For appointment to this grade, a candidate must have Bachelors degree in any of the following disciplines: - Environment, Environmental Science, Environmental Geology, Environmental Management and Natural Resources, or its equivalent qualification from a recognized institution.
This is the entry and learning grade for this cadre.
Participating in reviewing Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Reports related to oil and gas operations.


text:
Barjac est une commune française située dans le nord-est du département du Gard, en région Occitanie.

Exposée à un climat méditerranéen, elle est drainée par le ruisseau de Roméjac, le ruisseau de Chantabre, le ruisseau de Condoubrie, le ruisseau de Malaygue, le ruisseau de Malibaud, le ruisseau de Soulas et par divers autres petits cours d'eau. La commune possède un patrimoine naturel remarquable composé de deux zones naturelles d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique.

Barjac est une commune rurale qui compte  en . Ses habitants sont appelés les Barjacois ou  Barjacoises.

Le patrimoine architectural de la commune comprend deux  immeubles protégés au titre des monuments historiques : les dolmens, classés en 1889, et le château, inscrit en 1993.

Géographie

Localisation
Barjac est située à  d'altitude dans le Gard provençal, au nord-est du département du Gard. Elle est limitrophe du département de l'Ardèche qui la borde sur trois côtés. Elle se situe dans une plaine encadrée par le Piémont cévenol ardéchois (à l'ouest) et les plateaux calcaires entaillés par les gorges de l'Ardèche ( au nord-est) et les gorges de la Cèze ( au sud).

Communes limitrophes

Lieux-dits, hameaux et écarts
Parmi les hameaux de la localité, on peut citer :
 les Ribes Hautes, parfois orthographié Ribaute, ancienne friche industrielle reconvertie en lieu de création et d'exposition
 Chabriac
 Mas Lozard
 Montchamp
 Roméjac
 Mas de la Croix
 la Villette
 le Gourdon

Géologie et relief
Le village de Barjac est situé dans une plaine alluviale dont le sol est constitué de calcaires de l'Eocène, qui correspond à l'extrémité nord du Fossé d'Alès. Cette plaine d'effondrement orientée sud-ouest - nord-est  est dominée à l'est par un plateau calcaire de type Urgonien percé par des réseaux karstiques dont certains débouchent en partie supérieure en formant un aven, et à l'ouest par un ancien bloc Urgonien « basculé » vers la vallée du Chassezac, la Montagne de la Serre.

Le relief est peu marqué, à l'exception de l'est et du nord-est de la commune, à la limite des communes d'Orgnac-l'Aven et Labastide-de-Virac. C'est dans cette zone de garrigue, appelée Bois de Ronze, que se trouvent les élévations supérieures à  d'altitude.

Le point le plus bas de la commune se situe au sud-ouest, au confluent du Ruisseau de Malaygue et du Ruisseau de Roméjac.

Hydrographie
La commune est située dans le bassin versant de la Cèze, à l'exception de l'extrémité nord, autour des hameaux de Chabriac et le Gourdon, qui est située dans le bassin versant de l'Ardèche par la dépression de la Goule de Foussoubie.

Elle est traversée par plusieurs ruisseaux au régime intermittent, souvent à sec l'été, dont le Bourdarie, affluent du Chantabre, qui coule en contrebas du village.

Sismicité
La sismicité de la zone est modérée. Toutefois, le  à 3 h 36, un séisme d'une magnitude de 4,5 sur l'échelle de Richter s'est produit sans faire de dégât.

Climat
Le climat qui caractérise la commune est qualifié, en 2010, de « climat méditerranéen franc », selon la typologie des climats de la France qui compte alors huit grands types de climats en métropole. En 2020, la commune ressort du type « climat méditerranéen » dans la classification établie par Météo-France, qui ne compte désormais, en première approche, que cinq grands types de climats en métropole. Pour ce type de climat, les hivers sont doux et les étés chauds, avec un ensoleillement important et des vents violents fréquents.

Les paramètres climatiques qui ont permis d'établir la typologie de 2010 comportent six variables pour les températures et huit pour les précipitations, dont les valeurs correspondent à la normale 1971-2000. Les sept principales variables caractérisant la commune sont présentées dans l'encadré suivant.

Avec le changement climatique, ces variables ont évolué. Une étude réalisée en 2014 par la Direction générale de l'Énergie et du Climat complétée par des études régionales prévoit en effet que la  température moyenne devrait croître et la pluviométrie moyenne baisser, avec toutefois de fortes variations régionales. Ces changements peuvent être constatés sur la station météorologique de Météo-France la plus proche, « Orgnac Aven », sur la commune d'Orgnac-l'Aven, mise en service en 1970 et qui se trouve à  à vol d'oiseau, où la température moyenne annuelle est de  et la hauteur de précipitations de  pour la période 1981-2010.
Sur la station météorologique historique la plus proche, « Lanas Syn », sur la commune de Lanas, dans le département de l'Ardèche, mise en service en 1990 et à , la température moyenne annuelle évolue de  pour la période 1971-2000, à  pour 1981-2010, puis à  pour 1991-2020.

Voies de communication et transports
Barjac est située au croisement des anciennes routes nationales Pont-Saint-Esprit-Mende (D901) et Aubenas-Uzès (D979/D579).

Des lignes régulières d'autocar relient Barjac à Avignon, Aubenas et Alès.

Milieux naturels et biodiversité
L'inventaire des zones naturelles d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ZNIEFF) a pour objectif de réaliser une couverture des zones les plus intéressantes sur le plan écologique, essentiellement dans la perspective d'améliorer la connaissance du patrimoine naturel national et de fournir aux différents décideurs un outil d'aide à la prise en compte de l'environnement dans l'aménagement du territoire.
Une ZNIEFF de  est recensée sur la commune :
les « pelouses de Champ de Bagnol » () et une ZNIEFF de  :
les « plateaux calcaires méridionaux du Bas Vivarais » (), couvrant  du département.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Barjac est une commune rurale, car elle fait partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.
La commune est en outre hors attraction des villes.

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des territoires agricoles (57,2 % en 2018), une proportion sensiblement équivalente à celle de 1990 (57,7 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
zones agricoles hétérogènes (40,9 %), forêts (31,7 %), milieux à végétation arbustive et/ou herbacée (8,5 %), cultures permanentes (7,9 %), terres arables (7 %), zones urbanisées (2,6 %), prairies (1,4 %).

L'IGN met par ailleurs à disposition un outil en ligne permettant de comparer l'évolution dans le temps de l'occupation des sols de la commune (ou de territoires à des échelles différentes). Plusieurs époques sont accessibles sous forme de cartes ou photos aériennes : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Risques majeurs
Le territoire de la commune de Barjac est vulnérable à différents aléas naturels : météorologiques (tempête, orage, neige, grand froid, canicule ou sécheresse), inondations, feux de forêts, mouvements de terrains et séisme (sismicité modérée). Il est également exposé à un risque particulier : le risque de radon. Un site publié par le BRGM permet d'évaluer simplement et rapidement les risques d'un bien localisé soit par son adresse soit par le numéro de sa parcelle.

Risques naturels
Certaines parties du territoire communal sont susceptibles d'être affectées par le risque d'inondation par débordement de cours d'eau et par une crue torrentielle ou à montée rapide de cours d'eau, notamment le ruisseau de Roméjac. La commune a été reconnue en état de catastrophe naturelle au titre des dommages causés par les inondations et coulées de boue survenues en 1982, 1983, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2015 et 2018.

La commune est vulnérable au risque de mouvements de terrains constitué principalement du retrait-gonflement des sols argileux. Cet aléa est susceptible d'engendrer des dommages importants aux bâtiments en cas d'alternance de périodes de sécheresse et de pluie. 84,2 % de la superficie communale est en aléa moyen ou fort (67,5 % au niveau départemental et 48,5 % au niveau national). Sur les  dénombrés sur la commune en 2019, 834 sont en en aléa moyen ou fort, soit 99 %, à comparer aux 90 % au niveau départemental et 54 % au niveau national. Une cartographie de l'exposition du territoire national au retrait gonflement des sols argileux est disponible sur le site du BRGM.

Par ailleurs, afin de mieux appréhender le risque d'affaissement de terrain, l'inventaire national des cavités souterraines permet de localiser celles situées sur la commune.

Concernant les mouvements de terrains, la commune a été reconnue en état de catastrophe naturelle au titre des dommages causés par la sécheresse en 2011, 2012, 2017 et 2019 et par des mouvements de terrain en 1983.

Risque particulier
Dans plusieurs parties du territoire national, le radon, accumulé dans certains logements ou autres locaux, peut constituer une source significative d'exposition de la population aux rayonnements ionisants. Certaines communes du département sont concernées par le risque radon à un niveau plus ou moins élevé. Selon la classification de 2018, la commune de Barjac est classée en zone 2, à savoir zone à potentiel radon faible mais sur lesquelles des facteurs géologiques particuliers peuvent faciliter le transfert du radon vers les bâtiments.

Toponymie
Le nom de Barjac, porté également par deux autres communes du sud de la France, est constitué du suffixe -acum, très fréquent dans les toponymes d'origine gauloise et gallo-romane et qui signifiait l'appartenance d'un domaine à une personne, accolé à un nom propre. Selon les hypothèses, ce nom serait Bargius ou Barbius.

Histoire

Antiquité et Moyen Âge
Dans l'Antiquité, Barjac est située sur la Voie d'Antonin, la voie romaine entre Valence et Nîmes. La borne milliaire la plus méridionale de la cinquantaine que les Helviens avaient placé sur cette voie a été retrouvée à Barjac, au nord de la Villette. Le lieu était donc situé sur le territoire des Helviens, mais on ignore où se trouvait précisément la frontière avec celui des Volques arécomiques.
.
On trouve de nos jours plusieurs sculptures d'origine romaine  incluses dans les murs des maisons comme la « maison dite des comédiens » derrière l'ancienne mairie dont un lion ailé garde la porte.

Les anciens remparts de la ville sont construits en 1379. Les premiers seigneurs de la commune ont été les (de) Barjac et leurs descendants (de Poitiers-Valentinois, de Seyssel) jusqu'à la fin du .

