Here at TFD, we strive to educate our Citizens about the great recipes – not only from all over the world, but lost in time as well.
The great French chefs of yore, the Giants of the 18th and 19th centuries such as Carême and Escoffier, prepared sauces and dishes of exquisite complexity and difficulty. These were also supremely delicious and form the backbone of the deserved reputation for French cuisine as the gold standard.
There is, however, a reason most of these recipes fell out of use – they are both complex and time-consuming. That said, I have an arsenal of hundreds of these recipes that I am itching to share with you.
Café de Paris butter is the most complex of all the so-called "compound" butters – butter with other items mixed in. This is the ultimate butter for putting on a grilled steak (its original function) but it is also delicious spread on an English Muffin or melted over vegetables.
Is this recipe complex? Yes and no. It does use a lot of ingredients, but making it is actually not difficult.
1 To make the Cafe de Paris butter, beat the butter until creamy — either by hand or on low speed in an electric mixer. In a separate bowl, thoroughly combine all the remaining ingredients before adding to the butter. Mix again with a large spoon or on low speed in the mixer. (JH note – I would grind all the other ingredients besides the butter thoroughly in a blender first before adding).
2 Place a double thickness of foil 20cm in length on a workbench and place half the butter along the closest edge, leaving about 5cm free at either end. Roll into a log shape about 5cm in diameter, twisting the ends to seal. Repeat with another length of foil and the other half of the butter, then refrigerate until set.
3 Traditionally served on steak – if doing so: Carve each steak diagonally across its width into 5 or 6 slices. Lay the steaks on plates and divide the sliced Cafe de Paris butter between them.
5 Place under a very hot grill until the butter is melted and slightly coloured.
Note: this recipe makes enough for 16 servings of Cafe de Paris butter. Because it is essential that the ingredients are weighed accurately, please don't be tempted to halve the recipe as the smaller quantities are hard to measure precisely.
Cafe de Paris butter will keep for several months in the freezer, but is best used within a few weeks; transfer the required amount of frozen butter to the fridge a couple of hours before it is needed so it will melt readily under a hot grill.


Buying books online has become a common thing, whether through home computers, laptops or cellular phones. Thus there is a growing interest among web designers and webmasters to build websites devoted to books and reading.
We know how frustrating it can be to find just the right design for a website or blog. With this in mind, below we offer a list of free website templates from different companies. Each of these templates is to be used to create online book stores, library websites or other websites related to books. Once you browse all website templates that are available free of charge, you can then choose the one that will be perfect for your book website.
With the following web templates you will not only save money, but time as well because it's definitely faster to customize a free website template than create a website design from the scratch.
This entry was posted in Free Website Templates and tagged book, books, Free, Free Template, free templates, Free Web Template, Free Web Templates, free website template, free website templates, online book stores, website related to books, websites relates to books. Bookmark the permalink.


The West lane of the Panama Canal's Gatun Locks will be out of service on March 24 due to scheduled repairs at the site, according to an advisory released by the Canal Authority (ACP).
Namely, the lane is expected to be closed for 12 hours, beginning at 8 pm on Friday until 8 am on March 25, 2017 due to repairs on Miter Gate 31 and on Vehicular Bridge No. 3.
The ACP further informed that the same lane will be out of service on April 7 as the authority will conduct scheduled repairs on Miter Gate 32 and on Vehicular Bridge No. 4. The lane is expected to be closed for 12 hours, opening at 8 am on April 8.
As a result, and in accordance with the rules governing the Transit Reservation System, Condition 1.a for the Panamax Locks will be in effect on March 25 and on April 8, 2017.
The Just-In-Time (JIT) transit slots, as well as the booking slot available through the Auction Process, and the slots available for regular vessels less than 300 feet in LOA, will continue to be offered during these periods.
Posted on March 21, 2017 with tags Gatun Locks, lane outage, Panama Canal.


Janel McCarville (F/C) is selected as the third pick in the WNBA Dispersal Draft.
Becky Hammon (G) and 2008 second round draft pick are traded to San Antonio for the rights to 2007 number 2 selection Jessica Davenport (C) and a 2008 first round draft choice.
Tiffany Jackson (F) drafted in first round (5th overall) of WNBA Draft.
Shay Doron (G) signed to contract.
Tiffany Jackson (F), Martina Weber (C), and Lindsay Bowen (G) signed to contract.
Angelina Williams (G) signed to contract.
Jessica Davenport (C) is signed to contract.
Christelle N'Garsanet (C) is waived.
Ambrosia Anderson (F) is waived.
Angelina Williams (G) is waived.
Bruce Hamburger is named Assistant Coach.
Sherill Baker (G) is traded to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Lisa Willis (G).


You were awesome. Please except this with lots of love. ~M&H, Manassas, Va.
There is no pain as beautiful, amazing and transforming as the pain of childbirth.
goals, and achieving the birth experience we hoped for. She's an incredible person, and we are grateful that we got to know her, and that she was with us for our son's birth.
I can't thank you enough for all your help this weekend. I could go on and on about how much I appreciated all your support through both natural and medicated birth. You totally Rock!!
My experience with Fern was as good as it could possibly have been. When we were in the delivery room she was very patient and soothing, and she was very good at explaining to me the purpose of the different machines in the room and how the monitoring system worked. She also gave me step-by-step guidance through each varying stage of labor, including tips and tricks on how to progress the process so that you can have as short a labor period as possible, and she was very tactful in helping me stick to my original birth plan. She's had seven kids each birth was done naturally, so she knows what you're going through and what she's talking about but doesn't force her opinions on anything. I felt that if I wanted to change my mind and get an epidural that she'd support me all the way, no matter what. Her goal is to make you feel as safe and in control as possible. She is so supportive and so open hearted to anything you need. She can help you make decisions before hand that are best for you and that can help minimize pain. She is purely amazing and by following her advice I know without a doubt that my time spent in active labor was cut in half, and my healing process was too. She even stayed well past the delivery to help me breast feed my baby and taught me how to get him to latch. She went above and beyond, thank you, Fern!
We are so glad we chose you as our birth doula. The past 40weeks have been quite a journey, but it was always good to know you were there as a valuable resource for us first-timers. Thank you for taking the time to listen to our priorities and concerns and teaching us techniques to use during labor. Thanks for everything - being part of our team, the placenta encapsulation service, baby gift - we appreciate it all! We would recommend you to anyone!
Thank you so much for helping and supporting me during my pregnancy and labor. It's really great having someone to ask questions and to have to rely on. Also thank you for the cute toy. C will love it when she gets older. I hope to see you soon.


text:
António Barbosa Bacelar (ur. 1610, zm. 1663) – poeta portugalski. Urodził się w Lizbonie.  Uczył się w Colégio de Santo Antão. Potem studiował prawo na uniwersytecie w Coimbrze. Był znakomitym sonetystą.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 António Barbosa Bacelar, Na śmierć pewnej damy.

Portugalscy poeci XVII wieku
Urodzeni w 1610
Zmarli w 1663
Sonetyści

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Related News Results: "Shweta Bachchan"
Noida, April 13 : Bollywood megastar Amitabh Bachchan's daughter Shweta Bachchan-Nandas debut novel, "Paradise Towers", a heart-warming slice-of-life novel set in an apartment building in Mumbai, will have a multi city launch in October.
New Delhi , Dec 31 : Megastar Amitabh Bachchan has shared some throwback moments with his social media followers including one vintage picture with wife Jaya Bachchan, daughter Shweta Bachchan-Nanda and son Abhishek Bachchan.
New Delhi, Mar. 18 : Amitabh Bachchan's daughter Shweta Bachchan Nanda recently celebrated her 42nd birthday with her pals from the tinsel town.
December 27, 2010 : 'offee with Karan 3' was at its best this Sunday as the megastar Amitabh Bachchan and his very elegant daughter Shweta Bachchan Nanda were invited on the couch to share a few of their personal thoughts in real life.


Changing the face of rock drumming, Keith Moon exploded (quite literally) into the drumming world, finally bringing drumming to the forefront of the band. Like his style or not, his crazy antics paved the way for modern rock drumming.
As if the brightly coloured Rolls Royce prowling the back streets of old town Poole wasn't unlikely enough in the mid-1960s, seeing Keith Moon step out on Green Road and bellow to his mate Chris Ferguson must have blown the minds of the locals.
"Yeh, Moonie was some character," says Chris today, with due understatement.
When I was a pimply, quivery-voiced teenager trying to act cool whilst my balls dropped, like every teen, I knew everything. At least I thought I did. No-one could tell me anything, because I just wouldn't listen. In my little bubble world, I also thought I knew everything about music.


