Lower prices on the horizon? We are expecting fall fill prices to come out soon. From all indicators, it looks like fertilizer will be lower and possibly much lower than last season. We already have $0.25/lb N in the urea form we can get today, and that is much lower than last year. This will pressure the liquid N market to drop, so we are expecting and hoping for big moves down. P and K pricing is flat at this time, but we do suspect that we will see lower fill prices. Click here to send Rob an e-mail.


My most recent #NOTD was edgier than my normal manicure and I LOVED IT. Never used black as a focus on my nails before...will have to do it again!
So with the move came an obvious dilemma, which nail polishes would make the cut to move to England with me?! This was just as hard, if not a bit harder, than choosing some of the makeup products I brought with me. There were obviously some tools that had to come, but I did a fair bit of swatching trying to narrow down colours!
The long weekend is here! The long weekend is here! I'm so happy to have a 4-day weekend! In honour of Easter I wanted to do some themed nail art & this is what I came up with, Bunnies, Chicks & Eggs, Oh My!
If you guys follow my YouTube Channels & social media you'll know that I wanted to film more Christmas nail art this year. Unfortunately I was really sick when I finished school and just had a terrible time getting up, let alone filming. I'll share with you the nail art I wanted to do & what I had on my nails for Christmas 2013.
NOTD | OPI Yoga-ta Get This Blue!
The colour I painted my nails this weekend is one that I previously owned & was so happy to have again. The awesome OPI Yoga-ta Get This Blue! Such an awesome shade for Fall/Winter! It's dark but still very much blue, I would highly recommend this polish.
Oh me, oh my! There was a nail polish booth at IMATS and my inner hoarder couldn't control herself....Who could say no to 6/$20 China Glaze and $7 OPI?! I sure couldn't ahaha. Here are some photos of my new babies & my IMATS haul video at the end. Be sure to subscribe to my channel, it makes me happy!


text:
Q: Why won't the compiler print new char whereas it prints new int When i enter the code:
    cout << new int << endl;

it prints out an address
but when i enter this code:
    cout << new char << endl;

it doesn't give any output, why is that?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Each and every year, food prices vary—Sometimes dramatically. Political instability, unpredictable weather, diseases, and pests make it difficult for restaurants to budget around their commodities.
Each and every year, food prices vary—Sometimes dramatically. Late 2007 and early 2008 saw one of the most significant food price spikes in recent history. Globally, the cost of wheat and maize doubled and rice tripled in cost. In 2015, the globe's second biggest supplier of cocoa beans, Ghana, saw a massive drop in yield because of poor weather and crop disease. This, combined with a spike in demand, created huge price increases. In 2017, flooding in the Mediterranean forced grocery stores in the UK to ration their vegetable supplies. Around the same time, a tropical cyclone wiped out Madagascar's vanilla crop, causing prices to surge in everything made with vanilla bean, from ice cream to candy to coffee.
The simple fact is that political instability, unpredictable weather, diseases, and pests make it difficult for restaurants to budget around their commodities. These food commodity costs make up nearly a third of a restaurant's revenue. Spikes in certain food costs force many restaurants to choose between raising their prices or changing their menu, both of which can be damaging decisions if done incorrectly. Additionally, raising the prices will only go so far. Oftentimes, when food commodity prices spike, the increase is so extreme that if food prices were raised to match it, foot traffic in restaurants would dwindle.
Alternatively, restaurants can make changes to their processes in order to maintain a constant awareness of commodity pricing. The key to this is harnessing the power of commodity data.
Just as stock index futures can be traded on an exchange, so can food commodity indexes. When the value of the food commodity goes up or down, the value of the index moves with it. While a commodity price index can be based on current and future prices, at its core it is the weighted average of the individual food commodity.
The value of these commodities are impacted by a variety of factors. When energy costs increase, this means it will cost more to plant, feed, harvest, and transport the food. When there are global conflicts, the price of certain foods may go up or down because of halted food production and transportation or disturbances in the monetary exchange rate. If there are declining reserves, the price will increase because of lack of availability. Then there are poor weather conditions, disease, and increased global demand. Oftentimes there is a mixture of these factors affecting the price at the same time.
If restaurant operators closely track these trends, they can get accurate predictions and then plan the menu around them.
When it comes to dealing with fluctuations in commodity prices, there are several strategies. The key to any of them, though, is to plan in advance. Restaurants need to keep their eye on the market and on global events that may create shortages or surpluses.
Promotions are often what drive new customers to a restaurant and what encourage loyal customers to come in on a day that they normally wouldn't. It's just that little nudge that tips the scales in the right direction. But restaurants need to start thinking more critically about their promotions. They shouldn't see them as just a method for getting more feet through the door. Promotions should be used strategically to guide customers to menu items that are more profitable for the restaurant. If the price of cocoa has gone up and the price of dairy has gone down, make the cheesecake and ice cream the dessert centerpiece rather than the chocolate cake. The same goes for different types of meat, down to the different cuts of meat.
Every consumers knows the price of certain commodities. The price of a gallon of milk, a cup of coffee, a hamburger. When the price exceeds a certain limit, a customer will either refuse to make the purchase anymore or have an expectation that the commodity is a little more special than usual (i.e. a hamburger made from Kobe beef, a cup of coffee made into an Irish version, or a gallon of milk that never expires). Restaurants need to identify what the customer limits are. One good rule of thumb is to try and remain within the same range as before. If a meal's price is $8, try not to raise it above $8.50. If a family can eat at the restaurant for $50, make sure it doesn't exceed $59.
Restaurants are not always going through periods where they face commodity surge pricing. For months at a time, producer costs will be normal and stable. It is during this period that restaurants need to start thinking about the future. They should begin making slight price increases. The point of this is to increase profitability when it is possible. This additional profit will be a buffer for times that there is a commodity shortage or an unparalleled cost increase. It will enable the restaurant to maintain their prices, which customers will appreciate when they see other establishments hiking their menu prices.
Raising prices will help. Unfortunately, in some cases it can only help so much. Restaurant operators need to look beyond nickels and dimes. Instead, they should look at the food that they are serving. The same idea that applies to promotions, applies to the menu as a whole. Restaurant owners should look at adding new items that don't include the costly commodities. Items that aren't popular should be scratched—This is a general rule of thumb even if all prices are stable. When it comes to popular menu items that are creating cost issues, restaurant owners should try and re-engineer them. They can make ingredient substitutions, trading in one cut of meat for another or putting an entirely new spin on it and framing it as an 'update'.
'Honesty is always the best policy' can sometimes be the case with menu price increases. In certain scenarios it can be a good idea to simply be upfront with customers and let them know that prices are increasing because of exhorbitant commodity increases. It can help customers to be more understanding and willing to open their wallets. However, this should only be done if specific commodities can be pointed to, such as the cyclone incident in Madagascar that wiped out a good portion of the vanilla supply. If this is done too often, though, it will come across as complaining, so use it sparingly.
A big price increase is a sour pill for customers to swallow. Therefore, if poor weather conditions or potential geopolitical concerns are likely going to cause price increases in certain commodities, restaurants should start acting far in advance. Over the course of several months they can incrementally increase prices. It is much less dramatic to approach price increases from this angle. It also helps to begin providing that buffer for later in the year when prices can only be raised up so much against commodity price surging.
Every restaurant has data. They know what customers are buying and what different items are often bought together. This can be used to redesign the menu so that customers are directed towards more profitable pairings. The essential aspect of this idea is that any change that is made should be based on cold, hard customer behavior.
One of the best ways to stabilize prices for long periods of time is to buy commodities on long-term contracts. This allows a restaurant to buy certain foods at a secure price. Producers like these contracts because they guarantee purchases and restaurants like them because it provides pricing dependability.
Commodity prices fluctuate. They always have and they always will. Sometimes they will go up a lot. This does not mean a restaurant should raise prices or give their menu a facelift. This sudden increase could be temporary. It could just last a month or two and then go back down. A restaurant can't always get jittery with these brief swells. They need to stay consistent because consistency is what builds customers trust and loyalty.
The best way to be able to implement any of the previous strategies is to always know what is going on in the commodities market. By following commodity data and reading expert analyses, restaurant operators can choose the most strategic course of action. One of the most accurate ways to do this is to set pricing alerts. An operator obviously can't sit in front of the computer all day watching the markets. So instead, pricing alerts allow them to be immediately notified when a commodity price change is starting. With this information, immediate decisions can be made and the wheels of change can start turning.
The most effective way to ensure that profits are maximized, costs are reduced, and commodity spending is under control is to partner with an expert in the field. With the right tools and advice, restaurants can weather the harsh elements that are part an parcel of food commodity price fluctuations.


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Revolutionary War to Civil War
Pre-WWI
Collar Disks
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Metal Insignia
Miscellaneous WWI Items
Cloth Insignia
Crest / DI's
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United States Paper
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Vietnam War Era
Archive of Sold Items
Home / United States / World War I / Uniforms / Extensive Named WWI Army Balloon Pilot Group
Extensive Named WWI Army Balloon Pilot Group
An astonishingly large group comprised of the uniform, manuals, documents, photographs, equipment, and even the personal trunk, of Army Air Service Lieutenant Arthur O. Ridgely, who was Spherical Balloon Pilot Number 355 and who, during the war, served as an instructor at Camp John Wise, a training field for the U. S. Army Balloon Corps.
The uniform of Lieutenant Ridgely consists of his tunic, two pair of breeches, visor cap, leather gaiters and leather waist belt. The uniform tunic is in excellent condition, with Army Signal Corps collar insignia and bullion lieutenant bars on the shoulder. The left breast displays the superb pin back, bullion, wing of an Army Air Service Balloon Pilot. The breeches (one pair of which have exterior leather calves, as riding style breeches) show wear and use but remain in good overall condition.
The group also includes a wealth of material in the form of manuals, books, several large photographs, and documents, all of which relate to Ridgely's military service as a Balloon Pilot. These documents include Ridgely's Army commission and two different certificates of graduation from the Army Air Service Balloon School, one being for the "Ground Course" and the other being his certification as a graduate of the Balloon Pilot course, the completion of which earned him the stunning wings that are on his uniform. Apparently Ridgely's skills as a balloon pilot were so significant that, rather than being deployed out of the country, he was made an instructor at the Army Balloon School at Camp John Wise.
It certainly seems that Ridgely must have been something of a "pack rat" while in the service, given what are literally stacks of papers and books in this group. There is far too much to list in detail, but one item is illustrative of the material: a 1918 War Department check, payable to Ridgely, in the Amount of thirteen cents! Apparently Ridgely couldn't be bothered to cash the check, but he saved it nonetheless. It has to be assumed that this official U.S. Government check, now 99 years old, is no longer valid, of course, but it is a rather remarkable piece of ephemera in and of itself, and it actually represents the amazing rarity of the entire group in microcosm: just as a complete, named World War I Army Balloon Pilot uniform is exceptionally rare, so too is an actual un-cashed U.S. Government War Department check from the First World War. From its largest pieces to its smallest, this, then, is an extraordinary group.
Item Number: 33249 Category: Uniforms
©2020 GriffinMilitaria.com. All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


