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At the Westhawk blog - A Council of War at Camp Fallujah (http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2007/04/council-of-war-at-camp-fallujah.html).
Instead of meeting first with his Iraqi hosts, as protocol normally requires, upon entering Iraq on Thursday U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates proceeded directly to Camp Fallujah in Iraq's Anbar province. After receiving a briefing from the American ground force commander in Anbar province, Mr. Gates retreated to a conference room. There he held a council of war.
Lt. Gen. Ray Odierno, ground force commander in Iraq.
The council of war extended well into the evening.


text:
Донгузорун-Чегет-Карабаши́ или Донгу́з-Ору́н () — вершина Главного (или Водораздельного хребта) Большого Кавказа, в Приэльбрусье. Расположена в республике Кабардино-Балкария Российской Федерации. Высота — 4454 м.

Рядом, на высоте 3203 м расположен горный перевал Донгузорун через Главный хребет между долинами рек Баксан (Россия) и Ингури (Грузия). У подножия Донгузорун-Чегет-Карабаши протекает один из притоков Баксана — река Донгуз-Орун.

Примечания

Топографические карты

Горные вершины Кабардино-Балкарии
Горные вершины Кавказа
Центральный Кавказ

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Pippa Middleton wedding: Duchess of Cambridge's sister weds James Matthews
Pippa Middleton wedding Close
Pippa Middleton (R) kisses her new husband James Matthews, following their wedding ceremony at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017, as the bridesmaids, including Britain's princess Charlotte (L) and pageboys, including Britain's prince George (2R), walk ahead. Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
Pippa Middleton and James Matthews leave St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, following their wedding. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Kirsty Wigglesworth/PA Wire
Prince George (fourth left) leaves with other page boys and flower girls following the wedding of Pippa Middleton and her husband James Matthews at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Kirsty Wigglesworth/PA Wire
Prince George (second right) leaves with other page boys and flower girls following the wedding of Pippa Middleton and her husband James Matthews at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Kirsty Wigglesworth/PA Wire
Pippa Middleton and her husband James Matthews leave St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, following their wedding. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Kirsty Wigglesworth/PA Wire
Britain's Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (R) stands with her daughter Britain's princess Charlotte, a bridesmaid, following the wedding of her sister Pippa Middleton to James Matthews at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. After turning heads at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William, Pippa Middleton graduated from bridesmaid to bride on Saturday at a star-studded wedding in an English country church. The 33-year-old married financier James Matthews, 41, at a ceremony attended by the royal couple and tennis star Roger Federer, wearing a couture dress by British designer Giles Deacon. / AFP PHOTO / POOL AND AFP PHOTO / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
Britain's Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, (back row R) watches as her sister Pippa Middleton (C) walks with her new husband James Matthews (L), following their wedding at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. After turning heads at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William, Pippa Middleton graduated from bridesmaid to bride on Saturday at a star-studded wedding in an English country church. The 33-year-old married financier James Matthews, 41, at a ceremony attended by the royal couple and tennis star Roger Federer, wearing a couture dress by British designer Giles Deacon. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
Pippa Middleton (C) poses for a photograph with her new husband James Matthews (L), following their wedding ceremony at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. After turning heads at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William, Pippa Middleton graduated from bridesmaid to bride on Saturday at a star-studded wedding in an English country church. The 33-year-old married financier James Matthews, 41, at a ceremony attended by the royal couple and tennis star Roger Federer, wearing a couture dress by British designer Giles Deacon. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
Britain's prince George (front row C), a pageboy, reacts following the wedding of his aunt Pippa Middleton (C) to her new husband James Matthews (L), at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. After turning heads at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William, Pippa Middleton graduated from bridesmaid to bride on Saturday at a star-studded wedding in an English country church. The 33-year-old married financier James Matthews, 41, at a ceremony attended by the royal couple and tennis star Roger Federer, wearing a couture dress by British designer Giles Deacon. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
ENGLEFIELD GREEN, ENGLAND - MAY 20: Britain's Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (R) walks with the bridesmaids and pageboys as they arrive as they arrive for her sister Pippa Middleton's wedding to James Matthews at St Mark's Church on May 20, 2017 in Englefield Green, England. (Photo by Justin Tallis - WPA Pool)
ENGLEFIELD GREEN, ENGLAND - MAY 20: Britain's prince George (L), a pageboy, Britain's princess Charlotte, a bridesmaid, stand with their nanny Maria Borrallo, as they attend the wedding of their aunt Pippa Middleton to James Matthews at St Mark's Church on May 20, 2017 in Englefield Green, England. (Photo by Justin Tallis - WPA Pool)
ENGLEFIELD GREEN, ENGLAND - MAY 20: Britain's prince George (L), a pageboy, attends the wedding of his aunt Pippa Middleton to James Matthews at St Mark's Church on May 20, 2017 in Englefield Green, England. (Photo by Justin Tallis - WPA Pool)
ENGLEFIELD GREEN, ENGLAND - MAY 20: Britain's Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (R), adjusts the dress of her sister Pippa Middleton as their father, Michael Middleton (L) stands by at the door to the church ahead of Pippa's wedding to James Matthews at St Mark's Church on May 20, 2017 in Englefield Green, England. (Photo by Justin Tallis - WPA Pool)
ENGLEFIELD GREEN, ENGLAND - MAY 20: Britain's Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (L), stands with pageboys and bridesmaids in the doorway of St Mark's Church as her sister Pippa Middleton arrives with their father Michael Middleton in a vintage Jaguar for her wedding to James Matthews at St Mark's Church on May 20, 2017 in Englefield Green, England. (Photo by Justin Tallis - WPA Pool)
ENGLEFIELD GREEN, ENGLAND - MAY 20: Pippa Middleton arrives for her wedding to James Matthews at St Mark's Church on May 20, 2017 in Englefield Green, England. (Photo by Justin Tallis - WPA Pool)
ENGLEFIELD, ENGLAND - MAY 20: Spencer Matthews, left, gestures as he stands with James Middleton, right, and Donna Air at the entrance of St Mark's Church ahead of the wedding of Pippa Middleton and James Matthews on May 20, 2017 in Englefield, England. Middleton, the sister of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is to marry hedge fund manager James Matthews in a ceremony Saturday where her niece and nephew Prince George and Princess Charlotte are in the wedding party, along with sister Kate and princes Harry and William. (Photo by Kirsty Wigglesworth - Pool/Getty Images)
Spencer Matthews, center, stands at the entrance of St Mark's Church in for the wedding of Pippa Middleton and his brother James Matthews on May 20, 2017 in Englefield, England. Middleton, the sister of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is to marry hedge fund manager James Matthews in a ceremony Saturday where her niece and nephew Prince George and Princess Charlotte are in the wedding party, along with sister Kate and princes Harry and William. (Photo by Kirsty Wigglesworth - Pool/Getty Images)
ENGLEFIELD, ENGLAND - MAY 20: Swiss tennis player Roger Federer and his wife Mirka arrive at St Mark's Church ahead of the wedding of Pippa Middleton and James Matthews on May 20, 2017 in Englefield, England. Middleton, the sister of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is to marry hedge fund manager James Matthews in a ceremony Saturday where her niece and nephew Prince George and Princess Charlotte are in the wedding party, along with sister Kate and princes Harry and William. (Photo by Kirsty Wigglesworth - Pool/Getty Images)
ENGLEFIELD, ENGLAND - MAY 20: Britain's Prince William, left, and his brother Prince Harry arrive for the wedding of Pippa Middleton and James Matthews at St Mark's Church on May 20, 2017 in Englefield. Middleton, the sister of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is to marry hedge fund manager James Matthews in a ceremony Saturday where her niece and nephew Prince George and Princess Charlotte are in the wedding party, along with sister Kate and princes Harry and William. (Photo by Kirsty Wigglesworth - Pool/Getty Images)
The Duchess of Cambridge, arrives with pageboys and flower girls for her sister Pippa Middleton's wedding at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, to millionaire groom James Matthews at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Kirsty Wigglesworth/PA Wire
The Duchess of Cambridge stands in the church doorway as she watches her sister Pippa Middleton arrive with their father Michael Middleton, at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, for her wedding to millionaire groom James Matthews at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Justin Tallis/PA Wire
The Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton arrives with their father Michael Middleton, at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, for her wedding to her millionaire groom James Matthews at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Kirsty Wigglesworth/PA Wire
The Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton arrives at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, for her wedding to her millionaire groom James Matthews at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Kirsty Wigglesworth/PA Wire
Prince George and Princess Charlotte at the wedding of the Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton to her millionaire groom James Matthews, dubbed the society wedding of the year at, St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Andrew Matthews/PA Wire
Guests arrive ahead of the wedding of the Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton to her millionaire groom James Matthews, dubbed the society wedding of the year at, St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Andrew Matthews/PA Wire
The Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton arrives at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, for her wedding to her millionaire groom James Matthews at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Justin Tallis/PA Wire
The Duchess of Cambridge, arrives with pageboys and flower girls for her sister Pippa Middleton's wedding at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, to millionaire groom James Matthews at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Justin Tallis/PA Wire
Britain's Prince George waves as he leaves in a car after attending the wedding of his aunt, Pippa Middleton, to James Matthews at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. After turning heads at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William, Pippa Middleton graduated from bridesmaid to bride on Saturday at a star-studded wedding in an English country church. The 33-year-old married financier James Matthews, 41, at a ceremony attended by the royal couple and tennis star Roger Federer, wearing a couture dress by British designer Giles Deacon. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
