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Advantages Of A Feminist Perspective Within Criminology
Advantages Of A Feminist Perspective Within Criminology Essay
2427 Words Nov 3rd, 2014 10 Pages
What are the advantages of including a feminist perspective within criminology?
Feminist criminology is a social and political movement and is a theoretical approach which did not arise up until the 19th century and continues to develop within modern criminology. However Marxism and functionalism was first introduced within criminology during the 18th century which was the most dominant perspective and a positivist approach to crime. During the 18th century criminological thought was gender biased as most theorists where males studying male crime therefore creating a masculinity criminology. Criminology focused on male crime causing female crime to be predominantly ignored within the history of criminology. There are many types of theories of male crime such as Marxism, functionalism, labelling theory and sub cultural theories. During the 19th Century feminism was introduced with multiple feminist perspectives such as traditional feminism, radical feminism, Marxist feminism and black feminism. Each theory involves different approaches to female criminality, gender inequalities and women's oppression (Burgess, 2006).
Feminism first arrived with first wave feminism which involved the suffragette movement bringing about female rights to vote and gender equality. At the beginning of the 19th century white middle class women protested for freedom and democracy with banners, parades, marches and picketing. This shocking behaviour inspired other feminist movements such as the…
Essay Feminist Perspectives On Criminal Law
It is plausible that adopting feminist approaches to criminal law consequently lead to increased criminalisation. There are several distinct branches of feminism; many feminists campaign for legal reform, leading to changes in the law . Feminist jurisprudence argues that the justice system is a manifestation of patriarchy, which may be evident in the lack of female judges. Feminist research also includes criminal violence against women, particularly by men and of a sexual nature . The application…
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The feminist perspective on anthropology has, like in numerous other disciplines, run 'parallel' to the subject. The attempt to shift the paradigms has created some tension between the ideas of the feminist perspective and the existing archetypes of anthropology. However, feminist thinking in anthropology has reshaped the study of gender and has become somewhat accepted by mainstream social anthropologists. In this essay my aim is to explore the ways in which male-bias has been allowed to occur…
Essay Feminism And The Feminist Perspective
The feminist perspective, which views inequality based upon a person's assigned gender as the center of people's behavior and organization, has much in common with the conflict perspective, which is based on the tension between different groups. Instead of the feminist perspective focusing on the disproportionate and unfair distribution of power and resources in genders, feminist sociology studies distribution of power in its relation to one's gender. Feminist scholars study a range of topics, including…
Essay Feminism : A Feminist Perspective
the world can label themselves as being a feminist. If I were to walk up to someone on the street and ask them if they were a feminist, I would either get a yes or no in response. For this reason, simply claiming to be a feminist holds nowhere near as much significance as to why one is a feminist. I myself am a feminist, and the reasons regarding why I allow myself to be considered a feminist is far more meaningful than the label of calling myself a feminist. Therefore, my definition of feminism is…
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is the definition of a feminist? Well, some say a feminist is a woman who resents traditional social ideologies and resents the male gender. Others may go as far as to say that the feminist movement is unnecessary because women have achieved considerable political and social equality. To clear common misconceptions, a feminist is an individual, male or female, who believes in political, social, and economic equality of both men and women on equivalent grounds. The feminist movement is not a collection…
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Running Head: "THE AWAKENING" FROM A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE In Kate Chopin's novel, "The Awakening", Edna finds herself in a society where women were socially confined to be mothers and wives. This novel embodies the struggle of women in the society for independence along with the presence of women struggling to live up to the demands that their strict culture has placed upon them. A part of Edna wants to meet the standards of mother and wife that society has set, however her biggest desire…
show that feminism is more complex than one often hears in these kinds of discussions. Using at least three of the readings from this semester, describe what you think constitutes a feminist methodology. In other words, tell me what you think it means to analyze religion, history, and/or culture from a feminist perspective. You must use one reading from one of the two units we discussed in the second half of the course that you do not write on in your other response. For example, if you decide to answer…
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In the Feminist Ethnography book, the authors have raised the question; If it possible for a feminist to be an ethnographer? And as a woman who considered herself a feminist I have faced some issues, with certain subjects. I understand that part of being an anthropologist (which I am not) is to try to understand certain things within its cultural context. However, most of the discussions we had in class were about issues and people who struggle to have "some" rights, or recognition within their societies…
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Part A The following essay is going to discuss the topic of feminist movement, specifically emphasizing on the topic of feminist criminology. Feminist criminology is the ongoing fight and battle that woman be granted the same rights as those of men, and that they be treated equally, which erupted in the 19th century. Women got tired of not receiving the same treatment and rights that were being granted to men. I believe that women are just as deserving of having the freedom and right to exercise…