August of 2017 I entered my Master's, and at the time I had some goals that defined me and the pathway I was travelling on. While reflecting on this goal I can see how it has shaped me to this point, and the evolution that has occurred in me is reflected in my new, current goals.
To start I had the goal of creating a multi-year program and curriculum related to life sciences and physical education. This goal was broad and encompassing, with the intent of developing a system that pursued deep learning and growth applicable across multiple settings and varying types of students. This program would link with universities and incorporate technologies to create a holistic and complete 21st century educational system.
Reflecting on these goals I see how it guided me academically, as well as in my practice and career. During my past two years I have explored this form of learning, both academically and my practical experience as an educator. I established a comprehensive curriculum and program that pursued deep learning and growth for all students. I gained experience in multiple settings (globally, systematically and pedagogically).
These experiences have led to an evolution. Similar to how a species evolves into a similar, but different new species, my goals have undergone an evolution into a new set of goals. The experiences I have had established a desire to expand beyond a confined curriculum or subject. I no longer confine my goals to life sciences, or one curriculum, but rather to exploring, and researching evidence-based best practice pedagogy strategies and tools for educators in many settings and subjects. Exploring how to improve learning in my practice has shown me the impact this has on students learning and motivation towards learning. As an educator seeing this change drives you to expand the impact beyond a controlled sample into all of education. Additionally, exploring the academic base of knowledge that exists surrounding learning and education drives me as an educator to expand the wealth of knowledge in content and in application in practices of educators worldwide.
Reflecting on these evolution's I see them as a growth in my confidence as an educator to move beyond my personal practice and into the global practice of knowledge. Additionally, I see my evolution beyond a locally minded educator and into a globally minded educator who believes that with the application of evidence-based strategies and tools, global experience, and ever evolving and improving technologies the world of education could advance well beyond its current position.
Education is not an isolated event that acts upon a learner under controlled conditions, but rather education is happening constant and everywhere. With this understanding educators must strive to optimize the circumstances surrounding the educational systems they have an impact on, and educational leaders must work hard towards creating an understanding of how these optimizations can occur. I view myself as both an educator and an educational leader. That is my evolution, although evolution never ends, so this is not the end, but just a step along the way.


Develop regional distribution networks focusing on key markets including Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, South Korea, and Australia.
starting date by clinking "Apply Now" below. The company will contact the right candidate(s) for face-to-face and/or phone interviews.
PR Newswire (www.prnasia.com), a Cision company, is the premier global provider of media monitoring platforms and news distribution services that marketers, corporate communicators and investor relations professionals leverage to engage key audiences. Having pioneered the commercial news distribution industry since 1954, PR Newswire today provides end-to-end solutions to produce, distribute, target and measure text and multimedia content across traditional, digital, mobile and social channels. Combining the world's largest multi-channel content distribution and optimization network with comprehensive workflow tools and platforms, PR Newswire powers the stories of organizations around the world. PR Newswire serves tens of thousands of clients from offices in the Americas, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific regions.


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Student Mentor Volunteer Programme At The 40th Durban International Film Festival
The NFVF invites Kwa-Zulu Natal based students to participate in the programme at the Durban International Film Festival (DIFF) and the Durban Film Mart which takes place in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal province from 19- 21 July 2019.
The purpose of this programme is to expose students to one of the longest running festivals in South Africa and give them an opportunity to participate in skills development programmes in the Film and Television sector.
To be eligible the applicant must be:
A South African citizen based in KwaZulu-Natal
Be a final year student
An NFVF bursary beneficiary
Studying film and television related courses
Registered at an accredited tertiary institution.
The required documents:
One-page letter of motivation
Certified ID Copy (valid for 3 months)
Certified copy of matric certificate or latest academic results
The NFVF will cover costs for accreditation and a daily allowance.
Submission deadline date: 09 July 2019
Submit application to Lebohang Khunou : lebohang@nfvf.co.za
Contact details: 011 483 0880
Film Training Courses
Marketing and Communications Intern Cape Town
We're building a community of creative artists telling stories with new immersive media across Africa.
Africa » South Africa » Cape Town
Immersive Media Lab Intern Cape Town
The function of this internship is to support the team running the logistics prior to and during the annual Electric South VR/AR lab and summit. The internship will run for 6 to 8 weeks in October/November 2019.
Learn the secrets to writing a tv hit
The secret at the heart of every box-office or television hit is a script that knocks your socks off. Writing those scripts isn't easy - but the technical skills involved can be learned.
Free online screenwriting workshop: Shortcut to creating character
You love the movies. You love the glamour, the action, the excitement, the tears, the laughter, and the sheer thrill of inhabiting alternate worlds. But most of all, you love the characters. Well, here's your chance to have fun creating your own larger-than-life character.
Ex-soapie turns his back on the industry to shape storytellers
Former soapie actor Pepi Khambule has ruled out a return to the small screen and set his sights on developing South Africa's next storytellers.
The Ladima Foundation Nigeria Appoints Lydia Idakula Sobogun
The Ladima Foundation, the Pan-African not-for-profit organisation dedicated to supporting and promoting women in the film and TV industries across Africa is proud to announcement the appointment of Lydia Idakula Sobogun to its management team in Nigeria.
Africa » Nigeria
Zanzibar Student Mentorship Programme
The National Film and Video Foundation (NFVF) in partnership with the Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF), is pleased to invite eligible final year students to apply for the "Zanzibar Student Mentorship Programme".


I finished my little project today: a zakka inspired zippered pouch. It was fun and easy to make. For the past week or so, I had been thinking of something to use my crocheted hearts for. It was only when I visited Eloleo's blog and saw her latest creation with free-style embroidery, that all pieces fell into place. A zippered pouch with the heart free-style embroidered onto it! So here it is!
And the second best part are the three little hearts in the back.


These sorts of stories about radical forgiveness intrigue me. What motivates some to seek revenge while others spread mercy?
She told how, in the moments after the attack, the photographer who took her picture brought her to a hospital. Years of painful burn therapy followed. Later the Vietnamese government sent Kim to Cuba to study. There she met and married Bui Huy Toan, a Christian, and became a believer herself. On their way home from their honeymoon in Moscow the couple defected to Canada, where they now live with their son. Their goal is to go back to Vietnam to share the gospel of grace with their people.
At that point, according to newspaper accounts, many of the veterans present began to openly weep.
What a haunting sentence! What does he mean, "receive God's grace in vain" ? In the previous verses we see the specific context: This is about forgiving a brother who sinned.
Earlier in the epistle Paul talks about how the Corinthian congregation had put out of its fellowship a person who had done something terrible — it may be the same man Paul discussed in First Corinthians who was openly living in sin with his own step-mother. In any case, a man had committed some kind of sin, had been put out of the fellowship, and had now repented.
Paul wants the church to receive this guy back, but the church leadership is apparently unwilling. They're suspicious of his motives and mindful of his past. But then Paul says in Christ we're all new creations; the old is gone, the new is come.
Then in 2 Corinthians 6:1 Paul says he fears that the Corinthians have essentially received God's grace "in vain" ; that is, they believe in God's grace for themselves but apparently it is not changing their hearts to the point they are willing to extend grace to another.
What about you? Are you still stingy with forgiveness even after it's been richly lavished on you? Are you secretly annoyed that God will probably forgive someone more easily than you might? Anyone who hasn't done quite enough to receive your mercy?
I have had to wrestle with this myself. For years I felt white-hot anger whenever I thought of the man who molested me when I was his 9-year-old piano student. His identity was lost to our family after all those years, but I still fantasized vengeance periodically. I had to learn to give my hurts to God and release anger that was only poisoning me. This decision began a process of healing in my life that truly set me free.
Have you found it easy or difficult to forgive others?
Bring to God any grievances you hold. Ask Him to help you show grace as you have received grace. Ask God to help you not receive His grace in vain. Ask Him to help you know how to show radical grace to others in a way that is wise and godly.


For anyone who is in emergency need of Chevrolet Caprice car key replacement services, the experts at SlimJim.me Locksmiths are prepared to assist you with anything you need. Our company has served the region for a long time now, and our nearby status has given us an unbeatable comprehension on the nearby road system and traffic patterns. We're one of the only automobile #make #model locksmith companies that will come within thirty minutes. Our Own professional consumer services permit us to provide automobile key replacement solutions for each Chevrolet vehicle.
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If you're struggling to decide on an automobile key replacement business, we can help make your decision much easier for you. Our company is all about honesty and loyalty at our company. Our specialists are educated, skilled, and use the most revolutionary and modern equipment and instruments possible. Our team members are constantly ready and willing to assist our clients. Give us a call anytime to talk with a representative who'll answer your phone call and assist you. Availableness is a powerful suit for us. Our company is readily available 24/7 to present our clients with attentive and top-quality Chevrolet Caprice car key replacement service. Avoid being overloaded and stressed out, go ahead and get the phone and contact us. One of our experienced technicians will be at your disposal to assist you in no time..
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Chevrolet Caprice Key Replacement https://slimjim.me/car-key-replacement/chevrolet/caprice.php 4.4/5 based upon 16 reviews.


