Flying a kite is easy, but there are a few simple tips that make flying the kite even easier and, more to the point, safer for you and others around you.
Always read the instructions first. These would normally give the proper assembly information as well as basic flying hints and tips. A guideline to the strength of the wind suitable for the kite may also be printed—do not exceed this as the kite can become uncontrollable. See below for a simple wind speed guide.
Never fly kites in wet or stormy weather. Static electricity can build up and be conducted down the line. This is also the reason why you should never fly a kite with wire or anything metallic in the line.
Never fly kites over other peoples heads or in an area where someone else could be injured from an out of control kite. If you are new to kite flying make sure there is plenty of room around you.
Do not fly close to roads or paths. Not only can it be dangerous if the kite comes down but it can distract drivers as well.
Keep away from overhead power lines, transmission towers, telephone lines and aerials. If your kite gets caught—DO NOT attempt to rescue it yourself—ask for help from the right people such as the electricity company.
Always be aware of what is behind you, be it people, roads or even cliffs! It is easy to be distracted by the kite and step back.
Always wear gloves for strong pulling kites.
Do not fly near airports or above 200 feet (60 metres)—see the Rules of the Air below.
Always tidy up after you. Take away any odd bits of line you have discarded, the bag that the kite came in, etc. Throw them away responsibly or recycle them.
Be careful of animals, they can be easily frightened by flying kites—particularly dual and four line kites.
If you are new to kite flying then consider contacting one of the many local groups for advice—see the group directory. If you have purchased a dual line sports or power kite, consider taking lessons in how to fly the kite, the kite trader you bought the kite from should be able to guide you in the right direction. Training is particularly important for power kites as these can be very dangerous if not flown properly.
Finally, be courteous and think of others. Not everyone is happy with kites buzzing around them. If someone else thinks your kite is a danger to others and asks you to stop—do so. They may be more aware of what is happening than you are.
There is a general scale of wind speed known as the Beaufort Scale. This gives a simple indication of the wind speed which can be matched to the recommended wind speed for the kite you are flying.
2 4-7 Light Breeze. Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; ordinary wind vanes move.
3 8-12 Gentle Breeze. Leaves and small twigs on constant motion. Wind extends light flag.
6 25-31 Strong Breeze. Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas used with difficulty.
7+ 32+ Generally dangerous to fly kites!


Filters, skimmers and biological know-how are requirements in marine aquariums; natural conditions are obtained, provided that there is a balance between the input and removal of food, waste and additives. The combination of equipment and know-how results in balance, where pollutants discharged into the water by some organisms (e.g. fish) are either utilized by other species (e.g. corals, small organisms) or removed by means of technical equipment (e.g. filters, skimmers).
Regular water changes are standard practice for maintaining any aquarium. The high efficiency of the Reefpack 250 reduces this need to a minimum as the filtration system is capable of maintaining a very low nutrient level on its own.
The Comline® Reefpack 250 features an optimum combination of technical filter components for seawater biotopes. It is designed to enable operating sensitive seawater aquariums from 60 to 250 litres (15 to 65 USgal.) at close-to-nature conditions.
Mechanical and chemical filtration with Comline® filter 3163, refillable with any type of filter medium.
Loop current in aquarium by energy saving pump with variable performance from 250 to 850l/h (70 to 250 US gal./h).
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Supplied ready for installation, including patented Magnet Holder up to a pane thickness of 12mm (0.47 in.), storage tank and filter cotton. Dimensions including skimmer cup: L 180 x W 110 x H 305mm (L 7.1 x W 4.3 x H 12 in.).


text:
Adam Greenfield
Leading authority on Urbanisation
Adam Greenfield is a world-renowned urbanist, leading "smart cities" sceptic, and passionate advocate for the human-centered design of technological systems. He is one of the world's foremost thinkers on urban environments.
Greenfield is founder and manager of Urbanscale, a New York City-based practice dedicated to "design for networked cities and citizens", and co-founder of Do projects. In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Mellon Fellowship in the Humanities at LSE. As a Senior Urban Fellow at LSE Cities, based in London, Greenfield concentrated his research on the interaction of networked information technology with urban experience, and particularly on the implications of emergent technologies for the construction of public space and the right to the city.
In 2010 Greenfield founded Urbanscale, and since then as managing director he has applied the toolkit and mindset of user-centered interaction design to the specific problems of cities. Through the design of products, services, interfaces, and spatial interventions, he makes cities easier to understand, more pleasant to use and live in, and more responsive to the desires of their inhabitants.
Greenfield co-founded Do Projects in 2010, a platform for collaborative making, publishing books, pamphlets, and editions exploring space and experience. Prior to 2010, he lived and worked in Helsinki for two years, as Nokia's head of design direction for service and user interface design. He taught 'Urban computing' and 'Urban experience' classes at NYU's graduate Interactive Telecommunications Programme from 2006-2008.
Greenfield is the author of 'Everyware: The dawning age of ubiquitous computing' (2006), which offers a humanist take on the colonisation of everyday life by information technology. In 2007, he co-authored the pamphlet 'Urban Computing and its Discontents', which was an overview of informatics for urban environments. In 2013 he released his book 'Against the smart city', which argues that technology cannot be harnessed by municipal administrators to serve the interests of the people who live in cities.
#Cities
#Society
Expert in Artificial Intelligence, Smart Cities and Fintech
MJ PETRONI
Cyber Anthropologist, Faculty Member at Singularity University
Mark Greeven
Professor of Innovation and Strategy and CEO of IMD China
Founder of the Jane Goodall Institute specialising in primatological research
MICHAŁ KURTYKA
President, COP 24 of UNFCCC. Secretary of State, Minister Of Climate And Environment of Poland
Tshering Tobgay
Former Prime Minister of Bhutan
Srishti Behl
CEO of Phantom Studios, Former Head of Indian Original Films Netflix
Farhanna Farid
Singaporean Powerlifter & World Record Holder for Deadlift in Under-52kg Category
Pritzker Prize 2016
Kyra Poh
World Indoor Skydiving; Champion; Red Bull Athlete

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
← Veterans are Seriously Ill, Yet Pentagon Refuses to Investigate Depleted Uranium
Rumsfeld's fig leaf falling →
Amputation rate for US troops twice that of past wars
Posted on December 13, 2004 by Team VCS
CARING FOR THE WOUNDED
Doctors cite need for prosthetics as more lives saved
US troops injured in Iraq have required limb amputations at twice the rate of past wars, and as many as 20 percent have suffered head and neck injuries that may require a lifetime of care, according to new data giving the clearest picture yet of the severity of battlefield wounds.
The data are the grisly flip side of improvements in battlefield medicine that have saved many combatants who would have died in the past: Only 1 in 10 US troops injured in Iraq has died, the lowest rate of any war in US history.
But those who survive have much more grievous wounds. Bulletproof Kevlar vests protect soldiers' bodies but not their limbs, as insurgent snipers and makeshift bombs tear off arms and legs and rip into faces and necks. More than half of those injured sustain wounds so serious they cannot return to duty, according to Pentagon statistics.
Much attention has focused on the 1,000-plus soldiers killed in Iraq, but the Pentagon has released little information on the 9,765 soldiers injured as of this week.
"The death rate isn't great compared to Vietnam, Korea, and World War II. But these soldiers are coming back to their communities and people are seeing just how high the price is that these young people are paying," said Dr. G. Richard Holt, a head and neck surgeon at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio and a retired US Army surgeon who served as a civilian adviser in Iraq earlier this year.
Responding to the large number of amputations, scientists at Brown University in Providence and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology yesterday announced a $7.2 million research program to design more functional prosthetic limbs. The US Department of Veterans Affairs is paying for the work.
Data compiled by the US Senate, and included in the 2005 defense appropriations bill in support of a request for increased funding for the care of amputees at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, reveal that 6 percent of those wounded in Iraq have required amputations, compared with a rate of 3 percent for past wars.
According to Brown Medical School's Dr. Roy Aaron, the current VA medical system "literally cannot handle the load" of amputees.
Aaron is heading up the Brown-MIT effort, which will also include the Providence VA Medical Center.
"Amputee research has never been a high priority because it's not . . . fashionable," said Aaron. "Iraq has changed that."
Stephan Fihn, acting VA chief research and development officer, said that military officials were concerned about the expected flood of amputees but that the system would "absolutely, without a doubt" be able to handle them.
"Returning veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan are our highest priority now," he said.
The new Brown-MIT effort, funded for five years by the VA, will research methods to build better titanium prosthetic limbs, extend bone stumps for tighter attachment of prosthetics, and use computer technology to develop prosthetic devices that can be controlled by brain sensors implanted in patients. However, the advances will not be ready for years, and many Iraq veterans will not immediately benefit, said Aaron.
In today's New England Journal of Medicine, journalist and Harvard surgeon Dr. Atul Gawande, writes: "The nation's military surgical teams are under tremendous pressure, but they have performed remarkably in this war. They have transformed the strategy for the treatment of war casualties."
In World War II, about 30 percent of those wounded died, and in Vietnam the figure was 24 percent. In Iraq and Afghanistan, the mortality rate has been 10 percent.
Gawande and others credited improvements made after Vietnam, when medics noted that most soldiers who made it to surgical facilities survived. In Iraq, military field surgical teams work just behind front lines, with four surgeons and a nursing team able to erect a four-bed surgical unit in one hour. In the current conflict, the average time it takes a wounded soldier to go from the battlefield to front-line care and on to full-service military hospitals in Germany, Kuwait, and Spain has been about four days, compared with weeks in previous wars.
In addition to amputations, many soldiers making this journey have head and neck injuries, frequently injured by improvised explosive devices, or IEDs, essentially remote-controlled bombs planted in the ground.
"The angle of the force of these IEDs is right for the neck and face. That's been devastating to folks over there," said Holt, explaining that Kevlar helmets do not protect the underside of heads and necks, where crucial nerves and blood vessels lie.
Lieutenant Colonel Michael S. Xydakis, a military surgeon, released a little-noticed study in September at a medical conference of head and neck surgeons. He found that over a 14-month period, about 1 in 5 US soldiers treated at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany, which handles most Iraq casualties, had head or neck injuries.
These injuries, surgeons said, have long-term implications, with many involving irreversible brain damage, breathing and eating impairments, blindness, or severe disfiguration. The study prompted the military to add a full-time head and neck surgeon to a Baghdad field hospital.
"These folks are just starting to come back, and they may require care for a long, long time," said Holt.
Raja Mishra can be reached at rmishra@globe.com


