text:
How should I go through these topics?
Fundamentals of Environmental Law
The Canadian Constitution and Environmental Law
Managing our Environmental Resources: A modern take on the Tragedy of the Commons
Species Law
Toxins & Waste Law
Climate Change and the Law
How do I use these lesson plans?
Lesson Plan – Fundamentals of Environmental Law
Lesson Plan – The Management of Environmental Resources
Lesson Plan – The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Lesson Plan – Climate Litigation
Curriculum Connections
How Do I Use Curriculum Connections
SOCIAL STUDIES 10-1: Perspectives on Globalization
SOCIAL STUDIES 10-2: Living in a Globalizing World
SOCIAL STUDIES 20-1: Perspectives on Nationalism
SOCIAL STUDIES 20-2: Understandings of Nationalism
SOCIAL STUDIES 30-1: Perspectives on Ideology
SOCIAL STUDIES 30-2: Understandings of Ideologies
What laws exist to manage and protect our water?
by abenvirolaws in Water Law
Water Act [1]:
The Water Act is Alberta's current water management legislation. This Act came into force on January 1, 1999, and focuses primarily on the planning for and enforcement of water use in Alberta. Some of the main features of the Water Act are outlined below:
It vests ownership of all water in the Province with the Crown.[2] This includes the right to use and divert water.[3]
It defines a 'body of water' as "any location where water flows or is present, whether or not the flow or the presence of water is continuous, intermittent or occurs only during a flood, and includes but is not limited to wetlands and aquifers but does not include a water body that is part of an irrigation work."[4]This is a good definition to use when thinking about water in Alberta. It is widely used and is relied on by other government bodies, such as the Alberta Energy Regulator as a fall-back definition for pieces of legislation where water is not specifically defined.[5]
It distinguishes between, and defines, three main forms of water use in Alberta:
Household use: when a person owns or occupies land above groundwater or beside a lake, river, or stream and uses the water available to them for their household needs. This does not apply to water that comes out of your tap when you live in a municipality (such as a city or town);
Licensable use: Albertans can apply for, and receive, licenses which allow them to use and divert water, for purposes such as irrigation or industry. The Act also allows license transfers between individuals, under certain circumstances; and
Exceptions: there are other exceptions to the licensing requirements under the Water Act, such as when you need water for firefighting.[6]
It regulates proposed activities that may impact surface and ground water. For example, if you are planning to do something that may affect the quality of the water or the land or vegetation on a river bank, you may require prior authorization from Alberta Environment and Parks.[7] This authorization may take the form of a Water Act approval, a water licence, or both.
The Water Act gives Alberta Environment and Parks and the Alberta Energy Regulator the authority to determine when and how a water licence will be issued. Before getting a licence, individuals need to apply, specifying the amount of water needed and where it will be used. The government will then decide whether they should issue the license as requested, determine whether it should be altered, or even denied.[8]
It provides for a recovery plan in the event of a spill – such as oil being spilled into one of our water bodies.[9]
Public Lands Act[10]
The Alberta Public Lands Act manages the use of crown land, which is land that is owned by the provincial government. This is a big job because most land in Alberta is public or crown land, meaning that it is neither privately owned nor is it a provincial or national park. The Public Lands Act governs the activities that can be conducted on this land and includes enforcement and compliance provisions when the land is harmed or improperly used.
This Act also plays a role in the governance of any water on these lands. In Alberta, the beds and shores of permanent and naturally occurring bodies of water (such as permanent wetlands) and the beds and shores of rivers and lakes are owned by the Crown, just like ownership of water is vested in the Crown under the Water Act. Section 3(2) identifies some exceptions to this crown control and ownership, however the provincial government still holds a significant amount of power when it comes to deciding how, and by whom, our water bodies, and the land surrounding them, are used.
Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act[11]
The Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (EPEA) is the primary provincial statute dealing with pollution. In this regard, the EPEA also plays and important role in managing and preventing water pollution.
For example, Part 7 of the EPEA is focused on managing potable water and prohibits anyone from releasing a substance into any part of a waterworks system that causes (or may cause) potable water to be unfit for use.[12] Part 8 also states that hazardous substances must be stored and transported so as to ensure that they do not contaminate water.[13] If contamination occurs, the EPEA enables the Director to issue an environmental protection order to prevent or manage the contamination.[14] The EPEA also prevents waste from being disposed of into or under water or ice, unless the specific disposal falls under an approved exemption.[15]
The EPEA is also the Act that sets out the environmental assessment process required for some large scale projects in the province.[16]
Both the pollution prevention and environmental assessment provisions of the EPEA enable the Act to protect and manage water.
Species at Risk Act[17]
The Species at Risk Act or SARA is federal legislation whose overarching purposes include the prevention of animal, plant, and insect species from becoming extinct or extirpated, providing for the recovery of species at risk, and ensuring that species of special concern (a lower designation) do not become threatened or endangered.[18]
If you want to learn more about species at risk legislation, check out our section on species here.
If species at risk are present, SARA may affect how a water body can be used and what human activity can occur near or on the water.
In Canada, the federal government has jurisdiction over certain aspects of water when it is related to fisheries, navigation, international relations such as boundary waters, and federal lands such as national parks.[19] Much of the protection for aquatic species and their habitat comes from the Fisheries Act, however this protection regime is echoed in Section 34(1) of SARA.[20]
Fisheries Act[21]
The Fisheries Act is the federal statute that manages Canadian fisheries. The four fundamental subject matters dealt with in this legislation include: the proper management and control of fisheries; the conservation and protection of fish; the protection of fish habitat; and the prevention of pollution. In summer 2019, the federal government amended the Fisheries Act and brought back some increased protections for fish habitat, improving the conservation aspect of this Act.[22]
In Alberta, the Fisheries Act is the Act that dictates how water bodies where fish live, reproduce in, or otherwise occupy, are managed. The Constitution awards the federal government with control over fishies which means that federal jurisdiction over fisheries and fishing licences must be weighed alongside provincial control over the management of water, public lands or property, and civil rights. Additionally, both federal and provincial powers have to take Indigenous rights, protected under Section 35 of the Constitution, into consideration.
To learn more about the Canadian constitution and to better understand how federalism works, check out our section on Constitutional Law here.
Municipal Government Act[23]
The Municipal Government Act (MGA) is the Act that puts in place the legislative framework for all municipalities and municipal entities across the province of Alberta. This means that it provides the governance model for local governments and lays the foundation for how municipalities operate, how municipal councils function, and how citizens can work with their municipalities. It also has a role to play in the governance of Alberta's water.
The MGA defines a water body as, "a permanent and naturally occurring water body or a naturally occurring river, stream, watercourse or lake".[24] Following this definition, in Section 60, the MGA states that a municipality has the direction, control and management of the bodies of water within the municipality, including the air space above and the ground below, subject to other enactments including in the Water Act.[25] As you may have already been able to tell, governing and legislating for water is a complex feat that involves every level of government.
So, what control do municipalities have? Among other things, the MGA gives them the authority to choose whether development permits will be issued beside a body of water or on land subject to flooding or near a wetland; to award budget allocations to water treatment and/or water storage; to mandate that the owners of proposed subdivisions designate a portion of the proposed land as an environmental reserve – including land use around waterbodies and to choose to do so as a means of preventing water pollution.[26] The MGA awards municipalities more control over day to day governance, which, in turn, awards them more power and control over the environment including our water.
Canada National Parks Act [27]
The Canada National Parks Act begins by dedicating the national parks of Canada to the people of Canada for their benefit, education, and enjoyment and states that the parks shall be maintained and made use of so as to leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.[28]
In Alberta, there are five national parks: Banff National Park, Jasper National Park, Elk Island National Park, Waterton Lakes National Park and Wood Buffalo National Park.[29] This land base is widely used for numerous outdoor activities including skiing, hiking, camping and other outdoor enjoyment.
National Parks are federal land, which means that other federal legislation such as the Species at Risk Act applies. The SARA can place certain restrictions on national parks if species at risk are present.
Check out our section on Species here, for more information.
Additionally, the Canada National Parks Act and associated Regulations impose limits on the use of water resources in the Parks. For example, Section 21 of the Canada National Parks General Regulation prohibits any type of motorized watercraft, water-skiing equipment or sub-surface diving equipment, unless specifically authorized.[30]
<< Water Law
Where did these laws come from? – A brief history of water law in Alberta >>
[1] Water Act, RSA 2000, c W-3.
[2] Water Act, s 3(2).
[4] Water Act, s 1(ggg).
[5] Alberta Energy Regulator, "Q&A – Water Act" online: https://www.aer.ca/applications-and-notices/application-process/qa-water-act.
[6] Water Act, s 1 (x).
[7] Check here for authorization types: https://www.alberta.ca/authorizations-issued-under-the-wateract-or-epea.aspx#toc-0.
[8] Water Act, s 37(1).
[9] Water Act, s 105.
[10] Public Lands Act, RSA 2000, c P-40.
[11] Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, RSA 2000, c E-12 [Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act].
[12] Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, s 148.
[16] Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, part 2, div 1.
[17] Species at Risk Act, SC 2002, c 29.
[18] Species at Risk Act.
[19] Constitution Act, 1867 (UK), 30 & 31 Vict, c 3, reprinted in RSC 1985, App II, No 5, ss 91(10) & (12); Natural Resources Canada, "Water governance: federal policy and legislation" (7 June 2017) Government of Canada online: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/water-overview/governance-legislation/federal-policy.html.
[20] Species at Risk Act, s 34(1).
[21] Fisheries Act, SC 2019, c 14.
[22] Fisheries Act.
[23] Municipal Government Act, RSA 2000, c M-26.
[24] Municipal Government Act, s 1(1.2).
[25] Municipal Government Act, s 60.
[26] Municipal Government Act, ss 242, 640(l) (i)-(iii) & 664.
[27] Canada National Parks Act, SC 2000, c 32.
[28] Canada National Parks Act, s 4(1).
[29] Travel Alberta, "National Parks" Government of Canada online: https://www.travelalberta.com/ca/places-to-go/national-parks/.
[30] National Parks General Regulation, SOR/78-213 s 17.
abenvirolaws
An Introduction to Water Law
Where did these laws come from? – A brief history of water law in Alberta
Water Licences
Water for Life Principles, the Alberta Water Council and what we can do to improve…
Section Review
Lesson Plan: Fundamentals of Environmental Law
Lesson Plan: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Lesson Plan: Tragedy of the Commons
Lesson Plan: Climate Litigation
SCIENCE 10: UNIT D – ENERGY FLOW IN GLOBAL SYSTEMS (Water)
SCIENCE 20 UNIT D – CHANGES IN LIVING SYSTEMS (Water)
SOCIAL 10-1 Perspectives on Globalization (Water)
SOCIAL 10-2 Living in a Globalizing World (Water)
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Report: Philadelphia trades Zhaire Smith to Detroit for Tony Bradley
By Kurt HelinNov 22, 2020, 5:05 PM EST
While there are a few big names still on the board, we have reached the "signing/shifting guys around on the end of the bench" portion of free agency.
The Pistons and 76ers did a little shifting on Saturday: Philadelphia is sending guard Zhaire Smith to Detroit in exchange for center Tony Bradley, a story broken by Adrian Wojnarowski of ESPN.
It was later reported the Pistons intend to waive and stretch Smith
Smith is a very athletic 6'3″ guard out of Texas Tech, but he played just six games his rookie season due to a Jones fracture in his foot and then an allergic reaction. This past season he played in just seven games and missed the Orlando restart due to a bone bruise on his knee. Smith has played just 13 NBA games over two seasons, but he did play 28 G-League games last season averaging 13.5 points a game.
Smith's age and his athleticism mean some team may give him a shot, but maybe on a two-way contract.
Bradley spent the first three seasons of his career in Utah, stuck in the rotation behind All-NBA big man Rudy Gobert. He was traded to Detroit on draft night, but the Pistons have flipped him to Philly, where he will back up Joel Embidd and Dwight Howard. There's not a lot of minutes there, either.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tulips started to gain popularity in Europe. This flower wasn't afraid of cold weather, required no protection in winter, and thrived in any season. Some new sorts started to obtain names of famous nobles. Cardinal Richelieu; Voltaire, the great French philosopher; Franz II, the first Emperor of Austria; and Louis XVIII, King of France, were fans of tulips. However the center of tulip mania was the Dutch Republic (the Netherlands, today) where the first tulip exchange was opened. For twelve years (1625-1637), nearly everyone was involved in the development of new varieties of tulips, creating and losing fortunes.
Finally, this bubble burst. The market was saturated, and the tulip rush stopped as quickly as it started. Many families lost everything, because they invested their money in flowers whose price fell drastically. The European flower madness that was called tulip mania ended, but citizens of the Netherlands preserved their love for this flower. I don't know why Irina, my wife, also adores tulips. She was born very far from the Netherlands, but she has wished to visit the Mecca of these flowers, the Keukenhof Tulip Garden, Holland, the Netherlands, for a long time already.
The Keukenhof Tulip Gardens, Holland, the Netherlands.
If you read French novels, I am sure you know the most famous history about tulips. It sends us to the 17th century when citizens of Haarlem, the city near Amsterdam, wanted to get a unique tulip of black color. In 1672, the municipality of Haarlem promised 10,000 guilders to whoever would cultivate a completely black tulip. There were no official records, but Alexandre Dumas was so impressed by this history that he wrote a whole novel with a tragic ending.
In reality, the first black tulip saw the light in February of 1986, when Henk van Dam, the head of the West Friesland Floral Institute, the Netherlands, reported it at a conference. Six horticultural companies worked for 25 years to perfect the variety, a cross between two dark ones: Queen of the Night and Wiener Weld. While the flower seemed black, its color was deep violet. So, about 300 years had passed between the first mention of a black tulip and its actual birth.
Of course, we searched for such a flower at the new varieties exhibition in the Keukenhof Tulip Garden to make sure it exists, but we were unsuccessful. By the way, we haven't seen black tulip fields while traveling around the neighbourhood of Lisse, Holland, but only red, yellow, white etc.
A tulip 'African King' – The Keukenhof Tulip Gardens, Holland, the Netherlands.
A tulip 'Paul Scherer' – The Keukenhof Tulip Gardens, Holland, the Netherlands.
Today, hundreds of thousands of tulips, daffodils, and hyacinths are grown on the dried bottom of Haarlem's Lake, but you can find whole flower carpets around Lisse and Keukenhof only two months of the year. In 2018, the Keukenhof Tulip Garden was open from March 22 till May 13. Crocuses started to bloom in March, then daffodils and hyacinths joined them, and at last, tulips appeared in all their beauty. The Dutch say more than seven million tulips bloom around Lisse every year, and about half a million people from all over the word visit the area in two months to enjoy this magic. I guess that is true, because on April 18 at 9:30, we found the enormous parking of Keukenhof full of cars, buses, and bikes.
It's reasonable to buy tickets online to avoid long lines at the entrance. Keukenhof has everything you need for comfortable visiting: benches to relax, free WCs, several cafes, and places where you can buy water, strawberries, or ice cream.
We prepared for our trip to the Netherlands in advance. Irina, my wife, wanted to stay within walking distance from Keukenhof and visit it every day to enjoy tulips. But in November, we failed to find places in appropriate hotels of Lisse for April. We found an apartment in Katwijk aan Zee, a small town on the coast of the North Sea, 15 km from Keukenhof.
It turned out that one visit to Keukenhof was more than enough to understand that enormous crowds don't allow you to enjoy beautiful flower compositions. To find unique angles for your photo blog? Oh, don't make me laugh. Photographing is maximally hampered by legions of tourists. If it were raining? Maybe it would be better, but I am not sure. Most visitors are from tourist groups, and are delivered there by numerous buses. If they must visit the garden according to their schedule, they will do it in any weather.
All in all, it made no sense to stay in Lisse or nearby for the sake of Keukenhof.
If you decide to stay in Katwijk, and you have a car in your disposal, what benefits will you derive?
1. It is only 15 km to Keukenhof.
2. A long bicycle/pedestrian promenade (about 60 km) along the sea goes through coastal dunes towards Noordwijk, a very nice neighboring town. You can also stroll along a huge sandy beach. Both towns are small and very clean, and the area around them is perfect for fans of hiking or jogging. Although one classic said that summer on the North Sea is a caricature of southern winter, the air is beautiful here. After two hours of strolling in dunes, we sat in a cafe in Noordwijk and drank coffee, or tea, or the stronger drinks which are so needed by residents of northern countries. We preferred cognac. Then we got back to Katwijk.
A promenade between Katwijk aan See end Noordwijk, the Netherlands.
One more of Irina's dreams came true: she visited the Keukenhof Tulip Garden and bought approximately half of a suitcase of new tulip bulbs for our garden. However, I don't think we'll go back there. We try to escape places where you feel like you are at a final match of NHL. Too many people.
If you are interested not only in tulips, I'd like to give you a tip. One week a year, Chateau de Beloeil, Belgium, is decorated by 6,000 blooming amaryllis. In 2018 it was from Saturday 28 April to Sunday 6 May.
A tulip 'Sanne' – The Keukenhof Tulip Gardens, Holland, the Netherlands.
Magnificent. Have you ever seen the tulips at Giverny? They are amazing too! You must take your wife during tulip season. They have some pretty impressive specimens too. Really lovely post.
Many thanks for the advice. Next time in France, we will try to follow it.
I have many Giverny posts on my blog if you are interested. I have never been to the Netherlands to see the Tulips but it is certainly on the list to see one day! My husband's family is from there so I would love to take my son some day. How were the crowds? Bad?
Very bad. I've written about it in the post.
I will read your posts. Thank you.
Darn. I hate crowds more and more every day.
We visited a few years ago and loved the gardens.
Now, I understand you. It was our first time in Keukenhof.
We were on one of those big tour busses, and you are correct about the crowds. But you managed to make some beautiful photos anyway. Before going, I imagined large beds of tulips. I had no idea how beautiful the setting and compositions were. So we loved it despite the crowd and only wish we could have had more time there. I would love to do it the way you did it, staying close by with a car.
It turned out that the most interesting place in Keukenhof was an exhibition of new varieties of tulips. I recommend. Most of our photographs were taken there.
Beautiful Victor, judging by your photos there are no people anywhere.
Most of our photographs were taken in an exhibition of new varieties of tulips. Not so much people. And it was much more comfortable.
Spectacular flowers! I've always wanted to see those tulips. Your garden tulips are gorgeous!
I wish your dream come true.
Stunning photography, as always, combined with your thoughtful and detailed reportage. Thank you for including the notes and photographs of the dunes and beach, for additional perspective.
Thank you for reading it, Brad.
I was stunned by such an enormous sand beach right in the center of Europe, more over on the North Sea.
It's a miracle that you got so many beautiful photos with all those people. I could see them in the distance in some of the photos. Horrible crowds. But the flowers are exquisite! Wonderful post, Victor.
We can do nothing with it. It is a very popular place, and it's open only two month in a year.
But you did manage to get good photos, and I bet it's a trip you'll never forget.
Most pictures were taken by Irina. She fought valiantly with the crowd.
But you are right, this our trip was unusual and memorable.
I once lived in the town of Spalding in UK which was famous for its tulips.
It's great. Andrew. I also heard about two famous exhibition in UK: Chelsea Flower Show and Hampton Court Palace Show. It must be interesting.
Sadly they don't grow tulips in Spalding any more.
So much beauty in one post Victor. Love the drone video but your photos outshine those images. The river of flowers as the lead is a tremendous image. I'm very interested in that gorgeous bike path as well.
The same words Irina, my wife, said when she saw this post the first time: How much beauty in such a small post. She is the author of most of the pictures, and she thanks you, Sue.
Strolling along this promenade, we mentioned you a couple of times: Sue and her husband would be happy here. The Netherlands is paradise for cyclists.
It made me smile envisioning you thinking of us upon seeing the cycling opportunity. The Netherlands is definitely on our list.
Probably, this is only drawback of Keukenhof.
Oh what a beautiful tour of the Keukenh of Tulip Garden! Thank you so much for including the historical information and the video, Victor.
great shots on those flowers!!
WOW!! I love your article. I will also visit there one day. I wish I could buy some bulbs and bring them back to Australia but we have strict quarantine laws. I look forward to going there one day!
You can buy bulbs even in Amsterdam. I hope you will bring them to Australia without any problems.
Pretty sure we cant! Its ok. We have plenty of bulbs here!
Because of my Tulipa topi, I came to this wonderful blog. I appreciate this page very much.
Interesting, inspiring, and great photos with drone video too.
Many thanks. I wish you good luck in your tulip growing.


