text:
Why McKinsey strategist Angus Dawson wants to shake you up
Strategy Leadership 01 Jul 2015
By Stephen Craft
As leader of McKinsey's Strategy & Corporate Finance Practice in Asia, Angus Dawson helps clients to shake up their thinking in a world of constant disruption.
When Angus Dawson sits down to talk to clients about business strategy, he often starts with a simple question: What is the only man-made structure visible from space with the naked eye? If your response was "The Great Wall of China" you're in good company. It's proved overwhelmingly the most popular answer with business leaders in more than 30 cities around the world. Unfortunately, it's also a myth.
"It was first written that you could see the Great Wall of China from space in the 1850s," Dawson says. "Yet we've known from the 1960s that it's not true – but everyone still believes it.
"I often use that as a way of saying, 'What are the Great Walls of China in your own company and isn't it worth trying to uncover them?'"
That's important, he says, because the stories that companies tell themselves about their past will play a powerful role in shaping their future. "Strategy is actually about beliefs. Beliefs will drive choices. Choices will drive initiatives."
Yet when Dawson and his McKinsey colleagues test these strongly held beliefs against empirical data, they often find that company legends do not reflect reality.
"There is a lot of mythology," he explains. "I'd say in the majority of cases, we have had to completely debunk the legends."
As a student, Dawson took an atypical path to the world of strategic consulting. After graduating with honours in law and economics from the University of Sydney, he eschewed an MBA, opting instead to do masters studies in computer science and technology-based businesses at Stanford University. He says it has given him an invaluable perspective in an age of digital disruption.
"I was at Stanford for the last year of the dotcom boom and the first year of the bust. I got to hear from a lot of the executives who ended up being the legends of Silicon Valley … how they were thinking about the future and their businesses, and how they would shape them.
"Wait a minute, we're assuming this is true, but is it really?"
"What's really interesting now is that so many of the forces we all thought were being unleashed back then and that people were confidently predicting would dramatically change industries, it's only now actually happening."
Dawson has spent almost 20 years at McKinsey & Company, first as a strategic consultant, more recently overseeing the firm's Australasian Strategy Hub. Today he is a director and the leader of the Strategy & Corporate Finance Practice in Asia, advising companies on growth strategies and innovation, as well as mergers and acquisitions. In that time he has seen strategy evolve from a focus on standardised micro-economic frameworks to a multilayered discipline which uses empirical analysis to harvest insights from increasingly rich sources of data. But while the discipline has seen a decisive movement towards data-driven strategic thinking, there is also a renewed interest in the social and psychological dimensions of decision-making.
The social dimension
"One of the new things in the way we do strategy is that we're very focused on this whole human and social side of it," says Dawson. "That means the key question is often not 'How do we get the right answer intellectually?' but 'How do we help the management team actually shift its underlying beliefs?'
"Human beings don't change their beliefs very easily. If I ask someone 'Could your industry be disrupted?', most executives would say no. But the truth when you look back empirically, is that industries get disrupted all the time."
That potential for disruption is rising, thanks to the impact of digital technologies and fundamental shifts in the structure of the world's economy. Greater uncertainty after the global financial crisis is also driving a new level of interest in good strategic practice.
"Both because of big demand and supply fluctuations in the real economy as well as digital innovations … I think we've now got a period where strategy matters more than ever," he says.
For established market leaders, one of the most disturbing aspects of this new environment is their vulnerability to what Dawson describes as the worst possible kind of competitor: one with a completely different business model and different economic incentives.
"At least a low-cost airline is still trying to make money from plane tickets. But if you are a digital camera manufacturer and smartphones come along, you've got, first of all, a different business model … secondly, they don't care about making any money from selling a digital camera.
"The combined effect is you no longer know who your competitors are, because there are players whose platforms can influence your industry as you would have defined it without really caring about the economics."
Dawson believes digital technologies have the effect of purifying both demand and supply, creating a situation that is much closer to a perfect market.
"All of a sudden, I don't have to buy an album, I can buy a song. My demand function is not for albums, it's actually for music.
"On the supply side, it purifies as well. I can enter the market as a transportation provider using the excess capacity of my car.
"Anywhere there is production that's been only bundled, or demand that's distorted from its core, we can now see a way to create a market mechanism that purifies that … That's leading to value shifting very dramatically."
As a result, virtually all consumer businesses are potentially threatened by platform-based giants such as Amazon, Google and Apple. These companies not only have the ability to pivot rapidly into new industries, they can also fundamentally change the economics of those industries. Yet Dawson also stresses that the disruptions caused by digital innovation are nothing new.
"For us, digital is another in a series of discontinuities that have hit industries. The difference with digital is that it involves multiple technologies that are all converging at the same time to create the ability for industries to be disrupted very quickly."
Choose your battleground
The key to countering strategic threats like these, he says, is to start asking fundamental questions about how, where and when to compete. Yet while most businesses focus on the how, it's actually the where that can make the biggest difference.
"Over the last 15 years, we've looked at around the top 2000 companies in the world – pretty much any business with over US$100 million of revenue where you can get publicly available data," Dawson says. "We're now in a position where we've got enough data that we can look at strategies and effectively give [business leaders] some empirical guidelines.
"Our research on growth showed that it's actually more important for them to think about which markets they're in than to try to gain share."
He explains that while it is possible to grow your share of a market, the data reveals that it's actually very rare for companies to gain sustainable market share over time. As a result, choices about which markets to compete in typically explain around four times as much revenue growth as movements in market share.
That makes the question "Where to compete?" an essential starting point for your business strategy.
"If you start a strategy conversation about growth and you don't start by saying 'How are we going to change the mix of markets that we play in?' you've immediately said, 'Alright, we're going to have a strategy that has much lower odds of being successful'."
Sharper strategic thinking
Making an informed decision means analysing the business at a very granular level – giving rise to the concept McKinsey has dubbed "the granularity of growth". Whereas many businesses tend to think that they operate in just a few distinct markets, Dawson says the reality is generally very different.
"I could take [any large company] and very quickly come up with a way of describing what they do as being in 50 different markets. By changing the emphasis on those 50 markets, you can quite dramatically shift the underlying revenue growth rate and the likely economic profit."
His advice to others wanting to hone their strategic thinking is simple: be willing to step back and ask the big, fundamental questions. "Just be the person in the room who is willing to say, 'Wait a minute, we're assuming this is true, but is it really?"
An Asian perspective
Angus Dawson's work with leading businesses across Asia has given him a useful perspective on differences in strategic thinking and business conditions across the region. He says that while the overall quality of decision-making is high, there are distinct differences in approach as you move from country to country.
"If you go to Korea, you've got conglomerates who have no natural source of advantage, who are wondering how they can compete on the global stage and what's their next big growth business. It's all about what new business I can build as other parts of my portfolio decline and die.
"If you're in India or China, it's much more about which kind of rapid stream do I put myself in to try to find the next 10 billion dollars of revenue … I think there are still a lot of businesses in India and China existing on razor-thin margins and relying on the industry to shake out a bit over time.
"Whereas you go to Japan, and it's much more about how do we survive in a declining domestic market?"
The unifying theme across the region, he says, is a drive to find new opportunities by continuing to build and change an existing portfolio of businesses – combined with a keen awareness of the inevitability of change.
"One question that I think would resonate at the moment with any executive [across the region] would be 'How will my portfolio of businesses be different in the next 10 years?'"
This article is from the July issue of INTHEBLACK
Tony Faure: Why the key to digital success is actually the people
Strategy Leadership COMMENTS


text:
Guanaguana es un pequeño pueblo ubicado en un valle, cortado por el río Guatatar, al noroeste del estado Monagas. El Arcángel San Miguel de Guanaguana es otra antigua misión de los Frailes Aragoneses.

Está situada en un valle que se va abriendo hacia las inmensas sabanas que hoy forman el estado Monagas.

Historia
Se atribuye su fundación, como pueblo de misión, al padre fray Pacián de San Martín en mayo de 1729 a las márgenes del río Guatatar con indios chaima, procedentes del pueblo de San Antonio de Padua de Capayacuar (hoy San Antonio de Maturín) y contaba con 99 almas. Pero tres años más tarde, los indios se fugaron. Cuarenta años después fue trasladado un kilómetro más al norte, en el sitio que hoy ocupa. No obstante, Torrelosnegro, sitúa su fundación definitiva en el año de 1732. Por la relación de Torrelosnegro, hecha en 1780, se sabe que el pueblo tenía «… una hermosa Iglesia de tejas, cuyo valor asciende a 2.000 pesos…», sin embargo, cuando el barón Alexander von Humboldt pasó por Guanaguana, en 1799, esta ya no existía; seguramente la destruyó un temblor. Los muros de la vieja Iglesia colonial que hoy conocemos son los de una construcción que debió comenzarse en los primeros años del siglo XIX y los acontecimientos de la Independencia de Venezuela dejaron sin terminar.

Turismo

Ruinas de la Iglesia colonial San Miguel Arcángel

Uno de los sitios de mayor interés es la Iglesia San Miguel Arcángel, ubicada entre Caripe y Maturín, templo construido por los frailes misioneros en épocas de la colonia. Según la historia los misioneros levantaron esta Iglesia con ladrillos de arcilla, madera y asbesto en el siglo XVIII, en honor a San Miguel Arcángel. Es un sitio fresco y sencillo, que permanece abierto durante el día y que, acompañado por inmensos árboles y una pequeña plaza, hace suyo el paisaje.