Britain's Prince George (R) waves as he leaves in a car after attending the wedding of his aunt, Pippa Middleton (L), to James Matthews at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. After turning heads at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William, Pippa Middleton graduated from bridesmaid to bride on Saturday at a star-studded wedding in an English country church. The 33-year-old married financier James Matthews, 41, at a ceremony attended by the royal couple and tennis star Roger Federer, wearing a couture dress by British designer Giles Deacon. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
The Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton arrives with their father Michael Middleton, at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, for her wedding to her millionaire groom James Matthews at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Justin Tallis/PA Wire
The Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton arrives with their father Michael Middleton, at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, for her wedding to her millionaire groom James Matthews at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. Justin Tallis/PA Wire
The Duchess of Cambridge, (right) , arranges the train of her sister Pippa Middleton as she arrives, at St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, for her wedding to her millionaire groom James Matthews at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Kirsty Wigglesworth/PA Wire
Britain's Prince Harry (R) and Britain's Prince William, Duke of Cambridge arrive at the church for the wedding of Pippa Middleton and James Matthews at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. Pippa Middleton hit the headlines with a figure-hugging outfit at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William but now the world-famous bridesmaid is becoming a bride herself. Once again, all eyes will be on her dress as the 33-year-old marries financier James Matthews on Saturday at a lavish society wedding where William and Kate's children will play starring roles. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
Spencer Matthews (C), brother of the groom, greets Britain's Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Britain's Prince Harry (L) outside the church ahead of the wedding of Pippa Middleton and James Matthews at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. Pippa Middleton hit the headlines with a figure-hugging outfit at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William but now the world-famous bridesmaid is becoming a bride herself. Once again, all eyes will be on her dress as the 33-year-old marries financier James Matthews on Saturday at a lavish society wedding where William and Kate's children will play starring roles. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
Britain's Prince Harry (R) and Britain's Prince William, Duke of Cambridge walk to the church for the wedding of Pippa Middleton and James Matthews at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. Pippa Middleton hit the headlines with a figure-hugging outfit at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William but now the world-famous bridesmaid is becoming a bride herself. Once again, all eyes will be on her dress as the 33-year-old marries financier James Matthews on Saturday at a lavish society wedding where William and Kate's children will play starring roles. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
This file photo taken on April 29, 2011 shows Philippa (Pippa) Middleton smiling as she travels after the wedding service for Britain's Prince William and Kate, Duchess of Cambridge
Members of the public arrive ahead of the wedding of the Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton to her millionaire groom James Matthews, dubbed the society wedding of the year at, St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Andrew Matthews/PA Wire
Donna Air waves to the waiting crowds as she arrives ahead of the wedding of the Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton to her millionaire groom James Matthews, dubbed the society wedding of the year at, St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Andrew Matthews/PA Wire
The first guests (identities unknown) arrive ahead of the wedding of the Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton to her millionaire groom James Matthews, dubbed the society wedding of the year at, St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Andrew Matthews/PA Wire
Swiss tennis player Roger Federer (L) and his wife Mirka attend the wedding of Pippa Middleton and James Matthews at St Mark's Church in Englefield, west of London, on May 20, 2017. Pippa Middleton hit the headlines with a figure-hugging outfit at her sister Kate's wedding to Prince William but now the world-famous bridesmaid is becoming a bride herself. Once again, all eyes will be on her dress as the 33-year-old marries financier James Matthews on Saturday at a lavish society wedding where William and Kate's children will play starring roles. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / Justin TALLISJUSTIN TALLIS/AFP/Getty Images
File photo dated 06/07/16 of Pippa Middleton and James Matthews as the pair will wed today at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Issue date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Anthony Devlin/PA Wire
File photo dated 31/10/16 of St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire, where Pippa Middleton, sister of the Duchess of Cambridge, will wed James Matthews this morning, the event has been dubbed the society wedding of the year. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Issue date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Steve Parsons/PA Wire
Police ahead of the wedding of the Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton to her millionaire groom James Matthews, dubbed the society wedding of the year at, St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Andrew Matthews/PA Wire
Broadcast trucks parked up ahead of the wedding of the Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton to her millionaire groom James Matthews today at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year at, St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Andrew Matthews/PA Wire
Media ahead of the wedding of the Duchess of Cambridge's sister Pippa Middleton to her millionaire groom James Matthews today at an event dubbed the society wedding of the year at, St Mark's church in Englefield, Berkshire. PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Picture date: Saturday May 20, 2017. See PA story ROYAL Pippa. Photo credit should read: Andrew Matthews/PA Wire
The society wedding of the year has seen Pippa Middleton wed James Matthews in front of royalty, family and friends.
A quiet corner of the Berkshire countryside was transformed into a major social occasion for the nuptials of the bride and groom who exchanged vows in front of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, Prince Harry and former Wimbledon tennis champion Roger Federer.
Earlier Pippa looked radiant when she stepped from an open-topped vintage Jaguar wearing a bespoke Giles Deacon wedding gown, crafted to create the impression of being seamless.
The dress was teamed with a Stephen Jones veil, a Maidenhair Fern tiara and Manolo Blahnik ivory satin shoes.
Beside her was beaming father Michael who took his youngest daughter's hand and walked her into St Mark's church, in Englefield, Berkshire, where mother Carole met them at the entrance.
Big sister Kate played a vital role and ensured her younger sibling looked her best for her big day. She rearranged her train and other parts of her dress before she made her procession into St Mark's.
But royal fans were left disappointed as there was no Meghan Markle among the guests, with William and Harry arriving together on foot.
There is speculation she may make it to the wedding reception later being staged at the Middleton family home in nearby Bucklebury.
Royal watchers were cheered by the sight of Prince George and Princess Charlotte with the other pageboys and bridesmaids who arrived in classic cars.
Other guests included the groom's brother, former Made In Chelsea regular and reality television personality Spencer Matthews, Pippa's controversial uncle Gary Goldsmith and Princess Eugenie.
The bride and groom emerged from the church following a service that lasted around 45 minutes - and were blessed by the weather.
The heavy downpour that started minutes after the beginning of the service ended a few moments before the church doors opened.
With a peal of bells ringing out across the Berkshire countryside, they walked hand in hand slowly along the church path. In touching scenes in front of them, the group of young page boys and bridesmaids led the way.
The husband and wife could not help smiling and, as they reached the main gates of St Mark's, they paused as the young children played around them. They then kissed for the waiting press who were gathered nearby.
Kate continued her role as big sister and marshalled the young bridesmaids and page boys into the classic cars that had brought them to the church as guests filed out and walked to nearby Englefield House, where it is believed a champagne reception will be held.
SLEEPY ENGLISH VILLAGE COMES ALIVE
On a Saturday unlike any other, the usually serene village of Englefield has been overrun by TV satellite vans and wedding well-wishers clad in neon-orange fedora hats and Union flags.
Meryl Elizabeth Evans, in her 60s, travelled from South Wales to witness the "wedding of the year" between Pippa Middleton and financier James Matthews at St Mark's Church.
She said: "We didn't get here till nine, and we thought we wouldn't be able to see anything. But there weren't too many people - we didn't have to fight our way in.
"It's a nice atmosphere, everybody's friendly, it's just a nice country feel to it."
Mrs Evans said she was most looking forward to spotting the guests' attire, and said: "I'd love to see the fashion - the clothes, the hats and the fascinators. But they'll all be in cars so we'll probably see it on TV.
"We've met people from around the world, and the camera crews are from everywhere. It is the wedding of the year, isn't it?"
Mrs Evans, who also visited the church on Friday, noted the secretive atmosphere among the locals.
She told the Press Association: "We went to one of the villages nearby and they weren't excited. I don't know if they'll bother coming here.
"We wish the newlyweds all the best and let's hope that the weather stays nice for them."
Among the frenzied media babble stood royal fan Sandra Shaw, who arrived brightly dressed for the occasion in a neon-orange T-shirt and hat, and a Union Jack flag.
The 55-year-old, who drove from Warrington in Cheshire, said: "I didn't look at the mileage, but it took us three-and-a-half hours to get here.
"I'm excited to see the younger royals more than the older ones."
Ms Shaw said she was hoping to see Prince George and Princess Charlotte, who will star as a pageboy and bridesmaid, despite worries about their behaviour expressed by their mother, the Duchess of Cambridge.
Her sartorial choice was driven by the toddlers, who she hoped might wave as they spotted her standout outfit.
A stream of Range Rovers, BMWs and Mercedes Benz cars offloaded fashionable guests adorned with fascinator hats in full view of the world's media.
A few Englefield locals were given prime position inside the private church grounds to witness the parade of friends and family walking up the church path.

