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Merrimack Pharmaceuticals
Merrimack Pharmaceuticals Announces Changes to Board of Directors
Company Enters into Cooperation Agreement with Newtyn Management and Western Standard
Independent Directors Noah Levy of Newtyn and Eric Andersen of Western Standard to Be Added to Merrimack Board, Effective Immediately
Newtyn and Western Have Agreed to Vote for Merrimack Slate of Nominees for 2019 Annual Meeting
Merrimack Believes that JFL Capital's Plans for the Company Do Not Align with Views of Other Shareholders and Could Imperil Ability to Protect Potential Milestone Payments and NOLs
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Sep. 19, 2019-- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals (Nasdaq:MACK) (the "Company" or "Merrimack") announced today that, effective immediately, its Board of Directors has appointed Noah G. Levy, of Newtyn Management, LLC ("Newtyn") and Eric D. Andersen, of Western Standard, LLC ("Western") to the Board, pursuant to a cooperation agreement.
Including Messrs. Levy and Andersen, the Board will nominate five directors for election at the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the "2019 Annual Meeting"), which is scheduled for October 17, 2019. Mr. Levy's and Mr. Andersen's funds, Newtyn and Western, collectively represent approximately 15% of Merrimack shares outstanding, and Merrimack shares represented by all five Merrimack nominees now total approximately 23% of shares outstanding.
Under the agreement Messrs. Levy and Andersen have agreed to waive compensation for their Board service. It also provides that the Board will form a Committee on Strategy and Expenses, chaired by Mr. Levy, that will focus on cost containment, continued NOL safeguarding and milestone payment and shareholder distribution maximization. As part of the cooperation agreement, both Newtyn and Western have agreed to vote for all five of Merrimack's nominees for election at the 2019 Annual Meeting. Newtyn's and Western's voting and other commitments under the cooperation agreement generally are evergreen with certain limited exceptions.
These changes were reached following engagement with a significant portion of Merrimack's institutional and retail shareholders. During this process, it became clear to Merrimack that the key priorities for its shareholders – including Newtyn and Western – generally are to:
Do everything possible to protect the more than $500 million in potential milestone payments the Company could receive from Ipsen S.A. and 14ner Oncology;
Protect the approximately $200 million in NOLs to shield potential tax payments related to the potential milestones;
Monetize the Company's TNFR2 program, if possible, and other preclinical assets, in a cost-effective manner; and
Maximize asset value per share by conserving the Company's cash reserves while maintaining minimal operations and periodically examining ways to return additional capital to shareholders whenever possible.
"We are pleased to welcome Noah and Eric to our Board and appreciate the support of two of our significant investors throughout this process," said Gary Crocker, Chairman of Merrimack's Board of Directors. "Merrimack has a carefully considered plan in place to continue our intense focus on cash management and to maximize the distribution of cash and potential milestone payments to our shareholders. Following numerous discussions with investors we feel confident that our strategy is aligned with their views."
"As one of the Company's largest shareholders, I look forward to serving on the Board. I also look forward to serving as Chair of the planned Committee on Strategy and Expenses, a position in which I intend to work to reduce costs, minimize risk and protect all fellow shareholders," said Noah G. Levy of Newtyn.
Added Eric D. Andersen of Western, "I appreciate the constructive engagement and open dialogue with Merrimack's Board, and with this cooperation agreement, I look forward to collaborating with other Board members to maximize value for all shareholders."
Prior to reaching an agreement with Newtyn and Western, Merrimack also engaged extensively with JFL and its advisors in an effort to reach a constructive solution that would prevent a contested election. During these discussions, JFL communicated to the Board that its intended strategy was to use approximately $10-15 million of the Company's current cash reserves to purchase and develop a new small molecule in early stages of therapeutic development – a strategy JFL admitted could also require the Company to raise additional funds, which would dilute existing shareholders and could impair the Company's NOLs. Under JFL's plan the Company would also explore the potential issuance of a preferred security entitling holders to the potential milestone payment, assuming this was possible from a tax perspective.
These discussions with JFL were constructive and resulted in the Company offering the fund two seats on the Board and proposing the formation of a strategic committee that would be chaired by one of the JFL nominees. Unfortunately, these discussions broke down over a few key issues, including the requirement by JFL that the strategic committee would have binding conditions placed on it preventing the committee from voting against an asset acquisition if they did not think it was in the best interest of the Company and all shareholders. Without this requirement in place, JFL would not agree to refrain from proxy fights against the Company following the 2019 Annual Meeting. Merrimack ultimately concluded this was not something that could be agreed to while preserving the Board's ability to fulfill its fiduciary duties. Further, after receiving substantial shareholder feedback, the Board concluded that a one proxy season standstill did not provide a long-term solution to the cost and distraction associated with the constant threat of a proxy fight by JFL looming over the Company and the investment of our shareholders. In order to convince JFL to accept a standstill that lasted more than just through the 2019 Annual Meeting, the Board made a reasonable and shareholder-centric proposal that any strategy proposed by the strategic committee that the Board could not accept after taking into account its fiduciary duties would be put to a vote by all shareholders. JFL was unwilling to accept this proposal.
About Eric D. Andersen
Mr. Andersen has been a managing member / portfolio manager at Western Standard, LLC, an investment firm, since June 2008. Prior to that, Mr. Andersen served as an analyst at Ivory Capital and JCK Partners, both investment firms, from 2006 to 2008 and 2004 to 2006, respectively; an associate in the private equity group at J.P. Morgan Partners, LLC, from 2002 to 2004; and an analyst, mergers and acquisitions, at The Blackstone Group, an investment firm, from 2000 to 2002. Mr. Andersen holds a B.A. from Dartmouth College and is a CFA Charterholder.
About Noah G. Levy
Mr. Levy has been a managing member and portfolio manager at Newtyn Management, LLC, an investment firm, since June 2011. Prior to that, Mr. Levy served as a senior member at Tyndall Management, an investment firm, from 2002 to 2011, and as an analyst at Goldman Sachs, an investment bank and financial services company, from 2000 to 2002. Mr. Levy holds a B.A. from Dartmouth College.
About Merrimack
Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts that is entitled to receive up to $455.0 million in contingent milestone payments related to its sale of ONIVYDE® to Ipsen S.A. in April 2017 and up to $54.5 million in contingent milestone payments related to its sale of anti-HER3 programs to 14ner Oncology, Inc. in July 2019. The Company is seeking potential acquirers for its remaining preclinical and clinical assets.
The Company, its directors and certain of its executive officers are participants in the solicitation of proxies from the Company's shareholders in connection with the Company's 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2019 Annual Meeting"). The Company intends to file a definitive proxy statement and WHITE proxy card with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") in connection with any such solicitation of proxies from the Company's shareholders. SHAREHOLDERS OF THE COMPANY ARE STRONGLY ENCOURAGED TO READ SUCH PROXY STATEMENT, ACCOMPANYING WHITE PROXY CARD AND ALL OTHER DOCUMENTS FILED WITH THE SEC CAREFULLY AND IN THEIR ENTIRETY WHEN THEY BECOME AVAILABLE AS THEY WILL CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION. The Company's preliminary proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting contains information regarding the direct and indirect interest, by securities holdings or otherwise, of the Company's directors and executive officers in the Company's securities. If the holdings of the Company's securities change from the amounts provided in the Company's preliminary proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting, such changes will be set forth in SEC filings on Forms 3, 4, and 5, which can be found through the Company's website at www.merrimack.com in the "Investors" section under "SEC Filings" or through the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Information can also be found in the Company's other SEC filings, including the Company's definitive proxy statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Updated information regarding the identity of potential participants, and their direct or indirect interests, by security holdings or otherwise, will be set forth in the definitive proxy statement and other materials to be filed with the SEC in connection with the 2019 Annual Meeting. Shareholders will be able to obtain the definitive proxy statement, any amendments or supplements to the proxy statement and other documents filed by the Company with the SEC at no charge at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Copies will also be available at no charge at the Company's website at www.merrimack.com in the "Investors" section under "SEC Filings."
To the extent that statements contained in this press release are not descriptions of historical facts, they are forward-looking statements reflecting the current beliefs and expectations of management made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Forward-looking statements include any statements about Merrimack's strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues and future expectations and plans and prospects for Merrimack, and any other statements containing the words "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "predict," "project," "target," "potential," "will," "would," "could," "should," "continue" and similar expressions. In this press release, Merrimack's forward-looking statements include, among others, statements about the declared special cash dividend, the sufficiency of Merrimack's cash resources and Merrimack's strategic plan, including the potential distribution of additional cash. Such forward-looking statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could cause Merrimack's future results, performance or achievements to differ significantly from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, among others, risks related to the actions of JFL Capital Management LLC and other activist stockholders, expectations for achievement of contractual milestones and the availability of funding sufficient for Merrimack's foreseeable and unforeseeable operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements. Merrimack undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing Merrimack's views as of any date subsequent to the date hereof. For a further description of the risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed in these forward-looking statements, as well as risks relating to Merrimack's business in general, see the "Risk Factors" section of Merrimack's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on July 17, 2019 and the other reports Merrimack files with the SEC.
Source: Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Morrow Sodali
Michael Verrechia / Bill Dooley
MACK@morrowsodali.com
Sloane & Company
Dan Zacchei / Joe Germani, 212-486-9500
dzacchei@sloanepr.com / jgermani@sloanepr.com
Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
One Broadway, 14th floor
info@merrimack.com
© 2021 Merrimack Pharmaceuticals.