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Economy October 10, 2019
The promises and risks of the EU's single safe asset project
Elisabeth Krecké
The launch of a Sovereign Bond-Backed Security (SBBS) is advocated by EU leaders as the best way to overcome the flaws inherent in the monetary union. The SBBS is supposed to offer investors new reliable stores of value and, as such, a miracle cure for chronic instability in European bond markets.
The governments' hunger for money and investors' quest for safe value-holding assets transcend political systems; this mid-1930s painting shows citizens of the Soviet Union signing up to loan, not always voluntarily, their savings to the government. © dpa
The EU's single safe asset project is advertised as a way to palliate the shortage of safe financial assets in the euro area
The Sovereign Bond-Backed Security would be an alternative to debt issued by countries with low default risks
Securitizing sovereign debt is a trick for circumventing the problem of risks mutualization among EU member states
The release of a new financial product rarely makes headlines. The Sovereign Bond-Backed Security (SBBS), however, is one that did. More precisely, it was the European Commission's proposal of May 2018 for a regulation that could enable the "market-led" development of such securities that made a splash.
From the start, SBBS was announced as a miracle solution for eliminating chronic instability in European bond markets. It is argued in EU policy circles that what the euro area most desperately needs, after a decade of financial stress, is "safe assets" – that is, financial products that can be used as reliable stores of value. And the SBBS is supposed to be exactly that: a promise to deliver lower credit risk and higher liquidity than most national government bonds available in the euro area can offer.
Breaking the German monopoly
The abundantly advertised new debt instrument is said to palliate the tremendous shortage of safe financial assets in the euro area, deemed responsible for persistent financial instability in the aftermath of the crisis. The SBBS is also supposed to reduce the destabilizing cross-border flights of investors into safe bonds that occur in times of uncertainty – in particular, the German Bunds, which are the benchmark for safety in the present-day eurozone.
Today, as a whole, the euro area does not have a safe asset of its own, i.e., one that guarantees a payoff even in the face of severe adversity. European financial markets operate exclusively with national bonds as safe assets denominated in euros. At present, only Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Germany supply AAA-rated sovereign debt to eurozone financial markets – of which the latter alone issues more than 80 percent. A euro-wide Single Safe Asset would relieve EU officials from this awkward situation. (Could this be the unspoken reason why this concept has the wind in its sails?)
Before being picked up by EU technocrats, the idea of "creating" safe assets was debated in academic circles.
The launching of a Single Safe Asset is generally advocated as a way to overcome a series of flaws inherent to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), which became obvious notably after the euro debt crisis at the end of 2009. The success of the SBBS, therefore, appears crucial to its defenders. The future deployment of Europe's Banking and Capital Markets Unions is said to be at stake.
Supranational engineering
Before being picked up by EU technocrats, the idea of "creating" safe assets was debated in academic circles, principally after the euro crisis. In 2016, a first working paper addressed the matter, asserting that spillovers across sovereign bond markets that were affected by localized shocks could be reduced significantly by the introduction of so-called "European Safe Bonds" (ESBies). Two years later, a group of 14 high-profile economists also defended the idea that a Union-wide "synthetic" safe asset would offer European investors a credible alternative to national sovereign bonds.
Political discussion on safe assets in the European context truly began in 2018, after the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB, a body hosted and supported by the European Central Bank, or ECB) had commissioned an independent high-level task force, directed by former governor of the Central Bank of Ireland and present ECB chief economist Philip Lane, to investigate into the technicalities related to the creation of a common safe asset for the euro area.
After a wide-ranging feasibility study, the team came up with a concrete plan for bundling up member states' sovereign debts into a security that should be capable of withstanding default by one or several governments without sparking euro-wide propagation.
The idea fell on fertile ground. The European Commission actually anticipated it in its 2017 White Paper on the future of Europe, and the European Parliament adopted a first version of the project in April 2019. In the latter's resolution, the systemic risk board, is formally designated as the competent macro-prudential oversight body of the EU's future SBBS market.
Safety in tranches
SBBSs differ from ordinary "safe assets" (debt issued by countries with low default risks) insofar as they entail a "securitization" process.
Their creation would, as a first step, involve an entity – the "arranger," that puts together a diversified portfolio of euro-denominated government bonds. This arranger could be a private or public institution: a bank or insurance company, a hedge fund, a government or the European Stability Mechanism (ESM).
The arranger would then sell the portfolio to a private-sector entity – the "issuer," who would issue a series of claims. The idea is to use a pool of sovereign bonds as collateral for a security delivered in "tranches," which are ranked according to "seniority."
Basically, there is a "senior" tranche and a "junior" tranche. While the first is low-risk (expected to be "at least" as safe as Bunds), the second is high-risk (like Italian or Greek debt, for instance). Ideally, SBBSs should contain a 70 percent risk-free (senior) and a 30 percent risky (junior) tranche. That means that losses arising from sovereign default would first affect the holders of the junior claim. Thirty percent is estimated to be a large enough buffer to absorb potential losses on the portfolio's underlying sovereign bonds.
At the start, joint liability had been considered as a foundational value for the European Union.
The different parts of the SBBS's liability structure should attract different investor profiles. The junior tranche is for high-yield seekers. Risk-averse investors, whose objective is the preservation of the value of their capital, would go for the lower-yield but safer senior. Preferably, for the sake of financial stability, banks should be those to invest in the safest tranche, leaving the riskier purchases to other stakeholders, the ESRB maintains.
Joint-liability fallacy
Securitizing sovereign debt is a trick for circumventing the thorny problem of the mutualization of risks among EMU member states. At the start, joint liability had been considered as a foundational value for the union. With the crisis, however, inter-government solidarity rapidly became controversial. In particular, the Germans made clear they are no longer willing to pay for others that entangled themselves in (self-inflicted?) debt-traps.
Bank are incentivized to lend to governments
Average year-on-year changes in the notional stocks of loans and sovereign bonds, in percent, eurozone
Today, banks in the euro area altogether hold 1.9 trillion euros in sovereign bonds, many of which are high-risk. Some would not have loss-absorbing buffers big enough to face sovereign default. © macpixxel for GIS
In this sense, SBBS contrasts with earlier endeavors to create a single safe asset. For instance, the so-called "Eurobonds" or "stability bonds," proposed by the Commission in 2011 as a way to cope with the European debt crisis, implied that the 19 member states of the union were jointly responsible for each other's debt. The project did not move forward, given the Germans' refusal to be part of it.
As mentioned before, SBBSs are created through private contracts. Hence, they merely involve risk-sharing by investors (i.e., on the liability side). Each government should remain individually responsible for meeting its debt obligations.
Spreading debt risk
The foremost ambition of the safe asset project is to break the "home bias" in banks' sovereign exposures, which had been at the heart of the European debt crisis. If banks accepted to load up on SBBSs instead of debt issued by their home government, they could break the fatal linkage (or doom-loop) between their solvency and that of the nation-state in which they reside.
Indeed, SBBSs only incorporate exposures to a small part of sovereign risks of each member state. Avoid putting all eggs into one basket – that seems to be the piece of advice underlying the Commission's proposal to "aggregate" debt from weak and strong countries into "packages of debt securities." (On this point, a Netherlands-based Institute notes a certain parallel with the subprime mortgage junk bonds in the U.S.)
Also, since a myriad of investors would bear risks, none of which are supposed to have a systemic impact, the danger of system-wide contagion that could otherwise result from banks' excessive exposure to high-risk sovereigns would be attenuated if SBBSs achieved a breakthrough.
Regulatory impediments
SBBSs are increasingly promoted as the cornerstone of stable eurozone financial systems in the future. There is a problem, however, that is likely to hinder the emergence of their market. To the ESRB's regret, financial regulation treats these instruments as "securities" and, therefore, inflicts securitization-specific surcharges on them.
Not only do these need to be dropped, insists the EU Commission, but to succeed, SBBSs must benefit from "preferential" regulatory treatment. This is what the "enabling" regulation for the creation of SBBSs – recently endorsed by EU Parliament and pending approval by the EU Council – hopes to achieve.
Banks' preference for sovereign debt has been fostered for years by international banking regulations.
Barriers are not all out of the way, in any case. Right now, there is no reason for investors to prefer the sovereign -debt-backed security to ordinary sovereign bonds. On the contrary, experts tend to predict that financial markets will not react enthusiastically to the entrance of SBBSs and that some national sovereign (most likely German) bonds will probably remain the preferred asset in our uncertain times.
Thus, for months, interinstitutional negotiations keep dragging on. Last July, Eurogroup President Mario Centeno reportedly set up working groups to explore ways to end the current impasse as soon as possible.
Nonstarter?
Banks' preference for sovereign debt has been fostered for years by international banking regulations (based on the Basel standards), which classify OECD public debt as zero-risk. Hence, for the purchase of public bonds, no capital increases are imposed on banks, no matter the fiscal soundness of the sovereign issuing the bonds. In times of crisis, where capital is scarce and costly, banks, therefore, prefer accumulating government bonds instead of other assets associated with higher risk weights in the regulatory framework.
Today, banks in the euro area altogether hold 1.9 trillion euros in sovereign bonds, many of which are high-risk. That means some would not have loss-absorbing buffers big enough to face sovereign default. And this is how the "doom-loop" comes about: a sovereign in difficulty can bring down part of the banking sector, which in turn can bring down a government.
In this line of thought, the German banking authorities, as well as some top EU executives, urge regulators to drop the assumption that euro area government debt bears no risk.
Banks should constitute a cushion for holding risky sovereign bonds. The requirement would deter them from piling up debt from broken governments. Hence, the systemic risk could be contained by merely abandoning the preferential regulatory treatment of euro area sovereign debt. This appears to be a sensible policy for breaking the "diabolic loop" between sovereigns and banks.
Encouraging the creation of diversified funds of eurozone government bonds is another policy option proposed by economist Daniel Gros from the Brussels-based think tank CEPS. He maintains that the euro area needs a "diversified" rather than a "safe" asset. But there again, the problem is that the current regulation hinders diversification.
Finally, is there truly a need for a single safe asset in the euro area?
Safety fiction
Critics argue that the SBBS is merely a technocratic response to chronically unstable financial markets. The project is not unanimously endorsed. Some economists (Paul De Grauwe and Yuemei Ji, also from the CEPS research center) assert that financial engineering cannot succeed in creating stability in an inherently unstable environment.
In normal times, the SBBS can be used as collateral (in repo or derivatives transactions), thereby efficiently providing markets with liquidity. It is also undeniable that, as argued before, securitizing public debt helps considerably de-risk bank balance sheets.
It is hard to say, however, whether the senior SBBS can maintain its safety status during a severe global crisis. As the CEPS authors point out, panicking investors could put into doubt the safety of both the junior and the senior tranches, and trade them for sovereign bonds they still consider safe. In the end, it does not seem to matter how safe assets actually are, but how they are perceived.
In such a scenario, liquidity would quickly decrease and, once again, the entire financial sector could be at risk.
With ECB intervention foresworn, announcing that the central bank stands ready to provide the European sovereign bond market with liquidity (something that ECB President Mario Draghi did in 2012) could make financial instability systemic. The highest risk of the SBBS project is that it creates an illusion of safety.
Without a commitment to joint liability by EMU member states (and, right now, there is no political readiness to go in that direction – rather the opposite), it will be hard to imagine a common euro area sovereign bond market.
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The Total 24 Hours of Spa is an endurance racing event for cars held annually in Belgium since 1923 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps. It is currently sponsored by Total S. A, the Spa 24 Hours was conceived by Jules de Their and Henri Langlois Van Ophem just one year after the inaugural 24 Hours of Le Mans was run. It debuted in 1924 over a 15 kilometres circuit on roads between the towns of Francorchamps and Stavelot, under the auspices of the Royal Automobile Club Belgium. The present 7.004 kilometres circuit was inaugurated in 1979, the Spa 24 Hours was part of the European Touring Car Championship from 1966 to 1973, again in 1976 and from 1982 to 1988. The event counted towards the World Sportscar Championship in 1953, as on the Nürburgring, both a 24h and a 1000 km race is held at Spa, as the 1000 km Spa for sports car racing were introduced in 1966. Cars entered have spanned from the Russian Moskvitch and models with sub-1 liter engines such as the NSU Prinz TT to the luxurious V8-powered Mercedes-Benz 300 SEL6.3, tuned by Mercedes-AMG, the 6834 cc and 420 hp so-called Red pig finished as high as second in 1971.
Clemente Biondetti was an Italian auto racing driver. Born into a family, Biondetti raced motorcycles before turning to automobiles where he had greater success. Born in Buddusò, into a family, Biondetti began his racing career in motorcycles in 1923. By 1931 his performance earned him a spot in Grand Prix motor racing with the Maserati factory team and his success racing on circuits was minimal, but he was one of the best in tough endurance events. Driving an Alfa Romeo 8C 2900b, Clemente Biondetti won the 1938 Mille Miglia for sports cars, in 1939, he won the Coppa Acerbo voiturette class and took second place at the Swiss Grand Prix. His racing career came to a following the outbreak of World War II in 1940. By the time he was able to resume racing after the war, nevertheless, he dominated Italian endurance racing, driving to victory in the Mille Miglia for three straight years from 1947 through 1949 and the Targa Florio in 1948 and 1949. He won more Mille Miglias than any driver in history.


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Łapanka – nazwa (pierwotnie potoczna) jednego z głównych sposobów używanych przez Niemców podczas II wojny światowej dla zatrzymania na ulicach okupowanych miast większej liczby przypadkowych przechodniów w celu uwięzienia ich, przesiedlenia, umieszczenia w obozach koncentracyjnych bądź skierowania na przymusowe roboty do Niemiec.

Zasięg
Łapanki były organizowane przez Ordnungspolizei oraz Wehrmacht w Niemczech oraz całej okupowanej Europie. We Francji znane były pod terminem "rafle", lecz ich obiektem byli głównie francuscy Żydzi wyłapywani przez niemieckie władze okupacyjne oraz funkcjonariuszy francuskiej policji w czasie tzw. Obławy Vel d'Hiv. W Danii natomiast podobne praktyki określano jako "Razzia".

Czasem używa się tego określenia również w odniesieniu do podobnych praktyk wyłapywania ludności cywilnej dokonywanej przez Armię Czerwoną na terenach przedwojennej wschodniej Polski, których ludność była wywożona na Syberię.

Cel łapanek

Łapanki na ulicach były organizowane zgodnie z rolą jaką okupanci wyznaczyli Polakom w związku z tzw. Generalnym Planem Wschodnim (niem. Generalplan Ost). Według założeń nazistowskiej polityki rasowej ludność słowiańska podbitych terytoriów określana była jako "niższe rasy słowiańskie – podludzie" (niem. slawische Untermenschen). Ludzie ci jako niepełnowartościowa populacja miała wykonywać proste prace w służbie rasie panów (niem. die Herrenrasse), do których należeli Germanie. Aby osiągnąć ten cel Niemcy postanowili wyeliminować warstwę przywódczą narodu polskiego mordując ją w masowych egzekucjach podczas operacji Tannenberg, a pozostałą ludność sprowadzić do roli służby dla Niemców uważających się za rasę wyższą. Zgodnie z tą wizją organizowanie łapanek w Polsce miało dla nazistów cztery powiązane ze sobą cele:
 eliminacja osób uznanych za "wrogów Rzeszy" – wyłapywanie w celu likwidacji przedstawicieli warstw kierowniczych, polskiej inteligencji oraz ukrywających się poza gettami Żydów,
 pozyskiwanie darmowej siły roboczej – wyłapywanie kandydatów do pracy przymusowej w głębi Niemiec oraz w obozach koncentracyjnych,
 walka z ruchem oporu – wyłapywanie członków ruchu oporu poszukiwanych listami gończymi oraz podejrzanymi o taką działalność,
 wysiedlanie ludności polskiej i żydowskiej z terenów wcielonych do Rzeszy w celu zwolnienia miejsca dla niemieckich osadników.

