The adhesive design concept describes an approach for securing and maintaining a relatively stress-free restorative–tooth interface that contributes greatly to restorative success in the preparation and placement of adhesive restorations. Preparation design can be influenced by the selection of the proper restorative biomaterial. Also key the clinician's understanding of the interplay between adhesion and polymerization shrinkage within adhesive materials, along with how they can be influenced by placement techniques and adhesive protocols.
In addition, consideration of particle size, distribution, and quantity represents crucial information in the determination of how to best use composite materials. Altering the filler component remains the most significant development in the evolution of resin composites.25 In general, mechanical and physical properties of composites improve in relationship to the amount of filler added. Many properties depend on the filler composition and type, including compression strength, hardness, flexural strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion, water absorption, and wear resistance.
Posterior restorations require highly-filled materials that provide sculptability, fracture resistance, color stability, hardness, and radiopacity, while conferring polishablity and the capacity to retain surface smoothness over time. Most of the current hybrid composites possess all of these characteristics. The specific preparation will determine the type of composite chosen for placement.
An important clinical consideration pertaining to polymerization shrinkage is the configuration factor (C-factor). The C-factor has a significant effect on the magnitude of shrinkage stresses that results from polymerization. It is the ratio of bonded to unbonded preparation surface areas on restorations26,27; the higher the C-factor, the greater the potential for internal stress and bond disruption. When considering direct placement of intracoronal restorations, preparations with a high C-factor have the greatest internal stress and should be restored with materials that develop lower contraction stress (low-shrinkage resin composite). Since the Class I cavity (Figure 3) has the highest C-factor (ie, Class I-5/1, Class II- 4/2) and greatest internal stress,28 this restoration is fundamental for developing adhesive research and improving our adhesive strategies.
Carious dentin can be removed using slow- and high-speed carbide burs and spoon excavators. The preparation is limited to access to the lesion or defect, since composites require less volume to resist clinical fracture than amalgam (Figure 6 and Figure 7).35 For Class II preparations, it is unnecessary to project the proximal extensions of the preparation into a contact-free zone.
The width of the preparation should be as narrow as possible, since the wear of the restoration is a direct function of that dimension.17,33 Additionally, the increased buccolingual width of the preparation can move the preparation margins into centric holding areas. For Class II preparations, in addition to minimizing the proximal box, the same is true for the depth of the gingival floor. In the case of resin composite, the depth should be established no further than the caries process. The greater the depth of the proximal box, the thinner the remaining gingival enamel margins to which the composite will bond.
The occlusal cavosurface margins of the preparation generally should not be beveled. Beveling automatically increases the width of the preparation, which in turn increases the potential for including the centric holding areas. Increased width also increases the potential for accelerated wear of the composite restoration.17,36 As the preparation is extended considerably toward the buccal and lingual surfaces, the inclusion of bevels along the occlusal margins may be appropriate. Beveling in this instance permits the bonded restoration to enhance the fracture resistance of the tooth.
In dentistry, a surface sealant would be defined as a single adhesive "joint," since only one interface exists. Adhesion or bonding is the process of forming an adhesive joint39; traditionally, two substrates are joined so that the adhesive produces two interfaces that are part of the adhesive joint. Although most adhesive joints involve only two interfaces, a bonded composite restoration would be an example of a more complex adhesive joint.39 The physical and chemical properties of the adhesive are the most important factors in the performance of adhesive joints, since these are the properties that maintain the integral bond. Ensuring adequate performance of the adhesive joint requires knowledge and experience in the types of adherend (ie, enamel, dentin, metal alloy, composite material) and the nature of the surface pretreatment or primer. The adhesive, adherend, and surface all impact the durability of the bonded structure.
A durable interfacial adhesion between the tooth and biomaterial requires a clean surface of the substrate, a low contact angle that allows the adhesive to spread over the entire surface of the substrate, and an optimal internal adaptation of the biomaterial to the substrate. Good wetting allows an intimate approximation of the material with the substrate without the entrapment of air pockets, which can result in adhesive failure. In addition, the interface should have a sufficient physical, chemical, and mechanical strength to resist stress from polymerization or occlusal forces and a sufficient degree of cure of the adhesive.38,39 Furthermore, the clinician should have an understanding of the morphologic, histologic and physiologic characteristics of the substrate (enamel and dentin) and the strategies for their biomodification to achieve optimal adhesion.
The biomodification of enamel and dentin by buffered acids facilitates interdiffusion of resins into the dental tissue substrates and has been the standard clinical procedure in adhesive dentistry since the 1960s.18 Acids can remove the smear layer either completely or partially. This raises the surface energy of the tissue, reduces the mineral content of the substrates, and creates microretentive areas that subsequently can be infiltrated by primers and bonding resins.
The mechanism of adhesion is similar for enamel and dentin—a micromechanical entanglement of monomers into the enamel microporosities or collagen interfibrillar spaces created by acid dissolution of mineralized tissues.45,46 When evaluating restorative success, the marginal integrity achieved by this procedure becomes a priority since an intact restorative–tooth interface is essential to the exclusion of bacteria and the interfacial hydrodynamic equilibrium of the dentino-pulpal complex (Figure 8 through Figure 11).
Selective etching is another adhesive protocol that uses acid etching of enamel and self-etching of the dentin. This technique incorporates the benefits of the total- and self-etching protocols. The selective demineralization of the dentin reduces the potential for sensitivity while providing superior and more predictable bond strengths to dentin. The selective demineralization of the enamel improves bond strength by creating a more pronounced and retentive etching pattern in enamel, while promoting higher marginal adaptation and improving bond durability.
All of these adhesive protocols permit the formation of a resin-reinforced zone, (ie, the resin-infiltrated layer or hybrid layer) that is the primary bonding mechanism of many current adhesive systems.49,50 This hybridization of the exposed dentin with an adhesive system is considered by some to be the most effective way of protecting this pulp-dentin interface, and bonding the resin composite to the tooth structure provides resistance to microleakage and retention of the restoration. Since the adhesive layer may absorb polymerization shrinkage stress of the resin composite hybridization allows internal adaptation for stress relief at the restorative interface between resin composite and the dentin, while eliminating sensitivity.53,54 This process results in improved marginal and interfacial adaptation with reduced gap formation.
The moment at which the material can no longer provide viscous flow to keep up with the curing contraction is referred to as the gel point.56 When the composite material develops an elastic modulus, a volumetric polymerization contraction results in shrinkage stresses. The shrinkage stresses are transferred to the surrounding tooth structure, because the volumetric changes are restricted.62 The uncompensated forces may exceed the bond strength of the tooth-restoration interface, resulting in a gap formation from a loss of adhesion.63 Factors that influence polymerization shrinkage include: type of resin,32 filler content of the composite,32,64,65 elastic modulus of the material,65 curing characteristics,66 water sorption,67-69 cavity configuration,26 and the intensity of the light used to polymerize the composite (Figure 12).62,70,71 By understanding this complex mechanism between polymerization shrinkage and adhesion, the clinician can select restorative methods and materials for the management of stress at the restoration–tooth interface for each individual clinical situation.
Incremental layering also improves the operator's control of resin placement, marginal adaptation, polymerization of the restorative material, and bond formation (Figure 15 through Figure 19). Additionally, stratification provides control of overhangs in the lateral margins prior to curing, reduces the effects of polymerization shrinkage, allows the orientation of the curing light beam according to the position of each composite layer, and allows the placement of optimal anatomical contours of the restoration (Figure 20 through Figure 22).92,93 It is important to have the flat plane of the curing light tip diameter parallel to the plane of the material, causing shadowless exposures.
Securing and maintaining a relatively stress-free restorative–tooth interface contributes greatly to restorative success. The adhesive design concept describes this rationale for the preparation and placement of adhesive restorations. This concept explains that the preparation design can be, and is, influenced by the selection of the restorative biomaterial.94 It also provides insight into the interplay between adhesion and polymerization shrinkage within these adhesive materials and how they can be influenced by placement techniques and adhesive protocols. Thus, proper selection and use of biomaterials with thorough and accurate adhesive protocols and precise placement techniques can directly influence the longevity of these restorations. As the industry continues to develop improved methods and materials, the clinician should consider using the aforementioned adhesive design concept while exploring new products and techniques.
1. Rubinstein S, Nidetz AJ. Posterior direct resin-bonded restorations: still an esthetic alternative. J Esthet Dent. 1995;7(4):167-173.
2. Jackson RD, Morgan M. The new posterior resins and a simplified placement technique. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(3):375-383.
3. Bichacho N. Direct composite resin restorations of the anterior single tooth: clinical implications and practical applications. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1996;17(8):796-802.
4. Dietschi D, Scampa U, Campanile G, Holz J. Marginal adaptation and seal of direct and indirect Class II composite resin restorations: an invitro evaluation. Quintessence Int. 1995;26(2):127-138.
5. Full CA, Hollander WR. The composite resin restoration: a literature review. Part I. Proper cavity preparation and placement techniques. ASDC J Dent Child. 1993;60(1):48-51.
6. Dietschi D, De Siebenthal G, Neveu-Rosenstand L, Holz J. Influence of the restorative technique and new adhesives on the dentin marginal seal and adaptation of resin composite Class II restorations: an in vitro evaluation. Quintessence Int. 1995;26(10):717-727.
7. Eames WB, Strain JD, Weitman RT, Williams AK. Clinical comparison of composite, amalgam, and silicate restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1974;89(5):1111-1117.
8. Mazik CA. Simplified occlusal anatomy for posterior composites. J Esthet Dent. 1992;4(1):8-10.
9. Feinman RA. The plunging ball technique: Class II direct composite resins. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent. 1992;4(5):43-48.
10. Lacy AM. A critical look at posterior composite restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(3):357-362.
11. Lyons K. Alternatives to amalgam. N Z Dent J. 1997;93(412):47-50.
12. Dickerson WG. A functional and aesthetic direct resin technique. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent. 1991;3(7):43-47.
13. Leinfelder KF. A conservative approach to placing posterior composite resin restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127(6):743-748.