We jumped at the opportunity to be part of a new cultural institution in lower Manhattan when the co-founder of The Jewish Community Project (JCP) reached out to us for a creative strategy. JCP needed a comprehensive approach to share their aspiration to be a modern community still rich in values, culture and tradition.
Our brand identity gives JCP both a sense of history and a contemporary vibe. We helped them locate their space through our own landlord, designed the storefront signage, and consulted on how best to communicate JCP is a place to 'learn, explore and celebrate'.
We designed brochures, fundraising materials, gala invitations and a website. But the tour-de-force was conceiving Shmuse, a quarterly magazine giving voice to the thriving community JCP has become.
skills deployed: discovery, branding, logo design, exterior signage, information architecture, copywriting, plain language training, UX design, UI design, database architecture, Drupal, HTML, CSS, original photography, original illustration, publication design, administrator training, ongoing support.


text:
Q: correct me for using generators or tell me other way I have A menu dict item as key and price as value. There may exist a combination of item that will be bit cheaper than single item. For exa:
menu = {
    ('burger',) : 5.00,
    ('pizza',) : 12.00,
    ('coke',) : 4.00,
    ('macpuff',) : 4.00,
    ('pasta',) : 3.00,
    ('french_fries',) : 2.00,
    ('burger', 'coke', 'french_fries') : 10.00,
    ('pizza', 'coke') : 15.00,
}

Now suppose i ordered few items then output will be min-amount of given order:
I/P >  burger, coke
O/P >  9      (5.00 + 4.00)

I/P >  burger, coke, french_fries
O/P >  10.00

I/P >  pizza, coke, french_fries
O/P >  17.00    (15.00 + 2.00)

here is the code i tried so for all prices which i will use as generators:
def isSubset(a, b):
    """
        compare two iterable and return true if first is subset of second
    """
    b = list(b)
    if not hasattr(a, '__iter__'):
        a = [a]
    for each in a:
        try:
            b.remove(each)
        except ValueError:
            return False
    return True

def rest_min_price(order):
    if order:
        for item, price in menu.iteritems():
            if isSubset(order[0], item):
                new_order = order[1:]
                for itm in item:
                    try:
                        new_order.remove(itm)
                    except ValueError:
                        pass
                yield price + rest_min_price(new_order)

but when i run this it's saying type error:
for each in rest_min_price(order_item):
    print each

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'generator'

A: Thank you all for your response. somewhere i used your suggestion and now i had solved it by same approach with different implementation.
here is my code :
class Rest_Menu():
    def __init__(self, menu):
        self.menu = menu
        self.all_price = []

    def min_price(self, order, total_price=0):
        """
        Return minm menu price by calculating all possible combination.
        """
        if order:
            for item, price in self.menu.iteritems():
                if isSubset(order[0], item):
                    new_order = [each for each in order]
                    for itm in item:
                        try:
                            new_order.remove(itm)
                        except ValueError:
                            pass
                    self.min_price(new_order, price+total_price)
        else:
            self.all_price.append(total_price)
        return min(self.all_price)

Thanks again. :)

A: You misunderstood yield. A function that contains yield magically becomes a generator. If you just call it, you get a generator object that you cannot directly use; you need to call its next() method to yank values from it. Most often you put it into a for loop.
>>> def genDemo(n):
...   while n > 0:
...     yield n
...     n -= 1
...
>>>
>>> gd = genDemo(3)
>>> gd
<generator object genDemo at 0x7fce12152820>
>>> gd.next()
3
>>> gd.next()
2
>>> gd.next()
1
>>> gd.next()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration
>>> for x in genDemo(3):
...   print x
...
3
2
1
>>> _

Your code is just a normal recursive function; it could use return.
Generators are handy when you don't want to get the whole sequence in memory; it makes most sense with very long and infinite sequences. You could generate permutations until you find the one you need, or generate random numbers until you find the one you need, or read from a socket until you get a quit message, etc.
Regarding subsets: you can't check for subsets lazily unless your data is ordered the same way. With the data sets you have, you'd be better off using built-in set.

A: Your problem comes in your attempt to combine a generator with recursion:
yield price + rest_min_price(new_order)

here price is an int, but rest_min_price() is a generator (because you yield, rather than return, its result), hence you cannot add them together and get a TypeError.
You need to loop through the items in your generator:
for item in rest_min_price(order_item):
    # process the item
    # yield result with price

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So you are looking to sell a car in the Armagh area? Then sell today, hassle free with no fees!!
Ms P from Armagh sold her white MINI COOPER D for £3680.00 within 5 days of listing with Wizzle.
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Spring Break Recreation hours are yet to be determined.
Come enjoy our leisure pool with the little one. This time is dedicated to parents with small children 5 and younger to enjoy the pool without the large crowd. Parent needs to accompany swimmer in the water.


This is most commonly used support meant for supporting only the pipe weight vertically. It allows pipe to move in axial as well as transverse direction but restricts only the vertical downward movement.
This type of support is used to restrict the movement of pipe in transverse direction i.e. perpendicular to length of pipe but allow movement in longitudinal direction. This is also a commonly used type of support. Generally it is used along with Loose support.
This type of support is used to restrict the movement of pipe in Longitudinal (axial ) direction but allows the pipe to move in transverse direction. This is also referred as 'AXIAL STOP'. This type is less used as compared to above two types. Generally it is used along with Loose support.
FIX POINT type of support is used to restrict movements in all three directions. ANCHOR type of support is used to restrict movement in all three directions and rotation also in these three directions.
This can be considered as a combination of longitudinal and transverse guide. This type resist only the linear movements in all directions but not the rotational movements. This avoids heavy loading of support as well as pipe. Therefore this type of support is preferred over welded type.
This type of support prevents total movements i.e. linear as well as rotational. This type of support is used when it is absolutely essential to prevent any moment/force being transferred further. It causes heavy loading on support as well as pipe.
As name itself indicates it allows pipe movement freely up to a certain limit and restricts any further movement. This is useful when total stops causes excessive loading on piping and support or nozzle. This type of support should be used selectively, because of stringent and complicated requirements of design, erection and operation.
When we need a pipe support whose construction or functional details are different from the available details, then a special support detail sketch is prepared. The functions of this support can be any combination of above functions.
Recommended for suspension of hot insulated lines.
Used to support pipes and equipment subjected to vertical movement due to thermal expansion at locations where transfer of stress to other supports or equipment can be critical.
Used where variability of a variable spring exceeds 25%.
The MSS(SP58) standard provides for a tolerance of 6% in the constant load through the travel range.
CARRY THE SAME LOAD ALONG THEIR TRAVEL.
Used to restrain movement of piping in one direction while providing for movement due to thermal expansion or contraction in another direction.
Effective under either tensile or compressive force. Can be installed in any spatial orientation.
For use on piping systems or equipment when unrestrained thermal movement must be allowed, but which must be restrained during impulsive or cyclic disturbance.
Preferred usage, with standard settings, to prevent destructive results due to earthquakes, flow transients, or wind load. For absorbing the continuous thrust resulting from safety valve discharge blow-off.
Supports are needed to limit stress and sag in the pipe to acceptable limits.
Dead load, live load, wind, seismic and hydro test loads need to be considered while designing supports.
Rest, guide and axial supports are the three basic schemes of supporting. A combination of any two or all three may be used for supporting.
High temperature, high pressure and associated phenomena make the steam system supporting critical.
Different type of supports are available under different types of loading conditions.