Époque moderne

Le territoire devient l'un des fiefs de la famille de Grimoard de Beauvoir du Roure à partir du premier tiers du . Le château renaissance des comtes du Roure (construit entre 1634 et 1639) est resté propriété de cette famille jusqu'en 1899. La commune a hérité d'un patrimoine riche de nombreux hôtels particuliers. La ville est dominée de huit tours qui étaient le symbole de la puissance de leurs propriétaires (souvent bourgeois, ou de petite noblesse). Elle était alimentée en eau potable par un aqueduc venant de la source de Font Malliague, située à plus d'un kilomètre du centre. Seule la fontaine située près de l'office du tourisme fonctionne encore grâce à cet ancien réseau. Louis XIII, séjourna à Barjac dans la maison des Beauvoir du Roure de Saint Florent (branche cadette des Grimoard) dans la nuit du 5 au , les troupes royales réinvestissant les places fortes protestantes de la région. Louis XIII signera la paix d'Alès (ou édit de Grâce) deux semaines plus tard, le 28 juin, mettant fin à une période de 70 ans de guerres religieuses entre protestants et catholiques. Sous l'impulsion des comtes du Roure, les Capucins s'implantent à Barjac à partir de 1630 pour convertir la population barjacoise majoritairement protestante. Ils y resteront jusqu'à la Révolution française.

Époque contemporaine
La commune s'est développée au  grâce à l'industrie de la soie (cinq filatures présentes sur la commune au milieu du ), puis à partir des années 1830 grâce à l'établissement de mines de lignite dont l'extraction continuera jusqu'au début des années 1960. Le château devient propriété communale en 1982. Il abrite une salle des fêtes, un cinéma Art et essai (Salle Jean Louis Trintignant), une médiathèque, diverses salles de danse, de musique et de dessin. L'hôtel de ville y a été installé en 2008.

Politique et administration

Tendances politiques et résultats

Liste des maires
 1860-1862 : Régis Bruneau
[...]
 1878-1884 : Charles Guynet
[...]
 1947-1958 : Roland Riffard

Politique environnementale
La commune de Barjac s'est engagée dans une démarche environnementale, notamment en passant sa cantine au bio et en créant un « Service Public de Restauration Éducative et Sociale » : 250 repas pour le restaurant scolaire avec des cuisiniers qualifiés et un service de portage de repas à domicile pour les personnes âgées ou handicapées. Cette initiative a fait l'objet d'un documentaire : Nos enfants nous accuseront. Une plate-forme de compostage est installée sur la commune, où le tri sélectif est par ailleurs organisé.

Jumelages
Au 19 juin 2012, Barjac n'est jumelée avec aucune commune.

Population et société

Démographie

Enseignement
La commune de Barjac est située dans l'académie de Montpellier.

Elle est dotée de deux écoles :
 L'école maternelle et primaire publique située rue Haute-Fontaine qui compte 120 élèves ;
 L'école maternelle et primaire privée Saint-Laurent située avenue des Mineurs  qui compte 106 élèves.
 Le collège le plus proche se trouve à Saint-Ambroix () mais aussi le collège de Vallon-Pont-d'Arc ( Ardèche )
 Les lycées les plus proches se trouvent à Bagnols-sur-Cèze () et à Alès ().

Santé
La commune de Barjac dispose d'une pharmacie, de trois médecins généralistes, de trois cabinets d'infirmières libérales, d'un chirurgien-dentiste, de cinq masseurs-kinésithérapeutes et de deux ostéopathes. Une maison de retraite médicalisée (Maison de retraite Saint Laurent). L'hôpital le plus proche est l'Hôpital Local de Vallon-Pont-d'Arc (). Le Centre Hospitalier le plus proche est celui d'Alès (). Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire le plus proche est le CHU de Nîmes (). Pour la santé animale, une clinique vétérinaire regroupant 4 docteurs.

Manifestations culturelles et festivités
 Barjac est animée deux fois par an (à Pâques et au 15 août) d'une foire aux antiquités et à la Brocante qui fut un temps la plus importante d'Europe avec plus de 400 exposants.
 Festival de théâtre "Les Théâtropes, Barjac en scène" au mois d'avril chaque année depuis 2003. Le temps d'un weekend, création d'un théâtre éphémère.
 Le Salon de la Carte Postale se tient chaque année en décembre dans la ville.
 Le Festival « Barjac m'en chante », est un festival de chanson française à texte qui s'invite dans la cité la dernière semaine de juillet. Il s'agit de l'un des plus importants de ce type en France.
 Un festival de jazz a été créé en 2012 par Bob Mazarguil, Barjac en Jazz ; il se tient durant 4 jours fin août, avec des ensembles de jazz "New Orleans" régionaux et internationaux.
 Barjac est un village pionnier du développement durable et de la culture du bio en France. Le salon Ethic & nature fait la promotion des activités et du style de vie lié à ces choix plusieurs fois par an. À ce titre la cuisine centrale s'est axée sur l'alimentation bio depuis près de cinq ans.
 Week-end taurin "El Taurino" qui a lieu le premier week-end d'août. Il consiste en un lâcher de taureaux dans la rue principale puis un toro piscine. Le dimanche, la messe en provençal est célébrée en plein air.
Depuis plus de 25 ans, une harmonie, "Les enfants de Barjac", anime les fêtes à Barjac et aux alentours : El Torino, la Brocante, la fête votive...

Sports
Barjac dispose de plusieurs clubs de sport, un club de foot ESB, un club de tennis, une salle de judo et taikaido, une salle de danse, un club cycliste et un club bouliste

Médias

Cultes

Économie

Revenus
En 2018  (données Insee publiées en ), la commune compte  fiscaux, regroupant . La médiane du revenu disponible par unité de consommation est de  ( dans le département).

Emploi

En 2018, la population âgée de  s'élève à , parmi lesquelles on compte 71,3 % d'actifs (55,1 % ayant un emploi et 16,2 % de chômeurs) et 28,7 % d'inactifs. En  2018, le taux de chômage communal (au sens du recensement) des  est supérieur à celui de la France et du département, alors qu'il était inférieur à celui du département en 2008.

La commune est hors attraction des villes. Elle compte  en 2018, contre 605 en 2013 et 592 en 2008. Le nombre d'actifs ayant un emploi résidant dans la commune est de 509, soit un indicateur de concentration d'emploi de 124,4 % et un taux d'activité parmi les 15 ans ou plus de 47 %.

Sur ces 509 actifs de 15 ans ou plus ayant un emploi, 297 travaillent dans la commune, soit 59 % des habitants. Pour se rendre au travail, 71,5 % des habitants utilisent un véhicule personnel ou de fonction à quatre roues, 2,8 % les transports en commun, 12 % s'y rendent en deux-roues, à vélo ou à pied et 13,7 % n'ont pas besoin de transport (travail au domicile).

Activités hors agriculture

Secteurs d'activités
278 établissements sont implantés  à Barjac au . Le tableau ci-dessous en détaille le nombre par secteur d'activité et compare les ratios avec ceux du département.

Le secteur du commerce de gros et de détail, des transports, de l'hébergement et de la restauration est prépondérant sur la commune puisqu'il représente 39,6 % du nombre total d'établissements de la commune (110 sur les 278 entreprises implantées  à Barjac), contre 30 % au niveau départemental.

Entreprises et commerces
Les cinq entreprises ayant leur siège social sur le territoire communal qui génèrent le plus de chiffre d'affaires en 2020 sont :
 Pellet, travaux de terrassement courants et travaux préparatoires ()
 Cevennes Etiquettes, autre imprimerie (labeur) ()
 Le Mas Du Terme, hôtels et hébergement similaire ()
 Entreprise Natali Exploitation, autres travaux spécialisés de construction ()
 La Couronne d'agneau, commerce de détail de viandes et de produits à base de viande en magasin spécialisé ().

En 2015, le village comptait dix-sept commerces dont trois boulangeries-pâtisseries et un supermarché.

Le tourisme joue un rôle important dans l'économie. Barjac compte sept restaurants, quatre hôtels-restaurants qui totalisent 101 chambres, ainsi que trois campings qui totalisent 190 emplacements.

Agriculture
La commune est dans le Bas-Vivarais, une petite région agricole occupant une petite frange nord du département du Gard. En 2020, l'orientation technico-économique de l'agriculture  sur la commune est la polyculture et/ou le polyélevage.

Le nombre d'exploitations agricoles en activité et ayant leur siège dans la commune est passé de 70 lors du recensement agricole de 1988  à 42 en 2000 puis à 36 en 2010 et enfin à 31 en 2020, soit une baisse de 56 % en 32 ans. Le même mouvement est observé à l'échelle du département qui a perdu pendant cette période 61 % de ses exploitations. La surface agricole utilisée sur la commune a également diminué, passant de  en 1988 à  en 2020. Parallèlement la surface agricole utilisée moyenne par exploitation a augmenté, passant de 23 à .

Produits du terroir
Barjac est l'une des cinq communes gardoises à produire des AOC côtes-du-vivarais.

Culture locale et patrimoine

Lieux et monuments
Barjac fait partie des communes du département du Gard qui ont obtenu le label village de caractère. Elle présente un patrimoine bâti diversifié, datant de différentes époques :
 Barjac possède sur ses terrains communaux une des plus belles cavités souterraines d'Europe, nommée la "Grotte de Barjac".

Ce réseau tentaculaire se développe sur une distance de 2,8 kilomètres et renferme une inestimable richesse en matière de concrétions et de

cristaux, ce que lui vaut le surnom de "l'Encyclopédie de la Calcite".

Cette grotte a été découverte et explorée par Guido Goossens, Nicolas Richardeau et Patrick Soetens, trois spéléologues Gardios.

La grotte a été mise en protection totale par la commune en étant "grotte témoin".