Sony Tough SD Cards | Are The Tank of SD Cards Worth It?
SD cards, and specifically their build/reliability have been a hot topic of late. Thanks to several high profile camera releases that featured only a single card slot. In a stroke of somewhat perfect timing, Sony also recently unveiled their new 'tough' series of SD cards which are designed, mainly, to address these very issues.
These new Sony SD cards with the tough designation are a whole 18 times stronger than most standard SD cards with a 180N rating compared to the standard 10N rating. The cards are designed to be very resilient to most forms of damage that they may encounter, including drops, bends, water and dust. But one may find themselves wondering, is the added protection worth it?
It is a valid question to ask, but we need to look at more than just the build o these cards to really get to the route of the question. Beyond just the tank-like construction and protection of these Sony tough SD cards, they also feature the latest UHS-II designation and feature some of the fastest speeds available, clocking in at ~300MB/s read and write. This will be a key feature if you are shooting video and are utilizing one of the latest cameras out there with UHS-II card slots.
Oh, they are also x-ray, magnet, anti-static, temperature proof; as well as feature a special UV guard. Put simply, these are not your father's SD cards. No, these are something new entirely, at least in terms of build quality.
But for the average photographer, the guy maybe shooting a wedding here or there, or the mom wanting to take pictures at their kids soccer match. Is a card like this something they should be investing in? It certainly wouldn't be a bad thing to get, but it would be a bit of overkill in my estimation.
However, for the seasoned professional, the person who is shooting paid work regularly, be that stills or video. These cards will be a good investment, giving you the added peace of mind that your images are safe from reasonable levels of abuse. Still, photographers really won't need to worry about the speed benefits of these cards, unless they are shooting high resolution at high speeds, but the build quality is superb and is well worth the cost premium.
To be honest, the cards are still very affordable, considering how much more protection you are getting. The 32GB model will be coming in at $72.99 with the 64GB model at $131.99, and the 128GB model dropping at $275.99.
All three versions of the card are expected to be available in October over on B&H and other retailers.
This is a really great step for SD cards. The price is not far off from Sandisks with the durability of the Tough Card being of much higher resistance to the elements. What cameras need 300mb/s for stills though? I honestly don't know. I use the Sandisk Extreme Pro(95mb/s) SD cards at the moment and they have been amazing. If they made a middle of the road card I would likely purchase it. As a wedding photographer I couldn't justify spending $1,300+ for 10 64gb cards.


Li Bin, Choi HJ, Lee DS, Oh H, Kim YC, Moon JY, Park WH, Park SD, Kim JE*.Amomumtsao–ko suppresses lipopolysaccharide–induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages via Nrf2–dependent heme oxygenase–1 expression. Am J Chin Med,2014,42(5):1229–44.
 Li Bin, Lee YJ, Kim YC, Yoon JJ, Lee SM, Lee YP, Kang DG*, Lee HS*. Sauchinone from Saururuschinensis protects vascular inflammation by heme oxygenase–1 induction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Phytomedicine,2014,21(2):101–8.
 Li Bin, Lee DS, Kang Y, Yao NQ, An RB*, Kim YC*. Protective effect of ganodermanondiol isolated from the Lingzhi mushroom against tert–butyl hydroperoxide–induced hepatotoxicity through Nrf2–mediated antioxidant enzymes. Food. Chem. Toxicol,2013,53:317–24.


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Curiosity Rover Spots Something Different On Mars
NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Alexandra Lozovschi
After taking some time off to deal with a technical issue, NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover is back to work and already has something interesting to show us.
In mid-September, the six-wheeled robot experienced a data transmission problem that eventually prompted the Curiosity team to swap its active computer with the one originally used by the rover when it first landed on Mars in 2012.
Two weeks ago, the Curiosity rover resumed operations and even beamed back a few photos from its current location on the red planet, the first snapshots taken since the robot switched "brains" on October 4, the Inquisitr reported at the time.
Now, the car-sized robot is getting ready for some serious science and has recently started scoping out its "workspace" — the area where the rover was drilling before it was sidelined by the computer glitch — in order to plan its next move.
Prior to the month-long hiatus from science operations, Curiosity had started a drill campaign at "Inverness" — a slab of rock found in the center of its workspace — and was in the midst of boring into the martian block to retrieve a drilled sample for study.
With the break from work now over, the rover has set its sights back on Inverness and has spotted something unexpected, reports CNet.
"It has been over a month since we last looked at the 'workspace,' the region in front of the rover that the arm can reach, and there were some surprises in store for us!" Curiosity team member Melissa Rice wrote in a mission update on the Mars Science Laboratory webpage.
Featured image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Before Curiosity temporarily suspended science operations, Inverness looked like a brown patch of rock on the martian terrain, covered in red dust. Photographed above by the rover's Mastcam on September 14, the drill target was adorned with gray-colored tailings leftover from the interrupted drilling session.
In a new photo taken by the same instrument on board the Curiosity rover, the area has been wiped clean by the martian wind and now looks a lot different, as you can see below.
Imaged by the Mastcam a month later, on October 25, Inverness has greatly changed its appearance in the time that Curiosity was inactive.
"In the new image above, however, those tailings are now gone — and so is a lot of the dark brown soil and reddish dust," Rice wrote on October 29.
"While Curiosity has been sitting still, the winds have been moving, sweeping the workspace clean."
The team is anxious to start investigating the area now that it has been swept clean by the martian winds, which have revealed intriguing features that had previously gone unnoticed.
"Later this week we plan to take advantage of this freshly-scrubbed surface by taking close-up MAHLI images of fine details in the rock, including the light-toned veins crisscrossing the outcrop that are peppered with interesting dark inclusions," stated Rice.
MAHLI is another camera mounted on the Curiosity rover, which is equipped with three imaging instruments.
As the Inquisitr previously reported, Mars is headed for a particularly windy period that could last for up to three months. The martian windy season could bring on other important changes as well.
For instance, the wind might help clean off the dust from the Opportunity rover — NASA's other Mars robot — and finally allow the stranded rover to recharge its solar panels and get back in touch with Earth after five months of silence.


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\section{Introduction}

Barrier penetration of relativistic electrons is a very important
problem in scattering theory  and provides a
theoretical framework for different physical phenomena that are not
present in the non relativistic regime such as the Klein-paradox and
supercriticality\cite{Greiner2,Dombey,Dombey2}

The discussion of tunneling of relativistic particles by
one-dimensional potentials has been restricted to some simple
configurations such as delta potentials and square barriers, mainly
in the study of the possible relativistic corrections to mesoscopic
conduction\cite{Su} and the analysis of resonant tunneling through
multi-barrier systems\cite{Roy}. Recently\cite{Katsnelson},
electron transport through electrostatic barriers in single and
bi-layer graphene has been studied using the Dirac equation and
barrier penetration effects analogous to the Klein paradox.

The study  of transmission resonances in relativistic  wave
equations in external potentials  has been extensively discussed in
the literature\cite{Dombey,greiner,kennedy2,Jiang}. In this case we have
that, for given values of the energy and of the shape of the
barrier, the probability of transmission reaches
unity even if the potential strength is larger than the energy of the particle, a phenomenon which is not present in the
non relativistic case.  The relation between low momentum resonances and
supercriticality has been established by Dombey \textit{et al}\cite{Dombey,kennedy}.
Recently\cite{Jiang,kennedy,villalba1},  some results on scattering
of Dirac particles by one a dimensional potential exhibiting
resonant behavior have been reported.

The study  of  the tunneling
effects of Dirac particles by potential barriers  has been almost
restricted to  those cases where the wave  equations are solvable in
terms of special functions and a straightforward identification of
the asymptotic states is possible. The composition of barrier
potentials\cite{Mello}  using the
scattering matrix method permits us to consider physical
configurations  which cannot be solved in closed form. We  discuss  resonant tunneling  of
Dirac particles by a double square barrier  and  double cusp
potential  when transmission resonances are also present.  We show
that the presence of transmission resonances close to the position of the poles of the scattering matrix
turns out in the appearance of additional peaks in the transmission coefficient and in a modification of the Breit-Wigner
Lorentzian profile.  We calculate
the Wigner time-delay and show that some of the peaks cannot be associated with energy resonances.

The article is structured as follows.  In Sec. 2, we calculate the
transmission of a Dirac particle by a double barrier of equal strength in a range of energies where the
barriers support transmission resonances. We
calculate the Wigner time-delay of the resonances and show that,  the transmission coefficient as
a function of energy exhibits peaks that cannot be identified as energy resonances although they
correspond to peaks of the Wigner time-delay. In section 3, applying the composition of scattering
matrices, we discuss the transmission of a Dirac particle by a
double cusp potential. We show that when  the system exhibits energy
resonances in the range of energy where the cusps support transmission resonances the transmission coefficient and
the Wigner-time delay  also present maxima that  cannot be identified as Breit-Wigner resonances. In Sec. 4 we
briefly summarize our results.

\section{Double square barrier}
Resonant scattering of a Dirac particle by a square potential barrier has
been discussed by different authors in the literature \cite{Su}.
Here we are interested in studying resonant transmission of
relativistic particles by  two square barriers separated a distance
$d$   when barriers support  transmission resonances \cite{Greiner2}.

Since we are working in $(1+1)$
dimensions, we choose the following representation for the $\gamma$
matrices:
\begin{equation}
\label{rep} \gamma^{0}=i\sigma^{3}, \qquad \gamma^{1}=\sigma^{1},
\end{equation}
where $\sigma_{1}$ and $\sigma_{3}$ are the Pauli matrices. Using
the representation (\ref{rep}), the Dirac equation  in the presence
of a potential $V(x)$ takes the form\cite{villalba1}
\begin{equation}
\label{dir} [\sigma^{2}(E-eV(x))+\sigma^{1}\partial_{x}+m]\Psi=0
\end{equation}
where we have adopted the  natural units $\hbar=1$, $c=1$.