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Published on July 5th, 2014 | by Daniel Boyle
Chilean Army Pays Homage to Gary Medel
Chilean defender Gary Medel, who played on despite injury in the World Cup clash with Brazil, has been honoured by the Chilean army.
The fighting qualities of the Cardiff City man captured the attention of the world's football fans, with Medel's devastated look as he was unable to take further part in the game after running more than 10 km with a muscle tear quickly becoming material for memes which spread after Chile's loss to Brazil.
It has been a busy week for the former Universidad Católica man back in Chile, donating his jersey to the Museo de la Moda in Vitacura.
Army boss General Humberto Oviedo highlighted the Pitbull's on-field example.
"This is an expression of gratitude for the sporting exploits, an attitude of overcoming adversity and being capable of saying I can do more," he said.
He is a man that has put discipline into what he is doing and for himself, we are sure that he is an example for our soldiers," the Commander-in-Chief added.
It has been a great turnaround for Medel, whose career is littered with both on and off field incidents. Among the best known are his red card in the under 20 World Cup semi final, with the ensuing riot leading to the Conchalí product being hit with a taser by police.
His aggression on the field has often led to him being dismissed from the field, and while playing for Sevilla he let his frustrations out on a plastic chair.
But under Jorge Sampaoli, Medel has become a true team leader, being voted by his teammates to take over the captaincy when Claudio Bravo was absent from the clash with Germany. Playing in the English Premier League, Medel was unable to save Cardiff from relegation, but became a cult hero with his performances at the Welsh club.
"It's something exciting from the Chilean army, I didn't expect this prize, that I think represents all of the Chilean public, that's why I'm here, to thank the army. I identify with the Chilean soldiers for the warriors that they are, for the fighters, that never say no, always go for more and I give my thanks for this," Medel said at the ceremony.
Tags: army, Chile, Gary Medel, La Roja, World Cup
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HomeSt. Louis BluesBlues turn winnable game into loss to Wild; plus post-game audio
Blues turn winnable game into loss to Wild; plus post-game audio
November 19, 2018 stlsportspage St. Louis Blues, Uncategorized 0
Archived post from 11/11/2018
The Blues lost 3-2 to the Minnesota Wild on Sunday, completing a seven-game homestand with a 4-3 record. (Jeff Curry/USA Today Sports)
By Rob Rains
Over the course of a seven-game homestand that wrapped up Sunday, the Blues played well enough to win four games, played poorly enough to lose twice and managed to turn a winnable game into a loss.
That happened on Sunday and it left the Blues in a frustrated mood after the 3-2 loss to the Minnesota Wild at Enterprise Center.
"Made the wrong mistakes at the wrong times," said coach Mike Yeo. "The mistake is not being firm enough with your play. … We're not making a hard enough play or a strong enough play and it ends up in the back of our net.
"You can't just play not to get beat or play safe. You've got to be in the right position to defend aggressively."
Mistakes led directly to two of Minnesota's goals, including the game-winner midway through the third period when Colton Parayko had a chance to clear the puck out of the slot and didn't do it, setting up the goal by Mikael Granlund.
"You've got to recognize you've got the puck in a dangerous area and slap it out," Yeo said. "Do whatever you can. If somebody happens to be in the way then it should hurt. You've got to get it out of there as hard as you can.
"It's not just him. I think we had the puck on a stick four times there. We've just to be better.
"You've got to make those plays. You've got to bear down. Sometimes making a play is just getting the puck out of your own zone, sometimes making a play is a hard play, or a more poised play. Whatever it is you've just got to bear down."
A turnover in the neutral zone set up Minnesota's second goal, which came just 25 seconds after Chad Johnson gave up a goal on a rebound off a shot off the crossbar early in the second period. Johnson had allowed just one goal on the previous 80 shots against him over two-plus games,
Alex Pietrangelo got the tying goal later in the period, but the mistake in the third period cost the Blues two points and made a difference in the overall feeling about the homestand.
"We easily could have got that into OT and we didn't," said Ryan O'Reilly. "We missed two points. It stinks. I think we're all ticked off. It's unacceptable. We've got to make a push and start climbing (in the standings) especially against a team like that. We could have taken those two points."
The loss left the Blues with a 5-5-1 record at home. They have played only four road games in the first six weeks of the season, heading into a three-game trip that begins Wednesday night in Chicago.
"Everybody's sick of losing," said Yeo, whose team is now 6-6-3 for the season. "It's just a matter of doing what it takes to win hockey games. … We just gave up a big chance at the wrong time. We've got to win games. This was a winnable game. It was there for us and we didn't find a way to win it, we found a way to lose the game.
"At a certain point we can't just keep saying we are getting closer, we're getting better. At a certain point we've got to find a way to win these games that are there for you. Obviously we found a way not to. We've got to be better."
Audio by Mike Reeves:
Mike Yeo
Alex Pietrangelo
Ryan Reilly
Popular tags: St. Louis Blues
Final play finally goes Missouri's way in 33-28 win over Vanderbilt
It's not too early to make plans for spring training