C'est à l'heure actuelle la seule grotte en France conservée dans son état vierge de découverte. Son exploration est toujours en cours.

 plus d'une dizaine de dolmens du Néolithique sont encore présents dans les bois de Barjac. Ils sont classés au titre des monuments historiques depuis 1889 ;
 des vestiges d'origine romaine viennent en grande partie du domaine gallo-romain de Malhac situé dans la plaine de Barjac et redécouvert dans les années 1860, notamment par Léon Allègre. On trouve ainsi de nombreuses sculptures d'origine romaine (pour la plupart d'entre elles) et incluses dans les murs des maisons comme la « maison dite des comédiens » derrière l'ancienne mairie, dont un lion ailé garde la porte ;
 l'ancien système d'adduction d'eau (aqueduc, réservoirs, fontaines) ;
 la commune a hérité d'un patrimoine riche de nombreux hôtels particuliers, ornés de façades travaillées ;
 des vestiges des anciens remparts de la ville construits en 1379 (porte basse de la ville par exemple) restent visibles dans certaines rues ;
 le château des comtes du Roure date du début du  ; il a été restauré par la suite. Il est inscrit au titre des monuments historiques depuis le . La mairie de Barjac y est installée depuis 2008 ;
 l'escalier monumental de la Calade.

À cela s'ajoutent un patrimoine religieux monumental :
 la chapelle du couvent des Capucins de Barjac ;
 l'église Saint-Laurent ;
 le monastère des Capucins et son parc qui abrite l'une des plus vieilles bambouseraies de France ;
 la chapelle de la Plaine ;
 La chapelle Notre-Dame.

Patrimoine environnemental
Les « pelouses de Champ de Bagnol » constituent une zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ZNIEFF) de type 1 de  au sud du village. Ce site naturel, ainsi que la totalité du périmètre communal, sont inclus dans une zone naturelle plus large, les « plateaux calcaires méridionaux du bas vivarais », ZNIEFF de type 2.

Patrimoine culturel
Son marché provençal se déroule le vendredi et s'étend sur presque la totalité de Barjac.

Une grande partie du film documentaire de Jean-Paul Jaud, Nos enfants nous accuseront, a été tournée à Barjac.

Personnalités liées à la commune
 Anselm Kiefer (né en 1945), artiste contemporain allemand, avait installé en 1993 son atelier La Ribaute dans une ancienne friche industrielle. Il a quitté la commune pour Croissy-Beaubourg, en Seine-et-Marne, en 2009.
 Jens Boettcher, artiste sculpteur, ancien professeur à l'École régionale des beaux-arts de Besançon, est installé près de Barjac.
 James Climent, dirigeant du Parti pirate (PP), vit à Barjac.

Héraldique

Pour approfondir

Bibliographie
 Archives municipales, revues municipales 2000 à 2009

Article connexe
 Liste des communes du Gard

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes et cartes
 Notes

 Cartes

Références

Site de l'Insee

Autres sources

Commune dans le Gard
Commune dans l'arrondissement d'Alès

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The derailed train blocked the line between Ústí and Prague, traffic is resumed
Sugar Mizzy August 19, 2021
The operation of long-distance and regional trains was stopped shortly after 5 pm. "The extent of the damage is being determined. The time of resumption of operation will be updated according to the procedure of clearing work," the tracks state. According to the specification, the interruption of the operation was to last all morning.
Alternative bus transport is being introduced in a large number of cars. However, we are still looking for more.
Assumption of interruption of operation is at least all morning.
– PID (@PIDoficialni) August 19, 2021
At 8.05 a.m., traffic was resumed along the first track, and an accident investigation is underway on the second. Eventually, clearing and repair work will begin. The concrete sleepers and the entrance signal are damaged, informs the Railway Administration. Shortly after 9 o'clock, the operation was gradually resumed in full.
According to Sparava, the railways derailed four lorries at the entrance to the Nelahozeves station. "The cause is an investigation," the organization said on Twitter. No one was injured in the accident, the material damage is not yet known.
The woman died in a train crash in Domažlice. Her kind was now poisoned by drugs
Read the article ›
According to the transport organizer, Ropid provides alternative bus transport in a sufficient number of cars. Passengers can use regular PID lines
466: Kralupy nad Vltavou – Nelahozeves – Nové Ouholice – Spomyšl – Mělník
496: Kralupy nad Vltavou – Nelahozeves – Nové Ouholice
617: Kralupy nad Vltavou – Nelahozeves chateau – Nové Ouholice
An alternative bus service runs through the stops
Kralupy nad Vltavou – built Kralupy nad Vltavou, railway station
Nelahozeves chateau – built. Nelahozeves
Nelahozeves – in zast. Nelahozeves in Chestnut
Nové Ouholice – built Nova Ves, Nove Ouholice
Silent tails – at the underpass at the train station
Vraňany – in stop Vraňany, railway station
A similar event occurred on Wednesday, August 4, when a freight train derailed Kralup nad Vltavou. The complete closure of the line took 30 hours, the full resumption of operation did not occur until three days later.
‹ Exhibition of St. Ludmile: He will present the life of a saint on Peace Square	› The Netherlands is tightening entry restrictions for passengers from Bulgaria, Norway and Croatia
'Russian' manicure and doll lips: how beauty treatments from post-Soviet countries are taking over the US

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How do you make a showy product like chrysanthemums look just a little bit more special? That was the question grower Beyond Chrysant asked design bureau Mirakuleus and Van der Windt Verpakking. The result: a beautiful flower collar.
Beyond Chrysant is one of the most renowned chrysanthemum growers. It is an innovative family business with premises in Hoek van Holland and Naaldwijk. Beyond Chrysant pays considerable attention to the presentation of their high-quality product – the Zembla and Baltica varieties of chrysanthemum. The new collar is a good example of this. It's not only its unique look that makes it an eye-catching addition. The collar also increases the packing capacity and protects the flowers. Mirakuleus was responsible for the design, Van der Windt/Olsthoorn Verpakkingen for the intensive guidance that resulted in a perfect translation of the design into an outstanding product. Are we proud of the end result? You can count on it!
If you have any questions call Paul Endhoven, Sales Horticulture, on +31 (0) 174636229, or e-mail paul.endhoven@vanderwindt.com.


text:
Reiman ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 István Reiman (1927–2012), ungarischer Mathematiker
 Leonid Dododschonowitsch Reiman (* 1957), russischer Politiker
 Martin I. Reiman (* 1953), US-amerikanischer Mathematiker
 Michal Reiman (1930–2023), tschechischer Historiker und Politologe, Augenzeuge des Prager Frühlings
 Pavel Reiman (1902–1976), tschechischer Germanist, Redakteur, Literaturhistoriker und Schriftsteller
 Villem Reiman (1861–1917), estnischer Geistlicher und Kulturhistoriker

Siehe auch:
 Kulturhaus Reiman in Linz
 Satz von Reiman, Lehrsatz aus dem mathematischen Teilgebiet der Kombinatorik
 Reimann
 Ryman


text:
Q: Python - after a certain if loop repeat a certain part of the code I'm writing a script for a CFD visualization programm which got an interface with python.
I created a generic dialog where the user can put in some values. Now I want to repeat that dialog if the input is false (which just means that one variable is bigger than the other):
items = []
items.append(['text',ITEM_TEXT,"Automatically save the evaluation in data file(s)\n",""])
items.append(['text',ITEM_TEXT,"Determine the range of timesteps that you want to save:",""])
items.append(['step_begin',ITEM_INT,"Start timestep:","Start timestep",first_step,first_step,timesteps])
items.append(['step_end',ITEM_INT,"End timestep:","End timestep",timesteps,first_step,timesteps])
a = CeiQtGenericDialog(items,None,"Save evaluation","Ok","Cancel")
ret = a.doit()

if (ret > 0):
    for i in a.getValues():
        if (i=='step_begin'):
            begin = a.getValue(i)
        if (i=='step_end'):
            end = a.getValue(i)

    if (begin > end):
        items2 = []
        items2.append(['text',ITEM_TEXT,"Start timestep must be smaller than end timestep!!",""])
        a = CeiQtGenericDialog(items2,None,"Error","Ok","Cancel")
        ret = a.doit()

        if (ret > 0):
            ????

In a.getValues() there are stored the values of the generic dialog before. Now in the last if I want to jump back to the generic dialog before. In other words I want to repeat the code starting from a certain line so the user can repeat entering "step_begin" and "step_end" in the generic dialog before, how is that possible?
EDIT/
if the user clicks OK in the generic dialog ret gets the value 1 if the user clicks cancel ret gets the value 0

A: I think You should repeat whole this part while You don't get result You are expected for
while True:
    a = CeiQtGenericDialog(items,None,"Save evaluation","Ok","Cancel")
    ret = a.doit()

    if (ret < 0):
        break # if cancel dialog will not proceed data analysis
    for i in a.getValues():
        if (i=='step_begin'):
            begin = a.getValue(i)
        if (i=='step_end'):
            end = a.getValue(i)

    if (begin < end):
        break # if everything is ok move out
    items2 = []
    items2.append(['text',ITEM_TEXT,"Start timestep must be smaller than end timestep!!",""])
    a = CeiQtGenericDialog(items2,None,"Error","Ok","Cancel")
    ret = a.doit()
        if ret < 0:
           break # if cancel dialog will not proceed data analysis

