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LIslam è la religione più praticata in Turchia. La presenza consolidata dell'Islam nella regione che oggi costituisce la Turchia moderna risale alla seconda metà dell'XI secolo, quando i Selgiuchidi iniziarono ad espandersi nell'Anatolia orientale.
Secondo il governo, il 99% della popolazione turca è musulmano, sebbene alcuni sondaggi forniscano una stima leggermente inferiore del 96,2% con la scuola di pensiero più popolare (madhab) quella Hanafi dell'Islam sunnita, ma c'è anche una minoranza di sufi e musulmani aconfessionali.

Secondo un sondaggio sulla religiosità condotto in Turchia nel 2019 da OPTİMAR, l'89,5% della popolazione si identifica come musulmano, il 4,5% crede in Dio ma non appartiene a una religione organizzata, il 2,7% è agnostico, l'1,7% ateo e l'1,7% non ha risposto.

La maggior parte dei musulmani in Turchia sono sunniti, formando circa il 90% delle scuole e correnti islamiche complessive. Le restanti sette musulmane, che formano circa il 9% della popolazione musulmana complessiva, sono costituite da Aleviti, Ja'fari (che rappresentano l'1%) e Alawiti (con una popolazione stimata di circa 1 milione) che rappresenta circa l'1% della popolazione musulmana complessiva in Turchia.

Storia

Imperi islamici

Durante le conquiste musulmane del VII e dell'inizio dell'VIII secolo, gli eserciti arabi fondarono l'Impero islamico. L'età d'oro islamica fu presto inaugurata verso la metà dell'VIII secolo con l'ascesa del Califfato abbaside e il trasferimento della capitale da Damasco a Baghdad.

Il periodo successivo vide l'espansione iniziale e la presa di Creta (840), ma gli Abbasidi spostarono presto la loro attenzione verso oriente. Durante la successiva frammentazione del dominio abbaside e l'ascesa dei loro rivali sciiti, i Fatimidi e i Buyidi, una rinata Bisanzio riconquistò Creta e la Cilicia nel 961, Cipro nel 965 e si spinse nel Levante nel 975. I Bizantini si opposero con successo ai Fatimidi per l'influenza nella regione fino all'arrivo dei turchi selgiuchidi che prima si allearono con gli Abbasidi e poi governarono de facto.

Nel 1068 Alp Arslan e le tribù turkmene alleate riconquistarono molte terre abbaside e invasero persino le regioni bizantine, spingendosi ulteriormente nell'Anatolia centrale e orientale dopo una grande vittoria nella battaglia di Manzicerta nel 1071. La disintegrazione della dinastia selgiuchide, la prima dinastia turca unificata, portò all'ascesa di regni turchi successivi, più piccoli e rivali come i Danishmendidi, il Sultanato di Rum e vari Atabeg che contestarono il controllo della regione durante le Crociate e in modo incrementale si espansero in tutta l'Anatolia fino all'ascesa dell'Impero ottomano.

Califfato ottomano

A partire dal XII secolo, giunsero nuove ondate di migranti turchi, molti dei quali appartenevano a ordini sufi, alcuni dei quali in seguito incorporarono credenze eterodosse. Un ordine sufi che fece appello ai turchi in Anatolia dopo il 1300 fu il Safaviyya, un ordine che originariamente era sunnita e non politico, ma in seguito divenne sia sciita che politico con sede nel nord-ovest dell'Iran. Durante il XIV e il XV secolo, i Safavidi e ordini simili come i Bektaşi divennero rivali degli ottomani, che erano musulmani sunniti ortodossi, per il controllo politico dell'Anatolia orientale. Sebbene l'ordine Bektaşi fosse stato accettato come una setta di musulmani sunniti ortodossi, non abbandonò le convinzioni eterodosse. Al contrario, i Safavidi alla fine conquistarono l'Iran, abbandonarono le loro convinzioni religiose eterodosse e divennero sostenitori dell'Islam ortodosso sciita duodecimano. Nel 1453, la conquista della capitale bizantina di Costantinopoli, che i turchi chiamarono Istanbul, permise agli ottomani di consolidare il loro impero in Anatolia e Tracia. In seguito fecero rivivere il titolo di califfo durante il regno del sultano Selim. Nonostante l'assenza di una struttura istituzionale formale, i funzionari religiosi sunniti svolgevano un ruolo politico importante. La giustizia era amministrata dai tribunali religiosi; in teoria, il sistema codificato del şeriat regolava tutti gli aspetti della vita, almeno per i sudditi musulmani dell'impero. Il capo della magistratura si collocava direttamente al di sotto del sultano ed era secondo al potere solo al gran visir. All'inizio del periodo ottomano, la carica di gran mufti di Istanbul si evolvette in quella di Şeyhülislam (shaykh, o "leader dell'Islam"), che aveva la giurisdizione ultima su tutte le corti dell'impero e di conseguenza esercitava autorità sull'interpretazione e l'applicazione del şeriat. I pareri legali pronunciati dal Şeyhülislam erano considerati interpretazioni definitive.

Era di secolarizzazione

La secolarizzazione della Turchia iniziò nella società durante gli ultimi anni dell'Impero ottomano e fu la caratteristica più importante e controversa delle riforme di Atatürk. Sotto la sua guida fu abolito il califfato, l'ufficio politico-religioso supremo dell'Islam sunnita e simbolo della pretesa del sultano di essere alla guida mondiale di tutti i musulmani. Il potere civile delle autorità religiose e dei funzionari fu ridotto e infine eliminato. Le fondazioni religiose furono nazionalizzate e l'istruzione religiosa fu limitata e per un certo periodo vietata. Furono soppressi anche gli influenti e popolari ordini mistici delle confraternite dei dervisci, le Tariqa.

Periodo della Repubblica: 1923-oggi
Il ritiro della Turchia, erede dell'Impero ottomano, come presunto leader della comunità musulmana mondiale, fu il simbolo del cambiamento nel rapporto del governo con l'Islam. In effetti, il secolarismo (o laiklik) divenne una delle "ideologie kemaliste" del programma anticlericale di Atatürk per ricostruire la Turchia. Mentre l'Islam aveva formato l'identità dei musulmani all'interno dell'Impero ottomano, il secolarismo era visto come il modo di plasmare la nuova nazione turca e i suoi cittadini.

Le riforme di Atatürk
Nel 1922 il nuovo regime nazionalista abolì il sultanato ottomano e nel 1924 il califfato, la carica religiosa che i sultani ottomani avevano ricoperto per quattro secoli. Pertanto, per la prima volta nella storia islamica, nessun sovrano rivendicò la guida spirituale dell'Islam.

Atatürk e i suoi alleati non solo abolirono alcune pratiche e istituzioni religiose, ma misero anche in dubbio il valore della religione, preferendo riporre la loro fiducia nella scienza. Consideravano la religione organizzata un anacronismo e la contrastavano con la "civiltà", che per loro significava una cultura razionalista e laica. L'instaurazione del secolarismo in Turchia non fu, come in Occidente, un processo graduale di separazione tra Chiesa e Stato. Nell'impero ottomano, tutte le sfere della vita, almeno in teoria, erano state soggette alla legge religiosa tradizionale e le organizzazioni religiose sunnite avevano fatto parte della struttura statale. Tuttavia, di solito lo stato aveva autorità sul clero e sulla legge religiosa, anche nel periodo ottomano (ad esempio molti sultani sostituirono degli Şeyhülislams, che non approvano la politica statale). Quando i riformatori dei primi anni 1920 optarono per uno stato laico, rimossero la religione dalla sfera dell'ordine pubblico e la limitarono esclusivamente a quella della morale, del comportamento e della fede personali. Sebbene l'osservanza privata dei riti religiosi poté continuare, la religione e l'organizzazione religiosa erano escluse dalla vita pubblica.

Le politiche che interessavano direttamente la religione erano numerose e radicali. Oltre all'abolizione del califfato, nuove leggi imposero l'abolizione dell'ufficio del Şeyhülislam, l'abolizione della gerarchia religiosa, la chiusura e la confisca di logge, luoghi di incontro e monasteri sufi e la messa al bando dei loro rituali e riunioni, l'istituzione del controllo del governo sui vakıf, che era stato inalienabile sotto la Sharia, la sostituzione della sharia con codici giuridici europei adattati, la chiusura delle scuole religiose, l'abbandono del calendario islamico a favore di quello gregoriano in uso in Occidente, le restrizioni all'abbigliamento pubblico che avessero associazioni religiose, con il fez bandito per gli uomini e il velo sconsigliato per le donne, e la messa al bando degli abiti tradizionali dei leader religiosi locali.

Atatürk e i suoi collaboratori tentarono anche di turchificare l'Islam incoraggiando ufficialmente pratiche come l'uso del turco anziché dell'arabo nelle devozioni, sostituendo con il termine turco Tanrı il lemma arabo Allah e introducendo il turco per le chiamate quotidiane alla preghiera. Questi cambiamenti nelle pratiche devozionali turbarono profondamente molti musulmani e provocarono un diffuso risentimento che portò, nel 1950, a un ritorno alla versione araba dell'invito alla preghiera, dopo che il partito di opposizione DP vinse le elezioni. Di effetto più duraturo furono le misure del regime che vietavano l'istruzione religiosa, limitavano la costruzione di nuove moschee e trasferivano le moschee esistenti a scopi secolari. In particolare, la Basilica di Santa Sofia (la basilica cristiana del VI secolo di Giustiniano, che era stata trasformata in moschea da Mehmet II) venne trasformata in un museo nel 1935. L'effetto di questi cambiamenti fu di assoggettare la religione, o più correttamente l'Islam, al controllo dello Stato. I Mufti e gli imam (leader di preghiera) venivano nominati dal governo e l'istruzione religiosa venne rilevata dal Ministero dell'Educazione Nazionale. Come risultato di queste politiche, la Repubblica Turca venne giudicata negativamente da alcune sezioni del mondo musulmano.

Ma l'aspettativa dell'élite dirigente laica, secondo la quale le politiche degli anni 1920 e 1930 avrebbero sminuito il ruolo della religione nella vita pubblica, non si concretizzò. Già nel 1925, le lamentele religiose furono una delle cause principali della ribellione di Şeyh Sait, una rivolta nel sud-est della Turchia che potrebbe aver causato fino a 30.000 vittime prima di essere repressa.

Sebbene la Turchia fosse secolarizzata a livello ufficiale, la religione rimase una forza potente. Dopo il 1950 alcuni leader politici cercarono di trarre vantaggio dall'attaccamento popolare alla religione sposando il sostegno a programmi e politiche che facevano appello alle inclinazioni religiose. Tali sforzi furono contrastati dalla maggior parte dell'élite statale, che credeva che il secolarismo fosse un principio essenziale dell'ideologia kemalista. Questa riluttanza ad apprezzare i valori e le credenze religiose portò gradualmente a una polarizzazione della società che divenne particolarmente evidente negli anni 1980 quando emerse una nuova generazione di leader locali, istruiti ma motivati dalla religione, per sfidare il dominio dell'élite politica secolarizzata. Questi nuovi leader erano decisamente orgogliosi dell'eredità islamica della Turchia e generalmente riuscirono ad adattare idiomi religiosi familiari per descrivere l'insoddisfazione per le varie politiche del governo. Con il loro stesso esempio di pietà, preghiera e attivismo politico, contribuirono a innescare una rinascita dell'osservanza islamica in Turchia. Nel 1994 gli slogan che promettevano che un ritorno all'Islam avrebbe curato i mali economici e risolto i problemi delle inefficienze burocratiche ottennero un fascino abbastanza generale da consentire a candidati religiosi di vincere le elezioni del sindaco a Istanbul e Ankara, le due città più grandi del paese.

