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US4291274A - Phase detector circuit using logic gates - Google Patents
Phase detector circuit using logic gates Download PDF
Yasoji Suzuki
Nobuyuki Kamimaru
Toshiba Corp
1978-11-22 Priority to JP53144611A priority Critical patent/JPS6212696B2/ja
1978-11-22 Priority to JP53-144611 priority
1979-06-29 Priority to JP8145979A priority patent/JPS566526A/en
1979-06-29 Priority to JP54-81459 priority
1979-11-20 Application filed by Toshiba Corp filed Critical Toshiba Corp
1981-04-27 Assigned to TOKYO SHIBAURA DENKI KABUSHIKI reassignment TOKYO SHIBAURA DENKI KABUSHIKI ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: KAMIMARU NOBUYUKI, SUZUKI YASOJI
238000010586 diagrams Methods 0.000 description 48
230000000295 complement Effects 0.000 description 11
230000037138 Vds Effects 0.000 description 5
230000003111 delayed Effects 0.000 description 5
280000304537 Other Logic companies 0.000 description 1
H03—BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
H03D—DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER
H03D13/00—Circuits for comparing the phase or frequency of two mutually-independent oscillations
H03D13/003—Circuits for comparing the phase or frequency of two mutually-independent oscillations in which both oscillations are converted by logic means into pulses which are applied to filtering or integrating means
H03D13/004—Circuits for comparing the phase or frequency of two mutually-independent oscillations in which both oscillations are converted by logic means into pulses which are applied to filtering or integrating means the logic means delivering pulses at more than one terminal, e.g. up and down pulses
G01R25/00—Arrangements for measuring phase angle between a voltage and a current, or between voltages or currents
G01R25/005—Circuits for comparing several input signals and for indicating the result of this comparison, e.g. equal, different, greater, smaller, or for passing one of the input signals as output signal
A phase detector circuit having four dominant type flip-flop circuits and at least one logic gate. The phase detector circuit is responsive to changes of two input signals, and produces output signals related to the relative phase of the input signals having duty cycle. The output signals have a predetermined level only for the period the phases of the input signals differ. When the phases of the input signals are the same, the output signals of the phase detector circuit will be at another level.
This invention relates to a phase detector circuit for detecting the relative phase difference between two input signals.
Many applications of phase comparator or phase detector circuits utilize a feedback or servo system for locking the phase and frequency of one input to the phase and frequency of the other input which constitutes the reference signal in the system. An application is shown in FIG. 1 wherein it is illustrated that a phase detector circuit is utilized as a phase-locked-loop circuit. A phase detector circuit (1) compares the phase of an input signal Sig with the phase of a reference signal Ref, and produces an output signal related to the phase difference of the two signals. This output signal is transferred to a charge pump (2). The charge pump (2) responds to the output signal of the phase detector circuit and produces a control signal. The control signal is changed to a direct current by a low pass filter (3). The signal changed to the direct current controls the frequency of the output signal of a voltage-controlled oscillator (4). The frequency fv of the output signal of the voltage-controlled oscillator (4) is the output frequency fo of this system. The signal having the frequency fv is applied to a programmable divider (5), and the signal, which is derived from the programmable divider (5) having programmed dividing ratio N, is applied to the phase detector circuit (1). Thus, an output signal having the stable frequency fo can be derived from the phase-locked-loop circuit.
A circuit diagram of the phase detector circuit (1) and the charge pump (2) is shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 contains waveforms illustrating the operation of the circuit shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, the reference signal Ref and the input signal Sig are applied to the phase detector circuit (1). Two inverters (6) and (7) invert the two signals. The output signal Ref of the inverter (6) is applied at the set input terminal of a flip-flop circuit (8) and the output signal Sig of the inverter (7) is applied at the set input terminal of a flip-flop circuit (9). The Q output signals S1 and S2 of the flip-flop circuits (8) and (9) are applied at the set input terminals of flip-flop circuits (10) and (11), respectively. The Q output signal S1 and S2 are also applied to a NAND gate 12. The NAND gate (12) has additional input terminals for receiving the output signals of the flip-flop circuits (10) and (11). The output signal of the NAND gate (12) is applied to AND gates of the flip-flop circuits (8) and (9) and resets the input terminals of the flip-flop circuits (10) and (11). The Q output signals P and N are applied to an AND gate (13). The Q output signals P and N become the output signals of the phase detector circuit (1). The output signals P and N of the phase detector circuit (1) are applied to the charge pump (2).
The charge pump (2) is constructed of a P-channel MOS transistor (14) and a N-channel MOS transistor (15) connected in series between a power supply VDD and ground. An inverter (16) is connected to the gate of the transistor (15) in order to provide a predetermined logic signal. The gate of the transistor (14) receives the output signal P of the flip-flop circuit (8) and the inverter (16) receives the output signal N of the flip-flop circuit (9). The charge pump (2) produces an output signal Do in response to the output signals of the phase detector circuit (1).
As shown in FIG. 3, when the phase of the input signal Sig is delayed more than the phase of the reference signal Ref, the Q output signal P of the flip-flop circuit (8) becomes ground level when the phase is delayed. When the phase of the input signal Sig is advanced as compared to the reference signal Ref, the Q output signal N of the flip-flop circuit (9) becomes ground level during this period. Consequently, the output signal Do of the charge pump (2) becomes the power supply level VDD during the period when the input signal Sig is delayed as compared to the reference signal Ref and becomes the ground level Vss during the period when the input signal Sig is advanced as compared to the reference signal Ref. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 3, when the phase of the input signal Sig is equal to that of the reference signal Ref, the output signal Do goes to a high impedance state.
The output signal LD of the AND gate (13) of the phase detector circuit (1) goes to ground level during the period that the phase of the input signal Sig is delayed or advanced as compared to the reference signal Ref, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The charge pump (2) in this circuit operates as a tristate buffer circuit (i.e., the output signal of the charge pump (2) will be the power supply level, the ground level or the high impedance state). In the phase-locked-loop circuit, this signal is transferred to the low pass filter.
FIG. 4 shows a logic diagram of the phase detector circuit illustrated in FIG. 2 and the numbers and marks in FIG. 4 correspond to those in FIG. 2. Further, a NAND gate which has two input terminals (17) and (18) is shown in FIG. 5 and it is constructed by complementary MOS transistors. The NAND gate produces at an output terminal (19) the signal of a power supply VDD level (high level) only when all input signals are high level. An inverter constructed by complementary MOS transistors is shown in FIG. 6. In this inverter, the input signal to the input terminal (20) is inverted and an inverted signal is produced at the output terminal (21).
Generally, if a logic gate is constructed by complementary MOS transistors, two MOS transistors are required for one input signal. The NAND gate in FIG. 5 requires four transistors for two input signals and the inverter requires two transistors for one input signal.
If the circuit in FIG. 4 is constructed by complementary MOS transistors, forty-eight transistors would be required.
Thus, the conventional circuit has disadvantages in that the transistors increase in number and the area where the circuit is formed becomes larger. Further, in the conventional circuit, as the two output signals of the flip-flop circuits (8) and (9) aren't in an inverse relationship with respect to each other, the inverter (16) is needed in order to obtain the signal N required in the charge pump (2). Thus, the transistors are further increased in number.
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide a phase detector circuit which can be constructed by less transistors than a prior phase detector circuit.
Another object of the invention is to provide a phase detector circuit which is simple in construction, and has the same function as a prior phase detector circuit.
Another object of the invention is to provide a phase detector circuit which can be constructed by less logic gates than a prior phase detector circuit.
Another object of the invention is to provide a phase detector circuit which can be designed under less restrictions.
According to the invention, there is provided a phase detector circuit comprising two input terminals at which input signals are applied, two output terminals at which output signals relative to the phases of the input signals are produced, first dominant type flip-flop circuit connected to one input terminal and whose output signal is transferred to one output terminal, second dominant type flip-flop circuit connected to the other input terminal and whose output signal is transferred to the other input terminal, third flip-flop circuit connected to the one input terminal and whose output signal is transferred to the first dominant type flip-flop circuit, fourth flip-flop circuit connected to the other input terminal and whose output signal is transferred to the second dominant type flip-flop circuit, gate means receiving the output signals of the first and second dominant type flip-flop circuits and whose output signal is applied to the third and second flip-flop circuits.
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein;
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a phase-locked-look circit;
FIG. 2 is a logic diagram of a conventional phase detector circuit;
FIG. 3 shows waveforms for illustrating the operation of a conventional phase detector circuit;
FIG. 4 is a concrete logic diagram of a conventional phase detector circuit;
FIG. 5 is a transistor circuit diagram of a NAND gate;
FIG. 6 is a transistor circuit diagram of an inverter;
FIG. 7 is a logic diagram of an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a truth table of a reset dominant type flip-flop circuit;
FIG. 9 shows waveforms for illustrating the operation of the circuit in FIG. 7;
FIG. 10 is a concrete logic diagram of a logic circuit shown in FIG. 7;
FIG. 11 is a transistor circuit diagram of the logic gate used in the circuit in FIG. 10;
FIG. 12 is a transistor circuit diagram of a NOR gate;
FIG. 13 is a logic diagram of another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 14 is a concrete logic diagram of the logic circuit in FIG. 13;
FIG. 19 is a transistor circuit diagram of the logic gate used in the circuit shown in FIG. 18;
FIG. 20 is another concrete logic diagram of the logic circuit in FIG. 17;
FIG. 22 is a concrete logic diagram of the logic circuit shown in FIG. 21;
FIG. 25 shows waveforms for illustrating the operation of the circuit in FIG. 24;
FIG. 28 is still another concrete logic diagram of the logic circuit in FIG. 24;
FIGS. 31 and 32 are concrete logic diagrams of the logic circuit shown in FIG. 29;
FIG. 36 shows waveforms for illustrating the operation of the circuit is FIG. 35 and