A: I would use a while loop as follows:
begin = 0
end = -1
ret = 1
while (begin > end and ret > 0):
    items = []
    items.append(['text',ITEM_TEXT,"Automatically save the evaluation in data file(s)\n",""])
    items.append(['text',ITEM_TEXT,"Determine the range of timesteps that you want to save:",""])
    items.append(['step_begin',ITEM_INT,"Start timestep:","Start timestep",first_step,first_step,timesteps])
    items.append(['step_end',ITEM_INT,"End timestep:","End timestep",timesteps,first_step,timesteps])
    a = CeiQtGenericDialog(items,None,"Save evaluation","Ok","Cancel")
    ret = a.doit()

    if (ret > 0):
        for i in a.getValues():
            if (i=='step_begin'):
                begin = a.getValue(i)
            if (i=='step_end'):
                end = a.getValue(i)

        if (begin > end):
            items2 = []
            items2.append(['text',ITEM_TEXT,"Start timestep must be smaller than end timestep!!",""])
            a = CeiQtGenericDialog(items2,None,"Error","Ok","Cancel")
            ret = a.doit()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Recap: Joanne Hovis Webinar
by Caitlin Schwartz | Apr 20, 2017 | Digital Inclusion News
On March 31, 2017 Joanne Hovis, President of CTC Technology & Energy presented a webinar that chronicled the history of broadband- starting from the days of copper wires and progressing through today's fiber optics and future 5G wireless connections. Hovis described how the technologies have impacted consumers and businesses alike through amazing storytelling and brings to life the birth and the future of broadband technology.
Here is the diagram that Hovis used during her presentation:
Hovis' discussion began with the advent of the commercial internet two decades ago. Beginning in 1995-96. Hovis showed us the humble beginnings of 50 Kbps dial up internet in the mid-1990s. That is substantially slower than technology today. She identified that there are 3 main markets that internet providers target:
Residential Market
Small/Medium Business Market
Enterprise Market
The residential market is the market that most consumers belong to. Occasionally, the Small/Medium business market is grouped with the residential market due to size. The enterprise market refers to larger entities like schools, libraries, governments, hospitals, and other big dollar customers.
After describing the markets, Hovis went on to describe the advent of the dial-up era.
During the late 1990s, thousands of dial-up Internet Service Providers (ISPs) popped up, and there was a lot of commercial excitement. For those who are not aware, dial-up Internet was a form of internet that used telephone lines to deliver internet service. It was now that people started to recognize the emerging market. After dial-up, the birth of broadband internet started with the creation of the cable modem.
The major innovation that accompanied the cable modem was Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification, otherwise known as DOCSIS. This allowed connections to go 2 ways, which allowed cable systems to become an internet platform. This is key, because the cable system has a much more capable infrastructure than the copper networks of old.
Then, cable companies could use coaxial cables as a broadband medium. Coaxial cables are the wires that connect your modem to the other wires outside of the building. These coaxial cables gave the cable industry an advantage over the phone industry.
In response to this, the phone industry developed digital subscriber line (DSL) technology. Today, even the best DSL networks (with support) can get to decent broadband speeds. Though, few companies decide to fully commit to DSL adoption.
Hovis told us that DSL was not developed as a broadband technology. For phone companies to get faster speeds, they must abandon DSL and build more fiber. This means an entire infrastructure upgrade. Some telephone companies had started to do this, but then backed off due to costs.
The cable industry has a more capable medium/infrastructure. Hybrid fiber coaxial networks are vastly superior to the copper networks. The nature of how networks were built in the first place was a disadvantage to the copper networks. Video as a product was only though of as entertainment, so businesses typically did not purchase the video products.
When the cable networks were built they were built in residential and not in business areas. When cable became a source of broadband, some commercial districts did not have cable service and thus no access to cable broadband service. Small businesses suffer and "mom and pop" stores suffer from lack of broadband competition.
When cable networks were built, they were regulated by local governments and regulated. The cable industry had to build networks everywhere in a residential community with certain population densities, not just big profit areas. This was huge as it allowed many people in metropolitan areas to access to cable broadband service. If not for local governments and their "franchise agreements", this would not have been possible. Hovis said that this was a positive benefit to the community and industry.
On the opposite side, cable modems and networks were rarely deployed in rural areas. Investments in small town networks have been poor compared to metro areas.
From an urban standpoint, Hovis says that the core challenge is the small business. It's not something that is caught in mapping efforts. A lot of small businesses don't have access to cable infrastructure, only DSL. The concern is a lack of continuing investment in DSL. If DSL is the only viable competitor to the cable modem service, it must be able to perform effectively. However, DSL networks are generally old and have not all been upgraded.
Hovis said that fiber theoretically has unlimited capabilities. It can expand to encompass as much bandwidth as necessary and currently, we even have 10 Gigabit per second (Gbps) products available in some places (though demand may not be there yet).
Fiber is not cheap. Google Fiber has slowed its expansion plans recently, but even so, Google's pricing of a 1 Gbps service has become the benchmark price for similar services elsewhere. Google has made it so gigabit speeds aren't costing thousands of dollars. Google has done one of the best things for consumers – create competition.
Hovis then transferred to the wireless side of the broadband issue. On the diagram, the green oval for LTE Advanced refers to many things, which are all hyped as the new 5G service. These are all technologies that are expected to emerge around 2020. These innovations are wireless, but will require fiber connections every block or every few blocks in some neighborhoods to function.
Competition is necessary for broadband prices to stay low. This is especially important for low income areas where broadband is not available and consumers are relying on mobile data services. The data caps that cellular providers impose on many contracts could be used up very quickly if videos are watched. Families could not use mobile data on a consistent basis due to this.
Potential mergers between phone and cable companies have been discussed. Hovis said that with our current administration, the FCC and Justice Department are likely to be friendlier to merger applications. Mergers between cable and phone companies could decimate competition, and not only that, but it could also decimate emerging competitions in the broadband marketplace.
Overall, Hovis gave a wonderful presentation on the past and future of broadband internet. I recommend that everyone watch her full webinar here.


text:
Blackhawks come back to top Leafs in shootout 5-4
News // Sports
MATT CARLSON, Associated Press
Chicago Blackhawks left wing Richard Panik (14) celebrates his goal during the third period of an NHL hockey game against the Toronto Maple Leafs, Saturday, Oct. 22, 2016, in Chicago. (AP Photo/Jeff Haynes)
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Referee Brad Meier (34) checks on Chicago Blackhawks right wing Patrick Kane (88) who took a high stick to the face during the overtime period of an NHL hockey game against the Toronto Maple Leafs, Saturday, Oct. 22, 2016, in Chicago. (AP Photo/Jeff Haynes)
10of11 Show MoreShow Less
CHICAGO (AP) — The Blackhawks found themselves down two goals late in the third period before capitalizing on two mistakes by Toronto to force overtime and win in a shootout.
Jonathan Toews and Artemi Panarin scored in the shootout to give Chicago a 5-4 win over the Maple Leafs on Saturday night.
Artem Anisimov scored his second goal of the game on a rebound with 2:28 left to cut it to 4-3, then Richard Panik knocked in a loose puck in front of the goal 60 seconds later.
"We needed it," Toews said. "It wasn't pretty for a while there in the third sometimes. It looked like wherever we were going they were there and shut us down. Everything was going against us again."
But Anisimov connected as Blackhawks goalie Scott Darling was heading to the bench for an extra attacker. Darling was on the bench when Panik tied it with his team-leading sixth goal.
"We found a way to score a couple late ones," coach Joel Quenneviille said. "We're certainly fortunate to come back in a game like that.
"That was a little different way of going about it."
Toronto rookie William Nylander scored twice for his first multi-goal game, with the 20-year-old's second goal putting the Maple Leafs ahead 4-2 early in the third. But Toronto blew a lead in the final period for the third straight game and dropped its third straight, going 0-1-2 on a road trip.
And the Maple Leafs failed again to win at Chicago for the first time since February 2003.
"I thought we made two mistakes down the stretch," coach Mike Babcock said. "I didn't think we were on our heels at all. It was two blatant ones there, too. You can't give those up."
James van Riemsdyk scored a tie-breaking goal late in the second period and Tyler Bozak also connected for Toronto. Rookie Auston Matthews, the NHL's top 2016 draft pick, set up both of Nylander's goals and had the lone Toronto goal in the shootout.
"You just try to get open and he finds you pretty well there," Nylander said.
And Babcock and the Leafs weren't totally upset in settling for one point.
"All in all, I'm very pleased with the way we played here," Babcock said. "I thought Matthews had some great shifts. I think we're going in the right direction trending the right way."
Rookie Tyler Motte also scored for Chicago. Motte connected for the second straight game after getting his first NHL goal in a 3-2 loss at Columbus on Friday.
Chicago's Brian Campbell had three assists.
Toronto's Frederik Andersen made 31 saves through overtime. Darling blocked 30 shots.
Chicago forward Marian Hossa returned to the lineup after missing Friday's game. He scored his 500th NHL goal in a 7-4 win over Philadelphia on Tuesday, but left in the third period after blocking a shot.
Anisimov opened the scoring 3:36 in, completing a 2-on-1 break created when Panarin beat Nazem Kadri with a nifty move after entering the Toronto zone.
Bozak tied it 1-all with 14 seconds left in the first on a deflection from the slot despite being covered. Jake Gardiner's low shot ticked off Bozak's stick.
Nylander's power-play goal at 9:28 second put Toronto ahead 2-1.
Motte tied it 2-all 1:40 later. Andersen stopped Motte's initial deflection of Campbell's shot, but Motte batted in the rebound.
Van Riemsdyk made it 3-2 with 1:44 left in the second when he swept in a loose rebound from the edge of the crease.
Nylander connected again 4:46 into the third period, firing into a half-open net from the slot after taking Matthews' slick feed to make it 4-2.
NOTES: Blackhawks D Trevor van Riemsdyk, James' brother, will miss about a month with an upper-body injury, coach Joel Quenneville said before the game. The defenseman left Friday's game in Columbus in the second period, holding his right arm after crashing into the net. He appeared in 82 games last season, but van Riemsdyk was a healthy scratch for three games following Chicago's season opener and returned to the lineup against the Blue Jackets. ... Quenneville said there's no change in F Andrew Desjardins' (lower-body) status and doesn't know when he'll resume skating. ... Toronto D Martin Marincin (lower body) missed his second game.
Maple Leafs: Return home to face Tampa Bay on Tuesday.
Blackhawks: Face Calgary at home on Monday.
MATT CARLSON


