text:
British colonization of the Americas began in the late 1500's. Colonies were establish in North, Central and South America, in the Caribbean and a protectorship in Hawaii.
1 British North America
2 British Caribbean Colonies
3 British Central and South American Colonies
British North America
The English established colonies along the east coast of North America from Newfoundland as far south as Florida. Early colonies included Jamestown, Virginia founded in 1607 (the first successful English colony in North America), the Plymouth Colony founded in 1620, and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. There was also an early unsuccessful Scottish attempt at a colony at Darien, and the colonisation of Nova Scotia is also associated with Scotland.
England also took over the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, which was renamed New York in 1664. With New Amsterdam the British came to control the former New Sweden which the Dutch had conquered earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania. Britain acquired the French colony of New France and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763. New France became the Canadas.
In the north the Hudson's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the Indians, and had competed with French fur traders. The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay called Rupert's Land. The Hudson Bay drainage south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in 1818. Britain also colonized the west coast of North America with the colonies of Vancouver Island, founded in 1849 and New Caledonia, founded in 1846 (later combined and named British Columbia). In 1867 the colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (the southern portion of modern-day Ontario and Quebec) combined to form modern Canada. Quebec (including what is now the southern portion of Ontario) and Nova Scotia had been conquered from the French. The colonies of Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia joined over the next six years, and Newfoundland joined in 1949. Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870. This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba (admitted after negotiation between Canada and a M�tis provisional government in 1870), Saskatchewan, and Alberta, as well as the Northwest Territories and the territory of Nunavut.
In order of settlement or founding
Roanoke founded 1586, disappeared the next year
Jamestown Settlement, founded 1607
Newfoundland, founded in 1610
Plymouth, founded 1620
Dorchester Company planted a unsuccessful fishing colony on Cape Ann (at modern Gloucester, Massachusetts) in 1624
Salem, Massachusetts, settled in 1628, merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony the next year
New Hampshire, settled in 1623
Massachusetts Bay Colony founded 1629
Connecticut, founded 1633
Maryland, founded in 1634
Rhode Island, first settled in 1636
New York captured 1664
New Jersey, founded in 1664
Rupert's Land, territory of the Hudson's Bay Company, founded in 1670
Pennsylvania founded 1681, although first settled by Dutch and Swedes
Delaware separated from Pennsylvania in 1704
North Carolina, first settled at Roanoke in 1586, became separate colony in 1710
South Carolina, first permanent settlement in 1670, became separate colony in 1710.
Georgia, first settled in about 1670, formal colony in 1732
Nova Scotia, site of abortive Scottish colony in 1629, British gained complete control from French in 1763
Quebec, British gained complete control from French in 1763
East Florida, acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba, lost to Spain in 1779
West Florida, acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba, lost to Spain in 1779
Prince Edward Island, separated from Nova Scotia 1769
New Brunswick, separated from Nova Scotia in 1784
Ontario, separated from Quebec in 1791 as Upper Canada
Vancouver Island, Hudson's Bay Company fort in 1843, royal charter in 1849, merged with British Columbia in 1866.
British New Caledonia, also called Columbia, administered by Hudson Bay Company from 1846, became colony and renamed British Columbia in 1858.
British Caribbean Colonies
Bermuda - The islands were settled from 1612 by a London company. It remains a British territory.
Saint Kitts - The island was settled by Sir Thomas Warner in 1623. The following year the French also settled part of St Kitts. After they massacred the Caribs, the British and French turned on each other and St Kitts changed hands between the two several times before the Treaty of Paris gave the island to Britain.
Barbados - The island was settled in 1625. It became independent in 1966.
Nevis - The island was permanently settled in 1628. It became independent in 1983.
Bahamas - The islands were settled from 1629. They became independent in 1971.
Antigua - The island was settled in 1632. It became independent as Antigua and Barbuda in 1981
Barbuda - The island was settled ?. It became independent as Antigua and Barbuda in 1981.
Montserrat - The island was settled in 1632. It was occupied by the French in 1664-68 and 1782-84. It remains a British territory.
Anguilla - The island was settled in 1650. Its government was united with St. Christopher from 1882 until 1967, when it declared its separation. It was brought back under British administration in 1969. It remains a British territory.
Jamaica - The island was conquered from Spain in 1655. It became independent in 1962.
British Virgin Islands - The islands were settled from 1666. It remains a British territory.
Turks and Caicos - The islands were first permanently settled in the 1750s. They remain a British territory.
Dominica - The island was captured from the French in 1761. The French occupied it again from 1778 to 1783. Dominica became independent in 1978.
Trinidad and Tobago - The island of Tobago was captured in 1762. The island of Trinidad was captured from the Spanish in 1797. The two governments were joined in 1888. They became independent in 1962.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Saint Vincent was colonized in 1762. French captured it in 1779 but it was restored to Britain in 1783. They were formerly part of the British colony of the Windward Islands from 1871 to 1958. It gained full independence in 1979.
Granada - The island was conquered from France in 1762. The French reoccupied it from 1779 to 1783. It became independent in 1974.
Saint Lucia - The island was captured from the French in 1778, but returned to them in 1783. In 1796 and in 1803 it was captured again, to be permanently annexed by Britain in 1814. St Lucia became independent in 1979.
Cayman Islands - The islands were acquired from Spain in 1870. It remains a British territory.
British Central and South American Colonies
Belize - British adventurers starting in the mid-1600s, used Belize as a source for logwood, a tree used to make a wool dye. The area was claimed by Spain but they had not settled it or been able to control the natives. The Spanish destroyed the British colony in 1717, 1730, 1754 and 1779. The colony was known as British Honduras until 1973. The Spanish attacked a final time in 1798 but were defeated. Belize became fully independent in 1981.
Mosquito Coast - This area was first settled in 1630. It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859, then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860.
British Guiana - The British began colonies in the Guiana area in the early 17th century. In the Treaty of Breda, the Dutch gained control of these colonies. Britain later controlled various colonies in the area. The Congress of Vienna (1815) awarded the settlements of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo in the Guiana region to Great Britain; they were united as British Guiana in 1831. It became independent as Guyana in 1966.
See also: European colonization of the Americas, British Empire, History of the British Empire


text:
Difference between revisions of "Immersion"
Scott Bartlett (talk | contribs)
Scott Leighton (talk | contribs)
'''Immersion''', in the context of the digital environment and reality gaming, is when a person becomes so engaged and focused on a task that they cease to be aware of their presence in the physical world. This immersion is due to the nature of the digital environment or the game, which are often designed with such detail and complexity that they become a world within themselves. Immersion is particularly commons with [[MMOs]] because of the endless possibilities within a virtual world (see [[Second Life]]). For example, in the game World of Warcraft, a person becomes so invested in their [[avatar]]'s actions, that they almost become that character. The game is specifically designed to create this sense of immersion.
Related to immersion is the concept of "flow," which refers to the idea that after a certain amount of time playing games, the user becomes fully engaged and "in the zone," where the user disengages from the world around and becomes fully immersed in the game. It can be similar to the experience that sports players feel when they are fully enveloped the game they are playing, where outside influences become miniscule compared to the action at hand.
Immersion, in the context of the digital environment and reality gaming, is when a person becomes so engaged and focused on a task that they cease to be aware of their presence in the physical world. This immersion is due to the nature of the digital environment or the game, which are often designed with such detail and complexity that they become a world within themselves. Immersion is particularly commons with MMOs because of the endless possibilities within a virtual world (see Second Life). For example, in the game World of Warcraft, a person becomes so invested in their avatar's actions, that they almost become that character. The game is specifically designed to create this sense of immersion.
Retrieved from "https://mediawiki.middlebury.edu/MIDDMedia/index.php?title=Immersion&oldid=371"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Retreats aim to help farm couples communicate, network
Minnesota and Iowa both offer free weekends to help farm couples set goals, share insights and talk about the struggles of a family farm.
Written By: Jeff Beach | 3:29 pm, Jan. 4, 2022
Angie and David Tauer have a dairy farm at Hanksa, Minnesota. Special to Agweek
ST. CLOUD, Minn. — Angie Tauer says people think of her and her husband David Tauer as having very different personalities.
But when they each completed a worksheet assessing what their priorities and goals were during a weekend retreat, Angie said those matched up perfectly.
The Tauers did that assessment during a weekend retreat hosted by the Minnesota Dairy Initiative, but the retreat is open to Minnesotans operating any kind of farm. The retreats are free, including the hotel stay and meals, but space is limited to 10 couples per weekend, and a refundable registration deposit is required.
2022 marks the third year for the program in Minnesota, which is expanding from two sites to three.
The Minnesota program is modeled after the Farm Couples Getaway program hosted by Iowa State University, which offers two weekend retreats.
The retreats give couples the opportunity to work on communication skills and goal-setting but also network with other farm families.
Leah Bischof, state director for the Minnesota Dairy Initiative, said some farm families don't have a lot of outside communication to talk about the stresses of farming.
She said despite different kinds of farms and situations, couples learn they have similar problems.
Mike and Mandy Welle, who milk cows near Freeport, Minnesota, not far from St. Cloud, gained that very experience from the retreat they attended.
Mandy and Mike Welle operate a dairy near Freeport, Minnesota. Special to Agweek
"Farming can be isolating as it's definitely a different lifestyle that most don't understand," the couple said in an email. "So to learn that every other couple that attended the retreat with us is going through the same struggles we do with finding help, running a farm, and juggling family life really made us feel not so alone."
But the Welles also gained a new appreciation for their dairy farm after listening to others.
"Even though we have struggles and thought our days are long, it was surprising to learn some of the struggles that others have such as living off the farm and having to add commuting to all the other basic farm struggles," they said. "It was eye-opening and we feel very blessed after attending."
This year's retreat in St. Cloud already has a couple coming from north of Duluth and another from the opposite end of the state near Mankato. Bischoff said while all farm families are somewhat "glued" to the farmstead, for dairy farmers, "it's really extra special when they can get off the farm."
Angie Tauer said one of the big takeaways from the retreat they attended in 2021 in Rochester, Minnesota, was "The farm isn't going to function unless you, as a couple, function."
While the COVID-19 pandemic and labor shortages haven't allowed them to follow through for all the goals they set for their dairy farm near Hanska in southwest Minnesota, she said it still good to have them to strive for.
"It was a pretty overall amazing experience," Tauer said.
More about Minnesota
A Minnesota Department of Agriculture grant funded the program its first two years. This year it is by the MDA and the Farm and Ranch Stress Assistance Program through the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The registration period for the Minnesota retreats closes Friday, Jan. 7. (If spots remain open after Jan. 7, late registrations may be accepted.)
Dates and locations in Minnesota are:
Jan. 21-22, Faribault.
Feb. 4-5, St. Cloud.
Feb. 11-12, Thief River Falls.
Retreats start at noon and end at 1 p.m. the following day.
Find more information and registration forms at www.mn-dairy-initiative.org/events.html.
More about Iowa
The Farm Couple Getaways through Iowa State University Extension is sponsored in part by the Iowa Farm Bureau Federation.
Feb. 18-19, Decorah.
Feb. 25-26, Holstein.
The getaways run from 12:30 p.m. on the first day to 3:15 p.m. on the second day. Registration closes two weeks before the event.
More information at https://www.extension.iastate.edu/dairyteam/farm-couple-getaways-0.
Minnesota seeks to improve working, living conditions for ag and food workers
John Deere historian unpacks the American Tractor Wars in new book
North Dakota State University Extension makes an investment in safety
Rugged North Dakota ranchers raise cold-hardy cattle
NDSU Extension focuses on safety