14. Bichacho N. The centripetal build-up for composite resin posterior restorations. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent. 1994;6(3):17-23; quiz 24.
15. Bayne SC, Heymann HO, Sturdevant JR, Wilder AD, Sluder TB. Contributing co-variables in clinical trials. Am J Dent. 1991;4(5):247-250.
16. Terry DA, Leinfelder KF, James A. A nonmechanical etiology: The adhesive design concept. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2006;18(6):385-391.
17. Leinfelder KF. Using composite resin as a posterior restorative material. J Am Dent Assoc. 1991;122(4):65-70.
18. Terry DA, Geller W. Esthetic & Restorative Dentistry: Material Selection & Technique. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing; 2013.
19. Liebenberg WH. Assuring restorative integrity in extensive posterior resin composite restorations: pushing the envelope. Quintessence Int. 2000;31(3):153-164.
20. Taylor DF, Bayne SC, Sturdevant JR, Wilder AD. Restoration width and complexity effects on posterior composite wear. J Dent Res. 1989;68 (abstract, special issue A):186.
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22. Ferrari M, Kugel G. Handling characteristics of resin composites in posterior teeth. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1998;19(9):879-882, 884, 886 passim; quiz 894.
23.Dietschi D, Spreafico R. Adhesive Metal-Free Restorations: Current Concepts for the Esthetic Treatment of Posterior Teeth. Berlin, Germany: Quintessence; 1999.
24. Sabiston CB Jr. Etiology of cracked teeth: a review and proposal. Iowa Dent J. 1994;80(4):13-14.
25. Roulet JF. Degradation of Dental Polymers. 1st ed. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger AG; 1987.
26. Feilzer AJ, De Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Setting stress in composite resin in relation to configuration of the restoration. J Dent Res. 1987;66(11):1636-1639.
27. Davidson CL, de Gee AJ. Relaxation of polymerization contraction stresses by flow in dental composites. J Dent Res. 1984;63(2):146-148.
28. Terry DA, Leinfelder KF. Managing stress with composite resin, Part 1: The restorative-tooth interface. Dent Today. 2006;25(12):98, 100-4; quiz 104.
29. Hood JA. Biomechanics of the intact, prepared and restored tooth: some clinical implications. Int Dent J. 1991;41(1):25-32.
30. Lutz FU, Krejci I, Oddera M. Advanced adhesive restorations: the post-amalgam age. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent. 1996;8(4):385-94; quiz 398.
31. Lutz F. State of the art of tooth-colored restoratives. Oper Dent. 1996;21(6):237-248.
32. Quellet D. Considerations and techniques for multiple bulk-fill direct posterior composites. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1995;16(12):1212, 1214-1216, passim; quiz 1226.
33.Terry DA. Natural Esthetics with Composite Resin. 1st ed. Mahwah, NJ: Montage Media Corporation; 2004.
34. Wilson NH, Dunne SM, Gainsford ID. Current materials and techniques for direct restorations in posterior teeth. Part 2: Resin composite systems. Int Dent J. 1997;47(4):185-193.
35. Sturdevant CM, Roberson TM, Heymann HO, Sturdevant JR. The Art and Science of Operative Dentistry. 3rd ed. St Louis, Missouri: Mosby-Year Book; 1995.
36. Isenberg BP, Leinfelder KF. Efficacy of beveling posterior composite resin preparations. J Esthet Dent. 1990;2(3):70-73.
37. Small BW. Direct posterior composite restorations--state of the art 1998. Gen Dent. 1998;46(1):26-32.
38. Anusavice KJ. Structure of matter and principles of adhesion. 10th ed. In: Phillips' Science of Dental Materials. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1996.
39. Powers JM, Sakaguchi RL, eds. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials. 12th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier; 2006.
40. Armstrong SR, Boyer DB, Keller JC. Microtensile bond strength testing and failure analysis of two dentin adhesives. Dent Mater. 1998;14(1):44-50.
41. Goracci G, Mori G. Esthetic and functional reproduction of occlusal morphology with composite resins. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1999;20(7):643-648; quiz 650.
42. Santos J, Bianchi J. Restoration of severely damaged teeth with resin bonding systems: case reports. Quintessence Int. 1991;22(8):611-615.
43. Van Meerbeek B, Vanherle G, Lambrechts P, Braem M. Dentin- and enamel-bonding agents. Curr Opin Dent. 1992;2:117-127.
44. Eakle WS. Fracture resistance of teeth restored with class II bonded composite resin. J Dent Res. 1986;65(2):149-153.
45. Perdigão J, Geraldeli S. Bonding characteristics of self-etching adhesives to intact versus prepared enamel. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2003;15(1):32-41; discussion 42.
46. Nakabayashi N, Kojima K, Masuhara E. The promotion of adhesion by the infiltration of monomers into tooth substrates. J Biomed Mater Res. 1982;16(3):265-273.
47. Phillips RW, Avery DR, Mehra R, Swartz ML, McCune RJ. Observations on a composite resin for Class II restorations: three-year report. J Prosthet Dent. 1973;30(6):891-897.
48. Perdigão J, Frankenberger R, Rosa BT, Breschi L. New trends in dentin/enamel adhesion. Am J Dent. 2000;13(Spec No):25D-30D.
49. Swift EJ Jr, Perdigão J, Heymann HO. Bonding to enamel and dentin: a brief history and state of the art, 1995. Quintessence Int. 1995;26(2):95-110.
50.Van Meerbeek B, Inokoshi S, Braem M, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. Morphological aspects of the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone with different dentin adhesive systems. J Dent Res. 1992;71(8):1530-1540.
51. Eick JD, Robinson SJ, Chappell RP, et al. The dentinal surface: Its influence on dentinal adhesion. Part III. Quintessence Int. 1993;24(8):571-582.
52. Perdigão J, Geraldeli S, Hodges JS. Total-etch versus self-etch adhesive: effect on postoperative sensitivity. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134(12):1621-1629.
53. Van Meerbeek B, Perdigão J, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G. The clinical performance of adhesives. J Dent. 1998;26(1):1-20.
54. Lindberg A, van Dijken JW, Hörstedt P. Interfacial adaptation of a Class II polyacid-modified resin composite/resin composite laminate restoration in vivo. Acta Odontol Scand. 2000;58(2):77-84.
55. Bouschlicher MR, Cobb DS, Boyer DB. Radiopacity of compomers, flowable and conventional resin composites for posterior restorations. Oper Dent. 1999;24(1):20-25.
56. Davidson CL, Feilzer AJ. Polymerization shrinkage and polymerization shrinkage stress in polymer-based restoratives. J Dent. 1997;25(6):435-440.
57. Kemp-Scholte CM, Davidson CL. Marginal sealing of curing contraction gaps in Class V composite resin restorations. J Dent Res. 1988;67(5):841-845.
58. Bausch JR, de Lange K, Davidson CL, Peters A, de Gee AJ. Clinical significance of polymerization shrinkage of composite resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1982;48(1):59-67.
59. Labella R, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B, Vanherle G. Polymerization shrinkage and elasticity of flowable composites and filled adhesives. Dent Mater. 1999;15(2):128-137.
60. Loshaek S, Fox TG. Cross-linked polymers. I . Factors influencing the efficiency of cross-linking in copolymers of methyl methacrylates and glycol methacrylates. J Amer Chem Soc. 1953;75:3544-3550.
61. Ferracane JL. Using posterior composites appropriately. J Am Dent Assoc. 1992;123(7):53-58.
62. Feilzer AJ, Dooren LH, de Gee AJ, Davidson CL. Influence of light intensity on polymerization shrinkage and integrity of restoration-cavity interface. Euro J Oral Sci. 1995;103(5):322-326.
63. Davidson CL, de Gee AJ, Feilzer A. The competition between the composite-dentin bond strength and the polymerization contraction stress. J Dent Res. 1984;63(12):1396-1399.
64. Munksgaard EC, Hansen EK, Kato H. Wall-to-wall polymerization contraction of composite resins versus filler content. Scand J Dent Res. 1987;95(6):526-531.
65. Iga M, Takeshige F, Ui T, et al. The relationship between polymerization shrinkage measured by a modified dilatometer and the inorganic filler content in light-cured composites. Dent Mater. 1991;10:38-45.
66. Krejci I, Lutz F. Marginal adaptation of Class V restorations using different restorative techniques. J Dent. 1991;19(1):24-32.
67. Alster D, Feilzer AJ, de Gee AJ, et al. The dependence of shrinkage stress reduction on porosity concentration in thin resin layers. J Dent Res. 1992;71(9):1619-1622.
68. Fan PL, Edahl A, Leung RL, Stanford JW. Alternative interpretations of water sorption values of composite resins. J Dent Res. 1985;64(1):78-80.
69. Soltesz U, Bath P, Klaiber B. Dimensional behavior of dental composites due to polymerization shrinkage and water sorption. In: Christel P, Meunier A, Lee AJC, eds. Biological and Biomechanical Performance of Biomaterials. Amsterdam: Elsevier;1986:123-128.
70. Unterbrink GL, Muessner R. Influence of light intensity on two restorative systems. J Dent. 1995;23(3):183-189.
71. Uno S, Asmussen E. Marginal adaptation of a restorative resin polymerized at reduced rate. Scand J Dent Res. 1991;99(5):440-444.
72. Kopperud SE, Tveit AB, Gaarden T, et al. Longevity of posterior dental restorations and reasons for failure. Eur J Oral Sci. 2012;120(6):539-548.
73. Asmussen E. Composite restorative resins. Composition versus wall-to-wall polymerization contraction. Acta Odontol Scand. 1975;33;337-343.
74. Braga RR, Ferracane JL. Alternatives in polymerization contraction stress management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004;15(3):176-184.
75. Cho NY, Ferracane JL, Lee IB. Acoustic emission analysis of tooth-composite interfacial debonding. J Dent Res. 2013;92(1):76-81.
76. Olliveira LC, Duarte S Jr., Araujo CA, Abrahão A. Effect of low-elastic modulus liner and base as stress-absorbing layer in composite resin restorations. Dent Mater. 2010;26(3):159-169.
77. Braga RR, Hilton TJ, Ferracane JL. Contraction stress of flowable composite materials and their efficacy as stress-relieving layers. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134(6):721-728.
78. Güray Efes B, Yaman BC, Gümüstas B, Tiryaki M. The effects of glass ionomer and flowable composite liners on the fracture resistance of open-sandwich class II restorations. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(6):877-882.
79. Lutz F, Krejci I, Barbakow F. Quality and durability of marginal adaptation in bonded composite restorations. Dent Mater. 1991;7(2):107-113.
80. Bertolotti R. Posterior composite technique utilizing directed polymerization shrinkage and a novel matrix. Prac Periodont Aesthet Dent. 1991;3(4):53-58.
81. Obici AC, Sinhoreti MA, De Goes MF, et al. Effect of the photo-activation method polymerization shrinkage of restorative composites. Oper Dent. 2002;27(2):192-198.
82. Kays BT, Sneed WD, Nuckles DB. Microhardness of class II composite resin restorations with different matrices and light positions. J Prosthet Dent. 1991;65(4):487-490.
83. Dietschi D, Magne P, Holz J. Recent trends in esthetic restorations for posterior teeth. Quint Int. 1994;25(10):659-677.
84. Jorgensen K, Hisamitsu H. Class 2 composite restorations: Prevention in vitro of contraction gaps. J Dent Res. 1984;63(2):141-145.
85. Park J, Chang J, Ferracane JL, Lee IB. How should composite be layered to reduce shrinkage stress: incremental or bulk filling? Dent Mater. 2008;24(11):1501-1505.
86. Usha HL, Kumari A, Mehta D, et al. Comparing microleakage and layering methods of silorane-based resin composite in class V cavities using confocal microscopy: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2011;14(2):164-168.
87. Kwon Y, Ferracane JL, Lee IB. Effect of layering methods, composite type, and flowable liner on the polymerization shrinkage stress of light cured composites. Dent Mater. 2012;28(7):801-809.
88. Crim GA. Microleakage of three resin placement techniques. Am J Dent. 1991;4(2):69-72.
89. Opdam NJ, Feilzer AJ, Roeters JJ, Smale I. Class I occlusal composite resin restorations: in vivo post-operative sensitivity, wall adaptation, and microleakage. Am J Dent. 1998;11(5):229-234.
90. Vandewalle KS, Ferracane JL, Hilton TJ, et al. Effect of energy density on properties and marginal integrity of posterior resin composite restorations. Dent Mater. 2004;20:96-106.
91. Barghi N, Knight GT, Berry TG. Comparing two methods of moisture control in bonding to enamel: a clinical study. Oper Dent. 1991;16(4):130-135.
92. Kovarik RE, Ergle JW. Fracture toughness of posterior composite resin fabricated by incremental layering. J Prosthet Dent. 1993;69(6):557-556.
93. Versluis A, Douglas WH, Cross M, Sakaguchi RL. Does an incremental filling technique reduce polymerization shrinkage stresses? J Dent Res. 1996;75(3):871-878.
94. Terry DA, Geller W. Selection defines design. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2004;16(4):213-225.
Explain the importance and impact of biomaterial selection on posterior restorations.
Describe key elements of adhesive preparation design for posterior composite resin restorations.
Discuss methods of managing and minimizing stress in posterior composite restorations.