text:
Historiography, Historiographic Identity and Historical Consciousness in Peru.
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Vol 15 No 1 (2004), Articles
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Paulo Drinot
Drinot, P. (2004). Historiography, Historiographic Identity and Historical Consciousness in Peru. Estudios Interdisciplinarios De América Latina Y El Caribe, 15(1). Retrieved from http://eial.tau.ac.il/index.php/eial/article/view/827
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On 27 April 2003, Lima's newly elected mayor, Luis Castañeda, ordered the removal of Francisco Pizarro's statue from the Plaza Mayor. For some 50 years, the equestrian statue of the conquistador from Extremadura had stood in a little adjacent plaza on the north-eastern corner of the main plaza. The mayor justified the decision to remove the statue on the grounds that 'the little plaza must be a symbol of all Peru and for this reason it will be represented by its most distinguished insignia,' and he vowed to erect three flags in its place, the Peruvian national flag, the flag of the city of Lima, and the flag of the Tawantinsuyo or Inca Empire.
Copyright © 2012-2013 Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe.
Editores: R. Rein, G. Leibner, O. Preuss
Instituto Sverdlin de Historia y Cultura de América Latina, Escuela de Historia
Universidad de Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv,
P.O.B. 39040 (69978), Israel.
Correo electrónico: eial.journal@gmail.com
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text:
These 10 Stories Will Revolutionize the Way You Lead Your Life
"Tech vs. The Psychology of Bias" with Brenda Reid
"Pariah to Pioneer" with Anula Jayasuriya
"Femtech Founder" with Surbhi Sarna
"A Fully Formed Woman -- Finally!" with Lisa Morales-Hellebo
"Business Maven" with Jo-Ann Mendles
"The Power of the Outsider" with Tanya Odom
"Diversity Goes High-Tech" with Gabby Burlacu
"The Power of the Tribe" with Miriam Christof
"Explosive Growth, a Controlled Burn, and a Self-Financed Fortune" with Nicole Sahin
"When Women Thrive" with Pat Milligan
Next SlideNext Slide
Become a change-maker in your industry with inspiration from ten powerful women who weren't afraid to challenge a world stacked against them.
Entrepreneur Leadership Network VIP
Leadership Futurist and Gender Equity Advocate
February 1, 2018 31 min read
The following excerpt is from Dr. Patti Fletcher's book Disrupters: Success Strategies From Women Who Break the Mold. Buy it now from Amazon | Barnes & Noble | IndieBound
For my book Disrupters, I spoke with ten trailblazing women entrepreneurs who have learned what it takes to succeed in a world stacked against them. From corporate executives to board members to VC investors, these women prove you can disrupt the status quo when you use everything you've got. It's time for us to own our power, reclaim our success and pave the way to even better success for our daughters and granddaughters. If you're the disrupter I know you are, take a look at these women's stories for inspiration, motivation and little bit of advice.
Image credit: Brenda Reid
This Disrupter Profile originally appeared in Disrupters by Dr. Patti Fletcher. Buy it now: Amazon | Barnes & Noble | IndieBound
How does HR technology work diversity and inclusion into the process?
We tend to look at diversity through the rearview mirror: "We have X number of people in this role," or "We have this many candidates in our mentoring program," or "We had a hundred people in our diversity workshop." We count heads.
The questions around diversity tend to be reactive: "We don't have enough diversity in this department. How do we get more representation?" "We aren't hiring enough diversity candidates -- how do we fix that?" Diversity is often seen as a problem to be solved, rather than an opportunity to be taken advantage of.
Measurement is important, but it doesn't change the path forward. When I began digging into the challenges of diversity and inclusion, my thought was that we needed to get out in front of bias. Forced trainings aren't the way to accomplish that. They're important, but they may only truly change the way one in maybe a thousand people go about their business. For the most part, people participate in diversity initiatives because they have to.
The research shows that most people do believe that diversity and inclusion are important. They do want to see their diversity hires and minority colleagues succeed in the company. The bias that exists is not an explicit one, but an unconscious bias. That's why training has limited effectiveness: It addresses the conscious part of how we make decisions, but it can't really help with our unconscious decisions.
That's why I'm so passionate about what tech can do to detect and eliminate this: We can leverage technology to interrupt decision making at every point along a person's career journey.
If you can make someone aware of an unconscious bias, not only can you help them avoid it, but over time they begin asking themselves those questions. It changes their thinking pattern and their internal decision tree. We're never going to eliminate bias, but we can make it less prevalent.
Technology is an enabler. But the driver of change has to be the culture of the organization itself. It's sad to say, but many big companies don't want to crack the door on this issue. They'd rather turn a blind eye and not know than open the data and see just how ugly it is. If that's the culture of your workplace, then you have to be careful as a gender-equity advocate. You need to gauge how open your leadership is and who could be your potential ally (or accomplice!) in advancing diversity and inclusion.
Reflections from Dr. Patti Fletcher
If you want to advocate for gender equity in the workplace, you need to be smart in how you go about it. Francis Ford Coppola said, "The way to come to power is not always to merely challenge the Establishment, but first make a place in it and then challenge and double-cross the Establishment." While I'm not sure your motives need to be that nefarious, the point stands: To really effect change, first gather your power base.
Image credit: Anula Jayasuriya
Why is VC funding for female entrepreneurs important?
Our society, composed of 51 percent female, is being systematically deprived of the insights, observations, and management styles of women. We have all these studies that show the power of diversity. Of course, women's and men's management styles fall along a spectrum. It is not black and white. But if you look at the mean distribution, you see very different management styles and approaches to leadership between genders.
By the majority of funding going to men, we're missing out on the different ways a woman might innovate than a man, or the different products and services women would create that many men simply wouldn't see.
None of that comes to the fore if women aren't given the first step of funding and contributing their different viewpoints, be it on the product itself or in the leadership of the company. The real question is: By not funding these women, what are we missing out on?
A venture investment decision involves spending a lot of time with entrepreneurs. You need to understand them, to relate to them, and to really get inside their head. You want to be able to trust the person to whom you're entrusting limited partners' capital [the institutions that typically invest in venture funds]. You have a fiduciary responsibility to your LPs. You want to have faith in these people that they know what they're doing and that they're going to do the right thing. It's
much easier to do that if they're like you.
It shouldn't surprise us that if nine out of every ten venture capitalists are male, the majority of venture capital would go to the people who look, act, and think like them.
The VC industry is in the dark ages and in urgent need of radical change. I believe that until the number of women investors and women investees equal men, the playing field will remain skewed to the detriment of the economy and society.
You've heard Wayne Gretzky's quote about the secret to his success, right? "I skate to where the puck is going to be, not to where it has been." Anula embodies that idea. She saw the opportunity for collaboration between business and medical science and put herself squarely in that intersection ahead of the curve.
You can see that she has a deep sense of purpose. She makes million-dollar decisions that, in addition to being prudent investments, also advance her mission of making the world a better place through women's health. She gets that investing in women isn't just a social justice issue but an economic issue as well. Companies do better, economies perform better, and overall socioeconomic opportunities are better when women compete on the same level as men.
To put a fine point on it: promoting women isn't just good for women -- it's good for society.
Image credit: Surbhi Sarna
What's it like getting VC funding as a woman who started a medical device company for women's health?
So much of my life has been dedicated to women's health. Not only am I a woman trying to do business, but I'm a woman trying to make a women's health opportunity look attractive to male investors in a field that's dominated by men.
Think about everything that goes into running a company. You can't take on the additional mental burden of wondering, "Is the person I'm about to meet sexist? Racist?" That kind of mentality is a sure way to hold back any minority trying to achieve something. In order to succeed at this game, you have to have enough mind space available to think about the business, leading, innovation, your team -- how could you possibly stay competitive if you take on the additional burden of thinking about how hard things are for you or what additional barriers you have to face because you're a woman or have darker skin? All your available time has to go into strategizing, creating an appropriate company culture, attracting investors, and developing products.
Entrepreneurs already have a terrible work-life balance, sky-high divorce rates, sky-high depression and anxiety rates, and that's regardless of gender, identity, and race. You can't add another layer on top of that of worrying about other people's biases.
Remember that you aren't superhuman. Things have to give in certain areas. You can't link your happiness or your sense of fulfillment to the expectation of what you think society sees as success.
As long as you link your self-worth to anybody else's expectations, you're just setting yourself up for failure. Forgive me for touching on a darker subject, but you could die tomorrow. Do you want to be in a state where you died trying to get everyone else's approval? Because as long as that's your mindset, that's the place you'll always be in. You can't please everyone; it's never going to happen.
You have to know what's important to you. If I died tomorrow, my family knows I loved them. My employees know that I sincerely cared about them and that I was always doing my best by them. I'll know that I did the things that made me fulfilled. I didn't chase the feeling of trying to be looked up to.
What a woman -- and barely in her 30s! She accomplished more in her 20s than most people do in a lifetime. Can you imagine what she'll do in the next decade?
I love her attitude about being a woman of color. She just doesn't have the time to think about other people's potential prejudice -- she's too busy changing the world. She knows that regardless of whether her company is worth $200 million or $2 billion, it'll never be enough in some people's eyes. She's defining her success not by someone else's metric, but by her own intrinsic values.
Image credit: Lisa Morales-Hellebo
How has your path shaped you and led you to entrepreneurship?
I'm a first-generation Puerto Rican, born here and raised in the Bronx. When I was about three, my father wanted better opportunities for my siblings and me, so we moved to Westchester, New York.
We were the only brown family in our town for quite a while. As fate would have it, we lived two doors down from a super racist, hate-filled man. He would dump bloody, severed deer heads in our driveway; he'd write "spic" in the snow outside our house; he'd cross the street if he saw us walking his way; he'd beat his children if they waved hello to us. I remember as young as five years old realizing that if I were playing at the neighbor's house and his child came over there to play, too, that I needed to leave so he wouldn't get beaten for playing with me. And it wasn't just him. On the school bus, we were called "spic" and "n—." Kids would spit on me to "give me a shower" because my skin was so "dirty."
My escape was drawing. I loved doing creative things. Around eight years of age, I'd ask my mom to get Vogue and Bazaar or any fashion magazine, which quickly became my world. I fell absolutely in love with fashion and the supermodels of the '80s. I loved the idea that you could become a whole other person just by changing your clothes, makeup, and hair -- that you could become something bigger than you were.
Thank goodness Carnegie Mellon accepted me because I had no backup plan. Their design school was way ahead of the design thinking movement. I tell people that I got a design thinking degree. I learned how to apply design thinking methodologies, which really enabled my career and has even become a sought-after business skill set.
I didn't realize at the time that I was really an entrepreneur at heart. I like seeing companies grow, I like creating something from nothing, and I like doing the impossible.
In two years, my little company I ran out of the basement of my house in the suburbs of DC was an agency of record for Coca-Cola and some other great clients. I grossed more than $400,000 working nine-to-five, with no evenings or weekends. I trained my clients so well, I'd be on the phone with the guys at Coca-Cola and they'd say, "Oh, it's 4:50 p.m. We'd better get off the phone so you can go get your babies. We'll pick this up in the morning!" I knew that mutual respect was earned through my consistent results and was grateful to work with people who appreciated my design thinking.
It's taken me a long time to realize that my whole life has been a culmination of experiences to prepare me for what I've been put on this planet to do: to reinvent this industry that gave me an escape from the hatred I lived with as a child, and that has informed my life and transformed me into the person I am today. I'm here to share what I know with the world. Who are you to judge whether I'm worthy? Who are you to define who I am and what I can do? This is my path, and I'm confident in where I'm headed.
One of the many things I love about entrepreneurs, especially female entrepreneurs, is that they are a special breed of crazy. Maybe that's why I have become such a big fan of Lisa. Her life has been spent contradicting social and business systems designed for someone else. The odds are truly against women founders. On top of that, being an entrepreneur, by its very definition, means always doing something for the first time.
But the best route to combat the stress of failure is to create an environment where you and the people around you can be both vulnerable and strong, like Lisa, where you can turn the destructive internalization of failure into objective learning.
Image credit: Jo-Ann Mendles
How have you approached the structure of traditional organizations to achieve the success you have today?
I don't believe there's one "system." The system you find yourself in varies by the nature of the organization, and in order to successfully maneuver through any given system, I've had to hone what I call a "portfolio of styles." I am being authentic to myself while at the same time accretively adapting to operating models and cultures. Sharpening acumen to create value within varied business models requires both deliberate and opportunistic risk taking.
I went from being a predictable, well-compensated senior executive into what I call my entrepreneurial period. That's really where I expanded my experience across all sorts of different structures and sizes of enterprises. This kind of journey isn't for everyone, but it really perfected my dexterity and gave me an immeasurable learning experience.
