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Tag: RNA
RNA Polymerase: A Target for New Antibiotic Drugs?
DNA, with its double-helix shape, is the stuff of genes. But genes themselves are only "recipes" for protein molecules, which are molecules that do the real heavy lifting (or do much of the work) inside cells.
Artist interpretation of RNAP grasping and unwinding a DNA double helix. Credit: Wei Lin and Richard H. Ebright.
Here's how it works. A molecular machine called RNA polymerase (RNAP) travels along DNA to find a place where a gene begins. RNAP uses a crab-claw-like structure to grasp and unwind the DNA double helix at that spot. RNAP then copies ("transcribes") the gene into messenger RNA (mRNA), a molecule similar to DNA.
The mRNA molecule travels to one of the cell's many protein-making factories (ribosomes), which use the mRNA message as instructions for making a specific protein.
Continue reading "RNA Polymerase: A Target for New Antibiotic Drugs?"
Interview With a Scientist—Julius Lucks: Shape Seeker
While DNA acts as the hard drive of the cell, storing the instructions to make all of the proteins the cell needs to carry out its various duties, another type of genetic material, RNA, takes on a wide variety of tasks, including gene regulation, protein synthesis, and sensing of metals and metabolites. Each of these jobs is handled by a slightly different molecule of RNA. But what determines which job a certain RNA molecule is tasked with? Primarily its shape. Julius Lucks , a biological and chemical engineer at Northwestern University, and his team study the many ways in which RNA can bend itself into new shapes and how those shapes dictate the jobs the RNA molecule can take on.
Continue reading "Interview With a Scientist—Julius Lucks: Shape Seeker"
Posted on January 3, 2018 November 21, 2019
The Changing Needs of a Cell: No Membrane? No Problem!
Russian nesting dolls. Credit: iStock.
How "membrane-less" organelles help with key cellular functions
Scientists have long known that animal and plant cells have specialized subdivisions called organelles. These organelles are surrounded by a semi-permeable barrier, called a membrane, that both organizes the organelles and insulates them from the rest of the cell's mix of proteins, salt, and water. This set-up helps to make cells efficient and productive, aiding in energy production and other specialized functions. But, because of their semi-permeable membranes, organelles can't regroup and reform in response to stress or other outside changes. Cells need a rapid response team working alongside the membrane-bound organelles to meet these fluctuating needs. Until recently, who those rapid responders were and how they worked has been a mystery.
Recent research has led biologists to learn that the inside of a cell or an organelle is not just a lot of different molecules dissolved in water. Instead, we now know that cells contain many pockets of liquid droplets (one type of liquid surrounded by a liquid of different density) with specialized composition and function that are not surrounded by membranes. Because these "membrane-less organelles" are not confined, they can rapidly come together in response to chemical signals, such as those that indicate stress, and equally rapidly fall apart when they are no longer needed, or when the cell is about to divide. This enables membrane-less organelles to be "rapid responders." They can have complex, multilayered structures that help them to perform many critical cell functions with multiple steps, just like membrane-bound organelles. Scientists even suspect that the way these organelles form as droplets may shed light on how life on Earth first took shape (see sidebar "Could This Be How Life First Took Shape?" at bottom of page).
The Many Membrane-less Organelles
Scientists have identified more than a dozen membrane-less organelles at work in mammalian cells. Several kinds found inside the nucleus—including nuclear speckles, paraspeckles, and Cajal bodies—help with cell growth, stress response, the metabolizing (breaking down) of RNA, and the control of gene expression—the process by which information in a gene is used in the synthesis of a protein. Out in the cytoplasm, P-bodies, germ granules, and stress granules are membrane-less organelles that are involved in metabolizing or protecting messenger RNA (mRNA), controlling which mRNAs are made into proteins, and in maintaining balance, or homeostasis, of the cell's overall health.
The nucleolus, located inside the nucleus, is probably the largest of the membrane-less organelles. It acts as a factory to assemble ribosomes, the giant molecular machines that "translate" messenger RNAs to make all cellular proteins.
Continue reading "The Changing Needs of a Cell: No Membrane? No Problem!"
Posted on May 4, 2017 December 11, 2017
The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Networking Inside the Cell
Like a successful business networker, a cell's endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the structure that reaches out—quite literally—to form connections with many different parts of a cell. In several important ways, the ER enables those other parts, or organelles, to do their jobs. Exciting new images of this key member of the cellular workforce may clarify how it performs its roles. Such knowledge will also help studies of motor neuron and other disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), that are associated with abnormalities in ER functioning.
Structure Follows Function
An illustration of some of the jobs that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) performs in the cell. Some ER membranes (purple) host ribosomes on their surface. Other ER membranes (blue) extending into the cytoplasm are the site of lipid synthesis and protein folding. The ER passes on newly created lipids and proteins to the Golgi apparatus (green), which packages them into vesicles for distribution throughout the cell. Credit: Judith Stoffer.
Initiated in 1965, the Postdoctoral Research Associate Program (PRAT) is a competitive postdoctoral fellowship program to pursue research in one of the laboratories of the National Institutes of Health. PRAT is a 3-year program providing outstanding laboratory experiences, access to NIH's extensive resources, mentorship, career development activities and networking. The program places special emphasis on training fellows in all areas supported by NIGMS, including cell biology, biophysics, genetics, developmental biology, pharmacology, physiology, biological chemistry, computational biology, immunology, neuroscience, technology development and bioinformatics
The ER is a continuous membrane that extends like a net from the envelope of the nucleus outward to the cell membrane. Tiny RNA- and protein-laden particles called ribosomes sit on its surface in some places, translating genetic code from the nucleus into amino acid chains. The chains then get folded inside the ER into their three-dimensional protein structures and delivered to the ER membrane or to other organelles to start their work. The ER is also the site where lipids—essential elements of the membranes within and surrounding a cell—are made. The ER interacts with the cytoskeleton—a network of protein fibers that gives the cell its shape—when a cell divides, moves or changes shape. Further, the ER stores calcium ions in cells, which are vital for signaling and other work.
To do so many jobs, the ER needs a flexible structure that can adapt quickly in response to changing situations. It also needs a lot of surface area where lipids and proteins can be made and stored. Scientists have thought that ER structure combined nets of tubules, or small tubes, with areas of membrane sheets. However, recent NIGMS PRAT (Postdoctoral Research Associate; see side bar) fellow Aubrey Weigel, working with her mentor and former PRAT fellow Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (currently at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Virginia) and colleagues, including Nobel laureate Eric Betzig, wondered whether limitations in existing imaging technologies were hiding a better answer to how the ER meets its surface-area structural needs in the periphery, the portion of the cell not immediately surrounding the nucleus. Continue reading "The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Networking Inside the Cell"
CRISPR Serves Up More than DNA
The marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea uses a CRISPR system to spot invading RNAs and store a memory of the invasion event in its genome. Research team member Antonio Sanchez-Amat was the first to isolate and characterize this bacterial species. Credit: Antonio Sanchez-Amat, University of Murcia.
A new study has added another twist to the CRISPR story. As we've highlighted in several recent posts, CRISPR is an immune system in bacteria that recognizes and destroys viral DNA and other invading DNA elements, such as transposons. Scientists have adapted CRISPR into an indispensable gene-editing tool now widely used in both basic and applied research.
Many previously described CRISPR systems detect and cut viral DNA, insert the DNA pieces into the bacterial genome and then use them as molecular "mug shots" to flag and destroy the virus if it attacks again. But various viruses use RNA, not DNA, as genetic material. Although research has shown that some CRISPR systems also can target RNA, how these systems can archive harmful RNA encounters in the bacterial genome was unknown. Continue reading "CRISPR Serves Up More than DNA"
How Cells Manage Chance
by Carolyn Beans
We asked the heads of our scientific divisions to tell us about some of the big questions in fundamental biomedical science that researchers are investigating with NIGMS support. This article is the second in an occasional series that explores these questions and explains how pursuing the answers could advance understanding of important biological processes.
The number of copies of mRNA molecules (bright green) observed here in yeast cells (dark blue) fluctuates randomly. Credit: David Ball, Virginia Tech.
For some health conditions, the cause is clear: A single altered gene is responsible. But for many others, the path to disease is more complex. Scientists are working to understand how factors like genetics, lifestyle and environmental exposures all contribute to disease. Another important, but less well-known, area of investigation is the role of chance at the molecular level.
One team working in this field is led by John Tyson at Virginia Tech. The group focuses on how chance events affect the cell division cycle, in which a cell duplicates its contents and splits into two. This cycle is the basis for normal growth, reproduction and the replenishment of skin, blood and other cells throughout the body. Errors in the cycle are associated with a number of conditions, including birth defects and cancer. Continue reading "How Cells Manage Chance"
Field Focus: Progress in RNA Interference Research
Scientists first noticed what would later prove to be RNA interference when puzzling over an unexpected loss of color in petunia petals. Subsequent studies in roundworms revealed that double-stranded RNA can inactivate specific genes. Credit: Alisa Z. Machalek.
In less than two decades, RNA interference (RNAi)—a natural process cells use to inactivate, or silence, specific genes—has progressed from a fundamental finding to a powerful research tool and a potential therapeutic approach. To check in on this fast-moving field, I spoke to geneticists Craig Mello of the University of Massachusetts Medical School and Michael Bender of NIGMS. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Andrew Fire of Stanford University School of Medicine for the discovery of RNAi. Bender manages NIGMS grants in areas that include RNAi research.
How have researchers built on the initial discovery of RNAi?
A scientific floodgate opened after the 1998 discovery that it was possible to switch off specific genes by feeding microscopic worms called C. elegans double-stranded RNA that had the same sequence of genetic building blocks as a target gene. (Double-stranded RNA is a type of RNA molecule often found in, or produced by, viruses.) Scientists investigating gene function quickly began to test RNAi as a gene-silencing technique in other organisms and found that they could use it to manipulate gene activity in many different model systems. Additional studies led the way toward getting the technique to work in cells from mammals, which scientists first demonstrated in 2001. Soon, researchers were exploring the potential of RNAi to treat human disease. Continue reading "Field Focus: Progress in RNA Interference Research"
Posted on November 6, 2014 January 10, 2020
Meet Jennifer Doudna
Credit: Jennifer Doudna
Jennifer Doudna
Fields: Biochemistry and structural biology
Studies: New genome editing tool called CRISPR
Works at: University of California, Berkeley
Raised in: Hilo, Hawaii
Studied at: Pomona College, Harvard University
Recent honors: Winner of the Lurie Prize in the Biomedical Sciences , an annual award that recognizes outstanding achievement by promising scientists age 52 or younger
If she couldn't be a scientist, she'd like to be: A papaya farmer or an architect
Jennifer Doudna likes to get her hands dirty. Literally. When she's not in her laboratory, she can often be found amid glossy green leaves and brightly colored fruit in her Berkeley garden. She recently harvested her first three strawberry guavas.
Coaxing tropical fruit plants from her childhood home in Hawaii to grow in Northern California is more than just a hobby—it's an intellectual challenge.
"I like solving puzzles, I like the process of figuring things out, and I enjoy working with my hands," says Doudna. "Those things were what really drew me to science in the beginning."
Since she was a graduate student, Doudna's professional puzzle has been RNA, a type of genetic material inside our cells. Recently, there has been an explosion of discoveries about the many roles RNA molecules play in the body. Doudna's work probes into how RNA molecules work, what 3-D shapes they form and how their structures drive their functions.
"I've been fascinated by understanding RNA at a mechanistic level," Doudna says.
While teasing out answers to these fundamental questions, Doudna's lab has played a leading role in a discovery that is upending the field of genetic engineering, with exciting implications for human health.
Her Findings
The discovery started with bacteriophages—viruses that infect bacteria, just like the common cold infects humans. About 10 years ago, researchers using high-powered computing to sift through bacterial genomes began to find mysterious repetitive gene sequences that matched those from viruses known to infect the bacteria. The researchers named these sequences "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats," or CRISPRs for short.
Over the next few years, scientists came to understand that these CRISPR sequences are part of something not previously thought to exist—an adaptive bacterial immune system, which remembers viruses fought off before and raises a response to fight them when exposed again. CRISPRs were this immune system's reference library, holding records of viral exposure.
Somehow, bacteria with a CRISPR-based immune system (there are three types now known to scientists) use these records to command certain proteins to recognize and chop up DNA from returning viruses.
Wanting to know more about this process, Doudna's team picked one protein in a CRISPR-based defense system to study. This protein, called Cas9, had been identified by other researchers as being essential for protection against viral invasion.
To their delight, Doudna's group had hit the jackpot. Cas9 turned out to be the system's scalpel. Once CRISPR identifies a DNA sequence from the invading virus, Cas9 slices the sequence out of the viral genome, destroying the virus's ability to copy itself.
Doudna's lab and their European collaborators also identified the other key components of the CRISPR-Cas9 system—two RNA molecules that guide Cas9 to the piece of viral DNA identified by CRISPR.
Even more importantly, the researchers showed that the two guide RNAs could be manipulated in the lab to create a tool that both recognizes any specified DNA sequence and carries Cas9 there to make its cut.
"That was really where we made the connection between the basic, curiosity-driven research that we were doing and recognizing that we had in our hands something that could be a very powerful technology for genome editing," remembers Doudna.
She was right. After publication of their 2012 paper, the field of CRISPR-guided genetic manipulation exploded. Labs around the world now use the tool Doudna's team developed to cut target gene sequences in organisms ranging from plants to humans. The technique is already replacing more time-consuming, less-reliable methods of creating 'knock-out' model organisms (those missing a specific gene) for laboratory research. CRISPR-based editing even allows more than one gene to be knocked out at the same time, something that was not possible with previous genome-editing techniques.
The ability of CRISPR systems to recognize DNA sequences with extraordinary precision also holds potential for human therapeutics. For example, a paper from another laboratory published early this year showed that, in a mouse model, CRISPR-based editing could cut out and replace a defective gene responsible for a type of muscular dystrophy. Researchers are testing similar CRISPR-based techniques in models of human diseases ranging from cystic fibrosis to blood disorders.
Doudna is a co-founder of two biotechnology companies hoping to harness the potential of CRISPR-based genome editing. Although the technology holds great promise, she acknowledges that much work needs to be done before CRISPR can be considered safe for human trials. Major challenges include assuring that no off-target cuts are made in the genome and finding a safe way to deliver the editing system to living tissues.
She is also excited to continue working with her research team, advancing the basic understanding of the CRISPR-based system.
"I'm very interested in seeing what we can contribute to the whole question about how you deliver a technology like this, how you can use it therapeutically in an organism. That's an area where we hope that our biochemical understanding of this system will be able to contribute," she concludes.