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Home » HIV and Injection Drug Use in Sweden
HIV and Injection Drug Use in Sweden
"Sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV, are not reported by full identity to the authorities in Sweden. This limits the possibility of following individuals over time and duplicates of notifications concerning the same individual may occur in the surveillance data.
"Fewer cases of HIV were reported among injecting drug users (IDU) in 2010-2011 compared to 2008-2009, with 22 cases in 2012. By the end of 2012, IDUs accounted for 5% of all people living with a known HIV infection in Sweden, equivalent to about 400 IDUs (or former IDUs). In May 2012, an outbreak of HIV was detected among IDUs in Kalmar comprising 5 cases. The new needle-syringe exchange programme in Kalmar can hopefully prevent new cases.
"Data from non-representative studies based on IDUs tested in remand prisons in Gothenburg and Stockholm in 2009 and 2010 shows an HIV prevalence of 5-9%. The needle-syringe exchange programmes in Skåne appear to have had a positive impact on preventing new HIV cases in the region. No new HIV cases were found among the participants in 2010-2011."
Swedish National Institute of Public Health. "2013 National Report (2012 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point: Sweden: New Developments, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues." Östersund: Swedish National Institute of Public Health, 2013, p. 60.
http://folkhalsomyndigheten.se...


text:
MICHAEL ARMITAGE with Toby Kamps
DAWOUD BEY with Lyle Rexer
TORKWASE DYSON with Robert R. Shane
MAX HOLLEIN with Phong H. Bui
TONY OURSLER with Thyrza Nichols Goodeve
Summer McCorkle: des abends
By Ann C. Collins
Isaac Aden: Vespers and Auroras
(Nothing but) Flowers
George Ortman: Against Abstraction
erotics: towards a poetics of the liminal
By Lucia Hinojosa
Our World is Burning
By Olivia Gilmore
Don Voisine: Time Out
Torkwase Dyson: Studies for Bird and Lava
Jennie C. Jones: Passing Tones and Broken Chords
By Adriana Furlong
Rute Merk: SS20
Hélio Oiticica: Dance in My Experience
By Bruna Shapira
Artist Stories from the Pandemic
By Joyce Beckenstein
Jeffrey Gibson: Because Once You Enter My House It Becomes Our House
By Susan Breyer
Banksy: A Visual Protest
An Alternative Canon: Art Dealers Collecting Outsider Art
Susan Philipsz: Muffled Drums/The Unquiet Grave
By Nicholas Heskes
Frank Jones: 114591
The Institute of Queer Ecology: Metamorphosis
By Alex A. Jones
Philip Guston: What Endures
Scott Benzel: Mindless Pleasures
Maureen Catbagan
By Amber Jamilla Musser
Barkley L. Hendricks: In the Paint
By Lee Ann Norman
Ashley Garrett: Aegis
Ari Marcopoulos: Fast Breaks
By Robert Slifkin
Nancy Shaver, Max Goldfarb & Sterrett Smith: fastness, slowness and Monstrous Beauty
By Simon Wu
Clotilde Jiménez: The Contest
Andrew Sendor: InstaCOVID Drawings
By Osman Can Yerebakan
Susan Philipsz: Sleep Close and Fast
By Patrick J. Reed
Guest Critic: Elizabeth Bishop
Pandemic Poetics: An Eulogy and Manifesto in an AntiBlack World
By Gwendolyn Baxley and Yolanda Sealey-Ruiz
Black Joy Is Not Canceled
By Damaris Dunn
On Confinement
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On Circular Economy
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Anti-Racism at the Borderlands of Whiteness
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Peace by Understanding
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The Real Virus
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From Beirut, Borikén, and Brooklyn with Love
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The Discord
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Am I Dying, Mister?
By The Lost Child of Emma Goldman and Bernie Sanders
Vincent Katz's Broadway for Paul
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Buttercream & Symbiosis: Joon Oluchi Lee's Neotenica
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Emily Hashimoto's A World Between
Sulaiman Addonia's Silence Is My Mother Tongue
By John Domini
By Joseph Peschel
The Bass Rock
Elena Ferrante's The Lying Life of Adults
THERESIA ENZENSBERGER with Elvia Wilk
KATHLEEN ROONEY with Robert Puccinelli
By Robert Puccinelli
JESSICA GROSS with David Burr Gerrard
Statement of Record: A Conversation with StatORec Editors Andrea Scrima and David Winner in conversation with Rebecca Chace
Benjamin Taylor's Here We Are
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Steven Belletto's The Beats: A Literary History
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Neeli Cherkovski's Hang On To The Yangtze River
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Zillions of Things Become One Thing: CATHERINE CHRISTER HENNIX with Marcus Boon
By Marcus Boon
Citadelic: Astridpark, Gent, Belgium, 18th July 2020
Electro-vodou
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CHARMAIN WARREN and NORA CHIPAUMIRE with Gillian Jakab
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A Rich and Revitalizing Legacy: Ephraim Asili's The Inheritance
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AMY SEIMETZ with Madeline Whittle
MARTHA COLBURN and PAT O'NEILL with Marius Hrdy
Object of Reverence: Natalie Erika James's Relic
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NEW Black Mutual Aid Carves a Path for What Support Can Be in a Revolution
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Brick by Brick by Buchheister
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As the World Slowly Reopens, Theaters Remain Closed, Leaving Furloughed Employees Uncertain About Their Futures
By Joey Sims
By María José Navia and Lily Meyer
By Alix Hawley
By Peter Gizzi
By Guillermo Filice Castro
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By Courtney Bush
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from Migrainer
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Jonathan Lyndon Chase's wild wild Wild West / Haunting of the Seahorse
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Hundertwasser For Future
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A Tribute to Germano Celant
A Tribute to Christo
RIZOMA: Poetry & Performance Workshops at Santiaguito de Almoloya Women's Prison
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Corona Crisis Governmentality
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Save CUNY
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My Rosenberg COVID-19 Mask
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The Spiral
By Phil A. Neel
16. (Tribeca)
17. (The East Village, the Subway)
18. (Chelsea)
19. (The East Village, Queens)
20. (Canal Street)
SEPT 2020 Issue
Books In Conversation
Cher Ami and Major Whittlesey
(Penguin, 2020)
The controversy earlier this year over Jeanine Cummins's American Dirt (2020) made readers ask themselves anew whether writing across difference is always a form of cultural exploitation. When Oprah selected Cummins's novel for her book club, Latinx writers protested, in part because Cummins identifies as white and her depiction of the Mexican immigrant experience is arguably rife with presumptions and stereotypes. Written across difference with sensitivity and nuance, the new novel Cher Ami and Major Whittlesey is American Dirt's polar opposite, demonstrating that producing fiction from a perspective radically different from one's own can be done responsibly and to moving effect. As Kathleen Rooney builds to a closing line as powerful as Hemingway's "Isn't it pretty to think so?" the reader is overwhelmed by the lived experience of someone outside ourselves. We understand difference as well as commonality and recognize our sisterhood, our brotherhood, our humanhood, even our animalhood. When you set the book down, it keeps resonating backwards and forwards across time, like Patti Smith's Just Kids (2010) or Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019). We understand what the writer is asking of her readers, and consequently our relationship with her characters, with her, and with each other, deepens.
The title characters, Cher Ami and Charles Whittlesey, were celebrities, famous as heroes of World War I, the war to end all wars. They were both members of the Lost Battalion, Whittlesey as a major in the trenches with his troops, Cher Ami as the homing pigeon carrying messages across the battlefields. Today they're both forgotten. But as they take turns narrating successive chapters of Rooney's novel, they each become unforgettable.
In the midst of the pandemic engulfing the globe, we are all learning how connected we are to each other. In this country, this awareness can lead us towards alienation (Asian-Americans experiencing racist attacks) or towards empathy (younger Americans making sacrifices to protect older Americans). Cher Ami and Major Whittlesey choose the latter, compassionate path as Rooney writes across gender, sexual orientation, and even species. This enchanting journey begins like a fairy tale, then descends into the horrific maelstrom of the first World War, then sets us free contemplating our interconnectedness across time, across history, across borders, and across biologies. It is not about the present moment, yet it is—very much so.
Robert Puccinelli (Rail): What do you think your novel has to say about the strange times we are living through?
Kathleen Rooney: We're talking in the early days of April 2020 deep into the COVID-19 pandemic, and I did not expect 2020 to contain that outbreak, but here it is. I finished the book years ago because books get finished well in advance of their publication. So I wasn't thinking of it at the time of writing, but now as I get ready for the book to come out in August, I'm thinking a lot of how Major Whittlesey, one of my two protagonists, became renowned as a World War I hero for waiting. For a sort of passivity. We are sheltering in place right now. We're staying six feet apart and we're being told 'Sit on the couch and save a life.' There are a lot of battlefield metaphors about war and fighting the virus, but unless you're literally a medical professional, you really can't do that. Charles Whittlesey was an active soldier and I'm not taking anything away from that, but the thing he became most famous for was a five-day wait in the Pocket when he and his men were encircled behind enemy lines. The bulk of what he did and what he became known for was waiting as hard as he could, keeping the spirits of his troops up, and just sort of trying to endure this static, passive, terrifying situation with grace and bravery. We're all getting a taste now of what it means to try and wait as best we can.
Rail: How are you handling the quarantine? What's the waiting like for you?
Rooney: Like for a lot of people, it's a process of grief, moving through those stages from denial to acceptance. At first it was hard to believe, but now it's sinking in. I'm not a Pollyanna. I don't think this is a good thing. But I am trying to look for the opportunities within all of this and trying to stay curious. We're just at the beginning so it's hard to say and I'm not going to make predictions, but something like this cannot help but transform the world. It's not the same but it's similar to 9/11. The world's cracking open and there's going to be before COVID-19 and there's going to be after COVID-19, and I'm trying to look at what could be better in the after. The pandemic is bringing into sharper relief all kinds of pervasive and previously existing economic, class, and racial inequalities. My hope is that after enduring this we will be prepared to transform society so that none of us are as vulnerable.
Rail: I love that. I hope that turns out to be true. Hollywood made a silent movie about The Lost Battalion and cast Major Whittlesey as himself. How did watching the movie inform your writing?
Rooney: It influenced me a lot because it was so strange to me as I was doing this research on this guy who's been dead for almost 100 years to have the ability to actually see him on a screen: his body, his gestures, his demeanor. It also informed how I wanted to depict his post-traumatic stress disorder, because with veterans today that's obviously still very much a problem. We understand it better now than we did 100 years ago, but our understanding is still imperfect and our treatment for people who suffer it is still imperfect, and it still shocked me that 100 years ago you would take a man who had been through unspeakable trauma and think it was a good idea to put him in a movie where he reenacted that trauma. Watching the movie was emotionally intense because I was considering what he must have been going through trying to act out something he had lived through.
Rail: You saw Major Whittlesey in the movie, but your other protagonist is a pigeon whose body has been preserved through taxidermy. What was it like visiting Cher Ami at the Smithsonian?
Rooney: The National Museum system is free. I wish we had more stuff like that in our society that anyone off the street could go in and take advantage of. I just waltzed into the history museum like anybody can and went to this exhibit called The Price of Freedom. And there she was. I've never written a bird's perspective before, so she was a big challenge. Whether it's a bird or a person it's really hard at first to get that embodied perspective. You want to not just make them a brain in a jar, you want to make them a body, and so seeing her tiny feathered taxidermied corpse was profound. This was the bird that flew all those missions, and you can see her injuries, you can see that she only had one leg, you can see she's been through a lot. That was the first step and it was crucial.
Rail: How did you determine Charles Whittlesey was gay?
Rooney: I cannot point to any historical documents or a diary in which he identifies as gay, but when I was doing the research, everything about him seemed to suggest that he was. I did a lot of research on queer existence in America in the early 20th century, particularly in New York City, which like many cities became sort of a hub for people who didn't fit in their small hometown, or wanted to be in a place where they could be more anonymous and live without judgment. Back then there were a lot of euphemisms associated with a queer lifestyle. And one of the euphemisms that's kind of still with us today—though luckily we increasingly need it less—is confirmed bachelor. That's a phrase that's existed for over a century for those in the know. If you had an uncle who was always alone and people asked, "What's his deal? Why won't he get married?" You'd say, "Oh, he's a confirmed bachelor." It worked on a couple of levels like many things in queer subcultures did, where if you were not hip even to the existence of queer people, you might hear that and think, "oh, he hasn't found a special lady." But if you were in the know, you would think, "okay he's gay and he's not interested in pursuing a more conventional nuclear family lifestyle." Even in his obituary in the New York Times, they were emphatic that he was a confirmed bachelor. When people were asking about his suicide, many leaped to the conclusion that he must have done it over a lost female love, but the Times corrected that by saying, "No woman involved." Past that, since I'm not writing a biography, I thought it would be compelling for him as a character to be gay because one of the things that I hope the book does is complicate our notions of heroism and who can be a hero. Having a gay hero at a time when it wasn't even safe to be out was really interesting. Just like Cher Ami who was a female pigeon. She was a female pigeon every second of her life, but all through her life because of preconceived notions about who gets to be a hero, they said he did this, he did that, this pigeon is a man. Even in her afterlife, if you want to call it that, when they stuffed her for the Smithsonian, the taxidermist discovered she was female. But it's indicative of the resistance to the idea of who can be a hero that the Smithsonian decided, let's just keep calling her he.
