text:
Accessories TRACK Wheelzahead
Accessories INDOOR Wheelzahead
Accessories walking aids
Accessories RELAX & GO
About Wheelzahead
We are ready for you!
ma - vr / 09.00 - 18.00 u
2MOBILITY B.V.
ARTICLE 1. | DEFINITIONS
The terms below, also those conjugated in plural or singular, are defined as follows in these general terms and conditions, unless the nature or purport of the provisions dictate otherwise.
General terms and conditions: the present "General terms and conditions of 2MOBILITY B.V.".
2MOBILITY: 2MOBILITY B.V., the user of these general terms and conditions, also trading under the trade name "WheelzAhead", established at Gantelweg 17, 4286EH in Almkerk, registered with the Trade Register under Chamber of Commerce number 76979148.
Counterparty: any natural or legal person with whom 2MOBILITY has concluded or intends to conclude an agreement.
Consumer: a counterparty as referred to in the previous paragraph, natural person, not acting in the performance of a profession or business.
Parties: 2MOBILITY and the counterparty together.
Agreement: any agreement concluded between 2MOBILITY and the counterparty, with which 2MOBILITY has committed itself to the sale and delivery of products at a price to be agreed between the parties.
Distance agreement: an agreement concluded between 2MOBILITY and a consumer under the terms of an organised system for distance selling without the simultaneous personal presence of 2MOBILITY and the consumer and whereby, up to and including the conclusion of the agreement , only one or more means of distance communication are used, such as in the case of a consumer purchase made through the web shop as referred to in paragraph 9 or another platform that can be regarded as an organised system for distance selling. An agreement is therefore not a distance agreement if 2MOBILITY does not use an organised system for sale, for example in the case where the consumer finds the contact details of 2MOBILITY on the internet or in a telephone directory and concludes an agreement by telephone.
Products: all goods to be delivered by 2MOBILITY to the counterparty under the terms of the agreement, including various personal aids and accessories.
Web shop: wheelzahead.eu as a service to end users regarding (accessories of) the WheelzAhead products.
Written: communication in writing, communication by e-mail or any other similar form of communication in view of the state of the art and the prevailing standards in society.
ARTICLE 2. | GENERAL PROVISIONS
These general terms and conditions apply to all of 2MOBILITY's offers and any concluded agreements.
The applicability of any general terms and conditions of purchase or other general terms and conditions of the counterparty is explicitly rejected.
The provisions of these general terms and conditions can only be deviated from explicitly and in writing. If and to the extent the agreements made between the parties in writing deviate from the provisions of these general terms and conditions, the agreements explicitly made between the parties in writing shall be applicable.
Nullification or invalidity of one or more of the provisions of these general terms and conditions or the agreement as such does not affect the validity of the other clauses. If such is the case, the parties are obliged to consult with each other in order to make a replacement arrangement with regard to the invalid clause, while this must be as much as possible in keeping with the aim and purport of the original provision.
ARTICLE 3. | OFFER AND CONCLUSION OF THE AGREEMENT
Every offer from 2MOBILITY is without obligation, even if a period of acceptance is stated. An offer from 2MOBILITY can immediately be withdrawn until acceptance by the counterparty. If in such a case, for example with respect to an order in the web shop, payment has already been made by the counterparty, 2MOBILITY will arrange for a refund no later than one workday after the cancellation.
The counterparty cannot derive any rights from an offer of 2MOBILITY that contains an obvious error or mistake.
The counterparty can moreover not derive any rights from an offer of 2MOBILITY that is based on incorrect or incomplete data provided by the counterparty.
A compound quotation never obliges 2MOBILITY to fulfil a part of the offer against a corresponding part of the stated price.
Each agreement is concluded, without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 1, from the moment that the offer of 2MOBILITY has been accepted by the counterparty and the counterparty has met all the conditions stated in the offer. If no specific offer from 2MOBILITY has preceded the order of the counterparty, the agreement is concluded from the moment that 2MOBILITY has provided the counterparty with a written confirmation of the order. If 2MOBILITY provides the counterparty with a written confirmation of the order, such confirmation is deemed to accurately and completely reflect the order, unless the counterparty has filed a complaint in writing to 2MOBILITY within 48 hours of receipt.
If the counterparty's acceptance deviates from the offer of 2MOBILITY, the agreement will not be concluded in accordance with this deviating acceptance, unless 2MOBILITY indicates otherwise.
If the counterparty concludes the agreement on behalf of another natural or legal person, it declares that it is authorised to do so by entering into the agreement. In addition to this (legal) person, the counterparty is jointly and severally liable for the fulfilment of the obligations arising from such agreement
ARTICLE 4. | CONSUMER'S RIGHT OF DISSOLUTION FOR DISTANCE AGREEMENTS
Subject to the other provisions of this article and in particular the provisions of the following paragraph, the consumer may wholly or partially dissolve a distance contract up to 14 days after receipt of the products by or on behalf of the consumer, without stating reasons.
The consumer does not have the right of dissolution in case of:
the delivery of products that are not suitable for being returned because of health protection or hygiene and of which the seal was broken after delivery;
the delivery of products manufactured according to the consumer's specifications, which are not prefabricated and which are custom manufactured at the individual choice or decision of the consumer, or which are clearly intended for a specific person;
a distance agreement in respect of which the right of dissolution is otherwise excluded by Section 6.5.2B of the Dutch Civil Code or does not apply.
The consumer can terminate the distance contract by submitting a request to 2MOBILITY by e-mail or by using the model form offered by 2MOBILITY for withdrawal. 2MOBILITY will confirm the termination of the distance agreement by e-mail as soon as possible after 2MOBILITY has been informed of the intention of the consumer to terminate the distance agreement and if the conditions of this article are met.
During the period referred to in paragraph 1, the consumer must handle the products to be returned and their packaging with due care. The consumer may only handle and inspect the products to be returned to the extent necessary in order to assess the nature and features of the products. The basic principle with respect to this is that the consumer may only handle and inspect the products as he would be allowed to do in a physical store.
If the consumer makes use of the right of dissolution, he must return the products concerned undamaged, with all accessories supplied and in the original condition and packaging to 2MOBILITY.
The consumer is liable for value reduction of the products resulting from the fact that the products have been handled beyond the situations permitted under paragraph 4. 2MOBILITY is entitled to charge the consumer for such value reduction, whether or not by offsetting this reduced value against any payment already received from the consumer.
Return delivery of the products must take place within fourteen days after the consumer has dissolved the distance contract in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 3.
If the consumer makes use of the right of dissolution, the costs of returning the products will be borne by the consumer.
2MOBILITY will refund any payments already received from the consumer, less any depreciation, as soon as possible, but no later than within fourteen days after the dissolution of the distance contract to the consumer, provided that the products have been received back by 2MOBILITY or the consumer has demonstrated that the products have actually been returned. If the right of dissolution is only applied to a part of the order, any delivery costs paid by the consumer in the first instance will not be eligible for a refund. Furthermore, 2MOBILITY is not obliged to reimburse the additional costs if the consumer has explicitly opted for a method other than the least expensive method of standard delivery offered by 2MOBILITY.
ARTICLE 5. | DELIVERY OF PRODUCTS
The delivery of the products takes place by delivery to the delivery address specified by the counterparty. In the context of drop shipping, the counterparty can appoint a third party to whom the products will be delivered.
2MOBILITY determines the method of packaging and shipping of the products.
Unless the nature or purport of any explicitly agreed delivery condition dictates otherwise, the risk of loss and damage to the products will pass to the counterparty or the third party as referred to in paragraph 1, from the moment the products have been received by or on behalf of the counterparty or by such third party.
If the agreed delivery period is exceeded, the counterparty is never entitled to refuse to accept delivery of the products to be delivered and to pay the amounts due by the counterparty to 2MOBILITY under the agreement.
If 2MOBILITY, as a result of a circumstance attributable to the counterparty or a third party as referred to in paragraph 1, incurs additional costs that would not exist if the products had been received at the time of intended delivery, these costs will additionally be for the account of the counterparty. These costs may, not thereto limited, be related to the reasonably determined costs of storage of the products and any additional costs in connection with multiple delivery attempts.
ARTICLE 6. | DELIVERY TIMES
Unless expressly agreed otherwise in writing, 2MOBILITY strives to send ordered products that are in stock within 24 hours after the conclusion of the agreement, excluding weekend and public holidays. Generally, an order placed on workdays before noon is delivered the following workday, on the proviso that a delivery time of two to three workdays usually applies for deliveries outside the Benelux. The following paragraphs of this article are fully applicable to the delivery times stated here.
2MOBILITY endeavours to comply with the delivery terms to which it has committed itself in respect of the counterparty, however, these terms may only be considered as indicative and not as deadlines. Default on the part of 2MOBILITY does not come into effect until the counterparty has notified 2MOBILITY in writing of the default, in which a notice of default a reasonable period is stated within which 2MOBILITY can still fulfil its delivery obligations, which have still not been fulfilled after the expiry of the latter period.
The delivery periods to which 2MOBILITY has committed itself in respect of the counterparty shall not commence until after 2MOBILITY has received all data required for delivery from the counterparty.
ARTICLE 7. | SPECIAL OBLIGATIONS FOR RESELLERS
In the event that the products to be supplied by 2MOBILITY are intended for resale by the counterparty, resale to customers of the counterparty shall be for the account and risk of the counterparty.
Any cooperation between the reseller and 2MOBILITY is never exclusive, unless explicitly agreed otherwise; 2MOBILITY is entitled to appoint multiple resellers without geographical restrictions.
2MOBILITY guarantees the counterparty the constant, agreed quality of the delivered products. The counterparty acting as a reseller of the products is itself responsible for the fulfilment of its legal obligations in respect of its end customers, such as with regard to the statutory seller's guarantee in respect of consumers.
2MOBILITY and its suppliers grant the reseller the right to make use of the possible brand names of 2MOBILITY or its suppliers, however, only to the extent and for so long as is reasonably considered acceptable under the terms of the resale of the products and in compliance with any instructions from 2MOBILITY with regard to their use. For the use of any brand names of 2MOBILITY or its suppliers, other than those referred to in the previous sentence, prior written permission from the latter parties is required.
The counterparty is not permitted to perform acts that infringe on the trade name, brand name or other intellectual property rights of 2MOBILITY or its suppliers.
The reseller is obliged to use the marks used by 2MOBILITY or its suppliers in relation to the resale of the products. The counterparty is not permitted to remove any mark on the products or to change them, or to affix its own marks on the products.
ARTICLE 8. | INVESTIGATION AND COMPLAINTS
From the moment of delivery of the products, the counterparty must immediately (cause to) investigate and verify that the nature and quantity of the products meet the agreement. If, in the opinion of the counterparty, the nature and/or quantity of the products do not comply with the agreement, it must notify 2MOBILITY of this immediately after delivery. If delivery is made to a third party, the counterparty guarantees that such third party meets the aforementioned obligations in respect of the counterparty, after which the counterparty immediately informs 2MOBILITY of any shortcomings of 2MOBILITY.
In the event of defects that could not reasonably have been visible at the time of delivery, the counterparty must report this to 2MOBILITY in writing within five days after it has become aware of the existence of the defect or i.e. could reasonably have become aware of such defects.
Contrary to the provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this article, a consumer can no longer rely on the fact that the products delivered under the terms of a consumer purchase do not comply with the agreement, if the consumer has not filed a complaint with respect to this to 2MOBILITY within two months after discovery of the defect.
If no claim is made in time, 2MOBILITY will not be bound by any obligations resulting from such a complaint.
Complaints from (on account of) the counterparty never suspend its payment obligations, except to the extent that the law has differing mandatory provisions for the benefit of the consumer.
ARTICLE 9. | RETURN SHIPMENTS
The provisions of the following paragraphs of this article are without prejudice to the provisions of Article 4.