The solution to the Dirac equation in the presence of a potential
barrier of height $V$  can be obtained after decomposing the spinor
in three regions. For $x<0$  (Region I), the solution to the Dirac
equation (\ref{dir}) has the form
\begin{eqnarray} \Psi_{I} = A_1\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1   \\
\frac{ik}{E-m}   \\
\end{array} \right)e^{ikx}+B_1\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1   \\
\frac{-ik}{E-m}   \\
\end{array} \right)e^{-ikx}\end{eqnarray}
The spinor solution in the sector II $(0<x<a)$ is
\begin{eqnarray} \Psi_{II} = \alpha\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1   \\
\frac{ip}{E-m-eV}   \\
\end{array} \right)e^{ipx}+\beta\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1   \\
\frac{-ip}{E-m-eV}   \\
\end{array} \right)e^{-ipx}\end{eqnarray}
where $p=((E-eV)^2-m^2)^{1/2}$. In the region III $x>a$ we have
\begin{eqnarray} \Psi_{II} = C_1\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1   \\
\frac{ik}{E-m}   \\
\end{array} \right)e^{ikx}+D_1\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1   \\
\frac{-ik}{E-m}   \\
\end{array} \right)e^{-ikx}\end{eqnarray}
Imposing the continuity of the spinor solution at $x=0$ and $x=a$,  we
obtain that the relation between the amplitudes of the incoming and
outgoing waves is
\begin{equation}
\label{c1}
\fl  B_1=\frac{-2i(1-\gamma^2) \sin pa}{(1-\gamma)^2
e^{ipa}-(1+\gamma)^2 e^{-ipa}}A_1-\frac{4\gamma
e^{-ika}}{(1-\gamma)^2) e^{ipa}-(1+\gamma)^2 e^{-ipa}}D_1
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{c2}
\fl  C_1=-\frac{4\gamma e^{-ika}}{(1-\gamma)^2)
e^{ipa}-(1+\gamma)^2 e^{-ipa}}A_1+\frac{-2i(1-\gamma^2) \sin pa
e^{-2ika}}{(1-\gamma)^2 e^{ipa}-(1+\gamma)^2 e^{-ipa}}D_1
\end{equation}
Using Eq. (\ref{c1}) and Eq. (\ref{c2}) we readily obtain that the
scattering matrix $S_1$ associated with a square barrier of strength
$V$ in $[0,a]$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
\fl  S_{1} = \frac{1}{(1-\gamma)^2  e^{ipa}-(1+\gamma)^2
e^{-ipa}}\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
-2i(1-\gamma^2) \sin pa & -4\gamma e^{-ika} \\
-4\gamma e^{-ika}  & -2i(1-\gamma^2) \sin pa
e^{-2ika} \\
 \end{array}  \right) \nonumber \\
 \end{eqnarray}
where $\gamma=\frac{k(E-eV-m)}{p(E-m)}$.  Applying the property of
transformation of the scattering matrix under a translation
\cite{Mello}, we obtain that the matrix $S_{2}$ associated with a
potential barrier of strength $V_{1}$ in $[d,d+b]$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
\fl  S_{2} = \frac{1}{(1-\delta)^2  e^{iqb}-(1+\delta)^2
e^{-iqb}}\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
-2i e^{2ikd} (1-\delta^2) \sin qb  & -4\delta e^{-ikb} \\
-4\delta e^{-ikb}  & -2i e^{-2ikd}(1-\delta^2) \sin qb e^{-2ikb} \\
 \end{array}  \right) \nonumber \\    \end{eqnarray}
where $\delta=\frac{k(E-eV_{1}-m)}{q(E-m)}$.
The composition of two scattering matrices $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ can
be written as\cite{Medina}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{compose}
S=\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
r & t' \\
t & r' \\
 \end{array} \right)= \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
r_{1}+\frac{t_{1}'r_{2}t_{1}}{1-r_{1}'r_{2}} & \frac{t_{1}'t_{2}'}{1-r_{1}'r_{2}} \\
\frac{t_{2}t_{1}}{1-r_{1}'r_{2}} & r_{2}'+\frac{t_{2}r_{1}'t_{2}'}{1-r_{1}'r_{2}} \\
 \end{array} \right)
\end{eqnarray}
where the indices $1$ and $2$ correspond to the potentials $V$ and
$V_1$ respectively.

Composing the matrices
$S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ we obtain that the relativistic double barrier
exhibits energy resonances for the values of $E$ satisfying the
equation
\begin{eqnarray}
((1-\delta)^2 e^{iqb}-(1+\delta)^2 e^{-iqb})((1-\gamma)^2
e^{ipa}-  \nonumber \\
-(1+\gamma)^2 e^{-ipa})+4(1-\gamma^2) \sin pa (1-\delta^2)
\sin qb  e^{2ik(d-a)}=0
\end{eqnarray}

Transmission resonances for the double barrier occur when the transmission coefficient
$T$ of the whole system is equal to unity,  this condition takes place, for $a=b$,  when $p=q$ and  $\sin(pa)=0$,
i.e.  when  the two barriers have equal strength $V=V_{1}$ and the energy $E$ satisfies the relation:
\begin{equation}
\label{transmission}
E=V-\sqrt{n^2 \pi^2/a^2+m^2}
\end{equation}
Transmission resonances of a single barrier are maxima of the transmission coefficient, they are  are not  poles of the
scattering matrix and therefore cannot be associated with quasibound states of the system,  nonetheless
their presence modifies the profile and peak distribution of the transmission amplitude against the energy.

The relativistic double barrier exhibits a discrete number of
resonances, whose position and shape reduce to those obtained in the
double delta configuration as $a\rightarrow 0$ and $b \rightarrow 0$
with $aV\rightarrow \mu$ and $bV_{1}\rightarrow \delta$ where $\mu$ and $\delta$ are the strength of the delta barriers.
Since the
transmission resonances for a delta barrier do not depend on the energy, all maxima of the transmission coefficient
for the double delta are associated with energy  resonances \cite{FD89,Calogeracos}.

Fig. \ref{ccr1}  shows the behavior of the transmission coefficient
$T$ versus the energy for two square barriers with equal width $a=b=3$  and separation $d=5$. The strength of the barriers has been chosen
to allow the presence of transmission resonances across the barriers according to Eq. (\ref{transmission}) and the mass $m$ has been equated to unity. The solid line in Fig.  \ref{ccr1}
depicts the case with $V=V_{1}=5$  and the dashed line corresponds to $V=5$ and $V_{1}=4$. The poles of the scattering matrix $S$ for $V=V_{1}=5$
for $1<\Re(E)<3$  are $E_1= 1.5058-0.0688 I$, $E_2=2.0414-0.0810 I$, $E_3=2.7595-0.1141 I$ and the transmission resonances satisfying Eq. (\ref{transmission}) are located at $E_{a}=1.7030$ and $E_{b}=2.6791$.  Fig. \ref{ccra} depicts the double barrier configuration with $V=V_1=5$,  $d=5$ and $a=b=3$. It is also shown the position of the resonances for $\Re E<3$. From Fig.  \ref{ccr1}  it can be observed that there is a peak at the transmission
resonance value $E_a$.  The transmission resonance at $E_b$ is located  close to $E_3$ and the peak does not exhibit a Lorentzian Breit-Wigner shape (see Fig. \ref{ccr1}).
The dashed line corresponds to the case  $V=5$ and $V_{1}=4$. It is worth mentioning the difference we can observe between the two plots around $E_b$.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\vspace{1cm}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{double-barriera.eps}
\caption {Double barrier configuration with $V=V_1=5$, width $a=b=3$ and separated a distance $d=5$. a) The dot line
corresponds to  $\Re{E}_1=1.505$ b)   The dashed line corresponds to the transmission resonance $E_a=1.7033$ c) The dash dot
line corresponds to $\Re{E}_2=2.0414$ d) The long dashed line corresponds to the transmission resonance $E_b=2.6791$ e) The
space dot line corresponds to $\Re{E}_3=2.7595$. Notice that $E_b$ is close to $\Re{E}_3$} \label{ccra}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\vspace{1cm}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{T-double-barrier.eps}
\caption {Coefficient of transmission versus the energy
for the double barrier relativistic system. with $a=b=3$ and $d=5$. The solid line
corresponds to $V=5$ and $V_{1}=5$.
The dashed line corresponds to $V=5$ and $V_{1}=4$} \label{ccr1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
The phase shift
$\varphi$ of the transmitted amplitude $t=|t|exp(i\varphi)$ changes
rapidly near the energy resonances. The Wigner time delay
\cite{Razavy,Galindo1}
\begin{equation}
\tau=\frac{d\varphi}{dE}
\end{equation}
has maxima at positions very close to the resonance energies. The
particle is trapped for a long time in region between the barriers
before being transmitted.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{wigner-double-barrier.eps}
\caption {Time delay for the relativistic double barrier with $a=b=3$ and $d=5$. The
solid line corresponds to $V=5$ and $V_{1}=5$. The dashed line corresponds to
$V=5$ and  $V_{1}=4$.}
\end{center}
\label{delayccr}
\end{figure}

Figure 3 shows the Wigner time-delay corresponding to the resonances depicted in Fig.  \ref{ccr1}   The maxima of the
Wigner time-delay are  very close to the values of $E_1$, $E_2$ and $E_3$ There are also two additional peaks at $E_a$ and
$E_b$ that cannot be associated with  energy quasibound states but exhibiting a behavior analogous to that one observed for energy resonances.
resonances. Fig.  \ref{delayccr} shows that the height the peaks at $E_a $ and $E_b$ is smaller than those of the energy resonances
between $1<Re(E)<3$.

\section{Scattering by a double cusp barrier}

In this section we proceed to study the resonant tunneling  by a double cusp potential barrier
\begin{equation}
\label{cuspp} V(x)=V_0 exp(-|x|/a)+V_1 exp(-|x-b|/d)
\end{equation}
The Dirac equation (\ref{dir}) in the presence of the potential
(\ref{cuspp}) cannot be solved exactly, therefore in order to
discuss tunneling effects we proceed to compose the scattering
matrices associated with the cusp at $x=0$ and $x=b$. This
composition gives a very good approximation to the exact result when
the separation $b$ between the centers of the cups is large in
comparison the shape parameters $a$ and $d$.

