text:
Cut fossil fuels production to ward off 'catastrophic' warming
Countries must decrease production of fossil fuels by 6 per cent per year, between 2020 and 2030, if the world is to avert "catastrophic" global temperature rise, a new UN-backed report has found.
Released, on Wednesday, in the shadows of the coronavirus pandemic, the Production Gap Report also revealed that while the pandemic and resulting lockdowns led to "short-term drops" in coal, oil and gas production, pre-COVID plans and post-COVID stimulus measures point to a continuation of increasing fossil fuel production.
"As we seek to reboot economies following the COVID-19 pandemic, investing in low-carbon energy and infrastructure will be good for jobs, for economies, for health, and for clean air," said Inger Andersen, Executive Director of UN Environment Programme (UNEP).
"Governments must seize the opportunity to direct their economies and energy systems away from fossil fuels, and build back better towards a more just, sustainable, and resilient future."
The Production Gap Report, produced jointly by research institutions – Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Overseas Development Institute, and E3G – and UNEP, measures the "gap" between the aspirations of the Paris Agreement on climate change and countries' planned production of coal, oil, and gas.
The report also comes at a potential turning point, according to the author organizations, as the global pandemic prompts unprecedented government action – and as major economies, including China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, have pledged to reach net-zero emissions.
'Recover better together'
The 2020 edition found that the "production gap" remains large: countries plan to produce more than double the amount of fossil fuels in 2030 than would be consistent with a 1.5-degree Celsius temperature limit.
UN Secretary-General António Guterres said that the report showed "without a doubt" that the production and use of fossil needs to decrease quickly if the world is to achieve Paris Agreement goals.
"This is vital to ensure both a climate-safe future and strong, sustainable economies for all countries – including those most affected by the shift from grey to green," he said.
"Governments must work on diversifying their economies and supporting workers, including through COVID-19 recovery plans that do not lock in unsustainable fossil fuel pathways but instead share the benefits of green and sustainable recoveries. We can and must recover better together."
Use COVID-19 recovery plans
The report outlined key areas of action, providing policymakers with options to start winding down fossil fuels as they enact COVID-19 recovery plans.
"Governments should direct recovery funds towards economic diversification and a transition to clean energy that offers better long-term economic and employment potential," said Ivetta Gerasimchuk, report co-author and lead for sustainable energy supplies at IISD.
She also highlighted that the pandemic-driven demand shock and the plunge of oil prices this year once again demonstrated the vulnerability of many fossil-fuel-dependent regions and communities.
"The only way out of this trap is diversification of these economies beyond fossil fuels," Ms. Gerasimchuk added.
A 'clear' solution
The report also urged reduction of existing government support for fossil fuels, introduction of restrictions on production, and stimulus funds for green investments.
Michael Lazarus, report co-author and the head of SEI's US Center, underscored "research is abundantly clear, we face severe climate disruption if countries continue to produce fossil fuels at current levels, let alone at their planned increases."
"The research is similarly clear on the solution: government policies that decrease both the demand and supply for fossil fuels and support communities currently dependent on them. This report offers steps that governments can take today for a just and equitable transition away from fossil fuels."
Related Topics:Environment
COVID-19 could see over 200 million more pushed into extreme poverty
COVID-19's impact on wages is only just getting started
Ozone layer recovery is on track, due to success of Montreal Protocol
Environmental cost of the war: momentum towards international responsibility of Armenia for ecocide
Ecology: A Catalyst for Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict
The G in G20 now stands for Green
Global Waste Trade: What is it? Why does it happen and How to solve it
Senior UN economists warned on Wednesday that intersecting crises are likely to add further damage to the global economy, with growth set to slow from three per cent in 2022 to 1.9 per cent this year.This will be one of the lowest growth rates in recent decades, apart from during the 2007-8 financial crisis and the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.
"In most countries we expect that private consumption and investment will weaken due to inflation and higher interest rates", said Ingo Pitterle, Senior Economist at the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). "Several countries will see a mild recession before growth is forecast to pick up in the second half of this year and into 2024".
The findings come amid the backdrop of the pandemic, the war in Ukraine and resulting food and energy crises, surging inflation, debt tightening, as well as the climate emergency.
In the near term, the economic outlook is gloomy and uncertain with global growth forecast to moderately pick up to 2.7 per cent in 2024.
However, this is highly dependent on the pace and sequence of further monetary tightening – rising interest rates – the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and the possibility of further supply-chain disruptions.
Stronger fiscal measures needed
The report warns that the findings also threaten the achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
"This is not the time for short-term thinking or knee-jerk fiscal austerity that exacerbates inequality, increases suffering and could put the SDGs farther out of reach. These unprecedented times demand unprecedented action," said António Guterres, UN Secretary-General.
"This action includes a transformative SDG stimulus package, generated through the collective and concerted efforts of all stakeholders," he added.
Gloomy economic outlook
Both developed and developing countries are threatened with the prospects of recession during this year, according to the report.
Growth momentum significantly weakened in the United States, the European Union and other developed economies in 2022. This adversely impacted the rest of the global economy in multiple ways.
Tightening global financial conditions coupled with a strong dollar, exacerbated fiscal and debt vulnerabilities in developing countries.
The analysis found that over 85 per cent of central banks worldwide tightened monetary policy and raised interest rates in quick succession since late 2021, to tame inflationary pressures and avoid a recession.
Global inflation which reached a multi-decade high of about 9 per cent in 2022, is projected to ease but remain elevated at 6.5 per cent in 2023.
Weaker job recovery, rising poverty
The report found that most developing countries saw a slower job recovery in 2022 and continue to face relatively high levels of unemployment.
Disproportionate losses in women's employment during the initial phase of the pandemic have not been fully reversed, with improvements mainly arising from a recovery in the informal sector.
Slower growth, coupled with elevated inflation and mounting debt vulnerabilities, threatens to further set back hard-won achievements in sustainable development, it warns.
Needs soaring
DESA points out that already in 2022, the number of people facing acute food insecurity had more than doubled compared to 2019, reaching almost 350 million.
A prolonged period of economic weakness and slow income growth would not only hamper poverty eradication, but also constrain countries' ability to invest in the SDGs more broadly, it states.
"The global community needs to step up joint efforts to avert human suffering and support an inclusive and sustainable future for all," said Li Junhua, United Nations Under-Secretary-General for DESA.
International cooperation key
The report calls for governments to avoid fiscal austerity, which would stifle growth and disproportionately affect the most vulnerable groups, as well as hinder progress in gender equality and development prospects, for generations.
It calls for reallocation and reprioritization in public spending policy, through direct interventions that will create jobs and reinvigorate growth.
This will require strengthening social protection systems and ensuring continued support through targeted and temporary subsidies, cash transfers, and discounts on utility bills, and can be complemented with reductions in consumption taxes or customs duties, it states.
The report points to strategic public investments in education, health, digital infrastructure, new technologies and climate change mitigation and adaptation to achieve large social returns, accelerate productivity growth, and strengthen resilience to economic, social and environmental shocks.
It estimates that additional SDG financing needs in developing countries, amount to several trillion dollars per year.
Urgent stronger international commitment is urgently needed to expand access to emergency financial assistance; restructure and reduce debt burdens across developing countries; and scale up SDG financing, the report warns.
2023 Deloitte Global Marketing Trends Report Outlines Opportunities in Uncertain Times
With a new year comes new challenges, but also opportunities as business leaders and marketers set their sights on embracing trends and solutions that can set them up for success. Curated through surveys and in-depth conversations with more than 1,000 C-suite executives, Deloitte's "2023 Global Marketing Trends" report offers guidance through uncertainties that business leaders may face, while presenting meaningful approaches to consider which may help propel businesses forward. The report focuses on four topics: financial uncertainty, sustainability, creativity and tech trends to watch. Listed are a few key recommendations marketers can consider going into 2023:
Invest in digital technologies, platforms, new markets and customer personalization.
Improve sustainability efforts within internal marketing practices and establish long-term commitments.
Make more room for creativity by bringing the rest of the organization along for the ride.
Consider laying the foundation for metaverse or blockchain adoption.
Amid fluctuating and uncertain economic indicators of 2023, marketers are focusing on investments that can help their organizations be resilient in the face of rapid change. As new platforms disrupt existing digital marketing models and slipping consumer confidence requires focused attention on customer loyalty and innovating new growth opportunities, the "2023 Global Marketing Trends" report offers inspiration and motivation to help bring considerable, creative and lasting impact. Marketers, business leaders and C-suite executives can glean insights from the report as they set their sights on what 2023 holds for the business. The report outlines solutions curated directly from leaders and CMOs alike who have ushered in their thoughts, predictions and guidance to help drive brands forward in an ever-changing world.
Brands answer economic instability through investment: Brands surveyed continue to reiterate economic instability and inflation as a top concern as in 2023. But, instead of hedging their bets and cutting costs, brands are well-prepared to answer this instability and uncertainty with an investment mindset that grows their organization's capabilities and capacity to be resilient in the face of rapidly changing economic conditions
Through interviewing, CMOs identified their top-three priorities in the face of a potential economic downturn:
Accelerating the move to new digital technologies or platforms (Metaverse, AI, social platforms, AR and digital currencies).
Expanding into new markets, segments, or geographies.
Implementing systems or algorithms to enhance customer personalization.
CMOs drive growth through internal sustainability efforts: As consumer concerns around sustainability issues grow, brands surveyed are now concentrating their efforts on shoring up their own internal sustainability practices. This focus inward is a strong sign that brands are looking to make a more authentic impact over the longer-term in order to build trust with consumers.
Brands reported that their top three priorities for sustainability efforts this year include:
Improving sustainability of internal marketing practices (51%).
Promoting more sustainable product and service offerings (47%),
Establishing long-term sustainability commitments (e.g. "by 2030, our organization will…") (45%).
Creativity as a force for growth: As noted in the 2022 "Creative Business Transformation study", developed in partnership with Deloitte Digital and Cannes LIONS, there is a growing creativity gap through diminishing creative leadership in the C-suite and declining creativity skills among CMOs and their marketing talent. 2023 may present an opportunity for individual brands to rise above the competition by making more room for creativity. Research shows that high-growth brands (defined as those with annual revenue growth of 10% or more) are more likely than their negative-growth peers to have the mindset and processes in place that allow creativity to flourish.
CMOs might consider the following strategies to be the creative leader in their own organizations:
Redefine what creativity can offer.
Bring the rest of the organization along for the ride.
Inspire the organization to think differently.
Rising technologies to watch: Marketers are now faced with big decisions about when and how to invest in adopting cutting-edge marketing practices as new technologies take center stage as top trends for marketers to watch.
Marketers cited 2023 top trends by the numbers:
Metaverse: About 80% of marketing executives surveyed across the energy, resources, and industrials (ER&I) and life sciences and health care (LS&HC) industries are gravitating toward the metaverse within the next two years.
Digital Currencies: 41% of CMOs surveyed plan to support their advertising strategy with blockchain in the next 12 months.
Weak Governance in MENA Region Worsens Deepening Land Crisis
Weak governance exacerbates the deepening land crisis in the Middle East and North Africa region, according to a new World Bank report that urges broad reforms to improve land use and access amid increasing stress from climate change and population growth.
Titled "Land Matters: Can Better Governance and Management of Scarcity Prevent a Looming Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa?", the report shows how continuing land deterioration in a region that is 84 percent desert worsens water scarcity issues that threaten food security and economic development.
"Now is the time to examine the impact of land issues that loom large in many public policy decisions but aren't always explicitly acknowledged," said Ferid Belhaj, the World Bank Vice President for the Middle East and North Africa. "Quite simply, land matters. MENA's growing population and the impact of climate change add urgency to addressing the land crisis."
The report uses satellite imagery data to show that cropland in MENA countries decreased by 2.4 percent over the 15-year period from 2003-2018, which was the world's sharpest drop in a region that already had the lowest cropland per capita and little margin for agricultural expansion. During the same period, the MENA population increased by 35 percent and is estimated to expand by another 40 percent to 650 million people in 2050.
Comparing land cover data with statistics on wealth inequality and other indicators, the report shows a correlation between land degradation and poor governance. In addition, state ownership of land is highest in the MENA region, but governments fail to manage land assets in ways that generate public revenues, the report says, while access to land is a severe constraint for 23 percent of firms in the manufacturing and service sectors.
Also impeding land access are social norms and laws regarding property that are more unfavorable for women in the MENA region compared to other regions, according to the report. In particular, women in MENA countries come under strong social pressure to renounce their inheritance rights over property, often without fair compensation.
"You cannot achieve sustainable economic and social development if people and businesses lack proper access to land," said Harris Selod, a World Bank senior economist and co-author of the report.
Reforms proposed by the report include establishing transparent market-driven processes to value and transfer land, as well as developing complete inventories of public land and improving the registration of land rights. These are necessary steps to support more efficient land use and land management decisions and to ensure that land serves social, economic and fiscal functions in a region where property taxes represent less than one percent of GDP.
Land policies can also help reduce gender inequalities. A tax on male beneficiaries when women renounce their inheritance rights to property could help reduce the gender gap, with the money collected funding initiatives promoting women's empowerment, the report says.
"Increasing land scarcity leads to strategic trade-offs about the best use of land to meet competing economic, social, and sustainability objectives," said Anna Corsi, a World Bank senior land administration specialist and co-author of the report. "However, the holistic approach needed to address core development issues of land policy is critically lacking in the MENA region."
The report notes that land scarcity and governance issues vary throughout the region, with countries requiring approaches that are tailored to their unique challenges. For example, wealthy Gulf Cooperation Council countries face severe land scarcity but have better land administration, while the Maghreb countries as well as Iran, Iraq, and Syria are more seriously challenged by land governance issues with less severe land scarcity. A third group — Djibouti, Egypt, Yemen, and the West Bank and Gaza — faces serious challenges in both governance and scarcity of land.
In stressing that "land matters", the report argues that urgently addressing the MENA land crisis now exacerbated by climate change and population growth is essential for the region's sustainable economic and social development.