Las medidas perimetrales (14,1 × 32,6 m) revelan que el templo debía consistir de tres naves, aunque se ignora si las series de columnas divisorias de las naves eran de mampostería o palosano, porque no quedó traza alguna de las bases. A excepción de la fachada, que es toda de mampostería, piedra y ladrillos, los muros laterales ofrecen algún interés por dejar a la vista la técnica utilizada en el Tapial. Las rafas de mamposterías se alternan a lo largo de las paredes y están trabadas en forma adintelada con la tapia o tierra apisonada. También se observan los huecos de las agujas del Tapial. El cuerpo inferior de la fachada, que es solo conocido, se nos presenta en formas muy sencillas; cuatro esbeltas pilastras, dos de las cuales enmarcan la portada, constituyen todos los motivos arquitectónicos del conjunto. Al lado de la Iglesia, calle por medio, queda en ruinas lo que antiguamente fue el convento. Su principal atractivo turístico son las ruinas de su iglesia colonial.

Cultura
La Danza de la Arepa, nace en el año 2000 por iniciativa de la señora Edelmira Gil de Fuentes, miembro fundador de Fundación Cultural Guanaguana en septiembre de 1994 (Fundaguanaguana). Es la expresión popular del quehacer de una casa, a la mujer del campo que se dedica a hacer la arepa.

Gastronomía
Es común encontrar en los locales de comida, empanadas fritas de maíz tierno amarillo, con una variedad de rellenos entre queso blanco duro, carne mechada y pollo.

Por otro lado, cerca de la iglesia del Arcángel Miguel suelen vender melcocha, dulce a base de papelón y torrejas, disco de masa de harina de trigo frito y luego azucarado.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades del estado Monagas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A group of young people from the Prince's Trust visited Howlands as part of a 12 week course "Team Programme" run by West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service.
The programme is to help young peoples' personal development and demonstrates the impact they can make within the local community. The trainees spent time speaking to Howlands members about fire safety in the home.
It was a very successful afternoon which gave our members and Prince's Trust Volunteers the opportunity to get to know each other better.
Pancake Day and sports activities… it's all go at Howlands, and we must say a huge thank you to Sport Works Ltd who organised sports activities for our members and volunteers to take enjoy.
Following our funding from Sport England the Howlands now benefits from sporting activities such as Chairobics, Boccia, Curling, and mini-Olympics being run at Howlands until the end of the year.
Pictured are our members enjoying the latest sporting activity, but with a twist – pancake tossing!
Our pancake preparation is part of our Shrove Tuesday legend which celebrates " The Pancake Dog" who proudly stands on the roof of Howlands waiting to be summoned by the ringing of a bell on Pancake Day to leap down to eat his pancake.
I must have missed him – the pancakes have gone though!
Pictured left to right: Stanley Dorr, Holly Sheen, from Sport Works, Kevin Walton, Mandy Ross, and Nigel Parkinson.
Maureen Sheard, Pam Long, Brenda Sunderland.
Sport Works is a massive hit at Howlands as members take advantage of the sports programmes on offer.
Pictured is Howland member Kevin taking part in one of the sessions supported by Holly Sheen, a trained and talented Sport Works staff member.
Take advantage of this highly inclusive programme with tailored care and support throughout. Join us on Friday afternoon and have a go, you'll be surprised how much you'll be able to get involved in.
We'd like to give Holly and her colleague Simon Leonard a special mention for their hard work and organising everything extremely well to make the sessions enjoyable and inclusive for everyone involved.
Successful Howlands art exhibition has now moved to at Dewsbury Town Hall where members work will be proudly exhibited until October the 19th.
Howlands art exhibition members and volunteers take an important role at Howlands. Here is member Nigel Parkinson (left) and volunteer Tom Ellis helping to install the Howlands Art Exhibition in Dewsbury Town Hall.
The exhibition celebrates the successes of vulnerable adults from all areas of North Kirklees who due to physical or mental disabilities have become marginalised and isolated members of our community.
Through Howlands they have found friendship and support, developing skills and the confidence to find their own abilities for creativity. The results can be seen in the work on display and are well worth a visit.
Members of Howlands will be exhibiting their art and crafts produced whilst at the centre.
Open to the public the exhibition will open on Monday the 17th of September until 2.30 Friday, 21st September.
The exhibition will move to the Ground Floor of Dewsbury Town Hall on the 24th September where it can be viewed until 19th October.
As you know we support the very innovative Dewsbury Soup – think of it as Dragon's Den but much simpler – make a small donation, we suggest a minimum of £5 which includes a bowl of soup, a vote and the opportunity to listen to four local people pitch their ideas.
There is now a new date to apply to pitch or request a bribe slot #2DewsburySoupONTHEROAD will be on 12th September, 6.30pm at Batley Bulldogs.
And if you want to be a judge please email your postcode and email address to dewsburysoup@outlook.com. You need to live or work in a North Kirklees postcode; and be available to read the pitches that will be emailed to you between the 31st August and the 3rd September. You can be a judge and pitch – you can also vote for yourself on the night if you get to pitch!
Last month Christine Sykes, who is one of our class room assistants, organised a social evening at Old Bank Working Men's Club in aid of Howlands.
Well over 100 people attended to be entertained by singers Tony Styles and Linda Senior.
Linda, who is Christine's sister-in-law and a former professional singer, is in the UK on holiday from Australia, and as soon as she heard about the evening she volunteered to take part.
Everyone had a great time and an amazing £905.00 was raised for Howlands.
Many thanks to Old Bank WMC and their staff for their help and to Tony Styles and Linda for their very professional entertainment.
But specials thanks to Christine for making the evening such a great success.


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Sneak Peak at Caricature PART II – Discounts!
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Legal basis: Article 70 item 1 of the Act on the offer - purchase or sale of a significant block of shares The Management Board of FON S.A. based in Płock in reference to current report No. 65/2017 of 07/12/2017 informs that on 04/04/2012 to the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, he sent a revised notification of 07/12/2017. in the mode of art. 69 par. 1 point 1) in connection with art. 69b par. 1 point 2) of the Act on Public Offering, which was submitted in connection with the acquisition of tokens based on blockchain Etereum from the company PATRO INVEST OÜ based in Tallinn about the purchase of which the Issuer informed in Current Report No. 63/2017 of 04/12/2017. adjusted on December 6, 2017 The Issuer hereby provides the full text of the revised notification to the Polish Financial Supervision Authority attached to this report.


text:
WSOP ANNOUNCES 2016 EVENT DATES
December 18, 2015 - 12:45:31 PM EST | Seth Palansky
World Series of Poker® Announces 2016 Dates
Poker's Most Popular Festival Set to Run From May 31 to July 18, 2016
At Rio All-Suite Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas
Colossus II – Returns With $1 million 1st Place Prize & Starting Flights June 2, 3 & 4
47th Edition of WSOP Concludes with Main Event July 9-18
LAS VEGAS (Dec. 18, 2015) – Save the Date(s). The 47th World Series of Poker (WSOP) – the longest-running, richest and most prestigious tournament series – opens its doors on Tuesday, May 31, 2016 at the Rio All-Suite Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas.
The something-for-everyone schedule includes gold bracelet events, satellites, cash games and thrice daily deep stack tournaments running for 50 consecutive days, with the WSOP Main Event reaching its final nine players on Monday, July 18, 2016.
The first open event of the 2016 schedule will feature the return of the world's largest live poker event, which has been revamped to make it bigger and better in 2016. Colossus II will feature an additional $2,000,000 in guaranteed prize pool (thus at $7 million, up from $5 million) and two additional entry flights. Also of note is a guaranteed $1,000,000 first place prize. And perhaps most importantly, Colossus II will use the format successfully introduced at WSOPE's Oktoberfest event where each starting flight plays into the money. This will not only ease congestion observed last year, but also allow a player to potentially cash multiple times in the event.
Colossus II will be a $565 buy-in re-entry No-Limit Hold'em tournament with flights on Thursday, June 2, Friday, June 3 and Saturday, June 4. The format will include re-entry, allowing players to enter the other starting flights if they fail to advance initially. After a record 22,374 entrants last year, with a first place prize of $638,880, organizers hope to set a new record for largest live poker tournament in what this year will be officially Event #2.
Also back on the schedule in 2016 are the popular Millionaire Maker, Monster Stack, Little One for ONE DROP, Seniors Event and Ladies Championship.
The summer poker festival reaches its pinnacle with the globe's longest-running poker tournament -- the $10,000 buy-in No-Limit Hold'em WSOP Main Event championship -- which is slated to run over ten consecutive days from July 9 - July 18, 2016 and will feature three starting flights – Saturday, July 9; Sunday, July 10; and Monday, July 11.
The first event on the schedule is the Casino Employees event, which will take place on Wednesday, June 1 this year, featuring a $565 buy-in No-Limit Hold'em two-day tournament.
The date is also confirmed for this year's Senior Event, which will again feature a $1,000 buy-in No-Limit Hold'em format for those aged 50 or older and begin at 10:00am on Friday, June 17.
The average WSOP gold bracelet event in 2015 featured a $3,093,813 prize pool with $558,571 going to the event's winner. The 2015 WSOP featured the Top 5 field sizes of the year in all of poker with the Main Event (6,420), Millionaire Maker (7,275), Monster Stack (7,192), Little One for ONE DROP (4,555) and Colossus (22,374) entries combining to attract a staggering 47,816 entries. The Colossus became the largest live poker tournament ever held, and the 103,512 entries at the 2015 WSOP were the most in the event's 46-year history.
"We want to wish everyone Happy Holidays and best wishes for 2016," said WSOP Executive Director Ty Stewart. "We hope some of your New Year Resolution's will include capturing a WSOP gold bracelet in the coming year. We expect another well-rounded schedule offering something for everyone and another record-breaking opening with Colossus II on tap to make a millionaire right out of the gate."
Buy-ins for tournaments at the Rio start as low as $75. Cash games will begin on May 31 and run 24 hours a day throughout the seven-week series taking place in the spacious Rio Convention Center for the twelfth consecutive year.
Room reservations are being accepted across Caesars' Las Vegas properties. Visit Total Rewards to make your room reservations for the 2016 WSOP. Individual event online pre-registration won't open until March, after all events have been determined and submitted to regulators and approved.
Nearly 500 poker tables will be set up across more than 100,000 square-feet of ballroom space to accommodate the thousands of players from around the world who attend poker's annual Woodstock.
WSOP.com's real-money online poker offerings in New Jersey and Nevada will be the exclusive online home for players in these states to win seats into WSOP events, including the Main Event. While in New Jersey or Nevada, eligible players can play on WSOP.com, whether a resident or not, and satellites are expected to run regularly throughout the WSOP.
The 2015 WSOP attracted 103,512 entrants – the largest attendance in the WSOP's 46-year history – in a total of 68 events, generating a prize pool of more than $210 million. Participants in WSOP events hailed from 111 countries in 2015. The WSOP Main Event, won by Philly's Joe McKeehen this year, attracted 6,420 players and was televised on ESPN television for the fourteenth consecutive year.
The current slate of individual events offered during the 47th Annual WSOP are being finalized, with 60+ official gold bracelet events expected, with weekends catering to the No-Limit Hold'em weekend warriors and a broad range of other variations of poker at both entry level and championship level buy-ins being mixed in throughout the series.
The full event-by-event schedule is expected to be released sometime in January or February.
About the World Series of Poker
The World Series of Poker® is the largest, richest and most prestigious gaming event in the world, having awarded more than $2.2 billion in prize money and the prestigious gold bracelet, globally recognized as the sport's top prize. Featuring a comprehensive slate of tournaments in every major poker variation, the WSOP is poker's longest-running tournament in the world, dating back to 1970. In 2015, the event attracted 103,512 entrants from 111 different countries to the Rio All-Suite Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, and awarded more than $210 million in prize money. In addition, the WSOP has formed groundbreaking alliances in broadcasting, digital media and corporate sponsorships, while successfully expanding the brand internationally with the advent of the World Series of Poker Europe in 2007 and the World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific in 2013. For more information on the World Series of Poker, please visit www.wsop.com.
Seth Palansky – WSOP.com Editor-In-Chief
About the author: The World Series of Poker's official website, WSOP.com has been under its parent company's editorial control since October, 2009, when Seth Palansky became the website's first Editor-In-Chief.
Palansky, who had been with the WSOP's parent company, Caesars Interactive Entertainment, Inc. (CIE) since its inception in May, 2009, took over the reins of the website from previous editorial provider, Bluff Magazine, who managed the site from 2006-2009.
Connect with the author via: Google+ | Twitter
TOP TEN FINALISTS FOR THE 2011 POKER HALL OF FAME UNVEILED
ROSS BYBEE WINS FOURTH LARGEST TOURNAMENT IN WSOP CIRCUIT HISTORY
QUINN DO DOES IT AGAIN
SEAN BERRIOS WINS WSOP CIRCUIT MAIN EVENT AT PLANET HOLLYWOOD