FIGS. 37-49 are logic diagrams of other embodiments of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals and marks designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to FIG. 7 thereof, an input signal Sig and a reference signal Ref are, respectively, applied to input terminals (22) and (23) of the phase detector circuit (24) and the output signal Do related to the phase difference between the two signals Sig and Ref is produced at an output terminal (25) of a charge pump (26). The reference signal Ref is applied at the reset input terminal of a reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuit (27) and at the set input terminal of a reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuit (28). The input signal Sig is applied at the reset input terminal of a reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuit (29) and at the set input terminal of a reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuit (30). The Q output signals Q1 and Q2 of the flip-flop circuits (27) and (29) are, respectively, applied to the reset input terminals of the flip-flop circuits (28) and (30). The Q output signals P and N are applied to NOR gate (31) whose output is applied to the set input terminal of the flip-flop circuits (27) and (29). The output signals P and N of the phase detector circuit (24) are produced, respectively, at the Q output terminal of the flip-flop circuit (28) and the Q output terminal of the flip-flop circuit (30). The output signal P is applied to a P channel MOS transistor (32) and the output signal N is applied to a N channel MOS transistor (33). The output signal Do of the charge pump (26) is produced in response to the output signals P and N of the phase detector circuit (24).
Now, all of the flip-flop circuits (27), (28), (29) and (30) are reset dominant type flip-flop circuits which will be reset when the level of the reset input signal is changed from "1" level to "0" level. The truth table for the reset dominant type flip-flop circuit is shown in FIG. 8. In the normal flip-flop circuit, the level of the output signals Q and Q will not be determined when the level of the set input signal and the reset input signal are "1" level. But, in the reset dominant type flip-flop circuit, when the level of the set and reset input signals are "1" level, the reset input signal will be dominant to the set input signal. So, an inverted reset input signal will be produced at the Q output terminal of the flip-flop circuit and the other output signal will always be inverse to said one output signal. Thus, as the reset dominant type flip-flop circuits produce output signals which are inverted with respect to each other, the circuit for changing the logic can be removed and the circuit is simpler than the conventional circuit.
The reset dominant type flip-flop circuit is used in this embodiment but the set dominant type flip-flop circuit can be used in a similar manner. In this case, when the level of the two input signals is "1" level, the set input signal is dominant and the set input signal is generated at the Q output terminal.
In FIG. 7, the input terminals of each flip-flop circuit are illustrated as S for the set input and R for the inverted reset input.
Next, the operation of the phase detector circuit 24, in FIG. 7, is as follows. In FIG. 9, when the level of the reference signal Ref and the input signal Sig is "0" level it is supposed that the flip-flop circuits (27), (28), (29) and (30) are reset. So, the level of the signals P, Q1, N and Q2 is a "1" level and that of the signal N is "0" level. Then, the output signal X of the NOR gate (31) is "0" level. Next, when the reference signal Ref becomes "1" level, the flip-flop circuit (27) will be set. Then, the signal P goes down to "0" level. This cuts the transistor (32) off and raises the output signal Do of the charge pump (26) to the power supply level VDD. When the signal N goes down at "0" level, the output signal X of the NOR gate rises "1" level. When the output signal X rises to a "1" level, the flip-flop circuits (27) and (29) are set and the Q output signals Q1 and Q2 go down to "0" level. This resets the flip-flop circuits (28) and (30), and the output signal P of the flip-flop circuit (28) rises to "1" level and the output signal N of the flip-flop circuit (30) rises to "1" level. On the contrary, the output signal N goes down to "0" level. When the signals P and N rose to "1" level, the output signal X of the NOR gate (31) went down to "0" level. Thus, this cuts the transistor (32) off and places the output signal Do of the charge pump (26) back to a normal state.
As the series of operations is done in a moment, the time period that the signal N is "1" level and the signal P is "0" level is very short. So, the output signal Do doesn't become ground level.
Thus, the output signal Do is a signal that is relative to the phase difference of the two signals Ref and Sig.
Next, when the signal Sig goes down to "0" level, the flip-flop circuit (29) becomes reset and the Q output signal Q2 rises to "1" level. Further, when the signal Ref goes down to "0" level, the flip-flop circuit becomes reset and the Q output signal Q1 rises to "1" level.
Next, an explanation for the case wherein the signal Sig rises to a "1" level before the signal Ref rises to "1" level is given. In that condition, the flip-flop circuit (30) becomes set and then the output signal N rises to "1" level and the output signal N goes down to "0" level. This cuts the transistor (33) on and drops the output signal Do to "0" level. When the signal Ref rises to "1" level, the flip-flop circuit (28) is set and the output signal P goes down to "0" level. As the signal N is already "0" level, the output signal X of the NOR gate (31) will rise to "1" level. Then, as the signals Ref and Sig are both "1" level, the flip-flop circuits (27) and (29) will be set. When the flip-flop circuits (27) and (29) are set, both of the signals Q1 and Q2 go down to "0" level. This resets the flip-flop circuits (28) and (30). The output signal P of the flip-flop circuit (28) rises to "1" level and the output signal N goes down to "0" level and the output signal N rises to "1" level. This cuts the transistor (33) off and brings the output signal Do back to the normal state. As these operations are completed in a moment, the time period that the signal P is "0" level and the signal N is "1" level is very short.
So, the output signal Do of the charge pump (26) doesn't become VDD level even if the output signal P becomes "0" level. Thus, when the phase of the signal Sig goes ahead of that of the signal Ref the output signal Do becomes ground level. After that, the signal Sig goes down to "0" level. As the flip-flop circuit (29) is reset, the output signal Q2 rises to "1" level. Further, when the signal Ref goes down to "0" level, the flip-flop circuit (27) is reset and the output signal Q1 rises to "1" level.
Next, when the signals Ref and Sig rise to "1" level simultaneously, the flip-flop circits (28) and (30) are set. Then, the output signal P goes down to "0" level and the output signal N rises to "1" level and the output signal N goes down to "0" level. As the signals P and N go down to "0" level, the output signal X of the NOR gate (31) rises to "1" level and the flip-flop circuits (27) and (29) are set simultaneously. This makes the output signals Q1 and Q2 go down to "0" level. So, as the flip-flop circuits (28) and (30) are reset, the output signal P rises to "1" level and the output signal N goes down to "0" level. Conversely, the output signal N rises to "1" level. After that, the output signal X goes down to "0" level. As these operations are completed in a moment, the time period that the signals P and N are, respectively, "0" level and "1" level is very short. So, the output signal Do holds the high impedance state.
Later, when the signals Ref and Sig both go down to "0" level simultaneously, both of the flip-flop circuits (27) and (29) are reset. Then, the output signals Q1 and Q2 rise to "1" level. If the signals Ref and Sig have the same with respect to each other, the signals P and N are held at "1" level and "0" level, respectively.
FIG. 10 is a concrete logic diagram of the logic diagram shown in FIG. 7. This logic circuit is constructed by using several logic gates. The logic gate (34) of this FIGURE can be constructed by complementary MOS transistors shown in FIG. 11. In the circuit of FIG. 11, an output signal at an output terminal (35) is obtained in response to the input signals at the input terminals of the OR gates of the logic gate (34) and the input signal at the input terminals of the NAND gates of the logic circuit (34). The NOR gate (31) of FIG. 11 can be constructed by complementary MOS transistors shown in FIG. 12. In this circuit, a signal at the output terminal (39) is obtained in response to the signals at the input terminals (40) and (41). The transistor circuit of the inverters illustrated in FIG. 10 are shown in FIG. 6.
When the flip-flop circuits (27), (28), (29) and (30) are constructed by complementary MOS transistors, each flip-flop circuit is constructed of 8 transistors. Thus, the phase detector circuit 24, in FIG. 10, can be constructed by thirty-six transistors.
Accordingly, the phase detector circuit of this invention can be constructed of fewer transistors than the conventional circuit. Moreover, the circuit of this invention is simpler.
Further, as the output signals N and N of the flip-flop circuit (30) are always inverted with respect to each other, an inverse signal of signal N can be obtained directly. So, the inverter (16) in FIG. 2 can be removed. Consequently, the circuit according to this invention is simple.
Another embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 13. In this circuit, the function of the NOR gate (31) in FIG. 7 is included in reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuits (42) and (43). The flip-flop circuits (27) and (29) in FIG. 7 are replaced by the flip-flop circuits (42) and (43) having AND gates at the set input terminals, respectively. The output signals P and N are in parallel and are applied to the AND gates of the flip-flop circuit (42) and (43) in order to set the logic. This circuit has the same function as the circuit in FIG. 7. In FIG. 13, the terminal to which an inverted reset signal is applied is illustrated as R and the terminal to which a set signal is applied is illustrated as S.
FIG. 14 is a concrete logic diagram of the logic diagram in FIG. 13. Logic gate (44) is constructed by complementary MOS transistors as shown in FIG. 15. In the circuit of FIG. 15, input terminals (45), (46) and (47) are input terminals of the AND gate which have three input terminals, and input terminals (48) and (49) are other input terminals. An output signal is obtained at an output terminal (50).
The logic gate (44') in FIG. 14 can be constructed by the circuit in FIG. 11 and the inverter in FIG. 14 can be constructed by the circuit in FIG. 6. So, the phase detector circuit in FIG. 14 can be constructed of forty transistors. Furthermore, as the signal applied to the logic gate (44) is, in common, applied to the two AND gates, one transistor of the circuit in FIG. 15 can be removed. In this case, two N-channel MOS transistors connected to the common input terminals can be replaced by one N-channel MOS transistor. Thus, the transistors are further decreased in number.
FIG. 16 is another concrete logic diagram of the logic circuit in FIG. 13. In this circuit, the NOR gate (31) in FIG. 10 is replaced by a NAND gate (51) and an inverter (52). As an alternative, the output signals P and N of the flip-flop circuits (28) and (30) are applied to the NAND gate (51), and the output signal of the NAND gate (51) is applied to each set input terminal of the flip-flop circuits (27) and (29) through the inverter (52). This circuit has the same function as the circuit in FIG. 14, and can be constructed of thirty-eight transistors.
FIG. 17 is a third embodiment of this invention. In this circuit, reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuits (53), (54), (55) and (56) are used and they are set when the set input signal is inverted from "1" level to "0" level. So, after the signals Ref and Sig are inverted, they are, respectively, applied to the flip-flop circuits (53), (54), (55) and (56). The output signals of the flip-flop circuits (54) and (56) are, respectively, applied to the flip-flop circuits (53) and (55). Further, as flip-flop circuits (53), (54), (55) and (56) are used in this circuit, the NOR gate (31) as used in FIG. 7 is replaced by a NAND gate (57). This circuit has the same function as the circuits in FIGS. 7 and 13. In FIG. 17, the input terminal to which the reset input signal is applied is illustrated as R and the input terminal to which the inverted input signal is applied is illustrated as S.
A concrete logic diagram of the logic diagram in FIG. 17 is shown in FIG. 18. A logic gate (58) in this circuit is constructed by complementary MOS transistors in FIG. 19. Input terminals (59) and (60) are the input terminals of the AND gate of the logic gate (58) of FIG. 18 and an input terminal (61) is the other input terminal of the NOR gate of the logic gate (58). An output signal is obtained at a terminal (62). So, the circuit in FIG. 18 can be constructed by forty transistors.