I've consistently found all over the world that women tend not to take credit for their accomplishments. I'm competitive and I have something of an ego, so early in my career, seeing someone else get or take the credit for a result I accomplished annoyed me to no end. It is important to pick the situations where the record needs to be set straight, but if your real focus is on outcomes -- if you want to get results and have people come around to your way of thinking so they can get behind it -- then getting the credit isn't as important as becoming known as someone who can successfully get things done.
I'm a petite female. Early in my career, I was less aware of that. These days, I'm more mindful of how our physical presence affects others' perception. If I walk into a room filled with men, I'll make it a point to make myself seem larger: I'll be the first to extend my hand, I make sure I deliver a firm handshake, I lean in at the table, I'm cognizant of my voice projecting, I take up more room or whatever else I need to do to ensure my presence is felt.
I absolutely love Jo-Ann's portfolio concept. It's a beautiful analogy of how to embrace our authentic self while remaining aware of the practical considerations of a given situation. The concept of having a portfolio of styles that reflect ourselves while being appropriate for a scenario is great. We wear different outfits for a girls' night out vs. a family event vs. those days when we have to be in a car or an airplane all day. It's the same with running a meeting vs. being invited to a client event.
Jo-Ann's approach seems like a mature, savvy one. Contrast it with those women (or men) who go out of their way to let everyone know everything: their political stance, their religious beliefs, their sexual identity, their relationship status, their childhood, how they believe the company should be run, and more. They have one "outfit" they wear all the time, rain or shine, regardless of circumstances.
Image credit: Tanya Odom
How can women entrepreneurs (including yourself) honor the unique pieces of their identities?
My dad said if he saw my bio, he probably wouldn't come to one of my sessions. On paper, I reek of privilege. It looks like I couldn't possibly relate to the everyday reality of many people.
So, most people don't know what to do when I tell them that my parents were the directors of a residential therapeutic drug community center. We lived inside the facility itself. Not a hippie commune, but an urban clinic. My earliest memories are of being cared for and cuddled by this extended family. In fact, my younger sister teases that there are very few pictures of me and her walking; we were always being carried. Later, I learned they were drug addicts and some had criminal records. Sometimes, they had to "go away." As a kid, I was writing letters to people in jail who were family.
Add that on top of the fact that, despite the fact that I look and am always assumed to be white, my father is black and my mother is white, and people really don't know what to do. I don't fit into any neat little box.
I love Brené Brown's TED Talk on shame and vulnerability. In order to get to the place where you feel like you belong -- she speaks to the concept of "worthiness" -- you have to embrace that vulnerability.
I think we have to tell our own stories in ways that support and motivate each other. The idea of diversity lands differently for women of color, women who are lesbians, or those from different socioeconomic backgrounds. These are things that make us diverse, and yet we're often ashamed of sharing those pieces of ourselves, so we cover them up when we're on the job or in a particular social setting.
We need to embrace what makes us different. I got a job in corporate America because of a white ally. She had been doing diversity work for a long time and recruited me into the firm. At the time, I was working in a dropout prevention program to help teens literally stay in school. I had never worked a day in a corporate job.
She said to me, "You will be OK because, one, people are going to think you're white and, two, your education. Please -- you were just working with gang members on the Lower East Side. I think you'll be fine on Wall Street."
You know, people may say they understand diversity, but until you have lived it and have seen and heard the stories of people around the world, you really might not understand what diversity and inclusion really is or how important it is.
I love the balanced distinction Tanya makes between something being important to share with others vs. being so "important to me that I don't hide it."
Sometimes I wonder that, if we could all share even just a modicum more vulnerability and transparency about our backgrounds, our insecurities, and our truths, how many of us would sigh in relief knowing that we're not the only one who sees ourselves a certain way?
Image credit: Gabby Burlacu
How do you see technology moving the needle for diversity and inclusion?
I was born in Romania, but my family moved here when I was two. Growing up and then entering the work force, it became pretty clear to me early on that I certainly looked at things differently than my peers and colleagues. And actually, that's true for all of us. We all look at things differently depending on where we come from, how we grew up, our values -- all these things give us a different perspective than others.
HR processes are now ultimately supporting decisions that we make about talent: who we choose to hire, how much we choose to pay, who we choose to promote, etc. Technology can play a role in presenting unbiased information to decision-makers and having them be able to use it to leverage better outcomes for the organization.
When you tell these leaders, "Look, the system is wrong. It needs to be changed. We need to elevate new kinds of talent. We need fewer people who look like you and more people who don't," they hear, "You succeeded in a flawed system. Your success comes from working in a system that favored people like you over others."
If that's the message they hear, even on a subconscious level, of course it feels demoralizing. Of course it's more of a challenge to get their support. Of course we encounter more rejection.
It's a sensitive topic and one that has many sides and perspectives. Someone always feels left out, hurt, or condemned. Nothing will change if the conversation doesn't change. How do you change the narrative for these business leaders?
Technology allows us to bring some of these decisions to the forefront to help us detect those times when a decision may have been affected by our own cultural or embedded biases. One thing technology has been doing for some time is helping to determine salary by looking at a person's position and responsibilities and then comparing it to their peers', not just inside the company but across the industry. That way, we can make salary decisions without the additional lens of gender, age, or race.
HR tech is also viewed as an end-to-end process. Historically, the people who did the hiring never even spoke to the people who did the training and development. Now we know that having a comprehensive HR strategy is a lot more powerful. Technology allows this to happen as a system instead of individual activities done in silos.
Gabby could not be more right. When it comes to diversity and inclusion, technology does not determine success or failure. Cultural transformation is the answer. Technology simply enables cultural change. It is critical to scaling the change journey and ensuring that the change sticks.
Now that would be a game changer.
Image credit: Miriam Christof
How did you start your own tribe, and how does it tie into your vision of being a disrupter?
Eight years ago, I moved to Boston, and I didn't know anybody.
In the adventure with my own company, I attended a lot of networking events and became part of many organizations. These events were hosted and filled by a wide variety of people. All of them do really important work in connecting people, but I was looking for something that would allow me to make a deeper connection with select people interested in tangible results.
That is the difference between a tribe and a networking group. A tribe is a trusted band of people who all have one thing in common. In a tribe, you look to change things, to help each other with job placements, with the next gig, with support, and with all the other things that we can't always get from our wider networks of friends, family, colleagues, and acquaintances. Being part of our tribe allows us to create relationships that are enormously valuable in our careers.
Most of the real networking doesn't take place at networking events. These are quite shallow in terms of relationship building. The real conversations take place in informal discussions, through relationships built over time, on the golf course, or these other places that are often invisible or inaccessible to women. There are real limits to what traditional networking can do. If someone introduced this different kind of networking to the U.S., it would disrupt our whole approach to the activity.
You can talk to people in your tribe -- maybe in one-on-one conversations or sitting next to someone at the table -- and immediately they will start charting a potential course for you. They will reach out to their own networks and within the tribe itself, introducing you, saying, "Hey, let me connect you to this person," and you know that the conversations will be kept in confidence. I wanted to be connected to the women in my tribe because I really believe we can disrupt the status quo when it comes to female leadership.
Disruption is looking at how things are currently done and seeing that it could be better and taking action. If you think networking could be done better but you let fear hold you back, then disruption cannot take place. If you think that people would judge you for trying something new or that if you created a tribe you'd be surrounded by a lot of bitching -- if you let fear hold you back, you will never be able to truly disrupt things and create something better.
Seth Godin popularized the word "tribe," but his concept is more akin to people sharing an affinity around an idea, a movement, or a brand. As you can tell from my conversation with Miriam, for us, a tribe is a beautiful, unique blend of personal and professional relationships.
These relationships don't take the place of our other friendships, of course. They're not a proxy for relationships with our extended family. They don't replace colleagues and peers with whom we have strictly collegial interactions.
It's a similar sentiment to what John D. Rockefeller said: "A friendship founded on business is a good deal better than a business founded on friendship." These are professional relationships that grow and blossom in sisterhood.
Image credit: Nicole Sahin
How did you handle growth with Globalization Partners?
In my first year, it was just me. I knew that I wanted to build a great company. For me, that meant achieving something great but also being a place that I loved to come to work. I needed to prove to myself that I had a viable business before I started involving other people's lives.
After a year, I finally realized how busy I was getting and had the confidence that the growth and momentum weren't going to stop any time in the foreseeable future. I also wanted to get ahead of the curve and hire someone before I absolutely needed them, so I brought on my first hire and then, a few months later, brought on my second.
To me, building the business of my dreams means having a triple bottom line. The shareholders need to be happy, but more importantly the clients need to be happy with what we're providing and the employees must be happy. We're building bridges between cultures all over the planet, connecting people from around the world with the world's coolest companies. We're redefining how companies -- and people -- do business globally.
So many people think they need funding before they can do anything. If we were building spaceships or something capital-intensive, no, our model wouldn't work. But if you can build your business on cash flow and revenue, it gives you so much more freedom to run your company without outside interests potentially competing with your vision.
The most important thing for me, though, was company culture. I want to hire people that I'm going to enjoy being around for the years I'm in this business. I want to bring in people who are extremely collaborative, extremely powerful in terms of rolling up our sleeves and getting something done, and extremely effective at growing this business. If you work with us, we will love you. But at the same time, it is intense. We expect a lot out of every single person.
Nicole is the poster child for Disrupters.
Not only is Globalization Partners disrupting the professional employer organization industry, but the way she went about building the company turns the whole high-growth business tech model on its head.
Most of the tech world has embraced Eric Ries' Lean Startup methodology. I like to think Nicole has pursued a woman's version of a lean startup. She tested the market and her business model first to ensure viability. Then, she built the platform for a high-growth startup before bringing anyone else aboard because she was worried about the hypothetical lives of whoever her hires would be; she cared about her employees even when she didn't have any.
Plus, she still sees the bigger mission: building bridges between people and countries. For her, the business is an end unto itself . . . yet at the same time, it's a means to an end.
In Nicole Sahin, we see a beautiful balance of business pragmatism and personal idealism.
Image credit: Pat Milligan
How do we move things in the right direction within companies when it comes to gender equity?
We've had lots of great conversations, surveys, and data, but the fundamental reality is that, as a society, we have not approached equity for women as a real business priority. We need passionate leaders who deeply understand the business and social rationale for having women engaged in the work force -- not just on the board or in management, but in all levels of the organization.
You need to understand not just how diverse your work force is but how inclusive it is. You have to look at the whole system to understand where you're losing people, where you're not gaining people, and where you're not experiencing full engagement from people.
When we look at the data globally, we often see the research and attention on women at the top or on the board, but the biggest issue is really the drop-off at the middle-management stage, where women leave at about twice the rate men do.
We've found that male managers, despite being well-intentioned, often aren't equipped to handle women in conversations about stress, flextime, remote working, what the company is willing to do, and other issues that they need to approach differently than they would for their male employees. When they understand why their female team members are at risk of leaving, and when they're equipped to know how to respond, they can engage their female team members in an incredibly valuable way.
When I work with women's business resource groups, one of my first pieces of advice is "Know your worth." You should know what your economic worth is in the marketplace. You don't have to be aggressive to ask the basic question of how a potential employer will measure that worth and the contributions you provide to their company.
If you're a young woman, your supervisor needs to know that you care about promotion. You care about pay equality. You care about accurate performance reviews. You want to be rewarded equitably for your work. If you work in a company that isn't willing to make this a priority, I think you have to ask yourself, "In the long term, am I going to thrive in this environment? Is this where I want to spend the foreseeable future of my professional career?"
Those are tough questions, but they have to be asked.
If I were a young woman entering the job market today, I would want to work for, and I would seek out, those companies that have a serious commitment to diversity and inclusion.
Disrupters showcases the strategies women in business have used to achieve success. As such, it's focused primarily on what you personally can do.
Pat, however, brings up an important point: the necessity of involving men in the process. If we truly want to achieve gender equity, it has to involve all stakeholders. Pat's pragmatic optimism inspires me, too: when men "get it" and become an ally of feminist women, they can become the most powerful champions for women and evangelists of equitable practices.