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: SQL Server how to select two result sets with the second overlapping the first set First, my apologies for the lengthy and somewhat confusing title, allow me to elaborate.
I have an online store that sells cards for birthdays, xmas, etc. and currently it offers a selection of default cards that can be chosen by the user.
I plan to let the users modify the existing cards (changing it's layout, text, coloring etc.) but I want to retain the default card and record which card the modification came from. This part I think I have figured out already.
My goal is to have the website display all default cards to the user but display the user's own replacement cards in place of the default from which it came.
With that in mind, my database table has the following partial layout:
Table: Cards
UserId   int
CardId   int
CardText int

Let's say the default cards are stored under UserId 1 and the new user is UserId 2, the records for the above table would appear as follows:
UserId CardId CardText
  1      1    Valentines
  1      2    Birthday
  1      3    Merry Xmas
  2      1    Be my valentine

As you can see, User #2 has modified Card #1 changing the text from "Valentines" to "Be my valentines" and the original Card #1 for User #1 is still available for future users.
I want to display all default cards but display the users replacement card in place of its default counterpart card.
This means UserId 1 would see:
CardId 1 [UserId #1]
CardId 2 [UserId #1]
CardId 3 [UserId #1]

And UserId 2 would see:
CardId 1 [UserId #2]  <-
CardId 2 [UserId #1]
CardId 3 [UserId #1]

Now to the MSSQL. The obvious solution would be something like this:
SELECT * FROM CARDS
WHERE UserId = 1
AND CardId NOT IN (SELECT CardId FROM CARDS WHERE UserId = 2)
     UNION
SELECT * FROM CARDS
WHERE UserId = 2

This will return the default cards as well as the user #2 modified cards.
My question is, is there a more efficient means of doing this? My problem with the above code is that a fragment of SQL code is being run twice (SELECT ... WHERE UserId = 2) and this seems inefficient to me.
I have looked at the other set operators without success (INTERSECT, EXCEPT) and I even entertained the idea of using the MERGE operator to no avail.
Thank you for any help.

A: You can use a CTE and ROW_NUMBER function to assign a row number (a "priority") to a record (group by records that have same CardID) and then select only the records with the highest priority (priority=1):
WITH cte AS
(
    SELECT
        CardID,
        UserID,
        CardText,
        priority = ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY CardID ORDER BY UserID DESC)
    FROM
        dbo.Cards
    WHERE
        UserID IN (1,2)  -- filter by UserIDs of a user (UserID=2 in this example) and a "dummy user" that holds default values (UserID=1)
)

