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An easy method to reduce anterior shoulder dislocation: the Spaso technique
M-C Yuen,
P-G Yap,
Y-T Chan,
W-K Tung
Accident and Emergency Department, Kwong Wah Hospital, 25 Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Correspondence to: Dr Yuen (yuen_mc{at}hotmail.com)
Objective—To introduce the Spaso technique for reducing anterior shoulder dislocation by reporting the success rate of the Spaso technique performed by junior emergency medicine residents.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Setting—Urban accident and emergency department.
Participants—Patients with anterior shoulder dislocations.
Interventions—The Spaso technique was applied by the emergency medicine residents to reduce anterior shoulder dislocation.
Results—The emergency medicine residents applied the Spaso technique to reduce 16 cases of anterior dislocated shoulder during the study period. The Spaso technique was successful in 14 of 16 cases. The overall success rate was 87.5% (95% CI 60.4, 97.8%). No complications were noted.
Conclusion—A new method has been introduced for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation by reporting the experience of junior residents. The Spaso technique is simple, effective and able to be performed by single operator. Although the sample size was small, the result of the study could provide background information for planning a properly designed randomised controlled trial to evaluate the Spaso technique.
Spaso technique
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.18.5.370
There are many different methods to reduce an anterior dislocated shoulder. Different methods have their own advantages and drawbacks.1–3 Spaso Miljesic first reported the Spaso technique in 1998 in Emergency Medicine, which is a journal not listed in Index Medicus. This method has been adopted in Western Hospital in Australia for more than 15 years. According to Spaso Miljesic, this method is simple, needs minimal force, is able to be performed by a single operator and is highly effective even in inexperienced hands.4
The success rate of previously described methods in inexperienced hands was not properly evaluated. In one series the success rate of the scapular manipulation method by emergency residents was only 63%.5 The Spaso technique inventor claimed that this method was effective even in inexperienced hands; this aspect had not been substantiated in the article. This retrospective study was conducted to report our junior residents' initial experience of using the Spaso technique.
THE SPASO TECHNIQUE
The patient is placed in the supine position; the affected arm is grasped around the wrist or distal forearm and gently lifted vertically, applying gentle traction. While maintaining vertical traction, the shoulder is slightly externally rotated (fig 1). A clunk is heard or felt when reduction is done.
Vertical traction and external rotation to the affected arm.
If the patient experiences discomfort, they tend to lift the shoulder up off the bed. If this occurs, stop further movement of the limb but maintain traction. The pain will usually subside quickly and the patient relaxes. After a few minutes of gentle traction, reduction will usually occur. If difficulty is experienced, it may be helpful to use one hand to palpate the head of humerus and gently push it to assist reduction, while maintaining traction with the other hand.4
This study was a retrospective case series to describe the use of the Spaso technique by a group of junior residents in our unit. The Accident and Emergency Department of Kwong Wah Hospital is located in the centre of Kowloon region in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, with a patient volume of 200 000 per year. Seventeen full time emergency residents supervised by six emergency physicians were working in our department during the study period. Ten (58%) of our residents have less than one year of working experience in emergency medicine during the study period. These 10 junior residents participated in the study.
The emergency medicine residents learnt the Spaso technique in a lecture conducted by the first author in June 1998. Demonstration of the Spaso technique was performed on a healthy volunteer. As the inventor of the technique did not report on the degree of sedation needed before attempting reduction, the residents were advised to use the usual sedation and analgesic available in the department titrated according to the perceived patients' discomfort. It was emphasised that they should avoid overzealous attempts and patients' comfort should be the first consideration in deciding the level of sedation needed. They were encouraged to use this method when they encountered patients with anterior shoulder dislocation.
Afterwards, a retrospective chart review of the accident and emergency department records from July 1998 to October 1998 was performed. From the record office, the records of patients seen in the study period with the diagnosis of anterior dislocated shoulder were retrieved. Patients with anterior shoulder dislocation with close reduction attempted in our department were included. Patients with anterior shoulder dislocation with fracture of humerus were excluded from analysis.
