster to me. His foster mom resisted significant pressure to give up on him and followed the path I set for her. She turned Andy from a hazard to a wonderful love filled family companion.
Hania was adopted by a talented horse trainer that quickly learned she didn't have the skills to handle this large predator. Her excitement about owning a wolf was quickly replaced by fear. Hania made it clear that mom would make a good lunch. His attitude towards humans revolved around who he deemed leader. When he viewed human as leader, he was a fun loving affectionate companion. Submitting to Hania was not a good option. As his owner adopted the behaviors I gave her, they could develop a very strong bond. As mom changed from being lunch to leader, Hania changed from hunter to lover.
Jordan was a long time resident at Williamson County Animal Center. A young couple, that volunteer there, did well handling him and agreed to foster him. They loved this boy and wanted to adopt him. The problem was that Jordan would rattle a crate to pieces to get at their cat, Pierre. To most it seemed impossible to have both in the same house. Following our session, they diligently implemented my advice and brought more success than they thought possible. I still receive notes of thanks and videos of Jordan playing and snuggling. with Pierre the cat.
Martin was a 180 lbs dog deemed very dangerous by a rescue. His aggression worsened as he went from foster to foster. His time seemed up when his last foster saw the rage in him. Apparently, she was making dinner one night when Martin jumped up on the dining room table, crashed through the chandelier as he jumped to the kitchen counter and crushed the glasses in the sink as he went airborne again launching himself at his foster mom standing in front of the stove. From the floor she saw him pull the pot with her dinner off the stove dumping it to eat. When she tried to get up, Martin flashed a threat letting her know getting up was not an option. I can't say this was an easy case, but Martin ended up being a devoted loving companion.
Duke was the best because he was not only one of my alumni, but I adopted him about a year after rehabilitating him. Duke was a Mastiff/Great Dane mix that grew up as a bait dog. A dog used to train others to fight. Needless to say, Duke had issues and his previous owners knew they were in over their heads. I remember first meeting him, fight and flight were taking over back and forth as he released his bowls and bladder lunging then frantically retreating. After a few sessions, Duke found peace through their leadership and they had control over what seemed like a hopeless cause. Duke remains a testament to the forgiveness and grace inherent to dogs. With his history, no one could expect such love and devotion to abound.
Buster Brown was in the Georgia State Penitentiary Prisoner Rehabilitation Program. The staff felt that Buster was too hard on the prisoners and planned to put him down. A wonderful lady raced down to Georgia and brought him home just in time. Buster had a number of issues too numerous to list here. Everything from killing off the local opossum population, cat issues, unruly on leash and at the front door. Buster turned into an amazing dog loved by all that know him.
Molly is a ten year old Poodle that returned absolutely no love or affection for her parents. For years they showed her nothing but love. Frustrated they called me with hopes I could get their dog to love them back. Indifference is often an expression of leader. In one session they learned how to flip the relationship from being submissive humans to loving leaders. The next day I received the above photo of Molly basking in the love and leadership of mom as they nap together.
Tala is a Timber Wolf who's motherly instincts were not appreciated by a young couple with a baby. By the time baby turned one, Tala had claimed it as her own cub. Things really went south when she started correcting baby as a wolf cub and they called me. Mom learned how to claim a high value idem (piece of cheese) and then could claim her own baby as hers. Tala was fine with her new station as loving aunt.
A local veterinarian asked me to help stop her pig from aggressively cohersing gin from their neighbor. To abate this behavior, the vet learned how to be respected by her pig and set boundaries. She applied my principles with her two dogs. One ended up leash trained and the other house trained. It is a natural activity for submissive dog to follow the leader and not let leader down by "going" in the house.
From the start, Aspen enjoyed staying up all night singing to her family. They became so frustrated, several sleep deprived family members were ready to get hotel rooms. In one session they learned why Aspen was enjoying nocturnal beighing and how to stop it. Aspen gave up night time singing for night time snoring.
Brie was a very enthusiastic French Bulldog pup that was a bit mouthy, slow to house train and most unruly on leash. Her mom unfortunately took a bad fall associated with the leash whirling around her ankles, but learned how easy it can be to resolve these issues. Even with the most challenging puppies, don't get frustrated, just give me a call.
More than a few years ago, the animal shelter in Cullman AL took a direct hit by a tornado. Very sadly every dog was sucked up and out of what remained of the building. This sweet girl, Fiona, was one of two that survived. She was found still in her crate over a mile away. When I met her, she was a very anxious dog. In order for Fiona to find peace, her foster learned that Fiona needed more than love. Dogs find safety in the presence of a leader. Her foster mom continued to provide love, but through kind loving leadership, Fiona's anxiety declined and ultimately found peace in her forever home.
Tobi's parents were very frustrated and struggled with her terrible desire to consume all forest products in and out of the home. Shrubs in the yard and any and all wooden furniture was damaged or destroyed by this half beaver half dog. At their whits end, they contacted me. After the first session, Tobi abandoned her buzz saw past and refocused her efforts on pleasing her peeps.