And that's not all. Last week, the Central Bank of Nigeria reported an annual inflation rate of 9.62% for January 2016. The real annual inflation rate was over six times higher. Talk about lying statistics.
The most reliable method for calculating inflation in countries experiencing elevated rates of inflation is to utilize changes in the black market exchange rate data. Application of the Purchasing Power Parity theory (PPP) then allows us to calculate implied inflation rates. At high levels of inflation, this method is extraordinarily accurate. The real tale of Nigeria's inflation problem is contained in the accompanying chart. Nigeria's implied annual inflation rate exceeds 60%.


How could he save Earth, when Earth no longer cared? In this sci-fi classic, distant archaic Earth has been occupied by aliens for several decades, while Earth's government-in-exile has resided in the advanced Centaurian system. Finally, this aging, tired group find they are about to receive help - financial aid and weaponry to recover their lost planet. But do they want to give up their lives for a world long left behind? Michael Wireman, the son of the exiled President, is the only one willing to take on the challenge. Filled with dreams of the Earth he never knew, it doesn't take long for the unlikely hero to become disillusioned. Wireman came back to a vanquished Earth on a mission to save it. He learns the guerillas are corrupt, and the average citizen would just as soon be left alone. Betrayed by those he trusted, and unsure of who the real enemy is, Michael Wireman must struggle to find the hero in himself if Earth is to ever have any hope of again being free.


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Home > Articles > Operating Systems, Server > Solaris
Planning for the Development of Sun Cluster Agents
By Peter Lees, Joseph Bianco, Kevin Rabito
The Importance of Planning
Qualifying an Application
Getting Around Requirements
Determining Scope
Gathering Application Information
Choosing a Tool
Choosing a Language
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Sun Cluster 3 Programming: Integrating Applications into the SunPlex Environment
For the most part, the requirements for applications to be made highly available are already handled in well-written Solaris applications. Unfortunately, however, there are many applications, especially those ported from other platforms or created by niche developers, that are not well written. They make so many assumptions about the environment in which they will run that they cannot be easily made into highly available data services. This problem is compounded when there is no access to the source code of the application and the creator is unwilling (or unable) to make fixes.
Nevertheless, these applications are frequently a vital piece of an enterprise IT environment, and so must be made highly available somehow. In some instances, it may be possible to circumvent the restrictions and create a Sun Cluster data service, although these work-arounds can often be complicated. Here are some approaches you may need to try to work around problem applications:
Use the LD_PRELOAD environment variable to cause the runtime linker to insert custom replacements for functions called by application. [1] This is particularly useful for changing the behavior of standard function calls that result in the application getting the wrong information. One good example would be to use LD_PRELOAD to define a different version of gethostname(3c), so that it returns the current logical hostname, rather than the physical hostname of the node.
Use symbolic links to redirect file paths for data and/or configuration information, but keep in mind the risks of having the links replaced (see "File Location Independence" earlier in this chapter).
Redirect startup input data from stored files, but be careful of security implications of storing passwords or similar data.
You should also remember that it is not strictly necessary for a data service to operate over an IP network for it to be made highly available, despite the apparent emphasis on this in the preceding rules. An IP network connection is the most common way to access services on a Sun Cluster system, but it is quite possible to make other kinds of applications highly available.
Oracle Solaris 11 System Virtualization Essentials, 2nd Edition
By Jeff Victor, Jeff Savit, Gary Combs, Bob Netherton,
Scala Programming LiveLessons (Video Training), Downloadable Video
By Ted Neward
Downloadable Video $119.99