Enquiry from Online Galleries regarding "18th Century Chinese Porcelain Tea Service 39 Pieces"
to the service – included in the sale free of charge.
Height 14cm Length to include handle and spout 21.5cm Width 12.6cm approx.
Small chip to under tip of spout, small chip to lid rim.
One Odd Tea Bowl, Three damaged saucer dishes, two of which are riveted – These four pieces are included within the sale free of charge.
Overall, Some age related losses to the gilding as always the case.
A beautifully painted, highly decorative tea service.


You can find contact information for the E. Lingle Craig Preservation Lab on our website.
Some ancient history to be rectified on your blog— In 1994 I developed the tool that became known as the Brass Nevada. I was at the National Archives at the time and was inspired by a boxmaking class I had taken from Linda Blaser, then at the Library of Congress. The name was given to it by the late Garry Harrison. The prototype had a white porcelain knob, which I made for a few years, and then switched to the knurled knob around 1998. Garry made a few of these (without a knob) with my blessing because I was briefly without a studio. I hope all of you who have them keep them in remembrance of a great book conservator and fiddler.
Giving credit where it is due has always been important in our fields, and the threat of commercial concerns stealing our hard fought ideas is very real. We need to support our hand toolmakers by buying directly from them, and avoiding mass produced copies. Thanks and greetings from Wren Haven Tools!
Thank you. I'll make the necessary changes shortly.


Do Well – The Crown Biblical Financial Study, includes video and other content for each week's lesson. Here you will find helpful resources for the study for both facilitators and participants. May God reward your commitment to live as a faithful steward of the resources He has entrusted to you!


text:
Вілаєт Салоніки () — вілаєт Османської імперії, що розташовувався у балканській частині. Утворений 1867 року замість еялету Салоніки з площею 33,500 км². Припинив своє існування в результаті Першої Балканської війни.

Історія
У 1867 році в рамках реформи Танзімату еялет Салоніки було перетворено на вілаєт Салоніки. Адміністративним центром залишилося місто Салоніки. Доволі швидко перетворилося на важливу провінції на Балканах. Цьому сприяло вигідне розташування на узбережжі Егейського моря та значна кількість мусульман, які сприяла зміцненню султанської влади. У 1869—1874 роках випускалася газета «Селанік» болгарською, турецькою, грецькою та латинською мовами.

Після поразки у війні з Російською імперією у 1877—1878 роках важливість вілаєту ще збільшилася з огляду на утворення Болгарського князівство, де фактично панували росіяни. Тому відбувається зміцнення меж вілаєту Салоніки, де споруджуються фортеці та зміцнюються оборонні лінії. У 1881 році з вілаєту Архіпелаг передано острів Тасос до складу вілаєту Салоніки.

У 1893 році в Салоніках було створено Внутрішню македонсько-одринська революційну організацію, завдання якої було повалення османської влади та утворення Великої Болгарії. У 1903 році вона організувало Ілінденське повстання, що охопило деякі кази (райони) у заході вілаєту.

У 1908 році вілаєт Салоніки разом з Монастирським вілаєтом став одним з центрів руху молодотурків. У 1908 році в Салоніках та великих містах вілаєту почалися виступи та повстання, що підтримали Молодотурецьку революцію, яка вибухнула в Македонії.

У 1912 році територія вілаєту Салоніки стало місцем битв часів Першої балканської війни. Протягом того ж року вілаєт захоплено болгарськими та грецькими військами. За Лондонським договором 1913 року османська імперія відмовилася від цим володінь. Вілаєт припинив своє існування. Втім за його землі точилася боротьба у Другій Балканській війні.

Структура
Вілаєт складався з 4 санджаків:
 санджак Салоніки мав 13 кази: Салоніки, Кесендіре, Караферьє, Водіна, Єнідже-і Вардар, Лангаза, Килкиш, Катрін, Айнароз, Дойран, Устурумджа, Тіквеш, Гевгелі.
 санджак Сіроз — 7 кази: Сіроз, Зіхне, Демірхізар, Разлик, Кума-ї Бала, Менлик, Неврекоп
 санджак Драма — 5 кази: Драма, Кавала, Сарішабан, Правіште, Дьовлен.
 санджак Тасос (без кази).

Валі
 Мехмед Акіф Паша (1867—1869)
 Мехмед Сабрі Паша (1869—1871)
 Кекімбаші Ісмаїл Паша (1871—1872)
 Гуршид Паша (1872)
 Кучук Омар Февзі Паша (1872—1873)
 Мехмед Акіф Паша (1873)
 Ахмед Мідхат Сефік Паша (1873—1874)
 Кучук Омар Февзі Паша (1874—1875)
 Байдар Мехмед Репет Паша (1875—1876)
 Мустафа Есреф Паша (1876—1877)
 Черкез Нусрет Паша (1877)
 Ібрагім Халіл Паша (1877—1878)
 Халіл Ріфат Паша (1878—1880)
 Абаддін Паша (1880)
 Лафалі Ібрагім Дервіш Паша (1880—1882)
 Ізмаїл Хаккі Паша (1882—1885)
 Хасан Хаккі Паша (1885—1886)
 Абдулла Галіб Паша (1886—1891)
 Мустафа Зіхні Паша (1891—1895)
 Гасан Фехмі Паша (1895)
 Гусейн Різа Паша Рамазаноглу (1896—1899)
 Хаджи-Хасан Рефік Паша (1899—1901)
 Бірен Махмуд Тевфік-бег (1901—1902)
 Хасан Фехмі Паша (1902—1904)
 Мехмед Шериф Рауф Паша (1904—1908)
 Алі Даніс-бег (1908—1909)
 Ібрагім Хайрулла-бей Пірізаде (1909—1912)
 Кадрі Гусейн Касим-бей (1912)
 Алі Ферид Паша (1912)

Населення
На 1911 рік у вілаєті мешкало 1 347 915 осіб, втім ці цифри не зовсім точні. З них 446 050 були болгарами, 333,4 тис. — турками, 168,5 тис. — греками, 98 590 — помаками, 55 320 — жидами, 24 970 — арумунами, 22,2 тис. — циганами-мусульманами.

Економіка
Був однією з однією з провінцій імперії, де розвивалася промисловість динамічними темпами. Розвитку економіки сприяло прокладання у 1888 році залізниці Салоніки — Стамбул, а у 1896 році Салоніки — Белград, що зв'язали міста вілаєту з Центральною Європою. У 1890-х роках французькі компанії реконструювали Салонікський порт, що розширило його можливості.