Microsoft is intending to offer deeper integration and support for third-party voice assistants like Alexa and company for Windows 10. While numerous improvements to Cortana have made it a lot more user-friendly and intuitive, Microsoft still wants people to customize Windows 10's experience based on their own preferences. This doesn't guarantee however that you will be to command your PC from across the room to start your favorite songs but it is definitely a start.
As per that screenshot above, users will be able to activate apps using keywords even if the PC is locked. In one instance, Microsoft will even separate the search icon and voice icon in the taskbar. The Cortana app will also be replaceable by another voice assistant.
All these changes are intended to appeal to the users and give them a reason to shift to Windows 10 if they are not already using it. As of now, Windows 10 has a 38% market share in the desktop computing segment.


This location is less than 5 minutes from 4 hotels, dozens of restaurants, the Berkshire Shopping Center, PA Route 422 and the 422 Bypass. Commerce Court is located in Spring Ridge, Berks County's most prestigious master planned Business Park.
Energy efficient heating and air conditioning systems zoned every 1,500 sq. ft.
Parking ratio of 5 spaces/1,000 sq. ft.
Each office suite has private restrooms for the convenience of the tenants.
This facility is completely leased at this time.


text:
SOZO visions in motion
Deborah Smith-Wicke
Julienstrasse 8
UST ID:
Tanz- und Theaterfotografie Karl-Heinz Mierke: www.buehnentanz.tumblr.com
Content of the online offer
The author reserves the right not to be responsible for the topicality, correctness, completeness or quality of the information provided. Liability claims against the author, which refer to material or immaterial nature, caused by the use or disuse of the information provided or by the use of incorrect and incomplete information are excluded, unless the author is a deliberately intentional or grossly negligent is present. All offers are non-binding. The author expressly reserves the right to change, supplement or delete parts of the pages or the entire offer without prior notice or to cease publication temporarily or permanently.
For direct or indirect references to external websites ("links"), which lie outside the area of responsibility of the author, a liability obligation would come into force only in the case in which the author has knowledge of the contents and it would be technically possible and reasonable to prevent the use in case of illegal content. Therefore, the author expressly declares that at the time of linking the respective linked pages were free from illegal content. The author has no influence on the current and future design and content of the linked pages. Therefore he dissociates himself hereby expressly from all contents of all linked / linked sides, which were changed after the link setting. This statement applies to all links and references within the own internet offer as well as to foreign entries in guest books, discussion forums and mailing lists. For illegal, incorrect or incomplete contents and in particular for damages resulting from the use or non-use of such information, the provider of the page referred to, is not liable, only the one who refers to the respective publication via links.
Copyright and Trademark Law
The author endeavors to observe the copyrights of the graphics, sound documents, video sequences and texts used in all publications, to use graphics, sound documents, video sequences and texts created by himself or to resort to license-free graphics, sound documents, video sequences and texts. All brand names and trademarks mentioned within the Internet offer and possibly protected by third parties are subject without restriction to the provisions of the valid trademark law and the ownership rights of the respective registered owners. Just because of the mere mention is not to draw the conclusion that trademarks are not protected by rights of third parties! The copyright for published objects created by the author remains solely with the author of the pages. Reproduction or use of such graphics. Sound documents, video sequences and texts in other electronic or printed publications are not permitted without the express consent of the author.
Legal validity of this disclaimer
We are very delighted that you have shown interest in our enterprise. Data protection is of a particularly high priority for the management of the SOZO visions in motion. The use of the Internet pages of the SOZO visions in motion is possible without any indication of personal data; however, if a data subject wants to use special enterprise services via our website, processing of personal data could become necessary. If the processing of personal data is necessary and there is no statutory basis for such processing, we generally obtain consent from the data subject.
The processing of personal data, such as the name, address, e-mail address, or telephone number of a data subject shall always be in line with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and in accordance with the country-specific data protection regulations applicable to the SOZO visions in motion. By means of this data protection declaration, our enterprise would like to inform the general public of the nature, scope, and purpose of the personal data we collect, use and process. Furthermore, data subjects are informed, by means of this data protection declaration, of the rights to which they are entitled.
As the controller, the SOZO visions in motion has implemented numerous technical and organizational measures to ensure the most complete protection of personal data processed through this website. However, Internet-based data transmissions may in principle have security gaps, so absolute protection may not be guaranteed. For this reason, every data subject is free to transfer personal data to us via alternative means, e.g. by telephone.
The data protection declaration of the SOZO visions in motion is based on the terms used by the European legislator for the adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Our data protection declaration should be legible and understandable for the general public, as well as our customers and business partners. To ensure this, we would like to first explain the terminology used.
Grüner Weg 15-17
Website: www.sozo-vim.de
The Internet pages of the SOZO visions in motion use cookies. Cookies are text files that are stored in a computer system via an Internet browser.
Through the use of cookies, the SOZO visions in motion can provide the users of this website with more user-friendly services that would not be possible without the cookie setting.
The website of the SOZO visions in motion collects a series of general data and information when a data subject or automated system calls up the website. This general data and information are stored in the server log files. Collected may be (1) the browser types and versions used, (2) the operating system used by the accessing system, (3) the website from which an accessing system reaches our website (so-called referrers), (4) the sub-websites, (5) the date and time of access to the Internet site, (6) an Internet protocol address (IP address), (7) the Internet service provider of the accessing system, and (8) any other similar data and information that may be used in the event of attacks on our information technology systems.
When using these general data and information, the SOZO visions in motion does not draw any conclusions about the data subject. Rather, this information is needed to (1) deliver the content of our website correctly, (2) optimize the content of our website as well as its advertisement, (3) ensure the long-term viability of our information technology systems and website technology, and (4) provide law enforcement authorities with the information necessary for criminal prosecution in case of a cyber-attack. Therefore, the SOZO visions in motion analyzes anonymously collected data and information statistically, with the aim of increasing the data protection and data security of our enterprise, and to ensure an optimal level of protection for the personal data we process. The anonymous data of the server log files are stored separately from all personal data provided by a data subject.
This site uses the mapping service Google Maps via an API. Provider is Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheater Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
To use the features of Google Maps, it is necessary to save your IP address. This information is usually transmitted to and stored on a Google server in the United States. The provider of this site has no influence on this data transfer.
The use of Google Maps is in the interest of an attractive presentation of our online offers and an easy findability of the places we have indicated on the website. This constitutes a legitimate interest within the meaning of Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f DSGVO.
For more information on how to handle user data, please refer to the Google Privacy Policy: https://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/privacy/.
On the website of the SOZO visions in motion, users are given the opportunity to subscribe to our enterprise's newsletter. The input mask used for this purpose determines what personal data are transmitted, as well as when the newsletter is ordered from the controller.
The SOZO visions in motion informs its customers and business partners regularly by means of a newsletter about enterprise offers. The enterprise's newsletter may only be received by the data subject if (1) the data subject has a valid e-mail address and (2) the data subject registers for the newsletter shipping. A confirmation e-mail will be sent to the e-mail address registered by a data subject for the first time for newsletter shipping, for legal reasons, in the double opt-in procedure. This confirmation e-mail is used to prove whether the owner of the e-mail address as the data subject is authorized to receive the newsletter.
The newsletter of the SOZO visions in motion contains so-called tracking pixels. A tracking pixel is a miniature graphic embedded in such e-mails, which are sent in HTML format to enable log file recording and analysis. This allows a statistical analysis of the success or failure of online marketing campaigns. Based on the embedded tracking pixel, the SOZO visions in motion may see if and when an e-mail was opened by a data subject, and which links in the e-mail were called up by data subjects.
Such personal data collected in the tracking pixels contained in the newsletters are stored and analyzed by the controller in order to optimize the shipping of the newsletter, as well as to adapt the content of future newsletters even better to the interests of the data subject. These personal data will not be passed on to third parties. Data subjects are at any time entitled to revoke the respective separate declaration of consent issued by means of the double-opt-in procedure. After a revocation, these personal data will be deleted by the controller. The SOZO visions in motion automatically regards a withdrawal from the receipt of the newsletter as a revocation.