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Courage to Lead in Sierra Leone
By Kerry Kind Photos by Kory Pence
God wants me to be there. If we die, we die. Rev. Usman Fornah first began his ministry under extreme persecution in Sierra Leone.
REV. USMAN FORNAH was one of the younger pastors in the Makeni area when the rebel army reached the city. The Revolutionary United Front (R.U.F.) had the reputation for ruthlessly terrorizing people in areas they occupied, so Rev. Fornah felt he had no choice but to flee into the African "bush" with his family. For five days they hid in a remote location more than ten miles distant. But there was no safe location. After prayer, the Fornahs felt led to return to the city.
My people are there, and they need me. God wants me to be there. If we die, we die.
Rev. Usman Fornah
Instead of hiding, Rev. Fornah began to move around the city to visit his members and encourage them. Several times he was arrested by the rebel soldiers. He was beaten mercilessly, and only God's grace saved him from mutilation and death suffered by others.
On one occasion, Rev. Fornah heard that the rebels had arrested seven high school boys. The word came that the rebel leader, nicknamed Superman, had ordered the innocent boys to be executed. Rev. Fornah knew the families, and although they were not members of his church, he knew he could not stand idly by. He prayed, then marched to the rebel headquarters and asked for Superman.
He walked through the gates of the compound so boldly that the young rebel soldiers must have thought he was one of their own officers, and he was not even questioned. The same thing happened when he entered the large house where Superman ran his operations. Before he knew it, Rev. Fornah found himself in the presence of the terrible, ruthless man who had absolute power locally. The sadistic commander was surprised, though, and allowed Usman to speak.
Rev. Fornah explained that he was a minister of God and came to speak on behalf of the seven boys. He advised the commander not to make God or the population of Makeni angry by killing the innocent boys. Rev. Fornah knew there was a chance he would be executed along with them. But God had another plan. During the conversation, something that was said caused Superman to reconsider, and Rev. Fornah left the compound taking the seven boys with him. From that day forward, Rev. Fornah spoke openly and publicly all over Makeni and was never beaten or harmed again. He spoke like a biblical prophet, condemning the evil that he saw and calling townspeople and rebels alike to God. Even rebels began attending services.
The Moray Man
Read how Rev. Fornah and a group of pastors confronted and stopped a powerful, evil sorcerer through prayer.
Makeni is home to a Catholic cathedral. But no priest remained and the people were without a shepherd. During the rebel occupancy, Rev. Fornah met with the Catholics and offered to come very early every Sunday morning. He would preach God's Word there just to keep the flock together and encourage and feed them. So all of the Catholics came to the cathedral each Sunday and it was always filled to overflowing.
The Catholic bishop returned to Makeni after the war and discovered all Rev. Fornah had done. He was so grateful that he took Rev. Fornah to the Vatican in Rome where he met and was blessed by Pope John Paul II. In addition, Rev. Fornah preached in Catholic churches all over Italy.
When asked how he summoned the courage to risk his life over and over again for the gospel during the war, Rev. Fornah simply says, "I was not myself. No one ever thinks they could do something like that. I didn't either. But when placed in that situation, when you pray, God just takes over and you act in obedience to God, knowing that you are in his hands whether you live or die."
The Rev. Dr. Usman Fornah, as he is now known, is the most prominent Wesleyan minister in Sierra Leone today because he is the current national superintendent. But remarkably, his commitment and courage are not totally unique among our church leaders there. Desperate times have provided the context for greatness in godly leaders over and over again.
REV. JOSEPH Y. KONTEH is another such leader. In fact, the Rev. Dr. Usman Fornah looks up to Joseph as the pastor who discipled him and mentored him when he first converted from Islam as a teenager. Rev. Konteh also served as national superintendent, immediately preceding Dr. Fornah.
Rev. Joseph Konteh
According to Rev. Warren Fornah [no relation], no Wesleyan leader in Freetown did more to encourage the Western Area pastors during the eleven-year war than Joseph Konteh. "Joseph said, 'Preach! Serve! Be Faithful! As I am!' And he was very motivating and comforting to all of us pastors."
During the war, and immediately after the war, the church was under threat. Rev. Konteh united the church. He is known as a deeply spiritual, humble leader, trusted by everyone. A pastor-leader, Rev. Konteh invests in people and leadership development more than projects. He is gifted at bringing peace through conflict resolution. At a time when great divisions threatened, he brought peace. His experience and trust were sought beyond The Wesleyan Church. During the same era, he helped chair and guide meetings for the United Brethren in Christ and the Missionary Church denominations. Today, many say that no more godly leader has led our church there.
Rev. Solomon and Binti Sesay
All of the church leaders mentioned here have outstanding Christian wives with leadership ministries of their own. But REVEREND SOLOMON AND BINTI SESAY are a special ministerial couple: both are ordained and both are senior pastors of churches about three miles apart in Freetown. Solomon pastors Kissy Grassfields, one of the largest churches in the country. Binti pastors Kissy Dockyards, where the President of Sierra Leone is a member and worships.
Rev. Binti for eleven years led the World Hope International micro-enterprise program in Sierra Leone. During that time, she organized the Lookingtown Wesleyan Church and has also pastored the Goderich Wesleyan Church and was district director of Wesleyan Women. She has a humble, sweet personality, but does not hesitate when it comes to preaching God's Word with conviction and power. When asked what gives her the courage to lead in a patriarchal culture, she said, "When it comes to leading, God helps me so much. I can actually feel his pleasure in me, and I know I am in the right place and on course."
Binti's husband, Rev. Solomon Sesay, was eager for advanced theological training early in his career, but the needs of the church came first. According to others, he served in difficult, but important, assignments for nearly twenty years, solving huge problems and serving troubled churches with persistence, patience, prayer, and totally surrendered leadership. His close friend, Rev. S. D. Kanu, was national superintendent during part of that time, but he never asked him to be re-assigned or to be sent for advanced training. God had given Solomon a vision that his time would come. Indeed it has, for he now holds the Th.M. degree from Trinity Seminary in Accra, Ghana, so he can follow his passion and teach at TECT (The Evangelical College of Theology) in addition to his pastoral duties.
Solomon also served six years as the full-time national director of evangelism. He hesitated to accept the somewhat undefined role at first. Also it was during the war, and there were dangers. But he prayed, and the Lord gave him a vision which guided his decision. His vision was of Jesus saying, "Go, I am with you!" During Solomon's time in that office, they began the JESUS film ministry with the help of Global Partners, recruited students, trained the teams, and in three years planted seventeen new churches.
The JESUS film ministry has soared to new heights under leadership of Rev. Warren Fornah.
In more recent years the JESUS film ministry has soared to new heights under the extraordinary leadership of REV. WARREN FORNAH. Rev. Fornah was already an experienced church planter, having planted the Brookfields Wesleyan Church and Ginger Hall Wesleyan Church. prior to taking over the position of national director of evangelism from Solomon. During the war, while many around him fled to Guinea for safety, he stayed and braved the dangers of rebel occupied Freetown to hold the church together and minister to traumatized families. It was during that same time that National Superintendent Rev. Y. M. Kroma was assassinated by the rebels in Freetown. Warren had 25-30 people whose homes had burned staying with him in his two-room apartment for many months at a time, with little food, and anarchy outside their doors.
Today Warren keeps at least two full-time teams fully trained, equipped, and operational for showing the JESUS film. He is passionate and directly involved in going into new, Muslim-dominated areas and seeing new churches planted. He is constantly amazed and touched by the power of the film to begin the process of transforming hearts and lives. In a recent, typical three-month period, a team in a Muslim area showed the film to over three thousand viewers and had seven hundred people come forward for counseling, prayer, and decisions. Warren has had other tempting life opportunities cross his path, but he is convinced he is exactly where God wants him right now—and he is so grateful to see the lives made new and the expansion of the church. Christian courage is given deeper meaning for us, modeled by friends and leaders such as these!
The Mountain Was Moved
Joy Bryant left the national gathering of Wesleyan Women at Cypress Wesleyan Church (Galloway, Ohio) in the summer of 2011 with a sense that God was about to move the mountain which had been looming for 20 years.