MEILLER and Hüffermann have a lot in common. Both companies consider themselves market leaders in the transport of skips and roll-off containers. Both provide particularly high-quality and resilient system solutions. The difference: MEILLER focuses mainly on the front and Hüffermann on the back. Consistently, the truck bodies specialists and the trailer experts are combining their products and services in a fruitful cooperation.
Setting the scene for close cooperation: Hüffermann CEO Stephan von Schwander (left) and Jens Wiedemann (right), MEILLER regional sales manager.
A cooperation agreement was drafted only a few weeks after the first meeting. A customer survey, conducted by MEILLER, had shown that the majority of customers like to combine MEILLER and Hüffermann products themselves. The two companies therefore agreed to closely coordinate their operations in terms of sales and distribution. Hüffermann also offers and implements MEILLER solutions for their customers.
MEILLER appreciates the capabilities and high-quality standards of their new partner: Hüffermann has been producing trailers consistently for 105 years. During the 1970s, the company specialised in container transport with container handling systems. Recently, the manufacturer has received particular accolades for innovations such as their chainless load securing system Multi-Fix. As a leading systems supplier, Hüffermann has been consistently investing in development, a highly skilled team and innovative production methods.
Expanded manufacturing competencies thanks to the integration of MEILLER superstructures.
At the Neustadt/Dosse production location, trailers are manufactured and utility vehicle superstructures are assembled with a high vertical product range. "A steel sheet turns into the chassis for a trailer, every seam is welded, every bend made and every hole drilled at the works. This way we are in control of quality and are also able to individually customise products," von Schwander explains. That is a good starting point, from which to integrate the assembly of MEILLER transport systems at the Hüffermann works. This results in a completely new offer: Customers are now able to obtain the entire vehicle combination from one source - everything perfectly coordinated.
Thanks to the integration of MEILLER superstructures, in case of a pre-approval, for example, the customer's wishes can be taken into account for the entire system. Coordination problems, which can crop up in projects dealing with several manufacturers, are therefore a thing of the past. Customers also benefit from the simplification of sales processes and the legal situation becomes clearer for all stakeholders.
Many customers have already experienced the benefits of this new cooperation. Jens Wiedemann, MEILLER's regional sales manager, reports: "Over the past 12 months, we have realised almost 40 joint projects." Hüffermann also benefits from access to MEILLER customers and has sold a number of extra trailers. All this is a result of the two companies' close cooperation in sales and distribution. When customers order MEILLER products or an entire vehicle combination from Hüffermann, the two companies' sales teams coordinate everything behind the scenes. Joint customer appointments form the basis for optimum coordination in terms of technology and products offered. "Customers appreciate our combined competencies as a clear feature differentiating us from the competition," von Schwander says.
In spite of their differences in terms of size and range, the two German companies located in Munich and Neustadt are team players, on an equal footing in terms of technology and expectations. It is all about working together where joint competencies open up new opportunities. Hence, both companies remain inspired to continue developing innovative solutions as independent companies for even more economic, safe and flexible container transport. The outlook is great: Customers from the first few joint projects have already enquired about follow-up orders.