The Institute of Education Sciences, the research arm of the Department of Education, is the latest department program to get an "effective" rating from the White House Office of Management and Budget.
Over the past four years, the OMB has reviewed more than 1,000 federal programs, categorizing them as "effective," "moderately effective," "adequate," "ineffective," or "results not demonstrated." The results are published on a Web site, at www.expectmore.gov.
So far, only 18 percent of the programs reviewed across the federal government have gotten the coveted "effective" rating. At the Education Department, where the OMB has so far evaluated 92 programs, only four others got that distinction.
The kicker, though, is that two of the other four top-rated programs—the National Assessment of Educational Progress and the National Center for Education Statistics—are part of the IES.
The other two Education Department programs with an effective rating are Reading First and adult education.
For instance, President Bush last year proposed zeroing out grants for the drug-free schools program, vocational education, and Upward Bound for disadvantaged college-bound youths, all of which had been rated ineffective.
So, does a top rating signal the opposite? Is the IES in line for an infusion of federal dollars now that it has passed its evaluation with flying colors?
Published in Print: October 24, 2007, as Report Card Time for Research Arm of Education Dept.


text:
Comparing Islam with Nazism
We have been hammered of late because of the Southern Poverty Law Center's hate group list. It has become a list of groups that disagree with their leftist policies. It is particularly dangerous for Christian groups that stand for old fashioned, traditional values.
When I say it is dangerous, I am talking about real danger. A couple of years ago, a man read the list and was enraged against the Family Research Center. He took his gun and 100 rounds of ammunition, and went to their headquarters. He shot the security guard and started to go upstairs. The security guard, in spite of his injury, was able to wrestle him to the ground, He was arrested, and told the police that the reason he had done this was because he had seen their name on the SPLC hate group list.
The SPLC used to be a credible group, but that has changed. The FBI has distanced itself from them because of their left wing bias. They are no longer objective in their listing of hate groups. They have become anti-Christian, and are putting Christian groups on their list simply because they don't like what they have to say. They don't like the Christian message and Christian principles. According to them, if you stand for traditional marriage, you are a hate monger.
The fact that they have described Dr. Ben Carson, one of the most gentle men you could ever find, as an extremist, tells you where their bias is. They have an agenda and they want to smear and discredit anyone who speaks out against it. This includes anyone who speaks out against Islam. Don't they know that if Islam ever comes to power, they will be some of the first killed because of their beliefs?
The News broke that there is a hate group in Bellingham, WA. It listed our home church and Fortress of Faith as that group. One of the news stations, KGMI, had the decency to have me on their radio broadcast to give my side of the story. I want to say thank you to KGMI because they gave us a fair shake. They gave me a lot of time, and I am very grateful.
One of the things that has been done is claiming that I am calling Muslims Nazis because of a graphic we have on our website. We are not saying that Muslims are Nazis, we are just comparing the acts and beliefs of Islam with those of the Nazis. In WWII, the Muslims did side with Hitler and the Nazis. If you go to our website and click on the image that makes the comparison, you will see the proof of these things. You will see Hitler and the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, on November 28, 1941, at the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. They formed an alliance between the Muslim nations and Hitler.
It is not our intent to say the Muslims are Nazis, because they are not that today. Our intent is to show that the agenda of Islam is similar to the agenda of Hitler and Nazism. We are using this to help people understand the ideology of Islam, and what their goals are.
While there are exceptions, most people will agree that Hitler and Nazism are evil. I often ask people, Would you call Hitler and Nazism evil? The response is almost always yes. Then I ask a second question, If Hitler had done what he did in the name of a god, would it have been any less evil? The most common response is, Of course not. the point is to get people to acknowledge that there are certain things that are evil in this world.
If an ideology similar to Hitler's rose up in our nation, should we oppose it? Most people would agree with this as well. Our graphic shows that Nazism has the same basic ideology of Islam. Although Islam does it in the name of a god, it still has the same agenda.
It is important that we inform the public that real Islam, Muhammad's Islam, is as evil and destructive as Nazism was. In fact it is more evil and destructive than Nazism. Islam is more dangerous to us because in America it has protection due to the fact that it has a religion attached to it. If it didn't have the religious aspect, it would be easy to stop its propagation in our country.
Let me clarify something. There is real Islam and fake Islam. The real Islam will follow Muhammad and his teachings wholeheartedly. They will not pick and choose what they like and what they dislike. They are bound to faithfully follow all that Muhammad taught because they believe that he was Allah's final prophet, and that they are doing their god, Allah's work. The will obey his commandments and follow his example. The will follow the Qur'an because it is the words of their god, Allah. They will also follow the Sunnah because it contains the words and acts of their Prophet, Muhammad.
The fake Islam is trying to make Islam into something new, something it never was. They pick and choose what they like, and they leave what they don't like. About 80% of the Muslims in the West fall into this group. Many Muslims don't even know they are part of the fake Islam. They think they are following the real Islam, but this is because they haven't studied their scriptures. If they did, they would know that they are not following the real Islam.
Within Christianity there are a lot of people who call themselves Christians, who know nothing about what the Bible teaches. They may not even own a Bible, yet they call themselves Christians.
The majority of Muslims know nothing of what Islam is really about. It is more of a cultural thing that a truly spiritual thing. They follow its traditions because they were born into Islam, and are really just cultural Muslims.
When I talk about Islam, and when I compare it with Nazism, I am talking about the real Islam, Muhammad's Islam. I am not talking about the majority of Muslims in the West.
If you study Islam's history, you will find that it is very similar to Nazism. Yesterday we saw that both of them have a dictatorship type of government, and both of them have a doctrine of supremacy of one group over another. Islamic government has a caliph, and he is the supreme ruler. There is no democracy and no freedom. The supremacy doctrine of Nazism said that the Aryan race was superior to all others, and Islam says that Muslims are superior to all others.
I want to go through some of these points today.
Government Style
Both Islam and Nazism have a dictatorship style of government. Hitler ruled as a dictator. He was the supreme commander and was above the law. What he wanted, he took by force. If he wanted someone dead, he simply commanded it. If he wanted a country, he simply took it. To question him was to put your life in danger.
Muhammad ruled in the same way. You probably thought that Muhammad was just a prophet. No, he was building more than just a religion, he was building an empire. When you look in the Sharia Law book it is very clear. The first 360 pages deal with the religion, the next 600 pages deal with the government. Islam is more a governmental system than it is a religious system. I often describe it as an ideology masquerading as a religion.
Not only was Muhammad the giver of the law, he was above the law. Here are some examples of these things:
Muslim men are only allowed to have 4 wives, but Muhammad had at least 12, and maybe 18, plus his sex slaves.
He gave himself permission to marry his son's wife.
The whole idea of the caliphate is to have a single ruler who has the supreme power. He rules like Muhammad, over and above the law.
Most Islamic nations have dictatorships.
Supremacy Doctrine
Both Nazism and Islam believe in the supremacy of one people group. Nazism believes that the Aryan race is superior to all others. Islam believes the Muslims are superior to all others. Both want to eliminate the inferior races from the earth. For them, it is the survival of the fittest.
In addition to killing Jews, the Nazis killed up to 5 million others that they viewed as inferior, including Gypsies,, gays, the mentally disabled, etc. Muhammad called non-Muslims "kafrs," which means excrement. He taught that they were inferior to Muslims and must be converted or eliminated.
The Destruction of the Jews
The Holocaust was Hitlers attempt to rid the world of the Jews. Six million Jews were systematically killed in death camps. They were gassed, and their bodies burned in ovens. Hitler called this the final solution.
Before Islam rose it ugly head, there were five Jewish tribes in Arabia. They were around Medina, about a hundred kilometers north of Mecca. After about twelve years of preaching his monotheism, the Arabs of Mecca had enough of Muhammad and ran him out of town. From there he went to Medina. He told the Jews that he was their prophet, and started preaching his new doctrine. The Jews rejected him as a prophet because what he was saying didn't fit with their Scriptures.
The Arabs didn't want him, and the Jews didn't want him, so his message changed, he took up the sword. The "revelations" from his god changed. Now they were to kill all who would not believe in Allah, and in his Prophet, Muhammad. Over the next ten years every Jew was killed or forced out of Arabia. Muhammad made it clear that the Jews are the enemy of Allah. Islam has declared war on the Jews, and also on Christians. You will find this in Chapter 9 of the Qur'an, is is the last chapter written.
One of the most famous battles in the Qur'an is the battle of the ditch. At this battle the last remaining Jewish tribe is destroyed. He made a peace agreement with the Jews, and when the men came out, he reneged on the agreement and beheaded some 600 to 900 men and enslaved the women and children.
Both Islam and Nazism systematically killed Jews.
Death to Dissidents
Those who spoke out against Hitler were imprisoned and killed. The Gestapo was created to search out anyone who opposed Hitler, and to eliminate them.
Islam does not allow anyone to question the religion or the Prophet. There is a death penalty for anyone who leaves Islam. This is very clear in the Sharia Law Book:
ROT o8.1 When a person who has reached puberty and is sane voluntarily apostatizes from Islam, he deserves to be killed.
ROT 08.2 In such a case, it is obligatory for the caliph to ask him to repent and return to Islam. If he does, it is accepted from him, but if he refuses, he is immediately killed.
ROT 08.4 There is no indemnity for killing an apostate.
Both Nazism and Islam kill those who disagree with them.
World Domination
Hitler believed that the Third Reich would rule the world. He set upon his quest for world domination and started making war in Europe, then with America and Russia. He almost succeeded in his quest.
Muhammad, on his death bed, gave his last message in Surah 9 of the Qur'an. He declared Christians to be polytheists and in verse 29 he said:
Fight those who believe not in the law, nor the last day, nor forbid that which is forbidden by Allah's messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of the truth, even if they are the people of the book.
What book, and who are these people? The book is the Bible, and the people are Jews and Christians. They are to fight them until they pay Jyzza with willing submission. Muslims are to subdue and extort those who are not Muslims.
When Umar, the second caliph after Muhammad, went into the Christian nation of Syria, we found out that the Jizza was up to 50% of what they owned, and 50% of what they earned. If they paid this, they were allowed to live, but only in submission to Islam. Remember, this is exactly what Muhammad commanded.
I must ask, is it right for us to remain silent on these issues? Is it right to pretend that this evil ideology is not part of true Islam? We must speak out. It is because of this ideology that Islam has 1,400 years of bloody conquest. Conservative estimates tell us that upward of 270 million non-Muslims have been killed in this quest for world domination. Islam is an equal opportunity destroyer. They have killed more Muslims than they have non-Muslims.
My whole point these last two days is that most people would call Hitler and Nazism evil. We need to ask them, if Hitler did it in the name of a god, would it be any less evil? Of course not! If Hitler and Nazism were evil, why can't people see that Islam, which does the same things and has the same goals, is also evil?
It is true that there are Muslims who are good people, but they are following a false Islam, not the Islam of the Qur'an and of Muhammad. Militant Muslims have learned to hide behind the rhetoric of the fake Muslims by using the same language. Privately they speak another language. This is why so often those who carry out jihad are not on the watch list of terrorists.
PrevPreviousSuppression of Free Speech
NextProfits of Hate: The Southern Poverty Law CenterNext