Potwierdza to w dniu 20 października 1939 w swoim raporcie Franz Röder – Sturmbannführer 16 Komendy Operacyjnej Policji Bezpieczeństwa i Służby Bezpieczeństwa zajmującej się dokonywaniem czystek etnicznych na ludności polskiej. Prezentując wytyczne postępowania z Polakami na terenach Pomorza, które zostały wcielone do III Rzeszy pisze:

Pierwsze łapanki wiązały się z masowymi aresztowaniami ludności polskiej dokonywanymi na podstawie imiennych list proskrypcyjnych tzw. Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen i miały miejsce już w trakcie trwania kampanii wrześniowej. Celem tych aresztowań była eliminacja polskiej inteligencji oraz warstwy kierowniczej w ramach operacji Tannenberg w szeregu regionalnych akcji zwanych Intelligenzaktion. Jedna z pierwszych łapanek miała miejsce już 9 września w Bydgoszczy na Szwederowie, gdzie na miejscu zamordowano 60 Polaków. Po zakończeniu kampanii wrześniowej 300 tysiącom polskich jeńców wojennych wziętym do niewoli narzucono automatycznie status robotnika przymusowego i wywieziono ich w głąb Niemiec. Pracownicy ci mieli być darmową siłą roboczą rozbudowującą niemiecki przemysł oraz wspomagającą niemiecki wysiłek wojenny. Stałe zapotrzebowanie na darmową siłę roboczą skłoniły niemieckie Urzędy pracy do prowadzenia naboru w okupowanej Polsce. Urzędnicy arbeitsamtów prowadzili szeroko zakrojoną agitację mającą na celu zwabienie Polaków do pracy w Niemczech kusząc dobrymi warunkami pracy oraz godziwą zapłatą. W okresie od września 1939 do lata 1940 zwabiono dzięki tej propagandzie kilkanaście tysięcy polskich robotników, którzy dobrowolnie wyjechali do pracy w III Rzeszy. Wkrótce jednak po wyczerpaniu się optymistycznie nastawionych bezrobotnych urzędy zaczęły świecić pustkami. Przyczynił się do tego także brak kontaktu rodzin z wywiezionymi na roboty oraz informacje odnośnie do trudnych warunków pracy oraz złego traktowania Polaków przez niemieckich pracodawców. Wobec braku chętnych, którzy dobrowolnie daliby się zniewolić od połowy 1940 niemiecka administracja zaczęła organizować regularne łapanki na ulicach na roboty do Rzeszy. Stawali się oni tzw. "robotnikami przymusowymi" (niem. Zivilarbeiter). Kolejnym aspektem, dla którego naziści organizowali łapanki były niemieckie plany zaludnienia terenów okupowanej Polski przez Niemców.

Sposób realizacji

W zależności od celu łapanki były planowane oraz organizowane przez członków Einsatzkommando, SS, Sicherheitsdienst, Gestapo lub niemieckich funkcjonariuszy Urzędów pracy tzw. Arbeitsamtów. Metoda polegała na nagłym i szczelnym okrążeniu zdefiniowanego terenu miejskiego (fragmentu ulicy, placu, dworca itp.) i zatrzymaniu wszystkich, bądź wybranych spośród znajdujących się tam ludzi. Właściciele sklepów, zakładów, punktów usługowych itp. które znajdowały się na terenie objętym łapanką mieli obowiązek (pod groźbą kary śmierci) niewpuszczania do środka żadnych nowych osób. Klienci oraz inne osoby, które znajdowały się w środku w czasie łapanki, automatycznie unikały zatrzymania. W łapankach uczestniczyli na ogół esesmani, gestapowcy lub żołnierze Wehrmachtu. W początkowym okresie w łapankach brali udział również członkowie Selbstschutzu, a po jego rozwiązaniu policji pomocniczej Sonderdienst. Często do udziału w łapankach byli kierowani przez władze niemieckie funkcjonariusze granatowej policji (policja stworzona przez Niemców ze struktury i funkcjonariuszy Policji Państwowej działająca w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie). Łapanki były organizowane w szczególności w miastach na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa oraz na ziemiach kresów wschodnich po ataku Niemiec na ZSRR. Np. w Krakowie, stolicy GG, zorganizowano olbrzymią łapankę, w obrębie której w ciągu jednego tylko dnia (tzw. "czarna niedziela") aresztowano i wywieziono do obozu koncentracyjnego w Płaszowie 15 tys. krakowian.

Los ludzi zatrzymanych w łapankach
Osoby zatrzymane były umieszczane w obozach filtracyjnych, gdzie dzielono je na kategorie. Dla przykładu w Warszawie, w której łapanki zaczęto przeprowadzać od wiosny 1940, 7 lutego 1941 władze niemieckie utworzyły taki obóz przejściowy, przeznaczony specjalnie dla osób kierowanych na roboty przymusowe do Rzeszy, na ulicy Skaryszewskiej 8 na Pradze. W Łodzi złapanych ludzi umieszczano w więzieniu na Radogoszczu. Zasadnicza część osób umieszczonych w tych obozach kierowano później na przymusowe roboty do Niemiec, ale część zamykano także w więzieniach, deportowano do obozów koncentracyjnych, przetrzymywano jako zakładników lub mordowano w masowych egzekucjach podczas czystek etnicznych. Pierwsza egzekucja takich zakładników została dokonana w Bydgoszczy w dniach 9–10 września 1939.

Łapanki były również organizowane na terenach gett. Ofiary były wówczas najczęściej wywożone do ośrodków zagłady.

Łapanki stanowiły jedno z podstawowych narzędzi terroru miejskiego. W przeciwieństwie do osób zatrzymywanych w mieszkaniach, osoby zatrzymywane na ulicy nie miały okazji nawet założyć adekwatnego ubrania bądź obuwia. Rodziny zatrzymanych mogły jedynie domyślać się powodów ich nagłego zniknięcia.

Szacunki Polaków aresztowanych i wywiezionych w ramach łapanek
Z terenów Generalnego Gubernatorstwa wywieziono około 1,3 miliona osób, a z ziem wcielonych do Niemiec około 600–700 tysięcy. Najbardziej problematyczne jest ustalenie liczby ludności wywiezionej do Niemiec ze wschodnich terenów Rzeczypospolitej. Szacunkowe dane jakie są podawane dla tych ziem to liczba 300–600 tysięcy osób. Robotników przymusowych rozlokowywano na terenach:
 Prus Wschodnich (ok. 115 tysięcy),
 Brandenburgii (ok. 115 tysięcy),
 Pomorza (ok. 100 tysięcy),
 Dolnego Śląska (ok. 100 tysięcy).

Reakcje polskiego ruchu oporu na łapanki

Już w 1940 łapankę organizowaną przez Niemców niekonwencjonalnie wykorzystał agent Związku Walki Zbrojnej (ZWZ) Witold Pilecki uwzględniając ją w swoim planie przedostania się do niemieckiego obozu koncentracyjnego Auschwitz. Wewnątrz zebrać miał informacje wywiadowcze na temat jego funkcjonowania, a także zorganizować w nim ruch oporu. 19 września 1940 podczas łapanki w Warszawie pozwolił aresztować się Niemcom i do obozu trafił w nocy z 21 na 22 września 1940. W Auschwitz udało mu się założyć organizację podziemną – Związek Organizacji Wojskowej i przekazywać dane o Holokauście do ZWZ i jej następczyni Armii Krajowej.

Polski ruch oporu przeprowadził także szereg akcji prewencyjnych, mających na celu powstrzymanie łapanek. Grupy dywersyjno-bojowe Kedywu podejmowały ataki na samochody policyjne oraz funkcjonariuszy przeprowadzających łapanki. 22 października 1943 grupa bojowa z oddziału "Kosy" obsadziła wylot ul. Ordynackiej na Nowy Świat i ostrzelała z karabinów maszynowych oraz obrzuciła granatami samochód policyjny. W wyniku akcji zginęło dwóch niemieckich policjantów oraz 4 zostało rannych. AK przeprowadziła kilka podobnych akcji w reakcji na nasilające się w Warszawie łapanki uliczne. Kolejną formą było także przeprowadzanie zamachów na osoby organizujące łapanki, policjantów oraz urzędników arbeitsamtów. Oddziały AK włamywały się także do niemieckich urzędów pracy kierujących na roboty przymusowe do Niemiec i paliły kartoteki aresztowanych osób oraz niszczyły wyposażenie tych urzędów. Podczas konferencji w sprawie bezpieczeństwa GG, która odbyła się w Krakowie 15 kwietnia 1943 Wilhelm Struve relacjonował, że w akcjach wymierzonych przeciw arbeitsamtom zniszczono 11 tych urzędów lub ich kartoteki. Oddziały bojowe AK zlikwidowały także w tzw. Akcji Główki szereg osób odpowiedzialnych za przeprowadzanie łapanek, m.in.:
 14 stycznia 1943 Grupa specjalna AK wykonała wyrok śmierci na Izydorze Ossowskim, urzędniku arbeitsamtu, kolaborującym z hitlerowcami w akcji wywożenia ludności polskiej na przymusowe roboty do Niemiec,
 15 lutego 1943 po podobnym zarzutem zastrzelono także funkcjonariusza Policji granatowej, Romana Leona Święcickiego,
 Zamach na Kurta Hoffmanna – dwa zamachy z wyroku Kierownictwa Walki Podziemnej: nieudany bombowy w marcu 1943 roku oraz drugi 9 kwietnia gdy AK zlikwidowała Kurta Hoffmana, kierownika arbeitsamtu w Warszawie przy ul. Długiej, odpowiedzialnego za organizacje łapanek,
 Likwidacja Hugo Dietza – 13 kwietnia zastrzelenie zastępcy Hoffmana, Hugo Dietza,
 10 maja kierownika wydziału, Fritza Geista,
 1 lutego 1944 grupa likwidacyjna Kedywu zastrzeliła Wilhelma (Willy'ego) Luberta, kierownika w warszawskim arbeitsamcie, który był inicjatorem licznych łapanek kolejowych i ulicznych oraz masowego poboru do pracy przymusowej w III Rzeszy,
 8 czerwca 1944 patrol bojowy z oddziału "DB-17" zastrzelił Eugena Bolongino, kierownika obozu przejściowego arbeitsamtu przy ul. Skaryszewskiej, który organizował łapanki uliczne.

Łapanki w kulturze popularnej
Łapanka pojawia się w wielu książkach oraz filmach przedstawiających niemiecką okupację w Polsce. Po raz pierwszy pojawiła się w piosence anonimowego autora pt. "Siekiera, motyka" śpiewanej przez ulicznych śpiewaków z narażeniem życia w okupowanej Warszawie. Piosenka po wojnie stała się częścią filmu Zakazane piosenki.

Obecnie w języku polskim funkcjonuje potoczny zwrot "ktoś (wzięty) z łapanki" oznaczający przypadkową osobę znajdującą się w danej sytuacji przez zrządzenie losu – "ślepym trafem".