Rail: How did you change your style to write about the past and make us feel like we are with people who are both like us and different from us?
Rooney: People come to fiction for different things. Some people want a plot that thrills them, some people want historical content, some people want a setting that depicts a place they're fascinated by, and ideally a good piece of fiction will have all those elements. For me, as a reader, and therefore logically as a writer, I'm always interested in voice and character. Those are the things that fiction can give me in a way that other stuff can't. I really love that magical—and I do think it's magical—power of interiority. Unlike any other art form, you're slipping into the heart and mind of another person. I think that's incredible, so I try to write that way.
Rail: Your book takes moral maxims and truisms seriously but simultaneously questions them. How do you celebrate concepts like duty and honor while challenging the manipulation inherent in those concepts?
Rooney: That gets at the heart of something that I was thinking about a lot as I wrote this, which is that I wanted it to be a book about war that didn't glorify it. A lot of media that depicts war has the good intention of showing how dreadful armed conflict is. But I think most depictions accidentally do glamorize it. When the movie Saving Private Ryan (1998) came out, I still remember how everyone was so beside themselves with how realistically horrible the reenactment of the D-Day invasion was and how Spielberg had captured the truly horrific nature of these young men getting murdered in the ocean. And that's true. But then you watch the rest of the movie and by the end of it, it feels very pro-war in the sense that it's, "ah, we Band of Brothers, we went through this, but you know we're on the other side and we're kind of superior to those who haven't had this rarefied experience of fighting and battle." That's just one example but there are tons. I doubt Spielberg set out to say, "let's make everybody wish they fought World War II." But that's kind of the effect it had. One of the ways that happens is the language, or if it's cinema the cinematic grammar used to depict it.
Rail: Do you mean like the passage in your book where the British soldier questions why friends are referred to as comrades, friendship as fellowship, horses as steeds, arms and legs as limbs, and the dead as the fallen?
Rooney: Yes. Depicting war in this heightened, elevated, extreme register. So I tried not to do that, and I hope that by the end of the book you realize that nobody wins a war. That could sound cliché unto itself, but humans keep having wars so I think we still need to consider why we're doing that. That being said, I do think that concepts like duty and honor and loyalty and sacrifice are beautiful and useful. And I hope the book shows that those things exist in people and animals, irrespective of whether they're in a war or not. I hope that I've created characters where you can see that even if they were somewhere else, they would still have these noble qualities. I don't think it's bad to say that people can be noble or that animals can be noble. It's too easy to be cynical or ironic or say everybody sucks, everybody's terrible. I don't think that's the case.
Rail: How did spending all this time back in the past alter your perception of the present?
Rooney: I kept thinking about communication and how wild it was that I was writing this novel on my computer and sometimes letting myself get distracted or checking Twitter or sending an email and people thousands of miles away from me could hear my thoughts right away. Whereas the whole problem with World War I was communications. The front wasn't that far from the rear, but you just didn't know what was going on, to everyone's detriment. That's why they needed pigeons, they needed runners, they needed guys on motorcycles. Two-way radio didn't exist yet, the telephone lines were constantly being cut. I kept thinking about how profoundly different our life is now when we can communicate in a heartbeat, as opposed to communication being a literal matter of life and death.
Rail: How are people from the 1910's different from us, and how are they the same as us?
Rooney: They're different from us because whatever we consider ourselves—in my opinion, and in the opinion of many sociologists and psychologists—we are not a fixed and finite knot of qualities. The self is sort of this amoeba-like cloud. It can be weird to think that whatever I consider myself is not permanent, is not inherent, that it's all influenced by relationships. Without relationships, I don't believe anybody has a self. And that's relationships to other people, friends, enemies, loved ones, parents, children, pets, but also relationships to the culture that you're in. All of us swim in this cultural soup. There is a desire in some people to think, "Oh, I just am who I am, the culture doesn't influence me, I'm not a sheep, I'm not doing stuff because of what's around me," but I think that's incorrect. We can be aware of this external, cultural influence and we can resist or go with the flow, but we're all a product of our culture which is a product of our time and our history and our era. People do have definite qualities, some of them very noble, some of them less so. We can be petty, we can be jealous, we can be violent. So that's how we're the same as people from the 1910's—we have this potential for this array of good and bad behaviors. But the people in the past and the animals in the past are different because the uses they're being put to are different, the circumstances they are existing in are different. For example, the pigeon you see on the street pecking for seeds in Daley Plaza could be made into a homing pigeon. Any feral pigeon could be developed into a pigeon that would carry messages. You would just have to train it. But that pigeon in Daley Plaza is not a homing pigeon because that's just not usually a thing humans choose to do to pigeons anymore. Whereas that was Cher Ami's life. She had no other existence.
Rail: Why do you think Cher Ami and Major Whittlesey were forgotten?
Rooney: Partly it's that World War II arrived only 20 years after "the war to end all wars." But also part of it has to do with changing attitudes toward pigeons. There's a real anti-pigeon prejudice nowadays that I find disappointing. People call them rats with wings, they say they have diseases, they say they're filthy, none of which is true. The relationship people had with pigeons in the 1910s was much more loving, almost like a pet dog. You would keep them, you would love them, you would train them and breed them and admire their plumage, and people don't do that as much anymore. Also I think Whittlesey's suicide made a lot of people uncomfortable and I think—I don't know but I think—he wanted it to. The act was so meticulously planned out and it was so careful, it's hard to not consider that as some sort of final word on his opinion on war. When he's living, he's a very useful hero. When he has died in this extremely tragic and deliberate way, it's less easy to be rah-rah patriotic about him. So I think a lot of people prefer to forget him.
Rail: War is a ritual as old as history itself. Why does the cycle keep repeating? Why can't we change?
Rooney: This might be a controversial answer, but I want to get specific and not abstract and I think that the answer is male supremacy. It's patriarchy. The conditions that make war seem necessary and even desirable are very much rooted in this system of male power and dominance and aggression and ownership. We see as wars play out over and over again that the people who tend to suffer the most are the people who don't choose to do it—the women and the children. That's why you see rape in almost every conflict being used as a weapon, and stunningly high casualties when it comes to civilians, families, and noncombatants. I think that even extends to the use of animals in war. This idea that man is the dominant, apex predator at the top of the pyramid is what allows this to keep happening and unless we have a pretty radical reshaping of the structures of power and who's in power, that's going to keep happening. I'm not trying to say that women are heroes who are never mean or who are never aggressive or acquisitive. I'm not saying that, but I am saying that there's something absolutely evil in the patriarchy, and that evil is what perpetuates violence and war.
Rail: In your book the generals are in luxury and the poor are in trenches. In one passage the generals order an advance for which they anticipate so many deaths, they don't even order weapons for the new troops. The men will be able to use the weapons of their dead fellows. During the last recession homeowners were not bailed out but banks were. During this pandemic there are people—even CEOs and governors—implying that those at risk should sacrifice themselves to save the economy. Do you see any parallels between the world of your novel and now?
Rooney: World War I was fought with a classically pyramidal structure of the type Marx described. You have the base—the proletariat, the grunts, the 99%, however you want to put it—and then you have the management—the owners, the generals, the 1% who are at the top calling the shots. If you concentrate that kind of life or death power into the hands of a few people who have the luxury of being far away from the actual suffering, that's how it's possible to have a war like World War I, where 10 million soldiers and 10 million civilians died. Relatedly, that's how it's possible to have an economy like we're having right now where it's so unfair and it's so infuriating. The bailout packages that we're getting still insist on favoring this idea that if we save the businesses it will trickle down. I just don't think there's any reason to believe that people who are already on top and have no consequences will ever care about the people on the bottom unless they are made to.
Rail: Yet you seem hopeful.
Rooney: Stories exercise our imagination. They ask us to think about how things could be different. And sometimes, just that act of imagining can give us that little extra push to realize, "You know what? I can change my life." Or, "I can live in a world where healthcare isn't tied to my employment. It can be universal for all." Stories give us a chance to try things out in a safe test space. And then we take them into reality if that is possible. And with enough imagination, political will, and cooperation, almost anything is possible.
Rail: Does poetry serve a similar function? I ask because Whittlesey seems to take solace in Catullus.
Rooney: The poetry doesn't have to be the classic old dead white guys (even though that's who Whit would have known and loved), but I think this connection to ideas and ideals and language that existed before us is something beautiful about the continuity of existence. My favorite definition of poetry is W.H. Auden's—he called it "memorable speech". Elevated language is aspirational in the best possible way. It makes us want to remember things, it makes us want to remember people, and also possibly to be memorable people ourselves and to do the most that we can with our short time being alive.
Rail: There's been a recent controversy over the book American Dirt. Many felt the book was exploitative cultural appropriation. Yet you are writing across difference in such an empathic way. Did writing about something forgotten from the past make it easier? Are there stories that you feel you could not tell? How did it feel writing across differences of gender, sexual orientation, and even species?
Rooney: Cher Ami came to my attention through a passing mention in a student's poem in 2014. I was intrigued, and knew I wanted to tell her story in a novelistic way, but it took me a while to figure out the point of view because I am not now, nor have I ever been, a pigeon. A writer has to look really, really hard at why they want to tell a story, and how. A thing that gets said a lot is, "I want to humanize," or "I want to give voice to the voiceless." And that gets tricky, especially for writers in a position of privilege, and I consider myself as a white person to have a lot of privilege. I would try never to say something like that because people from other groups are already human, so you don't need to be a savior to come and humanize them. Saying "I want to give voice to the voiceless" means that maybe you just haven't read enough books from other populations different than you own, and so maybe these individuals that you think are voiceless are not voiceless, you just haven't heard their voices. Like so much of creative writing it's not just what you do, but how and why you do it.
Rail: Has anyone ever solved the mystery of how the homing pigeon is always able to find their way home no matter where you bring them?
Rooney: No, not entirely. I think the mystery is cool and kind of humbling. We know they're good at this. We even put them to use. But we don't fully understand how they're so incredible.
Rail: Your ending left me weeping uncontrollably. What's your favorite ending?
Rooney: Ending a novel is so hard. I've had so many experiences of love love love love loving a book, and then getting to the end and being disappointed because they don't stick the landing. I really wanted to stick the landing and I worked so hard on it, so thank you. It's a cliché but my favorite last line in literature is The Great Gatsby (1925). It's perfect. It's a summation. It's lyrical. It's poetry. It's an unapologetic effort at a universal truth that gives the reader something to consider even after they've closed that last page. For me that's the gold standard of a final sentence.
Rail: Why is forgiveness so important for Major Whittlesey and Cher Ami?
Rooney: We're all part of the collective, but we're also individuals. Our life as part of the collective might be very stymied and frustrating. Whittlesey forgiving the Germans is him realizing, okay, I don't have control. I can't control the situation. But I do have a bit of power. And so just on this one-to-one level, just between me and this other guy, I can choose to exercise my power in a way that's compassionate and generous and sets us both free, as opposed to remaining stuck in this acrimonious damaging state. Similarly, it'd be easy for Cher Ami to hate humans for what they've done. But where would that get her? I'm going to quote Marianne Williamson, which might be controversial, but she says that rage is the white sugar of emotions. It's so delicious but it's so bad for you. It's appealing and it's even fun and it's delicious to stay mad. But it's more beautiful and ultimately more healing to try to forgive.
Rail: While you were writing, did a pigeon family move in next to you?
Rooney: My spouse Martin [Seay, author of The Mirror Thief (2016)] and I live up on the third floor of a condo up in Edgewater [in Chicago] and we had this pigeon family who moved in under the eaves on our back porch. I engaged in the pathetic fallacy of ascribing human emotions and intentions to nature, which is a very human thing to do because nature doesn't necessarily care about us. But it almost felt like the natural world giving me the thumbs up and saying, "Hey, you're writing about pigeons? Here. Here are some pigeons." I got to see their graceful way of life up close. Pigeons are so good at being egalitarian. I love that the male and the female pigeon co-parent and they both produce pigeon milk and feed the babies. One would fly off and go get food, the other would sit on the nest, and then they'd switch. It was beautiful to see this way of life that for humans would be so radical happening in this really chill way with a family of birds.
Robert Puccinelli
Robert Puccinelli is a contributor to the Rail.