Return shipments are, without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 4, only accepted and received with 2MOBILITY's prior written permission. Return shipments must be registered by e-mail ([email protected]). Return shipments are for the account of the counterparty. In the event of a return shipment, the counterparty must observe the instructions of 2MOBILITY with regard to the handling of return shipments of the products concerned.
If and where the return of the products is not based on a shortcoming on the part of 2MOBILITY, 2MOBILITY is entitled to charge a restocking fee of 25%, without prejudice to the provisions of the following paragraph.
Damaged return shipments as well as return shipments in non-original condition or packaging, are not accepted and will be returned at the expense of the counterparty.
ARTICLE 10. | GUARANTEE
The counterparty or end-user of the products is only entitled to any factory guarantee provided by the manufacturer or importer of the products, on the proviso that 2MOBILITY provides a two-year guarantee on rollators and a guarantee provided by 2MOBILITY, the manufacturer or the importer does not affect the mandatory legal rights and claims that consumers may assert against 2MOBILITY under the terms of a consumer purchase (non-conformity). Any applicable manufacturer's guarantee is usually stated in the user's manual supplied with the products.
Without prejudice to any explicitly stipulated (factory) guarantee conditions, any claim to a guarantee (also including a claim based on non-conformity) is cancelled if the defects of the products are the result of an external cause after the delivery or another circumstance that cannot be attributed to 2MOBILITY or its supplier. This includes, but is not limited to, defects resulting from damage, natural wear and tear, incorrect or improper handling, use in violation of the user instructions or other instructions from or on behalf of 2MOBILITY.
The provisions of paragraph 2 apply mutatis mutandis to any claims from the counterparty pursuant to non-performance or any other basis whatsoever.
ARTICLE 11. | FORCE MAJEURE
2MOBILITY is not obliged to fulfil any obligation under the agreement if and for as long as it is impeded by a circumstance that for which it cannot be held responsible by virtue of the law, legal act or social standards. Force majeure also includes the situation when 2MOBILITY is unable to meet its (delivery) obligations (in time) due to the (non-)actions of its suppliers.
If the force majeure situation causes compliance with the agreement to be permanently impossible, the parties are entitled to terminate the agreement with immediate effect.
If, at the start of the force majeure situation, 2MOBILITY has already partially fulfilled its delivery obligations or can only partially meet its obligations, it is entitled to separately invoice the part already delivered or the part still to be delivered as if it were an independent contract.
Without prejudice to the application of the previous paragraph, damage as a result of force majeure will never qualify for compensation.
ARTICLE 12. | SUSPENSION AND DISSOLUTION
If reasonably justified by the circumstances of the case, 2MOBILITY is entitled to suspend the execution of the agreement, without court intervention, or to dissolve the agreement in whole or in part with immediate effect, if and to the extent the counterparty does not, not timely or not fully comply with its obligations under the agreement, or, after the conclusion of the agreement, 2MOBILITY has, due to circumstances that come to light after the conclusion of the agreement, valid reason to fear that the counterparty will not fulfil its obligations. If the fulfilment of the obligations of the counterparty in respect of which it fails or may fall short, is not permanently impossible, the entitlement to dissolve the agreement only arises after the counterparty has been notified in writing by 2MOBILITY, in which notice of default a reasonable term is stated within which the counterparty can (still) fulfil its obligations and the agreement is still not fulfilled after the expiry of the last mentioned period.
If the counterparty liquidates its business or transfers it to a third party, is in a state of bankruptcy, has applied for (provisional) suspension of payment, any of its goods have been seized, as well as in the situation that the counterparty cannot otherwise freely dispose of its assets, 2MOBILITY is entitled to terminate the agreement with immediate effect and without court intervention, unless the counterparty has already provided sufficient security for the fulfilment of its payment obligations under the agreement.
The counterparty shall never claim any form of compensation in connection with the suspension or termination right asserted by 2MOBILITY.
The counterparty is obliged to compensate the damage suffered by 2MOBILITY as a result of the suspension or dissolution of the agreement.
If 2MOBILITY terminates the agreement, all of 2MOBILITY's claims against the counterparty are immediately due and payable.
ARTICLE 13. | PRICES AND PAYMENTS
Unless explicitly stated otherwise by 2MOBILITY, all amounts stated by 2MOBILITY are exclusive of VAT and other government levies, provided that an offer addressed to consumers states amounts (including) including VAT. Postage-free delivery applies, unless explicitly agreed otherwise, exclusively for delivery within the Benelux and Germany of orders with an order amount over € 300 exclusive of VAT. In the case of a lower order amount, the shipping costs for delivery within the Benelux and Germany are € 10, unless explicitly agreed otherwise. Shipping costs with regard to countries other than the Benelux and Germany must be expressly agreed.
Before an agreement is concluded with a consumer, the total price is explicitly stated, including VAT and any shipping costs.
2MOBILITY is at all times entitled to change its prices, on the proviso that price changes do not apply to agreements that have already been concluded, nor to the cases in which 2MOBILITY has expressly committed itself in respect of the counterparty to fixed price agreements that apply to a certain period. For orders placed after the expiry of a period explicitly agreed between the parties within which fixed price agreements are applicable, 2MOBILITY is entitled to change its prices.
Without prejudice to any explicit agreements made in writing, 2MOBILITY is entitled to demand that the amounts due by the counterparty be paid in whole or in part by advance payment, on the proviso that 2MOBILITY will not oblige a consumer to pay more than 50% in advance of the purchase price. However, if the consumer has already opted for payment in advance of more than half the purchase price, he will be bound by this choice. Payment at the time of delivery is not considered an advance payment.
Payment must be made in the manner stated by 2MOBILITY for this purpose. In the event of payment by a bank transfer, payment must be made within 14 days after the invoice date, in the manner stated by 2MOBILITY on the invoice.
2MOBILITY is entitled to submit invoices intended for the counterparty exclusively by e-mail.
If the counterparty liquidates its business or transfers it to a third party, is in a state of bankruptcy, has applied for (provisional) suspension of payment, any its goods have been seized, as well as in the situation that the counterparty cannot otherwise freely dispose of its assets, the claims against the counterparty shall be immediately due and payable.
If timely payment is not made, the counterparty's default takes effect by law. From the day that the counterparty's default takes effect, the counterparty is due an interest of 2% per month on the outstanding amount, whereby part of a month is considered a full month. Contrary to the previous sentence, instead of the contractual interest referred to, the statutory interest applicable at the time of the payment default applies if the counterparty acts in the capacity of consumer.
All reasonable costs, such as judicial, extrajudicial and execution costs, incurred in order to obtain the amounts due by the counterparty under the agreement, are for its account.
ARTICLE 14. | LIABILITY AND INDEMNIFICATION
Subject to intent and deliberate recklessness on the part of 2MOBILITY, as well as to the provisions of Articles 8 and 10, 2MOBILITY is no longer liable for defects in the delivered goods after delivery.
The counterparty bears the damage caused by inaccuracies or omissions in the information provided by the counterparty, a shortcoming in the fulfilment of the obligations on the part of the counterparty arising from the law or the agreement, as well as any other circumstance that cannot be attributed to 2MOBILITY.
Subject to intent and deliberate recklessness on the part of 2MOBILITY, 2MOBILITY is not liable for damage as a result of the use of the products supplied, including damage arising as a result of a cause or circumstance as referred to in Article 10.2.
2MOBILITY bears no liability for damage which should be for the account of the manufacturer or importer of the products under the statutory regulation of product liability.
2MOBILITY is never liable for consequential damage, including lost profit, loss suffered and damage as a result of business interruption.
If 2MOBILITY is liable in respect of the counterparty for any damage, then 2MOBILITY is entitled at all times to rectify such damage. The counterparty must give 2MOBILITY the opportunity to do so, failing which all liability of 2MOBILITY in this regard will be cancelled.
Subject to intent and deliberate recklessness on its part, 2MOBILITY's liability is at all times limited to at most the invoice value of the agreement, i.e. to the part of the agreement which 2MOBILITY's liability is related to.
The limitation period of all legal claims against 2MOBILITY is one year. Contrary to the previous sentence, legal claims due to consumers that are based on facts that would justify the claim that a consumer purchase does not comply with the agreement, expire after two years.
In the case of a consumer purchase, the limitations in this article do not extend beyond the situations permitted by virtue of Book 7, article 24 paragraph 2 of the Dutch Civil Code.
The counterparty indemnifies 2MOBILITY against any claims from third parties that suffer damage with respect to the execution of the agreement and the cause of which is attributable to (a) person(s) other than 2MOBILITY.
The liability limiting clauses in these general terms and conditions are also stipulated for the benefit of the director(s) and employees of 2MOBILITY.
ARTICLE 15. | RETENTION OF TITLE
The title to all products shall be vested with 2MOBILITY until the counterparty has fulfilled all its payment obligations in respect of 2MOBILITY with regard to the relevant order.
Except where it must be considered permissible under its normal business operations, the counterparty is not allowed to sell or pledge the products subject to retention of title nor to encumber them in any other way.
The counterparty is obliged to store the products delivered under retention of title with all due care and as recognisable property of 2MOBILITY in its warehouse or storage location.
If third parties seize the products subject to the retention of title, or wish to establish or enforce rights thereon, the counterparty must notify 2MOBILITY as soon as possible.
In the event of a sale and/or delivery by the counterparty to third parties under its normal business operations, as well as in the event of a violation of the other provisions of this article, the purchase price will become immediately due and payable in full.
The counterparty gives unconditional permission to 2MOBILITY or third parties appointed by 2MOBILITY to enter all those places where the products subject to retention of title are located. In the event of default by the counterparty, 2MOBILITY is entitled to (cause to) take back the products referred to here. The counterparty must provide 2MOBILITY with all information at its first request in order to assert its property rights, on the penalty of an immediately due and payable fine of € 500 for each day that the counterparty is in default, while 2MOBILITY is not required to officially hold the counterparty in default. All reasonable costs associated with the assertion of its property rights are for the account of the counterparty.
ARTICLE 16. | GENERAL COMPLAINTS POLICY
Complaints regarding the implementation of the agreement by 2MOBILITY must, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 8, be submitted to 2MOBILITY fully and clearly specified in writing within a reasonable time after the counterparty has discovered the alleged shortcoming of 2MOBILITY.
Complaints submitted to 2MOBILITY will be answered within a period of seven days after receipt. If a complaint requires a longer processing time, a reply will be sent within a period of seven days with an acknowledgment of receipt and an indication of when the counterparty can expect a more detailed answer.
If, in the context of a remote agreement, the complaint cannot be resolved by mutual agreement, the consumer can submit the dispute to the conciliation board via the ODR platform (ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr/).
ARTICLE 17. | PERSONAL-DATA PROCESSING
If the counterparty has explicitly signed up for the receipt of newsletters or other commercial reports from 2MOBILITY, 2MOBILITY will only process the e-mail address provided by the counterparty for this purpose in order to be able to send the requested messages to the counterparty. However, once the counterparty has entered into an agreement with 2MOBILITY, 2MOBILITY may send the counterparty e-mail messages, such as newsletters without prior consent, if these messages predominantly relate to, or are relevant to, the products previously purchased by the counterparty from 2MOBILITY. The counterparty may deregister for the further receipt of such messages in the manner indicated in the relevant messages. With regard to the processing of the counterparty's personal data by 2MOBILITY, 2MOBILITY conforms to the General Data Processing Regulation (AVG). The way in which 2MOBILITY further processes personal data of the counterparty is described in the privacy policy that is revealed on the 2MOBILITY website.
ARTICLE 18. | FINAL CLAUSES
Dutch law applies exclusively to every agreement and all resulting legal relationships between the parties.
The parties only appeal to the courts after they have made the best possible efforts to settle the dispute in mutual consultation.
Where the law does not have mandatory provisions to the contrary under the given circumstances, any legal disputes between the parties shall only be submitted to the competent court within the district of 2MOBILITY's place of business.
In the case that these general terms and conditions are available in several languages, the Dutch version is at all times decisive with regard to the interpretation and construction of the clauses adopted in these general terms and conditions.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