The demographic data, history of prior ipsilateral shoulder dislocation, medication given, successfulness of the attempt, and any complications developed were extracted from the record. The post-reduction radiographs were traced from the radiology department to document any iatrogenic bony fracture resulted from the reduction.
Fleiss exact formula was adopted to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of the success rate because the sample size was small.
In the study period, 18 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. The Spaso technique was applied in 16 patients (table 1). Nine (56%) of the patients were men. The mean patient age was 48 years (range 22 to 81).
Patient characteristics
Of the dislocations reduced by the Spaso technique, the overall success rate was 87.5% (95% CI 60.4, 97.8%). The Spaso technique failed in two patients. One patient's dislocated shoulder could not be reduced successfully in the accident and emergency department despite the use of other methods. This patient needed close reduction under general anaesthesia by an orthopaedic surgeon. The second patient developed severe vomiting after entonox inhalation and the resident abandoned the reduction. Her dislocated shoulder was reduced by an emergency physician on duty using the Milch manoeuvre.
The medication used for reduction was at the resident's discretion. Of the successful reductions, five (36%) patients received entonox. They all had history of prior ipsilateral shoulder dislocation. Eight (57%) patients received intravenous valium before reduction. Of the patients who received valium before reduction, only one had history of prior shoulder dislocation. The average valium dose used was 5 mg. Only one patient received both intravenous valium and pethidine because he suffered from severe pain and cried inside the department. The resident thought it was more humane to give more sedation and analgesic to him. The type of sedation and analgesic used might reflect that our residents did follow the advice of giving the drug according to the perceived patients' discomfort.
Neither neurovascular deficit nor iatrogenic fractures were observed after the close reduction in this series.
Spaso Miljesic and Anne-Maree Kelly first reported the Spaso technique in 1998 in Emergency Medicine. Although they concluded that the technique is simple, requires minimal force, is able to be performed by a single operator and is highly effective, their statement is not supported with any numerical evidence.4 Moreover, the degree of sedation required before attempting reduction was not reported.
The success rate of different close reduction methods for anterior shoulder dislocation reported in previous studies ranged from 70%–100%.6–10 Most of these studies were based on experienced personnel as operators except the series reported by McNamara. In McNamara's scapular manipulation technique series, the residents were only able to reduce 12 of 19 cases (63%). The success rate of 87.5% in this series was comparable to other series performed by experienced orthopaedic surgeons and emergency physicians. The high success rate in junior residents reflected the technical ease.
The design of this study was not intended to demonstrate the superiority of the Spaso technique over previous described methods. Moreover, direct comparison of our success rate with that of previously reported methods was not reasonable as there might be racial differences in patient characteristics like body size, and the small sample size of the study also might invalidate the comparison. The main aim of this small series was to gather initial experience of using the Spaso technique outside the reported centre and hopefully could arouse the interest of other emergency physicians on this technique.
From the experience gained so far the Spaso technique was found to have several advantages over previously described methods.
In the Spaso technique, the steps for performing the reduction are very simple and only one operator is required. The main action to reduce the dislocated shoulder is the vertical traction and external rotation of the shoulder. Therefore, it is more straightforward than the Kocher's manoeuvre or the Milch manoeuvre. In scapular manipulation, patients are required to lie prone. If the cervical spine needed immobilisation in multiple traumatised patients, the use of scapular manipulation would be very difficult if not impossible.11 In the Spaso technique the patient is in supine position, the airway and the cervical spine would not be jeopardised.
The Spaso technique is atraumatic. Counter-traction on the axilla is not required. The risk of damaging the brachial plexus is minimal.12 Moreover, the force needed for reduction is smaller in the Spaso technique compared with the traction force required in traction and counter-traction method, as the operator could not add on their body by leaning backwards to increase the traction force.