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Home Articles How to Deal with Impaired Clients, Professionals and Judges: Part 3 of 5
How to Deal with Impaired Clients, Professionals and Judges: Part 3 of 5
Information on how to deal with impaired clients, professionals and judges along with programs' descriptions for the treatment of impaired individuals.
By ginatUpdated: June 03, 2020
Information on how to deal with impaired clients, professionals and judges along with programs' descriptions for the treatment of impaired individuals.
By Mike McCulley, Family Lawyer
This paper is intended to serve as a guide for how we, as attorneys, deal with impaired individuals, whether they are our clients, our opposing counsel, or the judges before whom we practice. The starting point for this discussion is to define impairment as may be caused or exacerbated by certain recognized disorders, to describe many of those disorders which we frequently encounter, and to reference the sources of information about such disorders. Following that will be a description of the programs and facilities available for the treatment of impaired individuals. Finally, some practical advice will be offered as an aid in dealing with such individuals in the context of a lawsuit.
VIII. Other Sources of Information and Assistance for Lawyers
In addition to learning to recognize impaired clients and in seeking to find assistance for them, we must not ignore the fact that physical and mental health issues affect the population, including lawyers and the judiciary. This is evidenced by the fact that more and more is being written about impaired attorneys, and fortunately more sources of help are available than ever before. In fact, most of the March 2007 issue of the Texas Bar Journal is devoted to "health law and lawyer health".
The March Texas Bar Journal gives some sobering statistics which help demonstrate the severity of the problem. It notes that a study by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found that male attorneys are twice as likely to commit suicide as males in the general population. Further, the Bar Journal quotes the estimate that ten to twelve percent of all lawyers suffer from substance abuse or dependency.
With respect to depression, the March Texas Bar Journal gives a simple checklist, on page 222, of indicators that a lawyer (or anyone else) may be suffering from depression, and on pages 222 and 223 is a list of suggestions as to how to help such individuals.
One of the best sources of help for attorneys is through the Texas Lawyers Assistance Program (TLAP). This program is open to lawyers, judges, and law students, and provides confidential crisis counseling and referrals for treatment. TLAP can assist with many health disorders, including substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and stress related concerns. Their toll-free phone number is (800) 343-8527. More information on how TLAP works may be found at www.texasbar.com/tlap.
With respect to substance abuse or dependance, the March Texas Bar Journal also gives a checklist for spotting signs of substance abuse in our colleagues (or others) on pages 226 and 227.
Needless to say, the filing of repeated grievances against an individual attorney may be an indicator of impairment caused by depression or substance abuse, or simply by poor organizational skills or client communication by the attorney. In 2006, 344 lawyers in Texas were reprimanded, suspended, disbarred, or resigned their law licenses for varying degrees of ethical misconduct. In order to prevent such recurring misconduct and to try to assist, rather than punish, the offending lawyer, the State Bar has established the Grievance Referral Program to serve both the interest of the public and the attorney.
The Grievance Referral Program is administered through the Texas Chief Disciplinary Counsel's office. It was created to address minor misconduct and does not serve to let a lawyer "off the hook" for it. The types of problems sought to be remedied, with a view toward improvement of the profession and protection of the public, are poor client communication, organization, time management, office management, or neglect of matters entrusted to the lawyer. When a complaint is in the nature of poor communication or organizational skills, the lawyer's existing system is examined and efforts will be made, with the lawyer's participation, to improve such system. When the problem stems from depression or substance abuse, the program typically requires a lawyer's participation in a remedial plan, often involving the TLAP. When the problem is because of chronic disorganization or calendaring, the lawyer may be required to seek the services offered by the State Bar Law Practice Management Program. When there is a complaint against a lawyer who is qualified to be assisted through the Grievance Referral Program, that lawyer may be required to do more than would be required had the lawyer gone through the regular grievance process.
The criteria for referral to the grievance referral program are as follows:
(A) the lawyer has not been disciplined within the prior three (3) years;
(B) the lawyer has not been disciplined for similar conduct within the prior five (5) years;
(C) the misconduct does not involve the misappropriation of funds or breach of fiduciary duties;
(D) the misconduct does not involve dishonesty, fraud, or misrepresentation;
(E) the misconduct did not result in substantial harm or prejudice to the client or complainant;
(F) the lawyer maintained a cooperative attitude toward the proceedings;
(G) participation is likely to benefit the lawyer and further the goal of the protection of the public;
(H) the misconduct does not constitute a crime that would subject the lawyer to compulsory discipline under part VIII of the Texas Rules of Disciplinary Procedure.
For the benefit of the lawyer who suffers from the stress and anxiety of the profession, the March Texas Bar Journal includes a chapter on reducing stress and anxiety through "mindful lawyering". Because lawyers are two to three times more likely to become chemically dependent or depressed than average adults, preventative measures, such as various means of meditation, are recommended. The article describes certain types of meditation that have proven helpful, and refers, for further information on meditation programs, to the Center for Contemplative Mind in Society at http://contemplativemind.org/programs/law.
IX. Diagnosis of Common Disorders
While the DSM-IV gives specific criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders, it makes few references to lab work because few mental disorders cause physical changes that may be observed in the lab. Lab work can be useful in the diagnostic process, however, and there are many readily observable symptoms which we, as lawyers, should note as possible indicators of the presence or development of a disorder.
Obviously blood testing and urinalysis are useful in determining the presence of alcohol or other drugs in ones' system, but blood testing can also reveal liver and other organ damage which may be the result of long-term abuse or dependance. Blood work may also indicate certain eating disorders and certain types of dementia.
Sleep studies may be useful in diagnosing sleep apnea, and several mental disorders are characterized by poor sleep patterns, as discussed below.
Finally, psychological testing can be useful in the diagnosis of many mental disorders, but it is probably underutilized, except in the case of court ordered evaluations, due primarily to the expense involved.
As a practitioner, if you are seeking to determine whether your client or the opposing party suffers from a mental disorder, do not ignore, in the discovery process, existing medical and psychological evidence which might shed light on this issue. If there are no current medical or psychological records, you may have grounds for requesting exams pursuant to the applicable discovery rules.
As a practical matter, since we are not in the business of diagnosing mental disorders, and since we may initially have little access to medical and psychological records, the possible presence or development of many common mental disorders may initially be suggested through the close observation of the individuals concerned. Two of the most common disorders, depression and anxiety, almost always result in certain readily observable behaviors.
Depressed individuals tend to be sad or at least unenthusiastic about their lives. They tend to have a flat, or fixed affect, and sometimes have baggy eyes due to a lack of sleep. A common symptom of depression is a tendency to awaken early in the morning (3:00 a.m. or so) and worry, resulting in fatigue by mid-morning. Such individuals sometimes fear the future and are hesitant to make decisions. They may otherwise demonstrate confusion, impaired memory, and poor concentration. Signs of possible depression are a person being routinely late, requiring an abnormally long time for routine chores such as grooming, getting children to school late or improperly dressed, and the inability to perform tasks assigned by a lawyer or other advisor. Some depressed individuals, rather than waking early in the morning, sleep most all the time (hypersomnia).
The largest group of disorders is the anxiety related disorders. Those suffering from anxiety are fearful and tend to worry about everything. As parties to divorce cases, they may fear not getting something they want, losing something they have, or being punished for something they have done. They seem frozen and afraid to move, and, as with depressed individuals, their memory and concentration is impaired. Their appetite decreases, resulting in weight loss, and their sleep patterns are irregular.
With respect to sleep, depressed individuals have no problem falling asleep, though, as stated, they tend to wake early. Those suffering from anxiety cannot get to sleep, wake early, and their sleep is interrupted throughout the night. Proper rest requires sleep associated with rapid eye movement (REM sleep), which occurs only with three to four hours of uninterrupted sleep. Depressed individuals may get some REM sleep, but those suffering from anxiety never reach that level.
Certain types of drug abuse may be indicated by certain behaviors. For example, stimulants may cause dilated pupils, excessive perspiration, and aggressive behavior, and, to a lesser degree, cocaine use may also be indicated by these symptoms.
Alcohol abuse is obvious in an individual who is intoxicated and who will tend to have bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, and imbalance, but one may be an alcohol abuser, or even dependant on alcohol, without being intoxicated all of the time. Individuals, including lawyers and judges, who regularly reschedule appointments, depositions and hearings, or who miss them altogether, may be abusing alcohol. Those who are dependant on alcohol will have symptoms of withdrawal, possibly including delirium and even seizures, when the individual does not drink for ten to fourteen days.
Marijuana abuse, considered by some to be relatively harmless, can nevertheless cause problems for some individuals. In adults, the prevalent symptom is amotivational syndrome. Such individuals may be confused, unable to execute simple commands, or docile, and sometimes they have jobs which are below the level of their capability. Marijuana abuse by children may result in poor grades in school. Because marijuana use if often a social event, a child's abrupt change of the child's circle of friends may be an indicator of marijuana use.
Marijuana abuse is now believed to be more harmful than it was in the past, in part because modern growing methods have produced stronger marijuana. The active ingredient in marijuana, THC, is fat-soluble, and settles in body tissues which are comprised primarily of fat. One's brain is compromised of eighty percent fat, so the drug's effect on the brain of a child, which is developing, may be more severe than in an adult. Diagnosis of the past use of marijuana is relatively simple, as traces of it will remain in the blood for at least thirty days. Since it is fat-soluble, however, to the extent it settles in body fat, it may show up in the blood even a year later as the body fat dissolves.
Even the common drug caffeine poses problems for some individuals who may become dependant on it. Outside of familiar sources such as coffee and tea, caffeine is found in large concentrations in many common foods such as chocolate and peppermint. Heavy caffeine consumption may be indicated by insomnia, agitation, irritability, and suppressed appetite in individuals. Once caffeine use reaches the level where the individual is dependant on it, however, withdrawal symptoms can be quick and severe, and include headaches, nausea, diarrhea, and malaise.
A divorce lawyer for more than 25 years, Mike McCurley is a name partner in the Dallas family-law firm McCurley, Orsinger, McCurley, Nelson & Downing. During his year of service as president of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, McCurley raised awareness among both parents and legal professionals about the negative effects divorce has on children.
Information on how to deal with impaired clients, professionals and judges, and description of the programs for the treatment of impaired individuals.
In the first diagnosis, the individual has suffered only one major depressive episode, and in the second there have been two or more such episodes, and a criterion for both disorders is that there has never been a manic episode.
For many mental disorders, there are a number of effective drugs, and the better practice among physicians who manage these medications is to utilize the ones with the fewest adverse side-effects.
Impaired clients suffering from mental disorders, whether they relate to substance abuse or not, can be difficult, and the last thing you want is to jeopardize your own well-being by dealing with them. Therefore, a few coping mechanisms are suggested.
ginat