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This session will model the use of Google Apps for Education within my class. From setting up a Google Site as a classroom site and updating the Google Calendar, to preparing all presentations using Google Presentation. Then moving to using Google Documents for collaboration and sharing within students and even other schools. Students also produce their own YouTube videos and embed them onto the site. Google Apps has been a simple to use and consistent platform to blend learning and teach students 21 century skills. Come to this session with an open mind and embed as many of the apps as you like into your own classes.
An increasingly interdependent global economy, the global reach of information and communication technologies, human migration and the changing demographic fabric of communities are, for example, connecting people from around the globe more than ever before. Major challenges, whether in health, environment, poverty, or peace and security, require cooperation and more integrated responses that extend across borders and boundaries. Simultaneously, there has been growing agreement that schools and educational systems in Canada and worldwide should be doing more to prepare youth to engage in today's world thoughtfully and responsibly.
Not surprisingly, discussion about what global and international understandings and aspects of civic literacy are desirable for "21st century" teaching and learning has proliferated worldwide, as educational policy makers, researchers, and practitioners consider its many dimensions and inherent complexities (Mundy, 2008; Evans, M., Ingram, L., MacDonald, A., & Weber, N., 2009). A subset of the necessary understandings and skills include a knowledge base of how to prepare students for world-mindedness (Merryfield, 1998; Selby and Pike, 2000); how to cultivate critical literacy and planetary responsibility (Andreotti, 2006); and how to encourage deep understanding and civic action to redress global injustices (Davies, L., 2006; Oxfam, 2006). Central to this discussion, and aligned with the intent of the Education for All (EFA) goals, has been a focus on ways "to improve the quality of education." Emerging notions of "globally competent teaching," for example, are presenting difficult questions about the ways in which, for what purposes, and for who teaching and learning in schools is undertaken to strengthen learning that connects the local and the global.
Since 2002 the Initial Teacher Education Program at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto has undertaken a series of professional learning partnership inquiries between university instructors and K-12 educators. The Inquiry-into-practice Series, based on a collaborative inquiry approach, has aimed to improve the quality of education in K-12 schools by deepening participants' understanding of a range of educational questions and issues and improving practice. The most recent theme undertaken in the Series is entitled, Inquiry-into-practice: Teaching and learning global matters in local classrooms. Twelve projects were undertaken this past year with opportunities for teacher educators, teachers, and teacher candidates to explore promising and innovative classroom and/or school-wide practices that infuse international and global citizenship understandings and aspects of civic literacy in and across elementary and secondary curricula and instruction in Toronto and Greater Toronto Area (GTA) classrooms (e.g., Critical Global Citizenship: Teaching for Student Engagement and Action; Using children's literature to develop students' understanding of sustainability in science education; The Refugee experience: A literacy, media and inquiry approach towards a personal and global understanding of 'home'; Learning about self and the world beyond: Cultural and religious clubs in high school; Growing environmental learning: Identifying strategies and supports for successful school-university partnerships in environmental and sustainability education).
Data was collected within and across the projects with the intent to better understand promising and innovative classroom and/or school-wide practices that infuse international and global citizenship understandings and perspectives in ways that support learning in classrooms and schools with diverse student populations. This panel is unique in that its members represent various groups involved in the initiative and brings to the table administrators, researchers and study participants. We will be reporting on the intent and design of the project; a brief overview of sample projects (e.g., one, the trial and tribulations of preparing critical global educators; two, the need to redefine Indigeneity in local classrooms through global education; and three, the translation of international student teaching experiences to local classrooms); results from the data collected in relation to preferred purposes as well as practices and current scholarly literature in global citizenship education; and lastly, issues and challenges that were experienced. Particular attention will be given to Education for All's goal "to improve the quality of education" and Ban Ki-moon's recent announcement about the importance of strengthening global understanding and civic literacy among youth, identifying global citizenship education as a core pillar of the UN's new Education First initiative.
Andreotti, V. (2006). Soft versus critical global citizenship education in development education: Policy and practice. Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice, Nottingham University, http://www.osdemethodology.org.uk.
Collins, A., & Tierney, R. (2006). Teacher education accord: Values and ideals of the teaching profession in Canada. Education Canada, 46(4), 73-75.
Davies, L. (2006). Global citizenship: Abstraction or framework for action? Educational Review, 58, 1, pp. 5-25.
Evans, M., Ingram, L., MacDonald, A., and Weber, N. (2009). Mapping the global dimension of citizenship education in Canada: The complex interplay between theory, practice, and context. Citizenship, Teaching and Learning, 5, 2, 16-34.
Merryfield, M. (1998). Pedagogy for global perspectives in education: Studies of teachers' thinking and practice. Theory and Research in Social Education, 26, 3, 342-378.
Mundy, K., Bickmore, K., Hayhoe, R., Madden, M., and Madjidi, K. (2008). Comparative and international education: Issues for teachers. Teacher's College Press: New York.
Oxfam. (2006). Education for Global Citizenship: A Guide for Schools (Vol. Booklet). London, England: Oxfam.
Selby, D., & Pike, G. (2000). Civil Global Education: Relevant Learning for the Twenty- First Century. Convergence, XXXIII (1-2), 138-149.
Presentation One: Brief opening remarks about the Inquiry-into-practice: Teaching and learning global matters in local classrooms initiative. This includes an overview of the aims of the initiative, the various inquiries undertaken, and an introduction to the panel presenters and their presentations.
Global matters are often thought of as something happening "out there", rather than dynamics that are deeply local, highly inter-relational, and intensely personal to Canadian classrooms. Critical reflexive practice (CRP) is one process for enabling teachers and learners to uncover that how "we" think about global issues can enable the very far-reaching, rights-infringing and oppressive structures that conventions such as EFA have been created to dismantle. Our study employed a vertical and longitudinal research design to investigate the rewards and challenges of critical reflexive practice experienced by three target populations: teacher educators, teacher candidates, and K-12 students. Over a three-year period, we researched participants' experiences as they deeply engaged notions of perspective, identity, and difference through CRP. In this presentation we discuss the central findings and examine their implications for enacting a program of critical global citizenship education that invites learners to reflexively question: What and who is included in education for all?
In order for EFA to be successful, educators need to know that issues of access, equity, and equality create barriers to schooling. A large part of the responsibility in changing these conditions lies with teachers. Teachers themselves require support in developing the necessary knowledge. International placements and teaching opportunities are one way to help teachers connect global issues to local classrooms.
This project examined the perspectives of 14 teacher-candidates from the Initial Teacher Education Program at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE). The candidates completed an international internship in May, 2012 in one of the following destinations: Costa Rica, India, and Uganda/Rwanda. Upon returning they were expected to design and deliver a Unit of Study in local classrooms based on their field experiences. This inquiry documents candidates' voices on the meaning, value, professional and personal impact of the international teaching experiences. In addition, our research describes the challenges of having candidates consolidate learnings from international contexts and the implications this has for programs.
The aim of this project is to explore ways that Aboriginal Education as a framework of "indigeneity" can contribute to a deeper understanding of the diverse Ontario student population. Inclusive education discourse in Canada generally refers to "Indigenous" in reference to Aboriginal/First Nations Peoples. Yet, in a context where Africentric schools and significant cultural and faith-centered communities comprise the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Indigenous Education can serve as a framework to address diverse worldviews. When broadly conceptualized "indigeneity" refers to the beliefs, values, and ways of knowing that are rooted in a cultural heritage.
In our examination, we followed four educators who were teaching diverse student populations. Our study explores how their teaching of "indigeneity" impacted curriculum-based learning and increased understandings of the "self". We report on how specific practices positively influence student engagement in the classroom and teacher engagement in their work. The findings also identify that educators hold two distinct conceptions of indigeneity: one that emphasizes the marginalization of particular cultural heritages and another that focuses on the ways that individual lived experiences inform the way we know the world.
Brief discussion of some of the preliminary results gleaned across the various inquiries. The results are discussed in relation to current and pertinent scholarly literature with particular attention given to the challenges of infusing global and international understandings and aspects of civic literacy in local Toronto/GTA elementary and secondary classrooms and schools in which student diversity is the norm. Consideration will also be given to the value and limitations of this form of professional learning that foregrounds professional inquiry and collaboration.
Presentation Six: Bringing Quality Education to a New Level – Strategies on how to help teachers connect the global and the local in Canada and beyond.
The presenters highlight ten promising practices on how to make the global and local connection in Ontario and beyond. By drawing from all the inquiry practice projects, the directors answer what it means to be a global educator in the 21st century and offer quality education.


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Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court criminal assizes for the Nevis Circuit prepares to close with zero convictions
By Monique Washington
The April 2017 Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Criminal assizes for the Nevis Circuit is preparing to close with no convictions being recorded.
The Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Criminal opened April 4 with 10 matters set to be heard: five cases traversed from previous assizes, two cases retried from the November 2016 assizes, and three cases to be heard for the first time. Thus far, three cases have been heard, two being traversed to the next criminal assizes, one currently being heard and three cases are up for mention to Friday, May 19.
ShantezMintos, whose case was retired after a hung jury in the November assizes, was the first to be heard on April 5. He was charged with unlawful possession of firearm, unlawful possession of ammunition and illegal importation of a firearm. His case ended for the second time with a hung jury.
The second case was that of Roosevelt Brown, who was charged with two counts of rape and kidnapping. His attorneys, Patrice Nisbett and Robelto Hector, presented arguments before the case ended with the director of public prosecution withdrawing the charges.
The third case was that of Aquino Percival, who was charged with robbery. He was represented by Dr. Henry Brown and Mikela Mills. His case began on Monday and ended Tuesday with the jury returning a unanimous decision of not guilty.
The fourth case is currently being heard at the high court and is that of Ibal Tyson and Franchette Davis, who were jointly charged with house breaking and larceny. Tyson is represented by Patrice Nisbett, while Davis is represented by Robelto Hector.
Cases mentioned today, May 19, are those of Reese Walters, who has been charged with murder; Alexander Diaz, who was charged with murder; and Keon Moore, who has been charged with attempted murder.
Cases traversed to the November Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Criminal assizes include that of. Delano Browne, who was charged with armed robbery; Perry Fredricks and Roxanne Grant, who were both charged with rape and unlawful carnal knowledge; and Carlisle Clarke Jr., who was charged with manslaughter.
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Year 1002 (MII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 By place

 Europe
 January 23 – Emperor Otto III dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome) after a 19-year reign. He leaves no son, nor a surviving brother who can succeed by hereditary right to the throne. Otto is buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne.
 February 15 – At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles and secondi milites (the minor nobles), Arduin of Ivrea (grandson of former King Berengar II) is restored to his domains and crowned as King of Italy in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore. Arduin is supported by Arnulf II, archbishop of Milan.
 June 7 – Henry II, a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz. Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria) - Henry is the first King to be elected away from the Cathedral of Aachen since the tradition was begun by Otto I in 936.
 July – Battle of Calatañazor: Christian armies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Pamplona and Sancho García of Castile, defeat the invading Saracens under Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus.
 August 8 – Al-Mansur dies after a 24-year reign and is succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar as ruler (hajib) of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).
 October 15 – Henry I, duke of Burgundy, dies and is succeeded by his stepson, Otto-William. He inherits the duchy; this is disputed by King Robert II of France ("the Pious").
 Fall – A revolt organized by Bohemian nobles of the rivalling Vršovci clan, forces Duke Boleslaus III ("the Red") to flee to Germany. He is succeeded by Vladivoj (until 1003).