Впровадження сучасних технологій призвело до зменшення традиційних ремесел та засобів виготовлення продукції. Так, від 1870 до 1890 року кількість ручних ткацьких верстатів зменшилося з 2125 до 16 500. Водночас швидкими темпами споруджуються сучасні фабрики. Лише у 1878—1883 роках зведено 30 заводів і фабрик, зокрема лікеро-горілчаний і мильні заводи, меблеві, прядильні фабрики, млини. Водночас, не витримавши конкуренції, майже припиняється шовкове виробництво.

Завдяки звільненню від податків вілаєт до 1890-х років перетворюється на важливий центр текстильної промисловості, значних обсягів досягло виробництва вовняних і бавовняних тканин. Більшість продукції відправлялася до Янінського, Монастирського, Косовського, Шкодерського вілаєтів та Архіпелагу, князівств Сербія та Болгарія. При цьому зароджується робітничий рух (1904 року відбувся перший страйк у Салоніках), невдовзі працівники фабрик (переважно болгари та греки) об'єднуються у профспілки, які у 1910 році об'єдналися у Федерацію соціалістичних робітників (поєднала 14 профспілок).

Значною галуззю також залишалося землеробство, яким займалися переважно турки і арумуни. Вілаєт стає значним постачальником тютюну (як на внутрішній ринок, так й до європейських країн).

Джерела
 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). «Macedonia». Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
 Birken, Andreas. Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Т. 13. Reichert, 1976. ISBN 9783920153568. с. 50, 52.
 Vakalopoulos, Kostandinos A. Modern History of Macedonia (1830—1912), Thessaloniki, 1988, p. 75.
 Gilles Veinstein (dir.), Salonique 1850—1918, Autrement, 1992
 İnalcik, Halil. Rūmeli. // The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden and New York, BRILL, 1995. ISBN 90-04-09834-8. с. 607—611, esp. 610—611.

Османські провінції
Османська Греція
Османська Болгарія
Османська Македонія


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text:
import AppContext from 'AppContext';
import ActionButton from 'components/common/ActionButton';
import {getMemberSubscription} from 'utils/helpers';
import {getDateString} from 'utils/date-time';
import {useContext} from 'react';

const ContinueSubscriptionButton = () => {
    const {member, onAction, action, brandColor} = useContext(AppContext);
    const subscription = getMemberSubscription({member});
    if (!subscription) {
        return null;
    }

    // To show only continue button and not cancellation
    if (!subscription.cancel_at_period_end) {
        return null;
    }
    const label = subscription.cancel_at_period_end ? 'Continue subscription' : 'Cancel subscription';
    const isRunning = ['cancelSubscription:running'].includes(action);
    const disabled = (isRunning) ? true : false;
    const isPrimary = !!subscription.cancel_at_period_end;

    const CancelNotice = () => {
        if (!subscription.cancel_at_period_end) {
            return null;
        }
        const currentPeriodEnd = subscription.current_period_end;
        return (

Your subscription will expire on {getDateString(currentPeriodEnd)}

        );
    };

    return (

            <CancelNotice />
            <ActionButton
                onClick={(e) => {
                    onAction('continueSubscription', {
                        subscriptionId: subscription.id
                    });
                }}
                isRunning={isRunning}
                disabled={disabled}
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export default ContinueSubscriptionButton;