The 2004 spring cleanups on Putah Creek took place on Sunday, April 25 in Davis and Saturday, May 8 in Winters. The Davis cleanup was held from 9:00 am until noon along Putah Creek near Mace Blvd. The event was a joint project of the Putah Creek Council, City of Davis, Yolo County Public Works and local landowners. The cleanup was followed by celebration activities including pizza for all participants! The spring cleanup in Winters took place on Saturday, May 8 at the Creekside Way section of the Putah Creek Nature Park. he cleanup/workday included a trash pickup and a final repair of the irrigation system at Creekside Way. The workday was held from 9 AM until 1 PM including a pizza lunch.
On Sunday, March 21, 2004 from 10 am until 1 pm volunteers helped to cleanup a portion of Putah Creek near Mace Blvd. As part of the event, volunteers had the opportunity to tour the site and learn about this City of Davis property and the restoration plans for the area. The lunchtime tour of the site included a discussion of wildlife species, native plants, and invasive weed species.
The event was hosted by the City of Davis and Putah Creek Council. Home made snacks were provided by three bronze award scouts, Linnea Ransom, Julia Ainsworth and Cassie Moore who helped in the organization of this event. The City of Davis and Putah Creek Council would like to thank these scouts and their local Girl Scout Troop 427 for their help.


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Crypto Beaking News in cryptoCryptocurrencyRegulationUnited States 4 months ago
Crypto Research Group Advocate Federal Digital Asset Regulation
Researchers at CoinCenter are in favour of a federal level regulatory framework to overlook intermediaries doing business with crypto assets in the United States. The non-profit organisation argues that the existing state-by-state regulations are a mess and that differing approaches in different jurisdictions limit the innovative potential of the industry.
CoinCenter proposes an optional federal licence issued by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission. This would allow for greater oversight to prevent against manipulation and fraud.
CoinCenter: Greater Regulatory Clarity Needed for Crypto
The CoinCenter cryptocurrency research organisation has published recommendations that it believes would make for a fair regulatory framework to govern intermediaries dealing with digital assets at the federal level. In the post, CoinCenter writes that the current state-by-state approach to regulation does not fit the cryptocurrency market:
"… the lack of uniformity amongst state licensing laws, coupled with confusing language drafted long before cryptocurrency technologies existed, presents a real barrier to innovation."
Other nations, like Malta, for example, have been proactive in creating crypto asset-specific regulations and have benefited from an influx of digital currency startups setting up shop there. These have included the exchange giant Binance, for example.
There are fears that the US risks driving innovation overseas if it does not come up with a system that promotes the kind of regulatory clarity cryptocurrency startups crave. For this reason, CoinCenter are in favour of federal-level regulation to provide greater clarity to firms doing business in the industry. The organisation also offers its services in helping lawmakers draw up the kind of legislation that would allow the United States to become a crypto industry leader.
According to CoinCenter, such a regulatory framework should firmly define the role of regulatory agencies in relation to cryptocurrency. Under the proposals made by the researchers, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), for example, would only have jurisdiction in cases involving new cryptocurrencies marketed as investment vehicles (ICOs). Meanwhile, the CFTC would be responsible for issuing optional federal licences.
CoinCenter describes the potential benefits of such a federal licencing system running alongside existing state-level regulations:
"This federal license should subject licensed entities to sensible spot market oversight for anti-manipulation, anti-fraud, consumer disclosure, and prudential (licensing, minimum-capitalization, etc.) regulations."
Cryptocurrency was recently catapulted to the forefront of global lawmakers' minds. The social media giant Facebook detailed its plans to launch its own digital currency called Libra in June. The company's announcement ruffled regulators' feathers around the world and many of their responses to the plans mentioned Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as well as just Facebook's intentions.
Related Reading: Expert Claims Cryptocurrency Mining Requires Regulation To Stop Human Trafficking
Featured Image from Shutterstock.
The post Crypto Research Group Advocate Federal Digital Asset Regulation appeared first on NewsBTC.
Source: NewsBTC.com
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