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Władysław Bartoszewski: 1859 dni Warszawy (1859 Days of Warsaw), Kraków, 1974.
 Michał Lis: "Polacy w Niemczech", Opole 1996.
 Czesław Łuczak: "Polacy w okupowanych Niemczech 1945–1949", Poznań 1993.
 Henryk Witkowski: "Kedyw okręgu warszawskiego AK w latach 1943–1944", Warszawa 1984.

Linki zewnętrzne

 Rodziny rozdzielone przez historię

Zbrodnie Niemiec nazistowskich w okupowanej Polsce 1939–1945

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This is not just limited to tablets and smartphones but gaming consoles, computers and laptops. I'm also coming from living this exact problem and I'm currently writing a series of parent tips with tech use in their families. The following is a list of tips that I hope helps achieve some balance in your household – we're trying in mine and it's takes time to build new behaviors – trust me! Stay patient and you'll discover a new connection with your children.
1. You can control access – so limit it – you are the parent!
I previously wrote about limiting access to your children's devices in their room. Another trick that works and must be reinforced is having a central spot in your house called "The Charging Station". This is where your children's device are put overnight and get charged. Build the habit that before bedtime, all devices are put in this location. It takes a bit of reminding for the first week or so but it then becomes routine. Most kids may go even as far as sneaking their device from this location so if you fear this, hide the devices.
I've spoken to my children's teachers and they share a concern where they can tell when a student in their class has been up really late. Sadly, when they ask why they are so tired they'll often answer they've been playing games until late or texting with their friends! These are elementary school children!
Family time – meals, movie time, car rides, family visits, etc.
Use technology time as a reward so only after finishing house chores, homework, or walking the family pet does their tablet become available.
Smartphones and tablets are quite advanced devices with so many features that it is actually getting overwhelming when you start to dig in. You may already know this but there are some limited parental controls in both Android and iOS devices. These typically work for younger children but do provide an opportunity to build some good behaviors and make sure your child doesn't get into something by accident (you know, an "innocent tap" on an app, YouTube video or setting).
Another neat trick which in my experience is not super user friendly but can be useful for younger children is the Guided Access feature available in iOS7 and iOS8. This mode on iPods, iPads and iPhones allows the device to be locked into a single app. This is accessed by taping on Settings > General > Accessibility > Guided Access to set it up. You can also read more about it on Apple's support site here.
I'll focus on the latest version of Lollipop which in my case is on a Samsung tablet. Android devices do allow for multiple user profiles which includes creating a Restricted User account that allows you to select apps you want to run with that account. Once you create the restricted user account, you're presented with the apps you'd like to be available for that user. There are some limitations such as some apps cannot be blocked but from my experience, all apps downloaded from the Play Store are selectable from the device.
Some of these points have been mentioned above but they are so important that they deserve their own section. Providing a way for your children to earn time on their technology is a must like building a family to-do list where certain chores or activities need to be completed before time on their devices is possible. If your children are bit younger, make this fun where stickers or progress is shown on the family to-do list. Here are just some of the various things your children can do (from some of the things we work on in our household) and in return this builds a good reward system that comes from doing something before getting something. Valuable qualities as our children grow up into adults and have children of their own.
All depending on the character of your child, it's also OK to provide some down time before a chore gets done. An example is when your children come home from school, they need their "own" decompression from their day. Allow 20-30 minutes of their own time, this can include technology use but make it clear there's a timer and things to do once they are done.
One great way to reconnect is in fact to do something together as a family. The key is to make it a reoccurring event and this activity can be truly anything. We love family movie nights and also do quite a bit of camping where we are in the outdoors typically without any cellular service. With family movie nights, this is an event that is in front of a screen but instead of being spread out throughout our house, we are all together at the same time enjoying a moment together.
art projects – drawing, scrap-booking, etc.
play outside – throw a ball, find a bike park, go to a local school playground, etc.
For this to work, an important component for some of these activities is to make them visible in your home. As examples, if you have a library of books for your children, display them in a central area of your home or playroom. If board games, keep a couple of boxes hovering around the family room as reminders.
Being an entrepreneur and involved in technology like I am, it can be difficult to provide the direction to your children about their technology use when they see you on yours all the time. What I do is share that there is different quality of time spent on devices such as when I'm working, I'm working and not playing games. So it's important to share with your child what good looks like and realize that everything has to have a balance – everything in moderation.
Not taking breaks from technology, in my case I do enjoy my camping weekends as where we go has no cellular service thus that removes a big need to check into notifications from my emails, social media, etc.
As an ever evolving subject, I look forward to learning more about it and sharing my thoughts on the subject. Don't be shy, feel free to share your own experiences too. Email me.


Fifteen is the kind of age where you're not expected to do much more than prepare for your GCSEs, look for a Saturday job and generally enjoy your latest purchase from HMV. Not to mention keep all the adults in your life happy whilst you spend your weekends taking silly photos with your friends. The notion that a teenager is capable of balancing all this with a business is forever astounding.
When there are grown-up inventors who can't even persuade those on Dragon's Den to invest, it's definitely inspiring to see young people finding success early on. Whilst blogging and YouTube has been instrumental in allowing young voices to emerge, that has not deterred the inception of all sorts of businesses. Three years ago, American teen Noa Mintz founded the immensely prosperous company Nannies by Noa, a service which matches families with prospective babysitters and nannies. Though that may come across like a dating website, the format has proved to be successful venture and it's estimated to be making $375,000 a year in revenue. It's virtually unbelievable that this was started by Noa at the tender age of twelve years old.
In popular culture, being successful from such a young age doesn't seem quite so strange. Lorde already had two Grammy awards under her belt by the age of eighteen, Malala Yousafzai was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize at seventeen and at eighteen, Tavi Gevinson is the editor-in-chief of her very own online magazine, which receives around 3.5 million hits a month. With such positive role models, it's no surprise that so many other teens are making the most of their own talents.
Two years ago saw British teen Nick D'Aloisio sell his app to Yahoo for an estimated $30 million dollars. Having taught himself to code, D'Aloisio made the most of his free time by harnessing his ideas into different apps and going along via trial and error. Reaching the kind of success that many adults spend their entire careers dreaming of may cause alarm, but it would seem that most of these young entrepreneurs take it all in their stride.
Having been brought up in a fickle culture where public opinion shifts as rapidly as the Top 40 charts, it would seem that these teenagers are happy enough to make the most of all opportunities that come their way before they end up knowing enough to form doubts. The fearlessness of youth and a desire to share things are found in abundance, particularly when they constantly have social media at their fingertips. Instead of being shocked, jealous or patronising towards these teenagers, perhaps we should be celebrating the future of the business world more.


text:
package com.appMobi.appMobiLib;

import java.io.File;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.net.URLDecoder;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONException;

import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.res.Configuration;
import android.graphics.Picture;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Build;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.util.DisplayMetrics;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.webkit.HttpAuthHandler;
import android.webkit.JsPromptResult;
import android.webkit.JsResult;
import android.webkit.WebChromeClient;
import android.webkit.WebSettings;
import android.webkit.WebView;
import android.webkit.WebViewClient;
import android.webkit.WebViewDatabase;
import android.webkit.GeolocationPermissions.Callback;
import android.webkit.WebChromeClient.CustomViewCallback;
import android.webkit.WebSettings.LayoutAlgorithm;
import android.webkit.WebStorage.QuotaUpdater;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;

import com.appMobi.appMobiLib.oauth.AppMobiOAuth;
import com.appMobi.appMobiLib.util.Debug;
import com.phonegap.CallbackServer;
import com.phonegap.api.PluginManager;

public class AppMobiWebView extends WebView implements AppMobiActivity.ConfigurationChangeListener {

	//hack for HTC devices
	private static boolean hasHTCUndocumentedMethods;
	static {
		Method m = null;
		try {
			m = WebView.class.getMethod("setScaleWithoutCheck", boolean.class);
		} catch (SecurityException e) {
		} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
		}
        hasHTCUndocumentedMethods = (m != null);
	}

	public AppConfigData config;
	AppMobiActivity activity;
	Map<String, AppMobiCommand> commandObjects;

	AppMobiWebViewClient awvc = null;

	public AppMobiAccelerometer accelerometer;
	public AppMobiAdvertising advertising;
	public AppMobiCache cache;
	public AppMobiAnalytics stats;
	public AppMobiPlayer player;
	public AppMobiDevice device;
	public AppMobiNotification notification;
	public AppMobiDebug debug;
	public AppMobiDisplay display;
	public AppMobiOAuth oauth;
	public AppMobiAudio audio;
	public AppMobiCamera camera;
	public AppMobiPayments payments;
	public AppMobiFile file;
	public AppMobiGeolocation geolocation;
	public AppMobiSpeech speech;
	public AppMobiContacts contacts;

	private Runnable pageFinishedRunnable = null;
	private Runnable pageTimedOutRunnable = null;

	boolean isReady = false;

	//ad blocking support
	List<String> whiteList;
	boolean wasLoadingStopped;

	//HTC hack support
	boolean firstTime = true;

	//phonegap support
	public PluginManager pluginManager;
	public CallbackServer callbackServer;

	public AppMobiWebView(Context context, AppConfigData configData) {
		super(context);
		activity = AppMobiActivity.sharedActivity;
		config = configData;
		init();

		activity.addConfigurationChangeListener(this);

		bindBrowser();
		isReady = true;

	}

	public AppMobiWebView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, AppConfigData configData) {
		super(context, attrs);
		activity = AppMobiActivity.sharedActivity;
		config = configData;
		init();
		bindBrowser();
	}

	private void init() {
        //setBackgroundColor(Color.TRANSPARENT);
        LinearLayout.LayoutParams webviewParams = new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.FILL_PARENT,
        		ViewGroup.LayoutParams.FILL_PARENT, 1.0F);
        setLayoutParams(webviewParams);

        setWebChromeClient(new AppMobiChromeClient(activity));
        awvc = new AppMobiWebViewClient();
        setWebViewClient(awvc);

        //start hacks for HTC Incredible
        if(hasHTCUndocumentedMethods) {
        	setPictureListener(
        		new WebView.PictureListener() {
					public void onNewPicture(WebView view, Picture picture) {
						if(firstTime && display!=null) {
							display.checkScale();
							firstTime = false;
						}
					}
				}
        	);
        	//from: http://community.htc.com/na/htc-forums/android/f/91/p/2332/8538.aspx
        	// To avoid WebView pan and zoom problem.
        	// add the following section code before load any URL or data.
        	// ===================== Begin =====================
        	try {
        	   Method m = getClass().getMethod("setIsCacheDrawBitmap", boolean.class);
        	    if (m != null) {
        	        m.invoke(this, false);
        	        getSettings().setLayoutAlgorithm(WebSettings.LayoutAlgorithm.NORMAL);
        	    }
        	} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
        	} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
        	} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
        	}
        	// ===================== End =====================
        }
        //end hacks for HTC Incredible