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Premier's visit promotes innovative culture in Chengdu's ancient street
Updated: Jan 3,2017 10:24 PM english.gov.cn
Premier Li Keqiang visits Kuanzhai Ancient Street in Chengdu, Sichuan province, on April 25, 2016.
Kuanzhai Ancient Street, a traditional cultural hot spot located in downtown Chengdu, Sichuan province, is taking on a new look after Premier Li Keqiang's visit in April 2016.
Premier Li visited the Jianshan Bookstore in the alley, and bought a book and two postcards, which have become the best-selling items in the bookstore.
Liao Yun, founder of the bookstore, praised the Premier for his care of local culture and encouragement for increasing innovation.
"I remember that Premier Li said the black-and-white postcard represents the past, while the colorful one represents the future. He also encouraged us to focus more on cultural innovation and creativity".
Over the past six months, her bookstores have launched "literature and art collection of Chengdu", and a series of cultural products featuring famous local historic collections along with Chengdu Museum.
The courtyard, where the bookstore is located, is one of the 45 core yards in the Kuanzhai Ancient Street. The alley has become the "name card" of Chengdu, with more than 150 entered enterprises, including more than 30 cultural innovative ones. Every year, more than 3,000 jobs were created here, and the consumption reached 300 million yuan. Last year, the alley attracted 17 million tourists.
Not far from Jianshan Bookstore is a cafe named Lonely Ding's Coffee, which also became well-known after Premier Li's visit.
Ding Zhi, the owner of the coffee shop, originally came to Chengdu to join the rescue work during the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008.
Later, he settled down here and opened the coffee shop. And according to Ding, he met the Premier three times, once in his shop in April last year and twice at the rescue scene during Lushan and Ludian earthquakes, in 2013 and 2014 respectively.
The owner recalled that during the third time they met, Premier Li suggested the coffee producers should introduce domestic brand coffee to the world, such as Yunnan Arabic coffee beans.
In this regard, Ding said his coffee shop will open a chain store in Japan, using Yunnan Arabic coffee beans by this March.
And he also introduced his public welfare project, opening libraries in rural areas, to the Premier. Premier Li has spoken highly of the project and asked him to keep building such libraries.
Over half year, four such libraries have been built with the total number reaching 28, said Ding.
Ding added, after Premier Li's visit, business in the coffee shop has skyrocketed with monthly revenue reaching 400,000 yuan, doubling previous years.
Premier's visit to the alley shows his concern for the individual economy and the implementation of replacing business tax with value-added tax.
The Premier also further explained the specific policy to some private business owners and was informed the policy has relieved the tax burden for private business owners, especially in the food and drink industry.
"Our tax rate has now lowered from 5 percent to 3 percent, saving 30,000 yuan. And I am also inspired by Premier's speech on combining culture and business industry needs, innovation and new ideas," said Wang Hong, a restaurant owner who plans to integrate traditional culture elements into her daily business.
"The alley can be narrow but not the idea of benefiting the people", said Premier Li, during his visit to the alley.
Premier lauds small private businesses
Premier on VAT reform


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Beloved aviator Gail S. Halvorsen — a.k.a. 'The Candy Bomber' — dies at age 101
Latter-day Saint Fiction: Men of Action
Parenting Little Patriarchs: Lessons from the Lord on Raising Small Children
By Jan Francisco
Come Follow Me Podcast #16 — "What Shall I Do to Inherit Eternal Life?", Matthew 18; Luke 10
What Latter-day Saints worldwide are doing to answer President Nelson's call to continue ministering
By Church News · March 25, 2020
The following is excerpted from the Church News. To read the full article, CLICK HERE.
Millions of Latter-day Saints and others have found comfort at an unsettling global moment viewing — and often re-viewing — President Russell M. Nelson's "Message of Hope during Coronavirus Outbreak."
The Church president said members enjoy the "great privilege" of ministering, serving their neighbors and providing much-needed comfort and assurance.
"Please take good care of yourselves and your loved ones," he said, "and look for opportunities to help those around you, near and far."
Many are following President Nelson's counsel. Here are a few incidents of ministering around the world during disruptive times shared with the Church News in recent days:
Ministering via group chats
Kacey Judd of the Prosper 2nd Ward, Texas Prosper Stake, heeded a prompting a few months ago to establish a group chat with the neighbors living in her new subdivision.