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MinIO Supports New Microsoft SQL Server 2022 Functionality Dramatically Expanding Footprint for Industry Leader
November 16, 2022 11:15 ET | Source: MinIO
PALO ALTO, Calif., Nov. 16, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO Inc., creators of the MinIO multi-cloud object storage suite, today announced support for several new features Microsoft SQL Server 2022....
MinIO Surpasses One Billion Cumulative Docker Downloads as Business Surges
September 22, 2022 09:00 ET | Source: MinIO
PALO ALTO, Calif., Sept. 22, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO Inc., creators of the MinIO multi-cloud object storage suite, today announced that it has surpassed one billion cumulative Docker...
MinIO and PwC Announce Joint Business Relationship
August 30, 2022 09:00 ET | Source: MinIO
PALO ALTO, Calif., Aug. 30, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO Inc., creators of the MinIO Multi-Cloud Object Storage suite, today announced the launch of a joint business relationship with PwC Canada...
MinIO Industry-Leading Multi-Cloud Object Storage Delivers Superior Intel Optimized Performance for Customers
PALO ALTO, Calif., Aug. 22, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO Inc., creators of the MinIO Multi-Cloud Object Storage suite, today announced a deeper strategic collaboration with Intel to deliver...
MinIO Partners With Snowflake to Deliver Multi-Cloud Data Accessibility
June 28, 2022 09:00 ET | Source: MinIO
PALO ALTO, Calif., June 28, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO Inc., creators of the MinIO Multi-Cloud Object Storage suite, today announced a partnership with Snowflake, the Data Cloud company, which...
MinIO Welcomes Industry Advisors and Technology Leaders to Support Multi-Cloud Storage Momentum
March 23, 2022 09:00 ET | Source: MinIO
PALO ALTO, Calif., March 23, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO Inc., creators of the MinIO multi-cloud object storage suite, today announced that two new advisors have joined the team, both of whom are...
MinIO Closes $103 Million Series B Round at $1 Billion Valuation to Accelerate Multi-Cloud Storage
January 26, 2022 09:00 ET | Source: MinIO
PALO ALTO, Calif., Jan. 26, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO Inc., creators of the MinIO multi-cloud object storage suite, announced today that it has raised $103 million in Series B funding at a $1...
MinIO Wins Coveted 2021 Datanami Readers' Choice Award for Best Storage Solution
December 13, 2021 12:00 ET | Source: MinIO
SAN DIEGO, Dec. 13, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO, the leader in high performance, multi-cloud object storage, has been recognized as the best storage solution in the sixth annual Datanami Readers'...
MinIO Announces Availability of MinIO Hybrid Cloud Object Storage on Red Hat Marketplace
July 15, 2021 09:00 ET | Source: MinIO
PALO ALTO, Calif., July 15, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO, a pioneer in high performance, Kubernetes-native object storage, today announced that MinIO hybrid cloud object storage has achieved Red...
MinIO to Showcase Importance of Object Stores to the Modern Enterprise at Cloud Native Data Management Day 2021
April 29, 2021 09:00 ET | Source: MinIO
PALO ALTO, Calif., April 29, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- MinIO, a pioneer in high performance, Kubernetes-native object storage, today announced the company will be sponsoring and presenting at Cloud...


