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The Franklin River, Tasmania
The Franklin River
An Antipodean travel company serving World Travellers since 1983 with small group educational tours for senior couples and mature solo travellers. This article explores the Franklin river in Tasmania. Not only a magnificent river flowing into the Gordon river and out past Strahan but also a deep Aboriginal history.
September 2021 10 mins read
Australia, Blog, Clusters, Natural History, Tasmania
Tasmania's Franklin River
Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park, at the heart of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, is valued for its dramatic peaks, beautiful temperature rainforest, deep valleys, spectacular gorges, and pristine, twisting rivers. The Franklin River itself winds its way 125km south-west through the wilderness national park, from its source in the alpine lakes of the Cheyne Ranges to its confluence at the Gordon River.
Surveyor James Calder named the river in 1840 after Sir John Franklin, Governor of Tasmania (1837-1843). Calder had been sent to blaze a trail that would allow Sir Franklin to explore the land he governed. But these explorations were not the first time humans had traversed the rainforest areas of western Tasmania. Aboriginal Australians had in fact inhabited the area, sheltering in the caves above the Franklin River, during the last Ice Age (20,000 – 13,000 years ago). A number of archaeological discoveries towards the end of the twentieth century speaks to the region's importance.
This cultural significance, in addition to its spectacular untouched scenery, lies behind the region's World Heritage status. Even so, its recognition has been hard fought for, the Franklin River placed at the centre of Australia's most famous conservation movement, taking place in the late 1970s and early '80s.
This article details the course of the Franklin River, its history of Aboriginal inhabitants, as well as the successful campaign to save the Franklin River from being destroyed by the Franklin Dam project. It is intended as background reading for Odyssey Traveller's tour of Tasmania's wildlife and history, during which we visit Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park. Much of the information used in this article is sourced from Ian Hoskin's Rivers: The Lifeblood of Australia.
A calm Franklin river, Tasmania, Australia. looking down at the bank of the river, the reflections, the plants and the fallen branches.
The Franklin River's Course
The Franklin River rises in the high country of central-western Tasmania, on the western slopes of the Central Highlands, twisting and turning through remote and rugged mountainous country down to meet its confluence with the Gordon River in the south-west. During its course it runs through bare quartzite mountains, button-grass plateaus, alpine lakes, and forested valleys.
In its upper reaches, the river supplies and drains two high waters: Lake Undine and Lake Dixon. It is also here crossed by the Lyell Highway.
It then descends with rapids and water flows that can increase many times overnight with heavy rain. When this occurs, instant waterfalls are created on its steep sides. Snow melting on the surrounding peaks meanwhile adds to the volume.
The river then descends below Frenchmans Cap, moving slowly, deeply, and narrowly through the near vertical rock walls. Following this, it twists and turns with bends, rocky rapids, and cascades through its middle and lower passages.
From source to mouth, sixteen tributaries join the river, including the Surprise, Collingwood, Lucan, Loddon, Andrew, and Jane rivers.
The dense vegetation of the Franklin River, Tasmania.
Aboriginal History
Aboriginal Tasmanians (Palawa kani) have inhabited Tasmania for more around 40,000 years. Sometime during the Last Glacial Period, when the sea was at its lowest, tribes began crossing into Tasmania from mainland Australia via a land-bridge spanning the Bass Strait. This land bridge was of desert and woodland and supported emus and other game.
Archaeological, geographic, and linguistic records show that Tasmania was occupied in waves and that over time three ethnic of language groups coalesced into one broad group. Then, when the glaciers retreated and sea levels rose again around 8,000 years ago, Tasmanian Aboriginals became isolated from the mainland, developing their own unique and rich culture.
Illustration from The Last of the Tasmanians (1870) – Wooreddy, Truganina's husband
Until the late 1970s, consensus was that the rainforest areas of western Tasmania were a 'true wilderness', the only part of the Australian continent to never be inhabited by Aboriginal peoples. Discoveries were soon made, however, in the limestone caves above the lower Franklin that upended this assumption.
In 1977, a group of cavers led by Kevin Kiernan were systematically exploring the area in the hope of aiding the campaign to save the Franklin River from being dammed (see next section). By 1979, over a hundred caves had been found and mapped.
One particular cave, above a bend in the river some 10km north of the junction with the Gordon, was littered with artefacts and bones over an area of around 100 square metres. Kutikina Cave, as the site would be named, was to become one of the most important archaeological sites ever found relating to Ice Age human culture – representing the southernmost human habitation on earth during that period.
A subsequent excavation unearthed 40,000 stone artefacts and almost 250,000 bone fragments, indicating that the site might hold a total of 10 million artefacts. Radiocarbon dating then later revealed that the rock shelter was first inhabited at the beginning of the Ice Age, 20,000 years ago, reached its peak 17, 000 years ago, and ended suddenly due to changing climatic conditions at the end of the Ice Age 13, 000 years ago. It was further evidence of the vast antiquity of Aboriginal culture in Australia.
Twenty more dwelling cave sites containing archaeological remains have since been found in the six valleys of the Franklin-Gordon River System. Occupation of each cave began around 20,000 years ago, and ended around 13, 000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age.
At Deena Reena Cave, similar collections of Ice Age tools, charcoal and bones were found, while paintings (likely from the Ice Age) were found at Ballawinne Cave on the Maxwell River. In total, the Tasmanian World Heritage Area is home to approximately 1000 Aboriginal heritage sites.
The number of sites suggest that the occupation of the lower Franklin area was systematic and prolonged. Early occupation may have been a summer activity, with bands living further north, on the Bassian Plain (now Bass Strait) or even present-day Victoria. The tools of the deposit closely resemble those found near Lake Mungo, indicating extensive cultural exchange with mainland Australia.
Victoria and Tasmania showing the Bassian Plain filling as Sea Levels rise about 14,000 years ago / Tirin / CC BY-SA 3.0
The inhabitants of the cave would have lived in a very different environment from the one found today. At the end of the Ice Age, Tasmania was roughly the same distance from the polar ice sheet as Patagonia is today. The west Tasmanian mountains would have been home to glaciers; while, because so much water was locked in polar ice, the climate would have been much drier, supporting alpine herb fields rather than rainforest. Though much colder, this open habitat would have been much better for hunting.
Their main diet would have consisted of wallabies, possums and other land animals, from which they'd also source skin for clothing. The icy river meanwhile would have provided reliable drinking water.
At the end of the Ice Age, the rainforest would have spread back through the lowlands, making the place less easily negotiated by humans and the game they depended on. Aboriginal people were at this point forced to leave the ice-age caves and the cold river valley and move to the edge of the landscape. Their descendants returned to a more turbulent river and its thick temperate rainforest centuries later, but it is unclear whether there were visits or more permanent residencies
The area continues to be of great spiritual significance to today's Tasmanian Aboriginal community, and many sites have been returned to Aboriginal ownership under the Aboriginal Lands Act 1995, including Kutikina Cave. Far from a wilderness, the wild landscapes of Western Tasmania are a place of ancient human habitation, with an enduring spiritual and cultural importance.
Saving the Franklin Campaign
For many Australians, the Franklin River is best known as the site of the largest conservation battle in Australian history. In 1978, the Tasmanian Government announced its decision to dam the lower Gordon River for the purpose of generating hydroelectricity. It was hoped that this would create jobs and encourage economic growth with the sale of electricity. However, plans were met with resistance from environmentalists.
They were concerned that the dam would flood the Franklin River, which joins the Gordon nearby. This would have in turn drowned the surrounding forest – home to 3000-hyear-old Hyon Pines and many rare and endangered species. After a long fight, dams built on the upper Gordon in 1972 had already destroyed Lake Peddler. Many Tasmanians were now determined to protect another natural treasure from being destroyed.