The website of the SOZO visions in motion contains information that enables a quick electronic contact to our enterprise, as well as direct communication with us, which also includes a general address of the so-called electronic mail (e-mail address). If a data subject contacts the controller by e-mail or via a contact form, the personal data transmitted by the data subject are automatically stored. Such personal data transmitted on a voluntary basis by a data subject to the data controller are stored for the purpose of processing or contacting the data subject. There is no transfer of this personal data to third parties.
If one of the aforementioned reasons applies, and a data subject wishes to request the erasure of personal data stored by the SOZO visions in motion, he or she may, at any time, contact any employee of the controller. An employee of SOZO visions in motion shall promptly ensure that the erasure request is complied with immediately.
Where the controller has made personal data public and is obliged pursuant to Article 17(1) to erase the personal data, the controller, taking account of available technology and the cost of implementation, shall take reasonable steps, including technical measures, to inform other controllers processing the personal data that the data subject has requested erasure by such controllers of any links to, or copy or replication of, those personal data, as far as processing is not required. An employees of the SOZO visions in motion will arrange the necessary measures in individual cases.
If one of the aforementioned conditions is met, and a data subject wishes to request the restriction of the processing of personal data stored by the SOZO visions in motion, he or she may at any time contact any employee of the controller. The employee of the SOZO visions in motion will arrange the restriction of the processing.
In order to assert the right to data portability, the data subject may at any time contact any employee of the SOZO visions in motion.
The SOZO visions in motion shall no longer process the personal data in the event of the objection, unless we can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for the processing which override the interests, rights and freedoms of the data subject, or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
If the SOZO visions in motion processes personal data for direct marketing purposes, the data subject shall have the right to object at any time to processing of personal data concerning him or her for such marketing. This applies to profiling to the extent that it is related to such direct marketing. If the data subject objects to the SOZO visions in motion to the processing for direct marketing purposes, the SOZO visions in motion will no longer process the personal data for these purposes.
In addition, the data subject has the right, on grounds relating to his or her particular situation, to object to processing of personal data concerning him or her by the SOZO visions in motion for scientific or historical research purposes, or for statistical purposes pursuant to Article 89(1) of the GDPR, unless the processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out for reasons of public interest.
In order to exercise the right to object, the data subject may contact any employee of the SOZO visions in motion. In addition, the data subject is free in the context of the use of information society services, and notwithstanding Directive 2002/58/EC, to use his or her right to object by automated means using technical specifications.
If the decision (1) is necessary for entering into, or the performance of, a contract between the data subject and a data controller, or (2) it is based on the data subject's explicit consent, the SOZO visions in motion shall implement suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the controller, to express his or her point of view and contest the decision.
If the data subject wishes to exercise the rights concerning automated individual decision-making, he or she may, at any time, contact any employee of the SOZO visions in motion.
If the data subject wishes to exercise the right to withdraw the consent, he or she may, at any time, contact any employee of the SOZO visions in motion.
11. Data protection provisions about the application and use of Facebook
On this website, the controller has integrated components of the enterprise Facebook. Facebook is a social network.
A social network is a place for social meetings on the Internet, an online community, which usually allows users to communicate with each other and interact in a virtual space. A social network may serve as a platform for the exchange of opinions and experiences, or enable the Internet community to provide personal or business-related information. Facebook allows social network users to include the creation of private profiles, upload photos, and network through friend requests.
The operating company of Facebook is Facebook, Inc., 1 Hacker Way, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States. If a person lives outside of the United States or Canada, the controller is the Facebook Ireland Ltd., 4 Grand Canal Square, Grand Canal Harbour, Dublin 2, Ireland.
With each call-up to one of the individual pages of this Internet website, which is operated by the controller and into which a Facebook component (Facebook plug-ins) was integrated, the web browser on the information technology system of the data subject is automatically prompted to download display of the corresponding Facebook component from Facebook through the Facebook component. An overview of all the Facebook Plug-ins may be accessed under https://developers.facebook.com/docs/plugins/. During the course of this technical procedure, Facebook is made aware of what specific sub-site of our website was visited by the data subject.
If the data subject is logged in at the same time on Facebook, Facebook detects with every call-up to our website by the data subject—and for the entire duration of their stay on our Internet site—which specific sub-site of our Internet page was visited by the data subject. This information is collected through the Facebook component and associated with the respective Facebook account of the data subject. If the data subject clicks on one of the Facebook buttons integrated into our website, e.g. the "Like" button, or if the data subject submits a comment, then Facebook matches this information with the personal Facebook user account of the data subject and stores the personal data.
Facebook always receives, through the Facebook component, information about a visit to our website by the data subject, whenever the data subject is logged in at the same time on Facebook during the time of the call-up to our website. This occurs regardless of whether the data subject clicks on the Facebook component or not. If such a transmission of information to Facebook is not desirable for the data subject, then he or she may prevent this by logging off from their Facebook account before a call-up to our website is made.
The data protection guideline published by Facebook, which is available at https://facebook.com/about/privacy/, provides information about the collection, processing and use of personal data by Facebook. In addition, it is explained there what setting options Facebook offers to protect the privacy of the data subject. In addition, different configuration options are made available to allow the elimination of data transmission to Facebook. These applications may be used by the data subject to eliminate a data transmission to Facebook.
This Privacy Policy has been generated by the Privacy Policy Generator of the DGD - Your External DPO that was developed in cooperation with German Lawyers from WILDE BEUGER SOLMECKE, Cologne.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The following is an outline of the traditions and manners observed at West Shore Academy of Martial Arts. To read Sabumnim Crockett's original document, please click here.
Immediately after entering the school, stop and bow into the room.
Before passing through the door, stop, face into the room and bow.
Bow towards the flags in the cardio room when entering or leaving the room.
Bow "into" the office as you enter and leave.
You will learn how we start and end every class. The bowing shows respect to the United States flag (our country), to the Korean flag (the origin of our style), mutual respect between instructor and student, and mutual respect among students.
When given the command ""Kyung-yae", bow at the waist, look at your partner in the eyes (regardless of rank), say "Jung Sim", and straighten up (do not wait for "Balo").
When a black belt enters the school, the high-belt on the floor will clap 2 times. However, if the high-belt on the floor does not see the black belt enter the building, anyone may clap 2 times.
Before and after class: when you hear the 2 claps, immediately come to attention facing the black belt. If you are the high belt on the floor, you are responsible to say: "Seeing (black belt's name), Kyung-yae, balo".
During Class: The instructor will tell you to turn towards the black belt. During class, the instructor of the class is responsible to say: "Seeing (black belt's name), Kyung-yae, balo", even if he/she is not the high belt on the floor.
Belt color : in order high to low: Black, red, green, yellow, orange, purple, dark blue, light blue, white.
Testing date: if two students are the same belt color, but they tested for that color during different tests, the one who tested first is the high belt.
Start date: if two students are the same belt color and they have always tested together, the student who started at WSAMA first is the high belt.
Same start date, same test date: When this happens with siblings, the older sibling is the higher rank. When students are not siblings, check with the office.
Different schools: A student of WSAMA outranks a student from another school who is wearing the same belt color, regardless of start date and test date.
Before class, visually determine where you should line up based on the rank of the other students present.
Use your best judgement when determining the number of students per line (do not ask). The instructor will either specify how many to a line or adjust the lines before starting class.
During the workout, students may not move without permission: do not wipe the sweat, do not fix hair, do not fix uniform, etc.
Do NOT leave the floor without permission (including getting a drink and using the restroom). If you feel like you are going to throw up, you may and should leave the floor immediately, without permission.
Third Dan black belts may teach up to and including 2nd Dan material.
NO shoes on the mats at any time – this extends to visitors as well.
All students should help to maintain the cleanliness of the dojang.