[Bulldog75] 11:00 AM CST: This "Mystery Novel Dong & Hour to Hour Watch Continues" and is still in effect with anticipated 'Rate Posts' forthcoming in any combination during the next few hours/days with countries being posted in no particular order or basket over a 4 day period. This is like an Agatha Christie 'Mystery Novel' unfolding with dramatic details, little by little. There is definite major movements 'NOW' as we speak with screens 'ticking' back and forth ready to post rates at any hour/time, I M H O. This is definitely our week. We pray and know that our 'Heavenly Father' has chosen to deliver our Gifts of Love and Currency at this time. WE are in a state of Thanksgiving for His Blessings. Dong comes at .05 Tomorrow/Friday in first Basket; I Q D comes over 4.50 later next week/Monday in 3rd Basket of the latter baskets. Costa Rica comes tomorrow with Dong. Amen.
[sonnayhwh] Bulldog75 - Hi Bulldog! So, are you thinking no "sucker" rate on the IQD?
[Bulldog75] sonnayhwh : one can have sucker rates on anything. do not be foolish and rush to the bank.
[blessedinohio] Bulldog75 Wow - so double dipping allowed? Dong maybe 5 days or so earlier than IQD or did I misunderstand? Thanks for all you DO!!!
[Gary B] Bulldog75 - I like it!!
[Bulldog75] gloryv Gary B papa blessedinohio feda : too many fingers in the pie; double dip maybe.
[Bulldog75] johnnyjunk : you are Good!
[Gary B] Bulldog75 - IMHO I bet they will say the Dong is done, but no cash in until the same day as the IQD is able to cash in..
[Bulldog75] Gary B : Could be; rates go into effect at same time; possible. will see.
[patriot1490] Bulldog75, doesn't having sucker rates create the problem of the big guys buying up more Dinar that is good for iraq?
[Bulldog75] patriot1490 : Mystery Tour; could be; Only God knows. Man projects.
[Bulldog75] dash riprock bama : You are very observant; this was never meant for Tier 3. Best laid plans of mice and men go astray.
[patriot1490] Bulldog75, sucker rates just don't seem plausible.
[Bulldog75] patriot1490 dash riprock : ah, the Mystery continues to Unfold.
[dash riprock] Bulldog75 LOL but ..DASH is a happy man!
[Bulldog75] dash riprock xpdiver : there is enough money for everyone; God provides for His Children. If we double dip, so be it; God intended it to be so, if it Happens. Does Everyone Believe? This tests one's Faith. Believe for He comes to deliver our Gifts !
[Bulldog75] Your seeds of Faith have been planted in Our Hearts. Let One's Faith and Love live Forever for the 'Only thing Real in the World and Universe is One's Spirit". Our Spirit never changes and Lives Forever. Know this. Amen.
[Bulldog75] We came into this world naked. we never really own anythng. All is on loan from G O D ! Share and care to build His Kingdom. Those who think money will buy them happiness would only fool them self.
[Bulldog75] Stay away from people who seem dark and unkind; for they are lost in the wilderness and think money is their treasure. Your treasure is with God and His Love for mankind; for we were made in His image. Pray for the Lost for they will soon find the Light.
[atjlfolk] Bulldog75 Several people God has put on my heart to bang their heads until they woke up to His word. One guy in particular has told many and I firmly believe that it was God's plan as we all have something very special to do for God.
[Bulldog75] atjlfolk : I love You. You are so Blessed and Highly Favored. The Dinar World loves you. Stay strong for U know this in your Heart. You are Chosen to Lead. Do this for you Know this. . Amen.
[Bulldog75] feda : Your problems are O N L Y in your mind. We create our own Universe.
[Bulldog75] What One thinks; so that person will manifest. Think Light & Holiness; for this is God's Way and Truth.
[healthguy] Bulldog75 When u posted this: "I Q D comes over 4.50 later next week/Monday in 3rd Basket of the latter baskets"-- Do u mean IQD rv'ing Monday or latter next week? TYVM!
[atjlfolk] johnnyjunk Bulldog75 Thank you so much. Many that are in my "group" if you will have such plans to further the Kindom. I just can't wait to begin on the projects that God has put in my heart. I know that we will do our all for Him.
[Bulldog75] dinarbull atjlfolk : Amen. Your Heart is your Guide.
Oct 13 11:28 AM [Bulldog75] atjlfolk : Its Time for you to relax and know that the Angels hear your voice; God responds to those with Godly Hearts. You are Blessed Forever my Dear Friend. The Lord knows your Good Heart.
[atjlfolk] Bulldog75 Thanks. johnnyjunk thank you too. I feel honored to meet and be part of a group of God's followers.
[Bulldog75] zoegirl atjlfolk asells blessedseed : Y O U are new Leaders; for you know, see and feel the Light.
[Bulldog75] sandie : We need to be on our knees and pray and come from a state of Thankfulness. This is our test. Are we thankful enough. God can give and he can do whatever He plans to do. God has no timetable. Time is manmade.
[ASN] Bulldog75 I appreciate your posts and your faith with this ride. Hopefully this information is different than from the past.
[Bulldog75] ASN : H E has a plan for everything. Divine Intervention is taking place.
[Bulldog75] We share everything. The world and Universe has enough for everyone.
[Bulldog75] We are all Blessed and Highly Favored regardless of race, creed, religion, gender. Amen to everyone for we are all His Children.
[Bulldog75] Thank you all for being here this morning.
[johnnyjunk] Bulldog75 shalom and SHALOM !!!
[Bulldog75] It is no mistake that we are here at this opportune moment. We live in the 'now' and know our Gifts come through Him our Father.
[bluestarlite] Thanks Bulldog for your encouragement!
[atjlfolk] johnnyjunk Bulldog75 I just want to thank you for your kind words. Most times I just lurk and read what is being said, but today God told me it was time to share my story. I hope that this helps in some small way.
[Bulldog75] we want to take this opportunity to thank our entire staff including sam, okie, elizabeth and all mods and admins for their graciousness and devoted time. Thank you all!
[atjlfolk] One of my close friends had to be literally beat over the head, but once he prayed about it he called me and said that I was right that God had a plan for him and that the only way he could accomplish it was to buy dinar..
[Bulldog75] atjlfolk : A very timely event for U to come my Dear and share with Us. Your Heart just makes Us sing with You. Thanks for being You. Let Us know if there is anything we can ever do for you. Contact me at your convenience. Blessings.
[trishb] Bulldog75 thank you and the Lord bless you for your time and care and for recognizing that it is truly from our Father that all good things come.
[Bulldog75] There are so many here on this Site and Around the World who have all contributed to O O M. Blessings to those outside the United States. Thanks for being with Us.
[Bulldog75] We salute our Military around the Globe who are serving now: Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine, Coast Guard and other Branches as well; also those in Other Countries who serve ! Amen and Bless U All.
[Bulldog75] We appreciate our Military even more when we are directly affected. We Bless our Military again. Amen.
[TBIZKIT] Bulldog75 : by the post I am seeing, are we pretty much saying this thing is DONE?
[Bulldog75] TBIZKIT : Nothing is complete until God grants this and Blesses it; then we Give 10% of our Gross back to His Kingdom. Everyone needs to search His Heart and give the 10% Gross. The Bible tells the story. One must have the faith to G R O W.
[blessedseed] Bulldog75 Amen thank you God for our military and each person you have chosen to be in this investment. We have a work to do!
[johnnyjunk] Bulldog75 absolutely!!! and it WILL GROW!!!
[trishb] Bulldog75 AMEN, I heard a postor say this morning that the tithe is our warranty on the 90% we keep!! We give the 10% back as worship unto God who gives us all.
[atjlfolk] It's the small things like giving someone a sandwhich they didn't expect... or giving a meal to your neighbor when that person has worked hard all day. It's the little things. To those that give of their hearts more will be given.
[Bulldog75] atjlfolk : Everyone please read A J's testimony above. What one gives out in Goodness, we receive back over 40X in Love, Light, Happiness and Goodwill. this is why A J's Mind and Heart is So Bright. It s not about the physical thngs of the World. What we give out, we get back.
[Bulldog75] sandie loco dash riprock Rangerrick : Let Our Light and Love Shine Forever. There is NO place for EGO in O O M or in the World. E G O (edging God out) is the opposite of L O V E. God intends for us to love. No one can be right and Happy at the Same Time.
[OKone] Thank you Bulldog, you have a kind,giving,caring sprit. Thanks for all you share..
[blessedseed] thank you Bulldog75 !!!
[Bulldog75] Those who constantly want to be Right come from the E G O. When we love and cooperate with one another, our River of Love flows. Our Dinar comes to those who let their love flow. Amen.
[dash riprock] Bulldog75 Agreed. But He asks us ALL to us wise discernment (not judgement...that is up to Him)...to live our lives by.
[Bulldog75] Our dinar is Blessed by the Father. dash riprock gillsdinar AZDusty dash riprock jsartin113 johnnyjunk : amen to you.
[Bulldog75] wealthnow : Jonny is welcome here as well as anyone. We are all in the same family.
[Bulldog75] Before I go; I want to share one last moment. Our God has placed us here to love and help our Fellow men/women/children. Know that Divine Love is in everyone. Let your Love and Light Shine Forever. Let nothing steal your joy and Happiness. Our Gifts now come thru our Heavenly Father. Know this and appreciate our Gifts. The Door of Gifts is now being opened.
[dinarrv9911] Bulldog75 Thank you for everything you do for us! Very much appreciated!
[evadevad] Bulldog75 -is the rate showing in the back screens fo the banks.
[aldercreek] Bulldog have a blessed day!
[Clarity1] Bulldog75 Amen Bulldog75 Thank you!!
[dessybug] Bulldog75 Thank You kind sir.
[blessedseed] Bulldog75 Amen and thank you for helping me during this crazy time! God bless you!
[MotorCityGuy] Thank you Bulldog75! Great prayers, I receive them!
[Bulldog75] I believe we have info coming from Ghost and Jonny. I Love Each and Everyone One of You. Let Your Light Shine Forever. Amen. See you later.
[doingitwithdinars] Bulldog75 - God Bless You!!!!
[Bulldog75] airman1 b-amb jonnywg : Amen . Blessings. see you later.