The environmentalist opposition that had first emerged to protect Lake Peddler now consolidated itself into a small green movement to save the Franklin River. Thousands of people protested, with hundreds arrested for blockading the river and construction roads.
The movement was led by the Tasmanian Wilderness Society (TWS), which grew into a cohesive and powerful pressure group as the issue grew to polarise Tasmanian society. Several public identities were involved with the group, including Bob Brown – one of their founding members.
Brown's experience on the campaign would help him enter the Tasmanian parliament as an independent on an environmental platform in 1983. He later became a founding member of the Australian Greens and is widely considered Australia's most famous and respected conservationist.
On the other side of the debate, proponents of the dam considered the Franklin in its natural state a wasted resource. It needed to be 'tamed' as the Snowy and Ord Rivers had been. At the forefront of this position was was the Tasmanian government headed by the conservative Robin Gray, who famously described the river as 'a brown ditch, leech-ridden, unattractive to the majority of people'.
Irrigation in Kununurra in the Pilbara Western Australia. Part of the Ord River scheme. Proponents of the Franklin Dam envisioned the river be similar 'tamed'.
Gray's Liberal party had come to office in 1982 with a specific mandate to complete the dam. Their rise to power followed the internal collapse of the Australian Labor Party in Tasmania, which was partly due to divisions caused by the Franklin dispute.
The Labor Party had been supportive of both hydro-electric schemes and the preservation of the Franklin, and so backed a site elsewhere on the Gordon and created the Franklin-Lower Gordon Rivers National Park. Determined to build the Gordon-below-Franklin Dam, Gray excised key river areas from the new national park and vested them with the Tasmanian Hyrdro-Electric Commission (HEC) in charge of building the dam.
A key boost to the campaign to stop the dam came later in 1982, when the Franklin and Gordon Rivers – along with Cradle Mountain and a number of other wilderness areas on Tasmania's West Coast – were listed as part of the Tasmanian Wilderness UNESCO World Heritage Site. The listing emphasised both cultural and natural values: the significance of the southernmost Ice Age human habita Malcom Fraser tions and the importance of rare surviving temperate wilderness.
Despite the World Heritage status, the dispute continued, and by the following March had become a federal issue. A campaign in the national print media, assisted by pictures of photographer Peter Dombrovskis, fostered widespread backlash against the proposed dam. This in turn impacted the 1983 federal election. The Liberal-National Party coalition government of Malcom Fraser was brought down in favour of Australian Labor Party leader Bob Hawke, who had promised to stop the dam from being built.
The photograph Morning Mist, Rock Island Bend, Franklin River, by Peter Dombrovskis was used by the Tasmanian Wilderness Society in advertising against the dam's construction
The new Prime Minister swiftly passed legislation forbidding further construction. Nevertheless, the Tasmanian government continued to build. A legal battle between the state and federal governments ensued, resulting in a landmark High Court ruling in the federal government's favour.
Finally, the Tasmanian government's intent to build the dam was overruled, with the Franklin conserved as the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park. A new president for Commonwealth intervention in environmental matters had been set.
Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
The Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park preserves the catchments of the Franklin, Olga and Gordon Rivers, and is as rugged and wild as its name suggests. The rugged landscape was carved by ancient glaciers, forming the many creeks that twist through steep rock gorges on their way to forming the powerful Franklin and Gordon Rivers.
Located in the wettest part of Tasmania – with an annual rainfall of over 1900mm – the park supports a range of flora, including 3000-year-old Huon pines, wet temperate rainforest, and eucalypt forest. These form habitats for a wide variety of native animals, including the Tasmanian devil, spotted-tail quoll, and eastern quoll.
Today, the National Park is a major draw for visitors to Tasmania. A white-water rafting trip on the Franklin River is an iconic Tassie adventure activity, while the less adventurous can see the Gordon River on a cruise leaving from Strahan or take a short walk from the Lyell Highway.
Tour of Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
Odyssey Traveller visits the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park as part of our tour of Tasmania's wildlife and history. Beginning and ending in Hobart, our Tasmania tour begins with a day trip to Port Arthur. We then travel up the east coast – stopping for a day tour of Maria Island – and visit the dramatic coastlines of Wineglass Bay, Coles Bay, and the Freycinet Peninsula.
Heading inland, the tour stops in Launceston, before exploring the rugged and pristine west coast. We see the glacial lakes (including Dove Lake) of Cradle Mountain National Park, before a stay in Strahan, on edge of Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park. During the groups time in Strahan, we take a guided tour across the bay to Sarah island and along part of the Gordon river, viewing the temperate forests and gaining an understanding of the importance of Huon pine from the local Huon valley. After Strahan and the Gordon River, we head to Lake St Clair, before returning to Hobart, where we mark the last day of the guided tour with a trip to Bruny Island.
Travellers with an interest in visiting Tasmania may also be interested in our colonial history tour and our walking tour of Flinders Island.
Odyssey Traveller has been serving global travellers since 1983 with educational tours of the history, culture, and architecture of our destinations designed for mature and senior travellers. We specialise in offering small group tours partnering with a local tour guide at each destination to provide a relaxed and comfortable pace and atmosphere that sets us apart from larger tour groups. Tours consist of small groups of between 6 and 12 people and are cost inclusive of all entrances, tipping and majority of meals. For more information, click here, and head to this page to make a booking.
Articles about Australia published by Odyssey Traveller:
Uncovering the Ancient History of Aboriginal Australia
Aboriginal Land Use in the Mallee
Understanding Aboriginal Aquaculture
The Australian Outback: A Definitive Guide
The Eyre Peninsula: Australia's Ocean Frontier
Ancient Aboriginal trade routes of Australia
External articles to assist you on your visit to Australia:
Cave reveals Indigenous ice age lifestyle secrets
Aboriginal Cultural Values in the Tasmanian wilderness World Heritage Area
Tasmanian Road Trip: Wind Through Ancient Rainforests, Abseil a Canyon and Meet Local Fauna
From $9,902 CAD
Discovering Tasmania's Wildlife
Small group tour of up to 15 mature and seniors travellers visiting and learning about Tasmania's wildlife and history. Visit Maria Island, Freycinet peninsula, Cradle Mountain, Strahan, Lake St Clair and Bruny Island over 16 days.
Tours of Tasmania; exploring colonial history
Escorted program for couples and single travellers visiting Hobart, Launceston through the Tamar Valley along the rugged coastline of the north coast and heading back south to the pristine wilderness around Cradle Mountain and then on through Strahan, Queenstown and past Lake St Clair, before arriving back in Hobart. This 18 day small group tours to Tasmania for mature and senior travellers interested in the colonial history of Tasmania. We follow the footsteps of the colonists, visiting the churches where they worshipped, the houses in which they lived, the taverns where they drank and some of the mills in which they worked.
Small group tour of Flinders Island
Explore and learn about Flinders Island on an escorted small group tour for mature and senior travellers who enjoy a walking holiday. For couples or solo travellers. We also explore Cradle Mountain and Launceston.
Motorcycle tour of Tasmania for mature riders
Escorted Small group tour of up to 8 mature and seniors Motorcycle riders visiting and learning about Tasmania's wildlife and history. Visit Maria Island, Freycinet peninsula, Cradle Mountain, Strahan, Lake St Clair and Bruny Island over 14 days.
Level 3 - Moderate to Challenging
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Cradle Mountain, Tasmania
One of Tasmania's most iconic natural wilderness destinations, the stunningly beautiful Cradle Mountain is a highlight of any tour of Tasmania.
Ice age archaeological sites of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, Australia
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Categories: Australia, Blog, Clusters, Natural History, Tasmania
Tags: Australia, Australian Rivers, senior travellers, small group tours, Tasmania, Wildlife