We proceed to calculate the scattering matrix $S_{1}$ associated
with the cusp potential
\begin{equation}
\label{pot1}
A^{\mu}=V_{0}exp(-\frac{\left|x\right|}{a})\delta_{0}^{\mu}
\end{equation}
We use the following representation for the Dirac matrices
\cite{villalba1}
\begin{equation}
\label{rep1} \gamma^{0}=i\sigma^{2}, \qquad \gamma^{1}=\sigma^{1},
\end{equation}
related to the matrix representation (\ref{rep}) via the unitary
transformation  $T$
\begin{equation}
T=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(1-i\sigma^{1})
\end{equation}
We have that the components of the
spinor $\Psi$ solution to the Dirac equation (\ref{dir}) in the
presence of the cusp potential are
\begin{equation}\label{dirac1}
\left(
\frac{d}{dx}-i[eV_{0}exp(-\frac{\left|x\right|}{a})-E]\right)\Psi_{1}+m\Psi_{2}=0
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{dirac2}
\left(
\frac{d}{dx}+i[eV_{0}exp(-\frac{\left|x\right|}{a})-E]\right)\Psi_{2}+m\Psi_{1}=0
\end{equation}
where $\Psi_{1}$ and $\Psi_{2}$ represent the upper and lower
components of $\Psi$. The solutions of the system of equations
(\ref{dirac1})-(\ref{dirac2}) can be expressed in terms of Whittaker
functions $M_{k,\mu}(z)$ \cite{abra}. We solve the Dirac equation in
the potential (\ref{pot1}) considering  an incoming plane wave as
$x\rightarrow \infty$. The potential (\ref{pot1}) induces  boundary
conditions on the solution to the Dirac equation at $x=0$. We split
the solutions to Eqs. (\ref{dirac1})-(\ref{dirac2}) into two
sectors: I $(x<0)$,  and II $(x>0)$. Looking at the asymptotic
behavior of the Whittaker function $M_{k,\mu}(z)$ as $z\rightarrow0$
\cite{abra}:
\begin{equation}
M_{k,\mu}(z)\rightarrow z^{\frac{1}{2}+\mu}exp(-\frac{z}{2})
\end{equation}
we have that the solution  behaving asymptotically as an incoming
wave from the left can be written as
\begin{equation}
\label{aa} \Psi_{inc}=\theta \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\overline{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}} M_{k,\mu}(\overline{y}) \\
-\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\mu+k)}{ma}\overline{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}} M_{k+1,\mu}(\overline{y})  \\
 \end{array} \right)
\end{equation}
where $\overline{y}=2iaeV_{0} exp(x/a)$. The  normalization  constant $\theta$ is
\begin{equation}
\theta=\frac{m}{(2ieaV_{0})^{\mu}\sqrt{2E(E+\sqrt{E^2-m^2})}}
\end{equation}
The spinor $\Psi_{inc}$ exhibits the following asymptotic behavior as $x\rightarrow -\infty$
\begin{equation}
\label{asinc}
 \Psi_{inc}\rightarrow\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
1 \\
-\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\mu+k)}{ma}  \\
 \end{array} \right)(i2aeV_{0})^{\mu}exp(i\sqrt{E^2-m^2}x)
\end{equation}
The reflected wave is :
\begin{equation}
\label{ref}
\Psi_{ref}=\phi\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\overline{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}} M_{k,-\mu}(\overline{y}) \\
-\frac{(\frac{1}{2}-\mu+k)}{ma}\overline{y}^{-\frac{1}{2}} M_{k+1,-\mu}(\overline{y})   \\
 \end{array} \right)
\end{equation}
where the normalization constant $\phi$ is
\begin{equation}
\phi=\frac{m}{(2ieaV_{0})^{-\mu}\sqrt{2E(E-\sqrt{E^2-m^2})}}
\end{equation}
the asymptotic behavior of $\Psi_{ref}$ (\ref{ref}) as
$x\rightarrow-\infty$ is:
\begin{equation}
\label{asinref}
 \Psi_{ref}\rightarrow\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
1  \\
-\frac{(\frac{1}{2}-\mu+k)}{ma}  \\
 \end{array} \right)(i2aeV_{0})^{-\mu}exp(-i\sqrt{E^2-m^2}x)
\end{equation}
The transmitted wave is :
\begin{equation}
\label{tr}
\Psi_{trans}=\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\frac{(\frac{1}{2}-\mu+k)}{ma}y^{-\frac{1}{2}} M_{k+1,-\mu}(y) \\
y^{-\frac{1}{2}} M_{k,-\mu}(y)   \\
 \end{array} \right)
\end{equation}
where $y=2iaeV_{0}exp(-x/a)$. The asymptotic behavior of $\Psi_{trans}$ as  $x\rightarrow \infty$
takes the form:
\begin{equation}
\label{asintr}
 \Psi_{trans}\rightarrow\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\frac{(\frac{1}{2}-\mu+k)}{ma} \\
1   \\
 \end{array} \right)(i2aeV_{0})^{\mu}exp(i\sqrt{E^2-m^2}x)
\end{equation}
which corresponds to an asymptotic plane wave traveling to the
right.

Using the  spinors $\Psi_{inc}$ (\ref{aa}), $\Psi_{ref}$ (\ref{ref}),
and $\Psi_{tr}$ (\ref{tr}) we obtain that  the solutions to the
Dirac equation in the presence of the cusp potential  in the region
I $(x<0)$ and II $(x>0)$ are

\begin{eqnarray}
\fl \Psi_{I}(x) =  a_1 \theta\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\overline{y}^{-\frac{1}{2} M_{k,\mu}(\overline{y})} \\
-\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\mu+k)}{ma}\overline{y}^{-\frac{1}{2} M_{k+1,\mu}(\overline{y})}   \\
 \end{array} \right)
+b_1 \phi \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\overline{y}^{-\frac{1}{2} M_{k,-\mu}(\overline{y})} \\
-\frac{(\frac{1}{2}-\mu+k)}{ma}\overline{y}^{-\frac{1}{2} M_{k+1,-\mu}(\overline{y})}   \\
 \end{array} \right) \end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\fl \Psi_{II}(x) = c_1 \phi\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\frac{(\frac{1}{2}-\mu+k)}{ma}y^{-\frac{1}{2} M_{k+1,-\mu}(y)}  \\
y^{-\frac{1}{2} M_{k,-\mu}(y)}  \\
 \end{array} \right)+ d_1 \theta\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\mu+k)}{ma}y^{-\frac{1}{2} M_{k+1,\mu}(y)} \\
y^{-\frac{1}{2} M_{k,\mu}(y)}   \\
 \end{array} \right)\end{eqnarray}
where  $a_1$, $b_1$, $c_1$, $d_1$ are constants. The continuity of the
spinor at  $x=0$ results in the following system
\begin{equation}
\fl a_1 \theta M_{k,\mu}(\nu)+b_1 \phi M_{k,-\mu}(\nu)=c_1 \phi
\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+k-\mu)}{ma}M_{k+1,-\mu}(\nu)+d_1 \theta
\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+k+\mu)}{ma} M_{k,\mu}(\nu)
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\fl -\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+k+\mu)}{ma}a_1 \theta
M_{k+1,\mu}(\nu)-\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+k-\mu)}{ma}b_1 \phi
M_{k+1,-\mu}(\nu)=c_1 \phi M_{k,-\mu}(\nu)+d_1 \theta M_{k,\mu}(\nu)
\end{equation}
Expressing the outgoing amplitudes  $b_1$ and  $d_1$ in terms of the
incoming amplitudes $a_1$ and $c_1$), we have:
\begin{equation}
b_1=r_{1}a_1 +t'_{1}d_1
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
c_1=t_{1}a_1 +r'_{1}d_1
\end{equation}
where the components $r_{1}$, $r'_{1}$, $t_{1}$,  $t'_{1}$  of the matrix  $S_{1}$ for the cusp barrier are
\begin{equation}\label{menganita}
r_{1}=r'_{1}=-\frac{\theta}{\phi}\frac{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+k)^2-\mu^{2}}{m^2a^2}M_{k+1,\mu}(\nu)M_{k+1,-\mu}(\nu)+M_{k,\mu}(\nu)M_{k,-\mu}(\nu)}{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+k-\mu)^2}{m^2a^2}M^{2}_{k+1,-\mu}+M^{2}_{k,-\mu}(\nu)}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{sultanita}
t_{1}=t'_{1}=\frac{\theta}{\phi}\frac{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+k+\mu)}{ma}M_{k,-\mu}(\nu)M_{k+1,\mu}(\nu)-\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+k-\mu)}{ma}M_{k,\mu}(\nu)M_{k+1,-\mu}(\nu)}{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+k-\mu)^2}{m^2a^2}M^{2}_{k+1,-\mu}+M^{2}_{k,-\mu}(\nu)}
\end{equation}
Applying the translation property of the scattering matrix, we
obtain that the scattering matrix $S_2$ associated with the cusp
barrier $V_1 exp(-|x-b|/d)$ has the following components:

\begin{equation}
\label{menganita2}
r_{2}=-e^{i2pb}\frac{\theta^*}{\phi^*}\frac{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\kappa)^2-\eta^{2}}{m^2d^2}M_{\kappa+1,\eta}(\epsilon)M_{\kappa+1,-\eta}(\epsilon)+M_{\kappa,\eta}(\epsilon)M_{\kappa,-\eta}(\epsilon)}{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\kappa-\eta)^2}{m^2d^2}M^{2}_{\kappa+1,-\eta}+M^{2}_{\kappa,-\eta}(\epsilon)}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{sultanita2}
r'_{2}=-e^{-i2pb}\frac{\theta^*}{\phi^*}\frac{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\kappa)^2-\eta^{2}}{m^2d^2}M_{\kappa+1,\eta}(\epsilon)M_{\kappa+1,-\eta}(\epsilon)+M_{\kappa,\eta}(\epsilon)M_{\kappa,-\eta}(\epsilon)}{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\kappa-\eta)^2}{m^2d^2}M^{2}_{\kappa+1,-\eta}+M^{2}_{\kappa,-\eta}(\epsilon)}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
t_{2}=t'_{2}=\frac{\theta^*}{\phi^*}\frac{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\kappa+\eta)}{md}M_{\kappa,-\eta}(\epsilon)M_{\kappa+1,\eta}(\epsilon)-\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\kappa-\eta)}{md}M_{\kappa,\eta}(\epsilon)M_{\kappa+1,-\eta}(\epsilon)}{\frac{(\frac{1}{2}+\kappa-\eta)^2}{m^2d^2}M^{2}_{\kappa+1,-\eta}+M^{2}_{\kappa,-\eta}(\epsilon)}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\kappa=iEd-\frac{1}{2}, \qquad  \eta=id\sqrt{E^2-m^2}, \qquad
\epsilon=i2dV_{1},
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\fl \theta^*=\frac{m}{(2iecV_{1})^{\eta}\sqrt{2E(E+\sqrt{E^2-m^2})}},
\qquad
\phi^*=\frac{m}{(2iedV_{1})^{-\eta}\sqrt{2E(E-\sqrt{E^2-m^2})}}.
\end{equation}
Using the expressions (\ref{menganita}), (\ref{sultanita}),
(\ref{menganita2}), and (\ref{sultanita2}) we calculate the
scattering matrix (\ref{compose}) for  the double cusp (\ref{cuspp}). Using the components
$r$ and $t$ of the $S$ matrix we calculate the energy resonances.