MAAWG's Sender Subcommittee has published a Sender Best Current Practices document, the current version 1.1 is available. Continue to check back often for the latest versions of this document.
This document also covers a number of common terms and definitions, links to international anti-spam and privacy legislation and groups that have endorsed and agree with the practices detailed in the BCP.


You can access Player.me's in-game HUD by pressing the assigned hotkey (Ctrl+Tab by default).
To use this feature, In-game HUD must be enabled. You can do this by going to the Settings icon, then under the In-Game HUD tab > General, make sure the option Enable in-game HUD is checked.
Player's in-game HUD supports most PC games that run on DirectX (9-12) and OpenGL, including some DirectX 8 games.
To change or add hotkeys, click the Stream Settings icon, then select the Hotkeys tab and click the Add a Hotkey or edit the current hotkeys by clicking the box next to each action and entering the hotkey you want.
Accessing your in-game overlay for the first time will take you to the Create Hub.
Stream Chat - Shows your stream chat from your currently linked service.
Stream Events - Displays events from your currently connected linked service, useful for checking historical follows, subs, hosts.
Live Stats - Displays the status of the current streaming session.
Clicking the Pin icon will add the widget to the in-game HUD.
Stage Controls - This panel allows you to Stream, Record, and adjust your audio, set devices, and access Stream Settings.
Scenes - Displays the scenes from the currently selected Set. Clicking on any of the Scenes will present it on the stage.
Time & Date - Displays system time & date.
Pinning widgets allow you to see the widgets in-game and is especially useful for keeping track of your chat, events, and/or stats without losing focus on your game.
In the Create Hub, by clicking the Pin icon next to a widget.
By clicking Add Widget in the Pinned Widgets section. You can get to this section by clicking the Pinned Widgets button in the Create Hub or by clicking the Pinned icon on the left panel.
Clicking the Pinned tab on the left panel displays all the currently pinned widgets.
To move a widget, select it until the outline appears and drag it to the location you like.
Clicking the 'Gear' icon next to the widget will allow you to set the widget's Fade Delay, which determines how long the widget will remain on the screen before disappearing, and the Opacity, which determines your widget's transparency.


text:
Asian Billhooks
African billhooks (NEW)
English billhooks
French billhooks
Italian billhooks
German billhooks
Portuguese billhooks
Spanish billhooks
Military billhooks 1
Decorated billhooks
Modern Billhooks
Modern Billhooks 2
Images of stone, glass, paper etc...
Billhooks used in basket making
Military Billhooks 1 (British and Commonwealth)
Since Roman times wattle hurdles, fascines and gabions have been used to make both shelters and defensive fortifications. A fascine is a bundle of saplings, and a gabion is a woven wattle basket that can be filled with stones or earth. A billhook is the most common tool used to cut and split the saplings used to make these, and it can also be used to cut firewood, gather bracken for bedding and cut grass for fodder for horses. The billhook thus has a history of military usage equally long as it has for agricultural or viniculture uses. Even today the term 'fascine knife' is used for a billhook, especially in the USA.
Gabions used to provide temporary defensive cover to cannon emplacments c 16th century.
Gabions used to mend breaches in the walls of Fort Sumpter in Charleston Harbour, South Carolina c 1865 (American Civil War)
A link to the 151st Line Infantry Regiment - showing trench reinforcements from the WW1 (1914-1918) French trenches. The illustrations show how a combination of wattle hurdles ('claies'), gabions and fascines were used to create revetments, shelters etc: http://www.151ril.com/content/history/french-army/14
It is difficult to positively any early billhook as a military one, but some have been dug up on battle sites in the USA (War of Independence -18th century, Civil War - 19th century), and thus can be associated with military use. In Europe many armies issued a small short sword called a fascine knife to soldiers, which in time were replaced by a billhook shaped tool. In the UK a billhook was first issued to platoons as a encampment tool, and later to machine gunners and artillery units.
A socketed or iron handled billhook from Fort Stanwix at Rome, New York a site of a battle between US and British Forces in 1777. This one was found with other artefacts that date it this period.
A squad of eight riflemen of the Napoleonic Wars, c1809, had 4 billhooks to carry between them - each man carrying one every other day (in addition to the 80lbs of kit he already had to carry). The colonel of a locally raised militia or a regular regiment had to supply his Pioneer section with 11 billhooks with leather cases and girdles (slung at the hip) as well as a variety of other tools*.
* Regulations regarding the Pioneers of Infantry (Line) Regiments Being Furnished with Proper Tools and Appointments. General Regulations and Orders for the Army. Adjutant's Office. Horse Guards, 12th August, 1811, Pages 65, 66, 67
Located in the Library at Historical Fort York. Toronto Ont.
A typical Pioneer's kit included a billhook, and an axe. Other members of the sevtion carried a pick or a shovel, an auger or a saw - but all carried a billhook.
By the late 19th century, most governments issued troops with standardised tools, and in many countries a military billhook was issued. In the UK the heavy nosed Pontypool model became the issued 'sealed pattern' billhook of the British Forces, and was also adopted by Commonwealth Forces, e.g Australia and Canada. (British 'Sealed Patterns' date from the beginning of the 19th century, i.e.the Napoleonic Wars, when certain items of military clothing and equipment were first standardised. The date of the sealed pattern billhook is uncertain, but I guess mid 19th century, as a pattern dated 1865 survives for a billhook sheath - the earliest date stamp I have seen is for 1903.)
From 'Equipment for Infantry' HMSO 1865.
Contracts to make tools for the War Department, later the Ministry of Defence, were awarded by tender and most major and minor edge tool makers have at some time been successful. Makers names found on UK militart billhooks include Brades, Elwell, Cornelius Whitehouse, Bullock Brothers, Lockwood Brothers, S&J Kitchin, Martindale, Staniforth, A&F Parkes, Gilpin.
Many were made during the two World Wars. I have not seen any from the inter-war period, but they were also made after WW2, but by the 1960's they had been largely replaced by the Machete and the Golok pattern jungle knives.
British Army billhooks often turn up on foreign auction sites, e.g. Germany, Italy and Greece, where they were no doubt left behind after battles of WW1 and WW2. French billhooks from WW1 regularly turn up as well, being unearthed during ploughing on the battlefields of Northern France (e.g. The Somme) - they form part of the annual 'Iron Harvest', the greater part of which often exceeds 900 tonnes of UXO.
A French model stamped Bret 1906. The blade is heavier than a normal billhook, and the tang much thicker.
French 'fouille de détection' (metal detector find) from a WW1 battlefield. Even after nearly 100 years on the ground, it could still be restored to a working tool.
Stamped Martindale 1915, this one has the Martindale Crocodile stamp, but not the government's broad arrow.
Stamped 1941, Pioneer Calcutta - this one dates from WW2, and was probably made for the Indian Army.
Dated 1942, this one was found in Canada. The makers stamp CF&F has not yet been identified. Similar models have also been found in Australia, so its origins remain uncertain.
Elwell dated 1953 with the Government Broad Arrow.
This one from Canada, stamped Smart Brockville Canada. Brockville is in Ontario. Not dated, it is probably also a post-WW2 issue: its shape varies a little from the UK model.
The sheath is stamped J E Lortie, Montréal, 1942. The billhook has a small lozenge with a G in it (the same stamp is also found on the Canadian CF&F billhooks, above).
A French leather 'étui' (sheath), stamped Fourreau 1916. Canvas replaced leather during WW2. Despite the sheath being listed in the 19th century, no examples from the 20th century have been found for British billhooks. The use of a sheath came back into service during the 1970's for the British Army 'golok' or jungle knife.
The billhook is stamped Saut du Tarn 1915 - the sheath on this model is held closed by a leather strip that passes through brass eyelets, not buttons as on the example above. The later canvas sheaths has metal push-button stud fasteners.