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John Kusiak has composed and produced music for film, television, advertising, installations, and live performance – including several award-winning documentaries – via Kusiak Music since 1992.
John Kusiak composes and produces music for film, television, advertising and live performance. See all credits.


Linda Newman Boughton's life-sized ballpoint pen drawings of notorious Civil War soldiers pay a reverent homage to some of our earliest freedom fighters. Inspired by a collection of photographs taken by Mathew Brady, one of America's first photographers best known for documenting the Civil War, Boughton imparts a vibration to the memories of historical icons with frenzied, yet contained movements of ballpoint pen. Static symbols of bravery and courage are softened with Boughton's touch of whimsy derived from her mundane medium as we revisit a generation who secured life and liberty for our future. Frank Litto produced a unique series of 3 dimensional wall sculpture deemed The Great American Wheelworks from the early 60s until the 80s. Litto's ingenuity and thorough understanding of the wheelwright craft fools the eye into thinking that the 1/2 inch thick wood and faux metal finishes appear to be deceptively real. John Cross's hand carved wooden figures may be small in stature, but have big personality! The artist's whittlings have personified numerous icons in American pop culture including music, sports, and the arts. David Halliday reaches into his archives of images to compile a selection of both sepia toned photographs mixed with more recent color works; each are iconic representations of the most ordinary objects of everyday life. Together they represent a fading essence of things quintessentially 'American'. For the artist, beauty and nostalgia are pervasive, but lamentation has its role as well, particularly at this time having crossed the threshold into the New Year. For anyone raised in the country, Harry Orlyk's impressionist oil paintings spark a sense memory that is at once shared and deeply personal. His work evokes a return to days spent as a kid when you played behind "Old Hap's Barn", or played hide-and-seek in the cornfield. If raised in the city, Orlyk's paintings illustrate what you fantasized living in the country would be like. With each changing day and season, Orlyk reminds us of the simplistic beauty inherent in rural, small town America. Andrew Buck has always been inspired by landscapes and their ability to embody both abstract and tangible characteristics. Photographed in a number of rock quarries on the East Coast, the series of Rockface prints are examples of man's determination to reconfigure natural landscapes to cater to our specific needs. Buck photographs the large walls of rock that have been blasted with dynamite and eliminates any evidence of scale to produce a strikingly abstract image. Russell DeYoung bridges the divide between the abstracted and the familiar with the editioned prints, Red, White, and Blue, Upstate, which are inspired by the landscape of impermanence and imperfection the artist observes in his living and working spaces in the Hudson Valley and New York. Made in collaboration with Flying Horse Editions of Orlando, Florida in 2009, the edition of ten prints, made of professional grade Art Care cardboard, are modeled to replicate DeYoung's 15x12 constructions of discarded cardboard, which are stitched with string and painted with modified latex. Through the use of modest scale, a limited palette and plebeian materiality, these works offer an alternative to the bombast nature of recent American culture. Exhibited in pristine white shadow box frames, the work calls attention to forgotten utilitarian objects and an overtly materialistic society. Self-taught painter Arthur Hammer is perhaps best known for his work that evoked the WPA style of painting associated with American artists emerging in the 1920s, 30s and 40s. Landscapes, industrialized cityscape views, construction machinery and portraiture were among the most commonly painted subjects during his career which spanned more than 40 years. Carl Grauer's Recollections, is a series that plays with the tension between memories, the "return to home", and the actual experienced past through the renderings of the family unit. Inspired by images on found slides or old family photos, Grauer provokes mixed responses of delight and sadness, reminding us that unlike space, time cannot be returned.