Periodo multipartitico
Dopo l'allentamento dei controlli politici autoritari, nel 1946, un gran numero di persone iniziò a chiedere apertamente il ritorno alla pratica religiosa tradizionale. Durante gli anni 1950, anche alcuni leader politici trovarono opportuno unirsi ai leader religiosi nel sostenere un maggiore rispetto statale per la religione.

Una manifestazione più diretta della crescente reazione contro il secolarismo fu la rinascita delle confraternite sufi. Non solo riemersero gli ordini sufi soppressi come Kadiri, Mevlevi, Nakşibendi, Khālidiyyā e Al-Ṭarīqah al-Tijāniyyah, ma si formarono nuovi movimenti, tra cui il Nur Cemaati, il movimento Gülen, Sülaymānīyyā, la Comunità di İskenderpaşa e İsmailağa. I Tijāni divennero particolarmente militanti nell'affrontare lo stato. Ad esempio, danneggiarono i monumenti di Atatürk per simboleggiare la loro opposizione alla sua politica di secolarizzazione. Questo fu tuttavia un incidente molto isolato e coinvolse solo un particolare sceicco dell'ordine. Nel corso degli anni 1950, ci furono numerosi processi contro i Tijāni e altri leader sufi per attività antistatali. Contemporaneamente, tuttavia, alcuni movimenti, in particolare il Süleymancı e il Nurcular, collaborarono con quei politici percepiti come favorevoli alle politiche filo-islamiche. Il Nurcular alla fine sostenne il sistema politico multipartitico turco e uno dei suoi rami, il movimento Gülen, sostenne il Partito del Vero Sentiero mentre Işıkçılar ed Enver Ören sostennero apertamente il Partito della Madrepatria dalla metà degli anni 1980.

La richiesta di ripristino dell'istruzione religiosa nelle scuole pubbliche iniziò alla fine degli anni 1940. Il governo rispose inizialmente autorizzando l'istruzione religiosa nelle scuole statali per quegli studenti i cui genitori lo richiedevano. Sotto il governo del Partito Democratico, negli anni 1950, l'istruzione religiosa era resa obbligatoria nelle scuole secondarie a meno che i genitori non facessero specifica richiesta di esonerare i propri figli. Nel 1982 l'istruzione religiosa venne resa obbligatoria per tutti i bambini delle scuole primarie e secondarie.

Inevitabilmente, la reintroduzione della religione nel curriculum scolastico sollevò la questione dell'istruzione superiore religiosa. Le élite laiche, che tendevano a diffidare dei leader religiosi tradizionalisti, credevano che l'Islam potesse essere "riformato" se i futuri leader fossero stati formati in seminari controllati dallo stato. Per promuovere questo obiettivo, nel 1949, il governo istituì una facoltà di divinità presso l'Università di Ankara per formare insegnanti di Islam e imam. Nel 1951 il governo del Partito Democratico istituì scuole secondarie speciali (scuole İmam Hatip) per la formazione di imam e predicatori. Inizialmente, queste scuole crebbero molto lentamente ma, durante gli anni 1970, il loro numero aumentò rapidamente fino a superare le 250 unità, quando il Partito per la salvezza nazionale pro-Islam partecipò ai governi di coalizione. Dopo il colpo di stato del 1980, i militari, sebbene di orientamento laico, consideravano la religione un mezzo efficace per contrastare le idee socialiste e quindi autorizzarono la costruzione di altre novanta scuole superiori İmam Hatip.

Durante gli anni 1970 e 1980, l'Islam visse una sorta di riabilitazione politica perché i leader laici di centro destra percepivano la religione come un potenziale baluardo nella loro lotta ideologica contro i leader laici di centro sinistra. Un piccolo gruppo di difesa che divenne estremamente influente fu il "Cuore degli intellettuali" (Aydınlar Ocağı), un'organizzazione che sosteneva che la vera cultura turca era una sintesi delle tradizioni preislamiche e dell'Islam turco. Secondo questa organizzazione, l'Islam non solo costituiva un aspetto essenziale della cultura turca, ma era una forza che poteva essere regolata dallo stato per aiutare a socializzare le persone affinché fossero cittadini obbedienti e acquiescenti all'ordine secolare generale. Dopo il colpo di stato militare del 1980, furono adottate molte delle proposte del gruppo per la ristrutturazione di scuole, college e trasmissioni radio e televisive statali. Il risultato fu l'epurazione da queste istituzioni di oltre 2.000 intellettuali percepiti come sostenitori di idee di sinistra incompatibili con la visione di una cultura nazionale turca.

L'atteggiamento più tollerante dello Stato nei confronti dell'Islam incoraggiò la proliferazione di attività religiose private, compresa la costruzione di nuove moschee e scuole coraniche nelle città, l'istituzione di centri islamici per la ricerca e conferenze sull'Islam e il suo ruolo in Turchia, e la creazione di giornali professionali e femminili di orientamento religioso. Fiorirono la stampa di giornali, la pubblicazione di libri religiosi e la crescita di innumerevoli progetti religiosi che andavano dai centri sanitari alle strutture per l'infanzia, dagli ostelli della gioventù alle istituzioni finanziarie e alle cooperative di consumo. Quando il governo legalizzò le trasmissioni private, dopo il 1990, vennero organizzate diverse stazioni radio islamiche. Nell'estate del 1994 la prima emittente televisiva islamica, Kanal 7, iniziò a trasmettere, prima a Istanbul e poi ad Ankara.

Sebbene la "tarikah" (il termine a volte può essere usato per riferirsi a qualsiasi "gruppo o setta", alcuni dei quali potrebbero non essere nemmeno musulmani) avesse svolto un ruolo fondamentale nella rinascita religiosa della Turchia e a metà degli anni 1990 pubblicava ancora molti giornali religiosi ampiamente diffusi, emerse un nuovo fenomeno, İslamcı Aydın (l'intellettuale islamista) non affiliato agli ordini sufi tradizionali. Scrittori prolifici e popolari come Ali Bulaç, Rasim Özdenören e İsmet Özel attinsero alla loro conoscenza della filosofia occidentale, della sociologia marxista e della teoria politica islamista radicale per sostenere una prospettiva islamica moderna che non esitava a criticare i veri mali della società pur rimanendo allo stesso tempo fedele ai valori etici e alle dimensioni spirituali della religione. Gli intellettuali islamisti erano aspramente critici nei confronti dagli intellettuali laici turchi, che accusavano di aver tentato di fare in Turchia ciò che gli intellettuali occidentali avevano fatto in Europa: sostituire il materialismo mondano, nella sua versione capitalista o socialista, ai valori religiosi.

Il 15 luglio 2016 in Turchia è stato tentato un colpo di stato da parte di una fazione all'interno delle forze armate turche con legami con il movimento Gülen, citando un'erosione della laicità.

Status di libertà religiosa
La Costituzione prevede la libertà di religione e il governo in generale rispetta in pratica questo diritto; tuttavia, impone alcune restrizioni a tutte le espressioni religiose negli uffici governativi e nelle istituzioni statali, comprese le università, di solito per il motivo dichiarato di preservare lo stato laico e la distanza dello stato da tutti i tipi di credenze. La Costituzione stabilisce il paese come stato laico e prevede la libertà di credo, la libertà di culto e la diffusione privata delle idee religiose. Tuttavia, altre disposizioni costituzionali riguardanti l'integrità e l'esistenza dello stato secolare limitano questi diritti. La laicità, assumendo un significato di protezione dei credenti, svolge un ruolo importante per la protezione dello Stato.

Mentre la maggior parte dei paesi laici ha scuole religiose, in Turchia si può avere insegnamenti religiosi solo dopo un'età stabilita dallo stato, che è considerata una necessità dato che la Turchia è l'unico Paese notevolmente laico nel mondo musulmano; cioè si sostiene che le condizioni su cui fondare il secolarismo siano diverse da quelle del mondo cristiano. È vietata l'istituzione di scuole e università religiose private, indipendentemente dalla religione. È consentita solo la scuola superiore Imam-Hatip controllata dallo stato, a vantaggio solo della comunità islamica in Turchia. Questo tipo di scuole superiori insegnano materie religiose con la moderna scienza positiva. Tuttavia, i laureati di queste scuole non possono andare all'università per avere un'istruzione superiore in un altro campo di studio, ad esempio medicina, giurisprudenza, ingegneria ecc. perché i diplomati di queste scuole sono destinati ad essere chierici, piuttosto che medici o avvocati. Con l'ascesa del fondamentalismo nelle scuole, più di 370 scuole turche hanno firmato una dichiarazione politica, dell'Unione degli studenti delle scuole superiori della Turchia (TLB), per protestare contro quello che percepiscono come antisecolarismo nelle scuole. Di conseguenza, c'è stato un aumento delle obiezioni espresse alla conversione delle scuole in un Imam-Hatip, che ha colpito molte scuole turche dal 2012. Molti genitori si sono lamentati della crescente pressione delle scuole per diventare un Imam-Hatip.

Il governo sovrintende alle strutture e all'istruzione religiosa musulmana attraverso il suo Ministero degli Affari Religiosi (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı), che riporta direttamente al Primo Ministro. Il Diyanet ha la responsabilità di regolare il funzionamento delle 85.000 moschee registrate nel paese e di assumere imam locali e provinciali, che sono funzionari pubblici. Alcuni gruppi, in particolare gli aleviti, affermano che il Diyanet riflette le credenze islamiche tradizionali escludendo altre credenze. Il governo afferma che il Diyanet tratta allo stesso modo tutti coloro che richiedono servizi, tuttavia gli aleviti non utilizzano le moschee o gli imam per le loro cerimonie di culto. Le cerimonie alevite si svolgono in "case Cem" e guidate da "Dede" che non beneficiano del grande budget degli Affari Religiosi.

Diyanet e il secolarismo

Sotto Atatürk vennero completate le riforme in direzione del secolarismo (abolizione del califfato, ecc.), tuttavia, la Turchia non è strettamente uno stato laico: non c'è separazione tra religione e stato, c'e una tutela della religione da parte dello stato, anche se ciascuno è libero di professare le sue convinzioni religiose.

C'è un'amministrazione chiamata "Presidenza degli Affari Religiosi" o Diyanet che gestisce 77.500 moschee. Questa agenzia statale, fondata da Atatürk (1924), finanzia solo il culto dei musulmani sunniti mentre le altre religioni devono garantire una gestione finanziariamente autosufficiente e devono affrontare ostacoli amministrativi durante il funzionamento.

Il Diyanet è un'istituzione statale ufficiale fondata nel 1924 e lavora per fornire istruzione coranica ai bambini, oltre a redigere sermoni settimanali consegnati a circa 85.000 diverse moschee. Inoltre, la Diyanet impiega tutti gli imam in Turchia.