text:
The reproductive tract of a mare is suspended by the broad ligament. If you're a veterinarian in training, or just curious of the anatomy of the female equine reproductive tract, then these two video dissection tutorials are for you.
You'll see the mesometrium is the mesentery of the uterus. It constitutes the majority of the broad ligament of the uterus, excluding only the portions adjacent to the uterine tube and ovary. You'll see the mesovarium of the horse, which is the portion of the broad ligament of the uterus that covers the ovaries. And you'll see the mesosalpinx, which is the portion of the broad ligament that stretches from the uterine tube to the level of the ovary of the horse.
NOTE: If you can't view the videos on this site, you can download them using the links below.
Download Part 1 (.mov)
(1) Part 1 of 2, (2) Part 2 of 2
How To: Palpate a mare to check for estrous
How To: Palpate a bovine to check for pregnancy
How To: View a mare reproductive tract through laparoscopy
How To: Tell whether your baby has a urinary tract or bladder infection
How To: Devein shrimp the right way with Chef Bibby
How To: Lower your blood pressure naturally with Suzy Cohen
How To: Dissect a wasp
How To: Perform a basic abdominal examination
How To: Peel and devein prawns like a chef
How To: Utilize and insert CIDR devices into cows
How To: Get Miley's blue makeup look from "Can't Be Tamed"
How To: Animate hierarchical characters in Maya
How To: Take apart a car engine and see what all the parts do
How To: Use American phrases and slang
How To: Recognize signs of a bladder infection
zheath6 10 years ago
im doing this dissection tomorrow and its a great heads up
Kashif Afzal 3 years ago
how play vidos
Justin Meyers 3 years ago
I've added some download links so you can watch them in a media player on your computer.


Check out FifaRalle's exclusive FIFA 13 skills montage video from the EAUK FIFA 13 Community Event.
Check out Kazooie94's exclusive FIFA 13 gameplay video from the EAUK FIFA 13 Community Event as he plays some FIFA 13 for you in style.
Check out French YouTube phenomena Diablox9's exclusive FIFA 13 exclusive gameplay video from the EAUK FIFA 13 Community Event.
Check out Calfreezy' exclusive FIFA 13 Career Mode gameplay from the EAUK FIFA 13 Community Event.
The lads at the EAUK FIFA 13 Community Event have produced some great videos based on the Skill Games. Check out videos here from NepentheZ, Air Japes and KSIOlajidebt.
Check out Air Japes exclusive FIFA 13 gameplay from the EAUK FIFA 13 Community Event.
Welcome to day 2 of the EAUK FIFA 13 Community Event.


As I was struggling to figure out the front pocket facings, I found out that Middle Son needs (yes, I used italics to emphasize this need) non-cotton fleece pullover for his camping trip. Ugh!
I also was asked by Mr. Toad to make some award ribbons. He figures, I can just whip up some art, make a design, digitize it and embroider it. Hmmm. My family really thinks I can do more than I can. My Super Mom cape has been in the laundry pile and I can't be Super without it. Maybe if I catch up on laundry, I can wear my cape and get all these things done.
So after his consultation with an orthodontist, which is only blocks from a Hancock Fabrics ,Middle Son and I decide to make a quick trip to grab some fleece. Like most fabric shoppers, I have a way of looking for fabric. I do a quick glance over everything, do a walk through--of course I'm touching what grabs my eye--get a cart and start choosing what I think I want. Middle son has a different method, random aisles and bouncing from fuzzy fake fur, to rip stop, to fleece to denim, to sparkly stretchy sequin stuff. Oh, and he calls out "Mom, look at this....Mom, I need you to make ______ for ______."
Pattern Review New to Me Pattern Co.
I finally convinced him that he didn't need multicolored shaggy fake fur for a Halloween costume in February. So off we went to find his fleece. He settled on a navy blue while I grabbed Kwik Sew 3773, a basic no-zip hoody and sweat pants. I also wanted some fabric for a wearable muslin for Mr. Toad's dress pants.
We also found some rip-stop in all three colors for the ribbons that Mr. Toad thinks I can create. I've also been trying to find the right designs to come up with an idea for the art work on the ribbons. The text is easy. I'm just not a graphic artist. I am also a very novice beginner at digitizing.
So, for those of you waiting for the dress pants, it will be replaced by a pair of boring sweats, some attempts at making ribbon award thingys, and a pair of jeans.The jeans will be the replacement for the dress pants that I was making for the February Challenge at The Monthly Stitch.
Thank you for joining my detour into guy clothes and maybe a little digitizing, embroidery and some craftiness.