My annual trip to Germany has come to end, and I'm back to photographing architecture around New England.
This time, I finally had the opportunity to show my American family around my home country, and we had an amazing trip. While I love living in Boston, it's always hard to say goodbye to my beloved Germany.
Starting in the region I grew up in, castles and vineyards mark the area. Below is a picture of Eltz Castle, which is 800 years old and still in possession of the same family.
On we went to Munich for beer, pretzels, Dallmayr coffee and walks through the Viktualienmarkt. Another must-do is the English Garden, which is not only bigger than Central Park in New York, but it also has its own man-made surf wave!
We finished our tour with the Alps, which continue to take my breath away every single time. Behind me is Neuschwanstein Castle and Tegelberg, a mountain with amazing views. The fog started rolling in right before we were leaving, and the raven seemed to tell me it's time to make my way back down.
If you are thinking of visiting Germany, feel free to ask me for recommendations in the comment section or shoot me an email at info@sabinemuellercreative.com.
I'm happy to give you all the insider tips and point you towards great restaurants, accommodations and attractions.
Welcome to my blog! Grab a cup of coffee and your reading glasses, make yourself comfortable and see what I've been up to lately.


As this column highlighted last week, we've reached a time of the year when some companies make a big fuss about investing.
Why? Because it's 'ISA Season', the financial sector's equivalent of Black Friday, Super Saturday and Magnificent Monday combined. Prepare for more than a month of reminders telling us that we must have an ISA; that we must not lose our 2018-19 allowance; that we should at least open a cash ISA for the time being – oh, and that we can invest up to £20,000 in an ISA.
Millions of people are put off by that final prompt, not least because few folks happen to have a spare £20,000 knocking around which they would like to invest.
Accordingly, too many people give ISAs a body swerve, believing them to be too complicated, or perhaps concluding that they don't have enough money with which to open one. Some people think that if they open an ISA, they must complete a tax return; others have taken questionable advice from that bearded guy in the pub who suggested they're not worthwhile unless you have millions in the bank.
All of this is nonsense. Let me explain.
Yes, your annual tax-free ISA limit is £20,000, but you may not have £20,000 to hand right now. It doesn't matter; you can actually open an ISA with £25. But why would you?
The simple answer is: you receive an attractive tax break as soon as you open an ISA. Every penny you put into your ISA and all of the growth you enjoy with your money invested in one is tax-free. There's another reason: investing over the long term, perhaps starting with just £100 a month, can have enormous benefits.
For example, let's say you invested £100 a month into a stocks and shares ISA (of which more later) for the next 15 years and enjoyed annual returns of 5pc. At the end of the period, you would have an ISA fund worth £26,728.89. Not a bad return on £23 a week and proof that you don't need to be a millionaire to start an ISA. It's also worth noting that if you saved £250 a month over the same period and enjoyed the same returns, your fund would be worth £66,822.24.
Well, only if you call filling in a form, usually online, complicated.
You do not have to fill in a tax return after you've opened an ISA, though you will need to decide which type of ISA you require.
For the time being, let's ignore Lifetime ISAs, Innovative Finance ISAs and Help to Buy ISAs, only because there are conditions associated with opening each, and concentrate instead on Cash ISAs and Stocks and Shares ISAs.
You can actually invest in both a Cash ISA and a Stocks and Shares ISA. Many people do, mindful that Cash ISAs are lower risk, whereas Stocks and Shares ISAs tend to carry a higher risk, primarily because their returns are dependent on how individual shares or funds perform.
Stock markets can be volatile, although once you've opened a Stocks and Shares ISA, you may then choose to invest in a 'cautious' portfolio of lower risk funds. Such funds usually comprise a mix of stable, well-established companies that have enjoyed steady growth over a number of years. Their profits and dividends reflect this, but as they have been around for a long time, they're less likely to enjoy prolonged spurts of spectacular growth as might be the case with a small, tech company which happens to have developed a must-have app.
In other words, while you may use your ISA to provide exposure to a series of cautious investments, it's also possible to opt for an 'adventurous' portfolio of funds focusing on new technology or renewable energy (yes, your Stocks and Shares ISA can invest in specific 'green' and 'ethical' funds too).
Before the end of the current tax year (April 5), readers can expect to hear plenty about ISAs, but this doesn't mean that a) they're all good and b) they're complicated investments to be avoided at all costs.
Opening an ISA with twenty-five quid gets the ball rolling. Then all you do is decide upon the level of risk you wish to take – if it's a Stocks and Shares ISA, you may select from cautious to aggressive and everything in between – set up your direct debit, then sit back and relax.
Weight of a Japanese boy when born several months early in Tokyo last August, making him the world's smallest-ever surviving child. This week, he was released from the Keio University Hospital, returning home with his mother and weighing in at 3.2 kilos.
Following his departure from Celtic, new Leicester City manager Brendan Rodgers will receive an annual salary of £5 million after signing a three-year deal with the Foxes. Leicester paid Celtic £6 million in compensation to bring their man to the east Midlands.


text:
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}

When an atom is exposed to an electric field, the energy eigenstates of the atom are shifted due to additional interaction terms in the Hamiltonian, and the resulting phenomena include the Autler-Townes effect \cite{autler1955stark} leading to the observation of the Mollow-Triplet in resonant fluorescence, cooling and trapping of atoms in optical lattices, and many other related phenomena \cite{mollow1975, dalibard1989laser, cohen1998atom}.\\
In the limit of high laser frequencies $\omega \gg E_i$ , where $E_i$ is the binding energy of the $i$-th atomic eigenstate, the dynamical Stark shift is given by the cycle averaged kinetic energy of an electron in the laser field, i.e. the ponderomotive energy $U_p$, and level splitting can be neglected for high field strength \cite{delone_krainovII}. In this high-frequency limit the shift of the ionization potential $I_p$ is equal to the shift of highly excited states. In contrast, the ground state satisfies $E_g \gg \omega$ and the corresponding shift is given by the quasi-static Stark shift and is much smaller than the ponderomotive shift \cite{delone_krainovII}.