What were Slave Plantations? Definition of Slave Plantations: Slave Plantations can be defined as large farms in the colonies that used the enforced labor of slaves to harvest cotton, rice, indigo, sugar, tobacco and other farm produce for trade and export. Typical Slave Plantations ranged from 500 to 1,000 acres and each acre produced about 5,000 plants. Slave Plantations were vital to the profitability of the large farms located in the Southern colonies in Colonial America.
The agriculture system based on Slave Plantations was implemented in the Southern Colonies during the Colonial period. The five Southern Colonies who introduced the system of Slave Plantations were composed of the Maryland Colony, Virginia Colony, North Carolina Colony, South Carolina Colony and the Georgia Colony. The reason that Slave Plantations sprang up in the South was due to the geography and climate of the Southern colonies.
The slave trade started in West Africa when unfortunate men and women were forcibly dragged from their homelands and forced on to the slave ships. The slave ships followed a terrible 3000 mile route called the Middle passage to the West Indies and later to America. This Atlantic trade route was part of the English policy of Colonialism, Mercantilism and Triangular Trade. One the slaves had reached the areas of the Slave Plantations they were sold at slave auctions.
The economy of the Slave plantations were based on a system of agricultural mass production requiring a large labor force. Southern Slave Plantations were labor intensive requiring thousands of slaves across the southern colonies. There was no machinery to help the slaves and only oxen and horses for power - and these were in short supply. Vast areas of land areas had to be cleared for planting and crops had to be sewn and harvested by hand. Cheap labor was essential for the Slave Plantations to become profitable. Tobacco, rice, cotton, sugar cane and indigo were valuable plants and grown as cash crops.
The owners of the large Slave Plantations were called planters and belonged to the planter aristocracy of the Southern Colonies. The owners of the Southern Slave Plantations were often the younger sons of British landowners, who perpetuated the English system of the 'landed gentry'. These wealthy owners emulated the lifestyle of the noble aristocracy and gentlemen farmers of England. The planters used some of their slaves as household servants. The houses of the planter aristocracy lived in Georgian style mansions often featuring frontages with Grecian style columns and large verandas.
On the large Southern Slave Plantations the owners relied heavily on overseers to run their Slave Plantations. Overseers were men hired by planters to manage and direct the work of slaves. Overseers were usually from the white, badly educated lower class - totally different from the refined plantation owners. The overseers were under considerable pressure from the plantation owners to maximize profits. In order to meet the requirements of the owners the overseers used fear to motivate the slaves and increase productivity. The punishments used by the overseers against slaves included the use of the cart-whip. The the role of the overseer in the Slave Plantations gained scant respect - they were looked down upon by the owners and slaves alike.
Life on the Slave Plantations in some ways emulated the life of a small village. Some of the Slave Plantations were massive and consisted of the main house or mansion, slave quarters, a dairy, blacksmith's shop, laundry, smokehouse and barns which made the Slave Plantations to large degree, self-sufficient. Crops were traded for items that could not be produced on the Slave Plantations. These items included farm tools, expensive textiles and furnishings, shoes, lace, and dishes. Slaves, both men and women, worked all year round undertaking back breaking work for up to 18 hours per day. The women were compelled to do as much as the men even if they were pregnant. The use of slaves kept the costs down on the Slave Plantations. The plantation slaves lived in basic, crude wooden cabins consisting of one or two rooms, often with a dirt floor, in the slave quarters.
Discover interesting information and facts via this history timeline of Slave Plantations in the Southern Colonies.
1607 The first permanent colony in America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia.
1664 Maryland mandates lifelong servitude for all black slaves. The other Southern colonies of New York, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Virginia all pass similar laws.
1705 In Virginia Slaves are described as real estate and allows slave owners to bequeath their slaves. The same law allowed slave owners to "kill and destroy" runaway slaves.
1708 Slaves outnumber colonists in South Carolina.
1790 The Census reveals that there are nearly 700,000 slaves in a nation of 3.9 million people.


In-house jewelry designer Jude Wroblewski shows you how to use sanding sticks and sanding rolls that come in multiple grits to help you refine non-ferrous metals, wood and polymer clay jewelry creations.
The sanding sticks and rolls are available in 240-, 600- and 1000-grit.
Use the desired grit to sand down non-ferrous metals, wood or polymer clay. Once one side of the stick is worn down, simply peel off the top layer to reveal a new layer. Each sanding stick has four layers on each side for a total of eight layers of sandpaper.
The sanding sticks have a convenient handle for holding. To reduce fatigue, the sticks may be secured to a working surface.
The sanding sticks also work on Shrinky Dinks® plastic after it has been baked.
Use a sanding roll with Foredom® or Jooltool™ flex shaft to get into rounded areas such as rings or tubes.


The Camera|Camera's zoom is defined as the distance in studs between the Camera/CFrame and it's Camera/Focus.
This function was previously used by Roblox's core scripts to zoom the Camera in and out. It cannot be accessed by developers.
Currently, the default camera scripts handle Camera zooming and do not use this function.
You can use Player/CameraMinZoomDistance and Player/CameraMaxZoomDistance properties to constrain the Camera|Camera's zoom. StarterPlayer also includes these properties, allowing them to be set for all new Player|Players.


Citation: Chingcuanco, D.L. 2017. Fast neutron radiation induced Glu-B1 deficient lines of an elite bread wheat variety. Triticeae Genomics and Genetics. 8(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.5376/tgg.2017.08.0001.
Interpretive Summary: The mixing properties of the dough are critical in the production of bread and other food products derived from wheat. The high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) are flour proteins that are major determinants of wheat dough processing qualities. Different HMW-GS differ in their effects on dough quality. To determine how this occurs, lines deficient in HMW-GS proteins were generated by fast-neutron radiation mutagenesis in a commercially grown bread wheat Triticum aestivum variety "Summit". Five independent lines deficient in HMW-GS Bx17 and By18 proteins encoded by the Glu-B1 locus were identified by profiling the protein contents of seeds from the mutagenized population. Polymerase chain reaction gene primers designed to be specific for Bx17 and By18 showed that these genes were missing in these mutant lines. These lines will facilitate the development not only of different varieties of wheat with defined dough functionality for specific end-use but also varieties that could be safer to consume by people with gluten-sensitivities.
Technical Abstract: Five isogenic wheat lines deficient in high-molecular weight subunit (HMW-GS) proteins encoded by the B-genome were identified from a fast-neutron radiation-mutagenized population of Summit, an elite variety of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The mutant lines differ from the wild-type progenitor by the absence of the HMW-GS Bx17 and By18 proteins. Gene specific primers designed for Bx17 and By18 genes failed to generate the diagnostic amplicons in the mutant lines. Assays using the iSelect Illumina Wheat 90K SNP arrays revealed that the induced deletions in these lines ranged from 5.58 to 127.47 cM. Isogenic wheat lines deficient in the different HMW-GS proteins will allow the determination of the contributions of these different genes to dough quality. This new germplasm will serve as genetic tools to generate healthier wheat varieties with altered dough performance for diverse end-uses.


Calendar Dates/Locations Events are traditionally held in Orange County CA, however for medium or large groups, classes can be provided outside of California through special arrangements.
Events below are updated constantly as we recommend keeping informed thru email subscription at freeingwinds@earthlink.net Simply make class/event request in your email reply to keep you posted with all activity as we will honor the removal and privacy from email list any time. We are a low volume email subscriber with blind carbon copy to mail groups thus keeping confidentiality. We also do not share information with data base organization and all e-mails are scanned virus free. Also, to verify class cancellations you may email freeingwinds@earthlink.net or call (949) 235-4847 for updates.
Free Reiki Healing nights start in fall the the first Sunday of every month from 10:45 PM to 12:30 PM -RSVP for directions.
. . .Chiflows.com. . ..


text:
The Congregation of Christian Brothers (; abbreviated CFC) is a worldwide religious community within the Catholic Church, founded by Blessed Edmund Rice.

Their first school was opened in Waterford, Ireland, in 1802. At the time of its foundation, though much relieved from the harshest of the Penal Laws by the Parliament's Relief Acts, UK Catholics faced much discrimination throughout the newly created United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland pending full Catholic emancipation in 1829.

This congregation is sometimes referred to as simply "the Christian Brothers", leading to confusion with the De La Salle Brothers—also known as the Christian Brothers (sometimes by Lasallian organisations themselves). As such, Rice's congregation is sometimes called the Irish Christian Brothers or the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers.

History

Formation of The Christian brothers

At the turn of the nineteenth century, Waterford merchant Edmund Rice considered travelling to Rome to join a religious institute, possibly the Augustinians. Instead, with the support of Thomas Hussey, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, he decided to found a religious community dedicated to teaching disadvantaged youth.

The first school, on Waterford's New Street, was a converted stable and opened in 1802, with a second school opening in Stephen Street soon after to cater for increasing enrollment. Two men from his hometown of Callan, Thomas Grosvenor and Patrick Finn, soon arrived to aid Rice in his makeshift schools, with the intention of living the life of lay brothers. In the same year, Rice used proceeds from the sale of his victualling business to begin building a community house and school on land provided by the diocese. Bishop Hussey opened the new complex, christened "Mount Sion" on June 7, 1803, and pupils were transferred to the new school building the following year. The reputation of the school spread and across the next few years several men sought to become "Michaels".

On 15 August 1808 seven men, including Edmund Rice, took religious promises under Bishop John Power of Waterford. Following the example of Nano Nagle's Presentation Sisters, they were called "Presentation Brothers".  This was one of the first congregations of men to be founded in Ireland and one of the few founded in the Church by a layman.

Houses were soon opened in Carrick-on-Suir, Dungarvan, and in 1811, in Cork. In 1812 the Archbishop of Dublin established a community in the nation's capital and by 1907 there were ten communities in Dublin, with pupils in excess of 6,000. The schools included primary, secondary and technical schools, along with orphanages and a school for the deaf. A community was founded in Limerick in 1816, followed by establishments in several of Ireland's principal towns.

The Holy See formally established the congregation in 1820. This, too, was an unusual event, since the Christian Brothers were the first Irish congregation of men approved by a charter from Rome.

Some brothers in Cork chose to remain under the original Presentation rule and continued to be known as Presentation Brothers, a separate congregation but also recognising Edmund Rice as its Founder.

Expansion

The  congregation of Irish Christian Brothers spread to Liverpool and other parts of England. These new ventures were not always immediately successful. Two brothers had been sent to Gibraltar to establish an institute in 1835. However, despite initial successes they left in August 1837 on account of disagreements with the local priests. In 1878 the Brothers returned  to the then Crown colony of Gibraltar. The school eventually flourished supplying education to the twentieth century. The "Line Wall College" was noted in 1930 for the education that it supplied to "well to do" children.

Similarly, a mission to Sydney, Australia, in 1842 failed within a couple of years. Brother Ambrose Treacy established a presence in Melbourne, Australia in 1868, in 1875 in Brisbane, Australia and, in 1876, a school was commenced in Dunedin, New Zealand. In 1875 a school was opened in St. John's, Newfoundland.  In 1886 the Pope requested that they consider setting up in India, and a province of the congregation was established there.