text:
Smoking Bans: Banning Freedom
Civil Liberties Rights
According to Prof. Aeon Skoble, smoking bans are on the rise in America. At first glance, this trend seems to stage a battle of rights. The smoker claims to have the right to smoke, while the nonsmoker claims the right to clean air in "public" places such as restaurants and bars.
In an important way, however, restaurants and bars are private places. They have owners, just like homes. Skoble argues that restaurant and bar owners should be able to set smoking rules for their establishments, much like you can set smoking rules in your own household.
Nobody forces a customer into a particular restaurant or bar; drinkers and diners are free to choose among the alternatives available, each of which has a unique environment, including its set of smoking rules. Discussions about "smoker's rights vs. nonsmoker's rights" miss the fundamental issue: restaurant and bar owners' property rights.
In many jurisdictions across the country, we're seeing more and more bans on smoking in public places. This seems like it's a conflict of rights because the smoker claims, "I have the right to smoke, don't I?" Whereas the nonsmoker will claim, "I have the right to breathe clean air, don't I?"
But in many of these areas the concept of "public places" includes bars or restaurants. And in an important way, those aren't public places. Those are private places. The bar, the restaurants, those have owners, just like you own your home. If you're in my house, you don't have the right to smoke unless I say that you can smoke. And if I'm in your house, I don't have the right to clean air unless you say I have the right to clean air. When I'm in your house, we will either smoke or not smoke, depending on what your rules are. When we're in my house, we'll either smoke or not smoke depending on what my rules are.
And just as you should be expected to set the use rules for your own home, surely the restaurant owner should be able to set the use rules for what goes on in that restaurant. You don't have the right to complain that there's smoking or that there's no smoking, because it's not your restaurant.
The restaurant owner knows his or her clientele, knows whether it's the sort of establishment where it would be more advantageous to allow smoking or to ban smoking. Why not let the restaurant owner make those decisions for that establishment, just the same way that you get to make those rules for your own home?
You're not required to go to the restaurant in the first place. If you would like to go to a restaurant where there's no smoking allowed, then you should go to a restaurant where there's no smoking allowed. If you'd like to go to a restaurant where there is smoking allowed, then you should go to that kind of a restaurant.
But to frame that in terms of rights is to miss the point of whose rights are in question. It's not really a matter of smokers' rights versus nonsmokers' rights. It's really a matter of property owners' rights. You have the right to smoke in your property, and you have the right to have a smoke-free environment in your own property. But you don't have a right to one condition or the other in somebody else's property. The property owner's rights are the ones that should determine the rules for use of that property. You don't have rights that override the property owner's rights. If I'm in your restaurant, it's up to you whether I can smoke or not, not up to me.
Civil Liberties and Rights
Liberty, delivered to your inbox!
Want to know more about Student For Liberty's impact, new initiatives, and other efforts made to advance liberty around the world?
Sign up for our email newsletter to stay connected.


text:
Les élections législatives de 1876 ont eu lieu les 20 février et 5 mars 1876.

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par circonscription

Circonscription de Dôle

Circonscription de Lons-le-Saunier

Circonscription de Poligny

Circonscription de Saint-Claude

Sources

Jura
Législatives, 1876

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Life, according to Ayurveda, is a combination of senses, mind, body and soul. The medicinal system believes that human beings and nature should be in perfect harmony and that disease occurs when the equilibrium between these two is disrupted. Restoration of this fundamental balance, through the use of nature and its products is the main goal of this medical system. The concept is not just on curing bodily ailments but also on preventing. Ayurveda emphasizes that 'Prevention is better than cure'.
Central Council for Research in Indian medicine and Homoeopathy (CCRIMH ) was established in 1969 by the Government of India for a systematic research in Ayurveda . In the year 1978, CCRIMH was split into four separate councils, one each for Ayurveda & Siddha, Unani, Yoga & Naturopathy and Homoeopathy. The Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha (CCRAS), an autonomous organization formed under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, is engaged in research in various fundamental & applied aspects of Ayurveda.


Royal – is a professional, easy to use WordPress template . Clean and creative design gives a general idea about a site and also preserves an elegant touch for the details which will make your website stand from the crowd. This template can be used for any type of websites like business, corporate, portfolio, build mobile website, blog, personal, photo or image gallery, video gallery, etc.
Take your WordPress website to the next level with the Royal theme.
Royal – Responsive Multipurpose theme integrated with popular premium plugins including WooCommerce, it is incredibly powerful, infinitely customizable and remarkably handy.
You will find all the elements a premium theme has: Revolution Slideshow, Page Builder, Megamenu, 8theme ShortCodes and widgets. All amazing standard and business features can be used anywhere on your website. Elements are all customized and ready to enhance your WP.
Theme is fully responsive. All page layouts work perfectly on all devices, from large monitors to smartphone's.
On the other hand, you will get the excellent theme for your store. There is no need to explain how easy and fast is to set up your new E-commerce website with this Royal ThemeEngine. Through our Installer feature (sample data) you can make your website exactly as our demo within 10 minutes.
Take your WordPress website to the next level with the Royal template.
FIXED: Product title for add to cart popup.
FIXED: Hover image loading for sub domains.
ADDED: Link with image for menu mast add custom class (image-link) to menu item.
FIXED: Ajax add to cart for the variable product.
ADDED: Compatibility with woo commerce v2.6.x.
ADDED: Order by (including the custom IDs order), sort order settings for Products VC element.
ADDED: Ability to use shortcodes in brand description.
ADDED: Auto excerpt with length settings.
ADDED: Ability to change layout for separate products.
ADDED: Social links VC element.
ADDED: Custom mobile menu for pages.
FIXED: Bug with single product title.
FIXED: Progress Bar VC element.
FIXED: Message box VC element.
FIXED: Footer Background Color option.
FIXED: Compatibility with WPML plugin.
FIXED: Bug with Sticky post in related post gallery.
FIXED: 8theme Mega Search VC element.
FIXED: One Page mobile menu.
FIXED: One Page navigation for some type of headers.
FIXED: Bug with IE 11 (Ajax add to cart).
FIXED: Compatibility with Image Gallery Grid element and Line Chart VC element on the same page.
ADDED : Custom background for every post and page.
IMPROVED : One page option. Please, check documentation to change one page settings.
FIXED : Registration problem for multisites.
Note: We have the referral program and we are constantly monitoring where the customers come from to us. So, if you are interested in the cooperation, do not waste the time and make the reposts on social networks. If you are the owner of your own Blog, contact us via contact form and we will be happy to communicate with you about our post placement on your Blog.