text:
Hot Celebrities Reviews
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Home » World News » China may restrict access to tech amid spiraling trade dispute with U.S.
China may restrict access to tech amid spiraling trade dispute with U.S.
China is creating a system to protect its technology, according to state media, as the U.S. restricts the access of Chinese companies to American technology in a spiraling trade dispute.
The People's Daily newspaper said Sunday that the system will build a strong firewall to strengthen the nation's ability to innovate and to accelerate the development of key technologies.
"China … will never allow certain countries to use China's technology to contain China's development and suppress Chinese enterprises," the main paper of the ruling Communist Party said, without directly referring to the United States.
No details have been released about what China is calling a national technological security management list. The plan was announced Saturday evening in a brief three-paragraph dispatch by the official Xinhua News Agency.
The aim is to forestall and defuse national security risks more effectively, Xinhua said, adding that detailed measures would be unveiled in the near future.
The initiative follows U.S. moves to restrict sales to Huawei Technologies and other Chinese tech firms on national security grounds.
The U.S. Commerce Department last month added Huawei to its list of entities that are engaged in activities contrary to U.S. national security or foreign policy interests.
As such, any sale of U.S. technology to Huawei will require Commerce Department approval.
China responded by saying its Commerce Ministry would develop its own list of foreign entities that it regards as "unreliable."
This weekend's announcement of plans for a technological security management list is clearly related to the unreliable entities list, the state-owned Global Times newspaper said in an editorial posted online Sunday.
It said the act would provide a legal basis to manage technology exports and counter American supply cutoffs to some Chinese companies.
"Since 2018, the U.S. has repeatedly drawn on its domestic law to exert pressure on Chinese high-tech enterprises," the English-language editorial read in part. "China's countermeasures against the U.S. require more legal weapons."
The two largest economies appear as far apart as ever in their dispute, though U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said he held a constructive meeting Sunday with the head of China's central bank.
In a Twitter post, Mnuchin said he and Yi Gang, governor of the People's Bank of China, had a "candid" discussion about trade issues. The post showed the two shaking hands and smiling.
They met on the sidelines of the G-20 finance meeting in Fukuoka, Japan.
Mnuchin earlier urged China to rejoin talks on the dispute that have stalled after 11 rounds of negotiations. He said no talks were scheduled, however, and that major progress on the stalemate would likely have to wait for a meeting of Presidents Donald Trump and Xi Jinping later this month.
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Analysis Projects
Placon's Plastic Packaging Facility, Indiana
Liquibox Flexible Packaging Super Factory, Madrid
Mondi's Corrugated Cardboard Plant Expansion, Ansbach
Tetra Pak Aseptic Packaging Factory
Tetra Pak has launched a new, state-of-the-art, carton manufacturing facility in Pakistan in an attempt to increase it
Liquid food carton pack production plant
€92m ($128m)
Construction Started
Eight billion packages
Sponsor / Owner
IVCC Engineering, Habib Rafiq (HRL), NESPAK, Allied Engineering
The Tetra Pak Lahore packaging plant is spread over 150,000m².
The factory can produce eight billion packages per year, which can be expanded to 16 billion.
Night view of the plant.
The plant is equipped with state-of-the-art production facilities and equipment.
Tetra Pak has launched a new, state-of-the-art, carton manufacturing facility in Pakistan in an attempt to increase its manufacturing base in the region.
It is the largest Tetra Pak plant in the Middle East and is situated in the Sundar Industrial Estate (SIE), approximately 45km from Lahore. The industrial estate was developed by Punjab Industrial Estates (PIE), a company owned by the state government of Punjab. SIE has an infrastructure comparable to any modern industrial estate globally. It has established different industrial zones at its premises; a dedicated food processing industrial zone was also available. These features compelled Tetra Pak to choose SIE for the Lahore plant.
Construction began in 2008 and took two years for completion. Test production began in December 2010 and the start up was achieved in two months. Official inauguration was held in March 2011. Tetra Pak's old production facility in Lahore has been closed and all the production activity shifted to the new plant.
The project required an investment of €92m ($128m).
PIE allotted 44 acres (1.9 million square feet) of land for the plant. The plant occupies approximately 35,000m² (376,700ft² approximately) of area and has the capacity to produce eight billion packages per annum. It can manufacture a variety of cartons including some popular brands such as Tetra Brik Aseptic, Tetra Fino Aseptic and Tetra Classic Aseptic.
Part of the produce is sold in Pakistan and the remaining is exported to the neighbouring countries.
The Lahore plant is installed with sophisticated equipment and advanced technology. It is endorsed with quality certifications such as World Class Manufacturing (WCM) and ISO 9001 which confirm its ability to produce high quality products at less cost.
"Tetra Pak plans to nearly double the production capacity of the plant."
The production equipment incorporates a high technology process control system to minimise defects. The material handling process has been automated in order to avoid human errors.
The plant implements SAP and the latest Building Management Systems (BMS).
The plant features two printing machines of VT Flex 175 ES make. The presses can print 600m per minute. The machines are capable of the Flexo process and Flexo line printing and are equipped with sophisticated inline detection systems to identify any printing defects.
The factory has successfully met all criteria to achieve British Retail Consortium (BRC) / Institute of Packaging (IoP) hygiene management certification as audited by M/s SGS (Certificate is currently awaited).
Hygiene management at the factory includes implementation of hazard analysis of defined critical control points, implementation of a pest management system and implementation of access controls, installation of hand dryers and sanitary equipment and waste segregation, among others.
The environmental management system of the plant is ISO 14001 certified.
The packs are produced using a three-step process, which includes printing, lamination and slitting.
The appropriate printing plates of a given customer are selected and applied to the cylinder of the printing press. The customer-specific graphic design is then printed onto the paperboard.
The printed paperboard is fed into a lamination machine where it joins the plastic and foil layers. At the same time a microfilm coil of aluminium foil is loaded to the laminator.
A gas flame heat treats the paper board to ensure adhesion to the plastic layer. The laminator extrudes liquefied plastic between the roll of aluminium and the heated paper board.
Rollers squeeze all the layers together and create the patented six-layered carton packaging. The printed paper board, with all its protective layers applied, then comes off the back end of the laminator in a large master roll.
The master roll is threaded into a cutting machine called a Slitter. The Slitter then cuts and winds the printed material into smaller individual rolls. A conveyor system sends the cut rolls for shipping to the customer.
Equipment / facilities
The plant is equipped with three slitter machines and inline detection systems for ensuring quality during production. The slitter machines are IMS T2 models and can cut through 1,000m per minute. IMS T2 is the fastest slitter available.
A VT Lam 650 model laminator is installed at the plant. Capable of running at 650m per minute, it is the fastest laminator available. An inline surface detection system in the laminator identifies any internal surface defects. The laminator also features polyethylene (PE) thickness control, which helps to maintain consistency in the plastic layering process.
"Tetra Pak's old production facility in Lahore has been closed."
The Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance (JIPM) considerations are being applied to achieve a zero loss factory using the basic 4M (man, method, machine and material) methodology. It also helps to achieve total productive maintenance (TPM) at the plant. An integrated management system has been adopted to improve production quality. A quality assurance lab has been included to test the raw materials and finished goods.
Defects in all the processes conducted at the plant are monitored with the help of online monitoring equipment.
Other facilities include a design studio, an integrated water treatment plant, backup power, water and gas.
The plant currently operates on diesel power plant and may optionally be run on 2 x 2.6MW heavy fuel gensets.
Constructors and contractors
Geotechnical and specialist civil engineering contractor IVCC Engineering carried out the foundation piling and earthmoving works for the structures.
Habib Rafiq (HRL) was responsible for the piping and erection works.
NESPAK, a local engineering consultancy, supervised the sewerage system, storm water drainage, boundary wall and pavement construction works. The works were completed in November 2010.
Allied Engineering, a dealer of Caterpillar products, supplied the power plant and back up power system for the facility. The order was placed by Tetra Pak in November 2009 for a 7.6MW power plant and a Caterpillar UPS.
Tetra Pak plans to nearly double the production capacity of the plant to 16 billion packages per annum in future.
A provision for expansion is incorporated in the plant design. The existing facilities can also be used to manufacture new types of cartons.
The new plant is expected to increase the company's market share in the emerging markets.
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Q: How can I create states for checkbox Booleans used in a todo list that can have items added/deleted by the user? I have created a todo list for my site where the user is able to add and delete todo items and I am trying to make it so they can check or uncheck the items as they need to.
Right now the ability to add/delete is working fine and the checkboxes update the database when they are clicked as they are suppose to but the problem is that the checkboxes don't update properly on the website.
The state is an array of todo item information from the database. So initially the state is set as the current information from the database:
const [items, setItems] = useState(todo_items)

where todo_items is from the DB and is structured like this:
```
0:
 complete: 0 or a 1
 todo_id: Integer
 todo_item: String
1:
 complete: 0 or a 1
 todo_id: Integer
 todo_item: String
.
.
.
```

Now once this is set as the state I map the todo items to a form:
<form>
     {items.map((e) => (

               <input
                  type="checkbox"
                  checked={e.complete === 1}
                  onChange={(f) => checkHandler(f.target.checked, e.todo_id)}
               />

{e.todo_item}

      ))}
</form>

and then when a checkbox is checked I change the state and update the database to reflect the new representation of all of the checkboxes
async function checkHandler(checked, todo_id){
    var updated_todo = items

    for (var i = 0 ; i < items.length ; i++){
        if (items[i].todo_id === todo_id && checked === true) {
            updated_todo[i].complete = 1;
        } else if (items[i].todo_id === todo_id && checked === false){
            updated_todo[i].complete = 0;
        }
    }

    setItems(updated_todo)

    // update database below...
}

I thought this would automatically update the checkboxes on the website every time this state is updated but it doesn't re-map the todo items in the form when the items state is changed.