In 1900, there came the invitation to establish houses in Rome, and in 1906 schools were established in New York City. In 1940 Iona College was founded in New York, as a Higher Education College, facilitating poorer high school graduates to progress to a college education.

St. Joseph's Junior Novitiate, Baldoyle was where trainee brothers went to complete their second level studies, normally proceeding to St. Mary's in Marino to train as school teachers. To-day there is a nursing home there, and there are over 1000 brothers buried in the cemetery in St. Patrick's, Baldoyle.

In 1925 the brothers bought St. Helen's, Booterstown which became their administrative headquarters and novitiate. Around 1968, land to the South was used to build two new schools Coláiste Eoin and Coláiste Íosagáin. St. Helen's was sold in 1988.

In 1955 Stella Maris College in Uruguay was established. In 1972 the alumnus rugby team was travelling in Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 when it crashed in the Andes, stranding survivors in freezing conditions with little food and no heat for 72 days; 16 of the 45 people on the aircraft survived.

In the 1950s, due to the number of brothers in Ireland, it was split into two sections divided into North and South by a line from Dublin to Galway.

In 1967 the Christian Brothers had a membership of about 5,000, teaching in around 600 schools.

The Christian Brothers teacher training centre at St. Mary's/Colaiste Mhuire, has become the Marino Institute for Education which has trained lay teachers since 1972 and has offered degrees validated by the University of Dublin since 1974. In 2012 Trinity College Dublin became a co-trustee with the Brothers of the Institute.

The Brothers' schools include primary, secondary and technical schools, orphanages and schools for the deaf. A number of these technical schools originally taught poor children trades, such as carpentry and building skills, after which they could progress to gain apprenticeships and employment. As the National School system and vocational schools developed in the Irish Republic, the Irish Christian Brothers became more concentrated on secondary education.

Contraction
As of 2018, there were 872 Christian Brothers and 172 houses.

In 2008 it was reported that not more than ten Christian Brothers were teaching in Irish schools, with the expectation that there would soon be none. This was contrasted with the mid-1960s, when over 1,000 Brothers worked in schools, with no shortage of new recruits.

Organizational structure of the Christian Brothers

Geographically, the Christian Brothers are divided into several provinces that encompass every inhabited continent. The brothers within each province work under the direction of a Province Leadership Team. In turn, the entire Congregation operates under the leadership of a Congregation Leadership Team that is based in Rome (and led by the Congregation Leader). These provincial and congregational teams are elected on a six-year basis at Congregation chapters.

Restructuring has taken place in the congregation to account for the changing needs, in particular the declining number of brothers in the developed world. The three provinces of North America (Canada, Eastern American, and Western American Province) restructured into the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers North America on 1 July 2005.  The provinces that cover Ireland, Great Britain and the Congregational Leadership Team in Rome combined into a single European province on May 5, 2007, while the five provinces covering Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea combined into one Oceania province on October 1, 2007,  The English Province is a registered charity. The Dublin Headquarters are in the grounds of Marino Institute of Education, Claremont, Griffith Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland.

A special community within this new European province will be based in Geneva, Switzerland, working to establish an NGO known as Edmund Rice International. The purpose of such an organisation is to gain what is known as a "general consultative status" with the United Nations. "This position allows groups the opportunity to challenge systemic injustice and to engage in advocacy work with policymakers on behalf of people who are made poor." As well as including Christian Brothers from provinces all over the world, members of the Presentation Brothers will also have a presence within this community.

Edmund Rice Development is a faith-based non-governmental organisation with charity status in Ireland.  Based in Dublin, Edmund Rice Development was established in 2009, to formalise the fundraising efforts of the developing world projects for the Christian Brothers globally and received its charitable status in 2009.  Funding raised by the charity is directed mainly to nine countries in Africa, where The Christian Brothers work on mission in development: Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In Kenya, they support the Ruben Centre  Additional funds are also raised for similar work in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay) and India.

List of Superiors General
The following is a list of the Superiors General of the Congregation of Christian Brothers. In recent times, "Congregational Leader" has been the title used.
 Edmund Ignatius Rice (1820 – 1838)
 Michael Paul Riordan (1838 – 1862)
 James Aloysius Hoare (1862 – 1880)
 Richard Anthony Maxwell (1880 - 1900)
 Michael Titus Moylan (1900 - 1905)
 Calasanctius Whitty(1905 - 1920)
 Jerome Hennessy (1920 - 1930)
 Joseph Pius Noonan (1930 - 1950)
 Edward Ferdinand Clancy (1950 - 1966)
 Arthur Austin Loftus (1966 - 1972)
 Justin Linus Kelty (1972 – 1978)
 Gerald Gabriel McHugh (1978 – 1990)
 Jerome Colm Keating (1990 – 1997)
 Edmund Michael Garvey (1997 – 2002)
 Philip Pinto (2002 – 2014)
 Hugh O'Neill (2014 – 2019)
 Gabriel Cardillo (2019-present)

Irish nationalism

The Irish Christian Brothers were among the strongest supporters of Irish republicanism, the Irish language revival, the Gaelic Athletic Association, and Gaelic games. In most Christian Brothers' schools in Ireland, Gaelic football, hurling and handball were encouraged and there were even examples of boys being punished for playing "foreign games", like soccer. Many GAA clubs were founded by Christian Brothers, many developing from schools teams, with many GAA clubs using the playing fields of the brothers' schools. They also run and sponsor The Rice Cup which was set up in 1944, and named after the order's founder, for post-primary hurling. They also sponsor the Westcourt Cup and Rice Shield. Many of the first Irish language textbooks were produced by the Christian brothers for their schools. Conor Cruise O'Brien called them "the most indefatigable and explicit carriers" of the Catholic nation idea.

Sexual abuse of children

In the late 20th and early 21st century many cases were exposed of emotional, physical and sexual abuse of children in the Christian Brothers' care over a number of decades. Cases emerged in Ireland, Canada, the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom.

Australia
The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse documented Christian Brothers activities in Australia and in particular in Ballarat. 22% of Christian Brothers across Australia have been alleged sexual predators since 1950, according to the royal commission. The commissioners concluded that the Christian Brothers "completely failed... to protect the most vulnerable children in their care" and that senior brothers–including Brother Paul Nangle, Ballarat's highest Brother in the 1970s–had deliberately misled police in more recent statements about their knowledge of abuse.

There were allegations that during the 1970s sexual abuses took place at the junior campus of St Patrick's College and St Alipius Primary School in Ballarat, Victoria. After investigation, Brothers Robert Best, Edward Dowlan and Stephen Francis Farrell were all convicted of sex crimes. Dowlan and Best were later transferred to the senior campus, and continued to offend. Four of the school's brothers and their chaplain, Gerald Ridsdale, were accused of sexually assaulting children — all but one, who died before charges could be laid, have been convicted.

In December 2014, a royal commission found that "Christian Brothers leaders knew of allegations of sexual abuse of children at four Western Australian orphanages and failed to manage the homes to prevent the systemic ill-treatment for decades." During the 2016 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse in Ballarat, it was found that 853 children, average age 13, had been sexually abused by one or more Christian Brothers. Child abuse complaints had been made against 281 Christian Brothers, and the Congregation had paid A$37.3 million in compensation.

The Royal Commissions final report of Catholic Church authorities in Ballarat was released on 6th. December. The report found that 56 Christian Brothers had claims of sexual abuse made against them in Ballarat and that there "was a complete failure by the Christian Brothers to protect the most vulnerable children in their care".

The response to complaints of sexual abuse was "grossly inadequate": most often Christian Brothers were moved to new locations after an allegation had been made.

The Report found: "Often, the Christian Brother in question was allowed to remain in the position he held where the allegations arose, with continuing access to children," and "On many occasions, the Brother was moved to a new location after a complaint or allegation was made about his conduct. In some cases, the reason given for the move was to conceal the true reason for it and to protect the reputation of the Christian Brothers and avoid scandal and embarrassment."

In February 2020, Rex Francis Elmer pleaded guilty to two charges of indecently assaulting boys at St Vincent's Boys' Orphanage in South Melbourne. He was removed from St Vincent's in 1976 after a welfare officer who inspected the orphanage complained that he had "interfered with" boys who lived at the home. He was appointed headmaster of a Melbourne Catholic boys school a few years after the religious order became aware of his abuse.

Ireland and the UK

England
In December 2012, the Christian Brothers school St Ambrose College, Altrincham, Greater Manchester, was implicated in a child sex abuse case. A former lay teacher was convicted of nineteen counts of sexual assault occurring between 1972 and 1991.

Ireland
The Congregation of the Christian Brothers published full-page advertisements in newspapers in Ireland in March 1998, apologizing to former pupils who had been ill-treated whilst in their care. This advertising campaign expressed "deep regret" on behalf of the Christian Brothers and listed telephone lines which former pupils could ring if they needed help. In 2003 the Congregation brought a case against the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse seeking to prevent the Commission from naming brothers accused of child abuse. Justice Sean Ryan declared that individual alleged perpetrators of abuse would not be named unless they had already been convicted

In May 2009 a report was issued by the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (CICA) on allegations of child abuse committed on thousands of children in residential care institutions run by various religious institutes for the Irish state. This report found that sexual abuse of boys in institutions run by the Brothers was common. In response, the Irish ecclesiastical province issued a pledge to pay 161 million euros toward a fund set up to compensate male and female victims of such abuse both in their institutions and in those run by other religious institutes. , the Christian Brothers in Ireland continued to seek out-of-court settlement for historical claims initiated by survivors of sexual assault by Brothers, committed in day schools managed by the order in Ireland. Towards Healing was set up by CORI to offer therapy to survivors of clerical abuse; it is a Catholic organisation about whose independence there has been controversy. The Christian brothers in Ireland used the services of the L&P group to set up an education trust.

In late November 2009, the organization announced it would supply a €161 million (£145 million sterling) package as part of reparations for child abuse in Ireland. This includes a donation of €30 million to a government trust and €4 million donated to provide counselling services. Playing fields owned by the organisation and valued at €127 million would be transferred to joint ownership of the government and the trust that runs former Christian Brothers schools.