I built this shopping cart for the FOP Lodge 7 Gift Shop. Starting small on the OpenCart platform, this store is scalable to eventually sell all of their merchandise from their brick and mortar store online and around the world.
If you need a small or medium sized shopping cart, let me know.


StVZO / Lithium Batt. / Designed to be used for the AERO Seatpost.
Innovative design of Light ON / OFF Pattern.
Designed to be used for the AERO Seatpost.
Nine super bright LED distribute light evenly.
BENEX light exudes European style, simplicity and functionality, which adds a unique artistic and personality to the BENEX light collection.
3.7V / 550mAh Lithium Batt.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The analysis on the cosmological standard model from the Planck data \cite{ref:Planck2013,ref:Planck2013-CMB,ref:Planck2013-params} tells us that dark energy occupies about $68.3\%$ of the Universe, dark matter accounts for $26.8\%$, and baryonic matter occupies $4.9\%$. Although the $\Lambda$CDM model, which is consisted of the cosmological constant and cold dark matter, is in good agreement with the cosmic observational data, it meets with the coincidence problem \cite{ref:Zlatev1999,ref:Chimento2003,ref:Huey2006}.
An effective method to alleviate this issue is to consider the coupling between dark matter and dark energy. The coupling of dark sectors would influence the background evolution of the Universe and affect the growth history of the cosmic structure. Up to now, it is different to identify the coupled form from the fundamental theory. Thus, the coupled dark energy models are mostly on the phenomenological consideration.
We roughly class these interaction forms into two types. The first type of coupled model is only related to the energy densities of dark fluids \cite{ref:Potter2011,ref:Aviles2011,
ref:Caldera-Cabral2009,ref:Caldera-Cabral2009-2,ref:Boehmer2010,ref:Boehmer2008,ref:Song2009,ref:Koyama2009,
ref:Majerotto2010,ref:Valiviita2010,ref:Valiviita2008,ref:Jackson2009,ref:Clemson2012}. The second type of coupled model is proportional to the Hubble expansion rate and energy densities of dark sectors. \cite{ref:Chongchitnan2009,ref:Gavela2009,ref:Gavela2010,ref:Salvatelli2013,ref:Yang2014-uc,ref:Yang2014-ux,
ref:Quartin2008,ref:Honorez2010,ref:Costa2013,ref:Bernardis2011,ref:He2011,ref:He2010,
ref:He2008,ref:Abdalla2009,ref:Sadjadi2010,ref:Olivares2008,ref:Olivares2006,
ref:Olivares2005,ref:Sun2013,ref:Sadjadi2006,ref:Sadeghi2013,ref:Zhang2013,ref:Koivisto2005,ref:Simpson2011,
ref:Bertolami2007,ref:Avelino2012,ref:Quercellini2008,ref:Mohammadi2012,ref:Sharif2012,ref:Wu2007,
ref:Barrow2006,ref:Zimdahl2001,
ref:Koshelev2009,ref:Liyh2013,ref:Chimento2013,ref:Martin2014}.

The coupling between dark sectors could significantly affect the growth history of cosmic structure, one can see Refs. \cite{ref:Clemson2012,ref:Caldera-Cabral2009,ref:Song2009,ref:Koyama2009,ref:Honorez2010,ref:Koshelev2009}. In the test of galaxy clustering, the redshifts need to be translated to distances, so the measured clustering would be highly anisotropic. An important source of this anisotropy are redshift-space distortions (RSD) \cite{ref:RSD-Kaiser1987}. RSD arise because peculiar velocities contribute to observed galaxies redshifts, a spherical overdensity appears distorted by peculiar velocities when observed in the redshift space. On linear scales, the overdenstiy appears squashed along the line of sight. For a detailed review of RSD, one can see Ref. \cite{ref:RSD-Hamilton1998}. RSD allow measurements of the amplitude of fluctuations in the velocity field, in linear theory, a model-dependent measurement of $f\sigma_8(z)$ has been suggested in Ref. \cite{ref:fsigma8-DE-Song2009}, where $\sigma_8(z)$ is the overall normalisation of the matter density fluctuations. Many RSD measurements have been summarized from a variety of galaxy surveys in Table \ref{tab:fsigma8data}, including the 2dFGRS \cite{ref:fsigma81-Percival2004}, the WiggleZ \cite{ref:fsigma82-Blake2011}, the SDSS LRG \cite{ref:fsigma83-Samushia2012}, the BOSS CMASS \cite{ref:fsigma84-Reid2012}, the 6dFGRS \cite{ref:fsigma85-Beutler2012}, and the VIPERS \cite{ref:fsigma86-Torre2013} surveys. These measurements have in turn been used to set constraints on the cosmological growth rate. Moreover, a lower growth rate from RSD than expected from Planck data was also pointed out in Ref. \cite{ref:fsigma87-Macaulay2013}.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\hline\hline z & $f\sigma_8(z)$ & survey and references \\ \hline
$0.067$ & $0.42\pm0.06$ & $6dFGRS~(2012)$ \cite{ref:fsigma85-Beutler2012}\\
$0.17$ & $0.51\pm0.06$ & $2dFGRS~(2004)$ \cite{ref:fsigma81-Percival2004}\\
$0.22$ & $0.42\pm0.07$ & $WiggleZ~(2011)$ \cite{ref:fsigma82-Blake2011}\\
$0.25$ & $0.39\pm0.05$ & $SDSS~LRG~(2011)$ \cite{ref:fsigma83-Samushia2012}\\
$0.37$ & $0.43\pm0.04$ & $SDSS~LRG~(2011)$ \cite{ref:fsigma83-Samushia2012}\\
$0.41$ & $0.45\pm0.04$ & $WiggleZ~(2011)$ \cite{ref:fsigma82-Blake2011}\\
$0.57$ & $0.43\pm0.03$ & $BOSS~CMASS~(2012)$ \cite{ref:fsigma84-Reid2012}\\
$0.60$ & $0.43\pm0.04$ & $WiggleZ~(2011)$ \cite{ref:fsigma82-Blake2011}\\
$0.78$ & $0.38\pm0.04$ & $WiggleZ~(2011)$ \cite{ref:fsigma82-Blake2011}\\
$0.80$ & $0.47\pm0.08$ & $VIPERS~(2013)$ \cite{ref:fsigma86-Torre2013}\\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{The data points of $f\sigma_8(z)$ measured from RSD with the survey references.}
\label{tab:fsigma8data}
\end{center}
\end{table}

The RSD-derived $f\sigma_8(z)$ tests provide a very powerful and robust test of both the nature of dark energy and modified gravity, and could be used to constrain basic cosmological parameters. What's more, $f\sigma_8(z)$ measurements could significantly enhances the constraints on the model parameter space compared to the case where only geometric tests are used. The jointing constraints on several models have been tested in Refs. \cite{ref:fsigma8-HDE-Xu2013,ref:fsigma8andPlanck-MG-Xu2013,ref:Xu2013-DGP,ref:Yang2013-wdm,ref:Yang2013-cass,
ref:fsigma8total-Samushia2013}. For the coupled dark energy model, the geometry measurements mildly favor the coupling between dark sectors \cite{ref:Clemson2012,ref:Salvatelli2013,ref:Costa2013,ref:Chimento2013}, at the same time, the measurement about the growth rate of dark matter perturbations could rule out large interaction rate. Under the inspiration of this idea, Yang and Xu combined the geometric tests with the RSD measurement to constrain the dark energy model when the momentum transfer was vanished in the rest frame of dark matter or dark energy \cite{ref:Yang2014-uc,ref:Yang2014-ux}, the jointing data sets was able to estimate the parameter space to high precision and evidently tighten the constraints, they found cosmic observations favored small interaction rate, however, only the background expansion rate was considered. In this paper, we will extend this work to investigate the coupled dark energy model with perturbed Hubble expansion rate, which is inspired by Ref. \cite{ref:Gavela2010}. In this case, $H$ denotes the total expansion rate (background plus perturbations), $H=\bar{H}+\delta H$.
If we consider that the energy transfer rate is proportional to the Hubble parameter and the energy density of dark energy, the background coupling term is $\bar{Q}=3\xi_x\bar{H}\bar{\rho}_x$ ($\xi_x$ is called as the interaction rate), and the perturbation part of the interaction is $\delta Q=3\xi_x\bar{H}\bar{\rho}_x(\delta H/\bar{H}+\delta_x)$. This coupled form with regards to energy density of dark energy is free of large scale instability \cite{ref:Valiviita2008,ref:Clemson2012,ref:Gavela2009}. Furthermore, in the light of the analysis in Refs. \cite{ref:Gavela2009,ref:Clemson2012}, the stability conditions of the perturbations are $\xi_x>0$ and $(1+w_x)>0$. As for the phantom case $w_x<-1$, together with $\xi_x<0$, which does not suffer from the instability, but we exclude it on account of the unphysical property \cite{ref:Caldwell2003}.