The solid line in Fig. \ref{double} shows the behavior of the transmission coefficient
$T$ versus the energy for the potential (\ref{cuspp}) with $a=d=0.4$ and $b=4$.  The solid line depicts de case when both cups have the same height
$V_{0}=V_{1}=6.4271$ which is a transmission resonance value for an energy of $E_{res}=1.3$  The solid
line has four peaks corresponding to the scattering matrix poles $E_1=1.2290-0.0451 I$, $E_2=1.3404-0.07391 I$,
$E_3=1.79129-0.0423 I$, and $E_4=2.6031-0.0353 I$.  Fig. \ref{ccrb} depicts the double cusp configuration with $V_0=V_1=6.4271$,  $a=d=0.4$ and $b=4$. It is also shown the position of the resonances for $\Re E<3$. It should be noticed that in Fig.  \ref{double} the  peak around 1.3 does not correspond to
a single resonant value but to a a superposition of $E_1$, $E_2$ and the transmission resonance $E_{res}$ (see Fig. \ref{ccrb}) that modifies the standard Breit-Wigner profile
of a energy resonance  \cite{Galindo1}.  The dashed line depicts the behavior the transmission coefficient against against $E$ for $V_{0}=6.4271$ and
$V_{1}=6$. In this case there is not overlapping of  energy resonances around $E=1.3$ since there are not transmission resonances for
cusp potentials with unequal strengths.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\vspace{1cm}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{double-cusp.eps}
\caption {Two cusp potentials with $a=d=0.4$,   $V=V_1=6.4271$ and with peaks separated a distance $b=4$. a) The dot line
corresponds to $\Re{E}_1=1.229$,  b) the dashed line corresponds to the transmission resonance $E_{res}=1.3$,  c) The dash-dot
line corresponds to $\Re{E}_2=1.340$ d) The long dashed line corresponds to $\Re{E}_3=1.791$ e) The space dot line corresponds
to $\Re{E}_4=1.603$ Notice that $E_{res}$, $\Re{E}_1$ and $\Re{E}_2$ are very close each other.} \label{ccrb}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\vspace{1cm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{T-cusp-cusp-1.3.eps}
\caption {Coefficient of transmission T versus the energy  for the
double cusp relativistic system with $a=d=0.4$ and $b=4$. The solid line corresponds to
$V_{0}=V_{1}=6.4271$.  The dashed line
corresponds  to $V_{0}=6.4271$ and $V_{1}=6$}  \label{double}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Fig. 6 shows the Wigner time-delay for the  two-cusp barriers described by Fig. \ref{double}.  The solid line shows that the transmission resonance located at $E_{res}=1.3$ modifies  the shape of the peak corresponding to the energy resonance  $E_2$. The dashed line shows
the Wigner time-delay for $V_{0}=6.4271$ and  $V_{1}=6$.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\label{delaybbr}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{wigner-cusp-cusp-1.3.eps}
\caption {Time delay for the relativistic double-cusp system  with $a=d=0.4$ and $b=4$.
The solid line corresponds to
$V_{0}=V_{1}=6.4271$. The dashed line
corresponds to $V_{0}=6.4271$ and $V_{1}=6.$}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Concluding remarks}

In the present article we have studied resonant tunneling of Dirac
particles by a  double square barrier and a double
cusp potential. We have shown that the presence of transmission resonances
associated with the square barrier or the cusp potential modifies the shape and
distribution of the energy resonances. We have shown that the Wigner time-delay of the
energy resonances is modified when they are located close to a transmission resonance.
We have also shown that  there are no transmission resonances when the cusps or
barriers have different strengths.  The transmission with no reflection across
a barrier whose  amplitude is stronger than the energy of the tunneling  particle is a relativistic
phenomenon with no analogue in the Schr\"odinger framework.

The application of semianalitical methods such as the phase-integral
approximation\cite{Froman} or the uniform approximation\cite{Berry}
could be applied in  the study of transmission
resonances of composite systems where  no analytic solutions for the
potentials are available.