Quando pagano le tasse, tutti i cittadini turchi sono uguali. L'aliquota fiscale non è basata sulla religione. Tuttavia, attraverso il Diyanet, i cittadini turchi non sono uguali nell'uso delle entrate. La Presidenza degli Affari Religiosi, che aveva un budget di oltre 2,5 miliardi di dollari nel 2012, finanzia solo il culto dei musulmani sunniti.

Questa situazione presenta un problema teologico, nella misura in cui l'Islam stabilisce, attraverso la nozione di haram (Corano, Sura 6, versetto 152), che occorre "dare piena misura e pieno peso a ogni giustizia".

Ordini sufi come Aleviti - Bektashi, Bayrami - Jelveti, Halveti (Gulshani, Jerrahi, Nasuhi, Rahmani, Sunbuli, Ussaki), Hurufi - Rüfai, Malamati, Mevlevi, Nakşibendi (Halidi, Haqqani), Qadiri - Galibi e Ja'fari non sono ufficialmente riconosciuti.

Nel 2013, con oltre 4,6 miliardi di lire turche, il Diyanet o Ministero degli Affari Religiosi, occupa la 16ª posizione della spesa del governo centrale. Lo stanziamento assegnato a Diyanet è:

 1,6 volte superiore a quello del Ministero dell'Interno
 1,8 volte superiore a quello del Ministero della Salute
 1,9 volte superiore a quello del Ministero dell'Industria, Scienza e Tecnologia
 2,4 volte superiore a quello del Ministero dell'Ambiente e dell'Urbanistica
 2,5 volte superiore a quello del Ministero della Cultura e del Turismo
 2,9 volte superiore a quello del Ministero degli Affari Esteri
 3,4 volte superiore a quello del Ministero dell'Economia
 3,8 volte superiore a quello del Ministero dello Sviluppo
 4,6 volte superiore a quello del MIT – Secret Services
 5,0 volte superiore a quello del Dipartimento per la gestione delle emergenze e dei disastri
 7,7 volte superiore a quello del Ministero dell'Energia e delle Risorse Naturali
 9,1 volte superiore a quello del Ministero delle dogane e del commercio
 10,7 volte superiore a quello della Guardia Costiera
 21,6 volte superiore a quello del Ministero dell'Unione Europea
 242 volte superiore a quello del Consiglio di sicurezza nazionale
 268 volte superiore a quello del Ministero dei dipendenti pubblici

Il budget di Diyanet rappresenta:
 79% dello stanziamento della Polizia
 67% del bilancio del Ministero della Giustizia
 57% dello stanziamento degli Ospedali Pubblici
 31% dello stanziamento della Polizia Nazionale
 23% dello stanziamento dell'esercito turco

Problema del velo

Sebbene i dibattiti intellettuali sul ruolo dell'Islam abbiano suscitato un interesse diffuso, non hanno provocato il tipo di controversia scoppiata sulla questione dell'abbigliamento appropriato per le donne musulmane. All'inizio degli anni 1980, le studentesse universitarie, determinate a dimostrare il loro impegno per l'Islam, iniziarono a coprirsi la testa e il collo con sciarpe e ad indossare lunghi soprabiti che nascondevano le forme. L'apparizione di queste donne nelle cittadelle del secolarismo turco sconvolse quegli uomini e quelle donne che tendevano a percepire tale abbigliamento come un simbolo del tradizionalismo islamico che andava rifiutato. Nel 1987, laici militanti persuasero il Consiglio per l'istruzione superiore a emanare un regolamento che vietava alle studentesse universitarie di coprirsi la testa in classe. Le proteste di migliaia di studenti religiosi e di alcuni professori universitari costrinsero diverse università a rinunciare all'applicazione del codice dell'abbigliamento. La questione continuò a essere seriamente divisiva a metà degli anni 1990. Per tutta la prima metà del decennio, anche donne altamente istruite, articolate ma religiosamente pie, apparivano in pubblico vestite con abiti islamici che nascondevano tutto tranne il viso e le mani. Altre donne, in particolare ad Ankara, Istanbul e Smirne, manifestarono contro tale abbigliamento indossando abiti rivelatori e distintivi con l'immagine di Atatürk. La questione è discussa e dibattuta in quasi tutti i tipi di forum: artistico, commerciale, culturale, economico, politico e religioso. Per molti cittadini turchi, l'abbigliamento femminile è diventato il problema che definisce se un musulmano è laico o religioso. Nel 2010, il consiglio turco per l'istruzione superiore (YÖK) ha revocato il divieto del velo nelle università. Dall'inizio della sua presidenza, il presidente Recep Tayyip Erdogan ha aumentato drasticamente il numero di scuole superiori religiose in tutta la Turchia per sostenere il suo piano di allevare una generazione più pia. Tuttavia, questa spinta alla pietà nei bambini delle scuole sembra aver avuto un effetto negativo, poiché ci sono prove aneddotiche di un numero notevole di studenti turchi delle scuole superiori religiose che ammettono la loro perdita di fede nelle credenze islamiche, il che ha causato una notevole quantità di discussioni tra politici e religiosi.

Più recentemente, nel 2016, la Turchia ha approvato l'hijab come parte dell'uniforme ufficiale della polizia. Per la prima volta, le poliziotte potranno coprirsi la testa con un velo sotto i berretti della divisa. Questo atto è stato spinto dal Partito per la giustizia e lo sviluppo (AKP) del presidente Recep Tayyip Erdogan, di matrice islamista, che ha spinto per le restrizioni allentate sull'hijab.

Denominazioni

Islam sunnita
La stragrande maggioranza dell'attuale popolo turco è musulmana e la scuola di giurisprudenza più popolare è la madh'hab hanafita dell'Islam sunnita secondo il sondaggio di ricerca e consulenza KONDA condotto in tutta la Turchia nel 2007. La Hanafi madhhab era la scuola ufficiale di giurisprudenza islamica sposata dall'Impero ottomano e un sondaggio del 2013 condotto dalla Direzione turca degli affari religiosi indica che il 77,5% dei musulmani turchi si identifica come Hanafi. Sebbene le scuole di teologia islamica Maturidi e Ash'ari (che applicano Ilm al-Kalam o pensiero razionale per comprendere il Corano e gli hadith) siano state le credenze dominanti in Turchia, a causa della loro diffusa accettazione e propagazione, dall'inizio dell'Impero Ottomano, il credo Athari (letteralista) del movimento salafita ha visto una crescente accettazione.

Rispetto alla scuola islamica Hanbali, quella Hanafi assume una visione molto più liberale della religione, consentendo un'interpretazione più indulgente della legge religiosa.

La fede islamica sunnita è stata ininterrottamente la fede dominante dal 661. Il nome sunnita deriva dall'enfasi sull'importanza della Sunna, che è correlata all'istituzione delle leggi della Shari'a.

In Turchia, Maometto è spesso chiamato "Hazret-i Muhammed" o "Peygamber Efendimiz" (il nostro profeta).

Il ramo duodecimano dell'Islam sciita in Turchia è composto da Ja'fari aqidah, Batiniyya - Sufi aqidah, Alevīs e Cillī, Maymūn ibn Abu'l-Qāsim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn at -Tabarānī e degli alawiti, che complessivamente costituisce quasi un terzo dell'intera popolazione del paese. Una stima per la popolazione turca alevita varia tra i sette e gli undici milioni. Oltre il 75% della popolazione, d'altra parte, è costituita in modo schiacciante da Maturidi, Hanafi e Ash'ari sunniti.

A differenza dell'uso comune del termine "sciita" in altre lingue, in turco viene usato il termine Aleviler per rappresentare tutte le sette musulmane sciite. Inoltre, il termine Kızılbaş nella storia è stato usato in senso peggiorativo per tutti gli sciiti in Anatolia.

Aleviti
Ci sono circa 7-9 milioni di aleviti in Turchia che costituiscono circa il 10% della popolazione totale.

Ja'faris
I seguaci della giurisprudenza Ja'fari costituiscono la terza comunità per grandezza con i loro oltre tre milioni di membri e la maggior parte di loro vive nelle province orientali vicine all'Azerbaigian, in particolare nella provincia di Iğdır. Hanno 70 moschee a Istanbul e circa 300 in tutto il paese e non ricevono finanziamenti statali per le loro moschee e imam poiché la Presidenza degli Affari Religiosi (Diyanet) è esclusivamente sunnita.

Alawiti
La maggior parte della comunità alawita in Turchia, con una popolazione stimata di circa 1.000.000 vive nella provincia di Hatay, dove rappresentano quasi la metà della popolazione totale, principalmente nei distretti di Arsuz, Defne e Samandağ, dove gli alawiti costituiscono la maggioranza e ad Alessandretta e Antiochia dove costituiscono una minoranza significativa della popolazione. Comunità alawite più grandi si trovano anche nella regione di Çukurova, principalmente dentro e intorno alle città di Adana, Tarso e Mersina.

Sufismo
L'Islam popolare in Turchia ha derivato molte delle sue pratiche popolari dal sufismo che ha una buona presenza in Turchia e in Egitto. Particolari shaikh sufi, e occasionalmente altri individui ritenuti devoti, erano considerati dopo la morte come santi con poteri speciali. La venerazione dei santi (sia maschi che femmine) e i pellegrinaggi ai loro santuari e tombe rappresentano un aspetto importante dell'Islam popolare nel Paese che ha continuato ad abbracciare tali pratiche sebbene la venerazione dei santi sia stata ufficialmente scoraggiata dagli anni 1930. Le targhe affisse in vari santuari vietano l'accensione di candele, l'offerta di oggetti votivi e le relative attività devozionali in questi luoghi. Gli shaykh sufi moderni, con grandi seguaci in Turchia, includono Shaykh Mehmet Efendi (residente a Istanbul) e Mawlana Sheikh Nazim Al-Haqqani che risiedeva a Leuka, Cipro del Nord, fino alla sua morte nel maggio 2014.

Coranisti
Coloro che non accettano l'autorità degli hadith, noti come Coranisti, Quraniyoon o Ahl al-Quran, sono presenti anche in Turchia, dove le idee coraniste sono diventate particolarmente evidenti, con porzioni di giovani che hanno lasciato l'Islam o si sono convertite al Coranismo. C'è stato un significativo fiorire di borse di studio coraniche in Turchia, con la presenza anche di professori di teologia coranica in importanti università, inclusi studiosi come Yaşar Nuri Öztürk e Caner Taslaman. Alcuni credono che ci siano coranisti segreti anche nel Diyanet stesso.

La direzione turca degli affari religiosi (Diyanet) critica e insulta regolarmente i coranisti, non concede loro alcun riconoscimento e li chiama kafir (miscredenti). I coranisti hanno risposto con argomentazioni e li hanno sfidati a un dibattito.

La Turchia è un membro fondatore dell'Organizzazione per la Cooperazione Islamica (OIC, già Organizzazione della Conferenza Islamica). La sede di alcune organizzazioni islamiche si trova in Turchia:

 Il Forum della Gioventù della Conferenza Islamica per il Dialogo e la Cooperazione (ICYF-DC) a Istanbul
 Il Centro di ricerca per la storia, l'arte e la cultura islamica (IRCICA), a Istanbul, e
 Il Centro di ricerca e formazione statistica, economica e sociale per i paesi islamici (SESRIC) ad Ankara.