In general, the modification of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules due to the interaction with a strong laser field is ubiquitous, and manifests in several aspects of laser driven physics, for example laser filamentation \cite{richter2013role, matthews2018amplification}, photo-electron spectroscopy \cite{morales2011imaging} or atomic stabilization \cite{fedorov1990coherence, dubrovskii1991resonant, ivanov1994suppression}.
In particular, the effects associated with the ponderomotive shift of the ionization potential and the excited states lead to channel closing \cite{schyja1998channel} and the observation of Freeman resonances \cite{freeman}, respectively. In this work, the appearance of Freeman resonances is of particular interest. They occur when an excited state is shifted in such a way that ionization from the ground state is now resonant with the Stark shifted excited state. Thus additional peaks in the photo-electron energy distribution can be observed \cite{freeman, perry1989resonantly, wiehle2003dynamics}.
This resonant ionization is strongly suppressed in circular polarization \cite{freeman_circular}.
A related perspective on laser dressed resonant ionization pathways is given by the concept of frustrated tunnel ionization (FTI) \cite{eichmann_FTI, zimmermann2015strong, zimmermann2016atomic, popruzhenko2017quantum}. FTI describes the trapping of electrons in excited states during optical tunneling, with classical (Kepler) orbit arguments. For certain initial velocity conditions, these electrons are trapped in Rydberg orbits around the core, which, in turn, survive the interaction with the strong laser field \cite{eichmann2013observing}. Frustrated tunneling only occurs in linear polarization, since circular polarized fields do not lead to such closed orbits \cite{eilzer2014steering}.

In recent years much attention has been given to two-color circular polarized laser fields in strong field physics \cite{milovsevic2000generation, milosevic_spin, ayuso2017attosecond, jimenez2018control, eicke2019attoclock, abu2019pulse}. These so-called bi-circular laser fields consist of two co-planar circular polarized laser fields which either co- or counter-rotate with respect to each other, and are usually set with an integer $s$ frequency ratio between both fields, i.e. $s \omega_1 = \omega_2$. The case of counter-rotating fields is of particular interest since the total electric field vector gives rise to a Lissajous figure which changes in magnitude and direction and therefore combines properties of both linear and circular polarized fields. These properties are then imparted on the trajectory of the electrons in the continuum after ionization. Thus processes only typical of linear polarization, such as high harmonic generation (HHG), (in)-elastic scattering at the Coulomb potential \cite{ivanov_krausz_review}, or intra-cycle (sub-cycle) interference \cite{arbo2010intracycle} combined with processes known for circular polarization, such as the generation of spin-polarized electrons \cite{barth2013spin,hartung2016electron,eckart2018ultrafast}, have been observed in bi-circular laser fields \cite{mancuso2016controlling, mauger2016circularly, ayuso2017attosecond, jimenez2018control,eckart_subcycle}. Other recent works have also focused on how the 3-fold symmetry that the bi-circular field imposes, is broken in the presence of the Coulomb potential \cite{gazibegovic2018helicity}.

In this work we report on the appearance of AC-Stark shifted resonances in bi-circular fields, and how it is possible to obtain information about the electron dynamics in Rydberg states prior to ionization. This is described in terms of interference between a direct and a resonant ionization channel, and is manifested in new angular structures in the low energy region of the photo-electron spectra. We further report on how the Rydberg state population, responsible for the low energy structures, change with varying pulse duration and intensity.

\section{\label{sec:methods}Methods}

The time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) was solved numerically for the hydrogen atom and a short range Yukawa potential using the SCID-TDSE code \cite{patchkovskii_TDSE}, that utilizes the typical partial wave expansion of the wavefunction, exploiting the spherical symmetry of the problem. It propagates the wave-function using a rotating reference frame, which allows for calculations in arbitrary fields, in a tractable amount of time \cite{patchkovskii_TDSE}. The Hamiltonian used in these calculations is within dipole approximation and in the velocity gauge. The photo-electron momentum distributions have been calculated using the iSURF method \cite{morales_tsurf}, which is an extension of surface flux methods \cite{ermolaev1999integral, ermolaev2000integral, scrinzi_tsurf}, that allows for a projection to infinite time. In the case of the Hydrogen atom calculations, the asymptotic functions chosen to project the wavefunction were Coulomb waves (iSURFC), while for the case of the Yukawa potential, it was performed using plane waves (iSURFV).
For the simulation box used in the calculations, we employ a non-uniform grid of 790$a_0$ (with the Bohr radius $a_0$), with the first 10 points having a linear spacing of 0.3636$a_0$, followed by 25 points with a logarithmic scaling, and a parameter of 1.1, starting at 0.4$a_0$, finishing with a 1965 point uniform grid with spacing of 0.4$a_0$.
We place a transmission-free Complex Absorbing Potential \cite{manolopoulos2002} at $R \sim$ 756$a_0$. The temporal discretization has a time-step of 0.0025 atomic units. The calculations include angular momentum up to $l = 60$ and $m = \pm 60$, and convergence was checked with respect to all parameters.

The system was exposed to an intense bi-circular laser field (see Fig.\ref{fig:fields}) with a fundamental field of frequency $\omega = 0.0569$ atomic units and its counter-rotating second harmonic. The vector potential of the field $\vb{A}(t)$ in the xy-polarization plane is given by (atomic units are used throughout the paper)
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:field}
\begin{aligned}
A_x(t) &= A_0[-\sin(\omega t) - \frac{1}{2} \sin(2 \omega t)] f(t), \\
A_y(t) &= A_0[\cos(\omega t) - \frac{1}{2}\cos(2 \omega t)] f(t),\\
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $A_0 = F_0 /\omega$ is the vector potential amplitude, which is expressed in terms of the electric field strength $F_0$ and $f(t)$ is the envelope. In all calculations the field strength $F_0$ was equal for both fields and varied in a range from $0.018 - 0.035$ atomic units, corresponding to peak intensities of $4.5 \times 10^{13} - 1.7 \times 10^{14}$ W/cm$^2$. In order to avoid envelope effects on the 3-fold symmetry of the photo-electron spectra, we use a flat-top envelope

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:envelope}
\begin{aligned}
f(t) = \begin{cases}
\sin^2\left(\frac{\omega t}{4 N_{on}}\right), & 0 < t \le t_{on} \\
1, & t_{on} <  t < t_{on} + t_{flat} \\
\sin^2\left(\frac{\omega (t - t_{flat})}{4 N_{off}}\right), & t_{off} + t_{flat} \le t \le \tau \\
0, &otherwise
\end{cases}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where we demand $N_{on} = N_{off} \equiv N$ and $t_{on/off} = 2\pi N /\omega$ indicates the number of cycles and the duration of the envelope turn-on and turn-off. For $N_{flat}$ cycles in the flat-top region with duration $t_{flat} = 2\pi N_{flat} /\omega$, the total pulse duration is $\tau = 2\pi (2N + N_{flat})/\omega$. For the turn-on and turn-off one cycle was used. The flat-top region was varied from 1 to 40 cycles ($t_{flat} \approx 2.7 - 108$ fs). The electric field $\vb{F}(t)$ and the corresponding vector potential $\vb{A}(t)$ from Eq.(\ref{eq:field}), are shown in Fig.\ref{fig:fields}.

The short range Yukawa potential was investigated to understand the effect of the Coulomb potential, and is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:yukawa}
U(r) = -\frac{Z}{r} e^{-r/a},
\end{equation}
with $Z$ and $a$ being the effective charge and radius of the potential, respectively. The Yukawa potential has the advantage of supporting only one bound state and with the particular choice of $Z = 1.94$ and $a=1.0$ this ground state has the same ionization potential like hydrogen, namely $I_p \approx 0.5$ a.u., and thus resonance effects in the Yukawa system are eliminated.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    {\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{fields}}
      \caption{Electric field (a) and vector potential (b) from Eq. (\ref{eq:field}) for a field strength of $F_0=0.03065$ a.u. and a six cycle pulse ($t_{on}=t_{off}=1$ cycle, $t_{flat}=4$ cycles).}
      \label{fig:fields}
\end{figure}

\section{\label{sec:results}Results and discussion}

The calculated photo-electron momentum distribution in the polarization plane of the bi-circular laser field for the Yukawa and the Coulomb potential for a field strength of $F = 0.03065$ a.u. and a six cycle pulse (1 cycle turn on, 4 cycles flat, 1 cycle turn off, $\tau \approx 16$ fs) are shown in Fig.\ref{fig:spectra1}.

The angular distribution of the spectra for the Yukawa case (\ref{fig:spectra1}a), clearly follows the overall 3-fold symmetry in the ATI rings (symmetric under rotations of $120$ degree) imposed by the vector potential, except at small momenta. Due to the absence of the long range Coulomb potential the predominant propagation direction of the electrons is at the angles of $90, 210, 330$ degree , i.e. in the negative direction of the vector potential (compare with Fig.\ref{fig:fields}), as the electron momentum after ionization is mainly dictated by the vector potential $\vb k = - \vb A(t_0) $ at the instant of ionization $t_0$ \cite{ivanov_krausz_review}. This instant of ionization is given by the time where the field strength reaches its maximum, marking the instant of highest ionization probability due to the exponential dependence of the tunnel probability on the barrier width (note that the electric field and the vector potential are orthogonal at all times).