SELECT * FROM cte WHERE priority=1

Edit: This assumes that UserID of the "dummy" user is always lower that the UserID of the actual user (e.g. UserID of a "dummy" user is 1, actual UserID > 1).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
« McConnell Is Shaping a New Relief Bill—But Not for You
Trump Surpasses 20,000 Lies »
Stop Tax Breaks for the 1%. Fund Schools If You Want Them Open
Everyone wants schools to open but Congress and the Trump administration don't want to pay for it. That cost includes reduced class sizes for social distancing, additional teachers, cleaning services, nurses, ventilation improvements, personal protective equipment, and whatever is recommended by CDC.
In places where the disease is out of control, reopening will not be possible. First control the disease, then reopen schools. Trump could start the process by wearing a mask in public, whenever he is in public. His refusal to do so has spread the virus by encouraging his admirers to do as he does, which violates the strong advice of medical professionals.
Where reopening is possible, Congress must foot the bill because the stayes's coffers have been depleted by the economic toll of the pandemic.
Thus far, Congress has been generous to high-income individuals and employers, but stingy with the nation's schools, as David Dayen of "The American Prospect" explains here. To see the links and open them, go to his post here.
Dayen writes:
As we head into crunch time on coronavirus relief, the demands coming from the White House threaten to upset the entire deal. Donald Trump remains obsessed with a payroll tax cut, which nobody in Congress, really, wants. Any payroll tax cut with any real impact on people—a three-month holiday would run around $300 billion—would cut deeply into the other White House demand for a relief bill topping out at no more than $1 trillion.
The proper amount of spending for this bill is "whatever it takes." If you don't like the cost, maybe you shouldn't have completely botched the policy response such that major regions of the country have to shut down again. The same people whining about expense are the ones who drove the country into despair. The cost of a continued runaway virus is much higher than the cost of emergency measures to ensure millions of people have adequate food and shelter during this crisis.
But if you really, really must constrain the response, and you really, really must have this payroll tax cut, then I have an idea: get rid of all the other long-term tax cuts mostly targeted toward the rich, many of them passed in the very last coronavirus relief bill.
They don't get much discussion but there were a host of tax provisions in the CARES Act, passed in March. In fact there was a payroll tax holiday, but for the employer side, not the employee. Not only can employers delay payroll taxes to next year, they can eliminate them if they retain employees. The two measures are estimated at about $66 billion, and the savings falls on the business.
A bigger tax break has been termed the "Millionaire's Giveaway" by Americans for Tax Fairness. This $135 billion tax break allows people with partnerships or other structures to carry forward losses from previous years and offset gains in their taxes in future years. It only affects people making half a million dollars in income from the partnership or more. The same type of deduction for businesses costs another $25 billion; the oil and gas industry in particular has been using that one, converting their losses in recent years into corporate welfare checks. There's also an interest deduction available to larger corporations ($13 billion). Certain aviation taxes were suspended ($4 billion); see if that shows up in a lower ticket fare.
Add it up and that's $243 billion in tax giveaways to rich people and corporations in the CARES Act. If the White House wants a payroll tax cut it can come out of that. Most of the benefits from those changes don't hit until next year and the payment of 2020 taxes, and beyond. It makes sense to pull up spending (tax breaks are spending through the tax code) to when it's needed now.
The Heroes Act, the House Democratic bill, actually accomplished a form of this, by cancelling the Millionaire's Giveaway permanently, as it was due under the Trump tax cuts to come back in 2026 anyway. That brings in $246 billion overall, according to the Joint Committee on Taxation, enough for a decent-sized payroll tax holiday.
And as long as we're talking about the Trump tax cuts, we could eliminate the measures most tilted to the rich and powerful—the corporate tax cut, the S-corporation pass through for rich people who set up partnerships, the deducations for dividends on foreign earnings, and the inheritance tax cuts—and take in about $3 trillion. If the next relief bill simply has to be capped at $1 trillion, then you could do $4 trillion in spending and add these measures in and hit that number.
Again, I think it'd be ridiculous to offset anything for emergency relief. But playing by the rules set up by the White House isn't an obstacle, thanks to the trillions of dollars in offsets Trump created with his tax law. There is also a case to be made that rebalancing the inequality baked into the tax code is good public policy anyway, and if it can facilitate critical crisis spending under the stupid strictures of straitjacket budget politics, all the better.
Unfortunately, Chuck Schumer is trying to leverage the new bill to get a tax cut for well-off people, particularly in his own state, by removing the cap on the state and local tax deduction imposed in the Trump tax cuts. That was also in the Heroes Act (albeit just a two-year suspension). There's no need whatsoever for this kind of long-term help for people who itemize when the unemployed and the poor are in desperate trouble right now. Wealthy people don't need another champion to engage in special pleading for them.
Categories Accountability, Economy, Funding, Health, Safety
heathcl2bb says:
A "payroll tax cut" would undermine Social Security, something Republicans have wished to do forever. It is NOT acceptable in any way. In fact, the payroll tax ought to be extended to include ALL, rather than just some, of the income of the 1%.
jcgrim says:
Exactly! Congress used payroll tax cut trick in 2014 or 15. It was one of the Grand Bargain deals the Republicans & Democrats disguised as a gift to workers to put more money in their pockets.
What it really did was cut the amount of required corporate FICA match money to the Social Security fund. Deficit hawks in Congress & the administration have been wanting to privatize Social Security for decades. It wasn't until Bill Clinton agreed with Newt Gingrich to impose cuts to SS that moved Democrats into the entitlement cuts camp.
I'm happy to see some Dems jump off the entitlement cuts bandwagon by talking about increasing social security.
Roy Turrentne says:
Some years ago, someone said that democracy was impossible because people would undermine it by voting themselves benefits and the economy could never bear it. Conservative pundits have quoted this axiom so much that I have forgotten who said it or what its context was. Now with the antics of the Republican party since Reagan, we see that this axiom is true. But it is true for exactly the opposite reason livrertarians and their fiscal conservative allies who do not claim their seat of irresponsibility claim that it is true. Far from the great majority of people voting themselves money, what is occurring under Trump highlights the fact that most of the tax law is being written for and by a small group of people who benefit from them excessively to the detriment of general society.
Who has the time to understand the intricate nature of the tax code? Those with enough money to hire people to review it and find places in it to alter it to their benefit. Lawyers do not come cheap. Knowledge is expensive if there is a lot of money in it. What has been occurring over the past 40 years is a continual erosion of the tax structure to benefit a few very wealthy citizens. Some of them have admitted this openly, calling for "taxes on people like me" in the public forum. Most, however, are content to watch the children of the less fortunate than themselves sit in unventilated classrooms reading torn textbooks. Coronavirus has let the cat out of the bag. Their antics are now exposed. The vast relief package and the continued plots to pile more money into the coffers of the wealthy under the guise of keeping people employed has laid bare the problems with this approach.
This November, we need to begin the march to the middle. Biden may not be the guy you want, but he is a step in the direction of good faith government. Some will tell you that there is no good government. This has been the lie that has been the underlayment for the carpet of lies that has led us to this point. Good government involves fairness foa all citizens. Even autocrats from the past like Suleyman of the Ottoman Empire and Fredrick the Great of Prussia understood this. When autocrats of the past became incompetent in the production of bread for the masses, the result was often violent revolution.
In our state, senate candidates for Lamar Alexander's seat are trying to terrify the voters with the spectre of violence in the street. "We will get tough," is the refrain. Getting competent would be more effective. Just ask some of the autocrats of the past.
Our politics prove the axiom wrong. Poor people and lower middle class people do not vote their self interest. If they did, Bernie would be the nominee, not Biden. If they did, Trump would never have been elected. I have often wondered why some people actually vote against their self interest. I have a brother who could not survive without federal programs like Social Security and Medicare, yet he votes for Trump, who would abolish them if he could. The same for people who need and rely on Obamacare, yet vote for candidates trying to eliminate it.
My husband is of the opinion that a large chunk of Americans simply "don't want anyone telling them what to do." Hence: anti-taxes, anti-"govt handouts," anti-regs, anti-mask-wearing.
I grew up rural, where the general motto seemed to be "Leave me alone," & living off the grid was admired. It's a poor man's pride: I owe you nothing, you owe me nothing, I survive on my own wits. Goes back to settler days; it's deep-seated and defies logic: the worse the economy, the more they insist on it. Which is why it has become an ever-louder voice in our politics.
During World War 2, there was a General spirit of national unity, of sacrifice for the common good. FDR was able to draw upon and encourage that spirit. Trump doesn't know what it is.
carolmalaysia says:
Before my mother got married, she was planning to have a bridal shower. My grandfather, [Dad's side] went around to all the neighbors and told them not to come. He didn't believe getting gifts. My mother never forgave him.
well said: deep-seated and defies logic
I believe the axiom true for those who have lawyers to find ways to take advantage of the tax code. Ironically, those who do this use the axiom to suggest that the great masses of people are the ones who are "voting themselves money." Or perhaps this is not ironic. The Standard operating procedure of the present administration is to accuse its opponents of doing what the administration itself is deeply into. Classic projection.
I've always been able to deduct medical expenses UNTIL this 'great tax break for the middle class' was passed at 1:00AM in the morning with no discussion.
I do a lot of alternative medicine work and none of it is paid for by medicare. So, this year I had $8,000 in medical expenses and NONE of it was deductible. According to my tax lady, I would have had to have listed $13,000 in medical expenses to have it as a deduction.
This great tax cut for the wealthy is screwing the middle class.
From "Social Security Works": "Washington politicians love to make accessing benefits complicated. That's why Social Security is so popular: it's simple and universal. Instead of creating an intricate scenario of qualified unemployment benefits and tax cuts that weaken Social Security, we should just give everyone money to stay home and suppress the virus.
Remember: Eliminating Social Security's dedicated revenue is a trap for the Biden administration. Trump has already indicated that he'd like to defund Social Security permanently.[2] If this so-called "payroll tax cut" expires at the end of the year, it will set up a confrontation in the first days of the new Democratic presidency, where Republicans will claim Biden wants to raise taxes by 12%, just by returning things to normal!
In that dangerous scenario, the corporate media could seek some middle ground where Social Security funding is restored, but not at its full levels, which would weaken Social Security's financing long-term. That sets the stage for the TRUST Act's advocates to cut our benefits behind closed doors without accountability.


text:
est une entreprise anglaise de fabrication de moteurs Diesel, fondée en 1932 par  et basée à , un quartier résidentiel de la ville de Peterborough dans le Cambridgeshire. Depuis 1998, l'entreprise appartient au groupe américain Caterpillar.

En France, elle équipa notamment les Citroën Type H et les camions Saviem.

Historique
À partir de 1939, les moteurs Perkins sont utilisés dans des applications maritimes. Plus tard, son principal client sera le constructeur de tracteurs agricoles Massey Ferguson qui rachète la société en 1959 et équipe son matériel agricole avec ces moteurs, en rationalisant la production : le moteur A6 354 est ainsi utilisé sur plusieurs modèles de tracteurs, dont le 1200, et de moissonneuses batteuses dont la 510.

En , le moteur Perkins 4.99 (1621cm3, 41,5ch SAE) équipe l'utilitaire léger Citroën Type H.

En 1965, avec le nouveau moteur V8-510, Perkins reprend pied dans le domaine automobile en équipant les camions anglais ERF.

Les moteurs diesel Perkins sont marinisés (par l'adaptation notamment d'un échangeur de chaleur pour refroidir à l'eau de mer) et sont appréciés pour leur fiabilité dans les années 1970 et 1980 sur les petites et moyennes embarcations de pêche et de plaisance.

En 1984,  rachète la célèbre firme Rolls-Royce Diesel International et devient un acteur incontournable dans la production de camions et engins militaires.

En 1985, Perkins célèbre le 10000000 moteur fabriqué.

En 1994, Perkins rachète Dorman Diesels.

En 1998, Perkins est racheté par Caterpillar pour 1,35 milliard de dollars, devenant ainsi le premier fabricant de moteurs diesel mondial.

Motoriste
Moteur Diesel
Entreprise de construction mécanique ayant son siège au Royaume-Uni
Entreprise du secteur des transports ayant son siège au Royaume-Uni
Entreprise ayant son siège dans le Cambridgeshire
Entreprise fondée en 1932
Peterborough (Royaume-Uni)


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text:
Ferrari Driver Rubens Barrichello in an Epic Duel with David Coulthard in Germany
F1, Ferrari
by Dhruv George
F2 Drivers Who Can Progress into Formula One
Back in 2001, Formula One was facing much simpler times when racing was reaching its peak. An almighty duel between Ferrari driver Rubens Barrichello and McLaren's David Coulthard was proof of that. Early on, Michael Schumacher took himself out spectacularly when his car suddenly slowed down to a crawl. Then, an unsighted Luciano Burti speared into the back of the Ferrari, sending his Prost car airborne, crashing down onto the Arrows duo of Enrique Bernoldi and Jos Verstappen.
This left Rubens Barrichello flying the flag for Ferrari and to take the fight to McLaren and Williams. One key difference with this circuit was that it was the older, longer and faster Hockenheim layout. So, when Barrichello duelled with Coulthard, it was pure, raw Ferrari speed vs Mercedes speed. If anyone thought that Monza was the Temple of Speed, the old Hockenheim circuit was practically Mount Olympus.
https://twitter.com/Insidef1/status/1153665769986613248?s=20
Fernando Alonso and Mclaren F1 Set to Part Ways in 2020
It was also the era with no aids like DRS or ERS, but V10 engines and lean mean 350kph machines. In all fairness to Coulthard, he did a stellar job of holding back the Brazilian. However, a lap later, Barrichello was finally past the Flying Scotsman and up into 4th. This would later become 2nd after Schumacher and rookie Juan Pablo Montoya retired from the race.
david coulthard ferrari Formula One McLaren rubens barrichello
Dhruv George July 23, 2019
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Fear of Ferrari Preventing Charles Leclerc From a MotoGP Run
Nicholas Latifi Inspired by Singer Drake for F1 Racing Number
Mercedes F1 Could be Bought Over by Toto Wolff and Lawrence Stroll in 2021, Claims Reports