Note

Bibliografia
 Bein, Amit. Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition (2011) Amazon.com
 Karakas, Cemal (2007) "Turkey. Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics and Society". Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Germany, PRIF-Report No. 78/2007.
 Smith, Thomas W. (2005) "Between Allah and Ataturk: Liberal Islam in Turkey", The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 9, No. 3., pp. 307–325.
 Yavuz, M. Hakan. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey (2003) Amazon.com
 Chopra, R.M., Sufism, 2016, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi.
 Yavuz, M. Hakan and Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi (2019), "Turkish Secularism and Islam Under the Reign of Erdoğan", Southeast and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 19, NO. 1; https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2019.1580828

Voci correlate
 Religioni in Turchia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Trois filles et neuf bonnes résolutions (titre original : ) est le premier roman de la série intitulée Trois filles, de la romancière anglaise Jacqueline Wilson. Il est paru en 2005.

Résumé

L'histoire est racontée du point de vue de l'adolescente Eleanor Allard, alias Ellie. Lors de vacances en famille au Pays de Galles, elle fait la rencontre de Dan. Ce dernier tombe amoureux de la jeune adolescente, mais malheureusement pour lui, ses sentiments ne sont pas réciproques car Ellie le trouve beaucoup trop ringard. Cependant, lors de la rentrée scolaire, Eleanor retrouve ses deux meilleures amies, Nadine et Magda, toutes deux en couple. Se sentant à l'écart, elle décide de mentir à ses amies et d'inventer une histoire d'amour avec le fameux Dan rencontré au cours de ses vacances. Au fil de l'intrigue, cette fausse romance se développe, tout comme les inquiétude d'Ellie et de Magda à propos de leur amie Nadine. En effet, son petit ami Liam tient à tout prix à avoir des relations sexuelles avec elle, bien que Nadine ne se sente pas prête. Les trois amies finissent par se disputer à ce sujet, mais se réconcilient rapidement.

La soirée d'anniversaire de Magda viendra tout chambouler. Les trois filles décident de se rendre secrètement dans une boîte de nuit appelée le Septième Ciel. Lors de la soirée, Nadine rencontre les ex de son petit copain Liam et découvre qu'elles ont été victimes de ses mensonges. La jeune fille apprend alors que Liam souhaite se débarrasser d'elle juste après avoir obtenu ce qu'il désirait : du sexe. Mais les jeunes filles ne sont pas au bout de leurs surprises, surtout Ellie qui voit débarquer à la soirée le fameux Dan, loin d'être le fameux beau gosse cool et branché qu'elle décrivait à ses copines. Elle décide alors d'avouer la vérité à ses amies. La soirée tourne court lorsque les jeunes filles font la mauvaise rencontre de trois garçons alcoolisés. Dan vient alors à leur rescousse et leur permet de s'échapper in extremis.

À la suite de cet acte héroïque, Magda et Nadine poussent Eleanor à remettre en question ses a priori sur Dan et à s'intéresser à lui en dépit de son physique peu avantageux. Le tome 1 se termine par le premier baiser d'Ellie et Dan dans la chambre.

Personnages
Les 3 filles
 Eleanor : ou Ellie. C'est la narratrice du roman. Ellie est une adolescente de 14 ans en classe de quatrième. Artistique et rêveuse, elle a des cheveux bouclés et elle est obnubilée par son apparence physique qu'elle déteste.
 Nadine : C'est la meilleure amie d'enfance d'Ellie. Nadine est grande, fine et arbore un style gothique. Son attitude rebelle a tendance a lui créer de nombreux ennuis.
 Magda : Ellie et Nadine l'ont rencontrée au lycée et elles forment depuis un trio inséparable. Magda est décrite comme une jeune adolescente très jolie, épanouie et sûre d'elle. Tous les garçons sont sous son charme.

La famille d'Ellie
 Benedict « Eggs » : le demi-frère d'Ellie. Son amour pour les œufs au petit déjeuner lui vaut le surnom d'« Eggs ».
 Papa : le père d'Ellie. Lorsque sa femme est morte, il s'est remarié à Anna. Il est professeur d'arts plastiques.
 Anna : la belle-mère d'Ellie. Elle se dispute souvent avec Eleanor, bien que toutes les deux s'aiment énormément.

Les personnages secondaires
 Dan : le petit-ami d'Ellie. Tous deux se sont rencontrés en vacances et finissent dans le tome 1 par sortir ensemble.
 Natasha : la petite sœur de Nadine. Natasha est décrite comme une petite chipie malicieuse qui, dès que ses parents ont le dos tourné, devient vite le pire cauchemar de sa sœur Nadine et de ses amies. Elle est amie avec Benedict, le petit-frère d'Ellie.
 Kevin : un étudiant pour qui Ellie a eu un coup de cœur. Tous deux entament un flirt au début de l'intrigue jusqu'à ce qu'Ellie découvre qu'il est gay.
 Liam : le petit-ami de Nadine. Ce dernier a une réputation d'être un brise-cœur et un coureur de jupon.
 Greg : le petit-ami de Magda. Il étudie dans un lycée pour garçons et est décrit comme un jeune homme aux cheveux rouges sur lesquels il utilise beaucoup de gel.
  Henderson : le professeur d'EPS de Nadine, Magda et Ellie. Elle se montre très stricte et parfois injuste envers les adolescentes dans le tome 1.

Série télévisée

La série télévisée britannique  s'inspire de la trilogie Trois filles de Jacqueline Wilson.

Notes et références

Roman britannique paru en 2005


I recently got to spend another lovely evening with Heather and her family!
While the past couple years have had me doing mostly commercial work I love portraiture and I'm starting to make a conscious effort to do more of it. I've worked with Heather and Rob multiple times, shooting their wedding and family portraits over the years. We wanted to mix it up a bit from the past and instead of going to a local park we stopped in at their Alma Mater Florida State University. They are both huge Seminal fans and wanted these photos to reflect that love. We only had about thirty minutes to capture the beautiful twilight lighting but came away with some great results. The grand architecture of FSU made for a wonderful backdrop for this beautiful family!


Windows 10 PC prices have been slowly creeping up, but some new back-to-school Switch tablet/laptop hybrid devices from Acer may be attractive to those on a shoestring budget.
The US$199 Switch One 10 is one of a few touchscreen hybrids priced under $200. Acer also announced the Switch V 10, which starts at $249 with additional features including a USB-Type C port, a fingerprint reader, 802.11ac Wi-Fi and a Gorilla Glass screen.
The hybrids, also known as 2-in-1 devices, are 10-inch tablets that can be latched on to a keyboard dock to become a laptop.
The new Switch devices are inexpensive Windows alternatives to Chromebooks, which are laptops with Google's Chrome OS. Acer sells Chromebooks starting at $179.99.
Windows PC prices have been going up recently, but Chromebooks have remained inexpensive because of basic storage, memory and processors. Google has been promoting Chrome OS—which is mainly for web-based computing—as a Windows alternative.
Microsoft has waged an on-and-off battle with Google by encouraging PC makers to develop low-cost Windows PCs with OS subsidies. PCs with Windows 8.1 with Bing were available for under $200 starting in 2014, but those laptops were phased out with the release of Windows 10 last year.
Acer's 2-in-1s have Intel's "Cherry Trail" Atom chips. Intel is phasing out Cherry Trail over time in favor of new Pentium and Celeron chips code-named Apollo Lake, which will become available later this year.
Exact specifications for the 2-in-1 devices weren't immediately available, but low-priced laptops usually have flash storage up to 64GB and under 4GB of RAM.
The hybrids will be available in the U.S. and Europe in July, and in China in September.
Acer also announced new laptops: the TravelMate P249 with a 14-inch screen, and the P259 with 15.6-inch screen. The laptops can be configured with Intel Skylake chips, Nvidia's GeForce 940M GPUs and up to 32GB of DDR4 memory.
The laptops start at $599 and will ship in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and China in August, and the U.S. in the fourth quarter. The PCs were announced ahead of the Computex trade show next week in Taipei.


Anticipating a harder match than our season openers, we approached the encounter against one of our more traditional opponents with an air of seriousness. The pitch, we knew, was bouncy and was likely to favour the home side, especially given that all but two of their team play club hockey on the same pitch. From the onset it was obvious to see that the stick skills of the two teams were fairly similar and the early balance of play was reasonably even. Both sides had early chances, John Argyrides keeping out an early deflected effort with a good reaction save. Before too long however, good link up play from Isaac O'Connor and the in-form Josh Seymour put us in the lead, Seymour finding the goal with an easy tap in. Isaac O'Connor added to his already impressive tally this season with two fine individual efforts, before a momentary lapse of concentration allowed a long ball through our back line to an unmarked Harvey striker, who made it 3-1 at the break.
In the second half, some good picks at the back from Craig Alder and hassling from debutant Tom Hume kept us in front, before fitness and commitment started to shine through and give us momentum over the home side. Alongside the hard work of the defence, strong wing play from James Putter and Charles Woodham allowed us to attack on the break. They fed Josh Seymour who finished a superb hat-trick with a strike from the top of the D, which rattled off both posts before finding the goal. Argyrides continued to make some good saves, while we retained more of the ball, making use of possession in order to tire the opposition. Seymour added to his tally in the final minutes, finishing from an Ed Kirkpatrick cross, making the final score an impressive 7-1 against what must be considered a good team. However, it was only due to the hard legwork done by all the team, and the passion shown in all aspects of the match which ensured this win by such a comfortable margin.


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Whilst in the co-op this week I happened to stumble across their new own branded free from section. So of course I had to check out what was available and see which items would accidentally drop into my shopping basket. So I opted for the chocolate brownies. Being free from they are dairy,gluten and wheat free. I thought these would be perfect to share with my mum, who has a gluten free diet.
In each box you get four small square chocolate brownies. Each cake is contains 130 calories, 7.5grams of fat and 10.6grams of sugar. The red symbols on the packaging alerted me to the fact that they would be very indulgent. The top of the brownie is slightly dry in appearance with the texture underneath looking moist and inviting. On biting into the brownie I got the initial crunch from the top of the cake followed by a nice moist texture from the cake underneath. Oh and not forgetting the slight crunch from the nice chocolate chunks that were interlaced with the chocolate sponge. The cake was nice and moist in texture.
Although the cakes are small I found them to be very rich in both flavour and consistency. I would definitely describe them as being very chocolatey in flavour, coming from both from the sponge and the chocolate chips themselves. I enjoyed these cakes. I liked the variance in texture from the top through to the bottom of the cake and the good quantity of chocolate chunks. I will definitely buy these again.