FIG. 20 is another concrete logic diagram of the logic diagram in FIG. 17. In this circuit, the NAND gate (57) in FIG. 17 is replaced by a NOR gate (59) and an inverter (60). The output signals P and N of the flip-flop circuit (53) are applied to the NOR gate (59) and the output signal of the NOR gate (59) is applied through the inverter (60) to the flip-flop circuits (54) and (56) in order to set the logic. The circuit in FIG. 20 is constructed of forty-two transistors.
A fourth embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 21. In this circuit, reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuits (61) and (62) have the same function as the NAND gate (57) in FIG. 18. The flip-flop circuits (61) and (62), respectively, include an OR gate to which the output signals P and N are applied. The outputs of the OR gates are to the S input terminals of flip-flop circuits (61) and (62). This circuit has the same function as the circuits of the previously described first, second and third embodiments. A concrete logic diagram of the logic circuit in FIG. 21 is shown in FIG. 22. A transistor circuit of the logic gate (63) of FIG. 22 is shown in FIG. 23. The transistor circuit is constructed of complementary MOS transistors. In this circuit, the terminals (64) and (65) are input terminals of the OR gate of FIG. 22, which has two input terminals, and the terminals (66), (67) and (68) are input terminals of the OR gate which has three input terminals. An output signal is obtained at an output terminal (69) in response to the input signals. In the above-mentioned circuit of FIG. 22, a total of forty-four transistors is used. As the input signal is commonly applied to two OR gates, one transistor in the circuit of FIG. 23 can be removed. In this case, one P-channel transistor connected to a common input terminal will be removed. So, the transistors can be further decreased in number.
The logic diagram of the fifth embodiment of this invention is shown in FIG. 24. All of the flip-flop circuits (70), (71), (72) and (73) in this FIGURE are reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuits. The truth table for the reset dominant type flip-flop circuit is shown in FIG. 8. In the flip-flop circuits (70) and (71), the set signal and the inverted reset signal are applied to their input terminals, and in the flip-flop circuits (72) and (73), the inverted set signal and the reset signal are applied to their input terminals. The reset input terminal of the flip-flop circuits (70) and (71) is indicated as R and the set and reset input terminals of the flip-flop circuits (72) and (73) are, respectively, indicated as S and R. Nor gate (74) has two input terminals at which the output signals of the flip-flop circuits (70) and (71) are applied, and the output signal thereof is applied to the flip-flop circuits (72) and (73). The output signals P and N of the phase detector circuit (24) are applied to the MOS transistors (32) and (33), respectively. The output signal Do of the charge pump (26) is at a power supply voltage VDD level during the period when the phase of the signal Sig is delayed in comparison with that of the signal Ref, and is at ground level during the period when the phase of the signal Sig is advanced in comparison with that of the signal Ref, and is at a high impedance state when the phases of the two signals Ref and Sig are equal.
The operation of this circuit is explained in connection with the timing chart in FIG. 25, as follows. FIG. 25 shows waveforms as they appear at various points in the circuit of FIG. 24. When the reference signal Ref is changed from "0" level to "1" level, the Q output signal P is changed from "1" level to "0" level. So, the output signal of the charge pump (26) becomes "1" level. Thereafter, in the instance where the input signal Sig is changed from "0" level to "1" level, the Q output signal N will rise from "0" level to "1" level. It follows that the output signal X of the NOR gate (74) will rise from "0" level to "1" level. Due to this operation, as the Q output signals Q1 and Q2 go down from "1" level to "0" level, the output signal P rises from "0" level to "1" level and the output signal N goes from "1" level to "0" level. As the signal P is applied to the transistor (32), the transistor will turn off. Accordingly, the signal Do will be changed to a high impedance state.
When the signal Sig precedes the reference signal Ref, the output signal Do will be changed as shown in FIG. 25. The operation of the circuit in this instance can be readily understood by referring to the above-mentioned explanation.
A concrete logic diagram of the circuit (24), in FIG. 24, is shown in FIG. 26. This circuit can be constructed from thirty-six transistors.
Another concrete logic diagram of the circuit (24), in FIG. 24, is shown in FIG. 27. In this circuit, the NOR gate (74) in FIG. 26 is replaced by an inverter (75) and a NAND gate (76) having two input terminals to which the output signals P and N of the flip-flop circuits (70) and (71) are applied. This circuit can be constructed from thirty-eight transistors.
A further concrete logic diagram of the circuit (24), in FIG. 24, is shown in FIG. 28. In this circuit, the flip-flop circuits (77) and (78) possess the same functions as the NAND gate (76) and the inverter (75) in FIG. 27.
The sixth embodiment of this invention is shown in FIG. 29. Flip-flop circuits (79), (80), (81), and (82) are reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuits. The flip-flop circuits (79) and (80) use "0" level as a set input and "1" level as a reset input. Also the flip-flop circuits (81) and (82) use "1" level as a set input and "0" level as a reset input. So, the set and reset input terminals of the flip-flop circuits (79) and (80) are, respectively, indicated by S and R and the set and reset input terminals of the flip-flop circuits (81) and (82) are, respectively, indicated by S and R. The signals Sig and Ref are inverted by inverters (83) and (84) and are applied to the flip-flop circuits (79), (80), (81) and (82). The Q output signals P and N of the flip-flop circuits (79) and (80) are applied to a NAND gate (85) and the output signal X of the NAND gate (85) is applied to the flip-flop circuits (81) and (82), respectively. FIG. 30 shows waveforms for various points in the circuit of FIG. 29.
The situation where the signal Ref is changed from "0" level to "1" level is explained. Then, the output signal P of the flip-flop circuit (79) is changed from "0" level to "1" level and the output signal P of the flip-flop circuit (79) is changed from "1" level to "0" level. Therefore, the transistor 32 is on and the output Do is "1" level. When the signal Sig is changed from "0" level to "1" level, the output signal N of the flip-flop circuit (80) will be changed from "0" level to "1" level. The output signal X of the NAND gate (85) is changed from "1" level to "0" level. When the signal X became "0" level, the output signals Q1 and Q2 of the flip-flop circuits (81) and (82) set the output P at "1" level and the output N at "1" level. Therefore, the transistor 32 is on and the output Do turns to a high impedance state. As the series of operations is completed in a moment, the transistor (33) doesn't turn to ON state.
When the signal Sig goes ahead of or precedes the signal Ref, the operation of the circuit (24), in FIG. (24), will be easily expected by the above-mentioned explanation.
Concrete logic diagrams of the circuit in FIG. 29 are shown in FIGS. 31 and 32. These circuits are, respectively, constructed by forty and forty-two transistors.
The seventh embodiment of this invention is shown in FIG. 33. This circuit is constructed by only logic gates having two input terminals. Generally, as the input terminals increase in number, the difference in circuit threshold voltage between input signals also increases. This is explained as follows. FIG. 34 is a transistor circuit diagram of a NAND gate having two input terminals and FIG. 35 is a transistor circuit diagram of a NAND gate having three input terminals. The circuits in FIGS. (34) and (35) are constructed by complementary MOS transistors. The transistors (86), (87), (88), (89) and (90) will be on if at least the following voltages are applied to their gates:
transistor 86; Vth+VDS (86)
transistor 87; Vth
transistor 88; Vth+VDS (89)+VDS (90)
transistor 90; Vth where Vth is the threshold voltage of the transistor and VDS is the source-drain voltage of the transistor at the saturation state. Thus, in the NAND gate having three input terminals, the difference in circuit threshold voltage between input signals is large. So, the higher voltage must be applied to the gate of the transistor in order to set the transistor on. These conditions are taken into consideration during design of the circuit. So, the power supply and the transistor used in the circuit are restricted by these conditions. The prior circuit in FIG. 4 can be constructed by only logic gate having two input terminals, but in that case, the circuit is more complex and the logic gate increases further in number.
The circuit in FIG. 33 is constructed by six NAND gates and seven NOR gates. The flip-flop circuits in this circuit are reset dominant R-S type flip-flop circuits. The operation of this circuit can be understood from the waveforms shown in FIG. 36. The operation thereof is essentially the same as that of the circuit in FIG. 24. FIG. 36 shows waveforms for various points in the circuit of FIG. 33.
The other embodiment of this invention is shown in FIG. 37. In this circuit, the NOR gates in FIG. 33, to which the signals Ref and Sig are applied, are replaced by inverters, respectively. The flip-flop circuit for obtaining the signals b and f isn't a dominant R-S type flip-flop circuit but is a normal R-S type flip-flop circuit. The operation of the circuit in FIG. 37 is essentially the same in operation as that of the circuit in FIG. 33, and can be understood by referring to the waveforms in FIG. 38. FIG. 38 shows waveforms for various points in the circuit of FIG. 37.
Another embodiment of this invention is shown in FIG. 39. This circuit has the same function as the circuit in FIG. 33. In the circuit shown in FIG. 40, the flip-flop circuits used in FIG. 39 are replaced by normal R-S flip-flop circuits. In FIG. 41, the logic gates of the circuit in FIG. 40 are changed to other logic gates. This circuit has the same function as the circuit in FIG. 40.
The circuits in FIGS. 42 and 43 are circuits wherein the logic gates of the circuit in FIG. 28 are replaced by logic gates having two inputs. The circuits in FIGS. 42 and 43 have the same function as the circuit in FIG. 28.
The circuits in FIGS. 44, 45 and 46 are circuits wherein the logic gates of the circuit in FIG. 31 are replaced by logic gates having two inputs.
The circuits in the above-mentioned embodiments include reset dominant type flip-flop circuits but can be constructed from set dominant type flip-flop circuits.
Obviously, numerous additional modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A phase detector circuit comprising:
two input terminals at which input signals are applied;
two output terminals at which output signals relative to the phases of the input signals are produced;
a first dominant type flip-flop circuit connected to one input terminal and whose output signal is transferred to one output terminal;
a second dominant type flip-flop circuit connected to the other input terminal and whose output signal is transferred to the other output terminal;
a third flip-flop circuit connected to one input terminal and whose output signal is transferred to the first dominant type flip-flop circuit;
a fourth flip-flop circuit connected to the other input terminal and whose output signal is transferred to the second dominant type flip-flop circuit;
gate means for receiving the output signals of the first and second dominant type flip-flop circuits and whose output signal is applied to the third and fourth flip-flop circuits.
2. A phase detector circuit according to claim 1 wherein said third and fourth flip-flop circuits are dominant type flip-flop circuits.
3. A phase detector circuit according to claim 2 wherein said first, second, third and fourth flip-flop circuits are reset dominant type flip-flop circuits.
4. A phase detector circuit according to claim 1 or 2 wherein said third and fourth flip-flop circuits are, respectively, provided with said gate means.
5. A phase detector circuit according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said first, second, third and fourth flip-flop circuits and said gate means are constructed from inverters and logic gates having two input terminals.
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Owner name: TOKYO SHIBAURA DENKI KABUSHIKI, KAISHA, 72, HORKIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SUZUKI YASOJI;KAMIMARU NOBUYUKI;REEL/FRAME:003849/0542