A: var updated_todo = items
is a reference to the object so when you change it you also change the state, thats why the app wont rerender when you set the state
try changing that too
var updated_todo = [...items]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
April 25, 2019 July 6, 2019 toutparmoi
That villain Snakes-Purr.
I did not concern myself overmuch with Her Late Maj's obsekwies. Some fool poets had writ lamentations, but not that villain Snakes-Purr.
There was none to write the poem for him, I guess.
Oh, I had much to think on, and revengeous plans to make.
Mr Secretary Cecil was making plans, too. He'd gone to greet King James, and invite him to his brother's house, and to his own house of Tibbles [Theobalds].
Why? Was Mr Secretary keeping the King close? Or was there much to be spake of for the coming of our new Queen and the crowning? The King and Queen were to be crowned together.
Some of Her Late Maj's gowns and jewels were dispatched to the new Queen so she would not be shamed by her attire. And the Pretty Penny, sister to the late Earl of Essex, was arrkst to be among those who would join the new Queen when she came into England.
The new Queen: Anne of Denmark (1574- 1619). Wearing Elizabeth's pearls? The portrait is attrib. John de Critz, c.1605.
Came the day I heared a great buzz in the streets, and I followed others of mine household onto our leads [roof].
I never before saw the streets and river so throng. A multitude was coming from the city. They were going westwards to White-Hall.
Yes. At last Her Late Maj was to be put in her grave
Then I glimpsed something wonderful. A lean grey cat came over our wall, ran swift across our yard, and into the garden of the house that lay next us.
Another soon followed. And I swear that she glanced up at our house as she passed. Both were gone in a trice, but I knew them for the same two cats that came nigh unto the Tower and seemed to be seeking me.
My friends! I loitered on our roof praying for their return.
Instead, there came from the west a groaning so great that I thought the world was coming to its end.
It was a wauling raised by the multitude when they beheld (or nosed) Her Late Maj being conveyed from White-Hall to the church where she was to be stowed away [Westminster Abbey].
Any cat nigh would have fled on the instant. Small wonder I never saw my lank grey friends again that day.
But when I did make their akwayntance they had newes that set mine ears afire. They told me they had found that villain Snakes-Purr!
A drawing of part of the procession, showing Elizabeth's coffin surrounded by mourners carrying her ancestors' banners. Her effigy is just visible lying on top.
A more respectful account of Elizabeth's funeral comes from John Stowe. "The 28 day of Aprile being her funerall … the cittie of Westminster was surcharged with multitudes of all sorts of people in their streets, houses, windows, leads and gutters, that came to see the obsequie, and when they beheld her statue or picture lying upon the coffin set forth in Royall Robes, having a Crowne upon the head … and a ball and sceptre in either hand, there was such a general sighing, groning, and weeping as the like has not been seene and knowen in the memorie of man…"[1]
Westminster Abbey has a restored version of the effigy of Elizabeth, with the original corset.
The coffin, draped in purple velvet, was on a carriage drawn by four great horses with black velvet trappings. The black-clad mourners were estimated at about 1,600. That may be an exaggeration, but the procession was long.
Led by the Knight Marshall's men "to clear the way", and interspersed by standard bearers, heralds, trumpeters etc, the lowest came first: 15 poor men, and 260 poor women. Then a riderless horse with a black cover, and the servants of Elizabeth's household in reverse rank order. Among the full list (by occupation, not name) are the children of the woodyard and the scullery, a variety of grooms, porters, yeomen, clerks, then office holders such as chaplains and physicians, and senior administrators.
Next were the judiciary, councillors, male members of the nobility (those who weren't carrying banners or escorting the coffin), senior clergy, and ambassadors. Then the coffin, and the palfrey of honour (riderless, led by the Earl of Worcester). Last came the high-ranking female mourners in their normal order of precedence.
The train of official female mourners, from 'Vetusta Monumenta' (1796). Univ. of Missouri Digital Library.
The Marchioness of Northampton was chief mourner, followed by countesses, baronesses, and the maids of honour. The Palace guard brought up the rear, their weapons reversed.[2]
Unfortunately, Harry doesn't tell us whether or not his Earl's mother, the dowager Countess of Southampton, and Bess Vernon, the young Countess, were among the mourners. My guess would be the elder was, and perhaps the younger as well.
After the funeral the select few ladies who'd been invited to join Queen Anne left for Berwick-on-Tweed near the Scottish border. Most, however, including Bess Vernon, did not meet her until she was near London.
Sir Robert Cecil must have been extraordinarily busy. On 18 April he was with the King in York, still working out the timing for James' entry into London. It wouldn't have done for James to arrive on or close to the day of the funeral. A proper reception was necessary.
Cecil seems to have wanted to keep James and his courtiers in a holding pattern, via Burghley House at Stamford (where the Earl of Southampton presented himself on 25 April) and then at his own house (Theobalds) where members of the Privy Council could join the King after the funeral.
Queen Anne's departure from Edinburgh was scheduled for mid-May, so she could reach London by end June in good time for the coronation on 25 July 1603. Her departure did not go according to plan. See Anne's Wikipedia entry.
The amount of organisation required for a royal funeral, two royal progresses, and a coronation within the space of four months is mind-boggling.
[1] John Stow The Annales, or general chronicle of England… (1615) p.815
[2] The Order of the Procession is printed in John Nichols' Progresses and public processions of Queen Elizabeth…Vol III (1823) pp 620-626.
Anne of Denmark, Countess of Southampton, Earl of Southampton, Elizabeth I, Elizabeth I's funeral, Elizabeth Vernon, funeral, King James I of England, King James VI of Scotland, Penelope Devereux, Penelope Rich, Shakespeare, Sir Robert Cecil
Previous Article 172: I Listen to the Ladies
Next Article 174: Rewards and Revengeance
17 thoughts on "173: The Funeral, and My Friends"
April Munday April 26, 2019 / 12:46 am
Tibbles 🙂
I'm glad to see that Sir Robert was kept busy after the queen's death. He was probably relieved that he finally had a monarch who already had heirs of his body.
toutparmoi April 26, 2019 / 7:55 am
King James, a smarter man than he's often given credit for being, would have been equally relieved to see what a brilliant Principal Secretary he had in Sir Robert.
April Munday April 26, 2019 / 6:22 pm
Yes, I don't know why we're 'taught' that he wasn't terribly clever or perceptive. He wrote learned treatises and had the wit to retain Sir Robert.
toutparmoi April 26, 2019 / 7:47 pm
I suspect it's because a lot of the groundwork for modern historical study was done by 19th century historians. Their research efforts were remarkable, but they did have a tendency to put historical figures they approved of on pedestals, and to denigrate the ones they disapproved of.
They disapproved of Edward III as well. The Victorians have a lot to answer for with regard to our understanding of history.
toutparmoi April 26, 2019 / 10:48 pm
They're not alone in their eagerness to impose their own values on the past. See this excitable-looking plug for a programme on BBC4. Shock! Horror! A story has been uncovered! https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bdvxzn
Yes, it's about young Thomas Clifton's abduction on his way to school, and it's not a story that takes much uncovering. The sources I used for post 148 are old and well-known.
I can't play the programme here, so I may be being unfair, but I've noticed a recent trend where historians who seek to appeal to the popular market are pursuing anything that smacks of what we would regard as child abuse without any reminders of how different attitudes to children were.
April Munday April 27, 2019 / 5:04 am
I'll give it a look. There are four days left for me to watch it. I've also noticed the tendency to announce things as 'discovered', 'unveiled', and 'uncovered'. Sometimes I wonder what these professional historians have been doing if they haven't come across the events before.
Thanks! I suppose the "discoveries" are all about competing for attention in the marketplace.
True, but it's a bit of a losing game if your audience already knows more than you're going to tell them.
kidsofthe50sand60s April 26, 2019 / 6:03 pm
Fascinating! As you say in your footnote, it was a massive task organising back to back funeral and coronation. Especially without the communication and transport networks we have today.
Mick Canning April 26, 2019 / 9:43 pm
Could this mean trouble for Snakes-Purr, I wonder?
Picker and Stealer always mean trouble.
dornahainds April 28, 2019 / 5:39 am
Another Fabulous story-telling! (@—>—)
toutparmoi April 28, 2019 / 10:09 am
I watched the programme about the abduction of Thomas Clifford. I was ready to give up at the halfway mark, but persisted. It was very sensational. There were some good moments, though. The first was seeing inside the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, a 'copy' of the Blackfriars Theatre. It's rather lovely. The second was right at the end, when the presenter said that we're mistaken if we think that the people of the past were just like us, although I think she meant that we're somehow better, whereas I always think that we're just different.
It was far too sensational for me. There was a lot of supposition, which I don't necessarily mind if there's some evidence to steer you in that direction, but this was all on the basis of modern sensibility. There was an early statement that Elizabeth I connived at the abduction of children from the streets of London. Although it went on to talk about the warrant to take children for the choir, it didn't really make it clear that it didn't mean that the holders of the warrant could just take any child they wanted from the streets.
One of the interesting things was that it showed male pupils at the grammar school in Stratford, where they still put on Jacobean plays with boy actors. They were pretty good.
You would have learned nothing, since you've already provided more information than was available in the programme.
Many thanks for that, April. And thanks for sticking with the programme. It sounds pretty much as I expected. I've never seen the interior of the Sam Wanamaker playhouse (though Luvvie's determination to stay in Blackfriars said much for its theatre.) I've read of Edward's Boys on a couple of other blogs I follow – apparently some of their plays are available on DVD, something I'll check out in the future. Full marks to them for bringing some of the other talented playwrights of the time to the fore.