text:
GOOD BYE 2021 GALLERY
010521 Minority Leader Kurt Daudt and Deputy Minority Leader Anne New watch a television monitor as members in their Capitol offices prepare to be sworn in.
010521 Rep. Melissa Hortman is elected to a second term as Speaker of the House and sworn in by Supreme Court Associate Justice Paul Thissen.
011921A National Guard armored vehicle blocks of a street leading to the Capitolas a security measure to protect the building from the type of violence that broke out at the U.S. Capitol in Washington D.C. on Jan. 6.
012821 My wife, Janine, gets a COVID-19 vaccination during the first day of the vaccine lottery at the Sports Center in Blaine.
030321 Minnesota Management and Budget Commissioner Jim Schowalter listens as Gov. Tim Walz answers question about the February budget and revenue forecast. The February forecast reversed a $1.27 billion budget shortfall to a $1.6 billion surplus for the next two- year budget period.
030321 Sen Mary Kiffmeyer watches on a laptop as Sen. Jim Carlson asks a question about her bill that would require the Sec of State to submit to political parties the personal information of election judges during a hybrid hearing of the Senate Civil Law and Data Practices Policy Committee.
33021 DFL Gov. Walz and former Republican Gov. Pawlenty are vaccinated with the one-dose Johnson & Johnson vaccine by Homeland Health nurse KaLee Medina, left, and right, president of the Black Nurses Rock Twin Cities Chapter nurse Kelly V. Robinson.
041421 Minnesota National Guard soldiers use the basement of the Capitol as a staging area as part of Operation Safety Net before receiving their assignments around the building and grounds. Guardsmen were part of a unified command to protect lives, property and allow for peaceful protests during and after the trial of a
Minneapolis police officer for the killings of George Floyd and Daunte Wright.
042221 A little girl in a red jacket stopped in front of a large black & white mural of George Floyd that is part of a memorial at E 38th & Chicago Ave. in Minneapolis where Floyd was killed. She had come with her parents to the site from Ohio to pay their respects.
042221 Pictures of George Floyd and Daunte Wright are part of a memorial in the center of the intersection at E 38th St. & Chicago Ave. in Minneapolis.
042621 Rep. Tina Liebling, chair of the Health Finance and Policy Committee, is projected on a monitor at the back of the House Chamber as she presents the omnibus health and human services bill.
050421 Gov. Tim Walz, after holding a news conference calling on the legislature to pass the $150 million summer learning package as part of the COVID-19 Recovery Budget, gives several students on the playgrounp at Alice Smith Elementary School a push on a tire swing.
050521Workers began installing a display of nearly 3,000 red dresses and heart cut outs as part of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women Nation Day on the upper mall of the Capitol.
050621 Gov. Tim Walz addresses Minnesotans with a live video announcement on the time-table to lift the COVID-19 restrictions before repeating the time-table during an in-person media availability to answer questions of the media
050621 Twins fans will be able to shed their masks and Minnesotans will be happy to return to normal with the lifting of the COVID-19 restrictions by July 1 after Gov. Tim Walz announced the time table to lift all mask restrictions.
051721 Gov. Tim Walz, with budget agreement in hand, leads House Speaker Melissa Hortman and Senate Majority Leader Paul Gazelka to a news conference where Gov. Walz announced the three had reached an agreement on target numbers.
051921 Former Vice President Walter Mondale dies. In 1984 former Vice President Walter Mondale makes history by naming Geraldine Ferraro as the first female running mate on a major party ticket. Mondale and Ferraro are joined by their families during the announcement in the House Chamber.
052521 People kneel for a moment of silence for 9 minutes and 29 seconds to honor George Floyd on the one year anniversary of his death
060121 Keller Fence Company workers began taking the fence down that had remained up for over a year around the Capitol during the protests over the death of George Floyd threats against the Capitol building.
061421 The group Action 4 Liberty are held at the bottom of the steps leading to the Senate Chamber while the legislature convened the special session. The Senate did not take attempt to refuse to grant Gov. Tim Walz an extension of his emergency powers.
062221 Tony Poole, Steamfitters Local 455, holds up his sign and raises his voice in support of petroleum refinery safety standards along with other members of the Minnesota Building Trades outside the Senate Chamber.
070721 The Senate Republican majority approved the minority motion to adjourn sine die the special session on a 42-18 vote. The Senate DFL Minority moved to adjourn sine die instead of taking any other commissioner votes. The motion to adjourn was in protest over the ousting of PCA commissioner Laura Bishop who resigned minutes before a committee hearing the day before and a sure rejection vote by the Senate.
071121 Cub pharmacists offered Saints fans the one-shot Johnson & Johnson vaccine at CHS Field prior to the home opener.
072821Emilio Gonzales, a food production worker, testifies before the Frontline Worker Pay Working Group during the groups first meeting at the Capitol.
120721 MMB Commissioner JIm Schowalter presents a $7.7 billion projected surplus during a new briefing to release the November revenue forecast..
Jan. 27 - Senate Debates and Passes PRO Act 34-33
Jan. 24 - Gov. Tim Walz ONE MINNESOTA BUDGET
Jan. 22 - March For Life - 50th Anniversary of the Roe v. Wade Decision
Jan. 2 - "ONE MINNESOTA" - 2023 INAUGURAL CEREMONY
Jan. 3 - Opening Day 2023 Legislature
Dec. 6 - Budget Forecast Projects - $17.6 Billion Budget Surplus
Nov 30 - Minnesota's First Black Legislative Leaders
Nov. 22 - Minnesota Thanksgiving Turkey Selfie
Nov 8 - Midterm Election Day
October13 - Cafesjian Art Trust Museum - Dale Chihuly Glass Exhibition
© 2021 Tom Olmscheid Photography

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Horná Mičiná – wieś (obec) na Słowacji położona w kraju Bańska Bystrzyca, w powiecie Bańska Bystrzyca.

Położenie

Horná Mičiná leży u południowych podnóży Gór Bystrzyckich, ok. 7 km na południowy wschód od Bańskiej Bystrzycy. Zabudowania rozłożone są w kotlinie, przez którą przepływa w kierunku południowym źródłowy tok potoku Lukavica. Przez wieś biegnie droga nr 591 z Bańskiej Bystrzycy doDolnej Mičinej i dalej przez Čerín do miejscowości Zvolenská Slatina.

Historia

Pierwsze wzmianki o miejscowości pochodzą z roku 1293.

Demografia
Według spisu ludności z dnia 21 maja 2011, wieś zamieszkiwały 524 osoby.

W 2001 roku rozkład populacji względem narodowości i przynależności etnicznej wyglądał następująco:
 Słowacy – 97,34%
 Czesi – 0,61%
 Polacy – 0,20%
 Romowie – 1,02%
 Węgrzy – 0,82%

Zabytki
 Kościół katolicki pw. św. Michała – murowany, gotycki z XIII w. We wnętrzu cenne średniowieczne freski, odsłonięte jedynie w niewielkiej części oraz barokowy ołtarz z 1700 r. Obok kościoła prosta drewniana dzwonnica.
 Kościół ewangelicki – murowany, klasycystyczny, z 1785 r.
 Ruiny renesansowego dworu obronnego z XVI w.

Znane osoby, urodzone w Hornej Mičinej
 Ján Chalupka (1791-1871) – słowacki duchowny ewangelicki, dramatopisarz, publicysta;
 August Horislav Krčméry (1822-1891) – ewangelicki duchowny, kompozytor pieśni religijnych, publicysta oraz działacz kulturalno-oświatowy epoki "szturowskiej".

Według narodowej i literackiej tradycji: Samuel Hojč, Samuel Rožnay, Adam Chalupka.

Przypisy

Miejscowości w powiecie Bańska Bystrzyca


text:
Google delivers strong revenue, profits in Q3
Business was good across the board, from core search advertising to emerging areas like display ads and mobile
By Juan Carlos Perez
Google reported strong increases in profit and revenue in the third quarter, during which the company had good results in both its core and emerging businesses.
Google generated total revenue of $7.29 billion in the quarter, ended Sept. 30, 2010, up 23 percent year-on-year. Subtracting commissions and fees it pays to ad network and other partners, revenue was $5.48 billion, $23 million above the consensus expectation of analysts polled by Thomson Financial.
[ Stay ahead of the key tech business news with InfoWorld's Today's Headlines: First Look newsletter. | Read Bill Snyder's Tech's Bottom Line blog for what the key business trends mean to you. ]
Net income grew 32 percent to $2.17 billion from $1.64 billion in 2009's third quarter, while earnings per share rose 31 percent to $6.72 from $5.13. On a pro forma basis, which excludes certain items, net income was $2.46 billion, or $7.64 per share, exceeding the analysts' consensus of $6.67 per share and topping the $1.88 billion, or $5.89 per share, in 2009's third quarter.
"At the highest level, we're very pleased with our Q3 results. It is clear that the digital economy continues to grow rapidly," Google Chief Financial Officer Patrick Pichette said during a conference call.
Google performed very well not only in its core search advertising business but also in newer markets for the company, such as mobile, display advertising and hosted business applications.
"We saw strength in every major product area in Q3," Pichette said.
Demand for search services and advertising continues to rise along with the unabated growth of the Web, said Jonathan Rosenberg, senior vice president of product management. "Search is still at the heart of the Web," he said.
Google is also experiencing momentum in its emerging businesses. For example, Google now has an annual run rate of $2.5 billion in display ad revenue, including banner ads on YouTube, he said.
"Clearly, we're firing on all cylinders in display," Rosenberg said, adding that Google is generating revenue from 2 billion page views per week on YouTube.
In mobile, Google has an annual revenue run rate of $1 billion, he said.
Sites owned by Google generated 67 percent of total revenue, while partner sites generated 30 percent. Google got 52 percent of its revenue from its international businesses.
As of September, the company had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities worth $33.4 billion.
During the third quarter, Google grew its global staff by 7 percent to 23,331 full-time employees, up from 21,805 in the second quarter.
Google plans to continue hiring aggressively, especially in engineering and sales. "The explosive growth in the digital economy we're experiencing has created a war for talent in our industry," Pichette said.
Continuing to hire talented employees will be key to success. "We've stepped up our hiring machine and are exploring how to attract and retain the best people in this exceptionally competitive environment," he said.
People clicked on Google search ads 16 percent more than in 2009's third quarter. Google generates most of its revenue from so-called PPC (pay-per-click) text ads served along with its search engine results and on partner websites. The cost to advertisers of those Google PPC ads rose 3 percent year-on-year.
Like other online ad sellers, Google is benefitting from a rebound in the market. Online ad revenue in the U.S. increased 11.3 percent to US$12.1 billion during the first six months of the year, compared with the same period in 2009, the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) and PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) reported this week.
If the spending trend continues, online ad revenue could reach its highest annual level in 2010, topping the previous record of $23.4 billion set in 2008, according to the IAB and PwC report.
In 2009, U.S. online advertising revenue shrunk 3 percent to $22.7 billion, as marketers cut down on spending while weathering the economic storm.
Search ads, Google's bread and butter, continue to be by far the most popular online ad format, accounting for 47 percent of spending, followed by display ads, such as banners, with 36 percent.


text:
Mountain pigeons are four species of birds in the genus Gymnophaps in the pigeon family Columbidae. They are found on islands in eastern Indonesia and Melanesia, where they inhabit hill and montane forest. They mostly have dull grey, white, or chestnut-brown plumage, with bright red skin around the eyes being their most distinctive feature. Males and females mostly look alike, but the Papuan mountain pigeon shows slight sexual dimorphism. Mountain pigeons are very social and are usually seen in flocks of at least 10–40 birds, although some species can form flocks of more than 100 individuals. They are generally quiet and do not make many vocalisations. However, they make a distinctive whooshing noise while leaving their high-altitude roosts to feed in the morning.