Using olive oil instead of butter when cooking a meal may not lower heart risk, according to new research by the British Heart Foundation.
Researchers at the BHF say that there is no evidence that changing the type of fat you eat from "bad" saturated fat to "healthier" fatty acids will cut heart risk. They came to the conclusion after reviewing data from 72 studies, spanning more than 600,000 participants.
Consumers have been widely encouraged to eating unsaturated fats such as olive and sunflower oils. But the research, led by scientists at Cambridge and published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, found no evidence to support this. The research found that saturated fat, whether measured in the diet or in the bloodstream, was not linked to coronary disease risk, and that there was no such thing as "healthy" fat intake.
Researchers stressed however that the study findings did not mean it was fine to eat lots of cheese, pies and cakes. Eating too much saturated fat can still increase the amount of cholesterol in the blood, which can increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease.
Trans fats are also associated with risk of heart diseases. These artificial fats, found in many processed food items and margarine spreads, should continue to be regulated and avoided, the study authors say.
Doctor Rajiv Chowdhury, the study's lead researcher, told the BBC that the findings could potentially stimulate new lines of scientific inquiry and current nutritional guidelines.
The British Heart Foundation stressed that the findings do not change the advice that eating too much fat is harmful for the heart.
"This research is not saying that you can eat as much fat as you like," Jeremy Pearson, an associate medical director at the organisation told the BBC. "Too much fat is bad for you. But, sadly, this analysis suggests there isn't enough evidence to say that a diet rich in polyunsaturated fats, but low in saturated fats, reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Alongside taking any necessary medication, the best way to stay heart healthy is to stop smoking, stay active, and ensure our whole diet is healthy – and this means considering not only the fats in our diet but also our intake of salt, sugar and fruit and vegetables," he said.
The prevalence of high levels of cholesterol is highest in the European region (54% for both sexes), according to the World Health Organisation, followed by the Americas (48% for both sexes).
According to a 2011 report by the Cardiovascular Resource Group, 133.3 million people in the five biggest EU countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the UK) suffer from too much bad cholesterol in the blood, comparable to the overall number in the United States (135.1 million people). Statistics in the report show that the numbers have grown steadily. At the same time, it is estimated that 25 million people in the United States are unaware that their level of bad cholesterol is too high, according to the report.
Approximately 4 million people in Europe and 1.5 million people in the EU die of cardiovascular disease each year, according to the European Heart Network (EHN) and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC). The main forms of heart disease are coronary heart disease and stroke.
To reduce the amounts of death from heart diseases, European Union countries agreed to tackle the underlying health determinants behind cardiovascular health in its 2014-2020 health programme.
A key element in fighting cardiovascular disease is to address the underlying health determinants, including bad cholesterol, tobacco use, obesity, diet and physical activity and high blood pressure.
Food with butter and fatty acids are very tasty and spicy, but its not good for the health. So, people must avoid this in their food.