In 2019 former Brother John Gibson was convicted and received a prison sentence for his role in abuse in Wexford CBS in the 1980s & 1990s. On 22 June 2020, he received an additional four years after pleading guilty to a number of assault and sexual assault charges.

Scotland
In 2016 Fr. John Farrell, retired priest of the Diocese of Motherwell, the last Head teacher at St Ninian's Falkland, Fife, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. His colleague Paul Kelly, a retired teacher from Portsmouth, was given ten years; both were convicted of the physical and sexual abuse of boys between the years 1979 and 1983. More than 100 charges involving 35 boys were made. The school closed in 1983.

In 2021 The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry issued a report on the St. Ninians residential school which had been run by the Christian Brothers between 1953 and 1983.  The report concluded that the school was a "a place of abuse and deprivation" particularly from 1969 until the school closed in 1983. The Christian Brothers were able to "pursue their abusive practices with impunity" and the evidence against them was "shocking and distressing." Children in care suffered sexual, physical and emotional abuse.[

Michael Madigan, a representative for the Christian Brothers, said the congregation acknowledged with 'deepest regret' that children had been abused.

Canada
A pattern of physical and sexual abuse of more than 300 Mount Cashel Orphanage residents in St. John's, Newfoundland perpetrated by staff members, specifically members of the Christian Brothers of Ireland in Canada (CBIC), was uncovered during the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Multiple criminal investigations, a provincial Royal Commission of Inquiry (the Hughes Inquiry) and an Archdiocese of St. John's inquiry (the Winter Commission) resulted in criminal convictions and millions of dollars in court-imposed financial settlements. Compensation was provided by the Government of Newfoundland for orphanage residents who were wards of the state and several properties owned by the CBIC in Newfoundland and Labrador and other provinces were seized and liquidated.

Throughout 1989-1993 nine Christian Brothers were charged and prosecuted for various criminal offences, including sex offences against the boys of Mount Cashel orphanage.

Both the St. John's Archdiocese through the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops as well as the Congregation of Christian Brothers have since enacted policies aimed at the prevention of child sexual abuse.

In Ontario in January 1993 the Christian Brothers reached a financial settlement totaling $23 million with 700 former students who alleged abuse.

In February 2021, a British Columbia man alleged that he was sexually abused by one of the Christian Brothers, who confessed to the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary of molesting children at the Mount Cashel Orphanage in 1975.

United States
Christian Brother Robert Brouillette, who had taught at St. Laurence High School,  was arrested in April 1998 in Joliet, Illinois, for indecent solicitation of a child. He was convicted in March 2000 of 10 charges related to child pornography, fined $2,000 and sentenced to four years probation. In 2002 a civil lawsuit was filed in Cook County, Illinois, against Brouillette for sexual assault against a 21-year-old man.

In 2013 the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers' North American Province, known as Irish Christian Brothers, paid US$16.5 million to 400 victims of child sexual abuse across the US, and agreed to enforce a zero-tolerance policy for brothers accused of abuse. This followed the Brothers' filing for bankruptcy in April 2011 following rising legal costs, and leading to a reorganization settlement between creditors and the order according to the US Chapter 11 bankruptcy code.

Publications

The Christian brothers composed and published a number of text books on several subjects, many in the Irish language, which were used by their schools.

Textbooks

 Irish History Reader, Christian Brothers, M. H. Gill & Son, Dublin, 1905.
 Graiméar na Gaeidhilge, Na Bráithre Críostaí, M. H. Gill, Dublin, 1901.
 Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críosta, M.H. Mac an Ghoill agus a Mhac Teo, Baile Átha Cliath, 1960.
 Matamaitic na hArdteistiméireachta, by Tomás Ó Catháin, Na Bráithre Críostaí, 1967.
 Leaving Certificate Chemistry, Christian Brothers Congregation, Folens, Dublin, 1970?.
 Leaving Certificate Physics [translated from the Irish], Christian Brothers Congregation, Folens, Dublin, 1973.
 New Irish Grammer, Christian Brothers, published by C. J. Fallon, Dublin, 1990.
 AIDS to Irish Composition by Christian Brothers (Jerome Fitzpatrick), 1902.
 Second Book of Modern Geography, The Christian Brothers, M. H. Gill & Son, Dublin, 1904.
 Cóir ṁúinte na Gaeḋilge, leis Na Bráiṫre Críostaí, M.H. mac an Goill, Baile  áṫa cliaṫ, 1910.
 First Steps in Irish: A classic, succinct, book for learning to read, write and speak the Irish language, by L.  Cinneide, The Christian Brothers.

Our Boys

Our Boys was a magazine for boys by Christian Brothers and the Educational Company of Ireland, published from September 1914 until the 1990s. It was based on British Boys Own adventure comics, with illustrated strips and adventure stories in English and Irish. It had an overt Catholic and Irish Nationalist outlook, featuring Irish Legends, GAA figures, the Missions and Catholic juvenile organisations. Illustrator Gerrit van Gelderen contributed to the magazine.

The Educational Record
The Educational record was an annual collection of articles from Christian brother schools around the world published by them from their offices in Rome. Editors of the record include Liam Ó hAnluain and Richard Healy.

Notable Christian Brothers
 Gerald Griffin (1803–1840), Irish novelist, poet and playwright.
 John Philip Holland – inventor of the motor-powered submarine
 Paul Francis Keaney – Australian educator
 Joseph G. McKenna – American educator
 Paul Nunan – Australian educator
 Liam Ó hAnluain, (1910–1992), Irish language scholar contributed major contribution to a standard for Irish Grammer, he also served as provincial of the order.
 Blessed Edmund Ignatius Rice – founder of the Christian Brothers and the Presentation Brothers
 Thomas Munchin Keane, (1908-1989) teacher, and mathematician, wrote the first textbook for the new leaving certificate mathematics in Irish in the 1960s.
 Michael Paul Riordan – Irish early Christian Brother and second Superior General of the congregation
 Patrick Ambrose Treacy – Australian educator and leader of the first Australian community of Christian Brothers.
 Godfrey Reggio - became a film director of Koyaanisqatsi after being a brother in the US.
 Laurence (Larry) Ennis (1933-2021), served as Antrim Gaelic football team manager from 1979 to 1981
 Jerome Fitzpatrick (1878-1910) - teacher and Irish Language enthusiast, and compiled and published many early aids to teaching the Irish language.
 Seamus Damien Brennan, teacher, principal, Hurling Manager, last teaching Christian brother in Ireland.

In popular culture
 The play The Christian Brothers, first performed in 1975 and written by Ron Blair, is a one-man show depicting a Christian Brother teaching at a Catholic school in Australia in the 1950s, focusing much on the Brother's use of corporal punishment.
 In the 1985 film Lamb, Liam Neeson plays a Christian brother
 The Moving Hearts 1985 song All I Remember written by Mick Hanley, mentions Christian brothers
 The Saw Doctors 1991 single N17, refers to "when I left the Christian brother school"
 The television miniseries The Boys of St. Vincent is a fictional story based on real events of sexual abuse that took place at Mount Cashel Orphanage in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, an orphanage run by the Christian Brothers.
 The 1993 film Alive!, based Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors the 1974 book documenting the events of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, which contained rugby players from the Christian brother school Stella Maris College, Montevideo
 In 1994, the CBC released "The unforgiven: Mount Cashel, five years later,"  a documentary that profiled several of Mount Cashel's victims.
 The 2016 film Sing Street, is about a coming of age drama where a boy moves from a private fee-paying school to a Christian brother school "Synge Street"
 In 2022, an episode of the CBC television series Son of a Critch discussed the real-time impact that the initial revelations of the Mount Cashel Orphanage scandal had on Newfoundland society in the 1980s.

See also

 Catholic religious order
 Catholic spirituality
 Presentation Brothers
 Congregation of Christian Brothers in New Zealand
 Consecrated life
 List of Christian Brothers schools
 Margaret Humphreys, and The Child Migrant's Trust
 Roman Catholic sex abuse cases
 Abuse by priests in Roman Catholic orders

References

Further reading
 Davies, K. (1994) When Innocence Trembles: The Christian Brothers Orphanage Tragedy. (Angus & Robertson: Sydney)
 Normoyle, M. C. A Tree is Planted: The Life and Times of Edmund Rice (Congregation of Christian Brothers: n.l., 1976)
 Humphreys, Margaret. Empty Cradles. Corgi, 1996.

External links
 Catholic Encyclopædia
 Christian Brothers on Edmund Rice
 Edmund Rice Christian Brothers North America
 Edmund Rice Education Beyond Borders
 Edmund Rice Foundation Australia

Institutes of Catholic religious brothers
Catholic teaching orders
Catholic orders and societies
Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century
Catholic educational institutions
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Australia