Replacing the Yukawa with the Coulomb potential reveals new features in the spectra. The predominant direction in the photo-electron momentum distribution is now shifted by an offset angle $\Phi(|\textbf{k}|)$ (Fig.\ref{fig:spectra1}b), that depends on the momentum of the photo-electron $|\textbf{k}|$.
This is a consequence of the interaction of the ionized electron with the long range Coulomb potential during the propagation of the electron in the continuum driven by the electric field, in the same way direct electrons drift in the case of circularly polarized light \cite{attoclock_morales}. Direct electrons with different momentum (i.e. different ATI peaks) drift towards the detector with different velocities, and therefore, feel the Coulomb potential differently: slower electrons will be deflected more than the faster ones.
This angle of deflection also depends on the intensity of the electric field. This dependence on the photo-electron momentum $|\textbf{k}|$ has previously been observed in single-color elliptical polarized \cite{offset_elliptical} and bi-circular fields \cite{madsen_TDSE_bicircular}. In \cite{madsen_TDSE_bicircular} the authors show that for the first few ionization peaks, the offset angle does not obey the behavior known from the direct electrons in single-color circular polarized fields, i.e. that the offset angle decreases with increasing intensity. However, in our results, we observe that this offset angle dependence, considering the influence of direct electrons alone, does indeed follow the same trend as that of the single-color circular case.

The other remarkable feature that arises in the presence of the Coulomb potential is the flower-like pattern that appears in the low energy region of the spectra. We will show that this six-fold structure appears due to the presence of additional bound states and the corresponding population dynamics prior to ionization. We will also show how these structures appear from the interference between direct and resonant (via AC-Stark shifted states) ionization channels.

\begin{figure}
	\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{yukawa_PAD}
	\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{coulomb_PAD}
	\caption{Photo-electron momentum distribution after strong field ionization in a bi-circular laser field normalized with respect to the highest intensity on logarithmic scale: from the short range Yukawa potential (a) and hydrogen (b). A 1-4-1 cycle pulse ($t_{on}=t_{off} = 1$ cycle, $t_{flat} = 4$ cycle, i.e. $\tau \approx 16$ fs) with the field strength of $F_0 = 0.03065$ atomic units was used. The offset angle $\Phi$ of the predominant propagation direction in the hydrogen atom with respect to the Yukawa potential is indicated in (b).}
	\label{fig:spectra1}
\end{figure}

In order to pursue the origin of this structure, let us first consider the energy levels of the total system, namely the hydrogen atom plus the bi-circular laser field. The previously introduced condition for the dynamical Stark shift in the high frequency limit of excited states, i.e. $\omega \gg n^{-3}$ for a Rydberg state with principal quantum number $n$, is already applicable for states with $n \ge 3$ for the typical fields used in these calculations. Therefore we consider that the hydrogen eigenstates are shifted by the ponderomotive energy $U_p$. Since the hydrogen ground state satisfies $|E_g| \gg \omega$, the ponderomotive shift can be neglected \cite{delone_krainovII}. The corresponding field strength dependent bound state energies $E_{n}(F_0)$ are shown in Fig.\ref{fig:UP_shift} and given by

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:AC_stark}
\begin{aligned}
E_{n} (F_0) &= E_n^{0} + U_p(F_0), \\
U_p (F_0)  & = \frac{1}{T} \int_0^T \frac{1}{2} [\dot x(t)^2 + \dot y(t)^2] dt =  \frac{F_0^2}{2\omega^2}+ \frac{F_0^2}{8 \omega^2},
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
with the unperturbed hydrogen eigenenergies $E_n^{0} = - 1/2n^2$ with principal quantum number $n \ge 3$ and the field strength dependent ponderomotive energy $U_p(F_0)$ for the field defined by Eq.(\ref{eq:field}) and fundamental frequency $\omega$. The velocities $\dot x(t)=A_0[-\sin(\omega t)- \frac{1}{2}\sin(2\omega t)]$ and $\dot y(t) = A_0[\cos(\omega t)- \frac{1}{2}\cos(2\omega t)]$ in the polarization plane are obtained from classical equations of motion for an electron in an oscillating laser field with the vector potential from Eq.(\ref{eq:field}).

The ground state, neglecting it's AC-Stark shift, dressed by up to 13 photons of the fundamental field ($\omega = 0.0569$ a.u.) is shown in Fig.\ref{fig:UP_shift} with horizontal lines, where the horizontal axis denotes the field strength, and the vertical axis the energy of the Stark shifted states. For the field strength of Fig.\ref{fig:spectra1} ($F_0=0.03065$ a.u.), the $n=3$ hydrogen eigenstate is AC-Stark shifted into resonance with the ground state, dressed with 11 photons of the fundamental field. From this $n=3$ state the absorption of one photon from the fundamental field $\omega$ is sufficient to ionize the excited atom. Thus single photon ionization pathways from the excited state and multi-photon ionization pathways from the ground state will interfere at the first ATI peak of the spectra.

In order to confirm this ionization pathway interference mechanism as the origin of the observed low energy structure we show the low energy region of the photo-electron momentum distribution for four different field strength ($F_0 = 0.02539,0.029,0.03065, 0.033$ a.u.) in Fig.\ref{fig:spectra2}. For the field strength $F_0 = 0.0254$ a.u. and $F_0=0.03065$ a.u. (Fig.\ref{fig:spectra2}, (a) $\&$ (c)) the $n=3$ AC-Stark shifted excited state is resonant with the ground state dressed by 10 and 11 photons, respectively. The 6-fold structure in the photo-electron spectra at low energies shows similar symmetric pattern for both cases. On the other hand, for the field strengths of (b) and (d) in Fig.\ref{fig:spectra2}, the distinct structure disappears, as the $n=3$ AC-Stark shifted eigenstate is no longer in resonance with the dressed ground state (see Fig.\ref{fig:UP_shift}). It is apparent in the spectra, that the effect of the resonant pathway is switched on and off, and the 6-fold structure at low energy almost disappears. As the intensity changes, the $n=3$ states moves in and out of resonance, as it is expected from a Freeman resonance. However, it should be noted that the observed features in the low energy region are not dictated by the three-fold symmetry of the laser field as expected for tunnel-ionization processes. This suggest that the underlying mechanism of this low energy structure is indeed dominated by multi-photon processes. For the off-resonant cases in Fig.\ref{fig:spectra2} (b) and (d) one can discern six-fold symmetric structures ($|k| \sim 0.2$ a.u.). But, this feature is not fully invariant under rotations of $60$ degree, but, it is however invariant under rotations of $120$ degree. Thus we are in a competing regime between tunnel-ionization and multi-photon ionization, which is supported by a Keldysh parameter of $\gamma = \sqrt{I_p / 2U_p} = 1.1 - 2.0$, for the field strength under consideration. In the resonant cases, however, the multi-photon excitation and ionization mechanism dominates the spectra for low energies.

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{stark_shift}
	\caption{Energy diagram of the $U_p$-shifted $n=\{3,4\}$ excited hydrogen eigenstates from Eq.(\ref{eq:AC_stark}). The horizontal lines indicate the ground state energy dressed by up to 13 $\omega$ photon energies of $E_{ph} = 0.0569$ a.u. The spectra from Fig.\ref{fig:spectra2} (a)-(d) are obtained at a field strength indicated by vertical lines.}
	\label{fig:UP_shift}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\includegraphics[width=4.2cm]{coulomb_PAD_LES_int1}
	\includegraphics[width=4.2cm]{coulomb_PAD_LES_int2}
	\includegraphics[width=4.2cm]{coulomb_PAD_LES_int3}
	\includegraphics[width=4.2cm]{coulomb_PAD_LES_int4}
	\caption{Low energy region of the normalized phot-electron momentum distribution after strong field ionization in a bi-circular laser field for the hydrogen atom, for different field strength $F_0 = 0.0254$ (a), $0.029$ (b), $0.03065$ (c) and $0.033$ (d) atomic units with a six cycle pulse (1-4-1 pulse as described in Fig.\ref{fig:spectra1}, $\tau \approx 16$ fs).}
	\label{fig:spectra2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\includegraphics[width=4.2cm]{bound_population_vs_pulse_duration_via11}
	\includegraphics[width=4.2cm]{bound_population_vs_field_strength}
	\caption{Absolute population of bound and continuum states obtained from the solution of the TDSE. a) The $n=3$ bound resonant states are resolved in their angular momentum $l$ and $m$ for different pulse duration ($1 \le t_{flat} \le 40$) and fixed field strength of $F_0 = 0.03065$ atomic units. The most populated bound state ($l=1,m=-1$, solid) is resonantly excited via absorption of 11 photons ($3 \times  \omega \, + \, 4 \times 2 \omega$ photons, according to dipole selection rules). b) Population of the most populated bound state $l=1,m=-1$ of the $n=3$ manifold (squares, solid) for different field strength with a $t_{flat} = 4$ cycle pulse, with the characteristic increase of the population at the Freeman resonance, peaking at the resonance field strength of $F_0 = 0.03065$ atomic units. The two most populated continuum states ($l=6,m=6$, circles, solid and $l=5,m=3$, circles, dotted) and the continuum state for the resonant ionization path ($l=2,m=0$, dashed) peak at the resonance field strength. This resonant behavior originates from the bound resonance ($l=1, m=-1$) and continuum resonance (at this particular $|k|$) for the corresponding resonant and direct ionization pathways, respectively.}
	\label{fig:population1}
\end{figure}

But what is the origin of this 6-fold structure? It can be understood by carefully analyzing the partial wave population of the continuum waves for the particular final momentum region where this structure shows up and how it correlates with the bound state population.  Therefore we further analyze the population of the bound and continuum states after the end of the pulse, for the particular case of the $n=3$, 11-photon resonance ($F_0 = 0.03065$ a.u., Fig.\ref{fig:spectra2}(c)). The continuum momentum at the detector where the low energy structure appears, ($|k| < 0.05$ a.u.) is accessible via the absorption of 12 photons with energy $E_{ph} = 0.0569$ a.u. from the initially populated ground state (direct pathway), or via the absorption of one $\omega$ photon from the $n=3$ excited state (resonant pathway). Note that absorption of two $\omega$ photons from the $n=3$ bound state (or one $2\omega$ photon) will be out of the range where the structure dominates. Both ionization paths lead to the same final momentum and interfere at the detector. For a deeper understanding of the underlying population mechanism, we analyze the bound and continuum populations at the end of the pulse, shown in Fig.\ref{fig:population1}, for different pulse duration and varying field strength, from the solution of the TDSE (resolved in angular momentum $l$ and $m$).