The Spaso technique relies on sound biomechanical principles in that in the overhead position, all of the shoulder muscles course directly upwards inserting into the humerus thereby assisting reduction to the anatomical position.4,9 This contrasts with the methods performed with the arm at the side, where each of the shoulder muscles is running in a different direction usually requiring the use of more force or more sedation and hence the risk of fracture is increased.12,13
There were several deficiencies in this retrospective series. Firstly, not every patient with shoulder dislocation presented to the department was recruited. There was a possibility of selection bias as the residents might exclude those difficult cases. During the study period, only two cases of anterior shoulder dislocation were reduced by other methods. Therefore, the success rate would not be seriously biased. Secondly, the administration of premedication was not standardised; therefore the type of analgesic and sedation that should be used for reduction was not defined. Thirdly, the level of patient discomfort during the reduction and the mean reduction time could not be documented. In this retrospective series there was no way to report the two items. In general, reduction usually occurred within one to two minutes in this series once the vertical traction force was applied and patient would tolerate the procedure quite well. Finally, six patients had history of prior ipsilateral dislocation. There might be an argument that this group of patient biased the high success rate, as it was generally believed that reduction of a recurrent dislocation was easier than first time dislocation. To resolve the last two concerns, a properly design randomised control trial is indicated.
With the information obtained from this study, we recommend a randomised controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of the Spaso technique with the other well known methods of close reduction, and to assess the patient preference for this technique as compared with previous described methods. Only a good comparison trial will give an answer to whether the Spaso technique is an ideal method among the existing method for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation.
There are already many methods described in the literature for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation.1–3 The choice of a particular method depends on individual operator preference and experience. The Spaso technique is simple and atraumatic. Our resident have confirmed that this technique was easy to learn and to master. Based on the present evidence, we concluded that the high success rate of the technique among the residents would be attributed to the following properties: simple, atraumatic, biomechanical safe and single operator is required. However, literature regarding the Spaso technique is very scanty, more researches on the Spaso technique is indicated. Hopefully our report provides more information about the technique and can initiate more researches on this method.
M C Yuen would like to thank Dr Y P Li for his helpful advice in the preparation of this report. The abstract of this paper was presented at the 11th World Congress for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Osaka, Japan, June 1999.
Gleeson AP. Anterior glenohumeral dislocation: what to do and how to do it. J Accid Emerg Med1998;15:7–12.
Riebel GD, McCabe JB. Anterior shoulder dislocation: A review of reduction techniques. Am J Emerg Med1991;9:180–8.
Wen DY. Current concepts in the treatment of anterior shoulder dislocations. Am J Emerg Med1999;17:401–7.
Miljesic S, Kelly AM. Reduction of anterior dislocation of the shoulder: the Spaso technique. Emergency Medicine1998;10:173–5.
McNamara RM. Reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations by scapular manipulation. Ann Emerg Med1993;22:1140–4.
Kothari RU, Dronen SC. Prospective evaluation of the scapular manipulation technique in reducing anterior shoulder dislocations. Ann Emerg Med1992;21:1349–52.
Mirick MJ, Clinton JE, Ruiz E. External rotation method of shoulder dislocation reduction. J Am Coll Emerg Phys1979;8:528–31.
Leidelmeyer R. Reduced! A shoulder subtly and painlessly. J Emerg Med1977;9:223–4
Beattie TF, Steedman DJ, McGowan A, et al. A comparison of the Milch and Kocher techniques for acute anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Injury1986;17:349–52.
Thakur AJ, Narayan R. Painless reduction of shoulder dislocation by Kocher's method. J Bone Joint Surg Br1990;72B:524.
Dolye WL, Ragar T. Use of the scapular manipulation method to reduce an anterior shoulder dislocation in the supine position. Ann Emerg Med1996;27:92–4.
Beeson MS. Complications of shoulder dislocation. Am J Emerg Med1999;17:288–95.
Plummer D, Clinton J. The external rotation method for reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocation. Emerg Med Clin North Am1989;7:165–75.