Find the Best Communities within 20 miles of Houston, TX.
There are 94 respite care homes in Houston, TX and 30 respite care homes nearby.
When Belmont Village at West University opened its doors in November 1998, it was the realization of three years of careful planning to create a higher standard in assisted living.
Residents of Elmcroft of Braeswood are proud of the independence they maintain and enjoy 24-hour personalized assistance, along with a helping hand with day-to-day tasks.
Recently constructed and opened, The Solana Vintage Park is a great choice for Houston seniors seeking a supportive assisted living or memory care community.
Brookdale Galleria provides everything seniors need to live a rich and rewarding independent lifestyle in our elegant Houston high-rise community.
A conveniently located community close to local amenities, Atria Westchase offers a wide range of senior living services and accommodations.
Good friends, good food and excellent personalized 24-hour care creates a retirement unlike any other at Elmcroft of Cy-Fair.
Just a short drive from Houston, Brookdale Champions offers excellent services and a quiet lifestyle still within reach of the big city.
Brookdale Cypress Station provides the very best in luxury accommodations and services to Houston seniors in need of assisted living or memory care.
A charming, homelike community, Brookdale The Heights cares for Houston seniors in need of high-quality assisted living and memory care.
Brookdale Shadowlake, a cozy community nestled in Houston, provides tailored assisted living and Alzheimer's/dementia care for the changing needs of senior residents.
Two blocks west of the Royal Oaks Country Club with easy access to Beltway 8, The Abbey at Westminster Plaza is a luxury community nestled on 8 acres of landscaped grounds.
Brookdale Willowbrook Place is a caring and secure community offering options for seniors with assisted living and Alzheimer's or dementia care needs.
An ideal community for Houston seniors seeking a supportive environment, The Village of Meyerland offers a range of assisted living services and amenities.
Adjacent to Cypress Fairbanks Hospital and a few minutes' drive from Jones Square Shopping Center, Brookdale Cy-Fair combines a convenient location with quality senior care.
Minutes from Town and Country Village Shopping Center, Whole Foods and casual dining, Brookdale Memorial Oaks is a charming, garden-style community in an ideal location.
A recently constructed community in Houston, Belmont Village Hunters Creek specializes in providing supportive services for seniors, including those with dementia.
Brookdale Champion Oaks is a small, inviting senior community in north Houston within easy access from I-45 and minutes from retail shopping and casual dining.
Brookdale Spring Shadows offers seniors the finest personalized assisted living and Alzheimer's or dementia care in a secure, intimate community setting.
At Village on the Park retirement community in Houston, Texas, family, friends, and neighbors come together to enjoy the best years of their lives.
Residents of Tender Care Assisted Living 2 enjoy a variety of care services tailored to meet their individual needs and preferences.
Centrally located in North Houston, Loving Care Cottages is a luxury personal care home providing compassionate, quality assisted living and memory care to Texas seniors.
Bedford Residence is a licensed assisted living facility in Southwest Houston, offering quality hands-on services and compassionate care.
Our specialty at Fairbanks Court is understanding the unique story of each resident and discovering the ways each resident can continue to contribute to his or her family and to society at large.
Vintage Greens Assisted Living located in Houston, provides seniors with a selection of amenities to encourage an enjoyable senior living experience.
Residents of Nissi Home of Texas enjoy a variety of care services tailored to meet their individual needs and preferences.
Residents of Tender Care Assisted Living enjoy a variety of care services tailored to meet their individual needs and preferences.
Good Living Community Care is a pleasant residential alternative to larger assisted living facilities featuring charming care and reliable personalized attention.
A personalized balance of support and independence is what will enable your loved one to thrive when they join Good Living Community Care II located in Houston.
Situated in Houston, Leader House II offers seniors a place to receive services and care within an inviting and home-like setting.
A provider of supportive living options, Tiff's Tender Care I offers services and amenities Houston seniors seeking an inviting environment.
Tiff's Tender Care II located in Houston, provides seniors with a selection of amenities to encourage an enjoyable senior living experience.
Located near Sugarland, Texas in southwest Houston, Milestone Personal Care offers care for up to nine residents in a beautiful and safe environment.
Leader House I is an inviting home offering a selection of amenities and supportive services for Houston seniors to consider.
A provider of supportive living options, Open Angels Shaman offers services and amenities Houston seniors seeking an inviting environment.
Situated in Houston, Open Angels Green Park offers seniors a place to receive services and care within an inviting and home-like setting.
All Gods People Assisted Living Home I located in Houston, provides seniors with a selection of amenities to encourage an enjoyable senior living experience.
All Gods People Assisted Living Home II located in Houston, provides seniors with a selection of amenities to encourage an enjoyable senior living experience.
A luxury high rise located in the heart of Houston, The Forum at Memorial Woods offers every level of care, spectacular views and all the amenities you could ask for.
For the senior who loves savings without compromising quality, Treemont Retirement Community offers the perfect blend of affordability and first-class services.
At Brookdale Tanglewood assisted living residents experience superlative care, beautifully appointed living spaces, delicious meals, and stimulating activities.
Brookdale Clear Lake City Blvd is a supportive senior community that provides assisted living and memory care all within walking distance to a park, a pharmacy and casual dining.
Experience Tradition, with flair at The Buckingham. Offering Houston's only traditional Life Care contract, our residents have unmatched comfort and security, all in an atmosphere that beckons you to get more out of life.
Parkway Place, located in Houston, provides seniors with a selection of amenities to encourage an enjoyable senior living experience.
The Cottage of Spring Branch is a secured and supportive residential environment designed specifically for persons with Alzheimer's or dementia.
Nixon Assisted Living of Houston, located in Houston, provides seniors with a selection of amenities to encourage an enjoyable senior living experience.
They have excellent, hands on management. They have excellent food, and they aren't stingy with providing good portions. Their chef has been working there over 13 years and it has the best food in town, in regards to senior communities.The on-duty nurse knows every resident well, which is a huge plus.


The National Association of Nursing Home Attorneys works to provide diverse, comprehensive resources for victims and families of nursing home abuse and negligence. We offer organized checklists, updated fact sheets and other informational assets for our clients to download and reference.
If you have any questions, please contact us to speak with an attorney.


Students in Lakeland's bachelor of applied science: environmental management (BASEM) program will travel more than 12,860 kilometres for an international field trip to Sri Lanka during spring break.
Elephants, rainforests, a river restoration project and much more are on the BASEM students' itinerary when they spend 10 days in the South Asia island country.
The entire BASEM class – 13 students – and three instructors, including environmental sciences chair Mal Dissanayake, will depart for Sri Lanka on Feb. 17. The other instructors are Cassandra Specht and James Woodhouse.
A former resident of Sri Lanka, Dissanayake has been integral to planning the trip.
BASEM students will visit a river diversion project for elephant and human interactions, a river dam project that Canada funded, a tea factory, an elephant orphanage and various cultural sites. They'll also go on safaris in Minneriya and Maduru-Oya National Parks and visit the Environmental Sciences Department of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura to share their work within the Student-Environmental Consulting Office (S-ECO) and highlights about Canada.
While in Sri Lanka, BASEM students are required to keep a daily journal with which they'll prepare a report when they return to campus.
To prepare for their field trip, BASEM students have been fundraising since the fall. They held a raffle, a steak night complete with a silent auction and 50/50 draw, and a bottle drive to help with the costs of the trip. They raised approximately $15,000 for their trip.
Dissanayake formulated a comprehensive proposal and successfully applied for a Campus Alberta Grant for International Learning (CAGFIL). The CAGFIL program received 78 applications from 14 institutions with an expected participation of nearly 1,500 students this year. The ministry approved 34 of these education abroad programs, including two of Lakeland's applications including Mal's, which means students will receive $750 each towards the trip.
Photo: The Minneriya National Park is one of many places in Sri Lanka that BASEM students will visit during spring break.


As an author of contemporary paranormal romance, I am a sucker for a tortured soul. If all of my characters were as happy as clams, we'd find them pretty boring, wouldn't we? The big payoff for all that angst, however, is finding true love. Whether writing about ghosts, heroines with psychic powers, stalkers or a community of others, every tale is filled with suspense and danger, all wrapped up in a spicy romance.
Many readers ask me how I started writing and I can only say it began with a love of reading. I wrote my first book at age seven--a thirty page story about a girl and her horse, complete with illustrations, entitled Windy Day. I can't remember now if Windy Day was the name of the horse or the prevalent weather condition but, suffice it to say, my yearning to be a writer began at that time. I spent the rest of my childhood (and continue to this day) reading a book the first time for pleasure and each time thereafter with an eye to nuance of phrasing, description, pacing, flow: everything that originally drew me in and enamored me. I am, in that sense, self-taught at my craft, although I love the inspiration that new learning brings me and welcome knowledge from every source.


Stop Child Executions - President of SCE addresses Canadian Parliamentarians.
President of SCE addresses Canadian Parliamentarians.
In a room full of Canadian Members of Parliament, Sentaors, Diplomats and public, SCE President Nazanin Afshin-Jam addressed Iran's human rights abuses including child executions and providing policy recommendations. She helped organize this panel through the office of Government member of parliament John Weston. She was accompanied on the panel by Nobel Peace Laureate Dr. Shirin Ebadi, International Human Rights Lawyer and McGill University professor Dr. Payam Akhavan, Executive Director of the Foundation for Defence of Democracies Mark Dubowitz and New York Times correspondent to Iran Nazila Fathi. More details to come.


Certificate good for $25 towards your purchase at MJ's Tavern on Granby Street in Norfolk.
Certificate is good for $10 towards your purchase at Pop Culture.
Certificate good for one 6 pack of 12 oz bottles of kombucha from Red Mushroom Brewing Company in Norfolk.
Certificate good for one 64 oz. growler of kombucha from Red Mushroom Brewing Company in Norfolk.
Certificate good for $15 towards your purchase at Rip Rap Brewing in Norfolk.
Certificate good for $25 towards your order at Streats in Norfolk.


text:
"Gambit" Film Finally Gets Release Date, Working Title
Sara Roncero-Menendez
Films & TV News, News
When a project gets stuck in production hell, it can be hard for it to escape. However, it looks like the X-men solo film Gambit is finally gaining some traction. With a new title, new release date, and a new director, things might be looking up for this film first announced in 2015.
Starring Channing Tatum as the titular character, the film has officially received the now coveted Valentine's Day slot, a decision likely influenced by Deadpool's excellent opening weekend figures. According to Omega Underground, the film's working title, according to a production sheet, is "Chess" which could be an interesting allusion to the importance of the character in the larger franchise or to his namesake.
The film has also scored Gore Verbinski as director, the same man responsible for the Pirates of the Caribbean movies (for better or worse). There's no details on the plot (besides it being potentially a heist movie) or the rest of the cast, but Daniel Craig and Lea Seydoux are both rumored for to play Mr. Sinister and Bella Donna, respectively. Other than that, everything remains up in the air, though that may not necessarily be a bad thing given its extended down-time.
20th Century Fox has a slew of other X-Men and X-Men related titles coming up in 2018: The New Mutants on April 13, Deadpool 2 on June 1, and X-Men: Dark Phoenix on November 2.
Gambit is set to premiere in theaters on February 14, 2019.
A reporter by trade, Sara is a lover of horror, sci-fi, and all things pop culture. From indies to classics to even the strangest schlock, all movies and TV shows are fair game. She believes Batman is the most fascinating superhero, and that Silent Hill is one of the best horror franchises ever made (as long as you don't count the movies). Fun Fact: The only movie Sara will not rewatch is The Room -- once was more than enough.


text:
La Reichsfreiheit o Reichsunmittelbarkeit (adjectius reichsfrei, reichsunmittelbar, de reichs, "Imperi", i freiheit, "llibertat") va ser un estatus feudal i polític privilegiat, una forma d'Estat que una ciutat, una entitat religiosa o un principat feudal podia assolir en el Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic. Reichsunmittelbarkeit es tradueix com a immediatesa imperial.

Una ciutat, abadia o territori reichsfrei estava sota l'autoritat directa de la Dieta Imperial sense senyors feudals que exercissin d'intermediaris. Els avantatges de les regions reichsfrei eren que tenien el dret de cobrar impostos i peatges per si mateixes, i tenien sistemes jurídics propis, la qual cosa arribava a incloure el dret del Blutgericht, l'"alta" justícia, que significava tenir un poder judicial que podia imposar com a sanció la pena capital (és a dir, la pena de mort).

La Reichfreiheit de facto corresponia a una autonomia de llarg abast o semiindependient.