The dominant contribution to the $n=3$ bound manifold, Fig.\ref{fig:population1}(a), is given by the state with angular momentum $l=1,m=-1$ (solid). It can be populated by the absorption of $3$ and $4$ photons from the fundamental field $\omega$ and its second harmonic $2\omega$, respectively, consistent with dipole selection rules. The decrease in the total $n=3$ yield for long pulses can be understood in terms of FTI \cite{eilzer2014steering,zimmermann2017unified,ortmann2018controlling}, and will become clear when investigating the quantum number $n$ distribution for different pulse duration .
Out of the continuum states (Fig.\ref{fig:population1}(b), circles), represented by the angular momentum $l$ and $m$ and their momentum $|k|$, we  focus on the states within the low momentum region $|k| \le 0.2$ a.u., and find that the two most populated continuum states are $l=6,m=6$ (circles, solid) and $l=5,m=3$ (circles, dotted). These states can be reached from the ground state by absorption of $8 \times \omega \, + 2 \times 2\omega$ and $6 \times \omega \, + 3 \times 2\omega$ photons respectively, from the two fields according to dipole selection rules.  Additionally we will focus on the contribution of the $l=2,m=0$ continuum state (circles, dashed). First, it is the particular continuum state with the highest relative population which can be reached by any of the $n=3$ bound states by the absorption of a single $\omega$ photon in order to result in electrons which remain within the region of interest ($|k| < 0.05$ a.u.). Furthermore, it is this particular continuum state which is reached from the highest populated resonant bound state ($l=1,m=-1$) of the $n=3$ Rydberg state manifold by single photon absorption of the fundamental field $\omega$.

In Fig.\ref{fig:population1}(b) the population of the most important populated bound and continuum states are shown for various field strength around the 11-photon resonance. The population of the bound state with $l=1,m=-1$ (squares, solid) clearly peaks at the resonant field strength indicating the resonant population enhancement. The population of continuum states (circles) is shown for the two dominant states, i.e. $l=6,m=6$ (solid) and $l=5,m=3$ (dotted), and for the continuum state $l=2,m=0$ (dashed). The peak of the $l=2,m=0$ continuum state participating in the resonant ionization pathway can be understood by the effect of enhanced bound population and subsequent ionization. On the other hand, the peak corresponding to the two states of the direct ionization channels seems surprising since they are not directly correlated to the resonant excitation of the $n=3$ bound state. Because we are focusing on the population of these continuum channels at a given momentum ($|k| \le 0.03$ a.u.), this population is also affected by the AC-Stark shift of the ionization threshold, giving rise to their population enhancement for this particular field strength.

We now provide a simple model in order to understand the shape of the AC-Stark shifted resonance manifestation in the photo-electron momentum distribution. In order to associate this resonant population enhancement with the observed spectral feature, we will consider a simple interference model for the different ionization pathways. In particular taking into account the most populated continuum states for the direct and resonant ionization channels, represented by the spherical harmonics $Y_{6,6}$ and $Y_{2,0}$, respectively, we can reproduce the 6-lobe structure from the the low energy region. Since the $Y_{6,6}$ continuum state can not be reached via single photon absorption from any $n=3$ bound state by dipole selection rules, this continuum state is associated with direct ionization. In contrast, the $Y_{2,0}$ continuum state can be reached via single photon ionization by the fundamental field $\omega$ from the most populated bound state $Y_{1,-1}$ of the $n=3$ manifold (see Fig. \ref{fig:population1}). This is considered as the resonant ionization path. Due to the indistinguishability of the two pathways, the direct and the resonant ionization path will interfere at the detector. Since the state of the indirect path interacts with the excited bound state, it can potentially acquire a relative phase $\chi$ with respect to the state of the direct ionization channel, such that the total wavefunction in the continuum is given by

\begin{equation}
\psi(\theta, \phi; \chi) = Y_{6,6}(\theta, \phi) + e^{i\chi} Y_{2,0}(\theta, \phi).
\label{eq:sph_harm_sum}
\end{equation}

The simplest approximation for the phase acquired is given by a classical oscillator, which changes its phase by $\chi = \pi$ when passing through a resonance.
In Fig.\ref{fig:PES_vs_Ylm} the calculated spectra (black, dots) is compared with this interference model in the detector plane ($\theta = 0$) represented by $|\psi(\theta = 0, \phi; \chi= \pi)|^2$ is shown (red, solid) and reveal a very good agreement. In order to further verify this model the coherent superposition of the states represented by $Y_{6,6}$ and $Y_{2,0}$ with their corresponding amplitude and phase from the solution of the TDSE are shown in Fig.\ref{fig:PES_vs_Ylm} (blue, dotted) and the agreement emphasizes the validity of this model. The difference in magnitude of the different lobes can be understood from further contributions of other ionization channels.
Including the second most populated direct channel in the model, represented by $Y_{5,3}$ (green, dashed, Fig.\ref{fig:PES_vs_Ylm}), with no phase difference to the dominant direct channel, the relative intensity between two adjacent peaks approaches the numerical experiment.

Additional calculations for different pulse duration show that these striking structures already appear for pulses with a single cycle in the flat-top envelope region. Since ionization is extremely sensitive to the field strength and the resonant population of the intermediate states require absorption of several photons, such high-order processes from the leading and falling edge of the pulse are strongly suppressed and expected to give only small contributions. The fact that the low energy structure and the excited state population is already present for a pulse with a single cycle in the flat-top region, suggests that the interference pattern builds up within a single laser cycle. Thus we can attribute the appearance of these symmetric low energy structures to resonant bound-bound excitation and subsequent bound-continuum transitions from intermediate resonances interfering with direct bound-continuum pathways, within one laser cycle period of $\approx 2.7$ fs. This sub-cycle interference phenomena is supported by classical trajectory analysis \cite{eckart_subcycle}.

The above-mentioned resonant population enhancement is further reflected in the principal quantum number $n$ distribution after the end of the pulse, as it is shown in Fig.\ref{fig:ndistribution} for different pulse duration ($1-40$ flat top cycles, $\tau = 2.7-108$ fs) for a field strength of $F_0= 0.03065$ atomic units. The peak at $n=3$ is present for all pulse duration, and it is the dominant feature for the shortest pulses ($t_{flat}=1,2,4$ cycles). In agreement with the decrease of the $l = 1, m=-1$ population of the $n=3$ bound state (Fig.\ref{fig:population1} (a)) the total $n=3$ bound population in Fig.\ref{fig:ndistribution} starts to decrease at $t_{flat} = 10$ cycles. The virtually identical population for shorter pulses suggest that the population is trapped in the $l=1,m=-1$ bound state. In fact the behavior of the $n=3$ peak emphasize that the population is efficiently trapped in the $n=3$ manifold, or more precise in the $l=1, m=-1$ state, up to $\tau \approx 16.2$ fs (6 cycles), and gets depleted for longer pulses into higher Rydberg states or the continuum.

In contrast, for longer pulses, a secondary peak develops, which moves to higher principal quantum numbers with increasing pulse duration. In the case of longer pulses the electron can return more often to the vicinity of the core, and therefore has more chances to absorb an extra photon, as has been suggested for linear fields, and explained with the formation of Rydberg states in the semi-classical model of FTI \cite{eichmann_FTI,eilzer2014steering,ortmann2018controlling}. This leads to either population of Rydberg states with higher $n$ or to ionization, which would both cause the observed depletion of the $n=3$ resonance population for longer pulses and the emergence of the secondary peak.

The different behavior of the two peaks, namely that the position of the $n=3$ peak is independent of the pulse duration whereas the second peak shifts to higher $n$ values for increasing pulse duration, suggest that two different mechanisms are responsible for their appearance, namely the resonant excitation mechanism and the semi-classical model supported by FTI.

However, it should be noted, that the overall trapped population in the Rydberg states increases for increasing pulse duration. This increase of the excited state population can be explained in terms of channel-closing and the corresponding increase in the observation of excited state atoms for increasing field strength \cite{zimmermann2017unified}. Thus further mechanism affecting the observed Rydberg state population dynamics, such as channel-closing and envelope effects, can in principle not be excluded. Contributions from channel-closing could be explored by including the ground state AC-Stark shift, which would be responsible for a 12 photon channel-closing at this resonant field strength. However, envelope-effects do not seem to have a significant influence on the stability of the phase-relation between the ionization-pathways for the observed interference. Since for the field strength of this particular 11-photon resonance ($F_0 = 0.03065$ a.u.), a Keldysh parameter of $\gamma = 1.17$ suggests that the phase shifts due to the envelope are negligible in the regime where multi-photon processes dominate \cite{zimmermann2017unified}.

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{PES_vs_Ylm}
	\caption{Comparison of the spectra at $|\vb{k}| =  0.03$ a.u. (dots) with the model of Eq.(\ref{eq:sph_harm_sum}), $|\psi(\theta = 0, \phi; \chi= \pi)|^2$ (red, solid) and including a second direct ionization channel $Y_{5,3}$ , i.e. $|\psi(\chi = \pi) + Y_{5,3}|^2$ (green, dashed). Coherent superposition of the states $Y_{6,6}$ and $Y_{2,0}$ with amplitude and phase from the solution of the TDSE (blue, dotted).}
	\label{fig:PES_vs_Ylm}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{n_distribution_vs_cycle}
	\caption{Distribution of the populated principle quantum number $n$ from the solution of the TDSE for different pulse duration (1-40 cycle) and a field strength of $F_0 = 0.03065$ atomic units. It shows the known dependence that the distribution shifts towards higher $n$ for longer pulses but exhibit a new feature which is independent of the pulse duration. Namely a peak at $n=3$ which is AC-Stark shifted into resonance. The initially populated $n=1$ ground state is not shown.}
	\label{fig:ndistribution}
\end{figure}

\section{\label{sec:conclusion}Conclusions}

In summary, we have presented photo-electron momentum distributions for the hydrogen atom exposed to bi-circular laser fields that exhibit a new structure at low energies.
We discussed the origin of such structure in terms of interference between a resonant and a direct ionization pathway. The resonant pathway is due to AC-Stark shifted eigenstates, brought into resonance with the ground state dressed by the strong laser field. This field-strength dependent appearance of Freeman resonances in bi-circular laser fields and their influence on high harmonic generation has been shown \cite{jimenez2017time}, whereas clear signatures in the photo-electron momentum distribution has not been reported before. The detection of such Freeman resonances, to our knowledge had not been reported before in circularly polarized fields, monochromatic or otherwise.