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
KONOSTAULOS.
July 15, 2008 by languagehat 34 Comments
I've been reading one of my birthday gifts, Heath W. Lowry's The Nature of the Early Ottoman State (thanks, Jim!), a brilliant reanalysis of the early Ottomans that proves (to my satisfaction, anyway) that far from being fearsome warriors for Islam who presented conquered people with the famous "convert or die" choice, they were highly pragmatic rulers who allowed those they conquered to keep both their faith and in many cases their arms and former positions, which makes it easy to see why their rule spread so quickly among people crushed by late Byzantine taxes and misgovernment.
But on page 100 I hit one of those linguistic misjudgments that make me grind my teeth and reach for the Languagehat soapbox. Lowry is talking about a study he did of "a series of surviving Tahrir Defters, or Ottoman tax registers, from the Aegean island of Lemnos (Limnos), dating from the years 1490-1520″:
That members of the island's late-Byzantine aristocracy were likewise performing military duties on Limnos is inferable from the fact that the peasant auxiliaries were serving under the command of their own officers, some of whom even appear in the 1490 tahrir with their former Byzantine military titles, for example, Kondostavlo, or, the "Count of the Stables." From the Latin comes stabuli, or "count of the stable," this was adopted by the Byzantines as the military title Konostaulos in the late thirteenth century.
Now, this is confused in more than one way; to take one obvious point, which was the title, Konostaulos or Kondostavlo? Apparently the former; compare The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453 by Mark C. Bartusis, p. 28:
The increasing importance of Latin mercenaries during the reign of John Vatatzes [1221-1254] was symbolized by the creation of the office of megas konostaulos ("grand constable"), the "chief of the Frankish mercenaries." The fact that the first megas konostaulos, Michael Palaiologos, became emperor is not without a certain significance.
Note that Bartusis translates konostaulos as "constable," and this is correct, because the late medieval Byzantines obviously got the word from those Latin mercenaries; compare Old French conestable, which gives both the English word and modern French connétable. The OED says: "The early development of the sense, whereby the comes stabuli, from being the head groom of the stable, became the principal officer of the household of the Frankish kings, and of the great feudatories, and the field-marshal or commander-general of the army, had taken place before the word came into English; the development was parallel to that of marshal." It's just silly to suppose that comes stabuli would have been borrowed, with its original sense 'officer of the stable,' by Byzantines who hadn't used Latin for centuries. (I suppose it's possible that the phrase had been preserved in moth-eaten official registers since the fifth century, when Latin was still used in Constantinople, and readopted in its Frenchified form when the barbarians from the West showed up, but I'm not sure how far one could talk about continuity in such a case. I am not a Byzantinist, however, and will gladly defer to those who know more about such things.)
If you're curious, the borrowed word turns up in one of my favorite Byzantine historians, the loyal, resentful, and vivid Anna Comnena towards the end of her Alexiad , describing a dilemma confronted by Bohemond at the Battle of Dyrrachium (1081): "He was debating what ought to be done, turning over in his mind numerous possible courses: should the constables appear before him [εί χρή παραστήναι τους κονοσταύλους]?" These, of course, are Frankish constables, not Byzantine officials.
Another curious linguistic sidelight: Speros Vryonis, Jr., in his The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh Through the Fifteenth Century (heretofore my vade mecum for the early Ottoman period), says on p. 234 "Michael Paleologus served as kondistabl in charge of Christian troops of the sultan after he had fled the kingdom of the Lascarids." What the heck kind of word is kondistabl? The footnote refers us to Acropolites, a Greek historian; why would he be using a form like kondistabl? More mysteries.
caffeind says
"Kondostavlo" does get a few Google hits, as a proper noun or in Turkish phrases, so it's not something Lowry just made up. Maybe it's an Ottoman and/or later Greek form.
A loan from French (or from the Latin nominative form) would not have the "d", but a loan from Italian or Catalan would have a "d" or "t" in that position.
Excellent point: Spanish condestable and Portuguese condestavel could have been sources for an alternate form with -d- (but Catalan conestable, Italian conestabile could not, unless there were medieval variants with -d-). I had assumed that the Greek name Κοντόσταυλος (Kondostavlos) had Greek κοντός (kondos) 'short,' a common element in Greek names, but maybe it's from the -d- variant.
John Emerson says
Pelliot's "Notes on Marco Polo" (more or less impossible to find) gives variorum spellings of a lot of key words. A detailed study might be fruitful, but the conclusion I came to was something like "nothing was impossible in those days". Most often it was Italian or French spellings of Persian, Turkish, or Mongol words, but IIRC even French and Italian words were variously spelled.
The textual history of Marco Polo is an absolute monster. I'm not sure that a base text exists; I think that three different base texts have been theorized.
The Spectator says
I realize this is a language log, but in the interests of academic honesty, I couldn't let Lowry's name go without comment.
I haven't read this particular book, but take what he says with a grain of salt. Lowry is a notorious Genocide denier with a spotty academic record, and his chair is funded by the Turkish government.
For links, etc, on what other academics have to say about him, visit http://users.ids.net/~gregan/.
Sigh. In the first place, the "notorious Genocide denier" accusation rests on his having signed (along with many other scholars) the following petition concerning a House of Representatives resolution:
"No signatory of this statement wishes to minimize the scope of Armenian suffering. We are likewise cognizant that it cannot be viewed as separate from the suffering experienced by the Muslim inhabitants of the region. The weight of evidence so far uncovered points in the direction of serious inter-communal warfare (perpetrated by Muslim and Christian irregular forces), complicated by disease, famine, suffering and massacres in Anatolia and adjoining areas during the First World War."
As another signer, Alan Fisher, wrote at the time: "The main purpose of the petition was to encourage the Turkish Government to open completely its archives related to this subject, and it subsequently did so." I think it's ridiculous to equate such a position with "Genocide denial"; that kind of smear diminishes the crime of true deniers like Arthur Butz and Willis Carto.
In the second place, whatever the merits of his position on the Armenian genocide, they are irrelevant to his researches on Ottoman history, which are groundbreaking. I despise the kind of politicization of academics that uses anger at a political position as a bludgeon to try to destroy an academic's reputation entirely. This was done, for instance, to Anastasia Karakasidou by people who didn't like her superbly researched book on Greek Macedonia (see this LH post). Why can't people disagree without trying to destroy each other?
John Cowan says
Without in any way intending to reopen the can of wriggling worms in the comments of the Karakasidou post, I would point out that it was probably the C.U.P. lawyers who told them not to publish the book: since it mentioned living persons, there was a good chance that C.U.P. would be sued in the U.K. for libel. The U. of Chicago Press can take advantage of the United States's much more robust guarantees of press freedom.
See Geoffrey Pullum's essay "Trench-mouth Comes to Trumpington Street" (in The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax) about a similar incident where C.U.P. refused to publish a book on syntax, of all things, because of concerns about possible defamation in the examples.
MMcM says
Looks like Vryonis has two more or less equivalent uses of kondistabl.
p. 234 footnoted to Acropolites I, 137.
p. 468 footnoted to Nicephorus Gregoras I, 58.
Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae is all in Google Books, and here is a handy index.
Georgii Acropolitae, p. 137
Nicephori Gregorae, Vol. I, p. 58
I'm suspicious of the first one; looks like p. 146 might be a better shot at where Michael Comnenus is leading some Christian troops, but I didn't search exhaustively. (Also possible is that I completely misunderstood those references and they aren't pages at all.)
Anyway, I don't see any trace of the Turkish word here, so I'd guess it to come from Vryonis himself.
The Rambler says
I enjoy this blog, and don't want to start a war. However, to say that the one thing is irrelevant to the other is specious reasoning. If a scientist didn't believe in evolution (and there are a handful who don't), you would probably be not a little suspicious of everything else they say, no?
In Portland Oregon the attempt to set up a chair of Turkish history, subsidized by the Turkish government, was attacked without any regard for anything the proposed professor had said about the Armenian Holocaust or anything else. The opponents opposed the plan simply because the Turkish government was involved.
Until the Turkish government did whatever they were supposed to do about events of 70 years earlier, these people would attack anything the Turks ever did anywhere.
A disgraceful episode, in my opinion.
jamessal says
Rambler: Nothing specious about what Hat said. A person can be wrong about (A) and right about (B). If (A) is really off the walls, then, sure, another person would be more skeptical (B); but now you're talking about that person's subjective experience, not the objective merits of (B).
kishnevi says
I'd have to go digging for the exact passage, but Gibbon says something similar to this about the origin of the term when describing the fully developed Imperial establishment under the successors of Constantine–with the implication that the term was used in the early Byzantine Empire, which would strengthen the idea that the later Byzantines were merely borrowing a term used earlier, rather than borrowing from a contemporary European language. But I don't recall him indicating what the Greek form was.
Gibbon's footnote: κονόσταυλος or κοντόσταυλος.
Thanks—always a pleasure to read Gibbon!
How do you tell if Κοντόσταυλος is Kondostavlos or Kodostavlos, or if κοντός is kondos or kodos, given that ντ is the Greek spelling of D?
The form Google suggests as most popular is Contostavlos, which appears to be a popular last name.
Britannica claims "The title comes stabuli is found in the Roman and particularly in the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire from the 5th century ad as that of the head of the stables at the imperial court. The Franks borrowed the title,"
At this point, just for fun it's worth looking up the words "stable", "stall", and "stale" in the OED.
There's not really a difference, if I understand the situation correctly; some Greeks pronounce ντ as /nd/, others as /d/, but the difference never distinguishes two words.
Terry Collmann says
At this point, just for fun it's worth looking up the words "stable", "stall", and "stale" in the OED
And, of course, "stallion".
The stallion that stood in the stall in the stables was stale, said the constable.
Etienne says
Why not assume the word to be a direct loan from Vulgar Latin *COM(I)TEM STAB(U)LI (vowels in parentheses may have already been dropped in Vulgar Latin)? Many loanwords from Latin dating back to the Imperial era were borrowed in the form of the accusative singular: this etymon would have yielded Greek *KONDESTAVLI: The shift from /e/ to /o/ in the second syllable may well be a case of folk etymology due to perception of a relationship between this word and /kondos/. Likewise, I wonder whether its singular form (KONDOSTAVL-OS) might not be a back-formation from a form KONDOSTAVL-I perceived to be a (Greek) nominative plural (as otherwise a Greek nominative singular KONDOSTAVL-IS is what I would have expected to find: likewise, had the word been borrowed from Italian or Catalan I would have expected a nominative singular KONDOSTAVL-ES).
Cherie Woodworth says
Though I am not a Byzantinist, my friends who are have often referred me to the (now) definitive quick reference for all things Byzantine, the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. The online version, which is regularly updated, can be found here: http://www.oxford-byzantium.com/
As the full entries may not be accessible to those who do not have a university portal, I will hazard to quote the entry, what may be rather lengthy for a blog.
About konostaulos, Alexander Kazhdan of the ODB says the following:
Konostaulos (κονοστα υ̑λος, from Lat. comes stabuli, "count of the stable," Fr. connétable), a term that entered Byz. in the 11th C. under Norman influence. A 12th-C. historian (An. Komn. 2:28.5–7) speaks of a Latin phalangarches Bryenne "called konostaulos." Guilland (Institutions 1:471) mistakenly ascribes a seal of an anthypatos Isaac (?) to a konostaulos of the 11th C.; in fact, the seal belonged to a komes tou staulou (St. Maslev, Izv Bŭlg Arch Inst 20 [Sofia 1955] 452f, no.3; Laurent, Corpus 2, no.924). The office/title, predominantly in the form megas konostaulos, is known only from the 13th C. onward. Pachymeres (Pachym., ed. Failler, 1:37.4–7) defines him as the commander of Italian mercenaries. The first megas konostaulos mentioned in the sources is Michael Komnenos Palaiologos under John III Vatatzes (Akrop. 1:134.10–11). In the hierarchy of pseudo-Kodinos the megas konostaulos follows the megas primikerios. From the 13th to the 15th C. members of noble families (Palaiologoi, Tarchaneiotai, Monomachoi) held this post as did Western seigneurs such as Licario of Verona; the title was also conferred on Leonardo Tocco.
The Nature of the Early Ottoman State (thanks, Jim!), a brilliant reanalysis of the early Ottomans that proves (to my satisfaction, anyway) that far from being fearsome warriors for Islam who presented conquered people with the famous "convert or die" choice, they were highly pragmatic rulers
On the formation of the early Ottoman state, the "ghazi" hypothesis (that the Ottomans were jihadis or religious warriors for Islam — ghazis) was, as far as I know, put forward convincingly by Paul Wittek in his book The Rise of the Ottoman (1938).
It was a pioneering book for intellectual history and epigraphy, but not surprisingly, ripe for an update. In that, Lowry is in line with others currently working on the early Ottomans. Check Lowry's bibliography and see if he cites the revisionists Lindner and Barkey ; see also Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses.
Thanks very much, Cherie, that's most enlightening! And it's interesting that they had both konostaulos and komes tou staulou.
Lowry discusses all the scholars you mention, and his book is explicitly a refutation of Wittek.
What I've read about the Ottomans, coming from the Turko-Mongol direction, has made it seem that they were much like many other coalition raiding armies of various times and places — military adventurers and swashbbucklers of mixed origin with predominantly material goals.
Just to wrap up loose ends, here is the Acropolites reference as given by the ODB that Cherie Woodworth quotes, and here is that same passage in the volume to which I referred earlier. Vryonis evidently had some third edition, though the introductory materials indicate that CSHB is the default source.
Thanks! I wonder if I'll ever cease being amazed and grateful that all this stuff is instantly and freely available on the internet. If I'd wanted to check Acropolites in the old days, I'd have had to wait for the NYPL to dig an edition out of their dustiest stacks.
Probably too long a shot, but could the "kono" form have been influenced by the Slavic word for horse?
>There's not really a difference, if I understand the situation correctly; some Greeks pronounce ντ as /nd/, others as /d/
But how do we decide whether to transcribe ντ in a Greek word into the Roman alphabet as nd or d?
It should be transcribed as nd, because that's the standard pronunciation.
Well, except initially.
Picky, picky.
Lars (the original one) says
Speaking of Greek transcription I just discovered that the company I work for (until Sunday) is marketing its Greek classified ads site as AggelioPolis — in Greek. Check your app store if you don't believe me!
AggelioPolis: ο καλεύτεροσ τρόπος να αγoραζετε και να πουλάτε διαδικτυακά Δωρεάν αγγελίες που διαβάζονται από χιλιάδες 'Ελληνες καθημερινά, στην AggelioPolis
Are Greeks so used to furriners mangling their alphabet that they will read AggelioPolis out as /aŋʝɛli'opolis/?
Either you or your phone have screwed up the Greek a bit: "καλεύτεροσ" should be καλύτερος and "αγoραζετε" s/b αγοράζετε. But never mind that — I've learned a new Greek word, διαδίκτυο 'internet' with its derivatives διαδικτυακός (adj.) and διαδικτυακά (adv. 'online').
Oh, and I'm sure the Greeks don't even bat an eye at "AggelioPolis."
Actually I copied it by hand (well, keyboard) since the iTunes store didn't make it selectable, so I can't blame my phone. And my visual glitch finder doesn't work for Greek text. I did copy my version to google translate and the result looked plausible — originally I missed the ο in αγοράζετε as well and that mangled the translation somewhat.
Can also be seen outside of iTunes, though you might be denied access if the app is not available in your market.
Anyway, I just asked a few of my colleagues here in Sweden, and they of course didn't have the faintest suspicion that 'agge' could be anything by /'ag:e/ or possibly /'æʒi/.
I'm sure the Greeks don't even bat an eye at "AggelioPolis."
All systems of writing are only approximations of the sounds of the words, and some of Beattie's [a prominent Linear B skeptic] arguments on this score are disingenuous. 'Pylians,' he writes, '… would hardly know what to make of pu-ro.' There would be as much risk of a Pylian making a mistake as there would be of a Scot misreading E'boro.