text:
using Leto.OpenSsl11;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO.Pipelines;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Security;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Xunit;
using CommonFacts;
using System.Diagnostics;
using Leto.KeyExchanges;

namespace Leto.OpenSslFacts
{
    public class ClientSslStreamFacts
    {
        [Theory]
        [InlineData(CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.PredefinedSuite.RSA_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, null)]
        [InlineData(CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.PredefinedSuite.RSA_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, null)]
        [InlineData(CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.PredefinedSuite.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, new NamedGroup[] { NamedGroup.secp256r1 })]
        [InlineData(CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.PredefinedSuite.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, new NamedGroup[] { NamedGroup.secp384r1 })]
        [InlineData(CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.PredefinedSuite.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, new NamedGroup[] { NamedGroup.x25519 })]
        [InlineData(CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.PredefinedSuite.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, null)]
        public async Task HandshakeCompletes(CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.PredefinedSuite suite, NamedGroup[] supportedNamedGroups)
        {
            using (var factory = new PipeFactory())
            using (var listener = new OpenSslSecurePipeListener(Data.Certificates.RSACertificate, factory))
            {
                if (supportedNamedGroups != null)
                {
                    listener.CryptoProvider.KeyExchangeProvider.SetSupportedNamedGroups(supportedNamedGroups);
                }
                listener.CryptoProvider.CipherSuites.SetCipherSuites(new CipherSuites.CipherSuite[] { CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.GetSuiteByName(suite) });
                await FullConnectionSSlStreamFacts.SmallMessageFact(factory, listener);
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task HandshakeCompletesWithEcdsa()
        {
            using (var factory = new PipeFactory())
            using (var listener = new OpenSslSecurePipeListener(Data.Certificates.ECDSACertificate, factory))
            {
                listener.CryptoProvider.CipherSuites.SetCipherSuites(new CipherSuites.CipherSuite[] { CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.GetSuiteByName(CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.PredefinedSuite.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384) });
                await FullConnectionSSlStreamFacts.SmallMessageFact(factory, listener);
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task EphemeralSessionProvider()
        {
            using (var factory = new PipeFactory())
            using (var listener = new OpenSslSecurePipeListener(Data.Certificates.RSACertificate, factory))
            {
                listener.UseEphemeralSessionProvider();
                await FullConnectionSSlStreamFacts.SmallMessageFact(factory, listener);
                await FullConnectionSSlStreamFacts.SmallMessageFact(factory, listener);
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task MultiBuffer()
        {
            using (var factory = new PipeFactory())
            using (var listener = new OpenSslSecurePipeListener(Data.Certificates.RSACertificate, factory))
            {
                await FullConnectionSSlStreamFacts.MultiBufferFact(factory, listener);
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public void SocketTest()
        {
            var readData = string.Empty;
            var wait = new System.Threading.ManualResetEvent(false);
            using (var factory = new PipeFactory())
            using (var listener = new System.IO.Pipelines.Networking.Sockets.SocketListener())
            using (var secureListener = new OpenSslSecurePipeListener(Data.Certificates.ECDSACertificate))
            {