• We can use one or you to talk about people in general, including the speaker and the listener.
- "One cannot learn English in a day".
- When you are angry, you act less rationally.
- When one is angry, one acts less rationally.
• One and you are only used in this way in very general statements, when we are talking about 'anyone, at any time'.
• One is not used for people who could not include the speaker, 'you' is not used for people who could not include the hearer.
- One/You must read the book.
• One can be a subject or object; there is a possessive one's and a reflexive pronoun oneself.
- One's life depends on his/her will.
- One can celebrate oneself on one's success or achievement.
- You can't change the world. You yourself has to change.
- They say "Love is all that matters".
- Children are so adorable. They put a smile on my face.
• One is more formal than you. Although "you" is used in daily speech, they are generally not considered acceptable in formal writing situations.


The 35671st positive integer is an odd prime number that follows the number 35670 and comes before 35672. Thirty-five thousand six hundred seventy-one is 5 digits long.
Q: Is 35671 a prime number?
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Q: What is half of 35671?
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Q: What is the square root of 35671?
Q: What is 35671 times Pi?
Q: What is 35671 divided by Pi?
Q: What is the scientific notation for 35671?
Q: What are the divisors for 35671?
Q: What is the factorization of 35671?
Q: What is the sum of divisors of 35671, including itself?
Q: What is the sum of divisors of 35671, excluding itself?
The spelling of 35671 in different languages.
Q: What is the roman numeral for 35671?
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The number 35671 represented in different base number systems.
List the frequency of characters that make up the number 35671.
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text:
ГЕС Пангані-Фоллс – гідроелектростанція на північному сході Танзанії, за 50 км на південний захід від порту Танга. Знаходячись після ГЕС Hale, становить нижній ступінь каскаду на річці Пангані, котра впадає в Індійський океан дещо південніше від зазначеного міста.