 British Isles
 November 13 – St. Brice's Day massacre: King Æthelred the Unready orders all Danes in England killed. Æthelred marries (as his second wife) Emma, daughter of Duke Richard I of Normandy.
 Winter – Æthelred pays tribute (or Danegeld) to Sweyn Forkbeard, buying him off with a massive payment of 24,000 lbs of silver to hold off further Viking raids against England.
 Brian Boru,  king of Leinster and Munster, becomes High King of Ireland. After the submission of Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, Brian Boru makes an expedition to the North.

 Arabian Empire
 Winter – Khalaf ibn Ahmad, Saffarid emir of Sistan (modern Iran), is deposed and surrenders to the Ghaznavid Dynasty after a 39-year reign (approximate date).

 Asia
 In Japan, court lady Sei Shōnagon completes writing The Pillow Book.

 By topic

 Religion
 June – Frederick, archbishop of Ravenna, is sent as an imperial legate to the Synod of Pöhlde, to mediate between the claims of Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim and Willigis, concerning the control of Gandersheim Abbey.

Births
 May 10 – Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Muslim scholar (d. 1071)
 June 21 – Leo IX, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1054)
 Adolf II of Lotharingia, German nobleman (d. 1041)
 Alice of Normandy, countess of Burgundy (d. 1038)
 Aristakes Lastivertsi, Armenian historian (d. 1080)
 George I, king of Georgia (approximate date)
 Mei Yaochen, poet of the Song Dynasty (d. 1060)
 Nikephoros III, Byzantine emperor (d. 1081)

Deaths
 January 8 – Wulfsige III, bishop of Sherborne
 January 23 – Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 980)
 April 23 – Æscwig, bishop of Dorchester
 April 30 – Eckard I, margrave of Meissen
 May 6 – Ealdwulf, archbishop of York
 August 8 – Al-Mansur, Umayyad vizier and de facto ruler (b. 938)
 October 15 – Henry I, duke of Burgundy (b. 946)
 November 13
 Gunhilde, Danish princess and noblewoman
 Pallig, Danish chieftain (jarl) of Devonshire
 Athanasius IV, Syrian patriarch of Antioch
 Domonkos I, archbishop of Esztergom
 Gisela, French princess (approximate date)
 Godfrey I (the Prisoner), Frankish nobleman
 John the Iberian, Georgian monk (approximate date)
 Kisai Marvazi, Persian author and poet (b. 953)
 Rogneda of Polotsk, Grand Princess of Kiev (b. 962)
 Sa'id al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir of Aleppo (Syria)
 Sancho Ramírez, king of Viguera (approximate date)

References

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


'The Long Now' EP will land in January 2018.
Davy is set to make his production debut with The Long Now EP via his own Futurepast label.
Davy (real name Davy Vandegaer) made a name for himself as DJ and founder of Down Under at Fuse in Brussels, the first underground party of its kind in one of Europe's best-loved clubs. Today he continues to lead the way with his Futurepast project, which he started in 2016 with Pjay of Kontrast. Forming a solid partnership with a shared vision, the two have successfully curated quality parties with international DJs in perfect settings around Europe, and more recently crossing continents to Montevideo, Uruguay when No Way Back celebrated its anniversary with a Futurepast showcase.
The party will now evolve into a label too, with Davy debuting the first vinyl release. We're told that the EP combines the Belgian's "forward-thinking approach to techno and a taste for ambient experiments," and features four tracks of "obscure electronic music."
In what is described as "a timeless and precise collaboration," Davy has brought together two historical figures for this release: 1990s R&S Records associate David Morley mixed the tracks, while Simon Davey of The Exchange lent his renowned mastering skills to the project.
The Long Now EP will land in January 2018, with a teaser streaming via the player above.


Olas Altas -This is where the Malecon (boardwalk) actually begins then heads north for 21 km (13 miles) up to Valentino's. The area starts with stunning views from the residences on top of Ice Box Hill; down along the waterfront's historic Belmar and La Siesta Hotels; culminating in the lovely large homes on the hills of Cerro del Vigia.Loma Linda / Los Pinos – This area has a lovely beach popular with families on weekends. Beginning on the other side of Ice Box Hill, in this area, you will find plenty of apartments as well as numerous updated historic homes. Zaragoza Street starts here, passing the famous Zaragoza Plaza (home of the weekly "Danzon", a free public dancing event) and leads you downtown close to the Mercado (public market). Apart from weekends and the week of Carnaval (about Feb each year) when it becomes alive with activity and music (some read this as "noise"), this area of Centro is actually very peaceful and quiet.
Estadio / Lopez Mateo – A lovely and interesting mixture of small homes and family businesses. Not many apartments in this area, but if they are, often they are located above a retail store. This is also the home of Mazatlan's much loved Venados baseball team which plays out of the Estadio Teodoro Mariscal. As at June 2018, the stadium was going through much needed renovations so we hope they will be done for the fall season!Telleria – where the aquarium and city park is located. Mostly mid-size houses and some industrial/government. Quiet, family oriented. Also seems to be an abundance of medical/dental offices here. There are two main roads (besides the Malecon) that can be quite noisy during the day with traffic.
Zona Dorada – The main tourist area of Mazatlan where you will find all the large popular hotels such as the Playa Mazatlan (the first hotel built on the beach over 50 years ago and also home to the Mazatlan Comedy Club), the Holiday Inn and Ramada to name a few. When vacationers come to Mazatlan for their 7-10 day holiday, this area is usually where they stay as it has all the amenities a tourist would need. There is a plethora of restaurants, nightclubs, and bars…as well as the best selection of souvenirs in the city. Entertainment at Las Flores Hotel is excellent and also a very popular spot for snowbirds to gather. The "Golden Zone" also has a few short-term condos available. This is a very active area during the winter season so noise is to be expected. If you like a lot of action and entertainment, this is definitely for you. Great beaches!Las Gaviotas / Puerta Dorada – This area between where the Golden Zone ends and before El Cid starts has a bounty of short-term furnished accommodations as well as more hotels. Here is where you will find that little gem of an apartment building that caters to the snowbird each winter. Quiet streets off the main Camaron Sabalo. You can also find some "boutique" hotels here that cater to snowbirds. Lots of beach access.
I absolutely LOVE living in my little room in the Hotel La Siesta overlooking the high waves(Olas Altas). I can sit there at any time and the ocean is always moving from quiet little waves to huge thundering waves that is a total joy to all the surf boarders! I have been spending 2 months there every winter for 6 years and I cannot think of any other place that I would rather be! My beautiful little hotel, my family at La Siesta, the delicious Mexican food, the sweet and wonderful people of Mazatlan….are all I really need in my life….honestly!
I love living at the Cerrito Resort, great beach, quiet…..amazing bus system to drive to the golden zone and old beautiful part of Mazatlan, yummy restaurants and great dancing lol! Just moved here to Mazatlan from partime to fulltime.
Loretta Lynn wrote in her book that she and Doolittle camped on the beach and it was miles of white sand with no one around. I had the burning desire to see it after that and have been coming to Maz for 26 years now. I live in Costa Bonita and love all of the resorts developed by Costa Bonita Corporation best. I keep quite busy with managing condo rentals.


"We will win Ankara, Istanbul, [northwestern province of] Bursa, [southern provinces of] Adana and Mersin. We know that the CHP will win these municipalities. Hopefully İYİ [Good] Party [CHP's ally] will win [Aegean province of] Manisa and [western province of] Balıkesir," Kılıçdaroğlu said in an interview on Turkish broadcaster Habertürk on March 25.
"We will convey the importance of production in local administrations of Turkey to large masses. The citizens have seen the kind of services we provided in other municipalities. They come to [Istanbul's districts of] Kadıköy, Maltepe, Kartal and Sarıyer for a breath of fresh air," he added.
The party leader also claimed that the voters of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) will vote for the CHP in the March 31 elections, basing his certainty on talks he held with many citizens who are disgruntled by financial troubles they blame on the AKP.
"I am coming across hundreds of citizens who have voted AKP in the past and say they will vote for us from now on. It is not possible that someone living in a palace can relate to the public's problems," he said, referring to President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
"How can someone who has never experienced poverty or unemployment in his life understand these problems? There are huge gaps between their lives and the public's life. It is our duty to close these gaps, he added.
Kılıçdaroğlu said these elections are different to previous ones because the public is overtly facing Turkey's financial troubles.
"We are absolutely assertive. There is a different atmosphere. Citizens are seeing that financial troubles have even taken its toll on their kitchens. Families receive a crucial blow when their life standards decline," he said.
"If you go grocery shopping and are paying 200 liras minimum for a few items you would've normally paid 100 liras for previously, then there is a problem," he stressed.
"We will, God willing, win these municipalities and our mayors will perform their duties. Asking for elections before seeing the success of mayors is opportunism," he said.
"This nation is tired of elections. There's almost one election every year. Enough is enough. Society needs to have some chance to evaluate the ones they elected recently," he added.