Raveis Kole's , "Dawn Breaks Through" rises to AC Top 40 joining "Wicked Game". Both tracks are on their latest release Electric Blue Dandelion!
Raveis Kole's , "Dawn Breaks Through" rises to AC Top 40 joining "Wicked Game". Both tracks are on their latest release Electric Blue Dandelion! Week of Oct 10 2017! Bruno Mars, Adele, Ed Sheeran and James Arthur! Two songs in the Top 40 at the same time - a first for us!! Thank you listeners and stations for the spins!


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Didn't even know this existed ?? Only heard about it via our 'Field Engineering News'.
Re: 'New' wireless technology ??
It's not new, been used in the U.S for a while.
It's with the HH5 as well!
Ah right, the FEN said it was being introduced in 2014. thanks for the heads-up, re:HH5 enabled.
I love how a technology is being put into consumer routers that isn't even finalised yet.
I remember the first batch of 802.11N routers did not work with the final spec! What's to stop that happening this time?
I won't be upgrading until 802.11ac is finalised and I recommend this to all people.
Although its not been finalised, theres a few router manufacturers that have used 802.11ac for a while. Netgear has been doing so since 2012 irrc.
eg Netgear D6300 but thats not their only 802.11ac model available.
If you notice one of my more recent gripes about adsl routers having theoretical faster wifi speeds than LAN... and this is precisely why I dont buy the 'processing power excuse' any more for not using gigE switches in their routers when it has a dual band ac wireless adaptor.
TPlink, d-link, zyxel, linksys (and more) all have wireless AC routers in their product range.
Agreed. If needs be, I can get by with 802.11b.
Well that is pretty well how most engineers like me have worked regarding everything for a long time.
You wait while everyone else, the "early adopters" in marketing jargon buy the latest 'thingy'.
They can then get all the problems and the bits that don't work, that fail early etc.
Only then is it safe for you to buy.
Of course if a sizeable section of the consuming public was not obsessed by the latest thingy, always wanting something new, and indeed willing to pay over the odds for it then this sort of thing would not happen, and products would be properly designed in the first place.
It's not just poor design it's poor testing/quality control and the very fact that something that is new means it probably has undiscovered faults. I have never bought a new car or a new boat for this reason. I let some other unfortunate persuaded that he must have new, discover them first.
One car I bought wasn't "new" as such, it was about a year old when I bought it, but it had been doubly new when the first owner got it - i.e. a brand new car of a brand new (radical!) design.
It was in fact a Ford Focus, one of the first off the production line in 1998 and I still have it as it approaches its 15th birthday and going strong at almost 120,000 miles. I've just picked it up from my local garage where it's had an annual service and MOT.
And of course there are huge numbers on the road so no problem with parts and maintenance.
It isn't that simple !
In this particular case people, marketing in particular, don't realise that WiFi is an unlicenced service so there is no guarantee of any performance.
It isn't just obsession with the latest thingy but also believing that thingies are no more complicated than spuds !
It'd be interesting to know what actual transfer rates are acheivable in real world usage?
My previous experience of wireless has been that the advertised 'upto' has always been hugely optimistic, often by an order of magnitude, even for devices sat next to one another.
UTP ethernet on the other hand can generally get close to the target speeds; My 100Mbps devices often bubble along at almost exactly 100Mbps, whilst the gigabit devices seem to be limited only by underlying factors like disc I/O and the number-crunching of the CPU in protocol stacks.
I shall watch with interest, but won't be tearing out my Cat 5 wiring just yet.
The problem is, increasing WiFi speeds isn't an answer to the problem (at least not completely) of improving transfer speeds. As you increase the WiFi speeds, other limiting factors come into play, such as a user's hard drive speed!
Responding to Sevenyearmuddle, my limited microwave experience suggests that a properly planned point-to-point link does what it is supposed to, BUT it is designed with at least first Fresnell zone clearance and a narrow aerial beamwidth, say 1 degree.
With the usual "rubber duck" omnidirectional aerial, the only way to get the same freedom from mulitipath reflections is to hang the router (say) from the ceiling in a room where the other end(s) of the links are located, say a large office, and even then the omni aerials make it succeptible to co-channel interference. Linking the ground floor and the loft say, is optimistic, it might work acceptably but I'd expect it to need some fiddling with aerial position and orientation.
What would be an improvement would be a miniaturised narrow beam aerial, not for the gain but simply to avoid illuminating potential reflectors and/or picking up interference. AFAIK such a thing doesn't exist because communications or radar engineers don't throw gain away for aesthetics !!
AC is great, I can only use it one device tho which is the PC I have the AC dongle plugged into (supplied by BT). The best way to describe it is ethernet level of performance on wireless.
Shame devices sold to consumers are still lagging behind, my wii-u which is a year old tech doesnt even have 5ghz support, unacceptable in my opinion. The only devices that are keeping up seems to be android phones.
My view is next gen consoles should have had built in 5ghz AC support. But it seems only the xbox1 has it (still N only not AC) and the ps4 is 2.4ghz only.
I would expect when slim variants of the ps4 and xbox1 get released for them to have 5ghz AC. consider the size of the games/demos people have to download.
That tickled me a little bit, reminded me of my past.
Was working in projects for a large multi nation retailer who had two stores within LOS. They installed some licenced spectrum 100mb links between the two buildings to make use of a fast internet connection and provide a fail over link for the tills.
Most days, the links would fail around the afternoon.....then correct themselves by the evening before anyone could get out and fix the problem. The store looked for things around that might be on/cause problems - very annoying.
They got the company back after having enough and they arrived in the morning and all was working well. Sure enough, by the afternoon the signal was degrading significantly. After much head scratching, they found the issue.
Turns out both buildings were giant metal sheds essentially. In the blistering sun, BOTH buildings were expanding (we were told) which was enough to throw the narrow beam alignment out. Hence the returning to normal in the evening when the buildings settled back.
The kit was just left on the roof and they got another net connection - wasn't used in any other stores.


text:
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/dr-dzhevaga/mockingbird.svg?branch=develop)](https://travis-ci.org/dr-dzhevaga/mockingbird)

# What is mockingbird #
Mockingbird is a tool for stubbing/mocking of web services (REST/SOAP/etc) over HTTP protocol with flexible configuration and dynamic responses.

# Features #
* Flexible request-response mapping based on request parameters (method, uri, query parameters, headers, content)
* Request content parsing (Xpath, JSONPath, Regex)
* Dynamic response content based on jsp-like template (JSP-like macros + JavaScript) with access to request parameters and parsing result

# How to start #
1. Mockingbird works with jre 1.8. Please check your jre version before you start.
2. Download mockingbird-x.x.x.zip from the [latest release](https://github.com/dr-dzhevaga/mockingbird/releases) and unzip its content.
3. Execute start.bat for Windows or start.sh for Linux.
4. Navigate to [http://localhost:8080/hello-world](http://localhost:8080/hello-world) in a browser to get the stubbed response.

# Settings #
Settings is organized as a tree and loaded from YAML or JSON file during program start. You can also specify settings file reload period (see [Command-line options](#command-line-options)).
The settings root has a ```mapping``` child to define a request-response mapping and a ```parsing``` child to specify global parsing (see [Parsing](#parsing)):
```yaml
mapping: []
parsing: {}
```

## Mapping ##
Mapping is used to map a response to a request.
When a request is received it is compared with patterns in mapping until the first match.
When a matched pattern is found the response from the same mapping is used to respond.
Also a mapping can have an optional ```parsing``` child to specify request-specific parsing (see [Parsing](#parsing)).
```yaml
mapping:
  -
    request: {}
    response: {}
  -
    request: {}
    response: {}
    parsing: {}
```

### Request ###
A pattern to specify the request parameters. Has the following children:

* method
    * Can be any of the following: GET, POST, PUT, etc.
    * Can be an array that means any of.
    * Case-insensitive.
    * Optional, default is GET.

	Example:
	```yaml
	request:
	  method: GET
	```
	```yaml
	request:
	  method: [PUT, POST]
	```
	```yaml
	request:
	  method: Delete
	```
* uri
    * A regular expression for matching the url
    * Host and port are ignored (i.e. /hello-world for http://localhost:8080/hello-world)
    * A query is ignored (i.e. /hello-world for /hello-world?query)
    * Optional, default is .* (any uri)

	Example:

	```yaml
	request:
	  uri: /user/\d{7}
	```

	```
	/user/8728240			- matches
	/user/account/6765478	- not matches
	user/8728240			- not matches
	```

* query
    * Specify the query parameters values
	* A value can be a regular expression
    * Optional, query parameter not specified in pattern can have any value
    * Order doesn't matter

	Example:

	```yaml
	  uri: /search
	  query:
	    sortBy: fresh
		sortDir: desc|asc
		rows: \d{1-2}
	```

	```
	/search?sortBy=fresh&sortDir=desc&rows=8			- matches
	/search?sortBy=fresh&sortDir=asc&rows=25			- matches
	/search?sortDir=desc&rows=7&sortBy=fresh			- matches
	/search?sortBy=rating&sortDir=asc&rows=25			- not matches
	/search?sortBy=fresh&rows=25						- not matches
	/search?sortBy=fresh&sortDir=desc&category=action	- matches
	```
* header
    * Specify the headers values
    * A value can be a regular expression
    * Optional, header not specified in pattern can have any value
    * Order doesn't matter

	Example:

	```yaml
	  header:
	    Content-Type: application/json
		Authorization: Basic [a-zA-Z]+==
	```

	```
	Content-Type: application/json						- matches
	Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==

	Content-Type: application/json						- not matches

	Content-Type: application/xml						- not matches
	Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==
	```
* content
    * Specify the request content parsing result (see [Parsing](#parsing))
    * A value can be a regular expression
    * Optional
    * Order doesn't matter