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tag Archive: Michele Bachmann
The Week on Politwoops: jokes about Holder's hospitalization, #tbt on a Monday and more
by Nicko Margolies Feb 28, 2014 3:27 pm
It was another busy week for our archive of deleted tweets from politicians and here we've collected some of the most notable removals.
How ex-Det. Guy Bowers became the biggest campaign donor of all
by Keenan Steiner
One of the most prolific donors to political candidates running for federal office has no idea that's his status.
Guy Bowers, a 66-year-old ex-detective who says he owes his fortune to an inheritance and some savvy investing, is not your typical corporate executive often associated with fattening politicians' campaign accounts.
Yet Bowers was such an enthusiastic donor that he tops a list of perhaps hundreds who appear to have broken a campaign finance law that caps the total amount of money individuals can give federal political candidates and committees in the course of a two-year election cycle. For 2011 ...
Stanley Cup runneth over with political cash: NHL owners scored big for GOP
by Louis Serino
According to data from Sunlight's Influence Explorer, National Hockey League owners provided more than $3 million to politicians, PACs and independent expenditure groups during the 2012 election cycle.
Which candidates spent the most per voter in 2012?
by Lee Drutman Dec 26, 2012 7:56 am
As we look back on the 2012 election as the most expensive in history, we will see that there were some very, very expensive races. Overall, there were 40 House and Senate races in which at least $20 was spent per eligible voter, and two races (the North Dakota and the Montana Senate races), where at least $50 was spent per eligible voter. The cocktail party tidbits are that in the Montana Senate race, campaigns and outside groups combined spent $64.41 per eligible voter; In the North Dakota Senate race, $56.17 per eligible voter. In the House, the most expensive district was FL-18, home to the controversial and losing Allen West (R). That district received $58.96 per eligible voter.
Sunlight Live Team Prepares for Oct 11 Debate
by Katy Schultz
Tuesday, Oct. 11, will mark the 9th Republican presidential debate, two weeks after a string of debates in Florida, California and South Carolina. Sponsored by Bloomberg News and the Washington Post, this next matchup of Republican rivals will take place at Dartmouth University in New Hampshire. The Sunlight Live team will once again provide a live video feed, as well as real-time analysis, fact checking and context to help keep viewers informed.
The organizers say this debate will specifically address fears about the economy, jobs and a possible double-dip global recession.
Since the last debate, held Sept. 22 in Florida ...
Sunlight Live to cover Rick Perry's debate debut in California
by Tessa Muggeridge
Sep 1, 2011 12:37 pm
With a new face officially in the mix, eight Republican candidates will take the stage again next week to spar about the economy, jobs, budget deficit and more at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library in Simi Valley, Calif.
It will mark the first debate for Texas Gov. Rick Perry, who joined the race in August just as former Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty threw in the towel. Several of the latest polls now show Perry on the top of the pack, outshining Mitt Romney, who has led the group for several months.
Sunlight Live will cover the debate starting at ...
The Politics of Mother's Milk
by Nancy Watzman Feb 23, 2011 10:09 am
You may have heard the old adage that "money is the mother's milk of politics," but money also has a... View Article
Daily Disclosures
by Bill Allison Oct 18, 2010 12:43 pm
A roundup of what we're noticing in the Reporting Group as we dig into government data and disclosures: Dark money:... View Article