Informatiu de 25 minuts, presentat per Francesc Novell. Una producció de Canal Terrassa Vallès.
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text:
TLP starts with 'Guys and 'Dolls'
TLP Company Spotlight: Guys and Dolls
Mount Carroll, IL- Timber Lake Playhouse (TLP) kicks off the 51st season next week. Each year, TLP casts an entire season of shows through auditions around the country. The season opener, Guys and Dolls, features three outstanding performers who have never worked at TLP.
Miami, Florida native, Hanah Rose Nardone, will be playing the leading female role, Sarah Brown. Attending the Chicago College of the Performing Arts, she had heard of Timber Lake Playhouse through other performers. "I had heard great things about the company. People I knew that had worked at TLP raved about the experience. In the auditions, everyone was nice and welcoming. I am excited to work at TLP because this is the first time I will be working in theatre professionally."
Nardone saw a play when she was eight years old and has been hooked on theatre every since. "I couldn't imagine doing anything else," she said. She is excited to work on Guys and Dolls because she says it is classic, musical theatre. Her character she is playing is very innocent and the classic damsel in distress.
Joe Capstick from St. Louis, Missouri, who attends Southeast Missouri State, takes on the role of Nathan Detroit for the opening production. He states, "I had heard great things about TLP. I auditioned and was offered the awesome job. I am excited to jump into the summer and work on all of these shows."
Joe got started in theatre when he took dancing lessons and fell in love with tap. He says that he would watch movies as a child and would say, "I want to do that!" He will be able to fulfill his childhood dream in the first production. "I love acting with new people. Guys and Dolls has interesting, colorful characters. The show and the company have a great energy and that's what I am looking forward to the most," he said.
Capstick will be opposite, Hayley Gribble, who plays the fun character, Adelaide. Gribble stated that the role she will be playing is the role that made her fall in love with theatre. She played the character in high school in Wichita, Kansas where she grew up performing in community theatres and in a local Wichita dance company.
Gribble is also excited about the costumes in the production. She had heard that resident co-costume designers, Tate Marie Ellis and Katy Freeman, are extremely talented. Hayley has taken a peek at some of the beginnings of the costumes for the show and she feels that the audience is going to be amazed at what they see on stage.
All three performers believe that the audiences for the show will love this classic, musical theatre piece and that it will appeal to a variety of people. Capstick said, "Guys and Dolls is fun and entertaining…everyone old and young will love it!"
Guys and Dolls performances are June 6th through June 17th at Timber Lake Playhouse, 8215 Black Oak Road, Mount Carroll. Tickets are available through the box office during regular business hours, 11am - 6pm daily, at www.timberlakeplayhouse.org or 815-244-2035.
Timber Lake Playhouse, What's Your Story?
This program is partially supported by a grant for the Illinois Arts Council, a state agency.
Production Sponsors are Kunes Country Auto Group and Compliance Signs.
TLP PREVIEW 2012
For immediate release May 13, 2012
Beaudry Previews Timber Lake Playhouse 2012
Mount Carroll, IL-- Artistic Director James Beaudry is bringing the excitement back to Timber Lake Playhouse, Illinois' longest running professional summer theatre, located just outside of Mount Carroll. Following a VIP preview on June 6, the 2012 season kicks off June 7 with Guys & Dolls, a classic song-and-dance musical comedy from Broadway's Golden Age that is fun for all ages. Individual tickets for Guys & Dolls and the entire season are available beginning Monday, May 21, at www.timberlakeplayhouse.org and at the TLP box office. In addition to producing seven productions this year, Beaudry is also overseeing some new efforts designed to add to the audiences' experience.
Now in his third season as Artistic Director, Beaudry previously worked with TLP as a performer, choreographer and director on and off since 2001. Says Beaudry, "Our seven shows this summer are some of the most fun and heartwarming pieces of theatre we've done in a long time. We've assembled a stellar company of designers, performers, directors, choreographers and musicians from New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Atlanta and everywhere in between including three performers from Sterling, Dixon and Milledgeville . I'm honored that so many wonderful artists are thrilled to bring their talents to Mount Carroll every summer to help us continue this joyous summer tradition. Audiences will be happy to see many of their favorite guest artists returning this summer, as well."
In addition to Guys & Dolls, the summer lineup includes Working, based on the famous Studs Terkel book using the actual words of everyday men and women as they share their humorous, heartfelt and harrowing stories; Footloose, a contemporary song and dance spectacular featuring all the hit songs from the 1984 film and many more; Boeing Boeing, one of the world's most acclaimed farces with its romantic entanglements, mistaken identities and non-stop physical comedy; Cabaret, the unforgettable Kander & Ebb musical about life before the rise of the Nazi party--full of songs that have become standards over the last 45 years; and Some Enchanted Evening: The Songs of Rodgers & Hammerstein, a glorious and romantic night of music that will make you remember what it was like falling in love for the first time. The Magic Owl Children's Theatre at TLP will also present You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown, a full sized musical for families, children and everyone who grew up with Charles Schultz's beloved Peanuts characters.
"We've already had a great response from subscribers and groups for this year's shows, and some of our matinees already close to sold out," said Beaudry.
Every summer, close to 25,000 tickets are sold to shows at TLP. "Many people who see our shows travel quite a distance to be here," Beaudry explained. "Since we are about four miles outside of Mount Carroll, a lot of patrons don't know about its resurging downtown area. A lot of great new restaurants, shops and artists have really brought the business district back to life, and it's exciting to see." But the town isn't exactly on the way home for patrons from Clinton, IA, Dixon or Freeport.
"To give people the opportunity for a full evening out, for the first time we will be offering beer and wine to our patrons before AND after the shows and during intermission. We are also hoping to offer specialty cheeses to enjoy before the show. We are making some nice upgrades to the public areas in front of the theatre where people will be able to sit before and after shows, socialize with friends and company members and enjoy a summer afternoon or evening."
While TLP only produces shows in the summer, Beaudry says his job is a year-round one. "I am able to work as a freelance director and choreographer in our 'off-season' when I'm in Chicago, but the operations of the Playhouse don't stop. While our Managing Director, Melissa Mattingly Parsons, with Assistant Managing Director, Tina Stretton, work hard all year to make sure everything is ready to go by the time May comes around, I spend a large part of the winter and spring traveling around the country auditioning performers and interviewing technical staff and designers. I hire about 55 people annually, and they represent a broad range of early career theatre artists and more established actors, directors and choreographers who are valuable resources for our college students as they move into the professional theatre world."
The guest artists for TLP's 2012 season include Emmy Award winner and legendary Chicago director, Chuck Smith; Artistic Director of Bailiwick Chicago, Lili-Anne Brown; New York choreographer Will Taylor, who can be seen on tour this summer with Kristin Chenoweth; and favorite returning TLP performers Karl Hamilton, Samantha Dubina, Brandon Jess Ford, Alexandra E. Palkovic and Sharriese Hamilton. "Our directors & choreographers for 2012 have worked on Broadway and at some of the best theatres in Chicago and around the country. It's a testament to the TLP experience and the connection they feel to our audiences that these artists continue to count us as one of their homes," Beaudry said.
Subscriptions for the TLP 2012 season are on sale now for $110, allowing you to see all six mainstage shows at a discounted rate. Subscribers can reserve their seats immediately. General tickets are available through the box office beginning May 21 during regular business hours, 11 a.m. - 6 p.m. daily. For more information about the upcoming season, visit www.timberlakeplayhouse.org or call 815-244-2035.