Funding: none.
Conflicts of interest: none.
M C Yuen is the senior medical officer of the Accident and Emergency Department of Kwong Wah Hospital. W K Tung is the chief of services and consultant of the department. P G Yap and Y T Chan are residents of the department. W K Tung initiated the idea of writing this short report. M C Yuen designed the study, collected the data, reviewed the literature, and wrote up the report. P G Yap and Y T Chan assisted in data collection. M C Yuen is the guarantor of this report.


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A Note from the Executive Director
ADA Amenities
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Tag Archives: Supreme Court
A Victory for Voters
Elisabeth MacNamara, president of the League of Women Voters of the U.S., calls the Supreme Court's decision in the case Arizona v. ITCA Inc. "a strong decision protecting voters."
"The decision is a strong endorsement of Congress' power under the Elections Clause. In this case, Arizona overstepped by imposing restrictions on the voter registration process," said MacNamara.
"State restrictions lost: Voters won today," said MacNamara.
"Arizona wrongfully rejected thousands of voter registration applications," said MacNamara. "The Court ruled that this was inconsistent with the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA)."
"The Court's ITCA decision safeguards the voter registration process from political manipulation and will help block attempts in the states to restrict the right to vote," MacNamara said.
"In its decision, the Court also recognized the importance of interstate voter registration drives like those conducted by the League of Women Voters."
Arizona v. ITCA is a critically important voting rights case that examines whether the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) prevents states from passing laws that restrict the voter registration process. In this case, the League of Women Voters of the U.S. submitted an amicus brief and the League of Women Voters of Arizona was a named plaintiff.
"The NVRA was intended to and has succeeded in bringing millions more citizens into the democratic process since its passage in 1993," said MacNamara.
"Restrictions on the use of the national voter registration application form like those tried by Arizona make it much more difficult to register eligible citizens to vote," MacNamara said. "Independent registration drives by citizen groups like the League are often the only effective means for some voters to get registered and participate in our great democracy."
"This is a victory for voters plain and simple but we will need to continue to fight against limitations on the voter registration process." concluded MacNamara. "This is an extremely important ruling that says the U.S. Congress has the power and authority to protect our right to vote."
June 19, 2013 UncategorizedSupreme Court, voter rights
League Supports Ruling Against Supermajority
The League of Women Voters of Washington welcomed the State Supreme Court's decision that an initiative requiring a two-thirds vote to raise taxes was in conflict with the state Constitution, thereby giving the Legislature the authority to pass laws by simple majority. The LWVWA filed an amicus brief which argued that the rule was inconsistent with the history and text of the Constitution—reasoning that the Court ultimately adopted!
"This is a big win for schools, for infrastructure, and especially for democracy," said Kim Abel, Co-President of the League of Women Voters of Washington.
"The brief filed by LWVWA clearly played a key role in the majority opinion that struck down the two-thirds rule," said attorney David Perez, who authored the LWVWA's amicus brief pro bono. "The ruling was largely based on an understanding of the meaning of the phrase, 'unless a majority.' We argued that the Framers of our Constitution meant a 'simple majority.' And the Court agreed."
"Voters want good schools, safe bridges and roads, clean air to breathe and clean water to drink along with trustworthy elections and safe communities—all the work of our elected officials," says Abel.
Many are skeptical that even with the simple majority requirement the current legislature will be willing to identify additional revenue. Ms. Abel disagrees. "We believe that this decision will allow the legislature to do the job they were elected for and manage the budget in a way that meets the most basic needs of the state."
Linnea Hirst, LWVWA Co-President, concurs: "This court ruling will help our legislators fulfill their responsibilities in accordance with the Constitution, as emphasized by the recent McCleary decision requiring full funding of public education."
The League of Women Voters is a respected nonpartisan political organization that encourages informed and active participation in government, and influences public policy through education and advocacy.