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What I'm Watching: Elementary
Elementary: Season 2, Episode 15 "Corpse de Ballet" (B+)
He's always eccentric, but he's not always so promiscuous. In this installment, a sarcastic Watson got quite the hilarious shock when she offered coffee to Sherlock's latest overnight guest without realizing that it was none other than Iris, the haughty dancer who was the prime suspect in the murder of another dancer. I didn't recognize the actress who portrayed Iris as Aleksa Palladino, who portrayed Angela Darmody in the early seasons of "Boardwalk Empire." Her lawyer was played by Scott Cohen, who was a big part of USA's recently-axed "Necessary Roughness." The case of the dancer cut in half was a rather violent thing to be featured on this show about death and killing, and learning that it was just a publicity stunt made its brutal nature all the more lamentable. Watson's simultaneous search for a missing homeless person revealed something very surprising about her own past, which seemed to move Sherlock to enough emotion to rustle up a few blankets that weren't being used, an enormous symbolic gesture on his part. The revelation that the woman Watson had interviewed was not the man's sister but instead a stranger who, with her husband, was holding three homeless men prisoner in her basement and cashing their checks was extremely disturbing, and yet another piece of commendable and strong policework on Watson's part. Sherlock may have his methods, which include spending the night with a suspect on occasion, but Watson is doing a pretty good job for herself at becoming a worthwhile detective.
Labels: Corpse de Ballet, Elementary
What I'm Watching: Person of Interest
What I'm Watching: Justified
What I'm Watching: The Following
What I'm Watching: Almost Human
Pilot Review: Growing Up Fisher
What I'm Watching: Episodes
What I'm Watching: Downton Abbey (Season Finale)
Pilot Review: About a Boy
What I'm Watching: House of Cards
Pilot Review: The After
Pilot Review: Mozart in the Jungle
Pilot Review: Bosch
Pilot Review: Transparent
Pilot Review: The Rebels
Pilot Review: Star-Crossed
What I'm Watching: Downton Abbey
What I'm Watching: House of Cards (Season Premiere)
What I'm Watching: The Walking Dead (Mid-Season Pr...
What I'm Watching: Modern Family
What I'm Watching: New Girl (Superbowl Episodes)
What I'm Watching: Parks and Recreation


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Bill Nye, host of the hit Emmy-winning educational series Bill Nye the Science Guy, is suing the Walt Disney Corporation and its affiliates claiming they owe him $9.3 million.
According to The Hollywood Reporter, Nye's lawsuit was filed Thursday, Aug. 24, and alleges deception, error and four years of "futile discussions," which have led him to take legal action to get his unpaid shares of the show's earnings. Nye's lawsuit claims Disney withheld $28 million in total profits from the show.
Under the terms of the agreement with Buena Vista Television, which is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Corporation and distributor of Bill Nye the Science Guy, Nye and other owners of the show are together entitled to half of the show's profits. For Nye himself, that means no less than 16.5 percent of the show's total earnings after costs.
Apparently, a July 2008 letter claiming Nye owed Buena Vista Television more than $400,000 in mistakenly overpaid funds left "The Science Guy" suspicious of the company. Eventually, Nye hired his own accountant to perform an audit, and he claims that more than $28 million of mishandled funds were discovered in the company's ledgers.
Nye has so far made no public comments on the case.
Most known for his 1992-1997 stint as the host of Bill Nye the Science Guy, Nye has also held a substantial presence in Orlando's theme parks, both as the guiding voice-over in Dinosaur, at the Disney Animal Kingdom, and in Epcot's Universe of Energy attraction, alongside Ellen Degeneres.
Nye was also recognizable as "Bill Nye the Coaster Guy," inside the recently closed Cyberspace Mountain at DisneyQuest.


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"INDEPENDENCE DAY"
(1996) (Will Smith, Jeff Goldblum) (PG-13)
*Heavy
*Extreme
Sci-Fi: Aliens attack Earth and a rag tag group fights back.
Alien ships approach and encircle the Earth and technician David Levinson (JEFF GOLDBLUM) has figured out what they want: They're going to destroy every city and take over the planet. It just so happens that his estranged wife works for President Whitmore (BILL PULLMAN) so he goes to rescue her and inform the President of the alien's plans. They all get out of town just as the alien ships begin destroying D.C., New York, and L.A. From there, Whitmore orders a counter strike which is led by Capt. Steven Hiller (WILL SMITH), a cocky marine pilot who turns out to be the only survivor of the strike. There are subplots concerning Hiller and Whitmore's significant others' survival and of Russ (RANDY QUAID), an alcoholic and recovering alien kidnap victim. From then on, they all must figure out how to stop the aliens before they kill everyone on Earth.
Yes, the plot and the special effects will make them beg to see this one.
For sci-fi destruction and violence.
WILL SMITH plays a cocky Marine pilot who lives with his girlfriend and is the big hero of the story.
BILL PULLMAN plays a very young President who cares for his family and finally loses his wishy-washy demeanor toward the end of the film.
JEFF GOLDBLUM plays a technician who discovers what the aliens are going to do and how to defeat them.
Russ is an alcoholic and is seen drinking beer, or hard liquor from a flask, and often appears drunk.
A bum on the street has a bottle of liquor.
David drinks whiskey from a bottle, and later appears to be drunk.
For all of the death and destruction, there is very little blood and only a few dead bodies are seen.
Scientists cut a gooey, slime-covered spacesuit off an alien with a scalpel, and then cut through a similarly gooey flesh like sheath revealing the alien.
Obviously the aliens have a major case of bad attitude.
The slow approach of the alien's ships throughout the first 30 or 40 minutes might be scary or tense to smaller kids (especially if they're afraid of UFO's, etc...).
When the ships finally arrive, they are preceded by fire churning, thunderstorm clouds that some kids might find scary looking. Also, they produce earthquake like shaking of buildings as they approach.
The fact that there is full panic on the streets, with everyone looking scared and running around screaming might be upsetting to kids.
There is a long sequence where the alien ships shoot destructive energy beams into New York, Washington, and Los Angeles. Buildings are blown apart, cars tossed through the air, and people vaporized. It's very reminiscent of film scenes that show nuclear war.
Steven's girlfriend runs from a fireball that is racing toward her through a tunnel. She barely manages to get herself, her son and her dog to safety and avoid being incinerated.
The appearance of several dead aliens in liquid storage might be scary to kids.
There is sequence where scientists cut open an alien's space suit. The alien then pops out and appears menacing with tentacles flailing around, and everyone inside the room is terrified. One of the scientists grabs his head in pain as the alien sends out harmful brain waves.
Steven and David are stuck inside the mother ship and have to make their way out before it blows up or the smaller alien ships shoot them down.
The "heavy" rating comes about since this is a story about aliens attacking Earth and our military fighting back, and thus there are many weapons of destruction used by both parties. They fire huge laser beams and their smaller ships fire smaller laser beams. Our guys fight back with jet fighters that use machine guns, missiles and nuclear weapons. Other than that, here are the other gun scenes:
Shotgun: David's father answers the door with it, fearing looters that may be on the loose.
There is a TV report telling people not to fire their guns up at the spaceships.
Handguns: Used to shoot, and later kill an alien.
Handgun: Aimed by a guard at David as he "borrows" a helicopter, but David convinces him not to shoot.
Handgun: Fired twice during a demonstration of the space ship's force field.
Phrases: "All screwed up," "Idiot," "Shut up," "Loser," and "Wuss."
As scientists cut off an alien's space suit, it suddenly pops open and everyone jumps.
As officials look through a glass wall into a smoke filled room, a body is suddenly flung against the glass.
There are a few scenes with ominous music but it's relatively mild. Most of the other music is just heavily dramatic.
There's a little bit of scary stuff during an alien autopsy scene.
3 "s" words, 17 hells, 5 "ass" words, 5 damns, 3 SOB's, 2 craps, and 10 uses of "God," "My God," "Oh God," or "Good God," 5 uses of "God damn," and 3 uses of "Jesus" as exclamations.
Some locals make fun of Russ' reputation of having been abducted by aliens. They talk about or are seen asking him about "any sexual things" the aliens did to him.
A teenage boy tells a teenage girl "...this could be our last night on Earth" as they sit in a parked truck. He's obviously trying to use the impending doom of Earth as a way to have sex with her.
Steven and his girlfriend live together with her son but aren't married.
Steven's girlfriend is "an exotic dancer" and is seen in a bikini outfit on stage.
David's father smokes a cigar.
Several military men have unlit cigars in their mouths.
Steven always wants a "victory" cigar with him to smoke after successful combat.
A foreign soldier is seen smoking.
Steven and David smoke cigars after fighting the aliens and when asked whether it's healthy, David says, "It's not so bad...you get used to it."
Loss of a parent: The First Lady dies of internal bleeding after everyone knew she was going to die. The daughter asks Whitmore, "Is mommy sleeping now?"
Loss of a parent: Russ makes a kamikaze run into one of the spaceships just after telling someone to tell his kids that he loves them.
Aliens visiting Earth, and if they did, whether they'd be friendly or not.
The massive destruction of the cities.
Losing loved ones (many of the supporting characters are killed).
A plane is destroyed as it approaches one of the ships and a fireball races back through it, burning the people inside.
Three helicopters are destroyed by the alien ship.
Before the actual attack, there are scenes of panic induced mayhem that most notably includes many cars crashing into each other.
The alien ships let loose on New York, Washington, and Los Angeles. Buildings are torn apart, cars tossed through the air and many, many people killed in a sequence that reminds one of what nuclear destruction would be like.
There is talk that David got into a fight with Whitmore before he was President because he thought that Whitmore was having an affair with his wife.
There are many air combat scenes where both U.S. and alien ships are destroyed.
Steven punches and then kicks an alien that he's captured.
An alien jumps out of its space suit and attacks scientists in an operating room. It holds one of them around the neck with a tentacle until the military guys open fire and kill the alien.
Russ rams his fighter jet into one of the ships on a suicide mission to blow it up.
There's a big final fight sequence where the alien ships are destroyed.