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Published on August 28, 2013 By jesseledesma In Politics
We as people
are constantly engaged in threat assessment.
When we look around, we evaluate people and things around us. We use information get got from our
development to classify something as threat or not a threat.
time when grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, and members of society told
their children to watch out for black people.
The children who received these messages used them and passed them on to
their children.
Today, I was
reading an article in Law Enforcement Magazine online. The author, a police trainer, was trying to
make the point that we are all prejudice because we always prejudge people
before we have any real information about the person. This simplistic science in a law enforcement
person is dangerous.
means having an attitude against a person because of preconceived motions. For example, believing all people from Mexico
are lazy. Assessing our environment for
threats is not being prejudice. This
assessment behavior is a natural behavior that serves us by keeping us safe.
It is not a
gift from evolution. In linked In,
someone posted a forum item concerned with if we are hard wired to be
racist.
We did not
acquire a biological function through generational experience that became coded
in our DNA that leads us to be racist or prejudice. Behavior is learned and we have the advantage
of being thinkers.
scientist want to give the impression people were born gay or alcoholic. Most studies that deal with genetic
influences on behavior usually find someone who has the gene in question but
does not exhibit the behaviors that others with that same gene in their DNA. Many
scientists attempt to explain this discrepancy by stating that the person who
does not behave like others was taught to behave differently.
Okay, I have
to ask. Why can these scientists give
experience credit in the discrepancy but not acknowledge that behavior is due
to what a person learns through experiences?
I was
watching a documentary on anger, rage, and violence. The subjects of the investigation were people
who were almost always agitated and desired to harm others. The scientists in the documentary did their
DNA studies and supposedly found the gene responsible for this personality
type.
there was one person in the study who had the gene but was not filled with rage
and desired to harm others. Again, these
scientists explained that the difference was due to experience.
Mr. Glen
Beck was talking about video games and violence on his American radio show. Mr.
Beck mentioned that there is an age when the person begins to distinguish
between fantasy and reality.
I enjoyed
the psychology classes that were on the brain.
I haven't the slightest idea what Mr. Beck was talking about.
people want to believe that an inanimate object can make people behave
violent. Children who have parents that
do not bond emotionally with them will suffer from mental health issues. These issues can be of the form of emotion
retardation to anger. Of course, we know
that abuse of a child may lead to serious psychological complications.
by themselves are not responsible for violence.
People need to be taught to be violent or made violent through abuse.
Let us take
a look at the young men who were bored and went out to kill someone. These teens were from a culture that idolizes
violence. This culture is the gang
culture. In the gang culture there is a
lot of talk about harming others. These
gang members laugh about what they want to do to people. The pleasure from this social interaction creates
young people who get pleasure from harming others. Therefore, they have been taught through
experience with people who glorify violence to be violent.
The reason I
wrote an article about the 75 percent versus the 25 percent was because I do
not like simpletons who destroy the products of science. Mr. Beck, a non-scientist, is attempting to
promote the idea that violent video games make people violent.
video games do make a person violent.
When a person does not have an emotional attachment to significant
people in his or her life, they do not have the power to fight the influences
of violent education. It is because the
parent did not make the child feel loved and did not give any values, virtues,
and morals to the child that child can be taught to be violent.
We are not
taught to be violent by TV programs, Movies, or video games. I can remember the outrage over the violence
in Bugs Bunny cartoons. Really, people,
get a grip.
brother in human history killed his only brother. There were no video games at this time in
Because we
can think, we can learn. All of us are
told by our adult family members not to be violent. People with good mental health learn these
messages and are not violent.
with mental health issues lash out because they feel threatened or they were
taught to be violent. The human race
will always have to contend with people who are not mentally fit to follow the
morns of a civilized society.
on something that has nothing to do with violence, makes no productive
contribution to society. We should be
concentrating on dealing with people who do not know how to parent, people with
biological psychosis, and groups whose members teach violence.
unfortunately have bodies with biological deficiencies. Organs, brain systems, brain cells, neurons,
and neurotransmitter regulation systems do not function properly. These people suffer from anxiety and/or
depression without there being any exposure to stress to account for their
symptoms. Because of their mental health challenges, these people with
biological based mental health challenges may practice violence. Stress compounds these peoples' mental health
psychology, it is understood that the harshest behaviors are the result of the
worst abuse possible. Sexual, physical,
and mental abuse contributes to violent personalities.
We who study
psychology also understand that behavior is learned. People who have not been taught that violence
is bad may practice violence. People who
are taught that violence is good will practice violence.
people have to be taught the moral ethic that leads to violence. These attitudes towards violence can be
compounded by an individual's mental health status.
Beck in his radio show stated that soldiers were taught to shoot at the enemy
with video games because in early wars American soldiers were involved in many
soldiers had a problem shooting the enemy.
The trainers, through the use of conversation, transferred the moral
ethic for violence to the soldiers they were training. The video game itself did not make the
soldiers violent. Self-defense is not
violence.
nuture
Uhmmmmmm.... OK.
Galactic Civilizations III: ...