This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we consider the coupled model between dynamical dark energy and cold dark matter, hereafter, we call it as the $\xi$wCDM model. With perturbed Hubble expansion rate, we deduce the perturbation equations of dark sectors in the rest frame of dark matter or dark energy. In Sec. III, we present the cosmological implications of the interaction rate. Then, we constrain the coupled dark energy model with jointing the RSD measurements and geometry tests. The last section is the conclusions of this paper.

\section{The background and perturbation equations of dark fluids}

In a flat Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe, according to the phenomenological approach, the coupling could be introduced into the background conservation equations of dark matter and dark energy
\begin{eqnarray}
\bar{\rho}'_c+3\mathcal{H}\bar{\rho}_c=a\bar{Q}_c=-a\bar{Q},
\label{eq:rhoc}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\bar{\rho}'_x+3\mathcal{H}(1+w_x)\bar{\rho}_x=a\bar{Q}_x=a\bar{Q},
\label{eq:rhox}
\end{eqnarray}
where the subscript $c$ and $x$ respectively stand for dark matter and dark energy, the prime denotes the derivative with respect to conformal time $\tau$, $a$ is the scale factor of the Universe, $\mathcal{H}=a'/a=a\bar{H}$ is the conformal Hubble parameter, $w_x=\bar{p}_x/\bar{\rho}_x$ is the equation of state (EoS) parameter of dark energy. $\bar{Q}>0$ presents that the direction of energy transfer is from dark matter to dark energy, which changes the dark matter and dark energy redshift dependence acting as an extra contribution to their effective EoS; $\bar{Q}<0$ means the opposite direction of the energy exchange.

In a general gauge, the perturbed FRW metric is \cite{ref:Majerotto2010,ref:Valiviita2008,ref:Clemson2012}
\begin{eqnarray}
ds^2=a^2(\tau)\{ -(1+2\phi)d\tau^2+2\partial_iBd\tau dx^i+[(1-2\psi)\delta_{ij}+2\partial_i\partial_jE]dx^idx^j \},
\label{eq:per-metric}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\phi$, B, $\psi$ and E are the gauge-dependent scalar perturbations quantities.

The general forms for density perturbations (continuity) and velocity perturbations (Euler) equations of A fluid \cite{ref:Majerotto2010,ref:Valiviita2008,ref:Clemson2012}
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta'_A+3\mathcal{H}(c^2_{sA}-w_A)\delta_A
+9\mathcal{H}^2(1+w_A)(c^2_{sA}-c^2_{aA})\frac{\theta_A}{k^2}
+(1+w_A)\theta_A-3(1+w_A)\psi'+(1+w_A)k^2(B-E')
\nonumber \\
=\frac{a}{\bar{\rho}_A}(-\bar{Q}_A\delta_A+\delta Q_A)
+\frac{a\bar{Q}_A}{\bar{\rho}_A}\left[\phi+3\mathcal{H}(c^2_{sA}-c^2_{aA})\frac{\theta_A}{k^2}\right],
\label{eq:general-deltaA}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\theta'_A+\mathcal{H}(1-3c^2_{sA})\theta_A-\frac{c^2_{sA}}{(1+w_A)}k^2\delta_A
-k^2\phi
=\frac{a}{(1+w_A)\bar{\rho}_A}[(\bar{Q}_A\theta-k^2f_A)-(1+c^2_{sA})\bar{Q}_A\theta_A],
\label{eq:general-thetaA}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\delta_A=\delta\rho_A/\bar{\rho}_A$ is the density contrast of A fluid, $\theta_A=-k^2(v_A+B)$ is the volume expansion of A fluid in Fourier space \cite{ref:Valiviita2008,ref:Ma1995}, $\theta$ is the volume expansion of total fluid, $v_A$ is the peculiar velocity potential, $k$ is the wavenumber; $c^2_{aA}$ is the adiabatic sound speed whose definition is $c^2_{aA}=\bar{p}'_A/\bar{\rho}'_A=w_x+w'_x/(\bar{\rho}'_A/\bar{\rho}_A)$, and $c^2_{sA}$ is the physical sound speed in the rest frame, its definition is $c^2_{sA}=(\delta p_A/\delta\rho_A)_{restframe}$ \cite{ref:Valiviita2008,ref:Kodama1984,ref:Hu1998,ref:Gordon2004}. In order to avoid the unphysical instability, $c^2_{sA}$ should be taken as a non-negative parameter \cite{ref:Valiviita2008}. $f_A$ is the momentum transfer potential, which is usually assumed that $k^2f_A=\bar{Q}_A[\theta-b\theta_c-(1-b)\theta_x]$ in the rest frame of dark matter ($b=1$ for $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_c$) or dark energy ($b=0$ for $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_x$) \cite{ref:Yang2014-uc}, where the energy-momentum transfer four-vector $Q^{\mu}_A$ is relative to the four-velocity $u^{\mu}$, and it can be split as $Q^A_0=-a[\bar{Q}_A(1+\phi)+\delta Q_A]$, $Q^A_i=a\partial_i[\bar{Q}_A(v+B)+f_A]$ \cite{ref:Majerotto2010,ref:Valiviita2008,ref:Clemson2012}.

When the perturbed Hubble expansion rate is considered in the perturbation equations of dark sectors, $H$ denotes the total expansion rate (background plus perturbations), $H=\bar{H}+\delta H$. In order to satisfy the gauge invariance of the theory, the expansion rate is chosen to be associated to the the volume expansion of total fluid \cite{ref:Gavela2010}. Then, in the synchronous gauge, the scalar perturbations are characterized by the metric perturbations $h$ and $\eta$ \cite{ref:Ma1995}, and the gauge transformation relations are $\phi=B=0$, $\psi=\eta$, and $k^2E=-h/2-3\eta$. According to the analysis on the contribution from the expansion rate perturbation $\delta H/\bar{H}$ in Ref. \cite{ref:Gavela2010}, $\delta H/\bar{H}=(\theta+h'/2)/(3\mathcal{H})$. Moreover, in light of $(\rho+p)v=\sum (\rho_A+p_A)v_A$ \cite{ref:Valiviita2008,ref:Gavela2010}, we could obtain the continuity and Euler equations of dark sectors \cite{ref:Yang2014-uc}

\begin{eqnarray}
\delta'_x+(1+w_x)\left(\theta_x+\frac{h'}{2}\right)+3\mathcal{H}(c^2_{sx}-w_x)\delta_x
+9\mathcal{H}^2(c^2_{sx}-w_x)(1+w_x)\frac{\theta_x}{k^2}
\nonumber \\
=9\mathcal{H}^2(c^2_{sx}-w_x)\xi_x\frac{\theta_x}{k^2}
+\xi_x\left(\theta+\frac{h'}{2}\right),
\label{eq:deltax-prime-b-dH-syn}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta'_c+\theta_c+\frac{h'}{2}
=3\mathcal{H}\xi_x\frac{\rho_x}{\rho_c}(\delta_c-\delta_x)
-\xi_x\frac{\rho_x}{\rho_c}\left(\theta+\frac{h'}{2}\right),
\label{eq:deltac-prime-b-dH-syn}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\theta'_x+\mathcal{H}(1-3c^2_{sx})\theta_x-\frac{c^2_{sx}}{1+w_x}k^2\delta_x
=\frac{3\mathcal{H}\xi_x}{1+w_x}
[b(\theta_c-\theta_x)-c^2_{sx}\theta_x],
\label{eq:thetax-prime-b-dH-syn}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\theta'_c+\mathcal{H}\theta_c
=3\mathcal{H}\xi_x\frac{\rho_x}{\rho_c}(1-b)(\theta_c-\theta_x).
\label{eq:thetac-prime-b-dH-syn}
\end{eqnarray}
where perturbed expansion rate affects the perturbation equations by means of the last terms in Eqs. (\ref{eq:deltax-prime-b-dH-syn}) and (\ref{eq:deltac-prime-b-dH-syn}). Next, we would pay attention to the cosmological implications and constraint results of the interaction rate. Moreover, we try to find the difference between the coupled model with and without perturbed expansion rate.