text:
Crosswords & Games
Crosswords & Games|The Decade in New York Times Crosswords and Games
https://nyti.ms/365d4v0
puzzle making
The Decade in New York Times Crosswords and Games
How we've changed. And how you have, too.
The New York Times crossword for February 14, 2017, by Daniel Larsen. Mr. Larsen was 13 years old when his debut puzzle was published.Credit...Stephen Hiltner/The New York Times
By Deb Amlen
SPECIAL COLUMN — I don't do annual retrospectives, but there is something heavy about moving from one decade to another. (Yes, I know. Some of you are thinking, "The new decade doesn't start until 2021, Deb. Duh." Just roll with me on this.) It seems to me that this occasion needs to be marked in some way. And since we solve together, it is only natural that we mark the end of the decade together (still rolling, right?).
So I'll do what I normally do here, with a twist: I'll tell you a story — this one is about how the New York Times Crossword has changed over the past decade — but this time, a selection of Wordplay readers are going to tell the story with me.
A couple of weeks ago, I asked readers to share their opinions on how the Crossword has changed. At the same time, I wanted to know if they felt their solving had changed. As usual, you did not let me down. While I couldn't include everyone's comments, I read them all and what was included in this column was representative of those responses. They have been lightly edited for clarity and brevity.
So many of you wrote lovely things, and there was constructive criticism as well. All of it was valuable.
And if there is someone you know who wants to learn how to solve, sit down and teach them a few things. Many people remarked that they learned from someone they loved, and this pastime of ours will not thrive if new solvers don't join us.
You can always point them in the direction of this column, too. We try our best to be a place where learning and laughter are valued, and solvers from all over the world are not strangers for long.
More than anything, we want to say thank you for solving with us, for continuing to read Wordplay and for putting up with our jokes. We are thankful that you are part of our community.
First, There Was the Puzzle
In the beginning — we're talking 1942 here, the height of World War II — there was the New York Times Crossword, although it wasn't always spelled with a capital C. That was a marketing decision that came much later.
The Times, whose editors had previously decried crossword puzzles as a "primitive mental exercise," made the decision to offer a Sunday puzzle to their readers as an escape from the unpleasant news of the war.
The editors were skeptical; they had no way of knowing at the time that this bit of frivolity, which has passed through the hands of only four crossword editors in 77 years, would become the stalwart gold standard of the puzzle making industry.
But again, that's merely the starting point. We're here to talk about the 2010s.
[Read the 75th anniversary timeline for more on the history of the New York Times Crossword.]
How the Puzzles Have Changed
In much the same way that the puzzles get harder as the week goes on, the New York Times Crossword picked up considerable steam over the years, culminating in a dizzying number of changes and additions over the past decade. In short and off the top of my head:
We've seen new ideas on presenting puzzles online, including one that you had to print out and fold to assemble the revealer, as well as the magical celebrity crossword by Neil Patrick Harris and David Steinberg, in which, if you solved online, the revealer actually disappeared.
The addition of the constructors Joel Fagliano and Sam Ezersky to the crossword editor Will Shortz's team brought new perspectives to the puzzle entries and clues.
The Crosswords and Games team has grown to include approximately 40 very talented people: developers, game designers, art directors, quality assurance engineers, product managers, marketers, customer care representatives and social media strategists. For a few terrifying years, it was just me (a feral joke writer with no coding experience), a bunch of puzzles that needed to be posted online and a lot of crying, so I am profoundly thankful for every single one of them.
There has been an incredible improvement in the online solving experience.
The creation of the iOS and Android apps allow solvers to solve on the go.
There was the evolution of Wordplay, from the original crossword forums before the 2010s, to a helpful blog that began in 2008 under the auspices of Jim Horne and Patrick Merrell, to a daily column in which new solvers could get help with solving, wring every drop of enjoyment out of the crosswords, gain confidence in their abilities and enjoy the company of a passionate community of like-minded people.
Last but not least: new games to play! There have been a slew of new games, like the Mini, Spelling Bee, Letter Boxed, Tiles and the newest one, Vertex.
What Our Solvers Say
The Puzzle Master
Even though he has been the crossword editor since 1993, to solvers, the largest change to the New York Times Crossword has been Will Shortz's tenure. Mr. Shortz came to The Times from Games magazine, and older solvers familiar with the Crossword before Mr. Shortz was editor recognize that his contribution of pop culture and vernacular made the Crossword more interesting.
"I have known each of the Times crossword editors and I have enjoyed each of their individual styles, but I think that Will Shortz edits and publishes the most interesting ones," said Miriam Raphael of Rye, N.Y., a nonagenarian who is still competing at crossword tournaments like the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament.
Elizabeth Bezera, of Durham, N. C., also believes that the "puzzles are more interesting; they require less dictionary-type knowledge and more creative thinking."
It can, however, be a challenge to keep up. "I much prefer Will Shortz's creativity and editing to Will Weng's puzzles. Although as I get older, sadly, I seem to know less and less about pop culture," Bonnie Sirower of Glen Rock, N.J., said.
For others, like Kathleen Verron of Wilton, Conn., it feels good to stay "current."
"What strikes me the most is the embrace of vernacular," she said. "I love the conversational long answers. The clues and answers are often so timely. I love being up-to-date with the latest slang and rap stars."
And the learning tends to stick with you: "I have a lot more trivia in my head," Liz Plaumann of Tipp City, Ohio, said.
Constructors like Neville Fogarty of Newport News, Va., credit Mr. Shortz for the increases in pay rates for puzzle makers.
The Crossword welcomes new, younger and more diverse solvers: "I like that clues and fill are skewing to younger and more diverse solvers," Dianne Mezzanotte of Laurel, Md., said.
But there is more work to do: "I think we are beginning to see more puzzles created by women and people of color, although there is still progress to be made in this area," said Kim Leon of Columbia, Mo.
And the New York Times Crossword is not just for Big Apple residents anymore. Jonathan Sprinkle of Tucson, Ariz., said: "I think the cluing these days is stronger, the wordplay funnier and there are many fewer 'N.Y.C. residents only need apply' clues that no one can solve unless you live there."
Technological Advances Make the Puzzle More Accessible
Solvers are thankful for Dark Mode in the app, as well as the overall focus on digital solving, which David Harris of New York City believes "brings in more solvers, allows for themes to be implemented visually and makes keeping up with the puzzle easier for even veteran solvers."
"The most significant changes I have seen in the past decade have been around technology and making the crossword more approachable to different people," said Katja Brinck of Healdsburg, Calif. "I love that I can solve the puzzle while switching between all of my devices: I might be on my phone for a Monday puzzle, but move to my iPad for the larger Sunday puzzle. Tracking solving statistics is not something I would have predicted that I would be interested in 10 years ago."