В районі водоспаду Пангані з 1964 року працювала ГЕС потужністю 21 МВт. Наприкінці 20 століття реалізували проект її заміни на втричі потужнішу, при цьому старий об'єкт вивели з експлуатації (водоводи та наземний машинний зал останнього й досі можна бачити на північ від електропідстанції нової ГЕС).  В межах проекту річку перекрили земляною/кам'яно-накидною греблею висотою 10 метрів та довжиною 320 метрів, яка потребувала 47 тис м3 матеріалу (крім того, 6 тис м3 бетону пішло на водозливну секцію довжиною 120 метрів). Вона утворює невелике водосховище з об'ємом 0,8 млн м3, від якого через правобережний гірський масив прокладено дериваційний тунель довжиною 1,5 км та перетином 40 м2.

Машинний зал споруджений у підземному виконанні та обладнаний двома турбінами типу Френсіс потужністю по 34 МВт, які при напорі у 170 метрів повинні забезпечувати виробництво 367 млн кВт-год електроенергії на рік.

Відпрацьована вода повертається у річку по відвідному тунелю довжиною 1 км з таким же перетином як у підвідного.

Видача продукції відбувається по ЛЕП, що працює під напругою 132 кВ.

Примітки

Пангані

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The Old Warner Brothers Studio, officially called today Sunset Bronson Studios (formerly known as KTLA Studios and Tribune Studios), is a motion picture, radio and television production facility located on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California.  The studio was the site where the first talking feature film, The Jazz Singer, was filmed in 1927.

Originally built in 1919, the main building fronting Sunset Boulevard was the site of a bowling alley during the 1940s and 50s. In the mid-1950s, the studio lot was divided in two, between KTLA television and Paramount Pictures. In 1963, the entire lot was taken over by new owner Gene Autry (as KTLA Studios) and became the home of KTLA Television: Golden West Broadcasters. In 1984, the lot was purchased by Tribune Company (as Tribune Studios), before finally coming under the ownership of Hudson Pacific Properties as Sunset Bronson Studios in 2008.

Due to its role in the history of the motion picture business, the site was designated as a Historic Cultural Landmark in LAHCM 1977. The distinctive Executive Office Building, part of Warner Brothers' original studio lot, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

History

Warner Bros. Studio
The studio facilities at 5800 Sunset Boulevard were first built in 1919. In the early 1920s, the facilities were acquired by Warner Bros. and served as the company's executive offices and principal studios during the 1920s. In 1923, the Western Motion Picture Advertisers' Association held its "WAMPAS Frolic" at "the new Warner Brothers' studio on Sunset Boulevard" with "a great aggregation of film luminaries present." At the time, the studio was  long and  wide, "making it the largest covered-over stage in the world."

The site has been recognized as a historic site in large part due to its having been the location where the first talking feature-length motion picture, The Jazz Singer was filmed in 1927. It was also the studio for radio station KFWB in its early years as Warner Bros.' Los Angeles radio station.

In 1930, Warner Bros. announced the consolidation of its executive offices with those of First National Pictures, with the executive offices being moved from the Sunset Boulevard studio to the First National Studios in Burbank, California. Warner also began moving its filming to the Burbank studios in 1930 and 1931, though the Sunset Boulevard studios remained in active use during the 1930s both for motion picture filming and "phonograph recordings."  Even after the move to Burbank, Warner continued to film motion pictures at its Sunset Boulevard studios in the 1930s. Warner's classic Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons were also produced at the Sunset studio facilities, from 1933 to 1955. In 1933, the Los Angeles Times reported that Warner Bros., "contrary to the popular view, is keeping its Sunset Boulevard studio in active use, with a company or two shooting there each day, and is also using the old Vitagraph plant." In December 1934, a fire destroyed  of the Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, forcing the company to put its Sunset Boulevard studio back into full use. At the time of the fire, Jack L. Warner noted: "We have ample facilities at our Sunset Boulevard studio to take care of all immediate mechanical and constructional requirements."

By 1935, film historians were already noting the loss of the industry's early studio facilities, many of which had become ghost towns, but the Warner Bros. Sunset studios were still running at full production:

Warner Brothers Studio on Sunset Boulevard is far from dead. Probably more shooting is done there than at the First National plant Warners absorbed, for there are four modern stages there. But the ghost stage is the one on which history was made -- Stage 3, on which the first all-talking picture was made. It is a small stage, though and sentiment -- except as it applied to relatives who have to be on the payroll or else supported some other way -- has very little to do with making pictures.

Bowling alley and sports center
However, in 1937, Warner had closed the Sunset Boulevard studio, and the property had been converted into a bowling alley and "sports center". The Los Angeles Times reported on the conversion of the historic studio as follows:

Note on the passing of an era: A painted sign hung over the front door is all there is to indicate that the Warner Bros. Sunset studio is no more. The birthplace of the Vitaphone is a 'sports center', and Stage One, where many of the first talkies retched their way into being, is a battery of badminton courts.

Paramount and KTLA television studios
In 1954, the Sunset Boulevard studio resumed its association with the entertainment business as television pioneer Klaus Landsberg, vice-president of Paramount Television Productions and general manager of KTLA, the first commercial television station west of the Mississippi, acquired the  site as the future home of Paramount Television Productions. Paramount undertook a $2 million reconstruction program at the site. As part of the reconstruction program in 1955, Paramount razed the older buildings at the studio. The Los Angeles Times noted at the time: "The birthplace of the talkies is disappearing into dust in Hollywood. Demolition crews are razing the older buildings of the old Warner Bros. Sunset Blvd. studio where the nasal voice of Al Jolson recorded on Vitaphone, first made talking pictures a commercial reality." The old executive office building and large antenna which for years displayed the words "Warner Bros. Vitaphone" were preserved. However, the old theater where Warner executives watched screenings of the studio's latest works was destroyed. There have been conflicting reports as to whether the soundstage on which The Jazz Singer was filmed was razed in the process (as noted below, a 1977 newspaper report suggests the building still existed at that time). At the time, Klaus Landsberg noted that "only the older buildings, including the historic Stage 1, are being destroyed, that newer facilities on the big lot are being renovated and reconditioned for the television operation."