The genus was originally described by the Italian zoologist Tommaso Salvadori in 1874 and currently contains four species. The species are allopatric (having geographically isolated populations) and form a single superspecies. Mountain pigeons are arboreal (tree-inhabiting) and feed on a wide variety of fruit like figs and drupes, mainly foraging for food in the canopy. Nests can be of two types: the first type is a shallow depression in the forest floor or short grass, while the second is a platform of sticks placed at a height of several metres in a tree. Clutches consist of a single white egg. All four species are listed as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List.

Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Gymnophaps was introduced by the Italian zoologist Tommaso Salvadori in 1874 for the Papuan mountain pigeon (Gymnophaps albertisii), which is the type species of the genus. The name Gymnophaps combines the Ancient Greek words γυμνος (gumnos), meaning bare, and φαψ (phaps), meaning pigeon. In 1900, after the 1899 description of the Buru mountain pigeon as a species of Columba, the German ornithologist Ernst Hartert stated that if Gymnophaps was to be maintained, it would have to include the Buru mountain pigeon as well, although he preferred keeping both the Papuan and Buru mountain pigeons in Columba. The Seram mountain pigeon, originally described as a separate species, was moved into Gymnophaps as a subspecies of the Buru mountain pigeon in 1927. The German-American ornithologist Ernst Mayr described the pale mountain pigeon in 1931. In 2007, the Buru and Seram mountain pigeons were again split as distinct species by Frank Rheindt and Robert Hutchinson on the basis of differences in appearance. All four species in the genus are allopatric (having geographically isolated populations) and can be considered to form a single superspecies.

Gymnophaps was initially thought to be most closely related to Columba, but the Australian ornithologist Tom Iredale suggested in 1956 that it was more closely related to the fruit dove genus Ptilinopus due to arboreal and frugivorous nature. In 1963, the British ornithologist Derek Goodwin also hypothesized that Gymnophaps was more closely related to Ptilinopus and the imperial pigeon genus Ducula than Columba due to similarities in their plumage. A 2007 mitochondrial and nuclear DNA study of 41 pigeon genera by Sergio Pereira and colleagues found that Gymnophaps was most closely related to the topknot pigeon, with this clade being sister (the closest relative of) to Hemiphaga. These three genera are further sister to another clade formed by Ptilinopus, the cloven-feathered dove, and Alectroenas, with Ducula being the most basal genus in the group. The following cladogram shows the relationships within this group based on the study:

List of species

Description

All four species of mountain pigeon are medium-sized pigeons with long tails and wings. They have dull grey, white, or chestnut-brown plumage and extensive red orbital skin. In most species, both sexes look similar, but the Papuan mountain pigeon displays slight sexual dimorphism, with females have greyish breasts and grey edges to the throat feathers, compared to the males' whitish breasts and maroon throat feathers. Mountain pigeons can be distinguished from other pigeons by the red skin around the eyes, the bluish-grey , and the scaly patterning on the wings.

Vocalisations
Mountain pigeons are generally silent, but have been recorded giving a deep woooooo m or woom, soft whistles, a wheezy vrrhu, and a quiet vruu.

Distribution and habitat
Mountain pigeons are all found on islands in the Maluku Islands and Melanesia. The Papuan mountain pigeon is found on New Guinea, Yapen, the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Bacan. The Buru mountain pigeon is endemic to Buru and the Seram mountain pigeon is endemic to Seram. The pale mountain pigeon is endemic to the Solomon Islands archipelago, where it is found on Bougainville, Kolombangara, Vangunu, Guadalcanal and Malaita.

All four species in the genus inhabit hill and montane forests, but frequently visit lowlands to feed. Some species also show seasonal movements, with large flocks of the Papuan mountain pigeon in the Schrader Range descending to visit beech forests during the rainy season from October to March.

Behaviour and ecology
All four species of mountain pigeons are highly gregarious, usually being found in flocks of 10–40 birds, with flocks of the Papuan mountain pigeon having as many as 80 birds. Flocks of the pale mountain pigeon near fruiting trees can also have more than 100 individuals. Less commonly, mountain pigeons can also be found singly or in pairs.

Mountains pigeons generally roost high in mountains and descend in flocks to feed in the mornings. While doing so, they can drop hundreds of metres in a single dive. making a loud whooshing noise that is distinctive of the genus. The birds fly low above trees while leaving the roost, but fly very high while crossing lowlands.

Feeding
Mountain pigeons are arboreal (tree-inhabiting) frugivores, feeding on a variety of fruit such as figs and drupes. They mostly forage in the canopy, although they are also sometimes found in the midstorey or understorey. In the pale mountain pigeon, birds that are disturbed during foraging fly explosively out of the tree. Some species will fly long distances to visit specific species of fruiting plants, while others have been recorded feeding on trees near the coast. The Papuan mountain pigeon has been recorded drinking water from puddles on the roadside and eating soil.

Breeding

A display flight has been observed during the breeding season in the Papuan and Seram mountain pigeons. In the Papuan mountain pigeon, one or two males consort with a female from an open perch overlooking a steep drop, after which one male launches himself and dives down before suddenly rising  above the forest canopy with rapid wingbeats. The male then stalls at the top of this rise and plummets again before returning to his perch. This is repeated periodically, with both males taking turns to display to the female. Male Seram mountain pigeons perform a similar display, but fly lower, less steeply, and continue to fly forward after descending instead of returning to the perch immediately.

The Papuan mountain pigeon's breeding season lasts from October to March in the Schrader Range, but it may breed throughout the year in other parts of its range. The pale mountain pigeon has been observed breeding from July to September. The only known nest of the Seram mountain pigeon was seen in September. Nothing is known about the Buru mountain pigeon's breeding.

Mountain pigeons nests can be of two types: the first type is a shallow depression in the forest floor or short grass, while the second is a platform of sticks placed at a height of several metres in a tree. The Papuan mountain pigeon is thought to nest in a partially colonial manner. The Papuan, pale, and Seram mountain pigeons all lay clutches of one white egg, while the Buru mountain pigeon's clutch size is not known.

Predators and parasites
Mountain pigeons have been recorded being parasitised by the feather louse Columbicola galei. They may also be hunted by the pygmy eagle.

Status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists all four species of mountain pigeons as being of least concern due to their stable populations and sufficiently large ranges. The Papuan mountain pigeon is common on New Guinea, but local populations can vary widely. It is generally uncommon on New Britain and New Ireland and is thought to also be uncommon on Bacan. The pale mountain pigeon is also moderately common throughout its range and is very common on Kolombangara, where it roosts in flocks of hundreds. The population of the Buru mountain pigeon was estimated at 43,000 in 1989 and is currently thought to be between 20,000 and 50,000. The Seram mountain pigeon's population has not been estimated, but it is reportedly commoner on Seram than the Buru mountain pigeon is on Buru.

Notes

References

Bird genera
Taxa named by Tommaso Salvadori
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


text:
Glocal's digital and acute healthcare delivery model bridges urban-rural healthcare divide
BySujata
New Delhi: The innovative and transformational digital healthcare delivery model of Glocal Healthcare Systems, a leading technology, and process-based healthcare social enterprise, is proving to be a big boon for the underprivileged, especially in remote rural regions, by reshaping the way modern and quality healthcare services is delivered and accessed by the most marginalized section of society.
Glocal's three mutually supportive arms comprising of telemedicine, digital clinics, and digital acute-care hospitals also pare into the iron stranglehold of Indian healthcare by making healthcare affordable, accessible, and accountable and in turn bridging the social, regional, and economic divide.
Glocal's impactful interventions have been validated by independent assessments. A study titled "Social Impact of Glocal Healthcare Systems" conducted by Sambodhi Research and Communication involving nearly 500 respondents from the states of Bihar, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh, revealed that on three significant parameters of Affordability, Accessibility, and Quality of Care, respondents were highly satisfied and that the popularity of Glocal Healthcare delivery model has been increasing through endorsement and positive word of mouth recommendations.
The study points out that Glocal's transformational model has become a game changer and a big support for the national commitment to providing quality Universal Healthcare to all by 2030. It may be noted that providing quality and affordable healthcare solutions to the poorest section of society remains one of the biggest challenges and commitments for 21st-century India.
The study also noted that the Glocal Healthcare model strives for the efficient use of adequate healthcare resources to achieve, preserve, and protect individual health and contribute to public health with the realization of Universal Health Care by 2030.
"We exist to ensure that healthcare is available to everyone, everywhere, anytime at a price that people and society can afford. To make it happen we use technology and when needed create new technology to transform how healthcare is delivered", Dr. Sabahat Azim, Founder and Chairman of Glocal Healthcare.
Glocal currently operates 11 multispecialty acute care hospitals in West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha, as well as over 700 Primary Care Digital Dispensaries (DDs), mainly in Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Gujarat. Its digital facilities have touched the lives of more than a million people in target areas.
The scale of the country's healthcare challenges can be gauged by the fact that a staggering 39% of the Indian population does not have access to the requisite healthcare services. Delivering quality healthcare becomes a tougher challenge given the sharp urban-rural divide as 75% of healthcare facilities as well as 75% of the doctors' population reside in urban areas while 68.84% of the national population still lives in rural areas. Covid-19 has further highlighted the gaps in the system and the chasm between urban and rural centers.
India's doctor-population ratio of 0.62 per 1000 people is also well below the WHO recommended doctor-population ratio of 1:1000. The situation is far dismal in central-eastern Indian states, especially when considering the available facilities within the public sector. For instance, Bihar has the highest population served per allopathic government doctor (28391 people), followed by Uttar Pradesh (19962), Jharkhand (18518), Madhya Pradesh (16996), Chhattisgarh (15916) and Odisha (12744).
Against this challenging backdrop, Glocal's incorporation of high-end health technologies and processes has significantly cut down operational costs and has enabled it to offer accessible, affordable, and accountable healthcare to the underserved population through telemedicine, digital clinics, and Acute Care Hospitals. Millions of previously under-served and un-served populations are now availing of Glocal's digital consultations which provide access to the best of healthcare experts.
As recognition for its huge impact on the bottom of the pyramid population and digital innovation, Glocal Healthcare was conferred the Gold (top) Award in two categories – (1) Excellence in Social Initiatives and (2) Digital Innovation in Healthcare, by FICCI in the 14th edition of FICCI Healthcare Excellence Awards (2022) on 11th October 2022.
100% of participants concluded that workplace stress has an adverse effect on employee mental health and can reduce work efficiency – Genius Consultants report
Hyderabad Valves Conference to showcase advanced techniques of valve replacement
By Sujata
Marengo Asia Hospitals have harvested eleven organs and transplanted seven organs within 24 hours
Skin and Hair challenges during winter


text:
Q: Jquery: How to remove duplicate HTML TABLE rows based on columns values Using J-query,  how can i remove duplicate rows whose two columns values are repeated, eg. I have 2 columns i.e CA and STATUS, I want to consider unique row to be visible if the STATUS column value is 'PARTIAL' and the CA columns are duplicate.
Current screen:

Expected Output screen:

CODE FIDDLE
html code

      <FORM name="form0" method="post">

                              CA
                              LD
                              COUNT
                              NAME
                              DATE1
                              STATUS
                              DATE2
                              DATE3