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6ix9ine Thrown Out Of Miami Restaurant After Giving Out Free Alcohol
Miami, FL –
6ix9ine was reportedly tossed out of a Miami, Florida restaurant after he started passing around free bottles of booze to all the patrons.
Per Page Six, the "Trollz" rapper jumped behind the bar at El Tiesto Café on Sunday (January 22) and grabbed bottles of tequila before going around and pouring liquor into everyone's mouth. His friends were also allegedly dancing atop the bar despite being asked to get down.
While 6ix9ine and his entourage were escorted out, Page Six spotted him hugging the owner, with a source telling the outlet they were close friends and that 6ix9ine frequented the establishment "all the time."
Regardless, a police officer reportedly arrived on the scene after 6ix9ine left the café in his multi-colored Rolls-Royce, although no arrests were made.
The rainbow-haired rapper has been pretty reckless in recent weeks. Earlier in January, 6ix9ine raised eyebrows after he flexed $1 million in cash and dropped his location on social media.
"On my way to New York. I got a million dollars on me and on my mother I'm by myself here's what the jet lady texted me I copy and pasted it," he wrote in his Instagram caption. "Arriving:6:45PM. Airport: signature flight. 1 Airport Rd, Morristown, NJ 07960. Well I'm with the kid who recorded this video but he's like 5'4 140 solid I swear."
The caption seemed to imply that anyone who wanted to confront the "FEFE" lyricist at the airport was free to do so. However, many in the comments section warned him about how dangerous this was, including his close friend and supporter Akademiks, who warned him it was a "bad idea."
"Young man this is not good to post," another concerned fan added. "People out here killing each other for a pack of cigarettes." Another added: "He's just gonna get himself in trouble, facts! One way or another… Good luck while that lasts."
One Instagram user went so far as to accuse 6ix9ine of making fun of the recent string of rap murders, some of which were aided by intimate details being broadcast on social media.
"This is how these artist get gotten," they wrote. "He shouldn't be making light or humor of that. A lot of our Artist have 'unalived' in this fashion. Not funny."
Gunna & 6ix9ine's 'Snitching' Comparisons Explained By Kodak Black's Lawyer
The antic was especially treacherous for 6ix9ine considering his reputation as a snitch after he cooperated with federal authorities back in 2020 to convict numerous members of the Nine Trey Gangsta Bloods.
The26-year-old ultimately apologized for his "snitching" ways, but refused to feel bad about it and has adamantly stood by his decision to do so.
While 6ix9ine has been quiet on the music front, he's spent most of his free time keeping close tabs on the ongoing YSL RICO case, and has been relentless in his trolling of Gunna after the "Drip Too Hard" rapper copped a plea deal in December.
The Brooklyn native took to Instagram earlier this month to call out Gunna for referring to YSL as a label on Instagram after acknowledging it was a "gang" as part of his guilty plea.
"In court you said it was a gang here on IG u saying the label," he commented on the YSL rapper's social media post, in which he pledged his allegiance to Young Thug and YSL. "Lol u can't make this shit up."
Omarion Responds To Nia Long's 'Single AF' Comments After Flirtatious Red Carpet Photo
Fivio Foreign Follows Pusha T & Juelz Santana With DJ Drama 'Gangsta Grillz' Announcement
Kim Kardashian Takes Fans Inside Her Creepy Halloween Home Decor — Mummies Included
Zendaya's New Madame Tussauds Wax Figure Is Getting Mixed Reactions From Fans


Chemical intermediate. Intermediate for mercurial diuretics. Associated with tobacco: reported either as a natural component of tobacco, pyrolysis product (in tobacco smoke), or additive for one or more types of tobacco products.