Custom Printed A4 Letterheads. Professional full colour printing onto a range of quality papers. Printed to your requirements and made with tender love and care. Quality business print, made to order. FAST & FREE UK Delivery on all orders. Order Now!
Letterheads are a staple piece of business stationery. They are useful for any official business documents from formal letters to invoices and employee contracts. Letterheads are sometimes also referred to as bill heads.
Available in a range of quantities, bespoke letterheads can be printed single or double-sided, and are perfect for clients who want to show a professional business image. We offer three paper types as standard: 120gsm. premium uncoated white paper, 120gsm. uncoated 100% recycled white paper and 160gsm. premium uncoated white paper.
If you have a specific paper type in mind for your letterheads, please contact us for a bespoke quotation.
Our very clever GMG software ensures all print colours are consistent. This is regardless of what paper stock or press we print on.
Orders of 500 or more letterheads will be printed lithographically which guarantees them for use with standard laser printers that most people will have in their offices and homes. Orders of less than 500 letterheads will be printed digitally and so won't be laser printing guaranteed.
If you require a specialised paper such as Conqueror, please contact us for a bespoke quotation. We also have a very helpful FAQ page which answers the most common questions we receive from customers.
We like to keep everything simple - we love to help and you will always be our number one priority. If you require a bespoke quotation for Letterheads, please do not hesitate to contact us.


A team of volunteers from Santa Fe College will partner with Catholic Charities of Jacksonville's Refugee Resettlement Program, which helps refugees find housing, work, school, and assistance as they adjust to a new language and culture. Three agencies in Jacksonville help resettle and reunite thousands of refugees annually from countries including Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma, Cuba, Iraq, and Syria. Many were forced to flee their homes because of persecution due to their race, religion, or political affiliation, and have endured immeasurable loss and trauma. The volunteers will help ease the transition for new residents by setting up housing, collecting donations, and assisting with core services during the week of spring break.
Requirements: To participate in this trip, you must be currently enrolled in at least three credits at Santa Fe College with a GPA of at least 2.0 without any outstanding fees.
Applications are due on Friday, February 8. If you are selected to participate, you will be notified by Monday, February 11 and must stop by S-134 to sign travel documents by Wednesday, February 13. There are eight spots open on this trip, followed by a waitlist.
Applications can be emailed to sarah.blanc@sfcollege.edu – No hard copies please.