	Example:

	```yaml
	parsing:
	  JSONPath:
	    name: user.name
        id: user.id
	request:
	  content:
		name: John
		id: \d{7}
	```

	```javascript
	/* matches */
	{
	   "user":{
		  "name":"John",
		  "id":"5486348"
	   }
	}
	/* not matches */
	{
	   "user":{
		  "name":"John",
		  "id":"98EA89F8"
	   }
	}
	/* matches */
	{
	   "user":{
		  "name":"John",
		  "id":"98EA89F8",
		  "age":27
	   }
	}
	/* not matches */
	{
	   "user":{
		  "name":"John",
		  "age":27
	   }
	}
	```
### Response ###
A response to the request. Has the following children:
* status
    * Specify a status code
    * Optional, default is 200
* header
    * Specify headers
    * Optional, default is empty
* content
    * Specify the response content
    * If a valid file path is specified then the file content is used
    * Support jsp-like template (see [Jsp-like template](#jsp-like-template))
	* Optional, default is empty

	Example:

	```yaml
		response:
		  content: 638976839698
	```
	```yaml
		response:
		  status: 400
		  header:
			Content-Type: plain/text
		  content: Id can't be null
	```
	```yaml
		response:
		  header:
			Content-Type: application/xml
		  content: templates/data.xml
	```

### Parsing ###
Defines request content parsing. Parsing result can be used for request matching (see [Request](#request)) and can be propagated to response (see [Jsp-like template](#jsp-like-template)).

Parsing can be defined for a specific request or for all requests:
* Parsing in the settings root is global and applied to all requests.
* Parsing in the mapping is request-specific.
* Global parsing result can be used for request matching (see [Request](#request)).
* Both global and request-specific parsing result can be used in jsp-like template (see [Jsp-like template](#jsp-like-template))

The following parsing mechanisms are supported:

* XPath
    * Allows to parse the request content by a xpath
    * If the request content is not a valid xml then no parsing will be applied and result will be empty
    * If the xpath return an array then the first element is used as the result
* JSONPath
    * Allows to parse the request content by a jsonpath (see [JsonPath](http://goessner.net/articles/JsonPath/))
    * If the request content is not a valid json then no parsing will be applied and result will be empty
* Regex
    * Allows to parse the request content by a regular expression
    * if the regular expression contains groups then the first matched group is used as the result

Example:

```yaml
parsing:
  XPath:
    operation: local-name(soap:Envelope/soap:Body/*)
  JSONPath:
    name: user.name
    id: user.id
  Regex:
    date: (?<=date\s{0,1}=\s{0,1})\d{2}/\d{2}/\d{4}
	age: age\s*=\s*(\d+)
```

Parse result for the example has the parameter ```operation``` with value ```GetPrice``` in case of the following request content:
```xml
<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-envelope">
    <soap:Body>
        <m:GetPrice xmlns:m="http://www.w3schools.com/prices">
            <m:Item>Apples</m:Item>
        </m:GetPrice>
    </soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope>
```
Parse result for the example has the parameter ```name``` with value ```John``` and the parameter ```id``` with value ```5486348``` in case of the following request content:
```json
{
   "user":{
      "name":"John",
      "id":"5486348"
   }
}
```
Parse result for the example has the parameter ```date``` with value ```08/03/1989``` for the request content and the parameter ```age``` with value ```26``` in case of the following request content:
```
date = 08/03/1989
age = 26
```

## Jsp-like template ##
Allows to make the response content dynamic.

* Jsp-like macros: <%= %> for macro and <% %> for script
* JavaScript is used inside the macros ([Java 8 Nashorn](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-nashorn-2126515.html))
* Request parameters and parsing result are accessible through JavaScript objects ```request``` and ```parsing```

  * ```request``` has the following fields:

      * method - string
      * uri - string
      * query - map (object) of arrays
      * header - map (object)
      * content - string

  * ```parsing``` has the same fields as parsing entries names.

Example:

In the following example ```id``` is propagated from the request to the response:
```yaml
parsing:
  JSONPath:
    id: user.id
response:
  content: >
    {
      "user":{
        "id": "<%=parsing.id%>"
        "status": "active"
      }
    }
```

You can also make some processing inside a macro. In the next example all spaces in phone number are removed and the first number is replaced with +7:
```jsp
+7<%=parsing.number.replace(/ /g,"").substring(1)%>
```

The following example demonstrate use of different request parameters:
```jsp
Method: <%=request.method%>
All headers: <%=request.header%>
"Accept" header: <%=request.header.Accept%>
"Content-Type" header: <%=request.header['Content-Type']%>
All query parameters: <%=request.query%>
All "id" query parameters: <%=request.query.id%>
Query parameters number: <%=request.query.id.length%>
The first "id" query parameter: <%=request.query.id[0]%>
```

You can use JS and even Java to make your stub smarter:
```jsp
Time: <%=new Date()%>
UUID: <%=java.util.UUID.randomUUID()%>
```

Script macro allows to add some section to a response content in case of some condition. In the following example "Discount" section is added to XML only if "Apples" product is requested:
```jsp
<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-envelope">
    <soap:Body>
        <m:GetPriceResponse xmlns:m="http://www.w3schools.com/prices">
            <m:Price>15144</m:Price>
			<%if(parsing.product == 'Apples') {%>
			<m:Discount>20</m:Discount>
			<%}%>
        </m:GetPriceResponse>
    </soap:Body>
</soap:Envelope>
```

You can use cycles to generate a dynamic number of content entities:
```jsp
<%number = request.query.number[0]%>
{
   <%for(i = 0; i < number; i++) {%>"user":{
      "id": <%=java.util.UUID.randomUUID()%>
   }<%}%>
}
```

You can iterate through maps:
```jsp
<%for(name in request.header)%><%=name + ' : ' + request.header[name]%>
```

## Command-line options ##

Usage: java mockingbird.jar [-?] [-d] -p <port> -f <file> -ff <JSON|YAML> [-r <sec>]

 -?,-h,--help                    print this message

 -d,--debug                      enable debug mode

 -p,--port <port>                specify server port

 -f,--file <file>                specify settings file

 -ff,--file-format <JSON|YAML>   specify settings file format

 -r,--reload                     specify settings file reload period

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
| Home | Europe | Spain | Madrid |
| Main Menu |
Capital of Spain and official residence of the King Juan Carlos, Madrid is a very nice European city	to visit. It is Europe's highest capital city at over two thousand feet elevation, and as a result	has lovely fresh mountain air for much of the year. Where Barcelona is Spain's pretty face for the tourists, Madrid is much more of a working Spanish city, much like Glasgow is to Edinburgh.
I have been to Madrid three times, and passed through on a few other occasions over the years, with my first visit in 2002 during which most of these photos were taken. My first accommodation was in	a hostel near Plaza España, which for a fiver a night including breakfast delivered exactly the quality	I expected. On that trip I used Madrid as a base to explore Toledo and Segovia as well, both within easy reach.
Philip III stands equestrian in the centre of Plaza Mayor, itself the centre of Madrid in the centre	of Spain. There are usually plenty of entertainers and places to eat around the square, and it's a	great place for tapas and sangria. The building in the background is the Casa de la Panadería, or	the Bakery House.
Plaza España, the next in the continuing series of Plazas in Madrid that we are working our way through.	The three statues in the middle are of Don Quixote, Sanchopanza and Miguel de Cervantes who wrote	the famous story about Quixote fighting the windmills. The building in the background is Edifício	España, part of which is a hotel.
This is perhaps the most famous icon of Madrid, the statue El Oso y El Madroño, the bear eating fruit	from a tree. It is the emblem of the city, from a time when bears were plentiful nearby. He stands	at the east end of the Puerta del Sol, the de facto commercial centre of Madrid.
The Royal Palace of Madrid was built in the 18th century by Philip V, designed by Italian architects.	It replaced the original which burnt down in 1734. This photo was taken from the gardens to the north	of the palace, perhaps the most scenic view of the place as the building is generally quite forbidding.	I tried to walk in the front door but was discretely turned away by men with guns.
The Opera House, right across the way from the Royal Palace, with the equestrian statue of Philip IV.	The statue was cast from a design by Velázquez and is said to be one of the finest pieces of sculpture	in Madrid, although I personally preferred the statues of Don Quixote and company in Plaza España.
The Monument to Alfonso XII in Buen Retiro Park, as seen whilst we peacefully boated across the adjacent	lake. The monument was erected in the 1920s, but the park is much older, dating back to the 1500s.
The Temple of Debod looks slightly out of place in Madrid, having been relocated from its native ancient	Egypt in 1968. However, unlike the Egyptian treasures in the British Museum, Debod was in fact gifted to Spain by Egypt during construction of the Aswan Dam, before the site was inundated by Lake Nasser.
This building caught me by surprise, I would have more likely expected a building called Metropolis	to be located in New York. It was completed in 1910 and is the headquarters of Metropolis Insurance, standing near the east end of Gran Vía.
The Communications Palace or as it is more commonly known, Correos (the Post Office) is another of Madrid's	grand edifices. It features on many postcards of the city.
The Museo del Prado arguably contains the best collection of Spanish, Flemish and Italian art in the	world - nobody goes to Madrid without visiting this place, which was apparent from the size of the	queue at ten past nine on a Sunday morning. I am unsure of copyright laws regarding display of the photos	I took of some of the paintings inside, hence I have not published any. However my favourite	one was called "La Gloría" if you happen to swing by...
Nearby is the Reina Sofia, Madrid's modern art gallery, which features works by its greatest 20th century	artists. Amongst the most famous are Picasso's Guernica, and various pieces by Salvador Dalí.
I took a quick trip up to Puerta de Europa to see these two offices, when I visited in 2002 they were	the only inclined large commercial buildings in the world. The only similar building I had seen at this point was the Olympic stadium in Montreal. Scale is an illusion in this photo, as the sculpture in the middle is around 30 feet high to the towers' 24 storeys and 350 feet.
Puerta del Sol is just five minutes away from the Plaza Mayor and is a central area for meeting and	shopping. The Tio Pepe sign has long been a famous image of Madrid.
When leaving or arriving in Madrid by train from Valencia, Atocha station is your port. This old engine hall has since been turned over to jungle foliage, and in 2002 the new section was still under construction. My train took over three hours via Albacete, but there is now a much more direct high-speed route taking less than half the time.
Copyright © Ross Wattie 2002-2015