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MEDIUM COMBAT AIRCRAFT
In the Medium Fighter Aircraft segment, India currently requires 200 aircrafts, which include both single and twin engine as replacement. India's future 5th-generation aircraft, the Russia-Indian Sukhoi/HAL FGFA and the indigenous Medium Combat Aircraft, though will not be ready before 2025. Thus the need for an early selection of SP and OEM for the segment.
The Indian Air Force's (IAF) all-stealth fleet is divided into light, medium and heavy categories with all the three categories facing shortage of aircrafts. At present, its inventory consists of over 720+ combat aircrafts with a balanced mix of offensive and defensive capability. The Sukhoi Su-30MKI forms the backbone of IAF's combat fleet with multiple role capability. The current inventory of combat aerial platforms of the Air Force is as given in Table.
The available fleet is now ageing and virtually obsolete MiG-21s and MiG-27s (on extended life) and Jaguar aircraft have already been upgraded, while, Mirage-2000 and MiG-29 aircrafts are under upgradation. A large percentage of the fleet, approximately 40-45 percent is obsolete as most of the aircrafts were inducted in 70s and thus are finishing their technical life. The IAF has to certainly replace these with new procurements in the next 10-15 years. The fast-depleting air combat fleet especially the medium combat of the Indian Air Force has been a matter of concern since last few years with the IAF has been running out of combat-worthy fighters.
The Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) to fill the gap between its future Light Combat Aircraft and its in-service Sukhoi Su-30MKI air superiority fighter. The Government in April 2015 announced its decision to acquire 36 Rafale combat aircraft worth over $5 Billion in flyaway condition from France via Government-to-Government (G-2-G) route. The aircrafts will be inducted within two years after signing the contract and inter governmental agreement. The IAF needs a medium, multi-role fighter single-engine fighters to replace the single-engine MiG-21 and MiG-27 fighters to set up a production facility in India.
In a meantime earlier restricted RFI for being a single-engined light MRCA was released on October 8, 2016. Mainly the following three offers are in hand for consideration under "Make in India".
Saab JAS-39 Gripen single-engine, light fighters
LM F-16 Block 70 Super Viper single-engine, light fighter
Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
In addition, Indian Navy RFI for the 57 fighter planes, Boeing, Dassault, SAAB and Rosoboronexport have responded. The RFI queries are focused on technical parameters, budgetary estimates, likely level of indigenisation, transfer of technology and schedule of deliveries after a contract is inked. It is understood that Lockheed-Martin, F-35B/C did not respond as they are keen on G2G deal. A brief Competitors analysis of main contenders is as under:-
A comparative analysis of the responses of the above categories is as under:-
Saab Gripen NG
Saab offer includes setting up of a full manufacturing facility; transfer of state-of-the-art technology; setting up of an aerospace eco-system in India; creation of a local supplier base of ancillary systems; employment of a well-trained Indian workforce. training of engineers in Sweden for manufacturing and assembling the Gripen NG in India, partnering an Indian firm in 36 months; ramping up quickly to 18 fighters per year. Cost depend upon indigenisation level. It has also offered to:-
Partner ADA in developing the Tejas Mark IA, with four improvements needed. The Gripen NG's vaunted Selex Galileo Raven ES-05 AESA radar would be manufactured in India for the Tejas Mark IA and the Gripen NG, with a 100-degree sweep, that scans a wider cone than any other current radar.
Assist ADA develop its planned fifth-generation (Gen-5) fighter, the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) Saab is part of a European consortium working on an unmanned stealth aircraft, called the nEUROn.
Saab is silent on the Tejas Mark II, which would directly compete with the Gripen NG. Saab's vision clearly involves bypassing the Tejas Mark II and moving from the Mark IA, to the Gripen NG, to the AMCA. While the IAF apparently likes the Gripen NG though not a Gen-5 fighter, the Gripen NG's data link, a key element in modern air combat is reputedly the world's most advanced air craft. Its avionics are built of Gallium Nitride, which delivers superior performance over conventional Gallium Arsenide avionics. The Gripen NG carries diverse weaponry from various countries, including the French Meteor beyond visual range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM), reputedly the worlds most advanced, with an estimated range of about 150 kms. The Gripen is the cheapest contemporary fighter to operate.
The Gripen Maritime design has both CATOBAR and STOBAR configurations. A single engine configuration works against it. The Indian Navy will be hard pressed to explain junking plans with the LCA Navy (and perhaps the up-engined Mk.2) for another albeit more capable single engine fighter. However, Saab's chances in the IAF's single engine fighter deal will offset some of the downer factor of not being an available, proven aircraft today.
LM F-16 Block 70
Lockheed Martin F-16IN is "the most advanced and capable aircraft, the features include:
Conformal Fuel Tanks (CFTs) - This will give the F-16IN a combat range of 1700 km with 1500 kg weapons load.
Northrop Grumman AN/APG-80 AESA (active electronically scanned array) radar. This is the same radar in service on the F-16 Block 60s in service in UAE.
General Electric F110-132A engine with 143 KN full after burning thrust with FADEC Controls.
Electronic warfare suites and infra-red searching.
Advanced all-color glass cockpit.
Helmet-mounted cueing system.
The offer is also being made through Defence Trade and Technology Initiative (DTTI), to transfer a part of F-16 assembly line to India. Lockheed Martin owns the IPRs of only the airframe design & the F-16's FBW-FCS. It therefore isn't empowered to talk about licenced-production in India of everything else that's on-board the F-16. In addition, it is understood that LM asked the confirmed order of F-16 Block 70s and approval of strategic industrial partner that's selected by Lockheed Martin. The company also offered to sell India the F-35 Lightning II aircraft in the future, as replacements, if the F-16 Block 70 was chosen.
Recently, Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) has signed an agreement with Lockheed Martin to produce F-16 Block 70 fighter jet. The agreement will enable Tata to integrate Indian sensors and systems into the high-technology and future upgrades for the aircraft on its own in F-16. In this context, Saab Gripen is a keen competitor in single engine fighter requirement with a newer aircraft with more open on technology transfer.
Boeing, twin-engine F/A-18E/F Super Hornet is likely to remain in service by the 2040s and offer includes building a brand new Indian production line. Boeing's most powerful argument for the Super Hornet is perhaps its utility for the Indian Navy.
Keen on Make-in-India bid for Indian Air Force requirement for twin engine fighters that Boeing hopes will quickly follow the current active single-engine contest. Boeing is on record to say that it has simulated STOBAR ski-jump operations and that the Super Hornet is capable of operating from a Vikramaditya-class carrier.
Dassault Rafale-M
The Rafale has types of advantages. It is in service with at least two Indian Air Force squadrons, and the possibility of more, the Rafale gets to push the commonality key. Cost, though, would be a pushback.
Mikoyan MiG-29K
The MiG-29K, has little chance of adding numbers in Indian inventory. It has run into several problems not the least that it doesn't quite deliver what the Indian Navy needs from deck-based squadron, notably endurance. Other problems with the jet are well-documented, but the very fact that the Indian Navy has invested time, energy and a ton of funds on looking for new fighters means the MiG-29K is pretty much toast.
The questions raised by the Comptroller and Auditor General over the Russian MiG-29K's ability to operate as an indigenous aircraft carrier, has been a concern.
Selection for SP Fighter Jet Segment
Under the SP model four segments were identified i.e, Fighter Aircraft, Helicopters, Submarines and Armoured Fighting vehicle. In the Fighter Air Craft segment, India's requires 200 combat aircrafts, which include both single and twin engine. India's future 5th-generation aircraft, the Russia-Indian Sukhoi/HAL FGFA and the indigenous Medium Combat Aircraft, though will not be ready before 2025, and 2022, respectively, thus necessitating the need for a replacement.
As per the SP model, the government will select private Indian firms for the manufacturing of military equipment for a specified period. The foreign partner selection will depend on the Transfer of Technology and the financial proposal of the Original Equipment Manufacturer. A Government-to-Government deal will be signed after the selection of the aircraft. Under the SP model, government is likely to identify foreign partners to build 120 combat planes in India under $ 20 billion deal.
The Indian Air Force is likely to hold limited trials of the latest version of F-16 Block 70 and Saab Gripen fighter with an AESA radar to select the foreign partner to build 120 combat planes, a deal is estimated to be around $20 billion (Rs 1.3 lakh crore), under the Make in India project. Lately, TASL and Lockheed Martin forms JV for the purpose of "Make in India" for F-16 Block-70 aircraft and Saab is likely to partner with Adani, there could be a keen contest for selection of SP.
Indian Navy is said to have preference for a twin-engine aircraft. If that be so the competition mainly appears to be between Boeing's FA-18 and Dassault's Rafale and the later has done a deal with the Indian Air Force (IAF), they may have an edge, for better logistics, maintenance, training and industrial support. Meanwhile, the Navy is testing the American F-18 and the French Dassault for acquiring 57 twin-engine planes for its next aircraft carrier Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC).
The Tejas Mark II (light combat aircraft), Naval Variant prototype developed by DRDO is ready and has fullfilled the parameters of ski-jump on board aircraft carriers. However Navy had been insisting on twin engines but DRDO is working on the power of the engines and looking for strategic partners to provide back-end support.
The IAF has plans of inducting around 123 LCA combat jets and the government recently gave clearance to a Rs 50,000 crore project to induct 83 planes and augmented the rate of production of these planes in the state-owned HAL in Bangalore. IAF is hoping that their replacements would be ready for induction into the service in form of the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft and the 120 'Make in India' fighter planes.


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Who Is Gavin Casalegno Girlfriend In 2022? All Details About his Love Life?
Shreya Jain
Who Is Gavin Casalegno Girlfriend
We will talk about Gavin Casalegno's girlfriend here. How do we know if the young actor is in a relationship right now? Gavin Casalegno has worked in many movies and TV shows, all the way from the beginning. Since his new album, The Summer I Turned Pretty, came out on June 17, 2022, he has been getting more attention. Some of his other great works are Nine Seconds, Hear Me Whisper, Noah, The Unhealer, Dead Still, A Taylor Story, and many more.
You didn't know that Gavin has always loved acting and started his career in this field when he was only seven years old. He was also in commercials for a brand of pizza. Fans want to know what's going on in Gavin Casalegno's personal life because they know how versatile he is as an actor. People assume that the actor is in love with the love of his life because he is so young and well-known. Is this true? Yes.
He talks about his relationship pretty openly, and if you follow him on social media, you've probably seen him with a very special person a lot. Who is she, though? Let's read this article to find out who Gavin Casalegno's girlfriend is.
Bella Hadid Dating: Are Bella Hadid And Marc Kalman's Relationship? Her Dating History
Who Is Caleb Mclaughlin Dating In 2022? Caleb Mclaughlin Dating History And Know More
Who is Gavin Casalegno's Girlfriend:
Gavin Casalegno's girlfriend
Regarding the woman who looks to be Gavin Casalegno's girlfriend, her name is Larsen Thompson, and it seems that she is an attractive woman. In case you were wondering, Larsen is a model and a professional dancer who has collaborated with a variety of singers including Katy Perry, among others. In addition to that, she has made guest appearances on a number of shows, some of which are the Radio Disney Music Awards and The Fresh Beat Band. It would be remiss of me not to bring up the fact that she has appeared in a variety of ads for firms such as Nintendo and Target.
In reference to the status of their relationship, it would appear that Gavin Casalegno and Larsen Thompson have been seeing each other for the past five years. You are going to be overjoyed to learn that Gavin Casalegno's Girlfriend is going to follow in his footsteps and will soon be making her debut in the film industry. She will portray Julia in The Midnight Club, which is scheduled to premiere on Netflix in October 2022 at the earliest and is most likely to do so in that month.
They have been together for a number of years, and during this time both of them have become extremely devoted to their respective careers. It's encouraging to see that Gavin and Larsen are putting in a lot of effort to make a name for themselves professionally before they start a family together. The couple has a strong desire to see the world and does so frequently. Both of them give off the impression of being extremely compassionate, loving, and understanding of one another, as well as supportive of one another.
Their connection is growing stronger as a direct result of these things. Gavin never misses an opportunity to fawn about his girlfriend whenever he is questioned about their relationship, which is evidence of how content the two of them are together.
Gavin Casalegno Career and Others
Fans are interested in learning more about the actor Gavin Casalegno, and not just because they are aware of the specifics of the actor's long-term relationship with his girlfriend. Gavin was born on September 2, 1999, and he is currently 22 years old. Regarding his stature, he stands an impressive 1.83 meters tall, which is a desirable height for a man. Taking into account that you are one of his most devoted fans, it is inevitable that you are following Gavin on his Instagram account, which now has more than 645,000 followers.
As he has progressed in his career, Gavin Casalegno has had roles in a variety of films and series. When the Game Stands Tall, Noah, The Iceman, and I Am…Gabriel is just a few of the well-known works that he has produced throughout the years. Gavin is currently playing the role of Jeremiah in the web series The Summer I Turned Pretty, which is still airing new episodes.
The tremendous acting skills possessed by this young actor have won the admiration and affection of millions of people all around the world. Gavin is, without a doubt, one of the most talented performers of his generation. We are looking forward to discovering more of Gavin's wonderful works in the not-too-distant future.
Our warmest wishes go out to Gavin Casalegno as he moves forward in his professional life. He is not all that old but has accomplished a good deal for his age already. In addition, we have high hopes that Gavin's romantic relationship with his longtime girlfriend, Larsen, will continue unabated for the rest of their lives.
Read more: Contract Divorce WNBA Between Tina Charles and Mercury, Charles To Join Storm
Categories: Dating And Relationship