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NI 179 - Value for money
This indicator defines the total net value of ongoing cash-releasing value for money gains that have impacted since the start of the 2008-09 Financial Year. Source: Local Authorities Publisher:...
Funding money
Wilton Park Executive Agency
Wilton Park - Amount of funding by funder per conference or overall
Local authority plan making data
Data collected up to December 2010, used to track the progress of local authority plan preparation.
Information regarding the decision making process in the Colchester borough
Value for money profiles
HM Inspectorate of Constabulary
Value for money profiles provide benchmarking information on: what the police are spending their budgets; staffing levels by grade and function and outputs and outcomes in a comparable format.
Conditional Cautions - Outcome of CPS decision-making following non-compliance
This gives information regarding the actions taken by the CPS in the event that the offender does not comply with the terms of the Conditional Caution.
NI 179 - Value for money - total net value of ongoing cash-releasing value for money gains that have impacted since the start of the 2008-09 financial year
All parts of the public sector need to continue to seek and implement ways to deliver higher quality public services with the resources that are available. This means enhancing value for money and...
% of panel agree the council provides value for money
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The multi-purpose stand allows you to keep a multitude of accessories close at hand, from the simplest tools to complex computer parts, spools supports and electronic equipment. Both the centered and off-centre stands give you fast access to each and every item you're storing. In addition to the stationary stands, available in 36", 54" and 84" high, Rousseau also offers a 36" and 54" high mobile version. The accessory layout on the Rousseau multi-purpose stand is easily changed, without tools. Modify the stand according to your evolving needs by simply adding and moving the accessories.


text:
Home > family physicians
International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women: Advocating for Our Patients in the #MeToo Era, by Anita Ravi
In July of 1981, activists at the first Feminist Encentro for Latin America and the Caribbean declared November 25th the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women. The day was originally selected to honor the Mirabal sisters, three Dominican feminists assassinated in 1960 for defying the Trujillo dictatorship, and to bring international attention to…
Notes from the Field: Joanna
The Family Medicine Resident: The first time I met Joanna* was when she and her husband came into the clinic to establish prenatal care. She was 9 weeks pregnant at that time. As soon as I walked into the room, I could tell that they were both so excited, and Joanna expressed to me that…
Thanks to those of you who joined us to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Reproductive Health Care and Advocacy Fellowship! There were about 120 supporters in the room who helped raise over $37,000 to support the expansion of the fellowship. There is a national shortage of access to reproductive health services. While this has long…
Notes from the Field: Dr. Mollie Jacobs
Dr. Jacobs is a family physician practicing in Colorado. Dr. Jacobs co-leads the Reproductive Health Access Project's Colorado Cluster. "Back-to-school" Every year at this time, I see scores of young female patients on their way to college after summer vacation. As a mother of two young girls myself who I love more than the air…
Support the Next Generation of Clinician Advocates
The Reproductive Health Care and Advocacy Fellowship was launched in 2007 in New York City, and has later expanded to multiple training sites in NYC, Boston, and soon Michigan. In honor of the 10th anniversary, we are recognizing the impact of two very important members of our community, Dr. Honor MacNaughton will receive the Trailblazer…
Save the Date: Fellowship 10th Anniversary
This year marks the 10th anniversary of the Reproductive Health Care and Advocacy Fellowship, a training program established to expand the number of clinicians teaching and providing abortion, contraception, and miscarriage care. Join us in New York City on October 26th to celebrate. The celebration will be held on October 26th from 6:30 pm – 9:00 pm…
Accepting Applications for 2018-19 Reproductive Health and Advocacy Fellowship
The Reproductive Health Care and Advocacy Fellowship is now accepting applications! This one-year fellowship is open to family physicians and aims to develop leaders who will promote and teach full-spectrum reproductive health care within family medicine. We are recruiting for fellowship positions in New York City at the Institute for Family Health-affiliated residencies and one in Boston…
Creating a National Reproductive Health Care and Advocacy Fellowship Program
Ten years ago this month we launched the Reproductive Health Care and Advocacy Fellowship in New York City. Dr. Honor MacNaughton was our very first fellow. Since then, the fellowship has gone on to train 21 fellows, and added two more fellowship training sites in New York City, as well as one in Boston. Expanding the fellowship…
Focus on a Provider: Dr. Sharon Liner
Since the election, our Reproductive Health Access Network has grown by over 300 people and we've seen an uptick in the number of clinicians who want to engage in clinical advocacy now more than ever. This month, we are highlighting Dr. Sharon Liner, a family planning and abortion provider in Ohio. In addition to providing…


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Mammoth Town Council puts off vote on more police
Still not ready to say yes to more police officers, the Mammoth Town Council once more postponed a decision on Police Chief Dan Watson's request to fill positions.
Councilman Matthew Lehman was not there Wednesday night and fellow council members finally decided to put off the police vote to the next meeting. Chief Watson had once more asked the Council to fill the vacant lieutenant's position and to reinstate and fill a sergeant's job.
The officials debated the possibility of just filling the lieutenant spot. Councilman John Eastman favored that move but wanted to eliminate a school resource officer. Councilman Rick Wood felt this was dictating too much detail to the police chief. Chief Watson does support the school resource officer as critical for the welfare of students and the community.
Chief Watson was initially hired to make recommendations, including the appropriate staffing and management structure. After Wednesday's meeting, the Chief said he has made those recommendations and respects the Town Council's position. He said, "They have to manage the entire Town budget. It's a difficult task, and I will support their final decision."
On another of Chief Watson's duties, when asked about his recommendation for a permanent police chief, he said that his contract with the Town requires this recommendation. He declined to comment further.
Mammoth Fire Department responds to Westin hotel
Big changes in Inyo Public Works


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El Palau Baltà, també conegut com a Palau del Fraret o Can Babau, és una casa senyorial d'estil gòtic de Vilafranca del Penedès, Alt Penedès. Data del . Va ser construït per Francesc Babau i àmpliament reformat el 1522. És una obra declarada bé cultural d'interès nacional.

Descripció
Palau gòtic amb tres façanes exteriors que donen a la plaça de Jaume I i als carrers de la Torre i d'Escudellers. Consta de planta baixa, un pis i golfes i està cobert de teula àrab. La façana principal presenta dues torres laterals elevades respecte del cos central, una portalada d'arc de mig punt descentrada i una petita tribuna central amb finestres coronelles. A la part interior hi ha un pati amb escalinates, actualment cobert, un finestral gòtic, una galeria alta d'arcs apuntats i golfes. El material constructiu és la pedra.

Història
Situat al nucli històrico-monumental més important de Vilafranca. Les dades de la bibliografia existent sobre l'edifici són confuses. Sembla que fou construït en una data posterior al 1308 per la família Babau al lloc on hi havia l'antic castell de la vila. El 1522 va ser ampliat amb unes cases del carrer d'Escudellers i la façana va ser unificada. El 1750 la casa va passar a Ramon de Sarriera, marquès de la Manresana. Més endavant fou hostal (del "Pepet Vermell"). El 1859 fou adquirit per Josep Baltà i posteriorment va ser restaurat i modificat (quan se li afegí la tribuna central). El 1977 el Museu de Vilafranca i la Caixa d'Estalvis del Penedès van llogar la planta baixa per a utilitzar-la com a auditori ("Fòrum Baltà"), a més d'instal·lar-hi diverses sales d'exposició.

Referències

Enllaços externs

 Palau Baltà, fitxa del catàleg de l'Ajuntament

Edificis gòtics de l'Alt Penedès
Edificis de Vilafranca del Penedès
Balta
Monuments històrics de l'Alt Penedès
Patrimoni monumental de Vilafranca del Penedès
Plaça de Jaume I (Vilafranca del Penedès)


An in-depth, interdisciplinary online curriculum developed by the author and a team of teachers, working in cooperation with the educational organization Facing History and Ourselves, to support use of the book in middle- and high-school classrooms.
A companion study guide designed to support classroom use of the documentary film I'm Still Here: Real Diaries of Young People Who Lived During the Holocaust, developed by the author in cooperation with the educational organization Facing History and Ourselves.
The guide helps educators use the diaries of young writers featured in the film and in Salvaged Pages as a springboard for discussion and reflection on their value as historical sources and literary records. It also provides an avenue for discussing the power of the written word to make a difference in the world.
The conference brought together Holocaust survivors, scholars, educators and artists from four generations. Over 400 participants from 50 different countries engaged in an educational, intergenerational and multicultural dialogue on how we will preserve the legacy and grapple with the challenges of Holocaust education in the years to come.
Alexandra Zapruder delivers a lecture about Salvaged Pages at the Sixteenth Annual Fanya Gottesfeld Heller Conference for Educators at The Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City (April 23, 2015.) Other presenters included Dr. Michael Berenbaum and a presentation of The Living Words Award to Nobel Laureate, Elie Wiesel.


text:
Bore Hole Brook – strumień (brook) w kanadyjskiej prowincji Nowa Szkocja, w hrabstwie Pictou, płynący w kierunku północno-wschodnim i uchodzący do kanału wodnego The Sluice; nazwa urzędowo zatwierdzona 26 marca 1976.

Zobacz też
 Abercrombie

Przypisy

Rzeki w Nowej Szkocji
Dorzecze East River of Pictou


We crowdsource Western Stone Company's maternity, paternity and parental leave policies, based on Western Stone Company's employee reviews and anonymous tips from Western Stone Company employees.
Western Stone Company offers. This information is based on anonymous tips submitted by employees.


text:
Sigisfredo Mair lub Josef Siegfried Mair (ur. 10 sierpnia 1939 w Dobbiaco – zm. 15 maja 1977 tamże) – włoski saneczkarz startujący w jedynkach i dwójkach, brązowy medalista igrzysk olimpijskich i mistrzostw świata.