        WebViewDatabase.getInstance(activity).clearHttpAuthUsernamePassword();

        setInitialScale(100);
        setVerticalScrollBarEnabled(false);
        setHorizontalScrollBarEnabled(false);

        WebSettings settings = getSettings();
        settings.setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
        settings.setJavaScriptCanOpenWindowsAutomatically(true);
        settings.setLayoutAlgorithm(LayoutAlgorithm.NORMAL);
        settings.setGeolocationEnabled(true);
        //enable database
        settings.setDatabaseEnabled(true);
        settings.setDatabasePath(activity.baseDir().getAbsolutePath()+"/appmobi.db");
        //enable local storage
        settings.setDomStorageEnabled(true);

//Check for undocumented methods in WebView
//			Method[] methods = WebView.class.getDeclaredMethods();
//			for(Method method:methods) {
//				String log = new String();
//				int modifiers = method.getModifiers();
//				if(Modifier.isStatic(modifiers)) log+= "static ";
//				if(Modifier.isAbstract(modifiers)) log+= "abstract ";
//				if(Modifier.isPublic(modifiers)) log+= "public ";
//				if(Modifier.isPrivate(modifiers)) log+= "private ";
//				if(Modifier.isProtected(modifiers)) log+= "protected ";
//				Class returnType = method.getReturnType();
//				log += returnType==null?"void":returnType + " " + method.getName() + "(";
//				Class[] params = method.getParameterTypes();
//				for(Class param:params) log += param.getName() + ",";
//				log+=")";
//				if(Debug.isDebuggerConnected()) Log.i("[appMobi]", log);
//			}

    	//clear the cache - needed so that javascript is reloaded - possibly optimize later
    	clearCache(true);
    	//if(Debug.isDebuggerConnected()) Log.i("appmobi", "called clearCache");

	}

	public boolean hasHTCUndocumentedMethods() {
		return AppMobiWebView.hasHTCUndocumentedMethods;
	}

	public void bindBrowser()
	{
		//only create these once
		accelerometer = new AppMobiAccelerometer(activity, this);
		advertising = new AppMobiAdvertising(activity, this);
		cache = new AppMobiCache(activity, this);
		stats = new AppMobiAnalytics(activity, this);
		//hack to fix crash bug
		player = AppMobiPlayer.getInstance(activity, this);
		debug = new AppMobiDebug(activity, this);
		device = new AppMobiDevice(activity, this);
		notification = new AppMobiNotification(activity, this);
		display = new AppMobiDisplay(activity, this);
		//slows down startup a lot
		oauth = new AppMobiOAuth(activity, this);
		audio = new AppMobiAudio(activity, this);
		camera = new AppMobiCamera(activity, this);
		//payments = new AppMobiPayments(activity, this);
		file = new AppMobiFile(activity, this);
		geolocation = new AppMobiGeolocation(activity, this);
		speech = new AppMobiSpeech(activity,this);
		contacts = new AppMobiContacts(activity,this);

		addJavascriptInterface(accelerometer, "AppMobiAccelerometer");
		addJavascriptInterface(advertising, "AppMobiAdvertising");
		addJavascriptInterface(cache, "AppMobiCache");
		addJavascriptInterface(stats, "AppMobiAnalytics");
		addJavascriptInterface(player, "AppMobiPlayer");
		addJavascriptInterface(debug, "AppMobiDebug");
		addJavascriptInterface(device, "AppMobiDevice");
		addJavascriptInterface(notification, "AppMobiNotification");
		addJavascriptInterface(display, "AppMobiDisplay");
		addJavascriptInterface(oauth, "AppMobiOAuth");
		addJavascriptInterface(audio, "AppMobiAudio");
		addJavascriptInterface(camera, "AppMobiCamera");
		//addJavascriptInterface(payments, "AppMobiPayments");
		addJavascriptInterface(file, "AppMobiFile");
		addJavascriptInterface(geolocation, "AppMobiGeolocation");
		addJavascriptInterface(speech, "AppMobiSpeech");
		addJavascriptInterface(contacts, "AppMobiContacts");

		//modules will not currently work right in mobius
		for(String moduleName:getResources().getStringArray(R.array.modules))
		{
			if(moduleName == null || moduleName.length()==0) continue;

			AppMobiModule module = null;

			try {
				module = (AppMobiModule) Class.forName(moduleName).newInstance();
			}
			catch(Exception e)
			{
				if(Debug.isDebuggerConnected()) {
					Log.d("[appMobi]", "unable to retrieve appmobi.js from server config" + e.getMessage(), e);
				}
			}

			if( module != null )
			{
				module.setup(activity, this);
			}
		}
	}

    public File appDirectory()
    {
    	File temp = activity.getApplicationContext().getFilesDir();
    	return temp;
    }

    public File baseDirectory()
    {
    	File temp = new File(appDirectory(), "root");
    	return temp;
    }

    public void registerCommand(AppMobiCommand command, String name)
    {
    	addJavascriptInterface(command, name);
    }

	@Override
	public void loadUrl(final String url)
	{
		super.loadUrl(url);
	}

	public void loadUrl(final String url, final int loadTimeout, final Runnable timedOut) {
		loadUrl(url, null, loadTimeout, timedOut);
	}

	public void loadUrl(final String url, final Runnable finished, final int loadTimeout, final Runnable timedOut)
	{
		AppMobiWebView.this.pageFinishedRunnable = finished;
		AppMobiWebView.this.pageTimedOutRunnable = timedOut;
		super.loadUrl(url);

		if(loadTimeout!=0) {
			//enforce load timeout
			new Thread("AppMobiWebView:loadUrl") {
				public void run() {
					try {
						//sleep for duration of timeout
						Thread.sleep(loadTimeout*1000);
						//check if the runnable has been cleared;
						//if it is still present, the page hasn't finished loading
						if(AppMobiWebView.this.pageTimedOutRunnable!=null && AppMobiWebView.this.pageTimedOutRunnable.equals(timedOut)) {
							Log.i("[appMobi]", "AppMobiWebView timedOut for " + url);
							runPageTimedOutRunnable();
						}
					} catch (Exception e) {
						if(Debug.isDebuggerConnected()) {
							Log.e("[appMobi]", e.getMessage(), e);
						}
					}
				}
			}.start();
		}
	}

	private void runPageTimedOutRunnable() {
		//screen orientation is set to portrait in manifest to prevent splash screen weirdness
		//need to update to default or whatever was set by user here
		if(this.device!=null) this.device.updateOrientation();

		if(pageTimedOutRunnable!=null) new Thread(pageTimedOutRunnable, "AppMobiWebView:timedOut").start();
		AppMobiWebView.this.pageTimedOutRunnable = null;
		AppMobiWebView.this.pageFinishedRunnable = null;
	}

	protected void hideSplash() {
		runPageTimedOutRunnable();
	}

	private class AppMobiWebViewClient extends WebViewClient {

		@Override
		public void onPageFinished(WebView view, String url) {
			Log.i("[appMobi]", "AppMobiWebView - pageFinished for " + url);
			if(AppMobiWebView.this.pageFinishedRunnable!=null) {
				new Thread(AppMobiWebView.this.pageFinishedRunnable, "AppMobiWebViewClient:onPageFinished").start();
				AppMobiWebView.this.pageTimedOutRunnable = null;
				AppMobiWebView.this.pageFinishedRunnable = null;
			}
			super.onPageFinished(view, url);

		}

		@Override
        public void onReceivedHttpAuthRequest  (WebView view, HttpAuthHandler handler, String host,String realm) {
            String[] up = view.getHttpAuthUsernamePassword(host, "");
            if( up != null && up.length == 2 ) {
                handler.proceed(up[0], up[1]);
            }
            else{
                if(Debug.isDebuggerConnected()) Log.d("WebAuth","Could not find user/pass for domain :"+host+" with realm = "+realm+"(\"\" specified)");
           }
        }

		@Override
		public boolean shouldOverrideUrlLoading(WebView view, String url) {
			if (url.startsWith("vnd.youtube:") || url.startsWith("mailto:") || url.startsWith("tel:")) {
				Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, Uri.parse(url));
				activity.startActivity(intent);
				return true;
			} else if(handleYoutube(url)) {
				return true;
			} else {
				return super.shouldOverrideUrlLoading(view, url);
			}
		}

		@Override
		public void onLoadResource(WebView view, String url) {
			//Log.d("[appMobi]", "onLoadResource: "+url);

			if(wasLoadingStopped) {
				//get domain to check against whitelist
				String domain = url.substring(url.indexOf("://")+3);
				domain = domain.substring(0, domain.indexOf('/'));

				//if the url is allowed, load it, otherwise inject an event
				if("http://localhost:58888".equals(domain) || whiteList.contains(domain)) {
					//load the page
					loadUrl(url);
				} else {
					stopLoading();
					//inject event
					String js = String.format("javascript:var e = document.createEvent('Events');e.initEvent('appMobi.device.remote.block',true,true);e.success=true;e.blocked='%s';document.dispatchEvent(e);", url.replaceAll("'", "\\\\'"));
					if(Debug.isDebuggerConnected()) Log.i("[appMobi]", "onPageStarted js:" + js);
					loadUrl(js);
				}
				wasLoadingStopped = false;
			} else {

				//wrap youtube special handling in exception block so it doesnt affect other functionality
				try {
					if(!handleYoutube(url)) {
						super.onLoadResource(view, url);
					}
				} catch(Exception e) {
					//just do debug logging if an exception occurs
					Log.d("[appMobi]", e.getMessage(), e);
				}
			}