\section{Cosmological implications and constraint results}

\subsection{Theoretical predictions of CMB temperature, matter power spectra, and $f\sigma_8(z)$}

In order to clearly show the cosmological implications of the interaction rate $\xi_x$, it is necessary to keep some model parameters fixed but only $\xi_x$ varied in the modified CAMB codes, so that we could find the cosmological effects of the coupling between dark energy and dark matter from the theoretical aspect. Firstly, we show the the influences on CMB temperature power spectra for varied interaction rate $\xi_x$ in Fig. \ref{fig:CMBpower-dh}. According to the background evolution equation of dark matter, with fixed density parameter $\Omega_c$ today, enlarging the values of positive $\xi_x$ would bring about greater corresponding $\Omega_{c}$ in the past, which could make the moment of matter-radiation equality earlier; therefore, the sound horizon is decreased. As a result, the first peak of CMB temperature spectra is depressed. As for the location shift of peaks, following the analysis about location of the CMB power spectra peaks in Ref. \cite{ref:Hu1995}, since the increasing $\xi_x$ is equivalent to enlarging $\Omega_m$, the peaks of power spectra would be shifted to smaller $l$. The similar case has occurred in Refs. \cite{ref:Clemson2012,ref:Yang2014-uc,ref:Yang2014-ux}. At large scales $l<100$, the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect is dominant, the changed parameter $\xi_x$ affects the CMB power spectra via ISW effect due to the evolution of gravitational potential. Here,
it is necessary to point out that the CMB power spectra own similar evolutions with ones of unperturbed $H$ coupled model (It is noted by gray lines in Fig. \ref{fig:CMBpower-dh}).
Then, we also plot the influences on the matter power spectrum $P(k)$ for the different values of interaction rate. With the increasment of $\xi_x$, the matter power spectra are enhanced at both lower and higher redshifts because of earlier moment of matter-radiation equality. With a large value of $\xi_x$,
there are little difference on the matter power spectra with ones of unperturbed $H$ coupled model (It is noted by gray lines in Fig. \ref{fig:Mpower-dh}), however it is not significant. Both the CMB temperature and matter power spectra are negligibly influenced by the interaction rate, even if perturbed expansion rate alters the perturbation equations by the last terms in Eqs. (\ref{eq:deltax-prime-b-dH-syn}) and (\ref{eq:deltac-prime-b-dH-syn}). Fortunately, the growth history of cosmic structure would be very sensitive for varied interaction rate.

In order to investigate the effects of interaction rate to $f\sigma_8(z)$, we fix the relevant mean values of our constraint results in Table \ref{tab:results-mean-ucdh} and Table \ref{tab:results-mean-uxdh}, but keep the model parameter $\xi_x$ varying in a range. In ten different redshifts (which could be used to compare with the observed $f\sigma_8$ data points), we derive the theoretical values of the growth rate from the new module in the modified CosmoMC package. When $\xi_x$ is fixed on a value, We fit the ten theoretical data points (z, $f\sigma_8(z)$) and plot the evolution curves of $f\sigma_8(z)$ in Fig. \ref{fig:fsigma8-dh}. At both lower and higher redshifts, the curves of $f\sigma_8(z)$ are enhanced with the increasing the values of $\xi_x$. Particularly, it is easy to see that the evolution curves of $f\sigma_8(z)$ are significantly distinguishing from ones of unperturbed $H$ coupled model (It is noted by gray lines in Fig. \ref{fig:fsigma8-dh}), even if the value of interaction rate is very small. We could qualitatively analyse why the evolution difference of $f\sigma_8(z)$ between these two models becomes large with reducing the redshift. For fixed $\xi_x$, at the higher redshift, the component of dark energy is subdominant, the last term of Eq. (\ref{eq:deltac-prime-b-dH-syn}) affecting the growth rate is trivial, which would slightly affect the evolution curves of $f\sigma_8$. Nonetheless, at the lower redshift, the dark energy gradually dominate the late Universe, the last term of Eq. (\ref{eq:deltac-prime-b-dH-syn}) would significantly influence the cosmic structure growth, which could bring about more obvious difference on the evolutions of $f\sigma_8(z)$ between the coupled model with or without perturbed $H$. To some extent, the RSD tests could break the possible degeneracy between perturbed $H$ coupled model and unperturbed $H$ coupled model.

\begin{figure}[tbh]
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm,height=6.8cm]{CMBpower_vs_uc2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm,height=6.8cm]{CMBpower_vs_ux2.eps}
 \caption{(a). The effects on CMB temperature power spectra for different values of interaction rate $\xi_x$ ($Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_c$). The black solid, cyan thick dashed, green dotted-dashed, and blue dotted lines are for $\xi_x=0, 0.00305, 0.1$, and $0.2$, respectively; the other relevant parameters are fixed with the mean values as shown in the third column of Table \ref{tab:results-mean-ucdh}; the three thin red solid lines are the corresponding ones for the coupled model with unperturbed $H$ for $Q^{\mu}\parallel u^{\mu}_{(c)}$; (b). The corresponding evolutions for $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_x$, the relevant values of parameters is from Table \ref{tab:results-mean-uxdh}; the three thin red lines correspond to ones for the coupled model with unperturbed $H$ for $Q^{\mu}\parallel u^{\mu}_{(x)}$.}
\label{fig:CMBpower-dh}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[tbh]
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm,height=6.8cm]{Mpower_vs_uc2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm,height=6.8cm]{Mpower_vs_ux2.eps}
 \caption{(a). The effects on matter power spectra for different values of interaction rate $\xi_x$ ($Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_c$). The black solid, cyan thick dashed, green dotted-dashed, and blue dotted lines are for $\xi_x=0, 0.00305, 0.1$, and $0.2$, respectively; the other relevant parameters are fixed with the mean values as shown in the third column of Table \ref{tab:results-mean-ucdh}; the three thin red solid lines are the corresponding ones for the coupled model with unperturbed $H$ for $Q^{\mu}\parallel u^{\mu}_{(c)}$; (b). The corresponding evolutions for $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_x$, the relevant values of parameters is from Table \ref{tab:results-mean-uxdh}; the three thin red lines correspond to ones for the coupled model with unperturbed $H$ for $Q^{\mu}\parallel u^{\mu}_{(x)}$.}
\label{fig:Mpower-dh}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[tbh]
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm,height=6.8cm]{fsigma8_vs_uc2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=8.8cm,height=6.8cm]{fsigma8_vs_ux2.eps}
 \caption{(a). The fitting evolutionary curves of $f\sigma_8(z)$ about the redshift $z$ for varied interaction rate $\xi_x$ ($Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_c$). The black solid, cyan thick dashed, green dotted-dashed, and blue dotted lines are for $\xi_x=0, 0.00305, 0.01$, and $0.02$, respectively; the gray error bars denote the observations of $f\sigma_8(z)$ at different redshifts are listed in Table \ref{tab:fsigma8data}; the other relevant parameters are fixed with the mean values as shown in the third column of Table \ref{tab:results-mean-ucdh}; the three thin red solid lines are the corresponding ones for the coupled model with unperturbed $H$ for $Q^{\mu}\parallel u^{\mu}_{(c)}$; (b). The corresponding evolutions for $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_x$, the relevant values of parameters is from Table \ref{tab:results-mean-uxdh}; the three thin red lines correspond to ones for the coupled model with unperturbed $H$ for $Q^{\mu}\parallel u^{\mu}_{(x)}$.}
\label{fig:fsigma8-dh}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Data sets and constraint results}

For the $\xi$wCDM model, we consider the following eight-dimensional parameter space
\begin{eqnarray}
P\equiv\{\Omega_bh^2, \Omega_{c}h^2, \Theta_S, \tau, w_x, \xi_x, n_s, log[10^{10}A_S]\},
\label{eq:parameter_space}
\end{eqnarray}
the priors of the basic model parameters are shown in the second column of Table \ref{tab:results-mean-ucdh} or Table \ref{tab:results-mean-uxdh}. The pivot scale of the initial scalar power spectrum $k_{s0}=0.05Mpc^{-1}$ is adopted. Moreover, the priors of the cosmic age $10Gyr<t_0<20Gyr$ and Hubble constant $H_0=73.8\pm2.4 km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}$ \cite{ref:Riess2011} are used. In order to avoid the unphysical sound speed, we assume $c^2_{sx}=1$ according to Refs. \cite{ref:Valiviita2008,ref:Majerotto2010,ref:Clemson2012}.