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text:
© Élise Geisler
Soundscape Revisited
Élise Geisler & translated by Oliver Waine - 8 January 2014
Lire en français
Research on the subject of the landscape reminds us that it does not just engage us visually, but that all our senses are involved. In particular, Élise Geisler here revisits the concept of the "soundscape", based on the work of Raymond Murray Schafer, who invented the term in the 1970s.
landscape / soundscape / acoustic environment / urban ambiences
In this paper, we shall seek to reconsider the notion of the "soundscape", a neologism coined in the 1970s by Raymond Murray Schafer, a Canadian composer and educator (Schafer 1979). His pioneering work remains a reference for all disciplines interested in the acoustic environment. The concept as he developed it can today be revisited in the light of recent developments in theories on landscapes (Berque 1990, 1996; Corbin 2001; Luginbühl 2007; Donadieu and Périgord 2007; Bergé and Collot, 2008; Besse 2009, 2010). This notion was shunned in France among academics [1] and practitioners alike, in favour of other terms such as "acoustic environment" or "ambience". In fact, the term causes as much debate as the word "landscape", which has been deemed too vague and subjective by some geographers since the 1960s (Filleron 1998). Given soundscape's close etymological links to this latter term, it too therefore becomes highly polysemic and finds itself associated with the historical definition of "landscape", where the subject is detached from the object and views it from a vantage point. It is partly for this reason that the concept of the soundscape is still little used in France, particularly in the field of spatial planning. However, the time now appears to be ripe to reconsider this notion in the light of developments in landscape theory over the last 40 years, and in particular developments resulting from landscape-related public policy. Such policies appear to have brought the concept of the landscape closer towards an acceptance of a social construction that may enhance understanding of the relationships between people and their environment, both in the academic world and in general (Geisler 2011).
Soundscape: origins
According to Schafer, the term "soundscape", derived from "landscape", designates those elements that shape or compose a landscape from an acoustic perspective, not just aesthetically but also historically, geographically and culturally. The composer formalised this concept in his 1979 work The Tuning of the World. [2] In his view, just as vision can reveal a place, so our sense of hearing can perceive a place as a composed, landscaped unit.
Schafer's definition has given rise to many reflections and discussions on the subject, which, by analogy to the classical definition of the landscape, apply as much to a geographical space with specific, analysable acoustic characteristics as to abstract representations and constructions such as musical compositions. Indeed, the soundscape has a number of dimensions: it is aesthetic when it is an object that is listened to, and it is a part of the physical environment when – in a foreshadowing of soundscape design – it fits into what Schafer considers to be the field devoted to the study of soundscapes: acoustic ecology. He defines this as "the study of the effects of the acoustic environment or soundscape on the physical responses or behavioural characteristics of creatures living within it" (Schafer 1979). But, according to the English geographer Paul Rodaway (1994), the soundscape has gradually moved away from a system consisting of a territory, an individual or group of individuals and the relationships that develop between the two. Here, if we incorporate a third element, namely time, what he was essentially referring to was a way of representing the acoustic world, just as a composite view or a scene is a way of representing the visual landscape; it is this that generated such reluctance in France to use the term in its French translation, paysage sonore. [3]
Although the notion of the soundscape has led to a great deal of research on the acoustic environment and the way it is designed and developed, this concept has also been widely questioned, and sometimes strongly criticised. Some have criticised its entrenchment in a traditional vision of the landscape, marked by naturalism, and in an aesthetic approach to the acoustic world (Lopez 1997).
Soundscape: beyond naturalism
In order to understand Schafer's approach, we must situate the creation of the idea of soundscape in the context of the environmentalist movement that began in the late 1960s in North America and Northern Europe, which brought the concepts of landscape and nature together. It was at this time in France that policies to protect outstanding natural landscapes began to be developed. The soundscape, according to Schafer, is a critique of the modern world whereby the sounds of post-industrial civilisation are almost always considered to be negative. Soundscape theory, like landscape theory, has a confused relationship with the notion of nature, as it suggests that the reality is a product of nature. Thus, Schafer maintains, nature is to be understood as an immense "musical composition" that we should be able to harmonise by valuing natural sounds. The naturalist approach, in a somewhat simplistic way, is built around the "landscape-object", which must be described and analysed objectively. It emphasises the physical and, above all, spatial aspects of the landscape: what is studied here, therefore, is the phenomenon of the physical production of a territory by human societies, and the result thereof, not its representation. This vision, generally defended by the earth sciences and planning-related disciplines, finds its climax in the definition of the landscape in the field of ecology, where it is considered an "objectifiable ecosystem" whose subject is excluded. Schafer, through his acoustic ecology approach, somehow paradoxically reproduces the very attitudes of the acoustical engineers that he criticised, who favour naturalising acoustic phenomena and relieving the subject of his or her responsibility to listen, [4] by creating a passive subject who suffers the surrounding acoustic environment (Chion 1993).
Soundscape: beyond an aestheticisation of the acoustic world
This naturalist bias in Schafer's work is complemented by an aesthetic approach, which distinguishes between "hi-fi" soundscapes, that is to say of high quality (those of idealised nature, which exhibit cyclic and original sonorities), and "lo-fi" soundscapes (those of the industrial city, characterised by repetitive and monotonous sonorities). In a natural context, Schafer asserts, the relationship between sound signals (in the foreground) and background noise – the signal-to-noise ratio – is such that each sound can be distinctly heard, which is not the case in the city. This approach implies that only remarkable natural landscapes may be appreciated. In the scientific literature, from the Renaissance onwards, the term "landscape" has above all meant "remarkable landscape". This elitist notion highlights not just that the experience of the landscape was reserved for devotees, but also that only a few rare sites were considered capable of eliciting landscape-related emotion. However, in recent years, the emphasis has been less on the "remarkableness" of landscapes and more on its everyday characteristics as a living environment (Davodeau 2005). This is reflected in the definition of "landscape" in the European Landscape Convention of 2000, where it is described as "an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors", and is also reflected in changes in public policy pertaining to the landscape. Indeed, while the initial aim of such policies was to preserve historical monuments and exceptional sites and to protect nature (also exceptional), their focus now tends towards improving the living environment. In addition, the "urban landscape" has become the subject of all sorts of research and projects, and an increasingly accepted concept in general. Consequently, the landscape is regarded rather as a relationship between people and their physical environment, which may be natural or industrial, urban or rural, coveted or abandoned, as underlined by the European Landscape Convention.
Readers may also be surprised to learn that Schafer's soundscape was constructed in the same way as the visual landscape, based on the principles of Gestalt theory, introducing concepts such as background noise (as the ground) and sound signals (as the figure) – here, we have a construction that is very much related to pictorial and architectural traditions, ideas of perspectives and composed scenes, in which the subject is detached from the object, which is viewed from a vantage point. However, the aesthetic dimension of the landscape also calls for aisthesis – i.e. people's experiences and practices – and values of appropriation and ownership on a more familiar scale. Accordingly, the "ordinary landscape" (Luginbühl 2007) places the emphasis on a relationship that is "built on everyday-ness" characterised by greater proximity and greater subjectivity (Bigando 2006).
Soundscape: a concept, a tool and an object of spatial development
Despite the criticisms that can be levelled at Schafer's neologism, or more specifically at the attitude it implies vis-à-vis the acoustic environment, this concept has nevertheless generated a great deal of research since, creating a point of convergence and discussion between different disciplines (musicology, acoustics, psychology, sociology, geography, architecture, etc.).
The landscape as a natural panorama contemplated from a distance, while still present in expressions of ideology and marketing (Besse 2010), is now being challenged both in terms of perceptions and representations and in terms of realities and projects (Berque 1990, 1996; Corbin 2001; Luginbühl 2007). Today, the landscape is considered not just from an aesthetic standpoint (in terms of beauty), but also from ecological, socio-economic and environmental standpoints. The landscape now enjoys a status as a concept that is representative of society's sensitive interactions with the surrounding living environment; it is no longer simply a vehicle or a visual backdrop. Similarly, the soundscape can no longer be considered purely for its remarkable aspects that need to be protected or its musical essence, but instead must be recognised for its social and anthropological dimensions. In addition, its reformulation in the light of recent developments in general landscape theories means it is better placed to highlight the sensitive relationships that people build up with their everyday acoustic environment, which they make into a concept, a tool and a design and planning object that goes far beyond simply combating noise pollution. The next step is to devise the methods and tools necessary to move from theory to action, and make practical use of the soundscapes that surround us (Geisler 2011).
Bergé, Aline and Collot, Michel. 2008. Paysage & modernité(s), Brussels: Ousia, "Recueil" collection.
Berque, Augustin. 2000 (1st ed. 1990). Médiance. De milieux en paysages, Paris: Belin.
Berque, Augustin. 1996. Être humains sur la terre, Paris: Gallimard, "Le Débat" collection.
Besse, Jean-Marc. 2009. Le Goût du monde. Exercices de paysage, Arles: Actes Sud, "Paysage" collection.
Besse, Jean-Marc. 2010. "Le paysage, espace sensible, espace public", META: Research in Hermeneutics, Phenomenology and Practical Philosophy, vol. II, no. 2, pp. 259–286.
Bigando, Eva. 2006. La sensibilité au paysage ordinaire des habitants de la grande périphérie bordelaise (communes du Médoc et de la Basse Vallée de l'Isle), PhD thesis in geography, Université Bordeaux‑3 Michel de Montaigne.
Chion, Michel. 1993. Le Promeneur écoutant. Essais d'acoulogie, Paris: Plume.
Corbin, Alain. 2001. L'Homme dans le paysage, Paris: Éditions Textuel.
Davodeau, Hervé. 2005. "La sensibilité paysagère à l'épreuve de la gestion territoriale", Les Cahiers de géographie du Québec, vol. 49, no. 137, September, pp. 177–180.
Donadieu, Pierre and Périgord, Michel. 2007. Le Paysage. Entre nature et cultures, Paris: Armand Colin, "128" collection.
Filleron, Jean-Charles. 1998. "'Le paysage, cela existe, même lorsque je ne le regarde pas', ou quelques réflexions sur les pratiques paysagères des géographes", Revue de l'économie méridionale, no. 183, Montpellier: Centre régional de la productivité et des études économiques.
Geisler, Élise. 2011. Élaboration d'une méthode de qualification sonore. Le cas des quartiers durables allemands Vauban et Kronsberg, PhD thesis in landscape science and architecture, École nationale supérieure du paysage de Versailles.
Lopez, Francisco. 1997. "Schizophonia vs l'objet sonore : le paysage sonore (soundscape) et la liberté artistique", CEC Concordia.
Luginbühl, Yves. 2007. "La place de l'ordinaire dans la question du paysage", Cosmopolitiques, no. 15, pp. 173–177.
Rodaway, Paul. 1994. Sensuous Geography. Body, Sense and Place, London and New York: Routledge.
Schafer, Raymond Murray. 1979. Le Paysage sonore. Toute l'histoire de notre environnement sonore à travers les âges (original edition: The Tuning of the World. Toward a Theory of Soundscape Design, 1977), Paris: Éditions Jean-Claude Lattès.
landscape soundscape acoustic environment urban ambiences
To cite this article:
Élise Geisler & translated by Oliver Waine, "Soundscape Revisited", Metropolitics, 8 January 2014. URL : https://metropolitics.org/Soundscape-revisited.html
[1] See, for example, the work on ambiences conducted by the Cresson research unit at the École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Grenoble, or research on the acoustic environment conducted by the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), the Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville (IRSTV), Lab'Urba within the Institut d'Urbanisme de Paris, the Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Énergie (ADEME), the Laboratoire d'Acoustique et Musique Urbaines (LAMU) at the École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Paris-La Villette, or the Laboratoire d'Acoustique Musicale (LAM) at the Université Paris‑6.
[2] The concept is not new, however: it was the subject of research conducted by the Finnish geographer Johannes Gabriel Granö in the 1930s, and by the American urban designer Michael Southworth in the 1960s.
[3] The concept of the soundscape (paysage sonore in French) was above all associated, in the 1980s and 1990s, with recorded sound sequences, in particular phonographies and electro-acoustic pieces. At this time, in the field of planning and development in France, the term environnement sonore ("acoustic environment") was preferred instead. It is nonetheless interesting to note that equivalent concepts are used with fewer reservations in English-speaking countries (where "soundscape" prevails) and in Germany (where the equivalent term is Klanglandschaft) among academics, artists and practitioners alike.
[4] A contradiction appears, in fact, between this naturalisation of sounds that eliminates the listening subject and the asserted desire of acoustic ecology, as defined by Schafer, to focus on the relationship between the subject and its acoustic environment, rather than the sounds themselves.
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text:
← Sinking Deeper into the Syrian Quagmire
The Pause →
Turkey's Incursion in Syria
Tomorrow, it will be a week since the launching of "Operation Peace Spring". International reaction to the operation is negative to say the least. One can count on the fingers of one hand the number of countries which appear to support the incursion. Unfortunately, the operation has shown yet again that Turkish government's much touted "precious loneliness" is nothing but self-defeating isolation.
The operation started after an abrupt shift in US policy following a phone call between presidents Erdogan and Trump, the latter defying the advice of his defense officials who remain determined to maintain an American presence in Syria. This led to wide bipartisan opposition to Mr. Trump's decision and initiatives in the Congress to sanction Turkey. These may have an impeachment inquiry dimension but they are troubling, nonetheless. President Trump has ordered most of the remaining US forces out of northern Syria, Defense Secretary Mark Esper said on Sunday, adding to the confusion. Later in the day, it was reported that Kurdish forces long allied with the United States in Syria have agreed to join forces with Damascus.
President Trump's controversial foreign policy decisions criticized for lack of consistency are well-known. Yet, he may have a point regarding the withdrawal of US forces from Syria. Washington has allies and a huge military presence in the Gulf. It maintains close relations with Egypt and Jordan. Syria, on the other hand, has enjoyed a close relationship with Moscow for decades. In the mid-1990s US Secretary of State Warren Christopher paid two dozen visits to Damascus but was unable to move father Assad. In brief, Russia will not give up its only foothold in the Middle East and President Assad will continue to depend on Russia as its principal supporter.
Critics of the withdrawal have offered few arguments beyond saying that Washington should not betray the Syrian Kurds and continuing the fight against the Islamic State is fundamentally important. But in this respect Moscow, perhaps an adversary in some other areas, is a de facto US ally. Thus, President Trump might have seen merit in bringing US troops home to fulfill a campaign promise and leave the responsibility to orchestrate Syria's political transition to Moscow.
EU countries have been strongly critical Operation Peace Spring. Germany and France have announced the suspension of arms exports to Turkey.
If President Trump's withdrawal of forces was "green light" for the incursion, Russia's reaction has so far been only a "yellow light". President Putin attending a meeting of heads of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in Ashgabat on October 11 said, "There are areas in northern Syria where [Islamic State members] are active militants. Kurdish units used to keep an eye on those areas, but now that Turkish troops are entering the region, they may just flee away. I'm not sure that the Turkish army will be able to take control of the situation, and quickly."
During peace talks in Kazakhstan's capital Astana in January 2017, Russian diplomats had circulated a draft constitution for Syria. The Syrian opposition rejected it. The draft, while underlining Syria's territorial integrity, said that "Syria consists of constituent parts." It also referred to Kurdish cultural autonomy. In other words, while strongly backing the regime, Moscow did not wish to leave the Syrian Kurds solely in Washington's hands. Perhaps, Moscow's priority is bringing the Assad regime and Syria's Kurds together and then work out a solution with Ankara as some observers suggest.
Obviously, Moscow is also balancing its desire to move Turkey away from the West with its objectives in Syria. Ankara is at odds with all its traditional allies but Russia does not even recognize the PKK as a terrorist organization, let alone the YPG.
Arab League foreign ministers are among those condemning Turkey's military incursion into northern Syria. The League's Secretary General said the League has called on the UN Security Council to act against Turkey. The Arab League is an insignificant body but Arab masses are not on the streets cheering either for the operation or for Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party.
Thus, we Turks are entitled to ask, "how come the world is united against us?"
Widespread Western opposition to "Operation Peace Spring" reflects firstly, worry regarding the re-emergence of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq and secondly, humanitarian concerns.
Last Saturday, spokesperson of the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, responding to a question said Turkey will take over the custody of Daesh elements and their family members being held in detention facilities and camps in areas to be freed from terror by Operation Peace Spring. He added that on the one hand Turkey is ready to work together with the countries of origin and international organizations for the rehabilitation of spouses and children who have not been involved in crimes committed by foreign terrorist fighters affiliated with Daesh. "On the other hand," he continued, "it should be acknowledged that the sustainable solution to this issue is repatriation, prosecution and rehabilitation by countries of origin of all foreign terrorist fighters and their families detained in Syria. We attach utmost importance to the joint efforts of the international community in this regard…"
This means that Turkey, on top of the 3.6 million Syrian refugees in the country and a looming crisis in Idlib, will become responsible also nearly 10,000 Daesh fighters and 70,000 Daesh family members. This is another incredible step in the wrong direction.
As for humanitarian considerations, it goes without saying that Turkish armed forces should take utmost care not to harm innocent civilians and also rein in the Turkish-backed Syrian Arab fighters taking part in the fighting. They should do this for humanitarian reasons as well as for preventing lasting resentment among the local population and their extended families in Turkey.
The Turkish government must also realize that constant announcements of the numbers of eliminated terrorists is not good public diplomacy. Its public discourse must prioritize respect for humanitarian considerations and a desire to achieve peace, sooner than later. It must admit that, beyond Turkey's democratic decline, its undiplomatic, aggressive language of recent years, with expressions of defiance such as "who are you?", "know your place", "don't overstep the mark" has only contributed to its international isolation. Unfortunately, this last one happens to be the favorite rebuke in our domestic political language. Finally, Ankara must realize that while this may secure some votes, it is detrimental to Turkey's national interests. Turkey's self-inflicted isolation is not sustainable.
Starting with the final months of Mr. Obama's second term in office, Turkey's leadership has invested a lot in its relationship with President Trump. Despite ups and downs the relationship has so far survived. But the US is not Turkey. The principle of separation of powers remains fundamental. The media is free and carries weight. Public opinion is important. In brief, Washington's policy decisions are not taken exclusively by the president. Moreover, Mr. Trump is a leader in trouble and Ankara's putting all its eggs in his basket may not be the wisest investment in the future of Turkish-American relations, if that is of any concern.
Western governments have every right to look at "Operation Peace Spring" from the prism of their interests. This is the dictate of international relations.
However, their claim to "moral high ground" through the highlighting of their humanitarian concerns is more than disputable. To remind them of their double-standards one does not have to go as far back as the Sykes-Picot Agreement and to their use of force to impose their will on Arabs. One may look at the family tree of the Islamic State, Al-Nusra, Al-Qaeda and the birth of the Taliban. One may look at the numbers of Afghan civilians killed in coalition air raids in Afghanistan. And one may look at the human cost of liberating the Iraqi city of Mosul from the Islamic State.
On December 21, 2017 the Associated Press, under the title "Mosul is a graveyard: Final IS battle kills 9,000 civilians" reported:
"The price Mosul's residents paid in blood to see their city freed was 9,000 to 11,000 dead, a civilian casualty rate nearly 10 times higher than what has been previously reported. The number killed in the nine-month battle to liberate the city from the Islamic State group marauders has not been acknowledged by the U.S.-led coalition, the Iraqi government or the self-styled caliphate…" (*)
Sadly, if an investigation group from another planet were to prepare a report on the violations of human rights, international law and international humanitarian law during the last eight years in Syria, no country involved in Syria's proxy war will prove innocent.
Turkey's problem is being a neighbor of Syria with a 910-kilometer border and its assuming a leading role in the regime change project. This is why it is continuing and will continue to pay the highest price. Ankara needs to realize that it has a limited time frame to bring this incursion to a reasonable conclusion before being compelled by others to do so.
Syrian weather remains most unpredictable and making a forecast even for the weekend seems as risky as exceeding the speed limit in freezing rain.
(*) https://apnews.com/bbea7094fb954838a2fdc11278d65460
About Ali Tuygan
Ali Tuygan is a graduate of the Faculty of Political Sciences of Ankara University. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in January 1967. Between various positions he held in Ankara, he served at the Turkish Embassy in Brussels, NATO International Staff, Turkish Embassies in Washington and Baghdad and the Turkish Delegation to NATO. From 1986 to 1989 he was Principal Private Secretary to the President of the Republic. He then served as ambassador to Ottawa, Riyadh and Athens. In 1997 he was honored with a decoration by the Italian President. Between these assignments abroad he served twice as Deputy Undersecretary for Political Affairs. In 2004 he was appointed Undersecretary where he remained until the end of 2006 before going to his last foreign assignment as Ambassador to UNESCO. He retired in 2009. In April 2013 he published a book entitled "Gönüllü Diplomat, Dışişlerinde Kırk Yıl" ("Diplomat by Choice, Forty Years in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs") in which he elaborated on the diplomatic profession and the main issues on the global agenda. He has published articles in Turkish periodicals and newspapers.
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"We've been trying to hover above, to take an aerial view of the lives and achievements of our honorees this evening. To manage the focal depth necessary to appreciate Lee & Low, the publishing company honored as Angel this evening, we nearly need to take an Angel's point of view ourselves, to organize ourselves as high in the stratosphere as we can to take in the largest view possible. For what we most easily recognize in what Lee & Low is accomplishing is surely global, and it has the vision of angels to be able to sweep across the continents and consider so many populations, their needs and aspirations, as it helps bring their stories to young readers.
For more information on The Carle Honors, click here. And here is an article from School Library Journal recapping this year's Carle Honors.
Congratulations, a well-deserved honor for innovative work that touches so many lives!