2007-05-07 Assigned to SABRE PROPERTIES, INC. reassignment SABRE PROPERTIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC.
2007-05-07 Assigned to AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC. reassignment AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BIRNEY, CINDY L., COUSSENS, BRENT B.
2007-05-07 Assigned to SABRE GROUP, INC. reassignment SABRE GROUP, INC. MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SABRE PROPERTIES, INC.
2007-06-28 Assigned to MOUNT HAMILTON PARTNERS, LLC reassignment MOUNT HAMILTON PARTNERS, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SABRE INC.
The present invention consists of a data management system having a centrally located host computer, at least one trading partner output data file that communicates with the host computer, a data management processing means resident within the host computer and in communication with the trading partner's output data file, at least one management transaction database in communication with the processing means, at least one management customer database in communication with the data management processing means and at least one data output means within the host computer that provides visual representation of the data following processing from the management transaction database, the management customer database, and the output data file.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/275,296, filed Jul. 14, 1994 now abandoned.
This invention relates in general to a data management system and method and in particular to a data management system and method used in connection with an electronic data interchange system for processing of various data files and producing a visual presentation of that data following processing.
Electronic data interchange ("EDI") is, in essence, the flow of information between organizations without human intervention. EDI uses standardized structured electronic "transaction sets" or "messages" to replace paper or verbal exchanges. Hundreds of such transaction sets are used by thousands of companies around the world. EDI eliminates the expense, errors and delays associated with human processing of business information. The use of EDI helps companies reduce inventory, free up working capital, increase productivity and cut cycle times. Even more importantly, by reducing human intervention EDI allows organizations to more highly automate the decision making process. This reduces labor costs and also frees up people to manage the business processes more effectively and to handle exceptions that may arise. Thus, EDI has become extremely widespread and used in both product and service oriented industries.
While the early uses of EDI were largely in the manufacturing, distribution and transportation industries, EDI systems are now rapidly establishing themselves in service industries such as payroll, banking, insurance and health care. While the use of current EDI systems has become commonplace, the present invention enhances prior EDI systems by successfully and efficiently augmenting EDI databases, customizing customer profiles, and in general, allowing optimal efficiency in the use of EDI systems in the workplace today.
Currently, EDI systems are offered by multitudes of companies including Advantis, American Business Computer, Digital Equipment Corp., EDS Solutions, Inc., GE Information Services and others. None of the current EDI systems, however, allow the rapid processing and customization of data and the ability to track transactions as does the present invention. The present invention provides a more efficient tracking and management of data relating to EDI trading partners and the transactions between them.
Prior available systems include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,956,739. The '739 patent discloses a business machine for communicating with remote or local data devices, a multiplex that selects the device to communicate with the business machine and sequences the operation through several steps under the control of a central processing unit.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,348,739 discloses a data communication system including a terminal, printer, display and memory and allows data exchange via communication systems.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,156 discloses an interactive on-line communication system for processing business transactions pertaining to a plurality of types of independent users in the financial and trade services area.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,000 discloses a system for maintaining business records, including a main menu having a plurality of modular expense routines and a plurality of modular operational system routines.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,951,196 discloses a system and method for performing an electronic data interchange among a variety of trading partners. The system can define, enter and translate business transaction data in a variety of different dictionary structure formats.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,964 discloses a data processing system that monitors client business records over time and utilizes predetermined criteria to determine the client's vested interest in funds deposited into special client accounts.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,891 discloses a system allowing interactive information handling that manages a relatively large number of electronic documents and users.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,977 discloses a language based electronic data interchange translation system providing the capability of receiving data from a first format source, execute a script to translate the data to a second format and transmit the data in the second format to a destination. This system described in the '977 patent employs a data tree structured to enable flexible translation between EDI documents and application documents with differing data structures.
None of the prior EDI systems, however, disclose the flexibility and efficient ability to track, manage and supplement between trading partners data as does the present invention.
The present invention is a data interchange management system that allows the tracking and management of electronic data interchange partners and their related transactions. The present invention provides current trading partner information pulled directly from that trading partner's output files as well as displaying the current transaction from that partner. In addition, the present invention tracks the transactions for every trading partner. In one embodiment, the present invention consists of a data management system having a centrally located host computer, at least one trading partner output data file that communicates with the host computer, a data management processing means resident within the host computer and in communication with the trading partner's output data file, at least one management transaction database in communication with the processing means, at least one management customer database in communication with the data management processing means and at least one data output means within the host computer that provides visual representation of the data following processing from the management transaction database, the management customer database, and the output data file.
In addition the present invention provides a method of use for the end user that consists of the steps of (a) selecting at least one of a plurality of processing menus, (b) selecting at least one of a plurality of processing options within the processing menu selected, (c) entering at least one of a plurality of commands to initiate the processing of the data, (d) processing the data based on the commands entered, (e) entering at least of the plurality of commands for selecting an output option, (f) entering at least one of a plurality of commands for providing a visual presentation based on the selected output option and (g) providing the visual presentation based on the command selected. Thus, the present invention provides numerous advantages over the prior EDI systems.
Referring now to FIG. 1, therein is disclosed the system 10 including a plurality of trading partners 20. Trading partners 20 are customers who use electronic data interchange ("EDI") in order to transfer information relating to certain transactions between themselves and vendors, customers, clients or other EDI partners. Note that the trading partners 20 communicate with a data interchange target network 30 which in turn may communicate with various other secondary networks 35. The data interchange target network 30 and the secondary networks 35 are standard network systems customary in the industry.
The data interchange network 30 communicates with a host computer 40 and, thus, provides a link to the trading partner. Resident within the host computer 40 are various processors including an on-line processor 50 and batch processor 60. It should be clearly understood that the system 10 allows for both on-line processing and batch processing of data from the trading partners 20 and other data sources. The host computer 40 may communicate with multiple data sources 70 and 80 which contain data in separate databases from that of the data interchange target network 30 and are capable of providing supplementary data and transaction information relating to the trading partners 20. Upon suitable processing of the data received from the data interchange target network 30 by the on-line processor 50 and batch processor 60 within the host computer 40, various output means can be utilized to provide on-line screens for displaying the data 90 or to print various reports 100 after processing of the data.
Referring now to FIG. 1a, a data output file 110 communicates with the data interchange target network 30 or to local on-line networks 120. The output data file 110 typically is resident within the host computer 40 or the data interchange target network 30 and contains trading partners 20 data. In one preferred embodiment, data source 70 and data source 80 are a management customer database 130 and a management transaction database 140, respectively. The management transaction database 140 receives information from the output data file 110 only and does not reciprocate by sending data to the output data file 110. The management customer database 130, however, both receives and sends data to the output data file 110 and subsequently to the data interchange target network 30 and to the trading partners 20.
Also referred to in FIG. 1a is the update on-line communications 150 from the management customer database 130 and management transaction database 140. The on-line communications update 150 provides current customer and transaction information in an on-line, end user environment. Databases 130 and 140 also use batch processor 60 of the host computer 40 to format batch reports 160. The batch reports 160 are also used for various transaction activities of the present invention.
Turning now to FIG. 2, the main process menu 170, in one preferred embodiment of the invention of the data management system 10, has a plurality of menus that may be selected by the end user. These include a manage trading partner menu 180, a query trading partner menu 190, a monitor transaction activity menu 200, a display EDI statistics menu 210, an update internal information menu 220, set-up and maintain menu 230 and a reporting menu 240. Other menus than those disclosed in FIG. 2 may obviously be included without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
Turning to FIG. 3, illustrated therein shown is an initial screen 250 of one preferred embodiment of the data management system 10. The initial screen 250 shows the main menu 170 options disclosed in FIG. 2 including the options for selecting the manage trading partner menu 180, query partner menu 190, monitor transaction activity menu 200, display EDI statistics menu 210, update internal information menu 220 and set-up and maintain menu 230. Note also that there are help and return functions 260 and 270 within the initial screen 250. In using the system 10, once the screen 250 is displayed, the end user selects one of the various menus 180-230 by entering the commands 1 through 6.
Turning to FIG. 4, therein is shown the manage trading partner screen 280 which is displayed when the option for the menu 180 is selected. The manage trading partner menu screen 280 displays eight options for the end user to select including: 1) view trading partner profiles, 2) update trading partner profiles, 3) add/copy trading partners, 4) view trading partner point of contacts, 5) update trading partner point of contacts, 6) add a point of contact for trading partner, 7) view all map IDs for a trading partner, and 8) view trading partner map ID profiles. The end user may select any of the options by entering commands 1 through 8.
In addition, screen 280 has space for entering information such as trading partner names, point of contact names, point of contact type, and map ID. Help and return functions are also options within screen 280.
Turning to FIG. 5, therein is shown the query trading partner screen 290 which is displayed when the option for menu 190 is selected. The query trading partner screen 290 includes the ability to view all trading partners by 1) alphabetical order, 2) by transaction ID/direction, 3) by network ID and 4) by MAP ID and test/production status. The end user may select any of these options by entering commands 1 through 4.
In addition, screen 290 also has the options for help and return through the use of PF keys.
Turning now to FIG. 6, therein is shown the view transaction activity screen 300 which is displayed when the option for menu 200 is selected. Options within the transaction activity screen 300 include the ability to 1) by date only, 2) by trading partner by date, 3) by a transaction ID and direction by date, 4) by document number by date, 5) by transaction status by date and 6) by control numbers by date. In addition, screen 300 also includes the help, return, and main menu functions. The end user may select any of these options by entering commands 1 through 6.
Turning to FIG. 7, therein disclosed is display statistics menu screen 310 which is displayed when the option for menu 210 is selected. Screen 310 includes the ability to display 1) volume information by date, 2) by document ID, 3) by trading partner by date, 4) by transaction by date and 5) transaction activity graph by trading partner. Screen 310 also has help and return. The end user may select any of these options by entering commands 1 through 5.
Turning now to FIG. 8, therein is shown the internal information screen 320 which is displayed when the option for the menu 220 is selected. Options within screen 320 include the ability to 1) display by trading partner by analyst, 2) display MAP ID by analyst, 3) display internal mailboxes, 4) display networks and 5) update network contact information. Screen 320 also includes help and return PF keys. The end user may select any of these options by entering commands 1 through 5.
Turning now to FIG. 9, therein is shown the set-up and maintain screen 330 which is displayed when the option for menu 230 is selected. Screen 330 provides the end user with options to 1) submit report request, 2) administer company type code table maintenance, 3) authorize user table maintenance, 4) country code table maintenance, 5) internal ID type code table maintenance, 6) mailbox maintenance, 7) map information maintenance, 8) network charge table maintenance, 9) organization relationship maintenance, 10) phone type code table maintenance, 11) state/province code table maintenance, 12) trading partner point of contact type code table maintenance, 13) transaction ID table maintenance, 14) transaction status table maintenance, 15) set-up criteria and 16) trading partner default criteria. Screen 330 also has help and return PF keys as well. The end user may select any of these options by entering commands 1 through 16.
DMI002--Moves transaction activity from the system 10 transaction activity table to the system 10 history table based on the default criteria entered via the on-line screens.
DMI003--Moves transaction activity from the system 10 transaction history table to a tape backup based on the default criteria entered via the on-line screens.
DMI004--Load program that reads the trading partners 20 profile file and loads the system 10 requester profiles, network ids, and trading partner profiles.
DMI005--Loads the map ids from trading partners 20 into system 10.
DMI006--Compares the trading partners 20 Profile file to database 130 and 140 tables.
DMI007--Compares the trading partners 20 Map information to the Map information and profiles stored in the system 10 and keeps these tables in sync.
DMI008--Extracts transactions from trading partners 20 that have been functionally acknowledged or marked to roll off due to the date. Removes the transactions from trading partners 20 and loads them into system 10. In addition, DMI008 updates the last transmission information for trading partners and map ids.
DMI009--Purges trading partners and all map ids, points of contact, note logs, statistics, and transactions associated with any trading partners with a deletion flag set to Y and a deletion date less than current date. The deletion flag is set to Y via the on-line Trading Partner Update screen and the deletion date less than current date. The deletion flag is set to Y via the on-line Trading Partner Update screen and the deletion date is set when the flag is set to Y. The deletion date is set to current date plus number of days before deletion occurs value set in the default criteria entered via the on-line screen (Options 15 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). Also when a trading partner is deleted within DataInterchange, the flag is set to Y for that trading partner within system 10 and the deletion date is set. This job should be run weekly.
DMI010--Updates statistics in system 10. Keeps a cumulative total by trading partner and mapid in addition to monthly totals. This job can be run nightly or be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). DMI010 should NOT be run twice in the same day. Should run after job DMI008.
DMI012--Retrieves transaction activity that has been backed up to tape and puts it back to the transaction activity history file. This job can be requested to run via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). DMI012 should only be requested when you need to retrieve transaction activity.
DMI013--Generates report DMI002--Trading Partners with associated Points of Contact. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI025, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI014--Generates report DMI003--Trading Partners with agreements. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI025, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI015--Generates report DMI004--Trading Partners without agreements. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI025, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI016--Generates report DMI005--Trading Partners by Network. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI025, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI017--Generates report DMI001--Trading Partners Added or Deleted. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI025, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI019--Generates report DMI006--Trading Partners with associated transaction sets and map ids. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI025, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI020--Generates report DMI007--Receive Transactions with errors. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI024, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI021--Generates report DMI008--Send Transactions with Errors. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI024, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI022--Generates report DMI009--Functional Acknowledgements Sent to a Trading Partner by Date. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI024, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI023--Generates report DMI010--Trading Partners listed Alphabetically. This report can be requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). The data will be taken from the extract file created in job DMI024, so to obtain the most current data, the extract must run prior to this job.
DMI024--Extracts trading partner and transaction information from the system 10 DB2 tables to be used for generating reports. This job can be run nightly or requested via the on-line screen Submit Report Request (Option 1 from the Set Up and Maintain system 10 Menu). If DMI024 is run nightly, it must run after jobs DMI006 and DMI007.
In the above detailed description, one of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is described. It is to be clearly understood that other embodiments may be utilized and changes may be made to both the method and system without departing from the true scope of the present invention.
g) providing the visual presentation based on the commands selected.
2. The method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the statistics menu provides the further options of displaying volume information by date, by document I.D., by trading partner and date, by transaction and date and by transaction activity graph by trading partner.
3. The method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the internal information menu provides the further options of displaying information by trading partner and analysis, by map I.D. analysis, by internal mailbox, by networks, and by updating network contact information.
4. The method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the setup menu maintained on the screen further provides the options of submitting report requests, administering company types, authorizing user tables, maintaining country codes, maintaining internal I.D. type codes, maintaining mailboxes, maintaining map information, maintaining network charge tables, organizing the relationship, maintaining phone-type codes, maintaining state province code, maintaining trading partner point of contact type codes, maintaining transaction I.D. tables, maintaining transaction status tables, set-up criteria and default trading partner criteria.