Kariera
Pierwszy sukces w karierze osiągnął w 1964 roku, kiedy razem z Walterem Außerdorferem zdobył brązowy medal w dwójkach podczas igrzysk olimpijskich w Innsbrucku. Na rozgrywanych trzy lata później mistrzostwach świata w Hammarstrand, startując ze swym bratem Ernesto także zajął trzecie miejsce. Ponadto zajął dziesiąte miejsce na igrzyskach w Grenoble w 1968 roku oraz ósme na igrzyskach w Sapporo cztery lata później.

W 1967 roku jego żoną została Aloisia Nöckler, siostra narciarza alpejskiego Bruno Nöcklera. Miał czwórkę dzieci. Zginął w wypadku samochodowym w 1977 roku.

Osiągnięcia

Igrzyska olimpijskie

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Medaliści Zimowych Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1964
Uczestnicy Zimowych Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1968
Uczestnicy Zimowych Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1972
Urodzeni w 1939
Włoscy medaliści olimpijscy
Włoscy saneczkarze
Włoskie ofiary wypadków drogowych
Zmarli w 1977


And in proof he advances the instability of Protestant so-called faith: "They are as children tossed to and fro and carried along by every gale of doctrine.
The Protestant position is that the clergy had originally been representatives of the people, deriving all their power from them, and only doing, for the sake of order and convenience, what laymen might do also.
It should be remarked that the first Protestants, without exception, pretended to be the true Church founded by Christ, and all retained the Apostles' Creed with the article "I believe in the Catholic Church".
Any sustained discussion of the causes of the protestant reformation would have to include the fundamental changes which were made to the institutions of the church in the central Middle Ages during the Gregorian reforms.
Historians readily accept that the protestant reformation in its various manifestations was capable of generating remarkably widespread popular support and lay involvement, but these differed widely in their nature, chronology and extent depending on the particular reformation in question.
While the protestant reformation drew its support from all segments of sixteenth-century society, the conflict between different social groups played a significant role in shaping (and limiting) the support which it was able to mobilise.
The Protestant Reformation was a movement which emerged in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe.
Protestants generally trace their separation from the Roman Catholic Church to the 16th century, which is sometimes called the magisterial Reformation because the movement received support from the magistrates, the ruling authorities (as opposed to the radical Reformation, which had no state sponsorship).
Nascent Protestant social ideals of liberty of conscience and individual freedom, were formed through continuous confrontation with the authority of the Bishop of Rome, and the hierarchy of the Catholic priesthood.
The Protestants characterized the Roman Catholic concept of meritorious works, of penance and indulgences, masses for the dead, the treasury of the merits of saints and martyrs, a ministering priesthood who hears confessions, and purgatory, as reliance upon other means for justification, in addition to faith in Jesus and his work on the cross.
Many Protestant churches practice similar rituals to Catholicism—chiefly baptism, communion, and matrimony—frequently varying or de-formalizing the rites (although this is not the case in some Lutheran and Anglican parishes).
Of all the major Protestant bodies, only the high Anglican in England is liturgical in the historic sense of the term, although the Lutherans and Episcopalians (in America) consider themselves liturgical in a broader sense of the term.
One of the principal notions of the Protestant Reformation was the attempt to refute sacramentality.
The accidental alliance of protestant doctrine with the puritan theory of worship in the sixteenth century may have been natural, and was as close in England as anywhere.
From there, the word Protestant in German speaking areas still refers to Lutheran churches in contrast to Reformed churches, while the common designation for all churches originating from the Reformation is Evangelical.
Protestants generally trace their separation from the Roman Catholic Church to the 1500's, which is sometimes called the magisterial Reformation because it initially proposed numerous radical revisions of the doctrinal standards of the Roman Catholic Church (called the magisterium[?]).
Liberalism is a label for various attempts to accommodate the doctrine and practice, especially of the main branches of the Protestant churches, to the principles of the Enlightenment.
Protestants are also less fond of hierarchy, having relentlessly attacked the priestly cast and the Holy See's authority, and thus are closely associated with the local control and political democratization during the 16th and 17th century.
Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the magisterial Reformation and the Puritan Reformation in England.
Protestants often refer to specific Protestant churches and groups as denominations to imply that they are differently named parts of the whole church.
Protestants see the Bible, which they believe was written by God, as a pretty reliable source of information, at least on theological matters.
It has been noted that the group of protestants that are most prone to shouting NO also have a strong attraction to the colour orange and insist on walking in long progressions through the streets, sort of like an aggressive conga line.
There are three protestant dogmas: -There is no dogma -Church service is on 10 o'clock -Everyone is unfaillible, the Pope excepted -God loves Mr.
Most Protestant churches believe in the Holy Trinity: God, the Father (also referred to as Maker); Christ (who is considered to be both man and God, as in Biblical reference to 'the word became flesh and dwelt among us'; and the Holy Spirit (also referred to as the Holy Ghost).
Feasting, or social gatherings involving food are common to all Protestant and Catholic churches, with some secular pride in who has the best "pot lucks," a gathering in which people bring a dish to share, and little planning as to what will be brought occurs.
Protestants and Catholics share many common holy days, though few Protestant churches celebrate Saints' Days which are common in the Catholic churches.
Protestants in search of theological sanity, of true worship, and of the ancient Christian Faith are practically beating on our Church doors (of course to those who are not paying attention, this may sound like a strange claim).
Protestants react violently to the idea of Holy Tradition simply because the only form of it that they have generally encountered is the concept of Tradition found in Roman Catholicism.
Liberal Protestant scholars have already finished this endeavor, and having "peeled back the onion" they now are left only with their own opinions and sentimentality as the basis for whatever faith they have left.
Even though the major Protestant Reformers attacked the theology of the medieval schoolmen and demanded total reliance on Scripture, it was impossible either to purge all scholastic methods and attitudes derived from classical authors or to avoid conflicts that required intricate theological reasoning as well as biblical interpretation.
Protestant theologians, especially the Calvinists, could use scholastic methods to inquire beyond biblical texts into the intricacies and implications of Protestant theology, especially when election and the will of God were considered.
The theology of this branch of Protestant scholasticism was, as in the case of Gerhard, dependent on scriptural evidences and Aristotelian logic.
The Protestant Student Community shall be the official presence at MIT for the following Protestant denominations: The American Baptist Church, The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), The United Church of Christ, and The United Methodist Church.
The officers of the Protestant Student Community shall be elected for a term of one year at the last regular spring semester general meeting of the Protestant Student Community, which must occur before the final examination week of spring semester.
The general membership of the Protestant Student Community may, by a majority vote, adopt standing policies consistent with this Constitution, which shall be binding on the Board of the Protestant Student Community and shall continue in effect until amended or repealed by the general membership.
The three fundamental doctrines are: The Protestant goes directly to the word of God for instructions, and to the throne of grace in his/her devotion; while the pious Roman Catholic consults the teachings of his/her church, and prefers to offer prayers through the mediums of the virgin Mary and Saints.
Protestants however are still agreed on the many forgeries the Mother church has made such as pseud-Isidorian Decretals and the Donation of Constantine.
We are 'protesting' against those religious leaders who are now trying to undo the Protestant Reformation with Ecumenicalism over the heads of the people and without their consent.
Taken together, they command the loyalty of the vast majority of Protestants within the city limits, while the large and well-off white churches dominate the suburbs, beginning with Oak Park and Evanston and eventually spreading through the metropolitan area.
So Protestant congregations are dependent on and speak for themselves or through their denominations, or they vie individually for visibility and clout, or they do not try to influence the metropolis.
But there seems to be little effort to bring together all the people called Protestant into a movement that sets out to influence—and succeeds in doing so, even in a small way—the dispersed Protestants and others in the metropolitan area.
The Protestant principle, which exempts no aspect of human existence from the judgment that it is involved in contradiction with itself, considers the whole man, man as a unity of body and soul, in his relationship with the transcendent.
The Protestant principle provides the possibility for understanding the paradoxical character of anticipation as it is found in the proletariat, and, besides this, it has the power to guard against a distortion that threatens all anticipation, i.e., utopianism.
The demand should not be made that Protestants subscribe unconditionally to socialism; rather the demand should be that Protestantism subject all its decisions and activities to the criterion of the Protestant principle in the face of the disturbing and transforming reality of the proletarian situation.
Protestant trains are cleaner than Catholic trains and they run on time.
But the secularist would be wrong to dismiss the Protestant reformation of the Americas as a reaction to four centuries of Catholic oppression and decadence.
The hymn become feeble and paltry in Catholic churches is shouted in evangelical churches, in triumph and defiance against the evil of the city.
The proportion of Protestants thus experienced a strong depreciation, comprising only 40% of the population in 1990.
The Reformation was adopted in Neuchâtel in 1530 and in Geneva in 1536, where Calvin established a theocracy and dominated the city's religious and political life until his death in 1565.
The Protestants played a central role in the creation of the federal Swiss state in 1848 and dominated the Swiss political scene until the end of the century through the Radical Party.
The Protestants were attempting to destroy the old, established Christian Church, which had existed 1500 years, and to replace it by something new, untried and revolutionary.
The myth of Protestant magnanimity and peaceful coexistence (especially in its infancy) dies an unequivocal death once all the facts are brought out.
The early Protestants were not the champions of free speech and freedom of the press, either, as we are led to believe, any more than they were for freedom of religion or assembly -- not by a long shot.
This is the unofficial home page of the Protestant Reformed Churches in America.