Vegeu també
 Ciutat imperial lliure

Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic


HomeComic BooksComic Book NewsHeavy Metal Magazine to be Revitalized by Grant Morrison!
July 10, 2015 April Carvelli Comic Book News, Comic Books, Pop Cult News Comments Off on Heavy Metal Magazine to be Revitalized by Grant Morrison!
If you are a fan of alternative edgy comics then you probably are familiar with Heavy Metal and I'm not talking about the 1981 Canadian Sci-Fi Anthology.
Earlier this week they announced that Grant Morrison (JLA, Batman) the man that has retouched classic characters into now instant classic stories, will become their new editor-in-chief as of February. This is great news for the magazine as he will be more than just a mere figurehead, he will be actively participating in the revitalization of the production to Heavy Metal Magazine's newer stronger comic based content.
Who better to help bring the comic back into the mainstream than one who has ridden and made a successful career out of the edgy punk artistry and style. Once he assumes the chair he hopes to bring other successful writers and artists back into the fold.
Last year Kevin Eastman (co-creator of TMNT) sold the magazine Heavy Metal to film producer Jeff Krelitz and music executive David Boxenbaum who have plans to branch the magazine brand into movies and music.
The movie line apparently going through as they have just confirmed that they have purchased the movie rights to Image Comics Sci-fi comic Roche Limit created by Michael Moreci. It's nice to see this iconic magazine get a new least on life.
Do You Have What it Takes to Be Harley? The Great Harley Quinn Cosplay Showdown!
"Shadows of Evil" Zombies Trailer! Call of Duty Bundle Packs Announced – Working Mini Fridge!


text:
Coronavirus Chronicles
Intelligence, Security & Op 8
Maori Policy
Matauranga Maori
Nga Pou Whakapono
Other Essays & Links
Category Archives: Uncategorised
Great Great Great Grandparents
Memoirs, UncategorisedCoronavirus, LockdownPutatara
Day Whatever + 11
54 cars at New World. Longest queue yet for that early in the morning. Snaked right across the back of the carpark, out onto and along the street. Be a good idea to borrow a wheelchair before joining a queue like that. There was an essential worker out there filling in for the Easter Hare and handing out Easter eggs.
Apropos of nothing. But adding a little off-beat perspective to COVID-19. I tweeted this yesterday.
"Every year worldwide about 75 billion animals are killed for humans to eat".
Went down like a lead balloon.
Dannevirkians could be forgiven for thinking I was a little harsh yesterday, on them and on our town. But it's all about perspective.
You see, all of us, yes all of us, have "murdering, enslaving, raping, looting, burning, thieving, pillaging and plundering" ancestors. In those times they weren't really "all-round historical criminals of the worst kind". It was just the way it was in the dim dark past. Except of course for the "musket armed thugs from several northern criminal gangs who came marauding through our region" in the early 19th Century. I'll make an exception for them.
The philosopher A.C.Grayling wrote that we are all probably descended from both slaves and slave owners. Victims and perpetrators. The Slavery Abolition Act was passed in Great Britain as late as 1833. It abolished slavery in Britain and in her colonies. That was about the time that slavery came to an end in Aotearoa.
Human slavery after all had been the main source of energy before and alongside the elephant, the horse, the bullock and whale oil; and before steam, fossil fuels and renewables. Although before renewables became a thing wind and water had long been sources of energy.
We avoid acknowledging that human flesh was a source of food energy in most if not all cultures at one time in their evolution, and that infanticide was a widespread form of population control especially in times of food crisis.
We consign all of that and much much more to the Great Forgetting, until academic historians and hard-wired iconoclasts like me tip it out of the dustbin of cultural forgetfulness and annoy the hell out of people.
Cultural evolution is about forgetting and about remembering, mostly about forgetting. We conveniently forget that which doesn't accord with our perceptions of who we are, and we sanitise, reimagine and reconstruct our remembrance, the stories and narratives that shape our culture, and our image of ourselves.
Novelist Daniel Quinn described culture as "a people enacting a story"; and to enact a story as "to live so as to make the story a reality".
Dannevirkians in their "unhealthy obsession with Vikings" mirrored within their settler museum are enacting a reimagined and reconstructed story so as to make it a reality. We all do it.
This morning as I powered around Dannevirke I remembered another of the stories told in my whanau.
It has long been told in our whanau that as a young girl our great grandmother, the one in the museum, tasted the flesh of a white man. I don't know whether it's true or not. I knew her when I was very young and didn't hear it from her own lips. I've heard the same story said about a lot of others' ancestors who lived in the early days of settlement and colonisation. So it could just be a bit of reimagined whanau mischief making. My great grandmother was known to make a bit of mischief herself.
But if it is true it would indicate a very close link indeed between my whanau and the early Scandinavian settlers.
That story led me to remember another that happened about the beginning of the 19th Century, quite a while before the Vikings invaded. It happened right here in the middle of Dannevirke, except that Dannevirke wasn't here already of course.
A war party of people from a tribe to the near north, from Ngai Te Whatuiapiti led by one Marangaihenuku, raided us here at Tamaki-Nui-A-Rua and killed two brothers, Te Hokitonga and Tuhakoria. Our tribe Ngati Rangiwhakaewa quickly deployed our own war party, then closed with and engaged them in a battle called Te Whakarapaki. The aforementioned Marangaihenuku was captured. The grieving sister of the two who had been killed, Wheraka-i-te-rangi (Wheraka for short), called out that he was not to be killed until she arrived.
She killed Marangaihenuku herself, ripping his still beating heart from his chest.
Her enemies composed this song-curse about and against her.
Kati, kati, tu ai taku kai nei a Wheraka
E utu ana koe tohou matenga
Koia i aranga na ko Te Whakarapaki
E kai e te hau ki runga I nga iwi
Tatau e te kohu ki roto o Kahotea
Ka maunu hoki ra te ika I tona rua.
Kei te komaingomaingo oku rau e rua mot e upoko, e,
Mohou e Tioirangi e herepu mai na kei tou hemihemi.
Behold there stands my food, Wheraka.
You are avenging your loss
Which gave rise to Te Whakarapaki.
Blow, o wind, on the hilltops,
Descend, o mist, on Kahotea,
The fish has come forth from his lair.
My two plumes are yearning for a head
It is for you, Tioirangi, to bind them in your hair.
Wheraka-i-te-rangi is my great-great-great-grandmother.
I discovered years and years ago that holding a grudge, historical or personal, is a total waste of time and energy. The grudger is the one infected, and the grudgee totally unaffected.
It wouldn't make sense in this case anyway, for the biological and peace-making imperatives of lust and multiplication have conspired some generations later to land me on both sides of that exchange, Ngati Rangiwhakaewa and Ngai Te Whatuiapiti.
Some years later another tribe from south-west of here was trying to impose itself upon and install itself in our lands here at Tamaki-Nui-A-Rua and further north in Hawke's Bay. They captured Ngarara, a member of our tribe Ngati Rangiwhakaewa, and took him off to their place called Paranui, near present day Foxton. They killed him and consigned him to the oven. Ngati Pakapaka, one of our tribes here in Tamaki-Nui-A-Rua was then named in remembrance of that foul deed. We don't forget.
Ngarara was the husband of Wheraka-i-te-rangi. He was my great-great-great-grandfather.
You will remember that I don't bear grudges, historical or personal. But I don't forget. At 76, not yet anyway. So although I'm a forgiving soul, my great-great-great-grandmother was not so inclined, and you would be wise Ngati Raukawa to be careful not to cross me anytime in the next 25 years.
I must investigate whether the Vikings brought with them their own propensity for tribal and family feuding. This could be a dangerous town.
Hobson's Pledge
UncategorisedPutatara
Extract: "Te Putatara", 2/90, February 1990.
"He iwi tahi tatou"
"The change of plan caught Hobson by surprise. He was summoned ashore late in the morning, arriving in plain clothes, having hastily snatched up his plumed hat. Several hundred Maori were waiting for him in the marquee and more stood around outside. Only Busby and a few Europeans had turned up, among them the Catholic Bishop Pompallier."
"The signing went ahead. Busby called each chief by name from a list he had. It was probably Williams who told Hobson to try a few words in Maori. When each chief had signed, Hobson shook hands with him and said, "He iwi tahi tatou."
– Claudia Orange, extracts from "The Story of a Treaty", 1989.
"He iwi tahi tatou – We are one people." This, the oft quoted version of Hobson's choice of words, is the most commonly accepted, although at least one Maori oral version records that he actually said, "Kua iwi kotahi tatou." Others say that the words were "He iwi kotahi tatou." All mean the same thing, "we are one people", but the differing versions do point to the possibility that they are all wrong.
The most common version, quoted above by Claudia Orange, was recorded by William Colenso (who was present at the signing) in "The Authentic and Genuine History of the Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi", Wellington, 1890. However, I have always wondered whether this was just a missionary fiction, designed to strengthen their efforts to bring all Maori under the mantle of the Christian church; whether in fact Hobson didn't say something much more mundane.
Since 1840, tauiwi have used Hobson's alleged choice of words to justify their contention that we are "one nation, one people." "He iwi tahi tatou" has been used to justify both assimilation and integration, and the aim has always been to eradicate Maori culture. Today the same call is taken up by the One New Zealand Foundation, and by others such as Sir Robert the Jones, Sir Robert the Great Muldoon, Hon Peter Tapsell and Mr Winston Peters.
Well, I was right about those words. Te Putatara has now discovered new evidence, recorded by a founding member of the kumara vine who was present at the signing on 6 February 1840. Our man was close to the action and heard every word. E hoa ma, this is what really happened.
As Hone Heke stepped up to sign the Treaty he pointed to Hobson's plumed hat and he said, "Mr Governor, that's a fine chook you wear on your head!"
Quick as flash Hobson said, "That's no chook mate. Those are genuine kiwi feathers. Te kiwi tuatahi ahau."
Yes he did. "I'm the Number 1 Kiwi." Nothing at all about this "one people" rubbish. Hika ma!
And that's why, e hoa ma, to this very day, Pakeha New Zealanders still call themselves "KIWIS". You know, it always puzzled me why they were called Kiwis. Now we know eh.
Dawn Service Address: Dannevirke 25th April 2021
A Longhouse in Borneo
Walking On Out The Door
Ross Himona on Dawn Service Address: Dannevirke 25th April 2021
David Ciccoricco on Dawn Service Address: Dannevirke 25th April 2021
Hikoi ki Hawaiki
Maori Development
Operation 8
Rawshark
Spooks & Maori
Taipo
Te Kohanga Reo
Wayfinders