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text:
Hú Yàobāng (, * 20. November 1915 in Liuyang, Hunan; † 15. April 1989 in Peking) war von 1980 bis 1987 Generalsekretär der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas.  Er gehörte der zweiten chinesischen Führungsgeneration und der Reformfraktion der 1980er Jahre an.

Hu war lange Zeit der Wunschkandidat Deng Xiaopings als potenzieller Nachfolger. In der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas (KPCh) verlor er seine Reputation, da er nach Meinung der dogmatischen Sozialisten zu nachsichtig im Rahmen der Studentendemonstrationen von 1986 agierte.

Die öffentliche Trauer über den Tod Hú Yàobāngs im April 1989 gilt als Auslöser des Tian'anmen-Massakers in Peking.

Politisches Wirken

Beginn der Karriere
Über Hus erste Kontakte mit den chinesischen Kommunisten gibt es unterschiedliche Angaben. So habe er sich bereits 1927 während des Herbsternte-Aufstandes einem Kinderkorps (die sogenannten Kleinen Roten Teufel) angeschlossen. Andere Quellen berichten, dass er sich ihnen 1929 nach dem Verlassen seiner Heimat anschloss. Als gesichert gilt, dass er 1933 im Jiangxi-Sowjet auftauchte und von dort aus als Mitglied der KPCh am langen Marsch teilnahm. Schon in dieser Zeit diente er unter Deng Xiaoping als Politoffizier. Nach Gründung der Volksrepublik China im Jahr 1949 wurde er Vorsitzender der Kommunistischen Jugendliga.

Der dritte Aufstieg Deng Xiaopings in den Jahren 1977 und 1978 half auch seinem protegierten und langjährigen Mitstreiter Hu. Auf dem Dritten Plenum des XI. Zentralkomitees im Dezember 1978 wurde er gemeinsam mit Chen Yun, Wang Zhen und Deng Yingchao auf Betreiben Deng Xiaopings in das Politbüro der KPCh geholt. Des Weiteren wurde Hu Parteigeneralsekretär und löste Zhang Pinghua als Direktor der Propagandaabteilung des Zentralkomitees ab.

Aufstieg
Zwischen 1977 und 1981 stieg Hu Yaobang innerhalb der Partei über mehrere Stationen bis zum Führer der KPCh auf. Der zügige Aufstieg ging mit dem Fall Hua Guofengs einher. Dabei verstand es Hu, ein intellektuelles Netzwerk zu etablieren, zu dem unter anderem Wang Ruoshui, You Zhang und Su Shaozhi gehörten. Auf dem fünften Plenum des XI. Zentralkomitees im Februar 1980 konnte die Reformfraktion mit Hilfe Deng Xiaopings den Sturz der sogenannten Viererbande bewirken. Das Mitglied Wang Dongxing wurde von Hu Yaobang und Zhao Ziyang beerbt, die nun beide anstelle Wangs in den Ständigen Ausschuss des Politbüros berufen wurden.

Ende 1980 verstärkte sich der Druck auf Hua Guofeng derart, dass dieser gezwungen war, eine Selbstkritik vor den Parteigranden zu verkünden. Das Politbüro kam zu dem Schluss, dass Hua Guofeng nie Vorsitzender der Partei hätte werden dürfen: Er habe zwar auch Gutes für die Partei geleistet, aber der Mangel an Führungsqualitäten überwiege. Hua blieb danach zwar nominell Vorsitzender, aber schon zu diesem Zeitpunkt trat Hu Yaobang als designierter Parteivorsitzender an seine Stelle und Deng Xiaoping wurde designierter Vorsitzender der Zentralen Militärkommission.

1980 wurde die Stelle des Generalsekretärs der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas (nach 1921–43) neu geschaffen und mit Hu Yaobang besetzt. Auf dem sechsten Plenum des XI. Zentralkomitees am 29. Juni 1981 wurde Hu zusätzlich zum Vorsitzenden der KPCh ernannt. Dieses Amt wurde 1982 abgeschafft und de facto auf das Amt des Generalsekretärs übertragen.

Wirken als Generalsekretär der KPCh
Hu trat als Befürworter einer liberalen Politik gegenüber Intellektuellen und einer pragmatischen reformorientierten Politik auch für politische Reformen innerhalb des bestehenden Systems ein. Er milderte mit Hilfe seines intellektuellen Netzwerkes die Tragweite von verschiedenen Kampagnen wie z. B. der Kampagne gegen Bai Hua von 1981, der "Kampagne gegen geistige Verschmutzung" von 1983 und der "Kampagne gegen bourgeoise Liberalisierung" von 1985. Durch diesen Einsatz war Hu der ständigen Kritik durch die politischen Hardliner innerhalb der Partei ausgesetzt.

1980 setzte er Yin Fatang als 1. Sekretär des Autonomen Gebiets Tibet ein, der Ren Rong ablöste. Yin war im Gegensatz zu seinem Vorgänger in der Sprache des Gebiets bewandert und kannte die tibetischen Verhältnisse sehr gut. Ein Jahr später traf sich Hu Yaobang mit Jiale Dunzhu, dem älteren Bruder des 14. Dalai Lama Tendzin Gyatsho.

Absetzung
Zum Sturz Hu Yaobangs trugen unterschiedliche Faktoren bei: So griffen Hardliner wie z. B. Bo Yibo, Deng Liqun, Wang Zhen und Hu Qiaomu den liberalen und reformorientierten Flügel und damit auch Hu Yaobang an, indem sie auf die wirtschaftlichen und negativen sozialen Folgen der Reform- und Öffnungspolitik Deng Xiaopings verwiesen.

Die Rivalität zwischen Hu und Zhao Ziyang wirkte sich schließlich negativ für Ersteren aus: So gab es zwischen Zhao und Hu 1982 große Differenzen über das Vertragssystem des ökonomischen Managements. Der Konflikt spiegelt sich in einem Brief Zhao Ziyangs von 1984 wider, worin dieser sich beklagte, dass er durch die Einmischungen Hus in seine Angelegenheiten nicht agieren könne.

Die Studentendemonstrationen vom Dezember 1986 lieferten einen Vorwand, um Hu stürzen zu können. Erschwerend wirkte sich nach inoffiziellen Angaben eine Fehleinschätzung Hus aus, dass Deng Xiaoping nach einer persönlichen Unterredung mit ihm zurücktreten werde, damit Hu die volle Kontrolle erhalten könne.

Auf einer erweiterten Sitzung des Zentralen Beratungskomitees am 16. Januar 1987 wurde der Entschluss gefasst, Hu seines Postens als Generalsekretär zu entheben. Laut inoffiziellen Quellen war Zhao einer der Befürworter dieses Schrittes. Hu reagierte mit öffentlicher Selbstkritik und verhinderte so seinen Parteiausschluss. Er konnte bis zu seinem Tode im April 1989 im Politbüro verbleiben. Sein Tod löste die folgenschweren Studentendemonstrationen von 1989 aus, die schließlich im Rahmen des Tian'anmen-Massakers gewaltsam beendet wurden.

Familie
Hu Yaobang hat einen älteren Bruder namens Hu Yaofu, beide sind Söhne eines mittelständischen Bauern, der lesen und schreiben konnte. 1941 heiratete Hu Yaobang die sechs Jahre jüngere Li Zhao. Das Paar hatte vier Kinder: Der älteste Sohn, Hu Deping, ist Politiker. Die beiden jüngeren Söhne, Liu Hu und Hu Dehua, sind ebenfalls in hohen akademischen und parteilichen Ämtern tätig. Hus Tochter Li Heng, die als Zeichen der Gleichberechtigung den Namen der Mutter trägt, arbeitet als Redakteurin.

Veröffentlichungen
Bericht auf dem XII. Parteitag der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas. In: Der XII. Parteitag der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas. Dokumente. Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur, Peking 1982.

Literatur
 Wolfgang Bartke: Die großen Chinesen der Gegenwart. Insel Verlag, 1985.
 Richard Baum: Burying Mao – Chinese Politics in the age of Deng Xiaoping. Princeton University Press.
 Joseph Fewsmith: Dilemmas of Reform in China – Political Conflict and Economic Debate. M. E. Sharpe Inc.
 Liu Jen-Kai: Chinas zweite Führungsgeneration – Biographien und Daten zu Leben und Werk von: Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Tian Jiyun, Zhao Ziyang, Hu Qili, Hu Yaobang, Wang Zhaoguo. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde in Hamburg.
 Zhongmei Yang: Hu Yao-Bang: A Chinese Biography. Routledge, London 2015, ISBN 9781315493404.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Generalsekretär der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas
Vertreter des Marxismus-Leninismus
Chinese
Geboren 1915
Gestorben 1989
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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