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With 30 years of specialized experience in personal injury law, Noel Daley will find an effective course of action.
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When one blog closes...
...another opens.
This is it for updates on 14th&You folks, unless the Mrs. and I happen to relocate near to this blog's eponymous intersection at some point in the future. Barring that unlikely event, we're considering this blog finito. But we're starting a new adventure: visit us in Montgomery County at our new online home, North FlintVille. Who knows, you just might learn something!
Anyway, we hope to see you around.
Mr. and Mrs. 14thandyou
Suburban Town Centers: Friend or Faux?
It's 7:00 PM on a Monday evening, and I'm sitting in a chair in the middle of Rockville's "Town Square," situated along a few blocks just east of Rockville Pike and across the street from the Rockville Metro station. A father, his daughter and their dog play on the faux lawn at the center of the square, while a fountain spews water up from the ground behind me. The fountain is situated in front of a performance stage where, several nights a week, musical performances take place. The square hosts a farmer's market on Saturdays that is very popular in the community. Surrounding the square, and branching out along streets in every direction, is a dense cluster of restaurants, bars, shops and galleries, with new ones opening seemingly every week. (Both American Tap Room and Dawson's Market, an upscale grocery store from Ellwood Thompson, are set to open here next month.) A new library sits at a prominent corner in the neighborhood. And above it all are thousands of residents who are seeking the suburban life without forsaking the conveniences--or feel--of city living. Perhaps most surprising of all, there are people walking about in what once was a deader-than-a-doornail suburban government center off of a strip mall-dominated suburban highway. It's a scene that was difficult to imagine as recently as five years ago.
Has Georgetown come to Rockville?
It's a question posed by Washington Post reporter Jonathan O'Connell in his recent piece for the Post's Outlook section. O'Connell looks at the spurt of "town center"-type developments that have sprung up across the region and the country over the past 15 years and asks whether developers have been successful in exporting city life to the suburbs.
As a transplanted city dweller who has found himself in the middle of that most suburban of suburbs, Rockville/North Bethesda/White Flint, it's a question I've pondered myself over the last year or so. After all, our immediate neighborhood is Ground Zero for Montgomery County's efforts to "urbanize" the stretch of Rockville Pike around the White Flint Metro Station. It's a neighborhood that, until very recently, was home mainly to an indoor shopping mall, row after row of nondescript strip malls, car dealerships and gas stations. However, with the opening last year of the first phase of the North Bethesda Market project, and several mega-developments currently under construction or about to break ground, Montgomery County is banking heavily on the "town center" model to attract and retain the young professionals and families that have found places like Bethesda, Silver Spring and Virginia's Orange Line corridor more attractive options. The term "urban" gets thrown around a lot by both developers and city officials when describing these developments.
But are these places really "urban"?
The scene I described in the opening paragraph above certainly sounds urban: people, shops and restaurants, density, community. So why do critics, as O'Connell notes, assail suburban town centers as soulless faux-cities, "no more real cities than Disney World's fairy-tale fiberglass-and-concrete showpiece is a real castle?"
A big part of it, I would argue, comes from where they are situated. Let's consider a neighborhood like Dupont Circle, a description of which wouldn't sound wholly far off from the scene I described above. What makes Dupont "feel" different than Rockville Town Center? There are obvious things like the age of the buildings, which predate those in central Rockville by a hundred years or more. The buildings have a history: what is now an upscale wine bar may at one time have been a mens clothing store that sold Duke Ellington his first suit, or a People's Drug. And there is the make-up of the crowd itself, which is something O'Connell gets into a bit. The people are more diverse, and the eccentricities are more pronounced. Dupont, and other urban neighborhoods, aren't quite so manicured; they look more "authentic." But do people really hop on the Metro in Rockville for a night out in Dupont primarily because they may see a woman with a tattoo?
The problem with "town center" developments, as I see it, isn't the town centers themselves--it's what's around them. They don't feel like part of a cohesive urban fabric, and they don't mesh with their surroundings. They are the place one goes to feel like you've entered a city, before hopping back in your car and driving home somewhere that doesn't feel like that at all. They feel contrived because they exist apart from everything around them--like building an opulent Victorian mansion in the middle of a Toll Brothers community of by-the-numbers single family homes. When you're in Logan, or H Street, or Columbia Heights, or Dupont, there is a feeling of connected-ness, to go along with a volume of people and an energy and vibrancy that the sometimes admittedly-sterile "town centers" have difficulty delivering.
I drove up to Rockville Town Center this evening, which is situated several miles north of our White Flint home. I drove on a six-lane divided highway past countless strip malls, car dealerships and gas stations. I drove past a golf course, and a self-storage facility. I drove past stretches of road where the sidewalk was barely visible, and through intersections that even the most hardy of pedestrians fear to cross. Forget bike lanes; cyclists on the Pike are as rare as speakeasy cocktail lounges up here. And then, seemingly out of nowhere, I entered Rockville's own urban utopia, the Rockville Town Center, meant to show that central DC doesn't have a monopoly on enticing, dense urbanity. It doesn't help that the "town center" itself is not focused on or geared towards the area's main thoroughfare, Rockville Pike, making it feel even more cut-off.
Of course the juxtaposition was jarring.
But it's not necessarily an indictment of the town center itself. As it happens, I think Rockville Town Center, and others like it, are several tremendous steps in the right direction for suburban development. What's bad about building pedestrian-focused, dense, vibrant, walkable communities? Particularly ones directly across the street from Metro stations? Not much, I'd argue. There is a reason town centers are popular: they deliver a slice of what people say they want. And judging by their commercial success, the people do indeed want it. And clustering people, services and amenities near each other and near transit hubs makes tremendous sense. And yet, something feels missing.
Dan Reed, who runs the Just Up the Pike blog, tweeted: "Calling new suburban town centers "fake" is lazy. Everything was new once! If done well, they'll get better with time." I agree with this, but I'd go a step further: not only will these town center developments likely improve with age, but as more suburban developers latch on to the "town center" model, I'd argue that these bastions of supposedly faux-urbanity will begin to feel slightly less "faux" and slightly more "legitimate". Consider what close-in suburbs such as Arlington and Bethesda have been able to achieve along their commercial corridors, and imagine that spread out among father-afield locales such as Rockville and Reston. That, to me, is the future of suburban development. It may not feel particularly "real" to someone used to bar-hopping along Barrack's Row or Adams Morgan, but there was a time when those places were new, too. Just give it some time.