                              BDC
                              5861

                              ABC
                              09/12/2011 04:33:20

<input type="button" name="loadStatus" valign="middle" size="10" value="PENDING" onclick="javascript:getDetail('BDC','5861', 'PENDING')" class="PENDING">

                                 09/12/2011 04:33:55

                              BDC
                              21990
                              1357
                              DEF
                              06/11/2015 11:37:58

<input type="button" name="loadStatus" style="background-color:yellow;" valign="middle" size="10" value="PARTIAL" onclick="javascript:getDetail('BDC','21990','PARTIAL')" class="PARTIAL">

                                 06/11/2015 16:04:28

                                 06/11/2015 16:04:28

                              BDC
                              22366

                              GHI
                              07/29/2015 13:49:25

<input type="button" name="loadStatus" valign="middle" size="10" value="PENDING" onclick="javascript:getDetail('BDC','22366', 'PENDING')" class="PENDING">

                                 07/29/2015 14:28:16

                              BDC
                              22367
                              1357
                              JKL
                              07/29/2015 14:35:19

<input type="button" name="loadStatus" valign="middle" size="10" value="PARTIAL" style="background-color:yellow;" onclick="javascript:getDetail('BDC','22367','PARTIAL')" class="PARTIAL">

                                 07/29/2015 15:03:37

                                 07/29/2015 15:03:37

                              BDC
                              22369
                              1357
                              MNO
                              07/29/2015 15:14:52

<input type="button" name="loadStatus" valign="middle" size="10" value="PARTIAL" style="background-color:yellow;" onclick="javascript:getDetail('BDC','22369','PARTIAL')" class="PARTIAL">

                                 07/29/2015 15:52:46

                                 07/29/2015 15:52:46

                              BEX
                              9500

                              PQR
                              01/31/2012 00:39:57

<input type="button" name="loadStatus" valign="middle" size="10" value="PENDING" onclick="javascript:getDetail('BEX','9500', 'PENDING')" class="PENDING">

                                 01/31/2012 00:40:58

                              BID
                              9918

                              STW
                              02/10/2012 06:09:50

<input type="button" name="loadStatus" valign="middle" size="10" value="PENDING" onclick="javascript:getDetail('BID','9918', 'PENDING')" class="PENDING">

                                 02/10/2012 06:10:14

                              BID
                              9919

                              XYZ
                              02/10/2012 06:11:55

<input type="button" name="loadStatus" valign="middle" size="10" value="PENDING" onclick="javascript:getDetail('BID','9919', 'PENDING')" class="PENDING">

                                 02/10/2012 06:12:15

         <INPUT TYPE="hidden" name="LOAD_ID" value="" />
         <INPUT TYPE="hidden" name="uiStatus" value="" />
      </FORM>

I know basics jquery , but i could not able to think logic and implement for this ,anyone who are expert please help me.
$( document ).ready(function() {
  //i can do for single columns it works, but confused what to i have multiple columns
  var seen = {};
$('table tr').each(function() {
    var txt = $(this).text();
    if (seen[txt])
        $(this).remove();
    else
        seen[txt] = true;
});
});

A: Please add a class for little selector simplification say "mytable"
You can use following javascript for your solution:
var seen = [];

function pushDataInSeen(ca, status) {
    var alreadyThere = false;
    var i = 0
    for (i = 0; i < seen.length; i++) {
        var theObj = seen[i];
        if ((theObj.ca == ca) && (theObj.status == status) && (status == 'partial')) {
            alreadyThere = true;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (!alreadyThere) {
        seen.push({
            "ca": ca,
            "status": status
        });
    }
    return !alreadyThere;
}

$(document).ready(function() {
    var removal = [];
    $('table.mytable tr').each(function(index) {
        if (index) {
            /* skip the first one for header as per the html structure */
            var ca = $("td:nth-child(1)", $(this)).text().trim().toLowerCase();
            var status = $("td:nth-child(6) input", $(this)).val().toLowerCase();
            if (!pushDataInSeen(ca, status)) {
                removal.push(index + 1);
            }
        }
    });

    removal.reverse();
    for (var i = 0; i < removal.length; i++) {
        $('table.mytable tr:nth-child(' + removal[i] + ')').remove();
    }

});

A: Inside your .each loop, add:
var tdElements = $(this).find('td').get();

This will get an array of all the td elements in order of appearance, then you can loop through and extract the text of the td elements you want.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Occasionally we run discount codes across social media platforms with our partners. These discount codes may exclude certain items and brands without notice.
1.18 If your purchased item was damaged in-transit to you then you must notify us immediately of taking delivery of the item. Please thoroughly inspect your item(s) as soon as they arrive with you.
(a) the supply of goods that are made to the customer's specification or are clearly personalised.
(b) the supply of goods that are liable to deteriorate or expire rapidly.
(a) unseal goods that are not suitable for return or return good not fit for resale.
1.27 All items are subject to availability. All of our stock levels are live, but obviously errors can occur in our warehousing stock control systems. We will inform you as soon as possible if the goods you have ordered are not available. Products and packaging are subject to change or substitution without prior notice. Every effort will be made to dispatch the items specified.
1.28 In the unlikely event the item you received is not what you originally ordered, please contact us via sales@rhdperformance.co.uk and quote your order number, your name and address, details of the product, reason for return, and whether you require a refund or a replacement. We will then advise on how to proceed with the return.
1.29 For shipping overseas (outside of the UK) we will contact you on receiving your order (and prior to processing it) to quote for shipping charges and times.
1.30 Performance goods are supplied for specialist use and usually alter the vehicle from manufacturers' specification. They can be subject to extreme use when compared to the usual goods that we supply ("Performance Goods"). The life expectancy and durability of Performance Goods can differ to standard goods depending on the item, and therefore you should note that a claim for failure or wear of the Performance Goods shall not be entertained by us. Any warranty claims sought in relation to Performance Goods shall be strictly subject to the manufacturers' warranty terms for such items. It is also important that you know if an item falls into the category of Performance goods, for example uprated exhausts/suspension/air filters/performance brake parts. If you are unsure it is your responsibility to seek advice.
No liability shall be accepted by us where you attempt to modify or install Performance Goods where it is known or ought reasonably to be known by you that the Performance Goods have been incorrectly supplied or otherwise not in accordance with your order. Further, due to the stress that is placed on connected parts to which the Performance Goods are supplied, we strongly recommend that specialist advice from our experts is sought prior to purchase to ensure the Performance Goods are satisfactory for your vehicle. It is also recommended that you gain advice from a specialist garage to ensure the item purchased is suitable for your vehicle or planned use.
c) It is your responsibility to ensure that any Performance Goods applied to vehicles or any modified vehicles on public roads are legal, safe and compliant with UK regulatory requirements for use on public roads.


"I think he legend regardless, no matter what," Youngsta said in the first half of the segment. "Any time you can go five years and they want it, and they come and ask for it over and over, you somebody."
Representing two very disparate corners of the hip-hop Universe, Bas and Blac Youngsta both agree on thing in particular that the Young Money boss as attained the "Legend Status." The two men sitting next to another for a "Coffee Table" discussion with Rosenberg,the conversation wasn't really centered on Wheezy alone.
Bas echoing Wayne's sentiment was in agreement with Blac Youngsta about Cardi B deserving her place at the top of the food chain, also commending Lauryn Hill for paving the way for artists "emotionally adept music."
Going back to the topic, Bas agrees that Weezy has earned his living legend stat. Rhetorically he added; "Look at the kids now, who inspired them more than Wayne."


Surgical Technologists are a vital member of the surgical team. They are responsible for the surgical patient's safety in the operating room, specifically as it relates to the sterility and safe handling of instruments and equipment used during the surgical procedure, the sterility of the surgical field, and ensuring that the surgeon has the correct instruments to perform the procedure. Job growth is greater than average.


text:
<?php

namespace Magento\Customer\Block\Adminhtml\Edit\Tab\View;

use Magento\Customer\Controller\RegistryConstants;
use Magento\Directory\Model\Currency;
use Magento\Sales\Model\Order;

/**
 * Adminhtml customer view sales block
 */
class Sales extends \Magento\Backend\Block\Template
{
    /**
     * Sales entity collection
     *
     * @var \Magento\Sales\Model\ResourceModel\Sale\Collection
     */
    protected $_collection;

    /**
     * @var array
     */
    protected $_groupedCollection;

    /**
     * @var int[]
     */
    protected $_websiteCounts;

    /**
     * Currency model
     *
     * @var Currency
     */
    protected $_currency;

    /**
     * Core registry
     *
     * @var \Magento\Framework\Registry
     */
    protected $_coreRegistry = null;

    /**
     * @var \Magento\Directory\Model\CurrencyFactory
     */
    protected $_currencyFactory;

    /**
     * @var \Magento\Sales\Model\ResourceModel\Sale\CollectionFactory
     */
    protected $_collectionFactory;

    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @param \Magento\Backend\Block\Template\Context $context
     * @param \Magento\Directory\Model\CurrencyFactory $currencyFactory
     * @param \Magento\Sales\Model\ResourceModel\Sale\CollectionFactory $collectionFactory
     * @param \Magento\Framework\Registry $coreRegistry
     * @param array $data
     */
    public function __construct(
        \Magento\Backend\Block\Template\Context $context,
        \Magento\Directory\Model\CurrencyFactory $currencyFactory,
        \Magento\Sales\Model\ResourceModel\Sale\CollectionFactory $collectionFactory,
        \Magento\Framework\Registry $coreRegistry,
        array $data = []
    ) {
        $this->_coreRegistry = $coreRegistry;
        $this->_currencyFactory = $currencyFactory;
        $this->_collectionFactory = $collectionFactory;
        parent::__construct($context, $data);
    }

    /**
     * Initialize the sales grid.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected function _construct()
    {
        parent::_construct();
        $this->setId('customer_view_sales_grid');
    }

    /**
     * Execute before toHtml() code.
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function _beforeToHtml()
    {
        $this->_currency = $this->_currencyFactory->create()->load(
            $this->_scopeConfig->getValue(
                Currency::XML_PATH_CURRENCY_BASE,
                \Magento\Store\Model\ScopeInterface::SCOPE_STORE
            )
        );

        $this->_collection = $this->_collectionFactory->create()->setCustomerIdFilter(
            (int)$this->_coreRegistry->registry(RegistryConstants::CURRENT_CUSTOMER_ID)
        )->setOrderStateFilter(
            Order::STATE_CANCELED,
            true
        )->load();

        $this->_groupedCollection = [];

        foreach ($this->_collection as $sale) {
            if ($sale->getStoreId() !== null) {
                $store = $this->_storeManager->getStore($sale->getStoreId());
                $websiteId = $store->getWebsiteId();
                $groupId = $store->getGroupId();
                $storeId = $store->getId();

                $sale->setWebsiteId($store->getWebsiteId());
                $sale->setWebsiteName($store->getWebsite()->getName());
                $sale->setGroupId($store->getGroupId());
                $sale->setGroupName($store->getGroup()->getName());
            } else {
                $websiteId = 0;
                $groupId = 0;
                $storeId = 0;

                $sale->setStoreName(__('Deleted Stores'));
            }

            $this->_groupedCollection[$websiteId][$groupId][$storeId] = $sale;
            $this->_websiteCounts[$websiteId] = isset(
                $this->_websiteCounts[$websiteId]
            ) ? $this->_websiteCounts[$websiteId] + 1 : 1;
        }

        return parent::_beforeToHtml();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the website count for the specified website Id
     *
     * @param int $websiteId
     * @return int
     */
    public function getWebsiteCount($websiteId)
    {
        return isset($this->_websiteCounts[$websiteId]) ? $this->_websiteCounts[$websiteId] : 0;
    }

    /**
     * @return array
     */
    public function getRows()
    {
        return $this->_groupedCollection;
    }

    /**
     * @return \Magento\Framework\DataObject
     */
    public function getTotals()
    {
        return $this->_collection->getTotals();
    }

    /**
     * Format price by specified website
     *
     * @param float $price
     * @param null|int $websiteId
     * @return string
     */
    public function formatCurrency($price, $websiteId = null)
    {
        return $this->_storeManager->getWebsite($websiteId)->getBaseCurrency()->format($price);
    }

    /**
     * Is single store mode
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function isSingleStoreMode()
    {
        return $this->_storeManager->isSingleStoreMode();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The hottest new thirst quencher this summer is the tart gose ("goes-uh"), an ancient German brew spiced with salt to round out its sourness.
That sodium also provides an electrolytic jolt—perfect for long days in the sun or a post-exercise cooldown. Here are a few of the best.