For our numerical calculations, the total likelihood $\chi^2$ can be constructed as
\begin{eqnarray}
\chi^2=\chi^2_{CMB}+\chi^2_{BAO}+\chi^2_{SNIa}+\chi^2_{RSD},
\label{eq:chi2}
\end{eqnarray}
where the four terms in right side of this equation, respectively, denote the contribution from CMB, BAO, SNIa, and RSD data sets. The used data sets for our Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) likelihood analysis are listed in Table \ref{tab:alldata}.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\hline\hline Data names & Data descriptions and references \\ \hline
CMB & $l\in[50,2500]$, high$-l$ temperature likelihood from Planck \cite{ref:Planck2013-params} \\
$...$ & $l\in[2,49]$, low$-l$ temperature likelihood from Planck \cite{ref:Planck2013-params} \\
$...$ & $l\in[2,32]$, low$-l$ polarization likelihood from WMAP9 \cite{ref:WMAP9} \\
BAO & $r_s/D_V(z=0.106)=0.336\pm0.015$ \cite{ref:BAO-1}\\
$...$ & $r_s/D_V(z=0.35)=0.1126\pm0.0022$ \cite{ref:BAO-2}\\
$...$ & $r_s/D_V(z=0.57)=0.0732\pm0.0012$ \cite{ref:BAO-3}\\
SNIa & SNLS3 data from SiFTO and SALT2 \cite{ref:SNLS3-1,ref:SNLS3-2}\\
RSD & ten $f\sigma_8(z)$ data points from Table \ref{tab:fsigma8data}\\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{The used data sets for our MCMC likelihood analysis on the coupled dark energy model, where $l$ is the multipole number of power spectra, and WMAP9 is the abbreviation of nine-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe.}
\label{tab:alldata}
\end{center}
\end{table}

After running eight chains in parallel, the mean values with errors and best-fit values, respectively, presented in the third and fourth columns of Table \ref{tab:results-mean-ucdh} and Table \ref{tab:results-mean-uxdh}. In Figs. \ref{fig:contour-ucdh} and \ref{fig:contour-uxdh}, We present the one-dimensional (1D) marginalized distributions of parameters and two-dimensional (2D) contours with $68\%$ confidence levels (C.L.), $95\%$ C.L., and $99.7\%$ C.L. In order to clearly see that the impact on the cosmological constraints of perturbed expansion rate, we also show the constraint results on $\xi$wCDM model with unperturbed $H$ coupled model in the fifth and sixth columns of Table \ref{tab:results-mean-ucdh} and Table \ref{tab:results-mean-uxdh}.

Firstly, we pay attention to the interaction rate in the coupled dark energy model. Using CMB from Planck + WMAP9, BAO, SNIa and RSD measurements, the results showed the interaction rate in 3$\sigma$ regions: $\xi_x=0.00305_{-0.00305-0.00305-0.00305}^{+0.000645+0.00511+0.00854}$ for $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_c$ and $\xi_x=0.00317_{-0.00317-0.00317-0.00317}^{+0.000628+0.00547+0.00929}$ for $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_x$. We find the recently cosmic observations indeed favor small interaction rate. Moreover, in 1$\sigma$ region, the $f\sigma_8(z)$ tests could rule out large interaction rate. Then, based on the same observed data sets (CMB from Planck + WMAP9, BAO, SNIa and RSD), in contrast to the constraint results of $\xi$wCDM model with unperturbed $H$, the new terms in the perturbation equations arising from the expansion rate perturbation have negligible quantitative impact on the constraints on cosmological parameters, even if perturbed expansion rate alters the perturbation equations by the last terms in Eqs. (\ref{eq:deltax-prime-b-dH-syn}) and (\ref{eq:deltac-prime-b-dH-syn}). We could draw the same conclusion from both the two coupled cases $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_c$ in Table \ref{tab:results-mean-ucdh} and $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_x$ in Table \ref{tab:results-mean-uxdh}. That is to say, the constraint results between the perturbed $H$ and unperturbed $H$ coupled model are compatible with each other. For these two coupled models with or without perturbed expansion rate, it would be also very hard to distinguish them.

\begingroup
\squeezetable
\begin{center}
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
\hline\hline Parameters & Priors & $\xi$wCDM with perturbed $H$ & Best fit & $\xi$wCDM with unperturbed $H$ & Best fit \\ \hline
$\Omega_bh^2$&[0.005,0.1]&
$0.0223_{-0.000245-0.000470-0.000616}^{+0.000241+0.000463+0.000602}$&$0.0222$&
$0.0223_{-0.000240-0.000490-0.000613}^{+0.000233+0.000490+0.000642}$&$0.0223$
\\
$\Omega_ch^2$&[0.01,0.99]&
$0.114_{-0.00169-0.00387-0.00552}^{+0.00214+0.00360+0.00417}$&$0.115$&
$0.114_{-0.00171-0.00405-0.00602}^{+0.00217+0.00385+0.00450}$&$0.115$
\\
$100\theta_{MC}$&[0.5,10]&
$1.0416_{-0.000551-0.00108-0.00139}^{+0.000569+0.00108+0.00140}$&$1.0412$&
$1.0416_{-0.000573-0.00113-0.00145}^{+0.000570+0.00111+0.00139}$&$1.0413$
\\
$\tau$&[0.01,0.8]&
$0.0870_{-0.0141-0.0238-0.0310}^{+0.0120+0.0261+0.0336}$&$0.0805$&
$0.0862_{-0.0122- 0.0226-0.0305}^{+0.0120+0.0239+0.0337}$&$0.0831$
\\
$\xi_x$&[0,1]&
$0.00305_{-0.00305-0.00305-0.00305}^{+0.000645+0.00511+0.00854}$&$0.000512$&
$0.00372_{-0.00372-0.00372- 0.00372}^{+0.000768+0.00655+0.0102}$&$0.00328$
\\
$w_x$&[-1,0]&
$-0.976_{-0.0237-0.0237-0.0237}^{+0.00503+0.0409+0.0612}$&$-0.989$&
$-0.975_{-0.0246-0.0246- 0.0246}^{+0.00581+0.0382+0.0601}$&$-0.995$
\\
$n_s$&[0.5,1.5]&
$0.977_{-0.00576-0.0109-0.0143}^{+0.00557+0.0111+0.0142}$&$0.977$&
$0.977_{-0.00550-0.0107- 0.0139}^{+0.00550+0.0109+0.0145}$&$0.975$
\\
${\rm{ln}}(10^{10}A_s)$&[2.4,4]&
$3.0812_{-0.0267-0.0459-0.0612}^{+0.0234+0.0494+0.0632}$&$3.0707$&
$3.0802_{-0.0232-0.0441-0.0603}^{+0.0229+0.0467+0.0642}$&$3.0784$
\\
\hline
$\Omega_x$&$-$&
$0.708_{-0.00987-0.0188-0.0236}^{+0.00993+0.0181+0.0244}$&$0.705$&
$0.708_{-0.00940-0.0187- 0.0273}^{+0.00929+0.0187+0.0274}$&$0.705$
\\
$\Omega_m$&$-$&
$0.292_{-0.00993-0.0181-0.0243}^{+0.00987+0.0188+0.0236}$&$0.295$&
$0.292_{-0.00929-0.0187- 0.0274}^{+0.00940+0.0188+0.0273}$&$0.295$
\\
$\sigma_8$&$-$&
$0.805_{-0.0117-0.0242-0.0333}^{+0.0118+0.0232+0.0317}$&$0.800$&
$0.804_{-0.0113-0.0244-0.0332}^{+0.0121+0.0234+0.0323}$&$0.812$
\\
$z_{re}$&$-$&
$10.648_{-1.0777-2.125-2.808}^{+1.0949+2.132+2.697}$&$10.146$&
$10.583_{-1.0354-1.993- 2.735}^{+1.0162+2.0164+2.694}$&$10.362$
\\
$H_0$&$-$&
$68.500_{-0.831-1.632-2.155}^{+0.834+1.581+2.0859}$&$68.474$&
$68.462_{-0.759-1.657-2.385}^{+ 0.887+1.536+2.181}$&$68.479$
\\
${\rm{Age}}/{\rm{Gyr}}$&$-$&
$13.788_{-0.0362-0.0717-0.0997}^{+0.0357+0.0697+0.0923}$&$13.805$&
$13.788_{- 0.0381-0.0705-0.0952}^{+0.0375+0.0737+0.0968}$&$13.791$
\\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{In contrast to the mean values with $1,2,3\sigma$ errors and the best-fit values of the parameters for the $\xi$wCDM model with perturbed $H$ and $\xi$wCDM model with unperturbed $H$ ($Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_c$), where CMB from Planck + WMAP9, BAO, SNIa, with RSD data sets have been used.}
\label{tab:results-mean-ucdh}
\end{table}
\end{center}
\endgroup