LAKE OKEECHOBEE, FL (AP) A massive hurricane washes out 20 mi. of dike, flooding homes and cities and drowning thousands, most of them too poor to heed warnings to evacuate. Authorities in Florida learned from the 1928 disaster at Lake Okeechobee and have spent decades building a bigger, stronger levee around the lake, one of the nation's largest.
But those lessons weren't adopted in New Orleans, and officials there must now learn from what could be an even deadlier tragedy.
The devastation wrought by Katrina and the Lake Okeechobee hurricanes are sadly similar. In 1928, Florida officials knew a big storm could flood the farming communities surrounding Lake Okeechobee with devastating consequences.
The unimaginable happened when a catastrophic hurricane came ashore in Palm Beach and pushed 30 mi. inland to Lake Okeechobee. The levee failed and a 20-mi. wall of water rushed out of the lake. People watched the water swallow houses as they climbed desperately into attics or trees for safety.
"What happened in New Orleans in a matter of days, happened in Lake Okeechobee in a matter of hours," Kleinberg said.
John Hendry saw his house blown down around him and he took his wife and three young children into the yard where he tied them in a tree to protect them from the wind and rising water. When the floods reached their feet, he moved his family farther up the tree to escape, said Bill Barnes, who was 7 at the time and later became Hendry's stepson.
The water stayed for six weeks before receding. More than 2,500 died. Most were poor, black farmworkers from the Caribbean who had no cars and no way out of the storm's path.
New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain were even more vulnerable when Katrina hit. A city below sea level fills with water more easily and a lake connected to the Gulf is susceptible to tidal surges. Katrina caused two levees to break, spilling dirty water into more than 80 percent of the city as high as 20 ft. Estimates of the death toll have surpassed 10,000 people. Many of the dead also were too poor to escape. Scott Hagen, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at University of Central Florida, said the levee system isn't designed for the slim chance that a disastrous event will occur.
In Florida, where an unprecedented four hurricanes slammed the coast last year, authorities have spent decades trying to lessen the risk to residents. At Lake Okeechobee, which covers 700 sq. mi. in south-central Florida, engineers have taken into account two worst-case scenario storms to design the dam.
Corps officials have planned for a Category 3 storm hitting the lake at an unlikely high level of more than 21 ft. After last year's four hurricanes, the lake reached only 18 ft. Engineers also have planned for a double hit, studying what would happen if a hurricane such as the Category 5 Andrew in 1992 came across from the east and a second storm hit from the southwest, said Susan Sylvester, a Corps hydraulic engineer and water management specialist.
If a hurricane causes a breach, water managers have 50,000 tons of material to repair the dike at 16 locations around the lake. They can drive on the 15-ft. wide crest to reach the breaches — something officials could not do on the skinny Lake Pontchartrain levee.
To repair the breach there, military helicopters dropped 150 sandbags, each weighing 3,000 lbs., to temporarily plug holes.
Lake Okeechobee's levee suffered no damage during last year's four hurricanes — though 11 structures on the east side of the lake were damaged, said Jacob Davis, the dike's project engineer.
Still, the levee is not perfect. It has leaks and boils that require sandbags and repairs. Corps officials are rehabilitating a 4.6-mi. stretch near Port Mayaca that will eventually reach 22 mi. south to Belle Glade.
But the lake has natural protections. Because it sits 30 mi. inland, a hurricane is likely to lose strength once it leaves the warm ocean waters. The wind could slosh the lake water over the top of the levee but it would never be affected by the storm surge at the coast.


Open year-round, Alder Creek Adventure Center offers an abundance of activities and entertainment, including dining at Alder Creek Cafe and drinks at Trailside Bar. Exploring the outdoors is a breeze with so many options to choose from, including horseback riding at the Equestrian Center, mountain biking via Bikeworks, cross country skiing and snowshoeing with the Cross Country Ski Center, hiking and exploring our vast 60-plus mile trail system, plus enjoying a variety of seasonal events and offerings. All of these activities can be found at Alder Creek Adventure Center, where your next adventure awaits you.
The spectacular Alder Creek Adventure Center, Tahoe Donner's latest addition, serves as the Cross Country Ski Center base facility for all Nordic and snowshoeing activities in the winter, and in the summer is the hub for Bikeworks, the Equestrian Center, select Day Camps and occasional special events. It also allows for trailhead parking. The new facility offers an improved experience for all Tahoe Donner customers in both winter and summer, and will continue to be a public facility for the greater Truckee community. Inside the facility, Alder Creek Cafe serves breakfast and lunch, as well as an innovative apres menu in the afternoons and evenings. Freshly made grab-and-go and made-to-order items with quality house-made ingredients make up the daily menu. The cafe also provides catering to the many different events scheduled throughout the summer evenings. Trailside Bar serves a great selection of microbrews and wines by the glass.


You can never have too many candles.
Blogmas day 15 is all about candles! I love candles and I have a lot of them. BUT! That doesn't mean that I have enough!
Most candles are wonderful as they are, but the Christmas scents are just so much better, aren't they? They just fill your room, house, and soul with joy.
I am also a huge fan of Bath and Body Works, so all of these candles may accidentally be from there. I'm not sorry. I'm not.
All of these candles look amazing and their names are making my mouth water! I actually have the Pumpkin Pecan Waffles candle (in a much smaller pot) and I can tell you all with 100% honesty that it smells DELICIOUS.
Feel free to leave a comment down below! What are your favorite candle scents? Are they Christmas-y, floral, sweet, or something completely different? I'd love to hear about them (and add to my ever-growing collection)!


Here's a classic sauce that can be made in large batches and frozen at the end of the summer when tomatoes are cheap and at their best. Infusing the herbs with garlic in olive oil at the beginning of the recipe allows you to create a fragrant, basic sauce.
Later on, other ingredients or more herbs can be added to further enhance the sauce.
Blanch tomatoes for 1 minute in a pot of boiling water. Remove and place in a bowl of cold water.
Peel tomatoes and cut in quarters. Set aside.
Heat olive oil in a pan on medium heat. Add garlic and herbs. Cook 1 to 2 minutes until garlic becomes golden.
Add tomatoes, salt and pepper. Bring to a boil; let simmer for 30 minutes. Taste and add a generous pinch of sugar if the sauce is too acid.


text:
BIO | APPEARANCES | PRESS | REP | DISCS | TEACHING | MUSIC | CONTACT
Repertoire with Orchestra
J.S. Bach Concerto in A minor, BWV 1041 (Horn and String Orchestra)
B. Britten Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings, op. 31
E. Chabrier Larghetto
L. Cherubini 2 Sonatas (Horn and String Orchestra)
C. Förster Concerto in E-flat
R. Glière Concerto in B-flat, op. 91
F. Haydn Concerto No. 1 in D Major
Concerto No. 2 in D Major
M. Haydn Concerto
P. Hindemith Concerto in F Major
G. Jacob Concerto
L. Larsson
Concertino, op. 45 No. 5
P. Lieberson Horn Concerto (1999)
W.A. Mozart Concerto No. 1 in D Major, K.412
Concerto No. 2 in E-flat Major, K.417
Concert Rondo, K 371
C. Saint-Saëns Morceau de Concert, op. 94
G. Schuller Concerto No. 1 (1944-45)
R. Sierra Concierto Evocativo (Horn and String Orchestra, 1990)
F. Strauss Concerto, Op. 8
R. Strauss Concerto No. 1 in E-flat Major, op.11
Concerto No. 2 in E-flat Major (1942)
C.M. Weber Concerto in E Major
E. Zwilich Concerto (Horn and String Orchestra, 1993)
[back to the top]
Repertoire with Pops
J.B. Arban Carneval of Venice
F. Chopin "Minute" Waltz Op. 64, No. 1
P. Dukas Villanelle
M. Marais Le Basque
R. Mendez Jota
R. Mendez Valse Suriano
V. Monti Csárdás
G. Rossini Prelude, Theme and Variations
HOME - BIO - APPEARANCES - PRESS - REP - DISCS - TEACHING- MUSIC - CONTACT ©2012 Eric Ruske


text:
The good life? Men reveal what it's like to be gay in isolated rural areas
We speak to gay men who are happy to forego the urban lifestyle for one that comes with altogether different challenges.
It won't come as a surprise to anyone that attitudes towards LGBTQ people - and other minority groups - generally lag behind in rural areas, compared with more urban locations.
Of course, it's an unfortunate cycle: the lack of an LGBTQ population away from cities drives queer people out, thus exacerbating the problem and reducing the opportunity to open closed minds.
Despite the lack of mainstream visibility, in Attitude's new July issue - available to download and to order globally now - we speak to six gay men who have chosen to live in Britain's rural communities.
This is 38-year-old James's story...
I've lived in a small village just outside Exeter for the past 15 years, and work on an 80-acre farm, rearing cattle.
I grew up on a couple of big dairy and beef farms. It was the most idyllic upbringing but, looking back, it was pretty lonely.
Photography: Markus Bidaux
My first gay encounter was when I was 17, with a 34 year-old who was my manager at work, but I experienced homophobic jokes and comments growing up and remained in the closet. I'm now 38 and came out fully less than two years ago.
I was married with three children (my wife knew about my attraction to guys), so my family was my main concern: I knew that the news would spread like wildfire in a small, rural community.
I told close family and friends first, who I knew would bolster me, and on the whole I was met with nothing but love and support. Sadly, I was then put in a position where I had no choice but to come out fully.
Thankfully, I haven't come up against any real negativity — a couple of local loudmouths make the odd joke, but mostly just playful banter which I'm more than happy to return.
That said, I'm under no illusions that I will have been the subject of some disapproving conversations but my worries about my children suffering have not come true.
A separation is tough enough for a child, let alone a parent saying that they're gay, but they, and my ex-wife, have been amazing and supportive. I'm now in a relationship with a great guy, and he and the kids get on well.
There's been a massive improvement towards the acceptance and understanding of LGBTQ people in rural places but opportunities for dating and connecting with other gay people are limited due to the population size.
I've suffered from loneliness and with depression, partly due to my sexuality, something that hit home when I saw God's Own Country, which has some resemblance to my experience of being gay in a rural community.
Read the full feature on rural gay life in Attitude's July issue, out now.
Buy now and take advantage of our best-ever subscription offers: three issues for £3 in print, 13 issues for £19.99 to download to any device.
Francisco Henriques goes for a skinny dip for Attitude's Summer Pride issue (PICS)


During the onboarding interviews we will establish which type of configuration works best for your business.
Get started almost immediately and get NPS results fast.
Survey distribution to your customers via Excel import of customer data.
No IT help (code development) required.
Surveys are sent to customers after a trigger (customer touchpoint) in your system.
Minimal help (code development) from your IT required.
Enrich data via occasional manual Excel imports to add benchmark and workflow capabilities.
Surveys are sent to customers from a trigger (customer touchpoint) in your system.
Full integration and automation between your system and Relationwise.
1-2 day's code development* from your IT (API integration).
Benchmark and workflow capabilities without manual Excel imports.