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Trump's Withdrawal From Syria Is a Misguided Betrayal of the Kurds
Ian Haworth | Oct 07, 2019
D.C. Statehood Is Unfortunately Back in the News Thanks to Ignorance of Democratic Senators Rebecca Downs
AP Photo/Hussein Malla
On Sunday, President Donald Trump announced the immediate withdrawal of American military forces from positions in northern Syria. Explaining the seemingly-impulsive decision on Twitter, Trump cited the desire to "get out of these ridiculous endless wars," and that "we will fight where it is to our benefit, and only fight to win."
This decision was decried by the Kurdish-led forces who, despite being a key US ally in the defeat of ISIS in Syria, have now been left unprotected against an imminent Turkish "operation" in the territory. Led by the dictatorial tyrant President Erdogan, the Turkish regime sees the Kurdish forces in Syria as an "extension of the Kurdish rebel group fighting in Turkey," and have labeled them as terrorists. In the face of such violent rhetoric from Turkey, it is hardly surprising that the Kurds have labeled Trump's decision to pave the way for a potential bloodbath as a "stab in the back."
The first fundamental problem with Trump's decision is that his thought process seems to be primarily focused on the immediate short-term, without consideration for any long-term impact. Recent history has taught us that sudden and total withdrawal from territory in the Middle East creates a "power vacuum." This leads either to the return of our previous enemies, or the emergence of a greater foe in their place. The explosive growth of ISIS was made possible by the creation of such power vacuums. By deciding to suddenly withdraw from the region between Syria and Turkey, Donald Trump will be responsible for the new conflicts and enemies which will almost certainly rise as a result.
The second issue with this form of impulsive isolationist policy is, arguably, far more concerning. With Trump effectively signing the death warrant of the Kurdish fighters, we should recognize the fundamental moral crimes that are being committed - allies of the United States are being left to die. Lindsey Graham summed it up perfectly by stating that abandoning the Kurds would be a "stain on America's honor," and this stain would be impossible to remove. Why should current or potential allies continue to trust the United States when Trump has made it clear that any and all alliances can be destroyed at a moment's notice?
It is reasonable to have theoretical and hypothetical discussions regarding the validity of decisions to enter any military conflicts. Without the ability to turn back time, however, we cannot attempt to retrospectively right the perceived policy mistakes of the past by ignoring the reality of the current state of affairs. Such a reality includes honoring the commitments made by the United States to its allies, as well as a moral duty to protect those who have fought alongside us from the outcome of our own political and military actions.
Those who cheer Trump's decision to withdraw troops from the region must look beyond the understandable - yet selfish - desire to protect the immediate interests of the United States, and consider what it means to be an American on the world stage. If Trump continues to betray allies who have made the ultimate sacrifice in the pursuit of common goals and, in the case of the Kurds, leave them to be slaughtered in the aftermath, then the United States will soon find themselves alone. While isolationists may welcome such a scenario, it is naivety of the highest order to believe that we can continue to abandon our allies - and thereby provide a rallying call for our enemies - without having to face the consequences.
Tags: FOREIGN POLICY SYRIA
States Sue to Stop Biden's Assault on Retirement Savings Katie Pavlich


Richard Eyre's beautiful production provides the perfect setting for Verdi's opera a about courtesan who sacrifices all for love. Alfredo Germont and the courtesan Violetta Valéry fall in love at a party in Violetta's Paris salon. Alfredo is determined to cure Violetta of her tuberculosis, and the couple leave Paris and begin a contented life in the country. But Violetta's happiness is destroyed when Alfredo's father Giorgio Germont pays her a visit. Violetta's scandalous relationship with Alfredo is jeopardizing Giorgio Germont's daughter's engagement, and Germont persuades Violetta to leave his son. Heartbroken, Violetta promises not to tell Alfredo why. Alfredo is stunned when Violetta disappears, and decides she must have left him from self-interest. He confronts her at a Paris party and leaves her. Only when Violetta is dying does he learn the truth.


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A CAD Display for Blind and Visually Impaired Users
By Rose Barfield 3 min November 10, 2019
This University is creating a display that allows users who are blind and visually impaired to design in CAD! This could also have a knock-on effect as to how we think about designing in CAD. Just imagine if you could physically touch and manipulate your CAD object, without the disconnect of a mouse and a 2D screen!
A pinboard gives tactile feedback...
This pinboard allows users who are blind and visually impaired to use CAD with almost instant feedback. Currently, the system only works in one direction: the user must code the shape and then the display can "render" the model. If the technology were engineered to work in the other direction both visually impaired and sighted CAD users could revolutionize the way they work with CAD.
Watch video on YouTube
Stanford University Shape Lab is working on technology that allows people who are blind and visually impaired to design and work with CAD. It works just like a pin-art board and provides visually impaired users with tactile feedback regarding their CAD model.
Objects created by participants in free form. The time taken to complete the task and a description of each item is displayed below. All but the last participant was satisfied with the result. Image with special thanks to Stanford University Shape Lab.
The system was designed with the help of 3 visually impaired people. When they tested the system they were able to modify existing models and create new ones.
One way input
At the moment, the shape is manually programmed and then "rendered" on the pin display. They used a script-based CAD: OpenSCAD and then rendered to shapeShift.
If the model could be created using the display as an input device, the technology would be more accessible to more users as users would require no prior understanding of coding. This would also allow visually sighted people to model freely directly in 3D, without the limitation of a 2D viewing space or the high-energy demands of VR.
Not true 3D
The user is only able to "see" one side of a design at a time. However preliminary tests demonstrate that this was sufficient information for users to understand the object.
CAD object displayed in 3 different views. Image with special thanks to Stanford University Shape Lab.
There is a display limit, currently just 12×24 pixels (pins). The additional quirk is that there is also a limit to the height of the pins.
In this test objects were rendered at 1:1 scale by default and users are able to scale and rotate the object using a keypad. However, one suggestion is that all models should load to fit within the display and then could be scaled manually. Feedback would need to be given on the current display resolution.
Terminology for blind CAD users
Interestingly typical CAD terms that we would normally associate with visual perception were used to describe the models, such as: "bringing the part into focus", "pixalated" and "low resolution".
Other usages
This technology has the potential to bring, not just CAD to blind and visually impaired people, but computer games, online shopping, live sports games, and tactile videos & images. Companies such as UmlimitedHand and Soft Robotics are already developing similar technologies that allow you to receive tactile feedback.
Can you design a more inclusive CAD system?
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How to use BIMIFY in BricsCAD BIM
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A-cad-display-for-blind-and-visually-impaired-users


It's The Vintage Rebellions 50th Episode, so we launch with an extended episode (yes extended if you can believe that) to celebrate the milestone with no less than 9 (yes NINE) guests. The team welcome a whole array of guests to celebrate.
Chris Porteous joins Stuart and Richard for this months interview as the boys discuss Canadian items, Tantive forum and Quebec items as well as many other things.
In the New Acquisitions section the lads are joined by not 1 but 5 guests, all welcomed on to share their knowledge. The items discussed range from mint carded figures to Star Wars arcade games, from store displays to everyone's favourite Twin Pod Cloud Car.
Rebel Briefings covers a range of new discoveries in the community including some amazing store displays. You'll be bangers to miss it.
It's a bumper Beyond the Newest Acquisitions where we scour the collecting universe for Twin Pod Cloud Car collectables, and in Gimcrack Richard pulls all the wrong strings.
Simon waxes lyrical (drones on) about more exciting and varied eBay sales, gets all animated about the amount of bargains turning up at UK salesrooms, is (thankfully) speechless regarding the recent Hakes sale and speaks to Mark Daniels who 'fesses up about running the re-seal market.
It's a podcast full of records, as this month's quiz is so long it could be a podcast in its own right.
To end this special edition we welcome back to speak to Edd Grant in this months What's New Pussycat as we revisit his collecting habits since we spoke to him three years ago.
All this plus all the usual shenanigans and banter.


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text:
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Travis Denning; Publicity Photo
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Interviews, News August 1, 2019 August 2, 2019
"At the core, I just want to have these songs that people can fall in love with and relate to," he says.
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Dierks Bentley paid a visit to NBC's Today Show on Thursday (August 1) and he left with a puppy! Stopping by the popular morning…
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It's time to start planning your trip to CMA Fest 2020. The annual event will take place in Nashville Thursday through Sunday, June 4-7,…
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text:
Understanding Animal Research > News > Research & medical benefits > 'Young' microbiota can reverse ageing of the immune system and boost vaccines
'Young' microbiota can reverse ageing of the immune system and boost vaccines
Posted by: Mia Rozenbaum
Category: Research & medical benefits
Every human being is home to trillions of microbes that are collectively known as the microbiota. Recent research into how these microbes affect the immune system may explain why older people are more vulnerable to disease and suggest ways to tackle that vulnerability.
Scientists at The University of Edinburgh's Roslin Institute, led by Professor Neil Mabbott, discovered that as mice get older they showed a marked decrease in the number of M cells found in the lining of the gut. These are specialised cells that look out for infections and trigger the early stages of the immune response. Fewer M cells means a weaker immune system. At the same time, the researchers found that the older mice had depleted microbiota compared to younger mice. The microbiota were less diverse and certain species known to decrease inflammation of the gut in humans were missing.
Photo: M cells of young and aged mice © Neil Mabbott.
Rejuvenating the microbiota in the older mice, however, seemed to overturn the age-related decline in the M cells. The effect was achieved by transferring the microbiota from healthy younger mice to the older ones. Initially this was done with surgery but then by mouth in what turned out to be quite a simple procedure:
"We were working with very old mice. They were about two years old, the equivalent of 70 in human years, so we wanted a more subtle and less invasive procedure. Luckily for us, mice are known as coprophagic, which basically means, they eat their poo. So when they are put in an environment with faecal pellets, they will naturally eat them, and by doing so transfer the microbiota into their intestines."
When the older mice ate the younger mice's faecal pellets, their microbiota was rejuvenated. Some organisms that were missing in the old mice were restored, and with them, the number of M cells in the intestines.
"To our surprise, the 'young' microbiota not only increased the number of M cells in the intestines of old mice but also their function. The numbers didn't go back 100% like in the young mice but it was enough to improve their immune system," explains Professor Mabbott.
When challenged with a protein put in their drinking water in a mock vaccine test, the older mice exposed to the young microbiota responded strongly while untreated mice showed no response at all. Subtly changing the content of the microbiota in the older mice was enough to improve their immune response.
Microbiota was shown to be crucial in maintaining a healthy immune system and preventing immunosenescence - the ageing of the immune response. Further work showed that flagellin, a protein found in bacteria flagella, could cause this response. If the same is true in humans, and it is possible to reverse ageing of the immune system and improve immunity in the elderly with a simple exposure to specific parts of the human microbiota such as flagellin, health outcomes in old age could be improved.
Prescription of probiotics to complement vaccination could potentially provide an effectiveness boost in older people that could save thousands of lives. As Professor Mabbott explains, in the fight against COVID-19 this could make all the difference:
"One of the issues that might arise with the new vaccine is that it might work great in young people but not as much in older patients with impaired mucosal immunity. Our study suggests that it may be possible to restore the immune system to its younger self, and improve vaccine response. Making your immune system younger will naturally help you live healthier."
Microbial Stimulation Reverses the Age-Related Decline in M Cells in Aged Mice
ageing,
animal testing,
immune system,
immunology,
microbiota,
Professor Neil Mabbott,
Roslin Institute,
vaccine,
Last edited: 2 October 2020 12:21


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