text:
Kerala govt doing 'futile' exercise by passing resolution against
New Delhi [India], December 31 (ANI): As the Kerala Assembly passed a resolution against the three contentious farm laws brought by the Centre on Thursday, V Muraleedharan, Minister of State (MoS) for External Affairs has said that it is a "futile exercise" because the law has been passed
Vicky Kaushal celebrates last working day of 2020 with all smiles
Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], December 29 (ANI): By sharing an all-smiles selfie, Bollywood star Vicky Kaushal on Tuesday celebrated the last working day of the year 2020. Kaushal also asked his fans if they are also getting to end this year by doing what they love the most.
Rajasthan becomes 6th State to complete ease of doing business ref
New Delhi [India], December 26 (ANI): Rajasthan has become the 6th State in the country to successfully undertake "Ease of Doing Business" reform stipulated by the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance. Thus, the State has become eligible to mobilise additional financial resources o
Karnataka govt launches affidavit-based approval system for ease o
Bengaluru (Karnataka) [India], December 22 (ANI): In an effort to enhance the ease of doing business in Karnataka; Chief Minister B S Yediyurappa launched the affidavit-based approval system (ABAS) on Monday.
Two Patiala art students contribute painting to the farmer movemen
Singhu Border (Punjab) [India], December 21 (ANI): In order to express their dissent and show support to the farmers two artists from Patiala are doing live painting at the Singhu border where the farmers are protesting against the three new agricultural laws.
Welfare of farmers, agriculture industry at core of govt initiativ
New Delhi [India], December 21 (ANI): Amid the ongoing farmers' protests, Union Minister Prakash Javadekar on Monday said that the welfare of farmers and the agriculture industry is at the core of all Centre's initiatives and that the Narendra Modi government is doing its best to bring ab
5 States completed stipulated reforms in 'Ease of Doing Business'
New Delhi [India], December 20 (ANI): Linking the grant of additional borrowing permissions by the Government of India (GoI) to the States to reforms in various citizen-centric sectors has motivated the States to undertake reforms to promote Ease of Doing Business, according to the Ministry
China's position in World Bank doing business report slumps by 7 p
Washington [US], December 20 (ANI): After China and three other countries submitted data that was "inappropriately altered" with regard to the Ease of Doing Business Report, the World Bank has now corrected the data and now China has slipped seven positions below to 85 in the index for 2018.
Shilpa Shetty looks forward to the weekend
Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], December 19 (ANI): Looking forward to spending the weekend well, actor Shilpa Shetty Kundra on Saturday shared a pouty selfie and asked fans what are they doing today.
Even after losing 4 wars Pakistan still doing nefarious acts, says
Hyderabad (Telangana) [India], December 19 (ANI): Slamming Pakistan during the graduation parade at Airforce Academy in Dundigal, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on Saturday said that the neighbouring country has continued with its "nefarious acts" on the border, even after losing four war
Doing my best to be back as soon as possible: Diogo Jota
Liverpool [UK], December 18 (ANI): Liverpool's Diogo Jota said that he is doing his best to be back in action "as soon as possible".
Taapsee Pannu-Tahir Raj film 'Looop Lapeta' set goes plastic-free
Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], December 18 (ANI): In what turns out to be an eco-friendly move, the makers of Taapsee Pannu and Tahir Raj Bhasin-starrer film 'Looop Lapeta' worked towards doing away with plastic bottles on sets of the film.


Visit bostonchildrens.org/fundraisers and click the "Register" button. Answer a few questions, and we'll be in touch within a week.
We'll call you within a few business days and you'll get an email too.
Your fundraiser must align with the mission and image of Boston Children's Hospital for us to endorse it. For example, we cannot endorse fundraisers sponsored by alcohol or tobacco companies. We'll let you know if we're concerned with any aspect of your fundraiser during our initial call.
Whenever you'd like; our program runs year-round. Although, fundraisers of 100+ participants cannot be scheduled on the same day as an event hosted by Boston Children's Hospital without our prior approval.
Boston Children's Hospital can only be identified as the beneficiary of your fundraiser. For example, it cannot be called "Boston Children's Hospital Ride for Kids"; instead, it should be "Ride for Kids benefitting Boston Children's Hospital."
Yes! A listing of funding options is available at bostonchildrens.org/fundraisers. If you have a particular hospital area in mind, please discuss this during the initial call with your staff partner. Please note certain funds might not be available if this is your first year fundraising.
Take it one step at a time. Once registered, log in to your Fundraising Center for helpful tips and tools, and to edit and share your Personal Fundraising page. Create a budget, set a goal, use social media, and engage friends and family. We'll also provide you with staff support and guidance along the way.
Once registered and approved, go to bostonchildrens.org/fundraisers and click the "Log In" button. Use the same credentials you created when you registered your event. From the Fundraising Center, you can edit your Personal Fundraising page, send emails, and access lots of tools to help you succeed.
Can someone from Boston Children's attend and/or speak at my event or committee meetings?
We cannot guarantee physicians, staff or volunteers at your event. We also cannot provide patient images or stories (for their own privacy).
To legally conduct any gambling activity or "game of chance" in Massachusetts, including raffles, bazaars, and "Las Vegas night" events, your organization must maintain 501c3 status and acquire a permit from the clerk of the city in which the fundraiser will take place. For more information, visit the Department of the Attorney General's website.
Yes! You can absolutely host a silent or live auction. As a reminder, when advertising any items in a silent or live auction, you must display the fair market value. No items can be priceless because the donor will not be eligible for a tax receipt. Boston Children's Hospital will only issue IRS-compliant tax receipts if the donor pays beyond the fair market value and if payment is made directly to Boston Children's Hospital.
Does Boston Children's provide event insurance?
No, Community Fundraiser coordinators are responsible for obtaining any permits or insurance.
We're here to guide you, and we provide tools in your Fundraising Center to help you promote your event. We cannot manage your event, or provide donor lists, stationary, or promote on hospital property.
Can I use Boston Children's Hospital's name and logo?
Yes, you can download "benefiting Boston Children's Hospital" logos and our seal in your Fundraising Center. Whenever you use our logo or name, your final piece (flyer, etc.) needs to be approved by our staff.
Can you post my event on the Boston Children's Facebook page?
For your event to be posted on our Facebook page, the revenue goal must be at least $50,000. If the fundraiser is new, you must show evidence that the event will meet the revenue goal.
Yes, it's a great way to promote your fundraiser and spread the word! We recommend that you share the link to your Personal Fundraising Page, so your friends and family can read your story and easily donate online—even if they can't attend an event.
Do I need to create a 501c3 (non-profit) organization to host a fundraiser for Boston Children's?
Should Boston Children's Hospital issue tax receipts to my donors?
Yes. Boston Children's will issue IRS-compliant tax receipts to the full extent of the law, only if a donation of $250 or above is made payable directly to Boston Children's Hospital along with detailed contact information of the donor. Please do not promise any kind of receipts; issuing an inappropriate receipt can hurt our charitable tax status.
All proceeds need to be made payable to Boston Children's Hospital and mailed to us within 30 days of completing your fundraiser. Please mail your donation in the envelopes we provide.


Intervention should be a staple in the lives of those reentering society after serving a sentence. Predictions on the likelihood of recidivism based on various methods of study can definitely show positive results. However, should intervention only focus on those in immediate need? The effort towards intervention to prevent recidivism tends to focus on those at higher risk, but should intervention wait until it's too late and past the opportune time to intervene for those seemingly at low risk to recidivate? I don't believe it should. Intervention could be more successful in terms of prevention if men were seen in terms of their individual characteristics, rather than in groups based on blanket expectations or assumptions.
Those who have graduated high school, have friends who avoid trouble,or work hard to gain legitimate employment are at a lower risk of recidivating. In contrast, those who do not seek gainful employment, have a minimum education, bad tempers and impulses, or fail to change their choices post-release, are at higher risk for recidivism. Using high risk determining factors make sense in terms of who to target for achieving recidivism prevention, however former inmates who are considered low-risk are left with little influence towards maintaining a positive future.
Interventions are focused on current behaviors and principles rather than past actions. For example, it may be beneficial to counsel a former criminal in regards to their past tendencies. Combating behaviors like anti-socialism, anger issues and grief, which are characteristics that ultimately led them to prison, would be beneficial in overcoming recidivism. The best way to target these behaviors is by talking about their current emotions and behaviors instead of focusing on their past mistakes.
Other intervention tactics include action plans instead of counseling. Action based interventions such as learning social skills to replace anti-social behavior, anger, aggression and distrust are often used. Other learning programs target new attitudes, perceptions, beliefs, and include family members in making these new changes. Then there are programs that include drug and alcohol education, lectures, self-help, reading, and other self-improvement techniques to increase self-worth and self-efficacy.
These intervention tactics are of no use to those who have a lower risk of recidivating. Programs with counseling are better choices for those that are at a lower risk because it gives them a chance to mentally walk through their behavior and psychologically/ create a plan to stay on the right path. Intervention tactics that focus solely on the idea that those who are "more likely" to recidivate are of higher priority and concern should be reevaluated. With the high probability of recidivism amongst men after their release, one would think that there would be more outlets targeted to all the varying individuals at risk, rather than just those "more likely" to be at risk. After all, shouldn't all men have the same opportunity to receive help to provide a better future for themselves?