text:
PSG And Barca Tie Finely Balanced
by David on April 2, 2013
Blaise Matuidi's equaliser with virtually the last kick of the game clinched a draw for Paris Saint-Germain in a pulsating Champions League quarter-final first leg against Barcelona.
PSG will head to the Camp Nou with optimism next week partly because of the injuries that have hit Barcelona. Defenders Puyol, Adriano and Mascherano will all miss the second leg, as will Lionel Messi who left at halftime with a hamstring injury.
Carlo Ancelotti's side were not overwhelmed by the visit of the best team in Europe and nearly went ahead inside five minutes when Ezequiel Lavezzi was first to Javier Pastore's chest-down and jinked past Gerard Piqué, only to see his shot come back off the post.
Víctor Valdés saved Pastore's long-range effort, then pushed away an Ibrahimović free-kick as the Ligue 1 leaders continued to push. The Swedish international had another chance after being released by the rampaging Lucas on 26 minutes, but he fired wide when he should have scored.
Barcelona then punished PSG for their lack of finishing when Daniel Alves's superb pass over the top picked out Messi. It was Barca's first clear opportunity and Messi made no mistake, rifling a brilliant first-time strike across Salvatore Sirigu and inside the far post.
Into the second half, Barcelona were firmly on control of the game, even without Messi and Alexis Sánchez wasted a good chance before both Alves and Xavi went close from direct free-kicks.
But Ancelotti showed why he is still one of the best managers in the world, as he substitutions in the form of érémy Ménez, Marco Verratti and Kevin Gameiro, changed the game.
Ibrahimović was denied by Valdés from point-blank range after pouncing on Gameiro's lay-off, but then moments later the former Barca striker scored from close range after Thiago Silva had headed Maxwell's free-kick against the post. Replays showed that Ibra was clearly in an offside position when the free kick came, in, but despite having five officials on the pitch, none of them saw it.
The game seemed to be heading to a 1-1 draw when with two minutes to go, Alexis Sánchez was brought down by Sirigu in the box and Xavi sent the Italian the wrong way from the spot.
That appeared to be the winner, but the drama was not over, as Ibra won a long ball in the box and Matuidi's shot took a deflection and snuck past Victor Valdes.
With Barcelona's injuries and defensive frailties, PSG will feel that they can go to the Camp Nou and score. And Barcelona are not the same side without Messi. But as AC Milan found out in the last round, you count Barca out at your peril.


text:
layout: kanji
v4: 594
v6: 638
kanji: 磨
keyword: grind
elements: grind, hemp, cave, grove, tree, wood, stone, rock, tree2, wood2
strokes: 16
image: E7A3A8
on-yomi: マ
kun-yomi: みが.く、す.る
permalink: /rtk/磨/
prev: 麻
next: 心
---

1) [ashman63] 15-4-2008(283): If you grind the hemp you are bound to get stoned quicker.

2) [Nukemarine] 8-8-2007(46): You must GRIND the HEMP collected in the grove by your cave on solid STONE to make the best ropes.

3) [CSBarnes] 20-12-2008(30): "Grind, grind, grind the hemp, slowly with the stone".

4) [BStoobs] 24-11-2007(22): Ma (マ) used to grind hemp with a stone and then brush her teeth with it to relieve the pain when she got toothache.

5) [mcmike2099] 10-5-2009(15): Grind your HEMP on a STONE to prepare the marijuana that will get you stoned.