		}

	}

	private boolean handleYoutube(String url) {
		//if this is froyo, check if this is a youtube video that the user is trying to play
		//http://m.youtube.com/gen_204?action=playback&imgparams=ns%3Dyt%26ps%3Dblazer%26playback%3D1%26el%3Ddetailpage%26app%3Dyoutube_mobile%26fmt%3D18%26hl%3Den%26gl%3DUS%26docid%3DbDhYDY9A4TI%26rdm%3D8493%26feature%3D%26reloadCount%3D0%26waitTime%3D3&ajax=1&tsp=1&tspv=v2&xl=xl_blazer
		if((Integer.parseInt(Build.VERSION.SDK) >= 8 /*Build.VERSION_CODES.FROYO*/) &&
				(url.startsWith("http://m.youtube.com/") && url.indexOf("action=playback")!=-1) || (url.startsWith("http://s.youtube.com/") && url.indexOf("playback=1")!=-1)) {
			//parse out the docid
			String decodedUrl = URLDecoder.decode(url);
			String queryString = decodedUrl.replaceFirst(".*\\?", "");
			String[] queryStringParams = queryString.split("&");
			for(String param:queryStringParams) {
				if(param.startsWith("docid=")) {
					String docid = param.split("=")[1];
					//if we got to here, we want to load this style url:
					//vnd.youtube:bDhYDY9A4TI?vndapp=youtube_mobile&vndclient=mv-google&vndel=watch&vndxl=xl_blazer
					final String youtubeUrl = "vnd.youtube:"+docid;//+"?vndapp=youtube_mobile&vndclient=mv-google&vndel=watch&vndxl=xl_blazer";
					Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, Uri.parse(youtubeUrl));
					activity.setLaunchedChildActivity(true);
					activity.startActivity(intent);
					break;
				}
			}
			return true;
		} else {
			return false;
		}
	}

	private class AppMobiChromeClient extends WebChromeClient {

        Context mCtx;
        AppMobiChromeClient(Context ctx) {
                mCtx = ctx;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean onJsAlert(WebView view, String url, String message, JsResult result) {
                AlertDialog.Builder alertBldr = new AlertDialog.Builder(mCtx);
                alertBldr.setMessage(message);
                alertBldr.setTitle(url.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1));
                alertBldr.setPositiveButton("OK", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
	                public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
	                        dialog.dismiss();
	                }
                });
                alertBldr.show();
                result.confirm();
                return true;
        }

        //phonegap support
        @Override
        public boolean onJsPrompt(WebView view, String url, String message, String defaultValue, JsPromptResult result) {

        	if(callbackServer==null || pluginManager==null) {
        		return super.onJsPrompt(view, url, message, defaultValue, result);
        	}

        	// Security check to make sure any requests are coming from the page initially
        	// loaded in webview and not another loaded in an iframe.
        	boolean reqOk = false;
        	if (url.indexOf("http://localhost:58888/") == 0) {
        		reqOk = true;
        	}

        	// Calling PluginManager.exec() to call a native service using
        	// prompt(this.stringify(args), "gap:"+this.stringify([service, action, callbackId, true]));
        	if (reqOk && defaultValue != null && defaultValue.length() > 3 && defaultValue.substring(0, 4).equals("gap:")) {
        		JSONArray array;
        		try {
        			array = new JSONArray(defaultValue.substring(4));
        			String service = array.getString(0);
        			String action = array.getString(1);
        			String callbackId = array.getString(2);
        			boolean async = array.getBoolean(3);
        			String r = pluginManager.exec(service, action, callbackId, message, async);
        			result.confirm(r);
        		} catch (JSONException e) {
        			e.printStackTrace();
        		}
        	}

        	// Polling for JavaScript messages
        	else if (reqOk && defaultValue.equals("gap_poll:")) {
        		String r = callbackServer.getJavascript();
        		result.confirm(r);
        	}

        	// Calling into CallbackServer
        	else if (reqOk && defaultValue.equals("gap_callbackServer:")) {
        		String r = "";
        		if (message.equals("usePolling")) {
        			r = ""+callbackServer.usePolling();
        		}
        		else if (message.equals("restartServer")) {
        			callbackServer.restartServer();
        		}
        		else if (message.equals("getPort")) {
        			r = Integer.toString(callbackServer.getPort());
        		}
        		else if (message.equals("getToken")) {
        			r = callbackServer.getToken();
        		}
        		result.confirm(r);
        	}

        	// Show dialog
        	else {
        		return super.onJsPrompt(view, url, message, defaultValue, result);
			}
        	return true;
        }

        @Override
		public void onGeolocationPermissionsShowPrompt(String origin, Callback callback) {
			//super.onGeolocationPermissionsShowPrompt(origin, callback);
			callback.invoke(origin, true, false);
		}

        public void addMessageToConsole(String message, int lineNumber, String sourceID) {
			if(Debug.isDebuggerConnected()) Log.d("AppMobiLog", sourceID + ": Line " + Integer.toString(lineNumber) + " : " + message);
		}

        @Override
		public void onExceededDatabaseQuota(String url, String databaseIdentifier, long currentQuota, long estimatedSize, long totalUsedQuota, QuotaUpdater quotaUpdater) {
			long minDBSizeinBytes = 10*1024*1024;
			//if user specified db size and this is first time through, make it that size or the min size
			if(currentQuota==0 && estimatedSize!=0) {
				if(estimatedSize < minDBSizeinBytes) {
					quotaUpdater.updateQuota(minDBSizeinBytes);
				} else {
					quotaUpdater.updateQuota(estimatedSize);
				}
			} else if(currentQuota==0){
				//otherwise make it the min size
				quotaUpdater.updateQuota(minDBSizeinBytes);
			} else {
				quotaUpdater.updateQuota(currentQuota);
			}
//			if(currentQuota==0) {
//				//didn't really exceed, just first time through so quota is 0 bytes - allocate 2MB quota
//				final WebStorage ws = WebStorage.getInstance();
//				ValueCallback<Map> originsCB = new ValueCallback<Map>() {
//
//					public void onReceiveValue(Map value) {
//						for(Object origin:value.keySet()) {
//							final String strOrigin = (String)origin;
//							ws.getQuotaForOrigin((String)origin, new ValueCallback<Long>() {
//								public void onReceiveValue(Long value) {
//									if(Debug.isDebuggerConnected()) Log.d("[appMobi]", strOrigin+":"+value);
//								}
//							});
//						}
//
//					}
//
//				};
//				ws.getOrigins(originsCB);
//			} else {
//				//really exceeded the quota - inject notification
//				appView.loadUrl("javascript:var ev = document.createEvent('Events');ev.initEvent('appMobi.device.dbquota',true,true);ev.url='"+url
//						+"';ev.dbId='"+databaseIdentifier+"';ev.originQuota='"+currentQuota+"';ev.dbSize='"+estimatedSize+"';ev.originUsed='"+totalUsedQuota+"';document.dispatchEvent(ev);");
//			}
		}

		@Override
		public void onShowCustomView(View view, CustomViewCallback callback) {
			// TODO Auto-generated method stub
			super.onShowCustomView(view, callback);
		}

	}

	public void onConfigurationChanged(int orientation) {
		//inject an orientation change event
		//update device dimensions
		DisplayMetrics dm = new DisplayMetrics();
		activity.getWindowManager().getDefaultDisplay().getMetrics(dm);

		String jsOrientChange = "javascript:" +
			"try{AppMobi.device.width=" + dm.widthPixels + ";AppMobi.device.height=" + dm.heightPixels + ";" +
			"AppMobi.device.setOrientation("+((orientation==Configuration.ORIENTATION_PORTRAIT)?"0":"-90")+");}catch(e){}";
		loadUrl(jsOrientChange);

		if(Debug.isDebuggerConnected()) {
			Log.d("[appMobi]", "injecting an orientation change event:" + jsOrientChange);
		}

	}

	public void setBlockedPagesWhitelist(String domainList) {
		whiteList = Arrays.asList(domainList.split("\\|"));
	}

	void autoLogEvent(String event, String query) {
		if( query == null ) query = "-";

		stats.logPageEvent(event, query, "200", "GET", "0", "index.html");
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
{"compiler":[8,">= 4.3.0"],"main":function(container,depth0,helpers,partials,data) {
  return "";
},"useData":true}


text:
Sir Jack Edward Baldwin  (8 August 1938 – 5 January 2020) was a British chemist. He was a Waynflete Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford (1978–2005) and head of the organic chemistry at Oxford.

Education
Baldwin was the second son of Frederick C N Baldwin and Olive F Headland. He was educated at Brighton Grammar School and Lewes County Grammar School. He attended Imperial College, London (BSc, DIC, PhD). He received his Ph.D. working under the direction of Sir Derek H.R. Barton, FRS, Nobel Laureate, who described him as his best student.

Career and Research
After four years on the staff at Imperial College, Baldwin moved to the United States: first to Pennsylvania State University  in 1967 and then to MIT in 1970, where he published his most significant work — Baldwin's rules for ring closure reactions. It was also where Baldwin met his future wife, Christine Louise Franchi; they married in 1977. In 1978, he moved to Oxford to become head of the Dyson Perrins Laboratory, where he upgraded its facilities and revolutionised the type of work done, while building links between Organic Chemistry and basic biological research. The laboratory formally closed in 2003, but his group moved to the new research facility, the Chemistry Research Laboratory on Mansfield Road.

One of Baldwin's passions was finding out how nature makes chemicals that researchers cannot. This led him to 'biomimetic' synthesis: using the principles of nature to improve the generation of biomolecules in the laboratory.

The Baldwin group's range of interests includes mechanisms of reactions; total synthesis of natural products such as trichoviridin, acromelic acid A, hypoglycin A and lactacystin;  and biomimetic synthesis of natural products such as (-)-xestospongin A. Baldwin published over 700 papers.

Georgina Ferry's obituary of Baldwin notes that "he had little time for the academic conventions of Oxford: he spoke his mind." and that "he enjoyed good food, fine wine, powerful motorbikes, fast cars and his dogs." Some of these aspects of his character are illustrated in a three-part documentary.

Some positions held

Derived from Who's Who 2020.