Liza Davis of Rosemont, N.J., noticed that she solves more often because of the app: "Being able to do the crossword on my phone has transformed it into a regular part of my day. I much prefer doing it this way." Andrea Ching of New York City agreed: "I am almost exclusively an app solver, whereas before I used the paper. I also play the crossword more consistently since I always have my phone with me."
And, of course, solving regularly breeds familiarity. "I can now sometimes recognize certain hallmarks of certain constructors," Ms. Ching said.
The advance of online puzzling has even been good for the environment: "I use a lot less paper," Steve Langer of Chevy Chase, Md., said.
Those Devilish Streaks
The introduction of "streaks" as a marker for solving every day has changed the way people mark time. When asked how long he had been solving, Mr. Sprinkle replied: "702 days."
New Games to Play
Spelling Bee and the Mini were favorites among those who answered, and the annual, print-only Puzzle Mania section has become a holiday tradition for families such as Mr. Fogarty's.
The Crossword Community
Sitting down with a crossword can feel like a solitary activity, and there are people who enjoy that. At a time when people are more mobile than ever, however, many have an intense need for community. The explosive interest in puzzles — Mr. Shortz calls it a "golden age of crosswords" — created a need for an admittedly "nichey" community for our solvers.
"In the past decade, but especially the past five years, my crossword puzzle solving has become much more of a community activity," Ms. Brinck said. "Between attending crossword puzzle tournaments where I have become friends with many fellow solvers, participating in conversations online around crosswords (such as 'Crossword Twitter,' which can be found at the hashtag #NYTXW) and even listening to crossword puzzle podcasts (Yes, this is a thing!), the crossword world has become a very large part of my life — and it makes me feel like I'm part of a very special and diverse community of people. It's much different than the solitary activity that I started just over 20 years ago."
One solver who agreed with Ms. Brinck was Rachel Fabi of Syracuse, N.Y.: "I've also joined the online crossword community, which has been the greatest joy of the past couple of years. I've made some incredible, nerdy friends and I've started constructing (occasionally reviewing) puzzles with them."
And, as we say on Wordplay, it's always better when you solve together. "I have started doing collaborative solving with some of my friends on the web," Mike Berman of Ashburn, Va., said. "We have turned a solitary experience into a fun social event."
The constructor Robyn Weintraub credits Wordplay for some of this. "A significant development was the creation of a crossword community through Wordplay, social media outreach and articles about crossword solving and construction." Aww, thank you, Ms. Weintraub.
If nothing else, it is reassuring to read the column and the comments to see if you are on par with your fellow solvers: "I also love the comments section in the Wordplay column, because I love to read if others have the same sticking points that I do on certain clues," Kelly Delevan of Syracuse, N.Y., said.
Bryan Haut of Brooklyn, N.Y., said that the "addition of multiple new games and the amplification (especially of Spelling Bee) in social media had made solving more entertaining for him. The twitter community around Spelling Bee is fantastic."
And the community that has grown around the crossword blogs is educational for solvers like Lisa Finkel of Westwood, Mass. "The rise of crossword blogs has made me a more critical solver," she said.
When Mr. Horne and Mr. Merrell decided to leave The Times for other mountains to climb in late 2010, Mr. Shortz offered me the job of writing Wordplay. At the time, I was a humor writer with one humor column, a humor book and a slew of published crossword puzzles under my belt. My marriage had ended, and I had two children to support. It was scary not to know what would come next. But Mr. Shortz was certain that, at the very least, I could write in full sentences instead of terse clues, and he gave me a shot that changed my life forever.
So if I haven't said it lately, Will, thank you. This job is more fun than any one person has a right to have at work. It is a thrill to sit down every day, open my laptop and communicate with this wonderful community.
My first Wordplay byline was on Jan. 2, 2011, and, looking back over more than 3,500 pieces for The Times alone, it was obvious that both Wordplay and I had evolved. And not a moment too soon. The copy editors could only edit so many risqué jokes out of my column every day.
The Intimidation Barrier
The most important change to Wordplay for me was when I noticed that a majority of people who found out what I did for a living responded by saying, "Oh, I can't do the Times Crossword. It's too hard."
That seemed like such a shame to me. These people were denying themselves the enjoyment of solving and, even worse, they were doing it because of the mistaken belief that they weren't smart enough. And it was clearly making them feel bad about themselves.
It bothered me enough to change gears completely and make it my job to smash through that intimidation barrier. It became Wordplay's reason for being.
"I'll try any puzzle any day," said Betsy Gressler of Silver Springs, Md. "Before I was intimidated, but the Wordplay blog plus the app have made it more accessible."
Betty Womack, of Hanford, Calif., said, "My vocabulary has grown quite a bit. Deb's column, always interesting and entertaining, has introduced me to new facts, events and music that I go on to explore."
And practice makes, if not perfect, a much better solver, says Gloria E. White-Hammond of Boston, Mass. "The game changer for me was your encouragement about how to approach a puzzle — as a learning opportunity," Ms. White-Hammond said. "You're right, the more I try to solve them, the more I learn about how to solve the puzzles and the faster my solve time gets. And I learn new vocabulary and all kinds of other things."
Diving Into the Week
It's gratifying to know that our persistent nagging has pushed solvers to the harder crosswords. "A Wednesday solve used to be an achievement," Adam Wagner of Oakland, Calif., said. "Now even a Saturday is more or less a given — it's just about how quickly I can do it."
Who Made My Puzzle?
We've also tried to bring the puzzle makers themselves more to the forefront. "Before reading Wordplay, I'd never really noticed the names of constructors, or given much thought to how the puzzles were constructed," Harriet Miller of New York, N.Y., said. "Learning about these things has definitely enhanced the solving experience for me."
And Chris Valentino of Pleasantville, N.Y., has noticed the different styles of the puzzle makers: "I consider who the constructor is while solving," he said.
It's Not Cheating, It's Learning
Perhaps best of all, the ultimate shame of "cheating" by looking things up is, for some solvers, a thing of the past — as long as they are learning something. "I've decided that looking things up online when I'm completely stuck is acceptable," Ginger Oppenheimer of Bellingham, Wash., said.
Coming Over to the Dark Side
Wordplay series like "How to Make a Crossword Puzzle" have even inspired some of you to try your own hand at puzzle making: "It was accepted but not yet published." Hemant Mehta of Naperville, Ill., said of his puzzle. "I can't wait!"
And I Have Work to Do, Too
You are still not giving yourselves enough credit for practicing and getting better. "Either I'm getting smarter (unlikely) or the puzzles are getting easier," Steven Brubaker of Monsey, N.Y., said.
I'll have to work harder on that in the next decade, Mr. Brubaker.
On behalf of our weekend columnist Caitlin Lovinger, my Crosswords Live partner Sam Ezersky and the entire Crosswords and Games team, I thank you all for being here.


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