The EU launched a process on Monday that could temporarily strip Cambodia of its valuable trade privileges with the bloc over "serious and systematic" rights abuses.
Brussels has repeatedly warned Cambodia it risks losing the highly preferential tariff arrangement it enjoys, known as "everything but arms" (EBA), a move that would cripple the country's billion-dollar garment industry, its largest formal employer.
Cambodia's elections in July last year, which returned veteran strongman Hun Sen to power, were widely criticised internationally as undemocratic and prompted EU Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmstrom to announce the start of punitive measures.
The European Commission, which manages trade issues as the bloc's executive arm, said there was "evidence of serious and systematic violations of core human rights and labour rights in Cambodia, in particular of the rights to political participation as well as of the freedoms of assembly, expression and association".
Monday's announcement begins a six-month period of intensive monitoring and after 12 months the commission will decide whether to suspend Cambodia's EBA deal -- which gives duty-free and tariff-free access to the EU market for all products except weapons and ammunition.
"It should be clear that today's move is neither a final decision nor the end of the process. But the clock is now officially ticking and we need to see real action soon," Malmstrom said in a statement.
"When we say that the EU's trade policy is based on values, these are not just empty words."
In December, Cambodia said banned opposition members may be allowed back into political life and shuttered media outlets could reopen, in an apparent effort to appease EU concerns.
Rights groups fear Cambodia is sliding towards authoritarianism with the help of China, which showers the government with loans and infrastructure while asking few questions about how Hun Sen runs the country.
The leader has been in power for 33 years using a mix of wily political gambits and networks of alliances in the army and police.


This 1 bedroom, 1-bath condo is located beneath Snow King Resort and is perfect for a small group. The unit features a full open kitchen and living room. Relax on the porch and cook out on the grill with friends and family!
You will love Vine Street Unit 3's location for easy, convenient access to biking, hiking, and skiing at Snow King Mountain. Explore the nearby Cache Creek trails, summer farmers markets, outdoor concerts, and Snow King's famous alpine coaster. A five-minute walk out your front door will take you to the chairlifts at Snow King Resort for skiing, tubing, and family fun in the snow, high above the town of Jackson.
Take advantage of the short 12 minute drive into Grand Teton National Park for wildlife viewing and Teton vistas sure to make your vacation unforgettable. Or, simply sit back and enjoy the mountain lifestyle from the comfort of your living room at Vine Street Unit 3.
Must be over 21 or over to rent.


text:
Trinity Mirror/Mirrorpix/Alamy
The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) provides medical care for the British army. RAMC personnel serve wherever British soldiers are stationed, providing immediate care on the battlefield as well as long-term care at hospitals. The RAMC is the largest division of the Army Medical Services, which also includes the Royal Army Dental Corps, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, and the Royal Army Veterinary Corps.
The RAMC was formed in 1898 by combining two organizations within the Army Medical Services: the Medical Staff (senior officers) and the Medical Staff Corps (lower ranks). It first served in conflict in the South African War of 1899–1902. The RAMC set up battlefield medical stations and hospitals, and it treated more than 20,000 wounded soldiers and 70,000 ill with typhoid fever and dysentery. However, RAMC facilities and staff proved inadequate to handle the larger-than-expected number of casualties.
The South African War demonstrated the need for comprehensive and efficient army medical services. In the years that followed, the RAMC underwent a period of reform under the leadership of Alfred Keogh. He expanded medical training for army personnel, encouraged research into a typhoid vaccine, and stressed the importance of sanitation to the health of military units. Keogh's efforts were instrumental in preparing the RAMC for the challenges it would face in World War I.
Everett Collection Historical/Alamy
The Great War and the R.A.M.C. by Lt. Col. F.S. Brereton, R.A.M.C. (Constable and Company Ltd., London, 1919)
The number of casualties suffered during World War I was unprecedented. To maximize the number of survivors, the RAMC developed a system for evacuating sick and wounded soldiers and getting them treatment quickly. This system involved moving patients backward from the front lines through a series of stations. The "chain of evacuation" began with the Regimental Aid Posts (RAPs), run by the regimental medical officer. RAPs were located near the front lines in a variety of settings, such as an underground dugout attached to a trench, a ruined building, or even a large shell hole. Some soldiers, the "walking wounded," came to the RAPs on their own, and others were carried there by stretcher-bearers. The stretcher-bearers worked under fire to collect wounded soldiers from the battlefield, suffering many casualties of their own. At the RAP, the regimental medical officer treated minor wounds and returned soldiers to service if possible. More seriously injured or sick soldiers were moved on to one of the RAMC's Field Ambulances.
The Print Collector/Alamy
From Royal Army Medical Corps Training, 1911 by the War Office of Great Britain (London; 1911, reprinted 1915)
The Field Ambulances (FAs) were not vehicles. Rather, they were mobile medical units consisting of more than 200 people. The FAs set up and staffed the next two stations in the chain of evacuation: Advanced Dressing Stations (ADS) and Main Dressing Stations (MDS). FA stretcher-bearers transported patients from the RAP to the ADS. An ADS was typically located in a house, school, or church, but tents were used when necessary. ADS personnel dressed (cleaned and covered) wounds and assessed each patient's condition. Then patients were transported, in either horse-drawn or motorized ambulances, to the next post. Those who needed urgent care were sent to an MDS, which was ideally located in a large building that had heat, light, and water service. MDSs had operating equipment that doctors used to perform surgeries in lifesaving situations. MDSs were also better equipped than ADSs to accommodate patients who needed more time to recuperate.
PF-(wararchive)/Alamy
Patients who did not need urgent care were sent from an ADS to a Casualty Clearing Station (CCS). At the start of the war, CCSs served mainly as temporary holding areas for performing triage—assessing and sorting patients based on their condition. Slightly injured soldiers were treated and returned to duty after they had recuperated. Soldiers who had serious injures or illnesses but were still fit for travel were transferred to the nearest base hospital in Britain or France. Most of these casualties were transported by an ambulance train, though motorized ambulances, barges, and ships were also used. Seriously injured soldiers in need of immediate care were kept and treated at the CCS. Early in the war, as casualties mounted, the role of the CCS grew. The facilities were expanded and equipped with more sophisticated equipment moved from hospitals, enabling doctors to perform more advanced surgeries and other procedures. CCSs were also moved closer to the front lines so surgeons could treat gravely injured soldiers who might otherwise die while awaiting treatment.
Because of the importance of the CCSs in the chain of evacuation, they played a role in some of the major medical innovations made during the war. Casualties resulting from blood loss spurred research and advancement in methods of blood transfusion. Experiments by a number of doctors showed for the first time that stored blood could safely be used in transfusions. Oswald Hope Robertson, an American doctor working at a British CCS, came up with a way to stockpile blood donated by soldiers at RAMC stations. The first blood depot, a forerunner of the modern blood bank, was set up at a CCS in preparation for the Battle of Cambrai in 1917. Another major advance during the war was the introduction of the Thomas splint, which provided much better support for fractures of long bones and greatly reduced bleeding from these wounds. The application of these splints at RAMC stations beginning in 1916 reduced deaths due to fractured femurs (thighbones) from 80 percent to less than 20 percent. RAMC personnel also benefited from the development of mobile X-ray units, which were sent to CCSs as needed.
During World War II, the RAMC was aided in its work by advances in technology. Improvements in air and land transportation enabled RAMC personnel to reach the wounded more quickly. As in World War I, the army introduced medical advances that saved many lives. Hugh Cairns, an English surgeon serving in the RAMC, designed the first mobile neurosurgical units for treating head injuries on the battlefield. Cairns was also part of a team that pioneered the use of penicillin in treating infections.
Since World War II, the RAMC has served in British army campaigns around the world. RAMC personnel were deployed in the Korean War, the Falkland Islands War, the Persian Gulf War, the Afghanistan War, and the Iraq War. They have also taken part in numerous peacekeeping missions.


Quality Ingredients ~ CATERING & All Natural Baked Goods ~ Wholesome Goodness!
At Paula's Zzerts, we take great pride to produce decadent baked goods honoring the traditions of our families. We use organic butter, local organic eggs, King Arthur Flour (unbleached & non-GMO), organic (and sustainable) pure vanilla extract, Bob's Red Mill Oats & Rice Flours, pure cane (non-gmo) sugars, non-aluminum & non-GMO baking powder, Bob's Red Mill cornmeal (non-GMO), organic blue agave nectar, local in-season organic fruits and vegetables, and organic raisins in our baked goods. Quality you can taste, baked with love.
Unlike traditional bakeries, we make everything to order, to your specifications. We are able to customize our goods to fit your needs. If you don't see what you want on our menu or in our online store, just ask! You can purchase online at any time of the year or at one of the local farmers markets.
We're more than just desserts! Chef Joseph can whip up an elegant feast for hundreds, meal prep for a busy family, or prepare a meal for your in-home private party.
Various festivals: Check out our Facebook page for our upcoming events!


Figure flattering and ever versatile, the Daphne Flounce Skirt comes in classic and fresh hues that will surely brighten your wardrobe. Pair it with a comfy knit and a pair of sneakers for a look that spells laid back chic.
Made of soft, lightweighted polyester-spandex blend (stretchy). Features a concealed side zip.
Size XS measures 11"-12" waist, 16"-17" hips, 13.5" length (front), 15" length (back).
Size S measures 12"-13" waist, 17"-18" hips, 13.5" length (front), 15" length (back).
Size M measures 13"-14" waist, 18"-19" hips, 14" length (front), 15.5" length (back).
Size L measures 14"-15" waist, 19"-20" hips, 14.5" length (front), 16" length (back).
Model is a small UK 6, 1.73m, wearing size S.


Watch episode 100 of BDTB's weekly New Old Heads podcast. Support our podcast by signing up to our Patreon for as little as $1 a month!
Discussions this week: The New Old Heads 100th episode was live at the 14th and final ORANJE Art & Music Festival in Indianapolis (with over 3000+ people in the building), and featured over 10 guests with submitted topics from the patrons of the festival. The guests were DJ Indiana Jones, DJ Gabby Love, Oreo Jones, Pope Adrian Bless, Cool Hand Lex, Rusty Redenbacher, Lesley Saligoe, Skittz, DJ Helicon, Mr. Kinetik and Niko Flores. Thanks to everyone that has listened and supported!