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Aerion Supersonic & Safran became major partners for AS2 supersonic
Download: Printable PDF Date: 18 Dec 2019 15:58 (UTC) categories:
Aircraft: Airplanes
New industry partnership - Aerion Supersonic and Safran, which brings world class technology design to full braking and landing gear system and nacelle of the AS2 supersonic business jet. By joining forces, these companies will bring over a century of aerospace experience to support the preliminary design of the first-ever modern supersonic business jet. Two Safran companies have already joined the project to support the AS2. Safran Landing Systems will design the complete braking and landing gear system, from main and nose landing gears, to wheels and brakes, including extension / retraction, monitoring and steering systems, at their engineering centers in Canada and France. Safran Nacelles will design the AS2 nacelles, including the engines' inlets, fan cowl doors and thrust reverser in France.
"Safran is a well-known global group that has been designing, developing and manufacturing aircraft equipment for over a century," says Aerion CEO Tom Vice. "It is that wealth of experience, paired with Safran's eye toward the future and our shared commitment to sustainability, that makes us feel so confident about this relationship."
Aerion's AS2 is the first-ever privately built supersonic commercial aircraft. Designed to be inherently environmentally responsible, the AS2 is the first supersonic aircraft with the ability to accept 100 percent synthetic fuel. It is also the first to be designed without an afterburner. The 12 passenger business jet is scheduled to begin flight testing in 2024.
"We are thrilled to be part of this extraordinary technological project which requests from our engineers to imagine beyond their usual environment and design breakthrough technologies for the future of aviation," comments Philippe Petitcolin, CEO of Safran.
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VARSITY INSIDER BLOG
Boys basketball: Game schedule, Jan. 16-21
Josh Thomson
The Journal News
Snow threw a wrench into what was a very busy schedule on Wednesday. It led to several school closures north of I-287 and west of the Hudson River. You can find those postponements listed below.
SCHOOL CLOSINGS: See a list of school closures and delays on lohud
I'll have coverage from several games this week, including a pregame story on Saturday's Pride of the Court game at Sarah Lawrence College. I also plan on attending Saturday's showcase at Tappan Zee High School, which led to one of the best photos of the 2016-17 season (see below).
THOMSON: Tappan Zee fans will toss teddy bears
SCOREBOARD: Boys basketball results, Jan. 16
Here are the events I plan on attending the next few days:
- Thursday: Rye at Byram Hills, 6:15 p.m.
- Friday: Greeley at Ossining, 4:15 p.m.; Hayes at Stepinac, 7:30 p.m.
- Saturday: Two Counties, One Cause at Tappan Zee HS
Stepinac at Mount St. Michael, 4 p.m.
Yonkers Montessori at Biondi, 4 p.m.
Salesian at Sacred Heart, 4:30 p.m.
Valhalla at Woodlands, 4:30 p.m.
Solomon Schechter at Tuckahoe, 4:30 p.m.
Blind Brook at Clark, 4:30 p.m.
Dobbs Ferry at Children's Village, 4:30 p.m.
Keio at Hawthorne Cedar Knolls, 4:30 p.m.
New Rochelle at Roosevelt, 4:30 p.m.
Wednesday, Jan. 17
Mamaroneck at Scarsdale, 4:15 p.m.
White Plains at Mount Vernon, 4:15 p.m.
North Rockland at Ramapo, ppd.
Saunders at Riverside at Cross Hill Academy, 4:15 p.m.
Yonkers at Lincoln, 4:15 p.m.
Tappan Zee at Nanuet, ppd.
Pelham at Eastchester, 4:15 p.m.
Harrison at Ardsley, 4:30 p.m.
Clark at Rye Neck, 4:30 p.m.
MLK at Hastings, 4:30 p.m.
Biondi at Children's Village, 4:30 p.m.
Harvey at Watkinson, ppd.
Hackley at Trinity, 4:30 p.m.
Sleepy Hollow at Nyack, ppd.
Masters at St. Luke's, 5 p.m.
Rye Country Day at King, 5:30 p.m.
Suffern at Clarkstown South, ppd.
Spring Valley at Clarkstown North, ppd.
Mahopac at Carmel, ppd.
Port Chester at Greeley, ppd.
Pearl River at Albertus Magnus, ppd.
Arlington at Ketcham, ppd.
Yorktown at Fox Lane, ppd.
Lakeland at Brewster, ppd.
Rye at Byram Hills, ppd. (rescheduled for Thurs., 6:15 p.m.)
Poughkeepsie at Lourdes, ppd.
Beacon at Hen Hud, ppd.
Westlake at Hamilton, 6:15 p.m.
Thursday, Jan. 18
Briarcliff at Hawthorne Cedar Knolls, 4:30 p.m.
Bronxville at Keio, 4:30 p.m.
Edgemont at Clark, 4:30 p.m.
Irvington at MLK, 4:30 p.m.
Woodlands at Children's Village, 4:30 p.m.
Tuckahoe at Palisade Prep, 4:30 p.m.
Solomon Schechter at Biondi, 4:30 p.m.
Mahopac at Carmel, 6 p.m.
Pleasantville at Croton-Harmon, 6 p.m.
Valhalla at Westlake, 6 p.m.
Blind Brook at John Jay, 6 p.m.
Rye at Byram Hills, 6:15 p.m.
Hastings at Dobbs Ferry, 6:15 p.m.
Hamilton at Yonkers Montessori, 6:15 p.m.
Pawling at Putnam Valley, 6:15 p.m.
Non-region opponent at Poughkeepsie, 6:15 p.m.
Beacon at Hen Hud, 7 p.m.
Kennedy at Salesian, 7 p.m.
Peekskill tournament
Panas vs. Pine Bush, 4 p.m.
Lourdes vs. Peekskill, 6 p.m.
Greeley at Ossining, 4:15 p.m.
Riverside at Roosevelt, 4:15 p.m.
Gorton at Yonkers, 4:15 p.m.
Scarsdale at White Plains, 4:30 p.m.
Bronxville at Pleasantville, 4:30 p.m.
Lincoln at North Salem, 5 p.m.
New Rochelle at Truman, 5 p.m.
Harvey at Wooster, 5:30 p.m.
Rye Country Day at Greens Farms, 5:30 p.m.
Ramapo at Spring Valley, 5:45 p.m.
Ketcham at Mahopac, 6 p.m.
Clarkstown South at North Rockland, 6 p.m.
Port Chester at Fox Lane, 6 p.m.
Pearl River at Albertus Magnus, 6 p.m.
Nanuet at Sleepy Hollow, 6 p.m.
Yonkers Montessori at Haldane, 6 p.m.
Sacred Heart at LaSalle, 6 p.m.
Carmel at John Jay-East Fishkill, 6:15 p.m.
Brewster at John Jay, 6:15 p.m.
Fieldston at Hackley, 6:30 p.m.
Ardsley at Rye, 7 p.m.
Byram Hills at Pelham, 7 p.m.
Tuckahoe at Eastchester, 7 p.m.
Kennedy at Xavier, 7:30 p.m.
Iona Prep at Scanlan, 7:30 p.m.
Cardinal Hayes at Stepinac, 7:30 p.m.
Saturday, Jan. 20
Woodlands at Irvington, 11:30 a.m.
Roosevelt at Gorton at Cross Hill Academy, 12 p.m.
Keio at Rye Neck, 12 p.m.
New Rochelle at Fox Lane, 1 p.m.
Harrison at Pelham, 1 p.m.
Ardsley at Edgemont, 1 p.m.
McClancy at Salesian, 1 p.m.
Blind Brook at North Salem, 1:15 p.m.
Corning-Painted Post at Mount Vernon, 2 p.m.
Briarcliff at Spring Valley, 2:45 p.m.
Masters at Hopkins, 3 p.m.
Pawling vs. Haldane at Vassar College, 3 p.m.
Mahopac at Greeley, 5 p.m.
Consolation, 1 p.m.
Championship, 5 p.m.
Pride on the Court at Sarah Lawrence College
Saunders vs. Somers, 5 p.m.
Two Counties, One Cause at Tappan Zee
Nyack vs. Hen Hud, 11 a.m.
Albertus Magnus vs. Ossining, 1 p.m.
Mamaroneck vs. Ramapo, 3 p.m.
Pearl River vs. Scarsdale, 5 p.m.
Tappan Zee vs. Yorktown, 7 p.m.
Iona Prep vs. Albany Academy at Adelphi, 12:40 p.m.
Kennedy at Nazareth, 4 p.m.
Follow Josh Thomson on Twitter and Instagram at @lohudinsider.


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Der Republikanismus (lateinisch-französisch-neulateinisch: aus res publica ["öffentliche Sache" oder "Gemeinwesen"]) ist eine aus der Staatstheorie hervorgegangene Richtung der politischen Philosophie, für welche der demokratische Wille nicht – wie im politischen Liberalismus – auf einer Aggregation vorpolitischer, pluraler und individueller Interessen beruht, sondern in einem öffentlichen Prozess auf der Grundlage von Bürgertugenden aktiv geformt wird.