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Education Archive
List Of Top Money Making Mobile App
By ListOfTop
Education, Technology
Among the numerous applications, some applications are truly work and can acquire cash from them. YUMCHEK: This application is accessible on the two iOS and Android and it's free. On the off chance that you have eaten a dinner in an eatery then you need to transfer the receipt of installment on this application and
Things to Know : Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Biography
Education, List of top
The eleventh president of our country, a reputable skilled scientist, writer and guide of the younger generation, Yes we are talking about late A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, which became an inspiration for many people who did not know. This was a highly thought-provoking person who was born in a small village in Tamil Nadu. Because of
Things to Know : Mahatma Gandhi Biography
We all like to breathe in the open air from freedom, but why is this open air and our independence? Thousands of patriots have sacrificed their lives and have given us freedom in the gifts, and in these landlords, there is a unique person who, wearing a dhoti kurta with a stick and without a
Thing to learn from Steve Jobs Success Secret Story
Today, we are talking about a rich person who had no love for money or money was his identity. The person who sent his own parents to someone else, who had no one to show up, who left college after 6 months, is known today as the revolutionary of computers around the world. He gave
List of Top 2018 Laptops Under 30000
Hi friends, if you are looking for some of the best laptops with less than 30000, then this post will be complete for all of you in this post because I am listing in this post that those laptops that are less than 30000 Will prove to be very helpful for you. As you all
List of Top Websites for Free eBook Pdf Download
ebooks, Education
Hello friends, eBooks is the most famous Amazon Kindle, but it is paid service. In this case if you have to download Free eBook Pdf and are looking for related ebooks like Topic like Education, Novel, Health. So you have the right place. We are going to talk about Top 5 Best Free eBook websites
India discovers new planet, joins elite club
Education, List of top, News
Out of the blue, India joined a select gathering of nations which have discovered planets around stars with the disclosure of what is known as a sub-Saturn or super-Neptune-sized planet having a span that is six times that of earth, Isro declared on Friday. The way breaking disclosure was made by a group drove by
List of Top colleges in India 2018
By Kumar
NIRF Ranking 2018-Top colleges in India list. NIRF Ranking 2018-Top universities in India list: HRD Minister Prakash Javadekar on Tuesday discharged third sequential version of yearly India Ranking of Higher Education Institution discharged the Top Colleges list. Top schools in the nation have been positioned in nine distinct classes including – 'Generally, Universities, Engineering, Colleges,
List Of Top Engineering College in India – 2018 Ranking
The HRD Ministry has released the NIRF (National Institutional Ranking Framework) India Rankings for the year 2018. The rankings, which were initiated in 2015 and reported without precedent for 2016, are a yearly issue. This is the first occasion when that the Ministry has positioned Medical, Law and Architecture organizations in the nation. The rankings
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Chemical reaction with the release of gas in the test tube in the boy,s hands. Experiments on chemistry at home. Chemical reaction with the release of gas in a test tube in the hands of a surprised Experiments on chemistry at home.
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Sorbent Tubes. These are sealed glass tubes, with generally 2 sections of adsorbent material. ... and analysed usually by a gas chromatograph. ... This is the standard sorbent tube generally used for organic vapours. They are suitable for most aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols but please check your standardised method.
Aerolux Bluebird Bulb : In a time before television, decorative electrical lamps were considered a legitimate form of entertainment. Such devices were birthed in the 19th century, in the form of fashionably scientific Crookes tubes, as well as more novel Geissler tubes and other 'gas sculpture' type lamps.
Monitor your compounds regularly with single gas detection tubes from Grainger when quick screening is required. Tubes are flame sealed glass tubes containing treated adsorbent granules that react with a specific compound or group of compounds, causing the adsorbent to change color.
AR Gas-System Lengths Explained. by Steve Adelmann - Wednesday, ... s gas system describes the manner in which gas produced by firing the projectile is used to cycle the bolt through a gas tube.
Discover Hose and other Hose, Tube, Fittings & Valves at MSC Industrial Supply. Over 1 million products that ship and deliver fast.
Streamline® Copper Tube Type K and Type L (ACR/MED) are made to meet the chemical, mechanical, ... Copper TUBe for MeDICAL GAS AppLICATIonS Job Name Contractor ... tube may be re-plugged to prevent atmospheric contamination during storage.
Perform quick, on-the-spot measurement of specific toxic and combustible substances with this traditional, low-cost solution. The hand pump features a spring-less piston to accurately draw 50 and 100cc samples. The single-use colorimetric gas detection tubes change color in direct correlation to the concentration of gas present.
Goodway is the global leader in tube cleaner systems. Our machines are used worldwide to clean efficiency-robbing deposits from tube walls to help deliver maximum heat exchange performance. Used in chillers, boilers, and heat exchangers.
For tube FITTINGS, go to the current Tube FITTING product listing. ... Chemical Resistance Chart: ... Ratings ó Chemical Effect AóNo effectóExcellent BóMinor effectóGood CóModerate effectóFair DóSevere effectóNot Recommended Footnotes 1. P.V.C.óSatisfactory to 72ƒF.
Test tubes are ideal for working with small quantities of a liquid, such as testing how much vitamin C is in lemon juice or other lab applications. Click on a product to see available discounts for ordering 10 or more test tubes or stands.
Lower or raise the gas tube until the level of the liquid inside the gas tube is the same as the level outside the tube. This permits you to measure the volume of the gases in the tube at room pressure.
shell and tube passes, type of heat exchanger (fixed tube sheet, removable tube bundle etc), tube pitch, number of baffles, its type and size, shell and tube side pressure drop etc. 1.2.1. Shell Shell is the container for the shell fluid and the tube bundle is placed inside the shell.
Dräger sampling tubes and systems allow identification and measurement of different substances even under difficult conditions. Very complex mixtures of substances or cases in which several similar substances are present at the same time can be measured accurately with Dräger Tubes.
Lists and briefly describes a large set of "sealed tube experiments," each of which requires less than five minutes to set-up and clean-up, requires less than five minutes to run, provides dramatic results observable by a large class, and illustrates important chemical concepts.


SHW is offering for sale 190 High Street, Lewes, two Grade II inter-connected buildings situated in a prominent part of East Sussex's county town.
There has been a bank on these premises since 1789 when founded with a cash base of £20,000 by four individuals who gave their 'trades' as gentleman, wool stapler, iron monger and soap boiler. It is still central to the town with multiple retailers to either side.
Barclays Bank under various names has been in occupation since 1896, and has a lease of the whole with a break in three years' time, after which if Barclays does not wish to remain in occupation of the whole or part the property would suite a variety of uses.
The brick fronted building retains much of the original layout and features of a grand house, and the right hand building houses the banking hall. The property of 10,757 sq ft is being guided at £1.5million, reflecting £139 per square foot.


Posted on July 15, 2017 July 15, 2017 by sedge808	This entry was posted in music and tagged Kate Bush, sedge808, Wuthering Heights. Bookmark the permalink.
This Woman's Work by Maxwell is to be played at my funeral, as I love it so.
Omg, I was just thinking about posting it in my blog, haha! Do you like Lapsley's "Falling Short?" And "Stay" by Rhianna and Mikky Ekko?
cool. I will check them out now. thank you.
I always loved running up that hill….


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Pregnant woman probably get more relief from floating than most people. The extra weight carried by the mother-to-be can be very stressful due to the forces of gravity. Ironically, the times when you get a chance to rest is when the baby becomes more active and it's weight continues to put stress on your muscles.
Floating eliminates the negative effects of gravity which can cause joint pain, inflammation, and stress on the organs as well as the unborn baby.
Many pregnant woman have also reported a reduction of erratic movements of the baby inside the womb. This is due to a phenomenon called the "mirror effect".
The baby is safe and secure inside the womb and the mother shares a similar experience in the warm isolation tank. Woman report a stronger connection with their baby when exposed to this environment.
Pregnancy and Birth magazine rated Floatation Therapy a 10 out of 10 as a useful pregnancy therapy.


2000 WVBF Buddy Trail Champion ROBBIE FLESHMAN of Charleston with a nice bag of fish. Robbie fished the 2000 Buddy Trail with his father Robert Fleshman. The total Budddy Trail Tournament bass mortality rate was better than 2.5% in 2000. This year's buddy trail schedule is now online.


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The first block posted is for the medallion center.
1. Repeat Step 1 using pieces E and A. Following 1 through 4.
1. Cut F in half diagonally.
2. Sew a F to a HST unit from step 2 right sides together see diagram 2a.
3. Sew a F to the bottom of unit see diagram 2b.
4. Make sure there is a 1/4'' along point edge lining up the ruler 45 degree line with the side of the unit. See diagram 2c.
1. Cut C in half diagonally.
2. Sew a unit from step 3 above to C with right sides together. See diagram 3a.
3. Make 12 see diagram 3b.
I would like to be able to join in, I think this is a great design!
Thanks for sharing this QAL with us, Cindy. I had so much fun making this block and look forward to making next month's block.
I'm in too, Cindy! My center block is complete. It took me longer to decide on my colors and fabrics than it did to complete the block! Looking forward to the rest of the blocks. Thank you for sharing this!