In 1967, Gene Autry and his company, Golden West Broadcasters, acquired the old studio property from Paramount for $5 million. Golden West had previously acquired KTLA and had been leasing the space from Paramount.

In 1977, a celebration was held in Hollywood marking the 50th anniversary of the talking motion picture. A parade of old cars, including a Model T and a Model A, moved down Sunset Boulevard ending at the KTLA studios where The Jazz Singer had been filmed 50 years earlier. The United States Postmaster General Benjamin F. Bailar and MPAA President Jack Valenti were on hand for the first-day issue ceremony of a commemorative stamp honoring the 50th anniversary of the first "talking picture." According to a Los Angeles Times report at the time, the 1977 parade carried former film greats "to Stage Six at KTLA, the same stage that was the site of The Jazz Singer".

With the sale of KTLA from Golden West in 1982, the studios had three owners in the 1980s, with Kohlberg Kravis Roberts owning them from late 1982 until 1984, when Tribune Broadcasting acquired them.

Sunset Bronson Studios
In 2001, Tribune Entertainment Company, then the owner of the site, announced plans to overhaul the Sunset Boulevard studio facility, transforming it into the nation's first fully digital studio lot at a cost between $10 million and $20 million.  In January 2008, Tribune Entertainment sold the studios to Hudson Capital, LLC, (now Hudson Pacific Properties) for $125 million.  At the time of 2008 transition, productions at the studio facility included television series Judge Judy (1996–2021), Judge Joe Brown (1998–2013), Judge Alex (2010–2014), Divorce Court (1999–2018), Hannah Montana (2008–2011), Phenomenon (2007–2008), and others. Tribune Studios was then renamed Sunset Bronson Studios and became co-owned with nearby Sunset Gower Studios, the former Columbia Pictures studio lot.

Hudson Pacific Properties announced in 2014 plans to build a 14-story office tower next door to the landmark executive office building. This cast-in-place, cantilevered structure was designed by Gensler and built by McCarthy Building Companies, Inc. This anchors the expansion of Sunset Bronson Studios that also includes a 1,600-space parking structure and a five-story, 90,000-square-foot production building. An iconic 160-foot tower was dismantled in December 2014 to make way for construction of an office building by Hudson Pacific Properties. After structural retrofitting and renovation, it was restored and relocated to its original location. The tower was erected in 1925 as one of two radio towers that served Warner Bros.' affiliate radio station, KFWB. While one of the towers was dismantled in 1950, this tower was moved. In 1955, KTLA moved into the site and added its call sign and logo to the tower. With the tower's visibility from the Hollywood Freeway, it was a notable landmark for over 60 years.

The new office tower holds production offices for Netflix. Netflix also now occupies most of the studio lot's sound stages for content production.

Historic designation
In 1977, Los Angeles City Councilwoman Peggy Stevenson asked the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission to declare the KTLA-KMPC production facilities a historic monument. The proposal was time to coincide with the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the release of The Jazz Singer and was based on the facilities' role as "the site of the filming of the first feature film with synchronized dialogue, Warner Bros.' The Jazz Singer, filmed there in 1927 when the studio was the home of Warner Bros."  The Commission followed the recommendation and declared the studio facilities at 5800 Sunset Boulevard a Historic Cultural Monument (HCM #180) in September 1977 as the "Site of the Filming of the First Talking Film."  In 1979, the Los Angeles Times wrote an article criticizing the city's failure to preserve the early studio buildings of the motion picture industry and noted that only a handful of film industry sites, including the Old Warner Bros. Studio on Sunset, had been designated as Historic Cultural Monuments.  The facilities were also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

See also
 Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank
 Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden
 Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in Hollywood
 List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles

References

External links

Sunset Bronson Studios official site

Warner Bros. Studios
Buildings and structures in Hollywood, Los Angeles
Sunset Boulevard (Los Angeles)
Television studios in the United States
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
Industrial buildings completed in 1923
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles


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May - June 2019 Treatment from abandoned mine landfill leachates. Adsorption technology
Batch adsorption experiments
Adsorption isotherms
Characterization of the adsorbent
Characterization of the leachate
Treatment of landfill leachate
Treatment from abandoned mine landfill leachates. Adsorption technology
Julia Ayala, Begoña Fernández
fernandezbegona@uniovi.es
Laboratorio de Metalurgia, Escuela de Minas Energía y Materiales, Universidad de Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain
Table 1. Metal concentrations analyzed by ICP of landfill leachate.
Table 2. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants.
This study defines the optimal parameters that allow the use of red mud waste from the Bayer process to remove heavy metals from leachate from an abandoned mine. First, the influence of parameters such as pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dose and the presence of co-ions in Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ adsorption were investigated in synthetic solutions. Metals uptake increased with increasing pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage. The presence of co-ions suppressed the uptake of heavy metals, divalent ions having a more negative effect than monovalent ions. The adsorption of heavy metals was found to fit the Langmuir isotherm. Maximum Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ uptake values were calculated as 12.58mg/g, 12.05mg/g and 11.06mg/g, respectively. The results obtained in the tests with landfill leachate showed that red mud is effective in simultaneously removing several heavy metals, more than 99% Cd, Ni, Zn and As being uptaken.
Red mud
Landfill leachate
The total consumption of aluminum in 2015 was estimated to be 60 million tons, of which 83.3% was produced from primary metal [1].
The most common method for making aluminum is via the Bayer and Hall–Heroult processes. In the Bayer process, bauxite is treated with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure in order to dissolve the aluminum, while the other components remain in the solid state (red mud). The amount of bauxite residue produced by this process depends primarily on the type of bauxite (aluminum content, mineral phases) and secondarily on the extraction conditions used by the plant (temperature and pressure) [2,3]. For every tons of alumina extracted, more than a ton of red mud is produced [4].
In recent years, different applications have been investigated for the reuse of red mud rather than its disposal: recovery of iron or rare-earths, as an adsorbent for the removal of toxic pollutants, as an additive to construction materials and ceramic products, as well as for gas cleaning [5–11].
Mining and industrial activities discharge heavy metals into the environment. This pollution has become a global problem due to their toxicity. Furthermore, as these elements are not biodegradable, they tend to accumulate in living organisms [12].
Several treatments have been reported for removing heavy metals from contaminated water: biological processes, adsorption, air flotation, chemical reduction, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, electrocoagulation, and so on [13,14]. The adsorption method has become one of the preferred processes for removing heavy metals from water as it has been found to be the most efficient and economical technique due to its fast removal rate and minimum pretreatment of samples [15–17].
No reports have been published to date on the relationship between red mud and its ability to remove toxic elements from a leachate from an abandoned mine landfill. The aim of this study is to define the optimal parameters that would enable the use of red mud for removing heavy metal from industrial wastewater.
The leachate under study contains high concentrations of Cd, Zn and Ni, among other contaminants. Tests were initially carried out with synthetic water containing these heavy metals in order to determine the optimal conditions necessary for their removal. Subsequently, tests were carried out with the actual leachate.
2Material and methods2.1Materials
The red mud used in this study was produced at the San Ciprián plant in Spain. This by-product was washed and filtered several times with distilled water to lower the pH to a value close to 8 and was then dried in an oven at 105°C overnight before use.
The red mud was characterized by different instrumental techniques: X-ray fluorescence (Phillips PW2404), X-ray diffraction analysis (PANalytical X́Pert Pro), surface area (Micromeritics ASAP 2020) and scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) (JEOL JSM 5600). Particle size distribution was determined by screening. The real density of the red mud was determined using the pycnometer method (UNE Standard 80105), employing water as the immersion liquid (3.67g/cm3).
In the synthetic wastewater tests, all the chemical solutions employed were prepared using analytical grade metal sulfates and deionized water. Stock solutions were prepared containing 1000mg/L cadmium, nickel, and zinc, respectively. Solutions with the desired metal concentrations were prepared by successive dilutions of the stock solution.
The landfill leachate was analyzed by the inductively coupled plasma technique (ICP-MS Agilent 7700), in addition to determining its pH, redox potential and electrical conductivity. Sampling and analysis were in accordance with European standards (EN).
2.2Batch adsorption experiments
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out by mechanically shaking series of polyethylene bottles containing red mud samples and metal solutions prepared in the laboratory employing an adsorbent concentration of 10g/L, except in the tests performed to determine the influence of the amount of adsorbent. Samples were shaken at room temperature at 75rpm, subsequently separating the two phases by filtration. The pH was measured and the metal concentrations in the resulting supernatant were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
For each metal solution, one sample was reserved for analysis to determine the initial metal concentration.
The amount of metal removed was determined by mass balances according to Eq. (1):
The amount of metal ion removed by red mud (in milligrams per gram) was calculated according to Eq. (2).
where q is the amount of removed metal ion (mg/g); Ws, the amount of adsorbent (g); C0 and Ce, the metal ion concentration (mg/L) before and after removal, respectively; and V, the sample volume (L).
Different series of batch experiments were carried out to determine the influence of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dosage and the effect of other metal ions.
2.3Adsorption isotherms
In order to investigate adsorption capacity, a series of metal solutions at pH 5 were shaken with red mud for 24h. Trials were performed with different initial concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300mg/L employing an adsorbent concentration of 10g/L. The samples were subsequently filtered, and metal concentrations were determined in the liquid phases.
3Results and discussion3.1Characterization of the adsorbent
The chemical and mineral composition of red mud varies depending on the type of bauxite and digestion conditions used in the Bayer process [2,3,18–22].
The chemical analysis determined by X-ray fluorescence showed: 59.89% Fe2O3, 7.39%TiO2, 6.23% Al2O3, 2.65% SiO2, 2.13% BaO, 1.43% CaO, 0.89% SO3, 7.71% Na2O, 0.45% K2O and other elements such as P, Cr and Mn to a lesser extent, with no heavy metals being detected. The loss on ignition (LOI) was calculated by heating a pre-weighed dry sample to 900°C for 3h (9.87wt.%). Sodium and most of the calcium are present as a result of the treatment of the bauxite with caustic soda and lime in the Bayer process [7].
In the XRD characterization using a PANalytical X́Pert Pro system equipped with a Cu source (CuKα), the major crystalline phases present in the red mud were found to be: hematite Fe2O3 (ref 01-079-0007), goethite FeO(OH) (ref 01-081-0464) and gibbsite Al(OH)3 (ref 01-074-1775); while the minor crystalline phases present were: kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) (ref 01-072-2300), quartz (SiO2) (ref 01-089-8934) and rutile (TiO2) (ref 01-086-0147). Other probable phases were boehmite AlO(OH) (ref.01-088-2111) and anorthite Ca(Al2Si2O8) (ref 01-086-1706), Fig. 1.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of red mud.
G, goethite FeO(OH); H, hematite; T, gibbsite Al(OH)3; K, kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4); Q, quartz (SiO2); R, rutile (TiO2); B, boehmite (AlO(OH); A, anorthite Ca(Al2Si2O8).
The specific surface area was determined by the BET adsorption method. Adsorption isotherm of N2 at 77K belongs to type IIb with hysteresis loop type H3 of IUPAC classification [23].
This type of isotherm is assigned to lamellar solids. In this case, its specific surface area (23.8m2/g) is relatively high. Also, the CBET value (110) indicates a typical mesoporous interaction. On the basis of the above, joined to the small curvature toward the ordinate axis, at very high pressures, on the adsorption isotherm, seems to indicate a very high mesoporosity size, as can be seen in the model BJH (Barrett, Joyner and Halenda), although data are in the limit for the application of this technique and therefore should not be taken into account quantitatively, but only as qualitative one.
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that red muds are mixtures of fine, thick and agglomerated particles. Porosity can be also seen in their micrograph, Fig. 2. EDX analysis shows the presence of Fe, O and Al as the major elements, which oxides could be responsible for the adsorption process. Other elements such as C, Na, Si, P, Ca, Cr, Ti and Cu are also detected in smaller proportion.
Scanning electron micrograph and EDX analysis of red mud.
Red mud is a fine material. It was found to contain 3.8% coarse fraction (>100μm) and 83.15% within the 53–75-μm range. Around 50% of the particles were found to have diameters below 55μm, Fig. 3.
Particle size distribution of red mud.
3.2Characterization of the leachate
The physico-chemical characteristics of the wastewater were analyzed, the pH (5.18) and redox potential (361mV) being determined using a PH2002 meter (Crison®) and electrical conductivity (519μS/cm) using an EC-Meter Basic 30 device (Crison®).
Metal concentrations in the leachate were analyzed by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique, Table 1. The leachate contained significant amounts of heavy metals such as Ni, Zn, Cd and As, in addition to lower amounts of Al, Mn, Sr, Sb, Cu, Se, Fe and Mo.
Metal concentrations analyzed by ICP of landfill leachate.
Major component
Minor component
(ppb)
Ni 18.28 Mn 21.30
Zn 14.41 Cu 15.09
Cd 61.91 Co 0.40
As 6.0 Se 1.94
Na 12,66 V 1.44
Mg 1.49 Ag 4.11
K 19.76 Pb 1.84
Ca 34.22 Sb 25.13
B 73.8
Mo 5.21
Sr 173.5
Fe 4.70
Sn 0.44
Ba 5.96
3.3Batch adsorption experiments3.3.1Effect of pH
The effect of pH on the adsorption of heavy metal onto red mud was studied by varying the pH of the metal solution over the 2–6 range employing a 50mg/L metal ions solution concentration and an adsorbent concentration of 10g/L. The samples were shaken at room temperature at 75rpm for 3h.
The heavy metal adsorption capacity onto red mud was significantly affected by increases in pH in the 2–6 range, Fig. 4a. The maximum uptake of ions occurred at pH=6. The percentage metal ions uptake was found to be respectively 93.2%, 96.0% and 72.1% for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+. Smičiklas et al. [24] reported similar results using red mud activated with acid treatment as the adsorbent.
Effect of initial pH: (a) % metals removal on red mud and (b) final pH.
At lower pH values, the adsorbent surface area is positively charged and the metal ions in solution are positively charged, hence electrostatic repulsion exists between the metal ions and active sites. At higher pH, however, the active sites are negatively charged, there is electrostatic attraction and consequently the removal of heavy metal ions improves under these conditions. The same effect has been reported by other authors using red mud and activated/neutralized red mud [25,26].
The final pH values, Fig. 4b, were in the 4.2–7.3 range in all the cases studied. When the solution comes into contact with the red mud, alkali metals are released and H+ ions and heavy metals can also compete for the active sites. These two actions will consequently result in an increase in the final pH. As can be seen, red mud has a pH buffering capacity over the ∼4–6 pH range.
Metal hydroxide precipitation does not occur; the adsorption of heavy metals onto the red mud surface can be put forward as the most probable mechanism. Santona et al. [27] proposed that Al and Fe oxides and hydroxides, mainly hematite, were the active minerals in the removal of heavy metals due to the fact that the final pH is below the zero point of charge of red muds (pzc 8–8.5). The adsorption of these metals by oxides and hydroxides thus arose via the formation of specific inner sphere bonds. However, Luo et al. [20] proposed that Cd2+ could be adsorbed onto surface hydroxyl groups in Fe- and Al-oxyhydroxide minerals as a mixture of outer-sphere complexes (about 65% Cd) and inner-spheres complexes (about 35%).
As the leachate to be treated in this study has a pH of around 5, the subsequent experiments were conducted at this pH.
3.3.2Effect of contact time
A number of experiments were carried out to examine the influence of stirring time employing an initial metal concentration of 50mg/L.
The amount of metal ions adsorbed onto red mud was found to increase with time, Fig. 5. Significant removal was observed in the first 5minutes of contact time, followed by a slower uptake up to 24h. The surface-active sites of the red mud were initially vacant and the concentration of heavy metals was high. After 5minutes of contact, many of the functional groups are already linked to the metal ions and therefore the adsorption rate decreases. The maximum rate of metal adsorbed was 95.7%, 99% and 92.4% for Zn, Cd and Ni, respectively, after 24h stirring time. Therefore, a stirring time of 24h was chosen to ensure that Zn and Cd adsorption reached equilibrium.
% metals removal on red mud versus time.