Grundsätze
Wichtig für den Republikanismus ist die Ausweitung der integrativen Möglichkeiten des Volkes und der Individuen, indem die Regierenden für eine vorher festgelegte, unwiderrufliche Zeit in periodischen Abständen vom Volk oder deren Repräsentanten gewählt (legitimiert) werden, damit sich die Souveränität nicht nur auf den kurzen Vorgang des Wählens reduziert (interaktive Demokratietheorie). Die Politik ist der Raum für öffentliche Entscheidungen.

Der aktive politische Realist (Aktivbürger) scheint eine Verkörperung des Aufklärungsideals des mündigen Bürgers sowie der republikanischen Idee des gemeinsinnorientierten (lat. Sensus communis) Citoyens zu sein.

Republikaner gehen von einem (juristischen) Menschen im Gefüge rechtlicher und staatlicher Ordnung, als Träger von Rechten und Pflichten als Hoheitsgewalt aus, einer Vereinigung der gesamten Bürgerschaft, die zunächst den Gesamtwillen und später nach Allgemeinwohl gerichteten Aspekten einen Gemeinwillen (Volonté générale) gestaltet, der auch geistige Anteilnahme von Minderheiten und Nichtbeteiligten zu berücksichtigen hat.

Zentrale Merkmale sind die Herrschaft der Vielen und das Streben nach dem Wohl aller unter Berücksichtigung einer geschützten Privatsphäre. Andauernde Willens- und Meinungsfreiheit sind elementar in republikanischen Verfassungen, unterliegen aber auch der Gefahr, dass die Partizipation des Volkes nicht im ausreichenden Maße berücksichtigt wird, wenn die Regierenden nicht für das Wohl aller Bürger sorgen, sondern nur für das eigene oder dasjenige einzelner Minderheiten. Minderheiten können im Republikanismus jedoch auch als demokratischer Nebeneffekt ganz entrechtet werden. Die Beschneidung liberaler Rechte geschieht, wenn die Mehrheit sich dadurch einen Nutzen, z. B. mehr Sicherheit verspricht.

Wenn das Volk ein wachsendes Mitspracherecht bei Regierungsentscheidungen eingeräumt bekommt, wird die Konsensfähigkeit erschwert; sofern die Gesetzesausarbeitung lediglich von speziell Gewählten erfolgt, wird jenen Vertretern eine derart große Befugnis zugestanden, dass die Gefahr einer Quasidiktatur gegeben ist; der ungezügelte Liberalismus birgt die Bedrohung der Oligarchie.

Republikanismus versus Liberalismus
Der Republikanismus tritt in unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen auf und hat sich im Laufe der Geschichte weiterentwickelt. Der Republikanismus geht davon aus, dass der Einzelne grundsätzlich ein teilhabewilliger, solidarisierungsorientierter und vernunftbestimmter Bürger sei. Von Seiten des Liberalismus- bzw. der repräsentativen Demokratiebewegung wird am Republikanismus die hohen Erwartungen an Rationalität und an ein Eingebundensein des Bürgers in die Politik kritisiert.

Nach einer anderen Auffassung schließen sich Republikanismus und Liberalismus nicht gegenseitig aus, sondern differenzieren sich in prägnanten Unterscheidungsmerkmalen.

Republikanismus glaubt an die sozio-moralischen Fähigkeiten der Staatsbürger und begünstigt die optimistische Ideologie einer auf Bürgeraktivität setzenden partizipatorischen, basisorientierten Demokratie. Bei dieser verständigen sich Bürger und Volksvertreter (bzw. Interessengruppen, Parteien, Assoziationen und staatliche Organe) untereinander im Interesse der Allgemeinheit und unterbreiten anteilnehmend Vorschläge, um bei der Umsetzung der Politik dezidiert Einfluss zu nehmen.

Politischer Liberalismus vertritt im Großen eine eliteorientierte Demokratieidee, welche gewählten Repräsentanten, auf Arbeitsteilung basierend, die politische Entschlussformulierung mit der Bestimmung anheimstellt, den als ungenügend vernünftig beurteilten erfahrungsgemäßen Volks- und Bürgerwillen zu einem unverfälschten Gesamtinteresse in einem Gemeinwesen zu verfeinern.

Republikanismus ist nah verwandt mit dem Entwurf des Kommunitarismus, der Zivil- oder Bürgergesellschaft, der assoziativen und der deliberativen Demokratie.

Eine Fortsetzung des politischen Liberalismus ist in der sachlich anthropologischen, pluralistischen Demokratietheorie zu erkennen, wobei hier die im Republikanismus behauptete politisch-moralische Zuständigkeit des Bürgers angezweifelt wird.

Geschichte des Republikanismus
Gruppierungen, die den Republikanismus förderten, entwickelten sich aus einer Gegnerschaft zu Monarchien (besonders jede Form von Erbrecht) sowie aus der Befürwortung der bürgerlichen Verfassungsbewegung und bestanden bereits vereinzelt vor der Umsetzung der Idee von republikanischen Staatsformen. Als schließlich Staaten nach dem Muster einer Republik gebildet wurden und das Volk am Entscheidungsprozess der politischen Gemeinschaft beteiligt wurde, sind ihre Ziele zunehmend von sozialistischen Parteien einerseits und Volksparteien der rechten Mitte andererseits übernommen worden; beide Richtungen kennzeichnen Merkmale der sogenannten modernen Parteien, die sich in der Neuzeit entfaltet haben. Parlamentarisch-demokratische Republiken praktizieren einen Parlamentarismus oder ein Präsidialsystem.

Vaishali (heute: indischer Bundesstaat Bihar) war die erste Republik der Welt, welche ähnlich aufgebaut war wie die später gegründeten griechischen. In der Antike ist die Geschichtsschreibung z. B. bei Tacitus in der eigenen politischen und weltanschaulichen Position verankert, einem tief verwurzelten Republikanismus und Aristokratismus, begründet in der Sorge um die in der Alleinherrschaft bedrohten Werte des römischen Staatsgedankens. Es entwickelten sich Mischverfassungen, welcher Begriff eine Verfassung bezeichnet, die Elemente aus zwei oder mehreren anderen Gattungen von Staatsformen mischt (beispielsweise Demokratie, Aristokratie, Oligarchie etc.) und damit eine neue Staatsform gestaltet. Bereits in der Antike wurden dahingehende Theorien entwickelt: beispielsweise von Herodot, Aristoteles (wie in seiner Politie), Platon, Polybios etc., aber auch in der jüngeren Vergangenheit (siehe unter anderem die gewaltenteilige Mischverfassung von Montesquieu). Auch Helvidius Priscus genoss wie sein Schwiegervater Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus Ansehen für seinen leidenschaftlichen und mutigen Republikanismus. Platon befasste sich z. B. in seinem Werk Nomoi ("Die Gesetze") umfangreich in Dialogform gehalten über einen anzustrebenden Staat, der auch Staatsverfassungen berücksichtigt, welche historischen Modelle auch schon in Argos, Messenien, Sparta, Persien und Athen umgesetzt zu finden sind. In den demokratischen, polisnormierten Stadtstaaten des alten Griechenlands bildete sich, auch durch Aristoteles' Werke, der Bürger, der durch Wahlen direkt in die politischen Geschehnisse seines Staates als souveränes Mitglied der Bürgerschaft eingreifen konnte. Als Kreislauf der Verfassungen wird ein von Aristoteles im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. in Anlehnung an die tatsächliche Entwicklung im antiken Griechenland entworfenes System der Verfassungsentwicklung bezeichnet. Die damalige Abstimmung erfolgte aber nicht durch Menschen als Einzelwesen, sondern als Beteiligte des Demos, die sich an dem Willen der Majorität orientierten. Diese althergebrachte Form des Republikanismus war aus heutiger Sicht mit dem Mangel belastet, dass zur Demos nur freie Männer bzw. Patrizier gezählt wurden und das Prinzip allgemeiner Gleichberechtigung oder der Freiheit der Gesamtheit des Volkes noch als unerheblich galt.

Literatur
 William R. Everdell, "From State to Freestate: The Meaning of the Word Republic from Jean Bodin to John Adams" (7th ISECS, Budapest, 7/31/87) in Valley Forge Journal, June, 1991 http://dhm.pdp6.org/archives/wre-republics.html
 Alwin Hanschmidt: Republikanisch-demokratischer Internationalismus im 19. Jahrhundert. Ideen, Formen, Organisierungsversuche. Husum 1977, ISBN 3-786-81430-9
 Helmut G. Koenigsberger (Hrsg.): Republiken und Republikanismus im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit (= Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Kolloquien. Bd. 11). Oldenburg, München 1988, ISBN 3-486-54341-5 (Digitalisat).
 Marcus Llanque: Republikanismus – Geschichte und Bedeutung einer politischen Theorie. In: Berliner Debatte Initial Nr. 1, 14. Jg., 2003, ISBN 3-936382-14X.
 Emanuel Richter: Republikanische Politik. Demokratische Öffentlichkeit und politische Moralität. Rowohlt (Taschenbuch) Verlag, Reinbek 2004, ISBN 3-499-55666-9.
 Mechthild Veil: Der Einfluss des republikanischen Modells auf die Geschlechterkulturen in Frankreich. 2005. (Online-Version – PDF; 125 kB)

Weblinks

 Freie Universität Berlin, Kontroversen zur politischen Ideengeschichte (student-online)
 Universität Münster, Naturrechtlicher Republikanismus (Rousseau); von Tim Neu
 Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: Die Demokratiekompetenz der Bürger
 Zukunft des Bürgergesellschaftlichen Engagements (PDF; 2,9 MB)
 Universität Halle: Qu'est-ce que la République? (PDF; 252 kB)

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Einführung auf Englisch

Republik
Staatsphilosophie

it:Monarchie abolite
ko:폐지된 군주제
ms:Penghapusan pemerintahan beraja
no:Avskaffede monarkier
th:ราชาธิปไตยที่ถูกล้มล้าง