In addition, we have analyzed the bound state population trapped in Rydberg states at the AC-Stark shifted resonance, and how it is related to the populations of continuum states. The principal quantum number distribution for various pulse duration exhibit a bimodal peak structure. The first peak at the $n=3$ resonance is virtually unaffected for pulse duration below 16 fs and already appears at a single cycle pulse of 2.7 fs. This further suggests that the creation of the resonant population is on the order, if not shorter than, the associated Kepler period of $2\pi n^3 \approx 4$ fs.

The fact that all the observed features attributed to the presence of the intermediate resonance, such as the low energy structure and the excited state population, are already present for a single cycle flat-top suggest that the interference pattern builds up within a single cycle. It further emphasize that such Freeman resonances can clearly and unambiguously be detected in the angular photo-electron momentum distribution for very short few-cycle, or even single-cycle, laser pulses.

In contrast, the detection of channel-closing and Freeman resonances in conventional energy resolved experiments is elusive, as, in order to resolve them in energy, one needs long pulses, hiding the sub-cycle nature of the excitation process. Thus, the unambiguous detection of Freeman resonances and its manifestation in the angular structure of the photo-electron spectrum provides a connection to the underlying Rydberg state manifold. This connection to the field-driven formation and dynamics of the Rydberg states, enabling detailed exploration and control of such dynamics, by controlling the relative parameters of the field.

Thus the interplay between channel-closing and the resonant excitation mechanism in tailored-intense fields, ranging from sub-cycle resonant population mechanism of Rydberg states to the excited state population trapping, seem to be promising in order to further understand and control the ultrafast dynamics of Rydberg state population in strong laser fields.

\section{\label{sec:acknowledgment}Acknowledgments}

The authors gratefully acknowledge stimulating discussions with Maria Richter, Olga Smirnova and Misha Ivanov in the early stages of the project.

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


After a wild'n'wooly Sunday, Monday came clean. And this is Happening Right Now: Big Surf Meets Manly Beach.
After a phenomenal east coast low, affectionately referred to as a 'Black Nor'Easter' by the surfing brethren, ripped its way down the coast of Australia on Sunday, huge surf was assured for Monday morning.
But after the stormy maelstrom of a chaotic whitewater on Sunday, there was no telling what would be in store for conditions at the start of the week.
We awoke Monday to crisp offshore winds that had been blowing just long enough to tame the wild seas into a sense of order. This is a taste of the big surf at Manly Beach - the Queenscliff Bombie, Fairy Bower and Deadman's.
No takers. Deadman's with an extra pinch of evil.
It looks so sweet and innocent...until you realise it's triple overhead. The Queenscliff Bombie in fine form today.
Frothy mess. There were some good waves at Fairy Bower. This is not one of them. Oh, and there was a shark doing laps through the lineup. Good times had by all.
Drop of the day award goes to this man. Arms up!
Not the normal view from the amazing Splat Cafe in Queenscliff.
Deadman's broke all day. He worked so hard...yet no one wanted to play with him.
I think I'll just wait for the next one.


text:
Controversial shooting game Postal is coming to Nintendo Switch
By Jon Silman	 September 25, 2020
Postal, a top-down shooter where the main objective is murdering people, will come to the Nintendo Switch on October 16 as a remake called Postal Redux.
The game, originally released for PC in 1997, features new levels and gameplay. The franchise is well known as a magnet for controversy due to its content, and Postal 2 was banned in several countries, including New Zealand.
"Over 20 years ago, we had no clue the impact Postal would have had on society and gaming history," Vince Desi, founder of Running With Scissors, said in a release. "Postal coming out on Switch is our dream come true. On behalf of everyone at RWS, we give thanks to our fans for the many years of support. We're just getting started."
In the 80s and 90s, Nintendo was mostly known as a family-friendly video game company and stayed away from games deemed too gory or violent. The company built its brand with friendly characters like Mario, Kirby, and Yoshi.
Nintendo edited out blood and fatalities from 90s hit Mortal Kombat on the Super Nintendo. However, once the Entertainment Software Rating Board was established, Nintendo allowed some gore for games like Doom.
Postal was described by Senator Joe Lieberman at the time as one of the "three worst things in American society," along with rock act Marilyn Manson and Calvin Klein underwear ads. The game follows a protagonist who gets evicted from his home and believes that the United States Air Force is attacking his town with poison gas, and he's the only one who doesn't feel the effects. He then goes on a killing spree.
Postal Redux is a single-player game where players get a multiplier for consecutive kills. At the end of the level, players get a letter grade depending on how they performed.
The Nintendo Switch has a fairly robust selection of indie games for its platform, and some can be considered scary or gory. The company generally steers away from violence and gore when releasing first-party titles like Zelda and Smash Bros.
Nintendo did not immediately respond to a request for comment from Digital Trends.
The best Nintendo Switch deals and bundles for January 2021
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The best Fire Emblem games, ranked from best to worst
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text:
Q: Java Linked List I can't seem to figure out why it's printing repeated entries and not printing in order listed. Any thoughts. here is my code for the driver.
ScoresTest
public class ScoresTest
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // create
        SLinkedList<GameEntry> highScores = new SLinkedList<GameEntry>();
        GameEntry entry;

        // create entries.
        Scores rank = new Scores();
        entry = new GameEntry("Rick", 234);
        highScores = rank.add(entry, highScores);
        entry = new GameEntry("Steve", 121);
        highScores = rank.add(entry, highScores);
        entry = new GameEntry("Jeremy", 438);
        highScores = rank.add(entry, highScores);
        entry = new GameEntry("Mike", 925);
        highScores = rank.add(entry, highScores);
        entry = new GameEntry("Craig", 465);
        highScores = rank.add(entry, highScores);
        entry = new GameEntry("Juan", 777);
        highScores = rank.add(entry,highScores);

        System.out.println("The Original High Scores");
        rank.print(highScores);

        entry = new GameEntry("Tyler", 895);
        highScores = rank.add(entry, highScores);
        System.out.println("Scores after adding Tyler");
        rank.print(highScores);
    }
}

GameEntry
public class GameEntry
{
    private String name;        // name of the person earning this score
    private int score;          // the score value

    // Constructor
    public GameEntry(String n, int s)
    {
        name = n;
        score = s;
    }

    // Get methods.

    public String getName() { return name; }
    public int getScore() { return score; }

    // Return string representation.
    public String toString()
    {
        return "(" + name + ", " + score + ")";
    }
}// end class.

Scores
import Project1.SLinkedList.Node;

public class Scores
{
    //add function
    public SLinkedList<GameEntry> add(GameEntry rank, SLinkedList<GameEntry> scores)
    {
        Node<GameEntry> currentNode = scores.getFirst();
        Node<GameEntry> nextNode = null;
        Node<GameEntry> newNode = new Node<GameEntry>();
        newNode.setElement(rank);

        if(scores.getSize() == 0)
        {
            scores.addFirst(newNode);
        }
        else
        {
            while(currentNode != null)
            {
                nextNode = currentNode.getNext();
                if(nextNode == null)
                {
                    scores.addLast(newNode);
                }
                else
                {
                    scores.addAfter(currentNode, newNode);
                    break;
                }
                currentNode = currentNode.getNext();
            }
        }
        return scores;
    }

    // Print Format.

    public void print(SLinkedList<GameEntry> scores)
    {
        Node<GameEntry> currentNode = scores.getFirst();
        GameEntry currentEntry = currentNode.getElement();
        System.out.printf("[");
        for(int i = 0; i < scores.getSize(); i++)
        {
            System.out.printf(", %s", currentEntry.toString());
            currentNode = currentNode.getNext();
            currentEntry = currentNode.getElement();
        }
        System.out.println("]");
    }
}

SLinkedList
public class SLinkedList<V> implements Cloneable
{
    public static class Node<V>
    {
        // instance variables
        private V element;
        private Node<V> next;

        // methods, constructor first
        public Node ()
        {
            this (null, null);      // call the constructor with two args
        }  // end no argument constructor
        public Node (V element, Node<V> next)
        {
            this.element = element;
            this.next = next;
        }  // end constructor with arguments

        // set/get methods
        public V getElement ()
        {
            return element;
        }
        public Node<V> getNext ()
        {
            return next;
        }
        public void setElement (V element)
        {
            this.element = element;
        }
        public void setNext (Node<V> next)
        {
            this.next = next;
        }

    } // End of nested node class

    // instance variables.
    protected Node<V> head, tail;
    protected long size;

    // Create empty constructor
    public SLinkedList () {
        head = null;
        tail = null;
        size = 0;
    } // end constructor

    // Add Fist method to add node to list.
    public void addFirst (Node<V> node) {
        // set the tail only if this is the very first node
        if (tail == null)
            tail = node;
        node.setNext (head);    //refer to head
        head = node;

        // adjust size.
        size++;
    }  // end addFirst method.

    // Add new node after current node. Checks to see if at tail also.
    public void addAfter (Node<V>currentNode, Node<V>newNode) {
        if (currentNode == tail)
            tail = newNode;
        newNode.setNext (currentNode.getNext ());
        currentNode.setNext (newNode);

        // adjust size.
        size++;
    }  // end addAfter method.