                secureListener.CryptoProvider = new TestingCryptoProvider();
                secureListener.CryptoProvider.CipherSuites.SetCipherSuites(new CipherSuites.CipherSuite[] { CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.GetSuiteByName(CipherSuites.PredefinedCipherSuites.PredefinedSuite.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384) });
                listener.OnConnection(async (conn) =>
                {
                    var pipe = await secureListener.CreateConnection(conn);
                    Console.WriteLine("Handshake Done");
                    var reader = await pipe.Input.ReadAsync();
                    readData = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(reader.Buffer.ToArray());
                    var writer = pipe.Output.Alloc();
                    writer.Append(reader.Buffer);
                    await writer.FlushAsync();
                    wait.Set();
                });
                listener.Start(new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, 443));

                //var process = new Process();
                //process.StartInfo.WorkingDirectory = @"..\..\..\..\..\external\nss\";
                //process.StartInfo.FileName = @"..\..\..\..\..\external\nss\RunTest.bat";
                //process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
                //process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardError = true;
                //process.Start();
                //var output = process.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd();
                //var out2 = process.StandardError.ReadToEnd();
                wait.WaitOne();
                //process.Kill();
                Assert.Equal("", readData);
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It was a glorious morning and Shaadi was on her knees offering the Salaat.
"Keep me safe, my God, for in you I take refuge.
"Shaadi!" Her ten year old sister, Nayyer burst in.
"Nayyer! "Haven't I asked you not to burst into my room like that?" scolded Shaadi.
"You're reading it again, aren't you! Read some to me!" Nayyer begged.
Shaadi closed the bedroom door quickly. "I will if you promise to keep it a secret. Papa must never know!
Nayyer nodded her promise. The idea of a forbidden book was too exciting for words.
"This is my favorite part, it makes my heart soar, Shaadi told her sister; her voice barely above a whisper and finished reading Psalm 16. When she finished her eyes were shining with joy, the heaviness she had felt after her Salaat was long forgotten.
"Nayyer, you see why I love these words…….." Shaadi's eyes grew wide with shock and not a little fear when she saw her father standing in the doorway.
In a soft voice that hid the fury raging inside him he commanded. "Shaadi, give me that book of lies." His hand was held out and his eyes were steel. A sob caught in Shaadi's throat as she walked toward her father with downcast eyes and placed her greatest treasure in her father's hand.
The door shut and Shaadi heard the lock turn. She was locked in her room! A prisoner in her own home! She did pray, as her father suggested, but not to his god, Allah. She prayed to the God of the Bible. She prayed for mercy, safety, rescue.
"Why would He listen to me?" she thought. "I am not even a Christian and a female at that." She had forgotten one of the biggest lessons her friend, Moriah had taught her. Jesus loved her just as much, as anyone else, she would be a bridesmaid to Jesus once she came to a saving knowledge of and belief in Him.
Sometime later her door opened. Her mother and father were both standing there. Her mother's eyes were downcast. Tear tracks streaked her face. She carried a tray of water, dates, grapes, bread and cheese and carefully placed the food on Shaadi's desk. Her father, Farookh, addressed her formally.
Shaadi's mother took a step toward her, arms outstretched but Farookh stopped her. She ran from the room sobbing.
Shaadi rose and moved to her window praying: "Almighty God, Allah. I do not wish to sin or give offense, but in my heart and in my mind I am confused. There can be but one Almighty God. Allah, you say you love me, your daughter, but say in the next heartbeat I have not the value of a man. God the Father, You say you love me and sent Your Son, Jesus Christ to die on the cross so that I might spend eternity in heaven. My heart breaks, I am to be wed to a man I do not know and taken to a country I fear. What am I to believe? Give me peace. Please, show me the way." She crumpled to the floor in a flood of tears and eventually fell asleep in that very spot.
Later in the day her cell phone rang. It was her friend Moriah from the Christian church around the corner. They had met in school and Shaadi had challenged Moriah's faith. Moriah had a gift of sharing God's Word and had, over time, brought Shaadi to an understanding of the Bible. Moriah's pastor had also talked with Shaadi and showed her the truths of Christ's true identify from her own Q'ran. Shaadi had devoured the message of the Bible with a hungry heart. She had kept her move prized possession, her Bible, hidden away for almost six months before her father discovered her reading it.
"There is nothing to be done, my friend. I am confined to my room. I meet my future husband to be this very night. I will spend my life in a Berkah with my heart belonging to your Jesus! My life if over!" Shaadi broke down, sobbing again.
That night, wearing plain clothes with all but her eyes covered by her niqab veil, Shaadi met her future husband. Her father loosed her niqab to allow Sargon a view of her face.
"Farookh, you have a very beautiful daughter and I believe she will be a fine wife." Sargon address Shaadi's father but ignored her. She was left to replace her niqab and go to the kitchen. Sargon was a very conservative Muslim and followed the stricter interpretations of the Q'ran. Her role at dinner was simple, serve, do not speak, return to the kitchen. When she served, she stole glances at this man who was to be her husband and had to admit, he was very handsome, but as she listened to his conversation she learned how conservative he was and she knew her life with him would be anything but free and she would be little more than a slave.
Shaadi pulled out her Q'ran and turned to the passages Moriah's pastor had shown her. Haltingly, in a whisper, she read them with her father and they talked. She shared the truths she had learned and the way the praises in the Bible made her heart sing with a joy she had never known praying to Allah. The doorbell rang and Farookh got up quickly.
His words comforted her and she fell asleep before he had even finished closing the door.
Speechless, Shaadi followed her father down to the living room not knowing what to expect. To her utter shock, there sat Moriah's pastor. He looked tired and drawn but happy.


text:
A Bout
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Breaking News: European Union in deal with Nike to destroy Zimbabwe...
You Are Here: Home » News » Fashion Victim Cautioned for Wearing Sunglasses On Overcast Day
Fashion Victim Cautioned for Wearing Sunglasses On Overcast Day
Posted date: October 21, 2006 In: News
A bin man has been cautioned by a local council for wearing sunglasses on a murky and overcast autumn day.
The caution came after a local resident made a complaint to his local council regarding the refuse lorry operative's appearance.
The resident had written to Bristol City Council: "I just don't like him, he looks shady."
Bin man David Baker is expected to appeal on his caution on the basis that he is a fashion victim and is therefore obliged to wear bad clothing on a daily basis.
This latest fashion victims episode has sparked mass debate across the country as to whether we should allow such ghastly individuals to wear unfashionable items of clothing, in a modern society where everyone has easy access to Vogue magazine.
Amid all the controversy, Mr Baker spoke yesterday to the thousands of reporters camped outside his semi-detached house.
"I wore the sunglasses because I'm a fashion victim. I'm not going to give that up just because I've offended someone," he said.
"I am fully committed to the doctrine of bad fashion, and all that it entails. Next summer I'm going to wear ear muffs."
Asked why, Mr Baker continued: "Not because I live in a free country, not because I have unusually cold ears and need to wear them for thermal purposes, nor even because I like the damn things.
But as a hard-working and dedicated fashion victim, it is my exclusive right and duty to wear certain clothing accessories at whenever is the most inappropriate and least practical time to wear them, and I shall exercise that right accordingly, regardless of who I offend."
In other news today, a fundamentalist fashion victim has blown up the world famous Christian Dior clothing store on the Champs-Elysees in Paris using old-fashioned Molotov cocktails, killing several shoppers.
Corbyn pledges to accept one million refugees in his beard
Greece Melted Down
London To Be Replaced With 75,000-Storey Tower
Sepp Blatter Wins Fifth Consecutive World Cup of Corruption
Taxman News
We scour the globe to find the world's best news journalists, so that our own reporters can copy their work at the earliest possible opportunity.
Read & download it here
Order a copy here
Theresa May Ordered To Leave County
Saudi Arabian Traffic Cops Armed With Penis Detectors
I won't stand by and watch the country I love blown apart by a Force Five Fuckwit
It's great living a life of excess without worry to the consequences
Ye Olde Taxman
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These pills will make you healthy!
Are you 100 percent healthy? Have you never met a doctor? Have you never felt pain? No?
Are you able to run as fast as James Ellington? Jump as far as JJ Jegede? Swim as fast as Mark Foster? No idea who these people are?
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text:
Q: Delphi Firedac not recognizing new ALTER feature in sqlite3 SQLite3 release 3.25 and higher allows me to "ALTER TABLE myTable RENAME COLUMN oldColName TO newColName". But I get an error "near RENAME" when I execute this in my Delphi code, but it works running the new sqlite3.dll from the command line or with another utility.
This works:
HerdConnection.ExecSQL('ALTER TABLE myTable RENAME TO NewNameTable');

This fails:
HerdConnection.ExecSQL('ALTER TABLE myTable RENAME COLUMN oldcolName TO NewColName');

Since i installed the new sqlite3.dll driver, the column re-name does work, but NOT in my Delphi code (Delphi 10.2 Update 2)
I suspect the included sqlite3 driver with FireDac is not up to date, but have switched to the newest sqlite3.dll everywhere on the computer i can find.