Soaring ceilings and breathtaking views abound in this recently remodeled 5 bedroom and 2.5 bath home. The main level offers a beautiful chef's kitchen with high end appliances and finishes, a charming breakfast area which leads into the family room as well as formal living and dining rooms. The custom designed and constructed office offers a large built in media center with shelves, desk and abundant file storage. Four gracious bedrooms including the master suite are located on the same level. The Children's and master Bath have been remodeled with the finest appointments. This ideal location has something for everyone - close to the city and Mill Valley's award winning schools and only a short ride to the beach or trails of Mt. Tam.


text:
Alt coins, Bitcoin, Cryptocurrencies, Ethereum, Litecoin, Tether, XRP
Crypto's top 10: Rankings shake-up looms as Ethereum killers make presence felt
Binance Coin, Polkadot and Cardano are in the ascendancy. Should Ethereum, buckling under the strain of congestion, be worried?
By Connor Sephton / February 23, 2021 /
Bitcoin and Ether have cemented their positions as the top two cryptocurrencies in terms of market capitalization—but the recent bull run has delivered some big changes a little further down the rankings.
Back in December 2017, when BTC hit $20,000 for the first time, altcoins such as Bitcoin Cash, XRP and Litecoin were firm favorites in the top five. Tether and Binance Coin were nowhere to be seen among the 20 biggest coins. Some, like Polkadot, didn't even exist.
Fast forward to 2021, and the rundown of the 10 biggest cryptocurrencies by market cap looks very different indeed. While several digital assets have gone from strength to strength, others have fallen out of favor with investors. Some are fighting for their survival.
So: What are the coins to watch? Which ones are at risk of losing their clout? And is Ether's vice-like grip on the No. 2 spot in peril? This is the current state of the top 10.
Bitcoin beware
As altcoins jostle for prominence, Bitcoin is likely to lose little sleep over its position as the world's No. 1 cryptocurrency. Despite being dealt a bloody nose on Feb. 23 after suffering a flash crash that took its price as low as $45,000, a staggering $710 billion separates its market cap from that of its nearest competitor, Ether.
This isn't to suggest that BTC doesn't have challenges ahead. A recent Gartner survey found just 5% of finance executives are planning to hold Bitcoin as a reserve asset in 2021—suggesting that we might not see too many more box office announcements from publicly listed companies following Tesla's lead. A dearth of publicity could stymy BTC's momentum, and mean the battle to hit six figures will fall to retail investors.
Worse still, a Feb. 18 report from JPMorgan warned that Bitcoin is overvalued at current levels—setting a "fair value range" of between $11,000 and $25,000. The bank added: "Market liquidity is currently much lower for Bitcoin than in gold or the S&P 500, which implies that even small flows can have a large price impact."
Further tumbles in BTC's price could tempt some investors to take profit off the table, and conclude that the best of the bull run has been and gone. We'd then need to address the other elephant in the room: What will happen when institutions decide they want to sell their holdings. With Santiment research suggesting that the sale of 2,700 BTC over the weekend may have sparked this week's gruesome sell-offs, what will happen if MicroStrategy and Tesla—which own tens of thousands of coins between them—call it a day?
Ether, and the Ethereum killers
Ether comfortably outperformed Bitcoin in 2020, a theme that has continued so far this year. But after falling as low as $1,378.84 on Feb. 23—a far cry from the $2,036 recorded over the weekend—the wind may have been knocked out of the altcoin's sails.
The big threat for the No. 2 cryptocurrency concerns the agonizing wait for an upgrade to Ethereum 2.0, moving the blockchain over to a Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism.
Creaking under the strain of congestion caused by DeFi protocols and non-fungible token marketplaces—with both sectors exploding in popularity— average transaction fees on the network have now hit an eye-watering $30.19.
Exasperated, a number of projects are now jumping ship to rival blockchains where transactions are much less expensive—and transaction throughput is higher. Binance Coin has been a big beneficiary of this. Last week, it surged by a staggering 142.8% in the space of seven days, hitting highs of $342.88 at one point. Despite concerns about centralization, the Binance Smart Chain has proven a hit with developers. A big milestone came when trading volumes on PancakeSwap, a decentralized exchange based on BSC, overtook those on Ethereum-focused Uniswap.
It's clear that Binance CEO Changpeng "CZ" Zhao has his sights firmly set on flippening Ether—and he's been vocal on Twitter about his blockchain's success:
#BNB started as a token on #ETH, but maybe #ETH will end up as a token on #BSC.
Restricting comments due to the provocative joke. 😂 https://t.co/jmIr3Xbi6p
— CZ 🔶 Binance (@cz_binance) February 22, 2021
There are almost 2x more transactions on #BSC than on ETH.
If you want more users for your Dapp, you need to be on #BSC now. pic.twitter.com/ZYnbFOVysc
Polkadot and Cardano, both blockchains that have also been called Ethereum killers, also fit into this narrative. These two cryptocurrencies are continually changing places between No. 5 and No. 6 right now—with each offering greater levels of scalability. As a report by Outlier Ventures recently showed, developers are flocking to these networks slowly but surely… something that's crucial for adoption to grow.
As interoperability becomes the name of the game, it's possible that one of these "Ethereum killers" will struggle to overtake Vitalik Buterin's brainchild in second place. But the bigger question is this: Can these young upstarts keep the momentum going when ETH 2.0 finally launches?
Tether settles lawsuit, XRP's fight continues
Tether has every opportunity to retain the No. 3 spot after a black cloud was lifted. On Feb. 23, the stablecoin issuer and its parent company Bitfinex announced that they had reached a settlement with New York's attorney general. The long-running dispute centered on allegations that Tether had misrepresented the extent that USDT coins were backed by physical dollars. As part of the deal, the companies will pay $18.5 million in damages, report reserves every three months, and will no longer serve customers in New York. Tether doesn't have to admit wrongdoing under the terms, either.
The settlement comes as XRP remains in the crosshairs of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, which is accusing Ripple of holding an ongoing, unregistered securities sale. Ripple suffered another setback after MoneyGram suspended the use of RippleNet—a big blow considering the remittances giant was a high-profile user. XRP's current position of No. 7 is a stark contrast to the No. 3 position it enjoyed for years.
Chainlink's future looks bright as an explosion in smart contract functionality across the blockchain space continues. The decentralized oracle network has already inked partnerships with the likes of Binance Smart Chain and Polkadot—and it's the top pick of DeFi projects including Aave, Synthetix and yearn.finance.
Rounding off the top 10, we have Litecoin and Bitcoin Cash. Their days in the top five may be over, but there's every opportunity for these payment-focused coins to thrive—especially if PayPal and Mastercard succeed in making cryptocurrencies a more common method for completing transactions. LTC bills itself as the "future of money" because of how it allows payments to be sent across borders cheaply—and BCH, which is reeling from a dramatic hard fork in November, proclaims that it offers "better money for the world." But with both coins proving to be even more volatile than Bitcoin during Tuesday's sell-offs, critics will undoubtedly question whether consumers would want to pay for their cappuccinos with an asset that can tumble by 20% in a matter of hours.
Each digital asset is fighting its own demons in this period of unprecedented growth in the crypto sector—the recent crash notwithstanding. Expect changes in the make-up of the top 10 as 2021 continues… and March, traditionally a traumatic month for digital assets, gets underway.
A big August for crypto
Finally, Ethereum 2.0 launches
'ShapeShift'-ing crypto company says it will do one thing, does another
bitcoinBNBCardanoetherEthereumLitecoinPolkadotTether
Connor Sephton is a journalist with an interest in cryptocurrencies, personal finance, and financial inclusion—as well as the challenges the crypto industry faces in achieving mainstream adoption. He owns cryptocurrencies.
Blockchain and digital currencies advance in Asia
Markets Report: Bitcoin recovers from $45,000 lows as Tether legal debacle ends


It's only a very small and select faction of devoted PJ readers who can claim their magazine collections go all the way back to the very first issue of The Pastel Journal in 1999. And those who can brag of such a collection often guard it closely, citing a strange tendency of prized issues to grow legs and walk away. Until recently, one of the only ways to acquire the oldest back issues was to bid for them on eBay, where a single issue could fetch up to four times its cover price. But, with the advent of digital technology, the game has finally changed. The staff of The Pastel Journal is pleased, thrilled (and even amped!) to be able to offer readers the whole shebang: Every issue of magazine is now available in digital format. And we've worked hard to offer you a variety of different ways to enjoy these pastel treasures.
Perhaps the most exciting development is the introduction of our big collection, The First 10 Years. On a single disc (DVD format for your computer), you'll find an entire library of the first 10 years of The Pastel Journal (1999-2008). That's 59 issues featuring more than 4,600 pages of pastel inspiration, instruction and painting ideas—all searchable by keyword.
We're also offering two, five-year archives: 2004-2008 and 1999-2003, which features six years of magazine content never before available in digital format.
We're also proud of our annual magazine collections on CD. We already offer 2005 through 2009. Now 2010 is available for pre-order!
And every new issue of The Pastel Journal becomes available in our online store as a digital download shortly after print publication.
PJ devotees rejoice! Now the comprehensive history of the magazine is just a click or two away–and just in time for the holidays!