\begingroup
\squeezetable
\begin{center}
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
\hline\hline Parameters & Priors & $\xi$wCDM with perturbed $H$ & Best fit & $\xi$wCDM with unperturbed $H$ & Best fit \\ \hline
$\Omega_bh^2$&[0.005,0.1]&
$0.0223_{-0.000248-0.000456-0.000602}^{+0.000244+0.000477+0.000639}$&$0.0225$&
$0.0223_{-0.000245-0.000493-0.000641}^{+0.000265+0.000477+0.000609}$&$0.0224$
\\
$\Omega_ch^2$&[0.01,0.99]&
$0.114_{-0.00183-0.00394-0.00558}^{+0.00209+0.00384+0.00462}$&$0.115$&
$0.114_{-0.00171-0.00393-0.00521}^{+0.00212+0.00366+0.00476}$&$0.115$
\\
$100\theta_{MC}$&[0.5,10]&
$1.0415_{-0.000538-0.00114-0.00146}^{+0.000547+0.00111+0.00143}$&$1.0414$&
$1.0416_{-0.000595-0.00110-0.00138}^{+0.000572+0.00111+0.00143}$&$1.0412$
\\
$\tau$&[0.01,0.8]&
$0.0878_{-0.0136-0.0253-0.0328}^{+0.0127+0.0271+0.0364}$&$0.0981$&
$0.0887_{-0.0134-0.0236-0.0321}^{+0.0119+0.0255+0.0360}$&$0.0830$
\\
$\xi_x$&[0,1]&
$0.00317_{-0.00317-0.00317-0.00317}^{+0.000628+0.00547+0.00929}$&$0.000687$&
$0.00328_{-0.00328-0.00328-0.00328}^{+0.000736+0.00549+0.00816}$&$0.00142$
\\
$w_x$&[-1,0]&
$-0.976_{-0.0239-0.0239-0.0239}^{+0.00480+0.0409+0.0646}$&$-0.996$&
$-0.971_{-0.0292-0.0292-0.0292}^{+0.00644+0.0443+0.0676}$&$-0.994$
\\
$n_s$&[0.5,1.5]&
$0.977_{-0.00541-0.0109-0.0145}^{+0.00540+0.0109+0.0146}$&$0.982$&
$0.977_{-0.00523-0.0106-0.0133}^{+0.00539+0.0108+0.0142}$&$0.978$
\\
${\rm{ln}}(10^{10}A_s)$&[2.4,4]&
$3.0829_{-0.0245-0.0483-0.0626}^{+0.0242+0.0522+0.0678}$&$3.104$&
$3.0851_{-0.0256-0.0471-0.0630}^{+0.0237+0.0494+0.0676}$&$3.0729$
\\
\hline
$\Omega_x$&$-$&
$0.708_{-0.00967-0.0199-0.0263}^{+0.00977+0.0188+0.0240}$&$0.713$&
$0.706_{-0.00953-0.0199-0.0253}^{+0.00961+0.0180+0.0232}$&$0.710$
\\
$\Omega_m$&$-$&
$0.292_{-0.00977-0.0188-0.0238}^{+0.00967+0.0199+0.0264}$&$0.287$&
$0.294_{-0.00961-0.0179-0.0232}^{+0.00953+0.0199+0.0253}$&$0.290$
\\
$\sigma_8$&$-$&
$0.804_{-0.0112-0.0282-0.0948}^{+0.0151+0.0294+0.0336}$&$0.814$&
$0.805_{-0.0122-0.0241-0.0350}^{+0.0123+0.0240+0.0319}$&$0.803$
\\
$z_{re}$&$-$&
$10.706_{-1.0661-2.235-2.959}^{+1.0883+2.217+2.884}$&$11.546$&
$10.793_{-1.0337-2.0605-2.896}^{+1.0497+2.0563+2.869}$&$10.313$
\\
$H_0$&$-$&
$68.503_{-0.773-1.732-2.279}^{+0.901+1.563+2.0218}$&$69.246$&
$68.297_{-0.775-1.745-2.264}^{+0.966+1.571+1.992}$&$68.889$
\\
${\rm{Age}}/{\rm{Gyr}}$&$-$&
$13.787_{-0.0372-0.0668-0.0869}^{+0.0379+0.0698+0.0897}$&$13.760$&
$13.790_{-0.0372-0.0732-0.0927}^{+0.0377+0.0736+0.100}$&$13.784$
\\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{In contrast to the mean values with $1,2,3\sigma$ errors and the best-fit values of the parameters for the $\xi$wCDM model with perturbed $H$ and $\xi$wCDM model with unperturbed $H$ ($Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_x$), where CMB from Planck + WMAP9, BAO, SNIa, with RSD data sets have been used.}
\label{tab:results-mean-uxdh}
\end{table}
\end{center}
\endgroup

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\includegraphics[width=20cm,height=15cm]{contour-ucdh-new.eps}
  \caption{For the case of $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_c$, the 1D marginalized distributions on individual parameters and 2D contours with 68\% C.L., 95 \% C.L., and 99.7\% C.L. between each other using the combination of the observed data points from the CMB from Planck + WMAP9, BAO, SNIa, and RSD data sets.}
  \label{fig:contour-ucdh}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\includegraphics[width=20cm,height=15cm]{contour-uxdh-new.eps}
  \caption{For the case of $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_x$, the 1D marginalized distributions on individual parameters and 2D contours with 68\% C.L., 95 \% C.L., and 99.7\% C.L. between each other using the combination of the observed data points from the CMB from Planck + WMAP9, BAO, SNIa, and RSD data sets.}
  \label{fig:contour-uxdh}
\end{figure}

\section{SUMMARY}

In this paper, we considered that the energy transfer rate was proportional to the Hubble parameter and energy density of dark energy, where the expansion rate was the total expansion rate (background plus perturbations), so the background coupling term was $\bar{Q}=3\xi_x\bar{H}\bar{\rho}_x$, and the perturbation part was $\delta Q=3\xi_x\bar{H}\bar{\rho}_x(\delta H/\bar{H}+\delta_x)$. We have deduced the perturbation equations of dark sectors in the rest frame of dark matter or dark energy. The interaction rate was the most characteristic parameter in the coupled model, so we have carried out the analysis on the cosmological implications of this parameter. It was found that the CMB temperature and matter power spectra owned similar evolutions, however, the growth history of structure could break the degeneracy between the $\xi$wCDM model with perturbed $H$ and coupled model with unperturbed $H$.

Then, with CMB from Planck + WMAP9, BAO, SNIa, and RSD measurements, we conducted a full likelihood analysis for the coupled model. The jointing constraint results showed the interaction rate in 3$\sigma$ regions: $\xi_x=0.00305_{-0.00305-0.00305-0.00305}^{+0.000645+0.00511+0.00854}$ for $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_c$, and $\xi_x=0.00317_{-0.00317-0.00317-0.00317}^{+0.000628+0.00547+0.00929}$ for $Q^{\mu}_A\parallel u^{\mu}_x$. It meant that the currently available cosmic observations favored small interaction rate which is up to the order of $10^{-3}$, at the same time, the $f\sigma_8(z)$ test could rule out large interaction rate in 1$\sigma$ region. Besides, compared to the previous papers \cite{ref:Yang2014-uc,ref:Yang2014-ux}, we do not find the significant difference on the model parameter space, so it would be very hard even in the future to distinguish the coupled model with perturbed $H$ from coupled model with unperturbed $H$.

\acknowledgements{This work is supported in part by NSFC under the Grants No. 11275035 and "the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities" under the Grants No. DUT13LK01.}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Blackwell Family Papers: Alice Stone Blackwell Papers, 1848-1957; Subject File, 1870-1957; Armenia; Miscellaneous manuscripts
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
2 whole new world in Armenian history and literature. I had known nothing of them. He also brought with him copies of Dr. Minas Tcheraz's paper "L'Armenie" describing the terrible conditions then existing in Armenia. The first American society of "Friends of Armenia" was organized in that summer camp. Its object was to spread knowledge and understanding of the Armenians, and awaken sympathy for them in the American public, and to do everything possible to secure help and protection for them against their persecution at the hands of the Turks. This small society, formed among a group of Americans who were spending their vacation in the Canadian woods, was the germ and forerunner of all that came after. When its members returned to Massachusetts they promoted the organization of a much larger and stronger society which took over the work. Among its officers were Julia Ward Howe and William Lloyd Garrison, second of that name. Mrs. Barrows was a woman of great ability, energy, and charm. She was the secretary of the National Conference of Charities and Correction. This brought her in contact with philanthropic men and women from all parts of the country, and she enlisted sympathy and support among them for the Armenian cause. Her husband, the Rev. Samuel June Barrows, was the editor of the Christian Register. He shared her interest in Armenia, and the Christian Register devoted much space to the subject. We all did what we could. It was Mrs. Barrows who suggested that it might be helpful if I were to render some of Armenia's touching and beautiful poetry into English verse. Ohannes Chatschumian died young, but during his brief visit to the United States he kindled the spark of American 3 interest in Armenia that later flamed up so brightly and spread so far. It is a pity that so many of our young Armenian Americans know nothing of their nations heroic history which they ought to remember with pride and seek to live up to. It is as if they had inherited a great treasure buried by their ancestors but never took the trouble to uncover it and use it.
Armenian Americans


text:
Q: google app engine urlfetch gzip to string Using Google App Engine, I am trying to urlfetch a gzip file from a URL which contains one csv file.
Ultimately I would like to output the content of the csv file on my webpage.
I have the following code at the moment:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import webapp2

from google.appengine.api import urlfetch

class Test(webapp2.RequestHandler):
  def get(self):
    self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
    url = *this_is_my_url*
    test = urlfetch.fetch(url, deadline=25)
    self.response.out.write(test.content)

app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([
  ('/test', Test)
], debug=True)

Rather than printing the contents of the file to screen, it asks me to download them locally.  How do I stop this local download and instead print directly to the screen/webpage?

A: See if this works.
#!/usr/bin/env python
import webapp2
from google.appengine.api import urlfetch
import gzip
import StringIO

class Test(webapp2.RequestHandler):
  def get(self):
    self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
    url = *this_is_my_url*

    test = urlfetch.fetch(url, deadline=25)

    f = StringIO.StringIO(test.content)
    c = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=f)
    content = c.read()

    self.response.out.write(content)

app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([
  (r'/', Test)
], debug=True)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Facebook Android app link opens Facebook page instead of Play Store I generated and using a facebook App Link to my Android app.
When the app is installed on the device, it correctly runs the app.
When the app isn't installed, the link brings to my app's Facebook page, instead of opening its Google Play page. This is not what I want.
Any idea?

A: The problem disappeared after I removed the reference to my app's facebook Page (inside "Contact Info" in the app's facebook dashboard).


States Who Gained and Lost Electoral College Votes in the Last 30 Years – For the Love of Code!
While working on a data visualization and web app project about presidential elections, I noticed that several states have either gained or lost votes (based on population) in the Electoral College with each census. Some states stayed the same throughout none of them gained-then-lost nor lost-then-gained.