    // Add new node after the tail.

    public void addLast (Node<V> node) {
        node.setNext (null);
        tail.setNext (node);
        tail = node;
        size++;
    }  // end addLast method

    // Removes first node.
    public Node<V> removeFirst () {
        if (head == null)
            System.err.println("Error:  Attempt to remove from an empty list");

        // save the one to return.
        Node<V> temp = head;

        head = head.getNext ();
        temp.setNext(null);
        size--;

        return temp;

    }  // end method removeFirst

    // remove the node at the end of the list.
    public Node<V> removeLast () {
        // // declare local variables/objects
        Node<V> nodeBefore;
        Node<V> nodeToRemove;

        // make sure we have something to remove
        if (size == 0)
            System.err.println("Error:  Attempt to remove fron an empty list");

        // traverse through the list, getting a reference to the node before
        // the trailer.  Since there is no previous reference.
        nodeBefore = getFirst ();

        // potential error  ??  See an analysis and drawing that indicates the number of iterations
        // 9/21/10.  size - 2 to account for the head and tail nodes.  We want to refer to the one            before the
        // tail.
        for (int count = 0; count < size - 2; count++)
            nodeBefore = nodeBefore.getNext ();

        // save the last node
        nodeToRemove = tail;

        // now, do the pointer manipulation
        nodeBefore.setNext (null);
        tail = nodeBefore;
        size--;

        return nodeToRemove;

    }  // end method removeLast

    // Remove known node from list. Traverses through the list.
    public void remove (Node<V> nodeToRemove) {

        // declare local variables/references
        Node<V> nodeBefore, currentNode;

        // is there something to remove.
        if (size == 0)
            System.err.println("Error:  Attempt to remove fron an empty list");

        // Start at beginning of list.
        currentNode = getFirst ();
        if (currentNode == nodeToRemove)
            removeFirst ();
        currentNode = getLast ();
        if (currentNode == nodeToRemove)
            removeLast ();

        // Check last two nodes.
        if (size - 2 > 0) {
            nodeBefore = getFirst ();
            currentNode = getFirst ().getNext ();
            for (int count = 0; count < size - 2; count++) {
                if (currentNode == nodeToRemove) {

                    // remove current node
                    nodeBefore.setNext (currentNode.getNext ());
                    size--;
                    break;
                }  // end if node found

                //  references
                nodeBefore = currentNode;
                currentNode = currentNode.getNext ();
            }  // end loop to process elements
        }  // end if size - 2 > 0

    }  // end method remove

    // Get methods
    public Node<V> getFirst () { return head; }
    public Node<V> getLast () { return tail; }
    public long getSize () { return size; }
}

Here is my output.

The Original High Scores [, (Rick, 234), (Juan, 777), (Craig, 465),
  (Mike, 925), (Jeremy, 438), (Steve, 121), (Steve, 121), (Steve, 121)]
Scores after adding Tyler [, (Rick, 234), (Tyler, 895), (Juan, 777),
  (Craig, 465), (Mike, 925), (Jeremy, 438), (Steve, 121), (Steve, 121),
  (Steve, 121)]

A: The while loop while(currentNode != null) only executes once, because the condition inside will break if the current item is NOT null.  So it basically always adds the new item just after the first item.
The logic in the method add is very very wrong.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Whether we're writing primarily from imagination or mainly from memory, certain principles apply to shaping a compelling story. Both interested beginners and more seasoned writers will benefit from (and enjoy!) this hands-on exploration of fiction as they gain insight into the strategies that successful writers use to discover, shape, and polish their stories. In-class writing exercises will enable participants to learn about elements of fiction such as character, plot, setting, and point of view at the same time that they expand their writing skills. Often these exercises will result in little gems of writing and/or potential seeds for larger stories. Sharing the results of some of these exercises with other members of the class will give writers a sense of what is already working "on the page" as well as what they might do to make their writing even stronger.


text:
NTRU gets $26.1 million
NTRU announced Tuesday it received a $26.1 million second round, led by Investor Growth Capital. Other investors include Texas Instruments, Sony, Macrovision, Lehman Brothers Venture Capital, Greylock, Granite Ventures and 3i. Burlington, Mass.-based NTRU has raised a total of $38 million. The company develops security software for small, multimedia and wireless devices.
Dawn Kawamoto
Jan. 2, 2002 4:43 p.m. PT
Dawn Kawamoto Former Staff writer, CNET News
Dawn Kawamoto covered enterprise security and financial news relating to technology for CNET News.


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As a blogger, there's nothing I love more than learning about a company and how it's started, who's behind it and what drives them to do what they do. Today, we had the pleasure of meeting some of the @juicebeauty team along with the creator and owner, Karen Behnke, for the launch of their new product 'Juice Beauty Prebiotix Hydrating Gel'.
It was a breath of fresh air to see her passion in health and wellness and it comforts me to know that she is so dedicated in creating products that are not just natural and organic, but also good for you (skinfood). What's fascinating is that they now own a farm land close to some wineries in Sonoma, California, where they can grow ingredients to be used in their products. A place I'll have to add to my 'must visit' list for when I'm back in California. I would love to see how things are made!
Today, I've learned that they're products have 2.7x more antioxidants than other organic brands and 70% of the ingredients are made with natural juice base, compared to other brands that are mostly water or petroleum base. Those are very interesting eye opening facts.
Juice Beauty PREBIOTIX Hydrating Gel Moisturizer is ideal for all skin types.
What's great about this product is that it's also available as a supplement! Now your insides can also enjoy the benefits of the prebiotix. Check them out online, Sephora and other retailers.
Thank you Juice Beauty for hosting this tasty lunch at this beautiful location called the 'Botanist Restaurant' in Vancouver. Check out my dishes below. Yum!
Now tell me, do you look at ingredients before you purchase them? I think it's a good habit to start and definitely beneficial to know about what you use daily that could be harming your skin and potentially cause harm to your body in the long run.
That looks very intruiging, I'll forward this to MrsFrugalSamurai to let her suss it out further – thanks for sharing!


text:
Home Specialty Coffee Blog by Volcanica Coffee Canadian Research Suggests That High Levels of Coffee Consumption May Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer
Specialty Coffee Blog by Volcanica Coffee
The New Coffee Processing Methods on the Block November 16, 2022
2022 Coffee Brewing Guide August 11, 2022
How to Cup Coffee at Home like a Pro March 31, 2022
Ethiopian Yirgacheffe Coffee, Organic
Kenya AA Coffee - Kenya Coffee
Tanzania Peaberry Coffee
3 Pack Coffee Bundles
Volcanica House Blend Decaf Coffee
Costa Rica Coffee, Original, Tarrazu
Canadian Research Suggests That High Levels of Coffee Consumption May Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer
Canadian research suggests that high coffee consumption levels may reduce the risk of breast cancer among women with BRCA1 gene mutations. A matched case-control study published in the International Journal of Cancer examined the association between coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer among 1`690 high-risk women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The odds ratios for breast cancer among BRCA mutation carriers who drank no coffee, one to three cups, four to five cups, or six or more cups of coffee were 1.00, 0.90, 0.75, and 0.31, respectively. When the women were stratified by mutation status, there was a significant protective trend for increasing caffeinated coffee consumption among women with a BRCA1 mutation. The authors say that coffee is an essential source of phytoestrogens, which may have chemoprotective effects. The mechanism by which phytoestrogens may beneficially influence breast cancer risk has predominantly been attributed to their structural similarity to endogenous estrogens and their ability to bind to estrogen receptors. Coffee consumption has been associated with a higher level of circulating sex hormone-binding globulin, which decreases bioavailable estrogen levels, they say.
Ethiopian Yirgacheffe Coffee is a unique USDA organic coffee with a complex origin and truly exotic flavor with pleasant acidity. Yirgacheffe is a coffee region in southern Ethiopia that produces distinctively floral and fruit-toned coffees from traditional varieties of Arabica long grown...
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Our top two best-selling coffees are bundled for you! Coffees are 16 oz each. Ethiopian Yirgacheffe Coffee is unusual because the bulk of the crop is gathered from wild coffee trees giving this coffee a truly exotic flavor with pleasant acidity....
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Costa Rica Tarrazu Decaf Coffee
The Costa Rica Tarrazu Decaf Coffee originates from the Tarrazu mountain range located south of San Jose. The Tarrazu mountains and cool temperatures provide a full-bodied, vivacious, smooth, and bright cup, coupled with a well-balanced flavor containing a subtle hint...
Kenya Coffee AA has a reputation as an unsurpassed top-quality coffee. This meticulously prepared East African coffee is famous for its rich body, pleasant, vibrant acidity, fragrant aroma, and winy aftertaste with overtones of berries and citrus. Kenya Coffee AA is...
Low Acid Coffee is a blend of natural low acidic coffees that include beans from Brazil, Sumatra, and other Arabica coffees grown at lower altitudes. Easy on the stomach while still satisfying and delicious, this Low Acid Coffee is a...


140 Huguenot Street is a 3-story 63,675 square foot office building with 34 garage and 26 surface parking spaces. The property was built in 1969 and renovated in 1998. It is improved upon 0.54 +/- acres. The property is located at the signalized corner of Huguenot Street and Harrison Street, adjacent to New Roc City and Super Stop and Shop, a block from Trump Plaza and Main Street and 0.3+/- miles from both Exit 16 of Interstate 95 and the New Rochelle Intermodal Transportation Center. The property is less than an hour north of New York City.


At Galleria Vision Center in Dallas, Texas, Dr. Youngson Joe offers top-of-the-line eye exams to make sure you maintain proper vision and prevent any dangerous eye conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. Through comprehensive diagnosis and testing, Dr. Joe makes sure that you never have to worry about your ocular health. If you're overdue for one or feel your vision worsening, book an appointment with the office by phone or online.
How should you prepare for a comprehensive eye exam?
Preparation isn't required for an eye exam. Nevertheless, you should consider a few things before scheduling an appointment.
An eye exam involves a series of tests to check your vision, so you might experience some eye sensitivity immediately afterward. If you've scheduled your appointment in the middle of the workday, you may have difficulty looking at a computer screen or seeing clearly in general.
Dr. Joe needs to know as much information about your medical history as possible to make the best diagnosis and understand your health patterns. If this is your first visit with Galleria Vision Center, make sure you have all relevant medical records available.
If you're over 40, you should speak with Dr. Joe about scheduling regular visits. If you're under 40, Dr. Joe suggests scheduling appointments when you're experiencing eye issues or if you have a known family history of eye disease that needs monitoring.
Contact the team at Galleria Vision Center to learn more about your individualized scheduling recommendations.
During your eye exam, Dr. Joe tests your eyes' functionality and sensory capacity. To do so, she'll perform a visual acuity test, where you'll be asked to read an eye chart, moving from the largest to the smallest letters. This enables her to determine your prescription.
In most cases, Dr. Joe will require a slit lamp to magnify and illuminate your cornea, eyelid, lens, and iris. This helps her track irregularities.
What are some common eye diseases or conditions?
Get in touch with Dr. Joe at Galleria Vision Center today by calling the office or booking an eye exam online.