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If you want to know the Legal & General share price – often abbreviated to lgen share – the chart on this page shows you the performance of our Legal & General Group plc share price on the London Stock Exchange (lon lgen). It's designed to provide investors with the transparency they need so they can invest with confidence.
Share price look up
Archive Share price chart Share price look up
Share price chart Share price look up
When you first arrive on the page it will show you the performance of our lgen lse shares over the past 12 months. The stock price is on the Y axis. You can interrogate a particular day by hovering the cursor over one of the blue bars at the bottom.
You can select another time period if you'd like to see the lgen share price over, say, a day, month, year, five years or more. At the top of the page, we have also provided key figures about current trading, which will help you understand Legal & General's performance. These include the price of our shares when the market opened today, the last price that our shares sold at, and the difference between the two; for example, whether the value has risen or fallen.
Other important figures above the chart include the bid price, which is the highest price that traders are currently willing to pay for our shares (lon lgen) and the ask price, which is the lowest amount that owners are willing to sell our lgen lse shares for. Volume refers to the total number of shares traded during the day, and you can also see the highest and lowest values at which shares have been traded.
Of course, our share price is not the only measure of our success. The strength of Legal & General is reflected in many ways, and we believe financial success and inclusive values are not mutually exclusive – they are both part of who we are, and why we're here.
Legal & General is one of Europe's largest insurance and asset management groups with more than £1 trillion in assets. Our vision is to improve the lives of our customers, build a better society for the long term and create value for our shareholders. We do this through the activities of our pensions, investment management, capital investment and insurance businesses.
Click here to see our recent announcements
Historical actions
2007 — 2008 Share buyback programme
2007 half year results
A £1 billion capital return programme in the form of an on-market share buyback is approved by the board.
July 2007 — November 2008
691 million shares were bought back at an average of 121.92p per share. Total cost of the programme was £838.2 million.
2002 Rights issue
Legal & General Group Plc announced a rights issue to raise equity and provide capital to finance the Group's new business growth. Shareholders were given the right to purchase 13 new shares for every 50 they held for 60p each (£7.80 for every 13 shares).
1,269,947,596 new ordinary shares were issued, a take-up of over 95%, raising proceeds of £788 million, net of expenses.
An example of the effect this had on an individual's holding:
Assuming you held 100 shares on 19th September 2002 with a share price of 100.5p each and therefore a total value of £100.50, the following calculation explains how the shares went from 100.5p on 26 November to 92.14p on 27 November.
Take 50 original shares at 100.5p and add 13 shares at 60p each = 50x100.5+13x60 this means a value of 5805p for the 63 shares or 92.14p per share
If you took up all your rights to purchase the new shares at 60p each: The total shareholding will now be 126 shares (13 shares for each 50 old shares you had plus the original 100 shares) with a share price of 92.14p each and therefore a total value of £116.10.
Assuming you did not take up your rights to purchase the new shares or were unable to: You retained a shareholding of 100 shares which now have a share price of 92.14p each and therefore a total value of £92.14. Your 13 rights per share were sold on your behalf and the net proceeds were then sent to you.
2001 Convertible bonds
Legal & General Plc announced the issue of £525 million of convertible bonds due in 2006, which generated net proceeds after expenses of £515 million. The convertible bonds could be redeemed in 2005, and thereafter at the option of the Company, at par, providing the price exceeded 120% of the conversion price.
A coupon of 2.75% per annum was paid semi-annually and the bonds converted into ordinary shares of the Company at 204p per share. The bonds would, if converted, give rise to the issue of 285.3 million new ordinary shares, which represented approximately 4.4% of the issued share capital.
An announcement was made to bondholders through Euroclear that as a consequence of the rights issue (described above) the conversion price for the convertible bonds, issued in December 2001, was adjusted from 204p to 184p per Legal & General share.
The convertible bond matured and was redeemed at par without being converted into ordinary shares.


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The Case for the "Fiqh of Muslim Minorities"
Can a Muslim live a pious or just life in a society where Muslims are a minority? Some Muslims wonder. Some non-Muslims (especially some agenda-driven pundits and Islamophobes) also raise a question: Can Muslims be loyal citizens in the West? These questions may not be burning issues or the reflections of widely held views, but these are certainly present in our contemporary debates and discourses, and therefore, they deserve adequate attention and answer. Since the "Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat" or "Fiqh for the Muslim Minorities" deals with these issues, we have decided to make this subject the "cover story" for the current issue of The Message.
It's true that many medieval jurists viewed the world from a binary perspective—"Dar-ul-Islam" (Abode of Peace) and "Dar-ul-Harb" (Abode of War) and advised Muslims not to live in a non-Muslim land permanently. Their argument was that where Muslims are a minority, they live not only under non-Muslim political authority, but their environment also becomes surrounded by moral laxity and all sorts of transgressions. Therefore, Muslims have no choice, according to these jurists, but to migrate from a non-Muslim land to a Muslim land. Many scholars (both medieval and contemporary), however, contested and refuted this "fatwa" on the ground that in Islamic religious texts (i.e., the Quran and Sunnah), no clear divine prohibition on residence in non-Muslim land exists. As a matter of fact, sometimes the situation in the so-called "Muslim land" could be more hostile to the Islamic lifestyle than the "non-Muslim land." The majority scholars thus view that if certain conditions are met, especially if the freedom to "manifest one's religion" is present, residence anywhere is permissible.
Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyat deals with the
daily problems that arise for millions of Muslim individuals living in the West or in similar minority situations
Sheikh Taha Jaber Al-Alwani has rightly pointed out that "the classical and medieval jurists ignored the need for a systematic formulation of the status of Muslims as minorities". Today, among the 1.57 billion Muslims worldwide, at least one third of them—if not more—live as minorities, and many of them reside in the west. Among these western Muslims, many are actually native born and, therefore, there is no such place for them that they can "return" to. The challenge these Western Muslims (and the Muslim minorities elsewhere) are confronting today is how to ensure their integration in these societies without the loss of their religious identity. The good news is that Fiqh of Muslim Minorities seeks to provide that answer (or solution).
Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat, to put it simply, deals with the daily problems that arise for millions of Muslim individuals living in the west or in similar minority situations. It tries to resolve conflicts with the culture and values of the host/native societies from within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence. According to Alwani, "It is not meant to give minorities' privileges or concessions not available to Muslim majorities; on the contrary, it aims to project minorities as representative models or examples of Muslim society in the countries in which they live. It is the fiqh of model communities, elites, and a rigorous, rather than frivolous or concessionary, approach. Based on the rules and fundamentals of this fiqh, a number of parameters have been identified which may define our method in responding to questions from minority members" (Towards a Fiqh for Minorities: Some basic Reflections, IIIT: 2003, pp.3-4).
This, however, is not to suggest that the ruling in two different situations will always remain the same. Since the 'fiqh for the minorities' as a discipline takes into account the relationship between the religious ruling and the conditions of the community and the location where it exists, obviously, the fuqaha take into consideration a 'sensitive' appreciation of the social context. While answering a question, the jurists carefully examine the wider social context in which this question arises, as well as the social implications of implementing the fatwa. Furthermore, "the fatwas should be guided not by a literalist reading of the sources of law, but, instead, should be shaped by the broader aims of the shariah (maqasid al-shariah), Islam's missionary imperative as well as by the recognition of the fact that the shariah 'permits all that is clean and wholesome and forbids what is harmful,' and hence is 'aimed at making life easier and more convenient." After all, 'the fulfillment of religious obligations is concomitant upon human ability'.
At a time when the Muslim community (ummah) is passing through many challenges that require creative, sensitive, and sound answers, it's a matter of great relief and hope that the Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyat is being applied to address some of those challenges. Fiqh of Minorities, therefore, could be considered not only as a legitimate and timely ijtihad for Muslims, but it's indeed a window through which the rest of the world would be able to see the beauty of Islam as well.
EditorAuthor
Editorial: Clearing the Air and Knowing Muhammad (pbuh)
Walking the Red Path in Islam
Putting the Puzzle Pieces Together: Violence in Post 9/11 America
The Female Scholars of Islam
Know These Great Women of Islamic History