On Easter 2016, a church plant and an existing church merged together, creating Redeemer Fellowship. This was the result of over two years of conversations and prayer that eventually came to joyful fruition.
Since this merger, we have seen God's mighty hand working amongst us in tremendous ways. People have been baptized and our church family has continued to grow.
This is exactly why we pursued the merger: to see two churches struggling in their own ways to come together and thus be stronger. Now we have a much healthier church in place of the two.
This process has deeply inspired us and our questions for Redeemer's future. Where do we go from here? What is next? Our church is growing, our children's space is getting maxed out - do we start a second service? Do we plant a new church? Do we do both?
When the merger occurred, we simplified our mission statement to reflect what we hoped would be our future: "Love God, Make Disciples of Jesus Christ and Plant Gospel-Centered Churches." We did not want the merger to be the end of our story, but rather only the beginning. We hoped that this church would grow to the point where we did need to launch a second church. That day has arrived!
That being said, we chose to plant another church. As we plant another church, we decided it would be best that we not duplicate our efforts and reinvent the wheel, but rather seek to carry out the mission and vision of Redeemer Fellowship here in Toms River into another city. We will use the same name (Redeemer Fellowship), mission and vision, resources and people of our mother church and plant a new church in a different city. This will be a another Redeemer Fellowship, but more than simply another campus or satellite location - it will be a distinct congregation but one that is collaborative and unified with its mother church in every way.
This new church plant will be locatied in Point Pleasant Borough. On 27 May, 2018 Redeemer Fellowship of Point Pleasant had their first ever Sunday morning home gathering! Throughout this summer this new church will be having preview services, and some more home-church gatherings as they prepare to launch in September of 2018.


Details of the visit can be found on the Events page of the Farmers Club website here.
Club members are invited to attend a special Balmoral Show Dinner at the Europa Hotel in Belfast on Tuesday 9 May 2017.
The event will commences at 7.00pm for 7.30pm, on the eve of the new four-day Balmoral Show running from May 10th to 13th (www.balmoralshow.co.uk).
Our speaker for the evening is to be the Rt Hon Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore PC QC, Member of the Supreme Court. Cost for members and guests is £48.00 per person.


text:
Suborbital Test Flight in Camden This Summer
As part of a series of "incremental launches to validate technology, study launch vehicle design and operations and evaluate potential launch sites for the future, Vector Space Systems has announced plans to conduct a sub-orbital test flight from the proposed Camden spaceport site as early as this summer. Vector CEO James Cantrell, sent a letter to Gov. Nathan Deal urging him to sign H.B. #1, legislation that will help protect companies from frivolous lawsuits from employees and passengers on rockets.


text:
Le Mandalay Bay Convention Center est le  grand centre de convention dans le monde. Les  de surface sont possédés par MGM Resorts International. Il est attaché au Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino et à côté du Mandalay Bay Events Center. Le bâtiment compte plusieurs salles de bal dont la plus grande est de . Cette salle est l'une des plus grandes salles de bal des États-Unis.

Histoire
Il fut inauguré en janvier 2003, c'est le cinquième plus grand centre de convention aux États-Unis.

Lien externe
 Mandalay Bay Convention Center

Architecture à Las Vegas
Centre de congrès aux États-Unis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package org.xcolab.view.pages.messaging.utils;

import org.xcolab.client.user.StaticUserContext;
import org.xcolab.client.user.pojo.wrapper.UserWrapper;
import org.xcolab.view.pages.messaging.beans.MessageBean;

import java.util.List;

public class MessagingPermissions {

    private final UserWrapper loggedInMember;
    private final boolean isLoggedIn;
    private MessageBean message;

    public MessagingPermissions(UserWrapper loggedInMember) {
        this.loggedInMember = loggedInMember;
        this.isLoggedIn = loggedInMember != null;
    }

    public MessagingPermissions(UserWrapper loggedInMember, MessageBean message) {
        this(loggedInMember);
        this.message = message;
    }

    public boolean getCanSendMessage() {
        return getCanAdminAll() || (isLoggedIn && StaticUserContext.getMessagingClient()
                .canUserSendMessage(loggedInMember.getId(), 1));
    }

    public boolean getCanViewMessage() {
        return isRecipient() || isSender();
    }

    public boolean getCanViewThread(String threadId, List<MessageBean> fullConversation) {
        if (!isLoggedIn) {
            return false;
        }

        fullConversation.sort(new MessageBeanDateComparator());
        MessageBean originalMessage = fullConversation.get(fullConversation.size() - 1);
        boolean didSendOriginalMessage = originalMessage.getFrom().getId().longValue() == loggedInMember.getId().longValue();
        boolean didReceiveOriginalMessage = originalMessage.getTo().stream()
                .anyMatch(recipient -> recipient.getId().longValue() == loggedInMember.getId().longValue());
        boolean isMyThread = false;
        if (threadId != null) {
            isMyThread = threadId.endsWith(String.valueOf(loggedInMember.getId()));
        }
        //Looking for a single message (backwards compatibility)
        boolean isSingleMessage = fullConversation.size() == 1 && this.getCanViewMessage();

        return didSendOriginalMessage || (didReceiveOriginalMessage && isMyThread) || isSingleMessage;
    }

    public boolean isSender() {
        return isLoggedIn && message != null && message.getFrom().getId() == loggedInMember
                .getId();
    }

    public boolean isRecipient() {
        return isLoggedIn && message != null && message.getTo().stream().anyMatch(recipient ->
                recipient.getId().longValue() == loggedInMember.getId().longValue());
    }
    public boolean getCanAdminAll() {
        return StaticUserContext.getPermissionClient().canAdminAll(loggedInMember);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