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Home ► Aerospace ► Industry ► Science and technology
China, works started for new and ambitious astronomical center
Construction is expected to finish in 3 years
Astronomical research is one of the many priorities that China wants to give importance to in this historical moment. A clear example of this is the new scientific center that will be built in the so-called "Greater Bay Area", an Asian area that is included between the Chinese province of Guangdong, Macao and Hong Kong. It is a structure that will deal precisely with astronomy and which will be directed by the "Sut Yat-sen" University of Guangzhou, as announced by local media, which in turn reported some sources close to the university of the former empire heavenly.
Works just begun and are part of a much larger project; we are talking about the "Chinese Space Station Telescope" program, simplified with the acronym CSST and aimed at perfecting research in this sector. The telescope in question is also expected to be launched into orbit no later than 2024. In short, it will be a very helpful optical space observatory to Chinese scientists, and it will not be the only science center of its kind.
Three other similar ones are found in different areas of the country including the Yangtze River Delta region. A collaboration will then be activated with other scientists who deal with galactic cosmology and gravitational waves, without forgetting the various experiments to be conducted in the technological field. The works have just started and will most likely finish within three years.
Guangzhou, China, 11/05/2020 13:10
AerospaceChina. First astronomical telescope closed for works
It needs to be refurbished and modernized
The main astronomical telescope of China will not be able to be used for an unspecified period due to the start of some renovations that are scheduled for next March. We are talking about the device that... more
HelicoptersBell 429 helicopter surpasses 500,000 global fleet hours
Today, more than 400 aircraft serve an array of customers
The Bell 429 helicopter surpassed 500,000 global fleet hours and continues to showcase its versatility throughout corporate, HEMS, law enforcement and utility missions. Today, more than 400 aircraft serve... more
AerospaceIndustryScience and technology


Croatian and French varieties of wine were planted on 11 ha : Crljenak kaštelanski (Zinfandel), Plavina, Syrah, Merlot, Cabernet sauvignon, Maraština, Babić, Chardonnay, Yellow Muscat.
40 ha of Croatian, Italian and Spanish varieties of olives: Oblica, Leccino, Pendolino, Istrian Bjelica, Buža, Drobnica, Lastovka, Levantinka, Krvavica, Ascolana Tenera, Carolea, Frantoia, Itrana, Pischolino.
The agricultural cooperative "Olive and wine" was established in 2006 with the aim of development rural area of Ravni kotari. The headquarters of the cooperative is in Polača.


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American Express reportedly didn't sign off on new Google Wallet app
Google Wallet's major overhaul created a kind of a workaround that allowed any credit card to work within the app. However, according to All Things D, Google didn't get an official sign off from American Express for the "additional use."
By Dieter Bohn@backlon Aug 2, 2012, 8:26pm EDT
Source All Things D and TechCrunch
Share All sharing options for: American Express reportedly didn't sign off on new Google Wallet app
Google Wallet 1.5 Stock
Google Wallet's major overhaul created a kind of a workaround that allowed any credit card to work within the app. However, according to All Things D, Google didn't get an official sign off from American Express for the "additional use." The update to Wallet works by taking the functionality that already existed in Google Wallet's online product, where any credit card can be added, and then utilizing a "virtual" MasterCard at the point of sale. The result is that your own credit card is charged, but the merchant sees Google's virtual MasterCard at the point=of-sale and the charge appears on your statement as a generic "Google Wallet" line item.
That workaround solution might be the crux of the problem. The same spokesperson, Bradley Minor, told TechCrunch that "We want to make sure Google's mobile wallet product meets the standards we set for our Cardmembers in terms of transparency and clarity about transaction detail."
Interestingly, Minor also noted that the company could "shut off" the integration. Whether it will do so remains to be seen, but we do know that the issue of fragmentation in the mobile payments space isn't going away anytime soon, Google's attempt at creating something more universal notwithstanding.


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The use of sports domes has become increasingly popular in recent years, not least as the technology needed to prevent excessive humidity has been refined.
While most sports are naturally played outdoors, the appreciation of the value of being able to play undercover has become increasingly evident. Obvious examples of this include the addition of retractable roofs over what are normally outdoor venues, such as Cardiff's Millennium Stadium or Wimbledon's Centre Court.
Of course, playing rugby or football on grass is no problem in the wet, due to the use of studs. It is a matter of advantage to have a playing surface enhanced by limiting rainfall on it. By contrast, in tennis, a sport often played professionally indoors, the benefits are obvious; by keeping the grass dry in wet weather, Wimbledon can still put on big matches instead of having to resort to community singing led by Cliff Richard.
Domes use the same principle, with artificial surfaces being the norm. For sports like football, this means the use of more modern astroturf – the kind that does not cause burns when players go to ground. This enables players to enjoy using a much better surface, rather than sliding around in a quagmire where the ball bobbles around and sticks in the mud.
However, the key factor to note with domes is how far the technology in them has developed. They might be sheltered, but keeping down humidity and maintaining warmth requires state-of-the art air conditioning. Keeping humidity low also means more temporary domes can be set up over grass.
It is this that has made grass court tennis possible under a roof. Without it the grass could get wet and the surface cut up, or fungal growth could be encouraged.
Other developments have also helped, including roof structures with the strength to support lighting for dark nights.
Some may not have realised just how far the technology behind domes has come, but they are now more flexible and adaptable than ever, making them able to deal with rain, heat, darkness and much else.