A similar influence has been previously reported for heavy metals adsorption onto untreated [28] and treated red mud: neutralized by seawater [29]; neutralized by CO2[26]; and neutralized by acid [18].
3.3.3Effect of initial concentration
The effect of initial concentration was investigated by varying the initial concentration of heavy metals (5–300mg/L) employing an adsorbent concentration of 10g/L, Fig. 6.
Metals removal on red mud versus initial concentration: (a) % percentage of metal removed; (b) metal adsorbed mg/g; (c) pH final.
The results indicate that the percentage of heavy metal removal decreases with increasing initial concentration, Fig. 6a. This is because the available active sites on the surface of the adsorbent tended to be saturated by the metal ions. It was observed that, when employing initial concentrations of 50mg/L, Cd and Zn were almost completely removed. However, the percentage was lower for Ni, 92%. Removal efficiencies were respectively 40%, 41.7% and 36% for Zn, Cd and Ni when 300mg/L initial concentration was used.
The amount of metal adsorbed increases linearly from 0.5 to 7.14mg/g when the initial metal concentration increased from 5 to 75mg/L, Fig. 6b. With higher initial concentrations, the amount of adsorbed metal is no longer linear. This can be explained by the fact that the adsorbent has a limited number of activated sites and, above a certain concentration, will have become saturated. Nadaroglu and Kalkan [21], and Gupta and Sharma [25] have reported similar behavior for the removal of the Cd, Zn and Co using red mud. As the amount of retained metal increases, the final pH of the solution decreases, thus confirming that H+ ions are released from the active sites by the formation of inner and outer spheres complexes, Fig. 6c. Luo et al. [20] proposed that the proportion of inner-sphere complexes increases as the concentration of metal in the solution decreases due to the fact that more hydroxyl groups are available on the surface of the red mud.
3.3.4Effect of dosage
Trials were carried out to study the dependence of heavy metal adsorption on different doses of adsorbent, ranging from (10–80g/L) using an initial metal concentration of 100mg/L, Fig. 7.
Effect of adsorbent dosage versus % metals removed.
As can be seen, the amount of adsorbed metals increased progressively with increasing adsorbent dosage. The uptake was over 98% for Zn and Cd when 20g/L of red mud was used. For Ni, however, 60g/L of adsorbent was required to achieve the same degree of removal. Similar results have been reported by other researchers: Smičiklas et al. [24] in Ni removal using temperature activated red mud and Sahu et al. [26] in the adsorption of Zn onto neutralized red mud by CO2. Increases in adsorption with dosage can be attributed to an increased surface area and the availability of more binding sites for adsorption. However, the amount of absorbed metal (mg/g) decreased progressively with increasing adsorbent concentration. Employing an adsorbent concentration of 10g/L, the amount of metal adsorbed per gram was 7.30mg/g, 8.50mg/g and 8.93mg/g for Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+, respectively, whereas the amount of metal adsorbed per gram decreased to 2.77mg/g, 3.32mg/g and 3.32mg/g when employing an adsorbent concentration of 30g/L. The explanation for this can be found in the flocculation of the solid phase, with the resulting decrease in the available surface area and hence fewer active sites to adsorb the heavy metals.
3.3.5Effect of co-ions in solution
Wastewater in general and the studied leachate in particular may contain different ions that may affect the adsorption of heavy metals onto red mud.
A series of binary solutions at pH 5 were prepared by mixing one of the heavy metals studied here (Zn, Cd or Ni) at an initial concentration of 50mg/L with different metals (K, Na, Cu, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cd and Ni) at concentrations ranging from 5 to 50mg/L. The experiments were performed under the same conditions as in the previous trials.
The adsorption of metal ions decreased with increasing concentration of other metal ions, Fig. 8; this is because more cations can compete for the active sites on the adsorbent surfaces. This phenomenon is more noticeable the greater the concentration of the co-ion, as many of the active sites were occupied by these ions. Ni was the metal most affected by the presence of co-ions, and Cd the least.
Influence of other metal ions in Zn, Cd and Ni removal on red mud.
The presence of Na+ and K+ was not found to have a significant effect on the removal of heavy metals. Ni and Cd removal efficiencies decreased 26.2% and 9.4%, respectively, when using a concentration of 50mg/L Zn in the solution. This is because sorption of monovalent ions is usually non-specific and monovalent-ion selectivity is generally much lower than that of multivalent ions.
The negative effect of co-ions on metals uptake followed the order below:
Zn removal: K<Na<Cd≈Ni<Mg≈Ca<Cu
Cd removal: K<Na<Mg<Ni<Cu<Ca≈Zn
Ni removal: K≈Na≈Cd<Ca≈Mg<Cu<Zn
The pHfinal values after heavy metal adsorption varied little depending on the presence of co-ions (0.2–0.3), in most cases. The pHfinal never exceeded the value of 7.5.
In order to describe metal adsorption behavior onto red mud, the isotherm data were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption model.
The Langmuir adsorption isotherm is applied to equilibrium adsorption assuming monolayer adsorption onto a surface with a finite number of identical sites. The Langmuir isotherm is represented by the following equation:
where Ce is the equilibrium concentration of the metal ion in solution (mg/L); qe, the amount of metal adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g); while b and amax are Langmuir constants related to the binding constant and the maximum adsorption capacity, respectively. The values were estimated from the intercept and slope of the regression line for different initial metal concentrations.
The essential feature of the Langmuir isotherm can be expressed in terms of the dimensionless separation parameter, RL. This parameter is indicative of the isotherm shape, which predicts whether an adsorption system is favorable or unfavorable. RL is defined as:
where b is the Langmuir constant; and C0 is the initial concentration. The RL value indicates the shape of the isotherm as follows: unfavorable (RL>1); linear; favorable (0<RL<1); or irreversible (RL=0) [25,26].
The adsorption data were also tested using the Freundlich isotherm equation:
where qe is the amount of metal adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g); Ce, the equilibrium concentration of the metal ion in solution (mg/L); K, the equilibrium constant indicative of adsorption capacity; and n is the adsorption equilibrium constant. If the value 1/n is below unity, this implies that the sorption process is chemical; if the value is above unity, sorption is a favorable physical process.
Adsorption parameter values are given in Table 2. Results showed that the adsorption data could fit Langmuir equation according to the correlation coefficients obtained for the heavy metals studied in this work. The data showed that the maximum adsorption capacity for heavy metals, amax, was 11.06mg/g, 12.05mg/g and 12.58mg/g for Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+, respectively. Smičiklas et al. [18] reported 11.11mg/g maximum adsorption capacity for Ni when using acid-activated red mud.
Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants.
amax (mg/g)
b (L/mg)
ΔG° (kJ/mol)
Ni 11.062 0.167 0.997 −22,540 2.08 2.76 0.878
Zn 12.048 0.517 0.998 −25,616 4.40 4.50 0.886
Cd 12.579 0.411 0.996 −26,344 3.79 6.68 0.833
The adsorption capacity values of this red mud are relatively small compared to other materials such as clays. Several researchers have found that depending on the clay used the adsorption capacity of Cd removal varies between 3.87mg/g and 971mg/g and between 2.64mg/g and 250mg/g for Zn removal. This may be due to the fact that the clays have a small particle size and a complex porous structure with a high specific surface area, which allows strong physical and chemical interactions with dissolved species [30].
The RL values for adsorption onto red mud at an initial concentration of 5mg/L were 0.545, 0.279 and 0.327 for Ni, Zn and Cd, respectively, while at 300mg/L the values vary between 0.020 and 0.006. The data thus obtained represent favorable adsorption.
The standard Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG°) for the adsorption process can be calculated using the following equation:
where b is Langmuir constant, R is the gas constant and T is the temperature. The negative free energy values indicate that the process is both viable and spontaneous.
3.5Treatment of landfill leachate
Experiments were carried out at different reaction times using adsorbent concentrations of 5g/L and 10g/L under the same conditions as in the previous trials.
The leachate reached a pH value of 6.5 and 6.3 after 5minutes of treatment for an adsorbent concentration of 10g/L and 5g/L, respectively, reaching a pH value of 6.7 after 24h with both adsorbent concentrations.
Metals removal is very fast, beginning shortly after stirring commences, and increases over time, Fig. 9a. Percentage removal efficiency values were 47.2%, 86.7%, 75% and 97.5% for Ni, Zn, Cd and As, respectively, after 4h of treatment. No further adsorption was obtained with further stirring time when using an adsorbent concentration of 10g/L. A longer stirring time (24h) was required to reach maximum efficiency when employing a lower adsorbent concentration of 5g/L.
Treatment of leachate using red mud: (a) effect of time and (b) effect of adsorbent dosage.
The percentage metal removal from the leachate is lower than from synthetic solutions. This may be due to the fact that the leachate has metal ions that can react with the adsorbent surface. In the tests carried out with co-ions, it was found that the presence of Na+ and K+ did not have a significant effect on the removal of heavy metals. However, Zn, Cd, Ni and Ca removal efficiencies decreased. It should be borne in mind that the influence of co-ions was studied in metallic binary system solutions and leachate is a metallic multicomponent system. Moreover, the studies on synthetic solutions did not consider the influence that the presence of other non-metallic ions and biological activity may have on the adsorption mechanisms of the studied heavy metals.
The results obtained in the removal of As were as expected, given that several investigators had reported As removal in synthetic wastewater using neutralized and activated red muds [31,32]. Fe and Al oxides and oxyhydroxides were probably the mineralogical phases involved in As uptake. Castaldi et al. [33] proposed that As adsorption by red mud involved the formation of inner-sphere complexes.
Trials were performed employing a different adsorbent dosage, Fig. 9b. The metals removal rate gradually increased as the dosage of adsorbent increased, achieving almost complete removal of heavy metals. After treatment with a concentration of 10g/L, the concentrations of Ni, Zn Cd and As in the leachate were 9.5mg/L, 2.4mg/L, 15.48mg/L and 169μg/L, respectively. When the adsorbent concentration was increased to 40g/L, the concentrations of these metals varied between 129μg/L Cd and 78μg/L As.
After treatment with red mud, the concentration of Fe, Cu, Co and Mo also decreased in the leachate.
The rapid removal observed in these tests shows that it is possible to carry out an efficient and economical treatment of the leachate using red mud.
Metals uptake is a function of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent concentration and co-ions. The optimum solution initial pH was found to be 6, the maximum uptake at this pH being 93.2%, 96.0% and 72.1%g for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+, respectively, in synthetic solutions. Metals uptake was found to be very rapid, over 90% Cd and Zn removal being obtained in the first 3h. Heavy metal concentrations can be reduced by increasing the adsorbent dosage. The presence of co-ions suppressed the uptake of heavy metals, divalent ions having a more negative effect than monovalent ions.
The adsorption isotherms data fitted the Langmuir isotherm model, with R2 correlation coefficient values between 0.998 and 0.996. Furthermore, the maximum Zn, Cd and Ni uptake values were calculated at 12.05mg/g, 12.58mg/g and 11.06mg/g, respectively. The negative free energy values indicate that the process is both viable and spontaneous.
The present study shows that it is possible to carry out an efficient and economical treatment of landfill leachate using red mud. This treatment is effective in simultaneously removing various heavy metals such as Ni, Zn, Cd and As. Heavy metals concentrations present in the leachate before treatment were 14.41mg/L Zn, 61.91mg/L Cd, 18.28mg/L Ni and 6.0mg/L As, while after treatment with 40g/L adsorbent, the concentrations were 96.2μg/L Zn, 129μg/L Cd, 111.4μg/L Ni and 78μg/L As.
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Did you forget to clean something???
During a recent food service inspection, I was examining the ice machine (which is a routine part of an inspection) and happened to notice a small buildup of black mold on the machine's interior panel. From past experience, I know that if there is a small amount of mold where I can easily see it, then there's a good chance that there will be a much bigger beast lurking further inside the ice machine. To better assess my concerns, I used the camera on my cell phone to take a picture of the upper interior area where the ice drops. Lo and behold….
This 4-point violation was marked under item number 4-2B (Food-contact surfaces: cleaned & sanitized) on the food service inspection form.
There have been gastrointestinal illness outbreaks from pathogens, such as Norovirus, that have been traced back to the consumption of contaminated ice. People sometimes forget that ice is a food, just like the ones that are listed on a restaurant's menu, that can become contaminated with disease causing microorganisms from a contaminated surface or someone's unwashed hands. This photo serves as a great reminder to always clean your food contact surfaces on a regular basis, especially the ones that are not very visible!
Thank you for your patience over the past couple of months as our office has been transitioning due to staff changes. Our regular posts will resume shortly.