What Are Demanding Operations In Subsea Work?
In recent years, offshore operations have changed from a focus on anchor handling and rigging to more subsea installation and IMR (inspection, maintenance, repair). Situations where large and heavy modules are placed on the seabed by increasingly specialized and bigger boats creates the potential for major accidents. To uncover the safety challenges of this new development, 14 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted covering a broad scope of experience and skills from subsea work (ROV operators, crane operators, captains/first/second mates, oil service and oil company operators). All interviewees claimed that moving the offshore oil operations from surface to subsea leads to more demanding operations and more complex and risky work situations. According to the informants, these developments mean that cooperation and communication are essential since the number of actors increases substantially and the units grow larger. This seems to place increased demands in understanding both culture, language, tools, potential events, possible preventative measures (including training) and handling when critical events occur. Demanding situations occur when customers push on weather limits and costs and there are fewer people at work. Other situations viewed to be demanding are when something is hoisted through splash zones, and the moment when heavy constructions are placed on the seabed template. It has been shown that simulation training can improve safety and be an important preventive safety measure.


Good data leads to better decisions.
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This calculator helps you determine if the vehicle you want fits comfortably within your budget.
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Use this calculator to measure complex factors and determine which option is best.
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text:
Home > California > Los Angeles County
Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming
Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming serves 531 students in grades 9-12.
Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming placed in the bottom 50% of all schools in California for overall test scores (math proficiency is bottom 50%, and reading proficiency is bottom 50%) for the 2018-19 school year.
The percentage of students achieving proficiency in math is 6-9% (which is lower than the California state average of 40%) for the 2018-19 school year. The percentage of students achieving proficiency in reading/language arts is 25-29% (which is lower than the California state average of 51%) for the 2018-19 school year.
The student:teacher ratio of 22:1 is lower than the California state level of 23:1.
Minority enrollment is 98% of the student body (majority Hispanic), which is higher than the California state average of 77% (majority Hispanic).
Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming ranks among the top 20% of public schools in California for:
Percent Eligible For Free Lunch
Largest percent of students eligible for free lunch (Top 20%)
Student Attention
Lowest student:teacher ratio (Top 20%)
Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming's student population of 531 students has stayed relatively flat over five school years.
The teacher population of 24 teachers has declined by 17% over five school years.
Link to School Calendar
Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming is ranked within the bottom 50% of all 9,659 schools in California (based off of combined math and reading proficiency testing data) for the 2018-19 school year.
The diversity score of Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming is 0.28, which is less than the diversity score at state average of 0.64. The school's diversity has stayed relatively flat over five school years.
The nearest high school to Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming is Augustus F. Hawkins High B Community Health Advocates (0.0 miles away)
The nearest middle school and elementary school is John Muir Middle School (0.2 miles away)
Augustus F. Hawkins High B Community Health Advocates
Grades: 9-12 | 447 students - miles 825 W. 60th St.
Augustus F. Hawkins High C Rspnsbl Indigenous Soc Entrepr
John Muir Middle School
Grades: 6-8 | 808 students 0.2 miles 5929 S. Vermont Ave.
Sixty-first Street Elementary School
Grades: K-6 | 619 students 0.3 miles 6020 S. Figueroa St.
Budlong Avenue Elementary School
Grades: K-5 | 871 students 0.5 miles 5940 S. Budlong Ave.
See more public schools near to Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming
Review Augustus F. Hawkins High A Critical Design And Gaming. Reviews should be a few sentences in length. Please include any comments on:
: 75-79% (Btm 50% in CA)
: 6-9% (Btm 50%)
: 25-29% (Btm 50%)
: 0.28 (Btm 50%)
Pros and Cons of Sports Competition at the High School Level


I paid double what superjer did.
I assaulted a spider with a cactus. I think it has rights to an attorney but I'm not sure. Help plz.
Your question is somewhat ambiguous, are we talking about the spider's rights or the cactus'?
I'd say the older games tend to be longer actually.
To be fair, Windows does have Powershell, which is slightly better than the standard command prompt.
by allowing the user (me) to input the path to target directory and the file names into the command prompt terminal (yes, I could read the input in the Java program itself but let's say I'm running someone else's program and can't change it).
set /p "arg=Input the path to target directory (defaults to current directory if left empty): "
if not [%arg%]== set "arg=-p %arg%"
echo Input file names one per line. If no file names are input, all files in the target directory will be used.
set /p "line=Input next file name (leave empty to end list of files): "
Now the problem with this is that the path and the file names can have spaces in them, which means each of them should in the command be surrounded by quotation marks. In bash iirc you can achieve that by using a combination of single quotes and double quotes in the script, but single quotes don't seem to do anything in batch. How do I get each argument separately properly surrounded by quotation marks?
Also incidentally, is there a way to make set /p recognize an empty string as an input? Because in the above example, if I remove the "set line=" command, the loop doesn't exit even on empty input because the set /p (first line of the loop) doesn't seem to do anything if it receives empty input.
The best cure for ___ is a large ___.
I'm guessing you two pulled one of these.
If those were potatoes, we have some weirdly shaped and coloured potatoes here.