1963 Assistant Lecturer in Chemistry, Imperial College
1966 Lecturer
1967 Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Penn State
1969 Associate Professor
1969-70 Alfred P. Sloan Fellow
1970 Associate Professor of Chemistry
1972 Daniell Professor of Chemistry, King's College, London
1972-78 Professor of Chemistry, MIT

Awards and honours
1975 Corday Morgan Medal and Prize, Chemical Society
1978 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
1984 Paul Karrer Gold Medal at the University of Zurich
1987 Hugo Müller Medal, Royal Society of Chemistry
1987 Max Tishler Award, Harvard University
1988 Dr Paul Jansen Prize for Creativity in Organic Synthesis, Belgium
1993 Davy Medal
1994 Elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1997 Invested as a Knight Bachelor
1999 Leverhulme Medal (Royal Society)
2002 Nakanishi Prize
2006 Paracelsus Prize

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
English chemists
Alumni of Imperial College London
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Waynflete Professors of Chemistry
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities


The Battle Field Game - A free Shooting Games play online!
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Welcome to play The Battle Field Game.This is a Shooting Games,also is a minicilp games,free mini games and free games online.In this games,you will find a funny show.
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Artemisia absinthii Heyne ex Hook. fil.
Artemisia orientalis Herb. Madr. ex DC.
Wallich, N. , Nouveau Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3: 85. 1834.
International Plant Names Index. 2017. Artemisia pallens. Published online. Accessed Nov. 19 2017.
The Plant List 2013. Artemisia pallens in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2017 Nov. 19.
Tropicos.org 2017. Artemisia pallens. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2017 Nov. 19.
Hassler, M. 2017. Artemisia pallens. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (version Mar. 2018). In: Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds. 2017. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2017 Nov 19.
For more multimedia, look at Artemisia pallens on Wikimedia Commons.


text:
| BOZEMAN & BIG SKY, MT
Mountain Town Urban Design Partner Website
March 24, 2020 May 20, 2019 by Eric Stumpner
Shaping a Community's Legacy Pearson Design Group
By Aaron Kampfe
The iconic landscapes of the West are vast, sparsely populated spaces where man is but a speck in a never-ending sea of prairie grasses, dense alpine forest, rolling hills, or towering peaks. The West was built on the values of rugged individualism, unrestricted freedom, and libertarianism. Architecture followed suit.
Luxury homes profiled in magazines like Western Home Journal reflect an individual's vision, desires, and imagination. The architects, interior designers, and builders have a freedom to design with only the homeowner to please. Final approval rests with a single entity.
With increasing population and limits on development, the West of today has had to embrace values that may seem antithetical to its frontier spirit: communal living, public engagement, and higher density planning. When designing for infill development in the West's cities and towns, final approval rests with the community and its local guidelines and regulations.
Pearson Design Group (PDG) is well-versed at transitioning their background in residential architecture into designing public spaces. Founder Larry Pearson says, "When you design a custom home for an individual you only have to satisfy one client, but when you design an infill building, you design for a community. Every day hundreds of people walk, bike, or drive by that structure. You design for the thousands of people who will experience that office space, coffee shop, museum, theater, restaurant, place of worship, or civic building."
Mountain towns like Bozeman are becoming small cities that strive to preserve their historic character while embracing new concepts and the new reality of higher density development. Architects are tasked with balancing opposing values: historic preservation vs. contemporary design, land development vs. land conservation, the needs and desires of an individual vs. the needs and desires of the public. While no architect will please every interest, adept and inventive architects and planners can facilitate the community conversation, listen to competing values, and formulate solutions that will honor the stakeholders' voices.
While Pearson Design Group has a portfolio of projects ranging from oceanfront properties in California to lake developments in upstate New York, the firm is rooted in Bozeman. As Larry says, "Our work requires us to fly or drive to remote locations, but when we come home, we are reminded that we live in a gem in the West—Bozeman. When we approach a design in our own town, the project becomes personal. Our kids are growing up here and they will experience whatever legacy we leave them. This is our responsibility but it is also our fun."
Pearson Design Group
three portfolio priorities:
No.1 flexible thinking.
No.2 Understanding context.
"When you design a custom home for an individual you only have to satisfy one client, but when you design an infill building, you design for a community."
–Larry Pearson, Founder, Pearson Design Group
No.3 community legacy.
No. 1 flexible thinking. rooted in custom home design.
"The culture at Pearson Design Group started with Larry but infects everyone on staff and beyond to our partners. Homes or any another project are not built by a single person. They are not a result of a single visionary or single artist."
–Justin Tollefson, Principal, Pearson Design Group
Pearson Design Group's experience in mountain architecture goes back more than 30 years, when Larry Pearson founded his own firm. PDG's portfolio ranges from Old World rustic log homes to ultra-modern residences and many iterations and variations. Think of a type of dwelling—ranch house, lakefront estate, fishing cabin, lodge in the woods, classic cottage, ski chalets—PDG has designed many. By not being in a particular wheelhouse and only doing custom design, PDG starts with listening to the client before a single plan is drawn. The process moving forward is fluid and flexible, even once the construction phase has begun.
Partner Justin Bowland of Yellowstone Traditions says, "Larry Pearson's mind is always working and creating. We've been on this creative journey with PDG long enough that we're not just handed a set of plans and told not to deviate. We're not strictly bound by specifications, but a part of the architect/builder/client team that constructs the vision. PDG challenges us to think outside of the box and the result is a collaborative approach to creating timeless spaces."
During the early design phase, PDG contemplates the context of the space—not just the geographic location, but also the human and social context. Questions are asked like: How does the building fit into both the natural environment as well as the neighborhood? What is the human history of the area and its vernacular architecture? How will the occupants use the space both as an individual and with others?
Even once plans are finalized, PDG's role isn't finished, as the creative process continues during construction. Peter Belschwender, CEO of the construction company On Site Management, says, "We did our first project with Larry Pearson in 1999. Larry is a true talent and it's amazing how design ideas and solutions come out of his head and go right down on paper. We've had certain clients ask us how much money do we want to put aside for Larry to explore. The clients want to make sure he has the time and some leeway in the budget for that creative, less regimented, process while staying on the construction schedule. The result is better solutions to problems."
The creativity and flexibility of Larry's thinking is instilled into the entire firm's approach. Justin Tollefson, a principal at PDG, says, "The culture at Pearson Design Group started with Larry but infects everyone on staff and beyond to our partners. Homes or any another project are not built by a single person. They are not a result of a single visionary or single artist. No single person is responsible for any project. We strive to allow for creativity—whether it's the lead architect, newly hired intern, interior designer, builder, or craftsman on a contractor's crew—and work with that individual's creativity in a team environment."
No. 2 Understanding context. Recent "urban" projects.
The Little Star Diner is located at a crossroads in Bozeman. A block off Main Street with its historic brick facades, the site is adjacent to a light industrial and warehouse district, across the street from an apartment complex, and on a block with single-family homes. The challenge for the architectural team was to design a restaurant that wasn't just another brick building, was visually intriguing to those who passed the building on foot or in a vehicle, had a contemporary enough vibe without being trendy, and functioned on a very practical level as a place of business where people gather and share a meal.
Josh Barr, a principal at PDG, says, "Because the building is just off Main, we had more creative freedom from a city code point of view. We strived to create a building that would have continuity with the architectural context of historic Main Street, residences, and light industrial development."
When approaching the Little Star Diner at street level, one is struck by the blend of concrete, steel, glass, and wood. The trees between the street and the sidewalk were preserved, creating a continuity with the neighborhood. The footprint of the building is relatively small like the footprint of the houses on the block. Large windows allow natural light into the interior space and bring the outdoors inside. The east side of the building has a large glass "garage door," which opens up to allow morning light and fresh air to flow. The open kitchen and long countertop with seating is reminiscent of a classic American diner. Rooftop seating in the warmer months places patrons at the tree canopy level and offers views of Bozeman's rooftops and the surrounding mountains.
Another infill project, PDG's own office building, presented its own architectural and building challenges, starting with the lot. Along a railroad spur line, the lot has an odd triangular shape. Within the structure, few rooms have the standard 90-degree corners as in a typical building. The entry and lobby space feel like a stately modern home with an open ceiling to the second floor; a steel, glass, and wood stairwell; comfortable chairs and antique furnishings; and a glass-encased conference room where business is conducted around what feels like a large kitchen table.
The exterior of the building pays homage to Montana's agrarian roots. The wood siding gives the structure an old barn texture. A tillage disk from a farming implement hangs off the street side of the building. During the winter, it creates ice formations that morph as it freezes and thaws. When it rains or the snow melts, the water cascades down, turning into a unique type of water feature.
PDG understands that buildings transform the people who experience them. Larry Pearson says, "When we moved into our own office building, the energy and enthusiasm of our staff was palpably elevated and that continues today. Our experience with space is affected by light, air, texture, color, and layout and when designing our own building, we recognized that we personally would be experiencing that building every work day. I keep that in mind when designing all of our public buildings."
"Because the building is just off Main, we had more creative freedom from a city code point of view. We strived to create a building that would have continuity with the architectural context of historic Main Street, residences, and light industrial development."
–Josh Barr, Principal, Pearson Design Group
NO. 3 Community legacy. Mountain town architecture for the future.
When designing infill projects, architects both react to the context as well as create a new context. When designing in Bozeman, PDG's hometown, the design team walks, bikes, and drives the streets and neighborhoods every day; they are well attuned to Bozeman's architectural, historic, and social context. Explicit in Bozeman's development and planning documents are the desire for mid-rise, multi-use infill buildings. A challenge with designing new infill structures is being sensitive to what currently exists while not fearing the idea of doing something that will stand out as different.
Justin Tollefson of PDG says, "People in town who approach us are familiar with our work. They identify our firm because they've seen something that is unique, something done with panache. PDG is not a firm that designs a shell with generic urban and suburban conventions. While boxes are easier to design and cheaper to build, PDG's urban buildings push the envelope. We're applying the same thoughts and processes that we do in custom residential to custom urban buildings."
The BG Mill project planned at North Broadway and East Mendenhall is a multi-use building with commercial, office, and residential spaces. Like the PDG office building, the BG Mill site gives a nod to the Gallatin Valley's agricultural heritage by incorporating elements of grain silos and, like the PDG office building, sits on an oddly shaped triangular lot. Viewed from a distance, the exterior has erratic angles that make the building seem like it bends, curves, and folds. PDG has incorporated some characteristics found in modernist buildings around the world into a mountain town urban project in the American West.
On the upper levels, large windows and decks offer views of the surrounding mountain ranges. The steel, glass, concrete, and wood elements of the exterior are incorporated into the interior. Stairwells aren't buried in the building but are visible from the outside and part of its character. Functional elements are also aesthetic elements.
Jon Evans, a partner at North Fork Builders, says, "It's a test of an architectural firm to be community-minded. PDG will dare to be different, do something cool and unique, and make themselves vulnerable. At the same time, they are rooted in the Bozeman community and will strive to balance community needs and opinions."
Larry Pearson's approach and creativity has been passed down to the current generation at PDG. Principal partners Justin Tollefson, Josh Barr, and Greg Matthews are all rooted in Bozeman with kids in Bozeman schools. Justin says, "The future of PDG is that we continue doing what we've done for 30-plus years. We'll continue being a part of a growing Bozeman and growing West and our contribution and our legacy is designing interesting buildings."
"It's a test of an architectural firm to be community-minded. PDG will dare to be different, do something cool and unique, and make themselves vulnerable. At the same time, they are rooted in the Bozeman community and will strive to balance community needs and opinions."
–Jon Evans, Partner, North Fork Builders
Categories Bozeman-Big Sky, Summer 2019 Post navigation
Builders Round Table