A: You're probably using FireDAC with default SQLite static linking. Static linking based on SQLite binaries v 3.9.2. If you want to use the latest SQLite, you need to switch to dynamic linking. The exact instructions are on the link Connect to SQLite database (FireDAC)

A: The problem is after you change the FireDac.inc file nothing change ,that because the compiler use delphi .DCP files not .pas files
I have the solution ,i just make it please follow these steps :
0-close delphi .
1- go to (C:\Program Files\Embarcadero\Studio\20.0\source\data\firedac) open FireDac.inc then remove (.) from line ({.$UNDEF FireDAC_SQLITE_STATIC}) then save it.
2- download the lase version of Sqlite3.dll .
3- go to (C:\Program Files\Embarcadero\Studio\20.0\bin)and replacing the old sqlite3.dll.
4- go to your application exe folder and past the sqlite3.dll .
5- open delphi and make new vcl application (debudg build) name it (myfire) and save it in new folder name it (fires).
6-go to (C:\Program Files\Embarcadero\Studio\20.0\source\data\firedac) and copy the following files to the (fires) folder :
a-FireDAC.Comp.BatchMove.SQL.pas
b-FireDAC.Phys.SQLite.pas
c-FireDAC.Phys.SQLiteCli.pas
d-FireDAC.Phys.SQLiteDef.pas
e-FireDAC.Phys.SQLiteMeta.pas
f-FireDAC.Phys.SQLiteVDataSet.pas
g-FireDAC.Phys.SQLiteWrapper.pas
h-FireDAC.Stan.SQLTimeInt.pas
i-FireDAC.Phys.SQLGenerator.pas
j-FireDAC.Phys.SQLPreprocessor.pas
7- add those file to (myfire) project and compile the project and close delphi.
8- go to (myfire) exe folder you will see .DCP files have the same name of 10 .pas files you added before.
9- copy those 10 .DCP files and past them in (C:\ProgramFiles\Embarcadero\Studio\20.0\lib\win32\debug).
10-make the same steps form step 5 to 9 for (release build).
11-open delphi to your main project and recompile it then try (RENAME COLUMN) it will be work.