text:
Introductory Business Statistics
Introductory Business Statistics1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
1.3 Levels of Measurement
2.1 Display Data
2.4 Sigma Notation and Calculating the Arithmetic Mean
2.5 Geometric Mean
3.4 Contingency Tables and Probability Trees
3.5 Venn Diagrams
4.1 Hypergeometric Distribution
4.2 Binomial Distribution
4.3 Geometric Distribution
4.4 Poisson Distribution
5.1 Properties of Continuous Probability Density Functions
5.3 The Exponential Distribution
6.3 Estimating the Binomial with the Normal Distribution
7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means
7.3 The Central Limit Theorem for Proportions
7.4 Finite Population Correction Factor
8.1 A Confidence Interval for a Population Standard Deviation, Known or Large Sample Size
8.2 A Confidence Interval for a Population Standard Deviation Unknown, Small Sample Case
8.3 A Confidence Interval for A Population Proportion
8.4 Calculating the Sample Size n: Continuous and Binary Random Variables
9.4 Full Hypothesis Test Examples
10.1 Comparing Two Independent Population Means
10.2 Cohen's Standards for Small, Medium, and Large Effect Sizes
10.3 Test for Differences in Means: Assuming Equal Population Variances
10.6 Matched or Paired Samples
12.3 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio
13.1 The Correlation Coefficient r
13.2 Testing the Significance of the Correlation Coefficient
13.5 Interpretation of Regression Coefficients: Elasticity and Logarithmic Transformation
13.6 Predicting with a Regression Equation
13.7 How to Use Microsoft Excel® for Regression Analysis
A | Statistical Tables
B | Mathematical Phrases, Symbols, and Formulas
The science of statistics deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. We see and use data in our everyday lives.
In this course, you will learn how to organize and summarize data. Organizing and summarizing data is called descriptive statistics. Two ways to summarize data are by graphing and by using numbers (for example, finding an average). After you have studied probability and probability distributions, you will use formal methods for drawing conclusions from "good" data. The formal methods are called inferential statistics. Statistical inference uses probability to determine how confident we can be that our conclusions are correct.
Effective interpretation of data (inference) is based on good procedures for producing data and thoughtful examination of the data. You will encounter what will seem to be too many mathematical formulas for interpreting data. The goal of statistics is not to perform numerous calculations using the formulas, but to gain an understanding of your data. The calculations can be done using a calculator or a computer. The understanding must come from you. If you can thoroughly grasp the basics of statistics, you can be more confident in the decisions you make in life.
Probability is a mathematical tool used to study randomness. It deals with the chance (the likelihood) of an event occurring. For example, if you toss a fair coin four times, the outcomes may not be two heads and two tails. However, if you toss the same coin 4,000 times, the outcomes will be close to half heads and half tails. The expected theoretical probability of heads in any one toss is 1 2 1 2 or 0.5. Even though the outcomes of a few repetitions are uncertain, there is a regular pattern of outcomes when there are many repetitions. After reading about the English statistician Karl Pearson who tossed a coin 24,000 times with a result of 12,012 heads, one of the authors tossed a coin 2,000 times. The results were 996 heads. The fraction 996 2000 996 2000 is equal to 0.498 which is very close to 0.5, the expected probability.
The theory of probability began with the study of games of chance such as poker. Predictions take the form of probabilities. To predict the likelihood of an earthquake, of rain, or whether you will get an A in this course, we use probabilities. Doctors use probability to determine the chance of a vaccination causing the disease the vaccination is supposed to prevent. A stockbroker uses probability to determine the rate of return on a client's investments. You might use probability to decide to buy a lottery ticket or not. In your study of statistics, you will use the power of mathematics through probability calculations to analyze and interpret your data.
In statistics, we generally want to study a population. You can think of a population as a collection of persons, things, or objects under study. To study the population, we select a sample. The idea of sampling is to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population.
Because it takes a lot of time and money to examine an entire population, sampling is a very practical technique. If you wished to compute the overall grade point average at your school, it would make sense to select a sample of students who attend the school. The data collected from the sample would be the students' grade point averages. In presidential elections, opinion poll samples of 1,000–2,000 people are taken. The opinion poll is supposed to represent the views of the people in the entire country. Manufacturers of canned carbonated drinks take samples to determine if a 16 ounce can contains 16 ounces of carbonated drink.
From the sample data, we can calculate a statistic. A statistic is a number that represents a property of the sample. For example, if we consider one math class to be a sample of the population of all math classes, then the average number of points earned by students in that one math class at the end of the term is an example of a statistic. The statistic is an estimate of a population parameter, in this case the mean. A parameter is a numerical characteristic of the whole population that can be estimated by a statistic. Since we considered all math classes to be the population, then the average number of points earned per student over all the math classes is an example of a parameter.
One of the main concerns in the field of statistics is how accurately a statistic estimates a parameter. The accuracy really depends on how well the sample represents the population. The sample must contain the characteristics of the population in order to be a representative sample. We are interested in both the sample statistic and the population parameter in inferential statistics. In a later chapter, we will use the sample statistic to test the validity of the established population parameter.
A variable, or random variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. Variables may be numerical or categorical. Numerical variables take on values with equal units such as weight in pounds and time in hours. Categorical variables place the person or thing into a category. If we let X equal the number of points earned by one math student at the end of a term, then X is a numerical variable. If we let Y be a person's party affiliation, then some examples of Y include Republican, Democrat, and Independent. Y is a categorical variable. We could do some math with values of X (calculate the average number of points earned, for example), but it makes no sense to do math with values of Y (calculating an average party affiliation makes no sense).
Data are the actual values of the variable. They may be numbers or they may be words. Datum is a single value.
Two words that come up often in statistics are mean and proportion. If you were to take three exams in your math classes and obtain scores of 86, 75, and 92, you would calculate your mean score by adding the three exam scores and dividing by three (your mean score would be 84.3 to one decimal place). If, in your math class, there are 40 students and 22 are men and 18 are women, then the proportion of men students is 22402240 and the proportion of women students is 18401840. Mean and proportion are discussed in more detail in later chapters.
The words "mean" and "average" are often used interchangeably. The substitution of one word for the other is common practice. The technical term is "arithmetic mean," and "average" is technically a center location. However, in practice among non-statisticians, "average" is commonly accepted for "arithmetic mean."
Example 1.1
Determine what the key terms refer to in the following study. We want to know the average (mean) amount of money first year college students spend at ABC College on school supplies that do not include books. We randomly surveyed 100 first year students at the college. Three of those students spent $150, $200, and $225, respectively.
Solution 1.1
The population is all first year students attending ABC College this term.
The sample could be all students enrolled in one section of a beginning statistics course at ABC College (although this sample may not represent the entire population).
The parameter is the average (mean) amount of money spent (excluding books) by first year college students at ABC College this term: the population mean.
The statistic is the average (mean) amount of money spent (excluding books) by first year college students in the sample.
The variable could be the amount of money spent (excluding books) by one first year student. Let X = the amount of money spent (excluding books) by one first year student attending ABC College.
The data are the dollar amounts spent by the first year students. Examples of the data are $150, $200, and $225.
Try It 1.1
Determine what the key terms refer to in the following study. We want to know the average (mean) amount of money spent on school uniforms each year by families with children at Knoll Academy. We randomly survey 100 families with children in the school. Three of the families spent $65, $75, and $95, respectively.
Determine what the key terms refer to in the following study.
A study was conducted at a local college to analyze the average cumulative GPA's of students who graduated last year. Fill in the letter of the phrase that best describes each of the items below.
1. Population ____ 2. Statistic ____ 3. Parameter ____ 4. Sample ____ 5. Variable ____ 6. Data ____
all students who attended the college last year
the cumulative GPA of one student who graduated from the college last year
3.65, 2.80, 1.50, 3.90
a group of students who graduated from the college last year, randomly selected
the average cumulative GPA of students who graduated from the college last year
all students who graduated from the college last year
the average cumulative GPA of students in the study who graduated from the college last year
1. f; 2. g; 3. e; 4. d; 5. b; 6. c
As part of a study designed to test the safety of automobiles, the National Transportation Safety Board collected and reviewed data about the effects of an automobile crash on test dummies. Here is the criterion they used:
Speed at which cars crashed Location of "drive" (i.e. dummies)
35 miles/hour Front Seat
Cars with dummies in the front seats were crashed into a wall at a speed of 35 miles per hour. We want to know the proportion of dummies in the driver's seat that would have had head injuries, if they had been actual drivers. We start with a simple random sample of 75 cars.
The population is all cars containing dummies in the front seat.
The sample is the 75 cars, selected by a simple random sample.
The parameter is the proportion of driver dummies (if they had been real people) who would have suffered head injuries in the population.
The statistic is proportion of driver dummies (if they had been real people) who would have suffered head injuries in the sample.
The variable X = whether a dummy (if it had been a real person) would have suffered head injuries.
The data are either: yes, had head injury, or no, did not.
An insurance company would like to determine the proportion of all medical doctors who have been involved in one or more malpractice lawsuits. The company selects 500 doctors at random from a professional directory and determines the number in the sample who have been involved in a malpractice lawsuit.
The population is all medical doctors listed in the professional directory.
The parameter is the proportion of medical doctors who have been involved in one or more malpractice suits in the population.
The sample is the 500 doctors selected at random from the professional directory.
The statistic is the proportion of medical doctors who have been involved in one or more malpractice suits in the sample.
The variable X = whether an individual doctor has been involved in a malpractice suit.
The data are either: yes, was involved in one or more malpractice lawsuits, or no, was not.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/introductory-business-statistics/pages/1-introduction
Authors: Alexander Holmes, Barbara Illowsky, Susan Dean
Book title: Introductory Business Statistics
Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/introductory-business-statistics/pages/1-introduction
Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/introductory-business-statistics/pages/1-1-definitions-of-statistics-probability-and-key-terms