We have an exciting new role on offer based in the Hamilton area in Water filtration! This will be a permanent, full time position that will challenge and engage you, and the skills you may bring to this role.
Replacement, repairs and maintenance for commercial and industrial applications.
You will conduct site visits and water testing be able to complete office and shop duties where required.
Whilst being part of a hard working and dedicated team that continue to bring fantastic customer service!
This role will go to the most suitable candidate who has a great team spirit and can maintain high standards and quality of work. Click APPLY if you feel this is the job for you!


For your steno practicing pleasure, here's a number and words practice piece and a few briefs to go along with it. Write each number and word, and once you get through the whole thing, try working it backwards.
And for an added bonus, how about writing 51-54 with -SZ for the ending? DANSZ, PRANSZ, TENSZ, BOUNSZ This concept applies to so many words!
Want more drills like this? Go here.


text:
HomeChelsea£33 million rated La Liga star admits 'i belong to Chelsea' as Mourinho wants him in London
£33 million rated La Liga star admits 'i belong to Chelsea' as Mourinho wants him in London
March 1, 2014 Michael Johansen 0
Thibaut Courtois does not yet know whether he will start next season at Chelsea.
Courtois is currently in his third season on loan at Atletico Madrid, where he has established himself as one of the finest goalkeepers in the world.
Jose Mourinho, the Chelsea boss, has already said that he wants the young Belgian back at Stamford Bridge in the summer, but the 21-year-old does not want to play second fiddle to long-term No.1 Petr Cech. Atletico are keen to have in their ranks for a fourth season in a row.
The young Belgian previously suggested he wanted his future sorted out before the start of March, but he now says he is in no rush to decide where he will play next season.
He told AS: "I do not want to rush and make a bad decision. We must still think about it. It is difficult with so many interested parties, plus it's not the only time to think about my future.
"I belong to Chelsea, I have a contract, and I do not have to rush to make a decision." (TalkSport)
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