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text:
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text:
If You Think 2k is Dangerous, Imagine 1k
Published on January 4, 2019 by D. G. Hart
John Fea is upset with Jerry Falwell the younger for adopting a 2k position to defend his support for Donald Trump. Here is what Falwell said:
It's such a distortion of the teachings of Jesus to say that what he taught us to do personally — to love our neighbors as ourselves, help the poor — can somehow be imputed on a nation. Jesus never told Caesar how to run Rome. He went out of his way to say that's the earthly kingdom, I'm about the heavenly kingdom and I'm here to teach you how to treat others, how to help others, but when it comes to serving your country, you render unto Caesar that which is Caesar's. It's a distortion of the teaching of Christ to say Jesus taught love and forgiveness and therefore the United States as a nation should be loving and forgiving, and just hand over everything we have to every other part of the world. That's not what Jesus taught. You almost have to believe that this is a theocracy to think that way, to think that public policy should be dictated by the teachings of Jesus.
I am not sure I trust Mr. Falwell to capture all the intricacies of 2k political theology, but his rendering here seems quite sensible. You can have a theocracy of the Old Testament or a theocracy of the Sermon on the Mount. Modern sentimentality inclines more people to favor implementing New Testament laws than Israel's political and civil codes (ouch!). But either way, if you require the government and rulers to conform to the Bible, you are a theonomist. Mind you, conducting war's in God's name or abolishing the sale of alcohol are not items you want on your resume if you are a government-should-conform-to-Christianity advocate, which John Fea is every time he uses the Bible, not the Constitution, against Trump.
So why is Falwell's view dangerous? Fea explains:
Luther's Two Kingdom belief, as I understand it, is more nuanced and complex than what Falwell Jr. makes it out to be. (I am happy to be corrected here by Lutheran theologians). In fact, I don't think Luther would have recognized Falwell Jr.'s political theology.
That really doesn't explain why Falwell is dangerous.
Turn's out, what's dangerous is a 2k person who won't condemn Trump and that's why John looks for help from a Lutheran who explains that 2k allows you fret about presidents like Trump:
Lutherans must avoid the mistake of the Reformation leaders who failed to cry out against the sins of monarchs. We must exhort all "sword-bearers," that is, all agents of the state and public servants, from schoolteachers to the president, to live up to the demands of their vocations. Our Lutheran forefathers failed in this task; all the more reason Lutherans today must not.
Conservatives who fear that President Trump may be more like the decadent Belshazzar, feasting while the kingdom falls, than like the liberating Cyrus must pray that Lutherans remember the Two Kingdoms Doctrine. How we discharge the duties of citizenship—whether by accepting the creeping authoritarianism of the last two decades, or by raising our voices on behalf of the laws and democratic norms of our country—is a question of moral conscience, suitable for confession, and demanding repentance if we err.
Even if Lutherans call down God's wrath on Trump, though, it's still a judgment call, a question of moral conscience. It does not permit the kind of condemnation that John cites approvingly from Ruth Graham:
At one point, reporter Joe Heim asked Falwell whether there is anything Trump could do that would endanger his support from Falwell and other evangelical leaders. He answered, simply, "No." His explanation was a textbook piece of circular reasoning: Trump wants what's best for the country, therefore anything he does is good for the country. There's something almost sad about seeing this kind of idolatry articulated so clearly. In a kind of backhanded insult to his supporters, Trump himself once said that he could "stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot somebody" without losing his base. It's rare to see a prominent supporter essentially admit that this was true.
A reporter for a secular magazine used the I-word? Idolatry? Why that's a biblical idea, even in the Old Testament, the same portion of Scripture that calls for the execution idolaters.
Why John Fea doesn't find the use of that word dangerous, I do not know (though again Trump explains a lot). Falwell's point is that we should not expect the United States to conform to the rules for church members. Among the errors that churches try to avoid (I wish they did it more) are idolatry and blasphemy. But in the United States, thanks to political liberalism, errors like blasphemy and idolatry have rights, or people who worship false gods receive protection from the government to do so.
Once upon a time, Americans thought dangerous governments that required one form of worship and denied rights to people of other faiths. To see Falwell, son of a man who regularly blurred the kingdoms, recognize that the church has different norms from the state is not dangerous but a breakthrough.
Categories civil religion, Novus Ordo Seclorum, spirituality of the church•Tags anti-two kingdom theology, Donald Trump, John Fea, Ruth Graham, two kingdoms theology
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7 thoughts on "If You Think 2k is Dangerous, Imagine 1k"
Mark Mcculley says:
But what if you think that the members of a true church should conform to the Sermon on the Mount? is that kind of "theocracy" also an un-natural threat to law and order?
Matthew 5:17–"Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them."
David VanDrunen—A common reading of this verse in my own Reformed tradition is that Jesus is about to clarify the Mosaic law in response to Pharisaical corruption of Moses. While this reading has the virtue of guarding against denigration of the Mosaic law, it is not an adequate interpretation of Jesus' words. It fails to reckon with the radical, eschatological newness of the coming of Jesus and his kingdom so emphasized in the preceding texts in Matthew considered above. Matthew 5:17 itself reinforces this sense of eschatological newness…..Jesus' denial that he has come to abolish the law or the prophets indirectly offers further evidence of the spectacular newness of the kingdom of heaven: apparently what has transpired thus far in Matthew's story has given some people the impression that Jesus has come to abolish something in the OT.
David VanDrunen–The way in which Jesus' commands unfold in 5:21–48 is ultimately incompatible with reading them as clarification of the Mosaic law over against corrupt Jewish interpretation. For one thing, all six of Jesus' "You have heard" statements either quote or paraphrase the actual teaching of the Mosaic law, not contemporary Jewish interpretation of it…. However much the first two antitheses are amenable to the view that Jesus is purifying the interpretation of the law, the last four antitheses cannot reasonably bear such a reading. Jesus does show the inward demands of the prohibition of murder and adultery in the first two antitheses, but whereas the Mosaic law prescribed procedures for divorce, oath-taking, just retaliation, and destruction of enemies, Jesus proscribes these very actions.
David VanDrunen– We must consider how Jesus' commands in 5:38–42 are different from the lex talionis as imposed in the Mosaic law. The "eye for an eye" formula appears three times in the Mosaic law and is evidently a cornerstone of its jurisprudence. It was likely not intended to be applied in an overtly literal way, but represented a key legal principle: justice was to be strict, proportionate, and retributive.14 As such it encapsulated, on a personal level, the central Mosaic theme that Israel would be justly rewarded in the land if they faithfully obeyed God's law and would be justly (severely) punished if they disobeyed ….Jesus is certainly NOT instructing his disciples in the most effective way to impose strict retributive justice against those who harm them. Jesus is legislating a principle different from the principle of proportionate justice.
David VanDrunen–The Mosaic law, required theocratic Israel to pursue precise and proportionate justice in external matters through oath-taking, the lex talionis, and cherem warfare. These commands were bound up with the nature and purpose of the old covenant community. But Jesus announces that in his kingdom there is perfect and holistic righteousness and no pursuit of precise and proportionate justice in external matters through these various means. Jesus' kingdom is of a radically new and different nature and these things have no place within it…..Jesus' commands in 5:38–42 not only are different from the Mosaic lex talionis but also reflect the eschatological fulfillment (rather than simple abrogation) of it… The lex talionis prescribes a second action that is proportionate to the first action: the person who causes the injury is to receive the same injury in return. Jesus' words in 5:38–42 preserve the twofold action and the proportionality of the lex talionis. The difference is that he exhorts his disciples to bear the second, retaliatory action themselves.17 A proportionate penalty is still borne, but the wronged party rather than the wrongdoer endures it. This reflects the larger Matthean theme that Jesus' disciples must imitate Jesus in his suffering at the hands of sinners.
http://themelios.thegospelcoalition.org/article/bearing-sword-in-the-state-turning-cheek-in-the-church-a-reformed-two-kingd
If for the sake of not being religious about who we kill, we must ignore both Moses and Jesus as lawgiver here and now in our "public roles", how then is our collective wrath justified as the wrath of God? Which God?
Why should we not take sides with Pilate when Pilate in only taking sides with Caesar?
Caiphas—better that those Muslim theocrats die by the sword than us non-theocrats
James 1:19– "Human wrath does not produce the righteousness that God requires."
Psalm 76: 10—"Even human wrath shall praise you, for you are to be feared. Who can stand before you when your anger is roused?"
Falwell Junior was candid about the benefits of the nonprofit status. "It insulated us from the attack on the for-profits". Liberty was hugely reliant on federal money, in the form of Pell grants, Department of Veterans Affairs benefits and federally subsidized loans. By 2010, it had more than 50,000 students enrolled and was pulling in more than $420 million annually. But because Liberty was technically not for-profit, it was spared many of the administration's new regulations, including its requirement that a certain threshold of graduates be able to attain "gainful employment," which was designed to hit for-profit colleges much harder. It was also spared from the pre-existing rule that for-profit colleges could get no more than 90 percent of their revenue from federal sources. Liberty benefited from the crackdown. The Obama administration's actions helped put out of business large for-profit chains like ITT Technical Institute, clearing formidable competition from the field.
Rick Phillips —"it is a service to society for godly pastors to act on the state's behalf in establishing godly marriages. Instead of pulling out of society, Christians should seek to be involved for the good of all,"
Rick Phillips—-"May God send us many more snipers to defend us with courage and skill until Jesus finally comes and relieves of us the terrible burden of war. –
http://www.reformation21.org/blog/2015/01/should-christians-praise-snipe.php
sdb says:
" But what if you think that the members of a true church should conform to the Sermon on the Mount? is that kind of "theocracy" also an un-natural threat to law and order?"
Trump is not a member of a true church.
D. G. Hart says:
McMark, didn't Jesus side with Caesar by submitting to death?
Don't you know the difference between submitting to death and putting to death? Or do you agree with Falwell Senior that all pacifists commit suicide and tempt God by not arming themselves? Caesar and Caiphas were lawless sinners who used law against Christ. Christ's submission was not law-less but is our example.
I Peter 2: 21 For you were called to this,
because Christ also suffered for you,
leaving you an example,
so that you should follow in His steps.
22 Christ did not commit sin,
and no deceit was found in His mouth;
23 when Cchrist was reviled,
Christ did not revile in return;
when Christ was suffering,
Christ did not threaten
but entrusted Himself to the One who judges justly.
Acts 2: 23 Though Christ was handed over according to God's determined plan and foreknowledge, you used lawless people to nail Him to a cross and kill Him.
Acts 18: Then Simon Peter, who had a sword, drew it, struck the high priest's slave, and cut off his right ear. 11 At that, Jesus said to Peter, "Put away your sword! In the kingdom on earth, that slave is the property of the presbytery.
Wasn't Caiphas a child of Abraham with a vocation in the true church?
And then first they took Jesus to the true church, and then after to the earthly political kingdom.
verse 12 Then the company of soldiers, the commander, and the Jewish temple police arrested Jesus and tied Him up. 13 First they led Him to Annas, for he was the father-in-law of Caiaphas, who was high priest that year. 14 Caiaphas was the one who had advised the Jews that it was advantageous that one man should die for the people.
verse 28 Then they took Jesus from Caiaphas to the governor's headquarters. It was early morning. They did not enter the headquarters themselves; because it was still the Sabbath and the Eagles game was on TV
29 Then Pilate came out to them and said, "What charge do you bring against this man?" 30 They answered him, "If this man weren't a criminal, we wouldn't have handed Him over to you." 31 So Pilate told them, "There are two kingdoms. Judge Him according to your kingdom.
"It's not legal for us to put anyone to death," 32 They said this in order that Jesus' words be fulfilled signifying what kind of death He was going to die. 33 Then Pilate went back into the headquarters, summoned Jesus, and said to Him, "Are You the King of the Jews?" 34 Jesus answered, "Are you asking this on your own, or have the court chaplains told you about Me?"
"Your own kingdom and the chief priests handed You over to me. What have You done?" 36 "My kingdom is not from this world," said Jesus. "If My kingdom were from this world, My servants would fight, in order that I wouldn't be handed over My kingdom (here/ repent) does not have its source here.
37 "You are a king then?" Pilate asked. "You say that I'm a king. I was born for this, and I have come into the world for this—: to testify to the truth. Everyone who is of the truth listens to My voice."
When you take sides with Caesar against the commands of Christ, do you question if Christ's truth has any jurisdiction in this world of creation not yet redeemed? If the Assyrians use the word "idolatry", you agree that the Assyrians had sovereignty. If the Assyrians don't use the word "idolatry", you agree that the Assyrians had sovereignty.
Isaiah 10: 5 Assyria, the rod of my anger; the staff in their hands is my fury! 6 Against a godless nation I send
him, and against the people of my wrath I command him, to take spoil and seize plunder, and to tread them down like the mud of the streets.
verse 12 But when the Lord finishes all His work against Mount Zion and Jerusalem, He will say, "I will punish the king of Assyria for his arrogant acts and the proud look in his eyes." 13 For Assyria said:
I have done this by my own strength
and wisdom, for I am clever.
I plundered their treasures;
like a mighty warrior, I subjugated the inhabitants.
14 My hand has reached out, as if into a nest,
to seize the wealth of the nations.
Like one gathering abandoned eggs,
I gathered the whole earth.
Isaiah 10, verse 15 Does an ax exalt itself
above the one who chops with it?
Does a saw magnify itself
above the one who saws with it?
16 Therefore the Lord God of Hosts
will inflict an emaciating disease
on the well-fed of Assyria,
and the Lord will kindle a burning fire
under its glory.
Luther–"To kill a peasant is not murder; it is helping to extinguish the conflagration. Let there be no half measures! Crush them! Cut their throats! To kill a peasant is to destroy a mad dog! If they say that I am very hard and merciless, mercy be damned. Let whoever can stab, strangle, and kill them."
John Fea—Falwell Junior seems to believe that the only thing Christianity teaches Christians about their responsibility as citizens is that Christianity has no role to play in our responsibility as citizens. Liberty claims to "promote a Christian worldview " about all things, including the ways Christianity intersect with politics and government. Wasn't Liberty University directly linked to Falwell Sr.'s Moral Majority–an attempt to bring Christianity to bear on government and politics?
https://thewayofimprovement.com/2019/01/02/jerry-falwells-two-kingdoms-view-is-not-only-wrong-its-dangerous/
Zrim says:
A breakthrough until Elisabeth Warren becomes president and then it's back to blured lines. Selective, fair weather 2k.
joe m says:
"It's a distortion of the teaching of Christ to say Jesus taught love and forgiveness and therefore the United States as a nation should be loving and forgiving, and just hand over everything we have to every other part of the world." Amen. Now can we please build the wall?


text:
Şahinler is a village in the Taşova District, Amasya Province, Turkey. Its population is 465 (2021).