Webster loved to pursue visitors (especially the mailman) with great enthusiasm. I didn't see it in this handsome devil, but I did believe his momma when she said he will bite fleeing ankles. Webster quickly learned not to be a control freak at the door, be respectful of visitors and not bite the mailman. Webster will always bark to let his humans know, "stranger danger", but he now can chill when his leaders let him know they are in control. Webster, his humans and definitely the mailman are much happier.
Each of these three pit bulls came from different pasts. Stouie was deaf and yet ended up a certified therapy dog. Uma had her teeth filed down and used as practice for fighting dogs. Piggy was repetitively beat up by another dog. All three of them ended up in loving homes with humans determined to give them great lives. All, I am proud to call friends. I don't feel like they are a testament to my efforts, but they are a testament to the pure loving nature of dogs.
Copyright © 2019 The Doggie Lama - All Rights Reserved.


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.. / About us / National Programme 2017-2019
"Improvement of safety and working conditions" – phase IV (2017-2019)
Phase IV is the next stage of the National Programme for the Improvement of Safety and Working Conditions". The Council of Ministers previously adopted Resolution No 117/2007 on 3 July 2007 for Phase I (2008-2010), Resolution No 154/2010 on 21 September 2010 for Phase II (2011-2013) and Resolution No 126/2013 on 16 July 2013 for Phase III (2014-2016).
Since 2008, the programme has fulfilled the role of a national strategy for creating proper working conditions that protect the life and health of workers.
Basis of the programme
Structure of the programme
Actors and stakeholders
Projects of Phase IV of the Programme
Phase IV of the programme is conducted by 11 scientific institutions – universities, research institutes and the Polish Academy of Sciences, in cooperation with companies, government bodies and labour inspection and supervision bodies.
Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute
Medical University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Medicine, 1st Department of Cardiology
Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw
Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Łódź
Witold Chodźko Institute of Rural Health in Lublin
Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw
Institute of Security Technologies MORATEX in Łódź
Textile Research Institute in Łódź
Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements in Warsaw
SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Psychology


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Herbal Pharmacy Intensive 5/27 – 31
Wild Skills: Nature's Farmacy 6/17 – 21
Wisdom of the Bees: Sacred Bee Medicine Weekend 8/27-29
Nature Cure Retreat 10/7-10/11
CSCH
Watch the video to learn
Herbal Education by Lisa Ganora
LISA GANORA
Lisa began studying herbs in the Wise Woman Tradition back in 1986 and fell profoundly in love with medicinal plants and natural healing. While studying wildcrafting and medicine-making with traditional herbalists from New England to the Appalachian Mountains over the next decade, she began creating herbal products and traveled the festival circuit with an herb booth and as a workshop presenter.
In 1997 Lisa decided to study botany, chemistry, and health sciences at UNC-Asheville, and graduated summa cum laude with several awards in chemistry and biology. Lisa combines a deep understanding of traditional, Vitalist herbalism with a scientifically-integrated and holistic approach to natural health.
Lisa founded and still teaches at the Colorado School of Clinical Herbalism, was an Adjunct Professor of Pharmacognosy at the Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, and has lectured and taught classes at numerous schools and conferences around the world. She is the author of Herbal Constituents, 2nd Ed., the standard textbook of phytochemistry for herbalists. Lisa currently teaches a distance learning course on herbal constituents for practitioners through the Herbal Medics Academy and develops formulas for herbal products companies.
Kat Martello
Kat Martello is the lead apprentice and co-creator at Elderberry's. Working in the herbal supplements business motivated her to earn her B.S. in the Herbal Sciences program at Bastyr University. At Bastyr, Kat was the botanical lab steward, a medicinal herb gardener, and did HPLC research on Cannabis terpenes. Working in herbal apothecaries, she integrated FDA compliance, formulated herbal medicines, and compounded naturopathic prescriptions. While employed in an analytical lab, Kat wrote standard operating procedures and certificates of analysis, processed cannabis samples as a lab technician, and did business-to-business promotions. She is also a Licensed Massage Therapist, has abundant hands-on experience in microcurrent and photobiomodulation therapy, and is certified as a nursing assistant.
Kat brings many talents to Elderberry's including gardening, developing the botanical lab and hydrotherapy garden, making medicine and mead, illustrating processes, organizing and teaching workshops and online classes, and developing media for herbal education. A native New Orleanian, she was raised with an appreciation for arts and culture, and channels that into creating illustrations, clinical murals, theater backdrops, live music paintings, and more. Kat values integrity, symbiosis of humans with the planet, combining scientific rigor with herbal tradition, and uplifting her community through all means possible. Outside of work, she enjoys hiking, djembe drumming, dancing, astronomy, martial arts, traveling, practicing wilderness self-sufficiency, and laughing.
1978 Harding Road | Paonia, Colorado 81428
LnGanora@gmail.com | Text Only: (720) 722-4372
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