Taikoo Place Apartments, a brand new serviced apartment in Quarry Bay. We are currently seeking a creative, presentable and self-motivated individual with a fun and positive personality to join our team.
Reporting to the Duty Engineer, Technician (Building) is responsible for performing all duties within the scope of carpentry, masonry and painting in the Apartments, including repairing furniture, interior and exterior building walls.
• Experience in Builder's works including painting, masonry, woodwork, wallpaper, carpet etc.


text:
ORR increases operator charges on High Speed 1 line
ORR have stated that operators using the High Speed 1 rail line will be expected to collectively pay £25.9 million annually.
Credit: Eurostar/ Nathan Gallagher
The Office of Rail and Road (ORR) has announced its decision that train operators using the High Speed 1 rail line – specifically, from London to the Channel Tunnel – will collectively pay £25.9 million annually towards the long-term expense of keeping the line in good condition.
The increase in charge is attributed to the predicted increase in cost of maintenance in the future – the high-speed line and its assets are almost two decades old and, therefore, needs more work to keep it functioning smoothly. The charges will be used to cover costs for any necessary work required over the next 40 years, which will ultimately help to prevent price spikes in the future.
The ORR's Chief Executive, John Larkinson, said: "High Speed 1 is a valuable public asset and our role is to provide independent assurance that the line will be kept in good condition over the long-term at the lowest possible cost. This is important to make sure that train operators and, in turn, passengers and freight users get a good deal now but not at the expense of future generations."
The new charge is 32 per cent – £12.3 million – less than what was requested by HS1 Ltd. ORR's analysis shows that the lower figure is sufficient to ensure the maintenance of the line and that the assets are sustained.
Though ORR has approved the majority of HS1 Ltd's proposals, certain aspects of how the asset should be managed were also determined – this included the review of the approach to asset life and project management costs.
Following the increase in funding, and the subsequent expected increase in maintenance work, ORR has stated that it will be reviewing and heightening its monitoring and reporting of HS1 Ltd's progress, in order to ensure that the plan is delivered well and at a good value.
High-Speed Rail, Infrastructure Developments, Regulation & Legislation, Track/Infrastructure Maintenance & Engineering
HS1 Ltd, Office of Rail and Road (ORR)
John Larkinson
Major agreements signed to progress with California high-speed rail
In-Depth Focus: Track Maintenance
Port of Long Beach has chosen lead design for the $870 million rail project
Notified Body services tender announced for Rail Baltica infrastructure


DVI was developed to create an industry standard for the transfer of digital video content. The interface is designed to transmit uncompressed digital video and can be configured to support multiple modes such as DVI-D (digital only) or DVI-I (digital and analog). Featuring support for analog connections as well, the DVI specification provides optional compatibility with the VGA interface. DVI input is a type of video input found on modern television and computer equipment. It offers superior quality to that of component and is comparable with HDMI.
A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and high definition television sets. On laptop computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port is sometimes used in place of the full-sized VGA connector. DE-15 is also conventionally called RGB connector, D-sub 15, mini sub D15, mini D15, DB-15, HDB-15, HD-15 or HD15 (High Density, to distinguish it from the older and less flexible DE-9 connector used on some older VGA cards, which has the same shell size but only two rows of pins). VGA connectors and cables carry analog component RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal sync, vertical sync) video signals, and VESA Display Data Channel (VESA DDC) data.
An analog video color format that combines all three YUV video signals into one channel. The first video signal to include color, composite video transmits brightness/luma (Y) and colors/chroma (U and V) over one cable. NTSC, PAL and SECAM television sets have composite video inputs.
This is a successor to DVI, which is able to pass audio and video signals securely. The HDMI interface resembles a USB connector. Stands for "High-Definition Multimedia Interface." HDMI is a digital interface for transmitting audio and video data in a single cable. It is supported by most HDTVs and related components, such as DVD and Blu-ray players, cable boxes, and video game systems. While other types of A/V connections require separate cables for audio and video data, HDMI carries the audio and video streams together, greatly eliminating cable clutter. For example, a component cable connection requires three cables for video and two for audio, totaling five cables in all. The same information can be transmitted using one HDMI cable. Because HDMI is a digital connection, HDMI cables are less prone to interference and signal noise than analog cables. Also, since most components, such as DVD players and digital cable boxes process information digitally, using HDMI eliminates the analog to digital conversion other interfaces require. Therefore, HDMI often produces the best quality picture and sound compared to other types of connections.
The BNC connector (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) is a miniature quick connect/disconnect RF connector used for coaxial cable. It features two bayonet lugs on the female connector; mating is achieved with only a quarter turn of the coupling nut. BNCs are ideally suited for cable termination for miniature-to-subminiature coaxial cable (e.g., RG-58, 59, to RG-179, RG-316). They are used with radio, television, and other radio-frequency electronic equipment, test instruments, video signals, and was once a popular connector for 10BASE2 computer networks. BNC connectors are made to match the characteristic impedance of cable at either 50 ohms or 75 ohms. It is usually applied for frequencies below 4 GHz  and voltages below 500 Volts.
The D-subminiature or D-sub is a common type of electrical connector. They are named for their characteristic D-shaped metal shield. When they were introduced, D-subs were among the smaller connectors used on computer systems. TTL circuit Input typical for older CGA, EGA, and SVGA compatible resolutions.
A USB port is a standard cable connection interface on personal computers and consumer electronics. USB ports allow stand-alone electronic devices to be connected via cables to a computer (or to each other).
USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, an industry standard for short-distance digital data communications. USB allows data to be transferred between devices. USB ports can also supply electric power across the cable to devices without their own power source.
In computing, a serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time (in contrast to a parallel port). Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data was transferred through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals and various peripherals.


To outsiders, the use of cow urine to cure everything from a headache to AIDS is obviously quack science. But to many Indians it is thought of as indisputable fact. This is partly because the ancient scripts of Hinduism mention cow pee and cow dung as medicinal cure-alls (mainly because cows are considered sacred there).
Sacred cow preservationists are the one's selling and profiting from the bottled cow urine. Besides simply ingesting the stuff, people have been known to rub it into their skin and also to bathe their young children in it to purify and rejuvenate.
Disgustingly, this is a link to a site that offers the treatment therapy which typically takes many months of ingesting cow excretions to see results.
Khanna, Rajeev. "Coke has a Rival: RSS's Cow Urine Cola." Express India. 10 Feb. 2009. 2 Mar. 2009 .
Page, Jeremy. "India to Launch Cow Urine as Soft Drink." Times Onine. 11 Feb. 2009. 2 Mar. 2009 .
West, Julian. "A Gift from the Gods: Bottled Cow Urine." Rupee News. 16 Feb. 2008. 2 Mar. 2009 .


text:
The Statue of Tudor Vladimirescu, SlatinaCod 1684
Tudor Vladimirescu's statue was inaugurated in 1968 being the work of the sculptor Vasile Blendea.
Tudor Vladimirescu (born in 1780, as Vladimir – died on June 7, 1821 in Târgovişte) was an emblematic figure for the history of Romanian Country in the early nineteenth century, being the leader of the 1821 Revolution and of the pandours.
He was born in the village Vladimiri (in Gorj), in a family of freeholders. He studied and learned the Greek language in the house of boyar Ioniță Glogoveanu, from Craiova, who made from the clever and skillful boy the estate steward and that he had used him in the trade affairs, especially in the exports of cattle. Tudor Vladimirescu made up a fortune by buying land, making trade on his own. He emancipated from the service of boyar Ioniță Glogoveanu entering the ranks of pandours – an army with semi-permanent obligations – and participated in the Russo-Turkish war in 1806 – 1812, being rewarded by Russian officials with the cavalry order, Order Vladimir class III. In 1806 he was appointed foreman of relam in Cloşani, ie administrator of a mountain district, a position he will hold until 1820. Being present, in the country capital for supporting a process of an estate, in front of the Divan, Tudor finds out about the decision of Etheria to start the Greece's liberation movement. Considering the right time to raise the people to fight, he has some discussions with the representatives of the Eteria for military cooperation, in order that "the pandours to facilitate the passage of Ypsilanti over the Danube".
He signed a deal with the goverment committee whereby, Tudor would raise "people in arms" with the aim of removing the Phanariot regime. The, too revolutionary content of the "Proclamation from Padeş" frightened the landowners, which sent army corps to stop him. Addressing to Nicolae Văcărescu, one of those incharged with defeating the pandours army Tudor shows that "perhaps with you on the people with whose blood they have fed and gilded the whole Boyar nation Boyar, you reckon as nothing, and only the thieves thou number them motherland … But how you do not reckon that motherland is calle the people and not caste of robbers".
Diplomat Tudor permanently ensures the pashas from the Danube and the Ottoman Porte that the people were revolted because "the terrible suffers came from the union of boyars earthlings with those of time sent as princes and rulers of this people". Entering Bucharest leading the " assembly of the people" is received with enthusiasm by the popular masses in the capital. Preia de fapt, în primăvara anului 1821, conducerea țării, fiind numit de popor "Domnul Tudor". Alexander Ypsilanti's presence in Bucharest leading an undisciplined army, after his action was disavowed, as well as the Romanians, by Russia, put him in a difficult situation. Tudor asks the Eteria leader to cross the Danube, as initially promised, so that the Romanian Country may not be transformed into a theater of war. Hetaerist leaders have hatched a plot to eliminate him. Lifted by treason from Goleşti on May 21 Tudor was killed by the heads of hetaerists in Targoviste, on the night of 27 to 28, probably accused of collaboration with the Ottomans against hetaerist, a fact that history never confirmed.
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Saint Nicholas Church, Colonești, Maldăr1705
"Sfinții Voievozi" Church, Babiciu1569
The Manor of Boyar Ioan Marian, Curtișoara1616
"Assumption of the Virgin" Church, Colibași1605
The Căluiu Monastery, Oboga1635
Monument of the Heroes, Corabia1607
',Assumption of the Virgin" Church, Scărișoara1650
"Saint Paraskevi" Church, Alunișu1568