References

Villages in Taşova District

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Should we migrate our proven simulation framework to state-of-the-art technology, or should we rather invest in developing a new solution from scratch? This is the question itsbusiness AG was faced with. In a consulting mandate, AdNovum analyzed and evaluated possible options.
itsbusiness AG specializes in making sure that their customers' system adaptions work as planned. For this purpose, the company uses specific simulations during testing and a simulation framework implemented for customers. The framework allows simulating up to 60 components for testing. Over the years, it has been continuously enhanced for the customers. The further development resulted in extended functionality, while the system's basic structures remained unchanged and thus should be consolidated and upgraded. In addition, the technology used was not state of the art anymore.
AdNovum evaluated the various options and presented a recommendation and a roadmap to itsbusiness AG. Based on AdNovum's recommendation, itsbusiness AG decided on the option they would pursue.
AdNovum was able to provide consulting services that were to itsbusiness AG's complete satisfaction. As a result, AdNovum is already working on a new consulting assignment for itsbusiness.


text:
Stocks edge higher on hopes for Europe
By Hibah Yousuf @CNNMoneyInvest November 29, 2011: 5:18 PM ET
Click the chart for more stock market data.
NEW YORK (CNNMoney) -- U.S. stocks finished mostly higher Tuesday, with the Dow and S&P extending gains from the previous day's rally, as investors remained hopeful that leaders are making progress on addressing the eurozone debt crisis.
The Dow Jones industrial average (INDU) rose 33 points, or 0.3%, and the S&P 500 (SPX) added 3 points, or 0.2%. The Nasdaq composite (COMP) finished lower, losing 12 points, or 0.5%, with Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR), Wynn Resorts (WYNN) and Netflix (NFLX) dragging on the index.
Financial stocks, which led Monday's advance, were also among the losers Tuesday. Bank of America (BAC, Fortune 500) and JPMorgan Chase (JPM, Fortune 500) posted the biggest declines in the Dow. Shares of Morgan Stanley (MS, Fortune 500) and Goldman Sachs (GS, Fortune 500) also fell. Bank of America's stock dropped to $5.03, the lowest since March 2009.
After the closing bell Tuesday, Standard and Poor's cut the ratings on dozens of major banks, including Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, and Citigroup. The downgrades were the result the agency's new ratings criteria for the world's 37 largest financial institutions.
A French downgrade could derail eurozone rescue
Nerves were strained after Moody's warned that 87 banks across 15 of the 17 eurozone countries could face downgrades and Italy auctioned €7.5 billion of 3- and 10-year bonds that drew the highest yields in years. Borrowing costs in Italy have been above the uncomfortable 7% mark for days.
But investors are banking on European leaders to step up and agree to a detailed resolution to Europe's debt crisis.
European leaders are working on a new plan to ensure fiscal discipline across the euro area. The proposal is expected to give the European Union greater authority over the budget policies of individual eurozone nations.
"The story continues to be Europe, and signs of anything positive coming out of there in a deeply oversold market are enough to trigger a rally," said Fred Dickson, chief market strategist at D.A. Davidson & Co.
A two-day meeting of eurozone finance ministers got underway Tuesday. However, investors aren't expecting any major announcements until a European Union summit next week.
Market to ECB: Do something!
Optimism about a possible Europe solution, along with strong Black Friday weekend sales, also sent stocks surging on Monday.
But Dickson remains unconvinced that the enthusiasm will last.
"We've had short-term rallies based on frequent bursts of positive news, but those are quickly dampened by reality when nothing comes of these European meetings," he said. "I'm not negative, but I'm skeptical. I'll view these rallies as short-term events until we see signs of a more definitive agreement reached by the eurozone and the European Central Bank."
Economy: Stocks also found support after the Conference Board's Consumer Confidence Index shot up to 56 in November from 40.9 the prior month. Economists were expecting the reading to come in at 42.5.
The S&P/Case Shiller index, a gauge of home prices, dropped 3.9% in the third quarter compared to a year earlier, following a 5.8% year-over-year decline in the previous quarter.
0:00 / 1:15 Strong Cyber Monday? Don't get too excited
Companies: American Airlines' parent company, AMR Corp. (AMR, Fortune 500), announced that it has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in order to "achieve a cost and debt structure that is industry competitive." The company's stock plunged more than 80%.
Shares of rival airlines, including Delta (DAL, Fortune 500) and United Continental (UAL, Fortune 500), gained traction.
Shares of Tiffany & Co (TIF). sank after the luxury jewelry retailer reported earnings that topped forecasts, but reeled in its guidance for the fourth quarter.
Corning's (GLW, Fortune 500) stock tumbled after the company slashed its fourth-quarter outlook for profit and production of glass for LCD displays, after a major Korean customer notified Corning that it will not honor its contract for the remainder of the year.
World markets: European stocks closed slightly higher. Britain's FTSE 100 (UKX) ticked up 0.5%, the DAX (DAX) in Germany rose 1% and France's CAC 40 (CAC40) added 0.4%.
Asian markets ended with sharp gains. The Shanghai Composite (SHCOMP) and the Hang Seng (HSI) in Hong Kong climbed 1.2%, and Japan's Nikkei (N225) rallied 2.3%.
Currencies and commodities: The dollar slumped against the euro, the British pound and the Japanese yen.
Oil for January delivery rose $1.58 to settle $99.79 a barrel.
Gold futures for December deliver rose $2.60 to settle at $1,713.40 an ounce.
Bonds: The price on the benchmark 10-year U.S. Treasury edged lower, pushing the yield up to 2% from 1.96% late Monday.
First Published: November 29, 2011: 9:46 AM ET
Debt crisis must be solved in the open
Newt's plan for the economy
Record Black Friday sales? Don't get too excited
Should Europe pool its debt? -- Video
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text:
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
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text:
North leads the way in ditching paper for hospital appointments
All acute hospital trusts across the north of England have successfully switched to receiving 100% of referrals for first outpatient appointments through the NHS e-Referral Service (e-RS).
NHS Digital must be credited as the source of this information.
All acute hospital trusts across the north of England2 have successfully switched to receiving 100% of referrals for first outpatient appointments through the NHS e-Referral Service (e-RS).
A total of 47 hospitals and 2,479 GP practices have now switched, almost six weeks ahead of the October deadline for trusts to fully move to e-RS.
County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust was the first organisation in the region to go fully paper-free for first outpatient appointment referrals last July, while Aintree University Hospital NHS Trust became the final one in the north to meet the same target this month.
Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust has discovered that patients on average receive their appointments eight days faster by using e-RS
The move to e-RS also helps to vastly reduce the amount of paper used in the referral process, as well as providing patients with faster access to appointments and greater choice of when and where their appointment will take place.
Appointments can be booked online as well as through GP surgeries. Patients can use the Manage your Referral website to book, change and cancel their own appointments. When patients book their own appointments, the did not attend (DNA) has been found to reduce by up to half. This means patients are treated in a timely way and practices do not need to refer these patients again.
It will also cut down on the risk of letters going missing and doctors will be able to track their patients' referrals better.
From 1 October 2018, trusts will only take electronic referrals from GPs and NHS Digital and NHS England are working together to support full implementation of e-RS.
Martin Spotswood, NHS Digital Implementation and Business Change Regional Head for the North, said: "This is a fantastic achievement by all the hospitals in the region and an excellent boost for patients across the north who will now be able to manage their appointments to suit their needs."
Janet King, Regional Lead for Information and Technology, NHS England, said: "This is great news for the north region. It's an excellent example of how health and IT professionals are working together to make real benefits for the people living in the north region. The removal of paper referrals speeds up the booking process, removes the risk of missing letters and enables both the patient and clinician to track the referral.
Dr Chris Markwick, GP at Carmel Medical Practice, Darlington, said: "One of the main benefits is that patients have shorter waiting times. They also have the flexibility of being able to re-book appointments online at a more convenient time."
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NHS Digital is the national information and technology partner of the health and care system. Our team of information analysis, technology and project management experts create, deliver and manage the crucial digital systems, services, products and standards upon which health and care professionals depend. During the 2016/17 financial year, NHS Digital published 292 statistical reports. Our vision is to harness the power of information and technology to make health and care better.
Full list of trusts in the NHS England North region can be found on the NHS England website.
For media enquiries please contact media@nhsdigital.nhs.net or telephone 0300 30 33 888.
Last edited: 28 September 2020 3:56 pm