As an avid collector of anything Oriental when I had the opportunity to pick up a unique Tea set for a meager $10 I grabbed it. We have a huge Street sale that goes on in our city near the end of May each year and last May I came across a lady who had a clay tea set on display. I had just passed up two gorgeous Ming Lions a few houses before and decided that I would not pass up on this set. It was completely intact, actually had never been used and was still carefully wrapped in the papers and case in which it had been purchased.
While investigating them in order to review them I came across a number of facts that point directly to the indication that the teapot set I now own is a Yixing set - these teapot sets are known for being highly collectible - and have been part of upper class and Royalty collections for many years and there are a number of avid collectors .
The set that I now own is completely hand made - one sign that you have acquired an original Yixing teapot or set is the unique markings that some of the tools make in the clay. The set I own is considered a "Purple" set made from dark brown clay from the Yixing area outside of Shanghai and crafted by artisans who take great pride in their craftsmanship.
The making of a Yixing tea set takes awhile - usually the clay is taken from the earth and left to sit for at least a year and then is hammered into a fine powder. Once the artisan receives the clay he then processes it for 2 days before it is considered ready to be crafted into pots and cups. In this particular set you can see fine ridges where tools have hand shaped the clay and inside the teapot itself the "filter" has been hand designed as well.
I have no idea whether or not this particular set has any value to it but I have been searching out the various Yixing pottery and so far have discovered that the $10 deal I got was an exceptional one. Tea pots alone are sold for anywhere from $10 to upwards of $3, 000 and one Yixing teapot was recently sold at auction for $70, 000 - handcrafted in 1955.
Yixing clay is known for its exceptional ability to absorb the flavor of the tea and thus Yixing collectors are avid in purchasing one teapot per one type of tea. Although I've not used mine to brew tea yet, the process is as diligent as the making of the pots are - first time use requires you to brew two very strong pots of tea which will be thrown away (not drunk) as it is believed the first two pots are not drinkable. By the third pot the teapot has begun to "season" and as the pot is used it takes on a patina (aging) that makes these pots more collectible as they age.
Yixing teapots have been around since the Sung Dynasty (960-1279) but they didn't become known widely until the Ming Dynasty and not until the late 1600's. Yixing clay comes from the Jiangsu province, the only area in which this particular clay can be found. The most sought after pots are made from the dark brown (Purple) clay although they are also available in a lighter brown and a red (the red takes on that color after firing). The pots are fired in "Dragon Ovens" which get their name because at night you can see these ovens in use appearing like fire breathing dragons hugging the mountains. The Yixing clay gives the teapot and cups a heavier feel to them than those that you might purchase from a "production" house and the exquisite detail and craftsmanship is evident throughout.
The set I have consists of a teapot, sugar bowl (I believe), both with lids, and 7 little cups each with their own saucer. Each piece is marked with a Chop which signifies the name of the artisan I believe - but I've not translated the markings yet. Each of the tops also has a small Chop inside the lid.
I love collecting Oriental items and in particular I love when I learn the history of the piece I've come to possess. When I first purchased these I had no idea that they had any history at all - but now I am pretty certain that I have become unknowingly a collector of these unique and finely crafted teapots and sets that many consider some of the finest tea sets available. I'm very proud to have them in my vast group of collectibles regardless of what they may be worth because for me, they are simply a beautiful indication of the quality and dedication a fine artisan had for his/her work and I find that a far more valuable reason to cherish these than for the dollar value alone.


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Arsenal vs Burnley
Alexandre Lacazette(Daniel Ceballos)
Reiss Nelson(Nicolas Pepe)
Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang(Daniel Ceballos)
Alexandre Lacazette(Sead Kolasinac)
Daniel Ceballos(Lucas Torreira)
(Jay Rodriguez)Chris Wood
(Aaron Lennon)Johann Berg Gudmundsson
Arsenal 55%
Burnley 45%
Maitland-Niles
Papastathopoulos
Guendouzi
Willock
Aubameyang
Lowton
Tarkowski
Pieters
Gudmundsson
1 Leno
15 Maitland-Niles
5 Papastathopoulos
23 Luiz
18 Monreal
8 Ceballos
29 Guendouzi
24 Nelson
28 Willock
14 Aubameyang
9 Lacazette
Pope 1
Lowton 2
Tarkowski 5
Pieters 23
72' Gudmundsson 7
Westwood 18
Mcneil 11
61' Wood 9
90' Barnes 10
7 Mkhitaryan
11 Torreira
19 Pepe
21 Chambers
26 Martinez
31 Kolasinac
35 Martinelli
10 Oezil
34 Xhaka
Hendrick 13
Gibson 14
61' Rodriguez 19
Hart 20
72' Lennon 25
Bardsley 26
Brady 12
1 Leno 0 0 22.00 (84.00%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 Maitland-Niles 0 0 40.00 (80.00%) 1.00 0 0 0 0 3.00 1.00 0 0
5 Papastathopoulos 0 0 46.00 (85.00%) 0 0 1.00 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
23 Luiz 0 0 48.00 (80.00%) 0 0 2.00 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
18 Monreal 0 0 53.00 (88.00%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Ceballos 0 0 63.00 (90.00%) 3.00 1.00 0 0 0 2.00 3.00 0 0
29 Guendouzi 0 0 54.00 (94.00%) 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0
24 Nelson 0 0 9.00 (90.00%) 2.00 1.00 0 0 0 2.00 0 0 0
28 Willock 0 0 55.00 (87.00%) 1.00 0 0 0 0 3.00 0 0 0
14 Aubameyang 0 0 14.00 (56.00%) 3.00 2.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 Lacazette 0 0 12.00 (63.00%) 3.00 2.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Mkhitaryan 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 Torreira 0 0 5.00 (83.00%) 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 1.00 2.00 0 0
19 Pepe 0 0 21.00 (84.00%) 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 Chambers 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
26 Martinez 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
31 Kolasinac 0 0 4.00 (100.00%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 0 0
35 Martinelli 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 Tierney 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Bellerin 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 Oezil 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 Holding 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 Mavropanos 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
34 Xhaka 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
55 Rowe 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 Pope 0 0 15.00 (55.00%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Lowton 0 0 12.00 (54.00%) 1.00 0 0 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
5 Tarkowski 0 0 13.00 (68.00%) 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 0 0
6 Mee 0 0 19.00 (73.00%) 2.00 1.00 1.00 0 0 1.00 0 0 0
23 Pieters 0 0 10.00 (62.00%) 1.00 0 0 0 0 1.00 1.00 0 0
7 Gudmundsson 0 0 9.00 (60.00%) 0 0 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Cork 0 0 18.00 (90.00%) 2.00 1.00 0 0 0 1.00 2.00 0 0
18 Westwood 0 0 29.00 (69.00%) 1.00 0 1.00 0 0 2.00 1.00 0 0
11 Mcneil 0 0 7.00 (70.00%) 4.00 0 0 0 0 2.00 2.00 0 0
9 Wood 0 0 11.00 (91.00%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 Barnes 0 0 8.00 (47.00%) 5.00 3.00 0 0 0 2.00 3.00 0 0
3 Taylor 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 Hendrick 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 Gibson 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 Rodriguez 0 0 1.00 (25.00%) 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 Hart 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25 Lennon 0 0 3.00 (75.00%) 0 0 0 0 0 1.00 1.00 0 0
26 Bardsley 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 Drinkwater 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 Brady 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 Defour 0 0 0 (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Preview match Arsenal - Burnley
Match Arsenal-Burnley Premier League the fixture is set to kick-off today 11:30 on Emirates Stadium. Refereee Mike Dean.
Team Arsenal is located in the middle of the table. (7 place). Form team looks like this: In the last 5 matches (league + cup) gain 3 points. The most goals in Premier League for Arsenal scored: Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang 1 goals. Players with the most assists: , Ainsley Maitland-Niles 1 assists.
In Arsenal not occur in the match due to injury: Kieran Tierney, Hector Bellerin, Rob Holding, Konstantinos Mavropanos, Emile Smith Rowe.
Played 1 matches this season. Won 1 matches 0 ended in a draw. 0 were defeated. In 0.00% matches the total goals in the match was over 2.5 goals (Over 2.5). In 0.00% matches the sum of the goals was greater than 1.5 Goals (Over 1.5). In 1 matches Arsenal has not lost the goal. In 0 games, each team scored a goal in the match (both teams to score). Average goals: 1.00 per match
Team Burnley is at the top place in the table (5 place). Burnley in 5 last matches (league + cup) have collected3 points. The best players Burnley in Premier League, who scored the most goals for the club: Ashley Barnes 2 goals, Johann Berg Gudmundsson 1 goals. Players with the most assists: , Erik Pieters 2 assists.
Injured players Burnley: Steven Defour.
Played 1 matches this season. Won 1 matches 0 ended in a draw. 0 were defeated. In 100.00% matches the total goals in the match was over 2.5 goals (Over 2.5). In 100.00% matches the sum of the goals was greater than 1.5 Goals (Over 1.5). In 1 matches Burnley has not lost the goal. In 0 games, each team scored a goal in the match (both teams to score). Average goals: 3.00 per match
Direct matches: usually ended with winning of Arsenal. Balace of both teams games are: 12 won Arsenal, 1 wins Burnley, 1 draws. In 8 matches the sum of the goals both teams was greater than 2.5 (Over 2.5). On the other hand, 11 matches teams scored more than 1.5 goals (Over 1.5). In 6 matches the both teams have shot at least one goal.
If you want to compare this teams or you looking for more stats check this site
If you want to check league table and stats go to this site


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Some Lessons Learned – czwarta solowa płyta Kristin Chenoweth wydana w 2011 roku. Pierwszy singiel I want somebody (bitch about) wydany został 13 maja 2011. Album zawiera piosenki m.in. Diane Warren, Dolly Parton czy Hillary Scott (wokalistki zespołu Lady Antebellum).
Utwór Lessons Learned nagrany był wcześniej przez Carrie Underwood na jej debiutancki album - Some Hearts.

Lista utworów

Listy przebojów

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Okładka

Albumy muzyczne wydane w roku 2011
Albumy Kristin Chenoweth
Albumy wyprodukowane przez Boba Ezrina

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Emmy Award-winning actor John Larroquette ("Night Court") is set to join the cast of "Boston Legal" next season as a senior partner from the New York offices of Crane Poole & Schmidt who transfers to the Boston office.
In addition, Emmy Award winner Christian Clemenson, who portrays Jerry "Hands" Espenson � a fellow lawyer and friend of Alan Shore's (James Spader) who suffers from Aspergers syndrome -- joins the series as a cast regular, and Tara Summers ("Dirt") also comes on board as a young associate of the Boston offices.
"Boston Legal" was created by David E. Kelley. Kelley and Bill D'Elia are executive producers. The series is produced by David E. Kelley Productions in association with Twentieth Century Fox Television, and premiered October 3, 2004.