Though divorce laws vary from state to state, there are two basic approaches to divorce: fault based and no-fault based. However, even in some jurisdictions that do not require a party to claim fault of their partner, a court may still take into account the behavior of the parties when dividing property, debts, evaluating custody, and support.
Laws vary as to the waiting period before a divorce is effective. Also, residency requirements vary. However, issues of division of property are typically determined by the law of the state in which the property is located.
No-fault divorce -Under a no-fault divorce system, the dissolution of a marriage does not require an allegation or proof of fault of either party. The application can be made by either party or by both parties jointly. Forty-nine states of the United States have adopted no-fault divorce laws, with grounds for divorce including incompatibility, irreconcilable differences, and irremediable breakdown of the marriage.
At-fault divorce – In the United States, only New York State still requires fault for a divorce. Under New York divorce law only if both parties notarize a separation agreement and live separately for one year, can a judge convert it into a divorce.
Each spouse's personal property is under a threshold (typically the same as marital property).
Be honest with your divorce attorney – Your lawyer is there to help you. Your communication with your lawyer is privileged, meaning your attorney cannot tell others about it, except in certain child abuse scenarios. No matter how embarrassing, it is important to tell your lawyer everything. If you don't, your case may be hurt at trial because the other lawyer knows facts you haven't told your lawyer.
Be honest with the court – If you go to trial, the result is directly affected by your credibility. Not only is lying to the court a crime, but your lawyer may have a duty to stop the proceeding and tell the court if he or she knows you are misrepresenting facts. If there are areas of your case that are sensitive, work with your lawyer on what you are going to say, but don't misrepresent.
Don't involve the kids in the process- If your case involves a custody dispute, nothing will anger the court faster than involving your kids in the dispute. Don't use them as pawns in the battle against your spouse.
Don't hide or fail to produce documents -You have an absolute right to see your spouse's financial documents. Your spouse has an absolute right to see your financial documents. The court can force you to produce records, and order that you pay your spouse's lawyer fees incurred in getting the records. Good clients and good lawyers produce documents quickly and voluntarily.
Get legal advice before you settle your divorce case – Divorce can be unpleasant and emotionally painful. One reaction is to try to get it over quickly. Do not give into the urge to be done with the case before you have a full understanding of the assets and what a fair distribution looks like. Do not settle prematurely, before your attorney explains your legal rights.
Try to resolve the case outside of court – Good lawyers and reasonable people settle most divorce cases without a trial. Many clients benefit from mediation, either through the county courthouse or through a private mediator. You should always consult with your lawyer during the process to make sure you are getting a fair result. Settling also means you choose the outcome rather than have a judge impose an outcome on you. Parties that settle are generally happier long term, and have less ongoing conflict.
Hire an attorney if your divorce case is contested – Many judges dislike unrepresented parties. Even experienced divorce lawyers hire experienced divorce lawyers for an objective opinion. If you disagree over property or custody, and your spouse has a lawyer, seek representation.
Approximately 90% of divorces are uncontested. What this means is that the parties involved are able to settle their differences without even going to trial.
Uncontested divorces –In an uncontested divorce, the spouses reach mutual agreement on relevant issues like alimony, child custody, child support, and asset division. The court doesn't get involved because the two parties manage to settle all their issues without litigation. Because of this, uncontested divorces usually save significant time and money compared to contested divorces. Your attorney will draft or review all the settlement agreements, to be sure that they accurately reflect the agreement between you and your spouse.
Contested divorces –By contrast, two spouses go through a contested divorce process when they're unable to reach an agreement on issues, even after trying alternatives like mediation. When this happens, the divorce case then goes before the court, where the judge (or jury) makes the final decision on each issue.
Whether your divorce is contested or uncontested, it is advisable to consult with an experienced divorce lawyer, who can make sure that your rights are protected and that you are treated fairly. Fill out your information and describe your issue on right and we will help you to find an attorney lawyer Shortly.


The historic portion of the former Crystal Ice plant was intended to become the focal point of the Ice Blocks – a multiblock collection of shops, restaurants, offices and apartments – on R Street between 16th and 18th streets in midtown Sacramento.
The oldest portion of the structure was made up of nine interconnected buildings totaling 82,000 square feet.
Foot-thick wooden columns and massive beams supported the cavernous spaces with exposed brick walls. Wooden floors showed the wear of nearly a hundred years of use. Developers Mike Heller and Mark Friedman planned to keep as much of that character as possible, and tenants saw it as a major draw, they said.
After two years of planning, work finally had started on the project. Then a three-alarm fire tore through the structure early Saturday, and much of the plant, and the plans that went with it, came crashing down.
"The building is still unstable, and we haven't been permitted to go in and assess it yet. But from my observation, it appears to be a total loss," Friedman said. He awoke early Saturday morning to the news and stood watching the wreckage smolder.
"Most of what was appealing about the building were the old timbers," Friedman said. The floors were Douglas fir planks, six inches wide and two inches thick. And the building's insulation was wisps of redwood, he said.
"It was a very fine shaving that looked like redwood cotton balls," the developer said, adding that all that wood fueled the conflagration.
On Monday, fire investigators interviewed neighbors and reviewed security video but hadn't entered the blackened shell of a building because it's unstable.
It could be weeks before any cause of the fire is released, Padilla said. Before investigators can enter the building, city inspectors must determine whether it is safe, and heavy equipment must be moved into position, he said.
Crystal Ice and Cold Storage was started in 1924 by A.R. Carstensen and his wife, Ruth. Originally in Oak Park, the business moved to 17th and R streets and delivered 100-pound blocks of ice to customers. The business turned to cold storage with the advent of refrigerators. It preserved fruit, vegetables and meat and provided crushed ice for rail cars shipping fresh vegetables east.
Heller said last year he saw the cavernous old plant becoming like Berkeley's Fourth Street shopping district, the Pearl District in Portland, Ore., and other places where gritty post-industrial landscapes have been transformed into hip economic centers.
The plans included a new apartment building with ground-floor restaurants at 18th and R streets, where demolition of another less-valuable structure continued Monday. Across R Street, the graffiti-covered brick facade of the former Orchard Supply Hardware stands intact. Plans call for it to be transformed into a mix of restaurants and retail.
Those properties, called Blocks 2 and 3, will move forward as planned, Friedman said.
What will become of Block 1 – the older ice plant – remains uncertain and will for some time, he said.
New construction is a possibility, he said. But it won't be able to replicate the character that was lost in Saturday's fire.
A number of architecture and engineering firms had wanted to occupy the top floor, and retailers had shown interest in the ground floor, he said. He said he and Heller would develop new plans.
"It was a tough loss, but we're going to regroup and we will come back with something that will be cool, but cool in a different way," he said.


The Kohl Centre at Virginia Tech: Beyond-the-Classroom Learning Opportunities in the Agricultural and Applied Economics Department.
The Kohl Centre Foundation serves a dual mission to: 1), provide business, financial, marketing and management advice, using the resources of VT faculty and students, in the entrepreneurial spirit of Dr. Dave Kohl; and 2), facilitate action-oriented, immersive professional development project opportunities for Kohl Centre teams in response to identified clientele needs in agribusiness and other sectors of the economy. Our primary goal is to develop and implement a branded beyond-the-classroom program that provides undergraduate student experiences in applying the concepts of firm-level strategic decision-making based on economic analyses.
The Kohl Centre provides opportunities for faculty-led student project teams to engage in strategic and tactical decision-making processes specific to existing needs identified by firms or individuals. Kohl Centre project team members craft integrated solutions related to market, financial, institutional, production and human resource risks faced by clientele. During each project, students work directly with Kohl Centre clients & College of Agriculture and Life Sciences faculty experts across a range of diverse subjects. Kohl Centre students learn to apply classroom skills to critical needs and knowledge gaps identified by project partners, a process facilitated by VT campus and filed faculty, consultants, , and other individuals Specifically, students will focus on three measurable learning objectives: (1) to present ideas orally and in writing; (2) to work with diverse partners in a team environment under time constraints; and (3) to shape and direct their own work and contributions.
The Kohl Centre students are expected to establish networks across colleagues, firms, communities and associations, representing public & private sectors, and will gain valuable experience working on a team to complete the projects. A primary benefit to participation on a Kohl Centre team is the opportunity to develop and document leadership and service experience while providing timely solutions to clients. Each student will create individual team portfolios of completed projects across diverse fields using a variety of media, including strategic plans, newsletters, white papers, policy briefs, video, television, radio and online portals.
All College of Agriculture and Life Sciences undergraduate students are eligible to register for the Kohl Centre class. Participation in the course requires a commitment of time and effort to research and activities conducted on campus and in the field. Students may receive variable graded credits based on time requirements, project complexity, and students' experience levels. To facilitate a portfolio of experiences and networking opportunities beyond the course, students are encouraged to participate in the Kohl Centre for multiple semesters.
A critical component of the Kohl Centre dual mission is the involvement of private businesses, non-profit organizations, and alumni in all aspects of the projects, from idea generation to project team facilitation to selection of Kohl Centre graduates for internships, training programs, and career positions. If you or your connections are interested in investing in the Kohl Centre Foundation through support of student experiential learning, shared experiences with student and faculty Kohl Centre teams, or connecting with VT graduates with demonstrated project experience, we want to hear from you!
Dr. David M. Kohl was a professor of Agricultural Economics from 1978 until his retirement in 2003. He taught over 10,000 students in his courses in Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship, Agricultural Financial Management, Farm Business Management, Agribusiness Management, and Agricultural Management and Problem Solving.
David's Extension work had a national and international focus on agri-lender, agribusiness, and producer education in finance, business management, and strategic management of small and mid-size agricultural and rural enterprises.
David's applied research centered on the areas of marketing and business development of agricultural loans, agricultural credit scoring systems, and intergenerational transfer of small business enterprises. His recent work has focused on analyzing best management practices for optimum agricultural business performance and examining enhanced productivity levels in online and blended training for agricultural lenders.
David has published over 500 articles in academic journals, in the popular press, and through Extension. His peers and the industry have recognized him with 11 major teaching awards and 15 public service and Extension awards. He is a two-time recipient of the prestigious American Agricultural Economics Association's Outstanding Teaching Award. Kohl is only one of five professors in the 87-year history of the Association to receive the award twice.
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