March 2, 2013 UncategorizedEyman, Supermajority, Supreme Court, taxes
More Reaction to Supreme Court Decision
You may have noticed President Obama's critique of the recent Supreme Court decision on corporate spending on campaigns during his State of the Union speech.
The League shares Obama's concerns.
Longtime League member Pam Hamon recently wrote the following letter to the editor on the recent Supreme Court decision on corporate campaign spending:
It's a sad day for democracy and the individual voter. The Supreme Court's 5 to 4 decision now allows large corporations, banks, financial institutions and unions the ability to spend, without limits, funds from their treasuries for candidate and issue campaigns. This goes against 30 years of precedence and a century of practice. Voters will need to do more homework to be sure they fully understand the issues before casting their votes because we all know money counts and manipulates.
Pam Hamon
Here is the national League position on the Supreme Court decision:
Washington, DC –The following is a statement by Mary G. Wilson, national president of the League of Women Voters on the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United v. FEC. The League filed an amicus brief in this case:
"The Supreme Court has made a tragic mistake. Their decision announced today in Citizens United v. FEC is constitutionally irresponsible and will surely bring about an anti-democratic revolution in how we finance elections in this country. Today, basic pillars of American democracy have been undermined – that elections should not be corrupted by vast corporate wealth and that the voters should be at the center of our democratic system.
"Justice Stevens had it right when he said, in his dissent, 'The Court's ruling threatens to undermine the integrity of elected institutions across the Nation. The path it has taken to reach its outcome will, I fear, do damage to this institution.'
"In creating a new constitutional right for corporations to spend unlimited amounts of their shareholder's money to determine the outcome in candidate elections, the Court has unleashed into our elections tremendous sums of money from for-profit corporations that cannot possibly be matched in quantity by contributions from ordinary citizens. The only possible outcome of this is that big money and special interests will have an even tighter grip on our democracy.
"Congress and the President enacted campaign finance laws over a series of decades for a reason – to protect our democracy from the perverse influence of big money in our elections. In making this decision, the Court has ignored the best interests of the American public and our representative form of government."
February 1, 2010 UncategorizedHamon, Obama, Supreme Court
A Tragic Mistake by the Supreme Court
Below is an alert and request for donations issued today by the the national League of Women Voters:
The Supreme Court has made a tragic mistake.
Their decision last week in Citizens United v. FEC has created a new constitutional right for corporations to spend unlimited amounts of money to support or oppose candidates at every level of government. This throws out the protections against corporate and union spending in elections that have served our democracy for nearly a century.
In doing so, the Court has ignored the best interests of the American public and our representative form of government.
That's why I'm asking you to make an emergency contribution so we can fight back today.
You may be asking, what does this all mean for me?
First: the Supreme Court ruling has given the green light for corporations to now intervene directly in elections — from the local school board or zoning commission to Congress and the President of the United States — taking the power away from average voters like you and me.
Second: corruption could skyrocket out of control — now that the Court has allowed unlimited corporate and union expenditures, the power of well-paid lobbyists linked with those interests will vastly increase.
Through our 90-year history, the League has fought to ensure that voters are at the center of our political process. Now we must work harder than ever before to elevate citizen voices above those of special interests and corporations.
Right now, the stakes could not be higher for people like you and me who care about open, honest government and a healthy democracy. The upcoming 2010 Census and quickly-approaching mid-term elections will shape the political landscape for the next decade — the outcome of both must reflect the diversity of our nation and NOT the pocketbooks of corporations.
We will continue to fight, despite this devastating blow to the principles protecting American democracy. And we need you with us more than ever.
As a leader in the ongoing fight to make our democracy as vibrant as ever, we will not stop, we will not give up, and we will not give in. If ever there was a moment when our democracy needed to work for all its citizens, not greedy corporations or power-hungry special interests, this is it. To succeed, we need your support.
Please, contribute today.
Thank you for standing with us.
Mary G. Wilson
President, LWVUS
P.S. The Court's ruling means that big money and special interests will have an even tighter grip on our democracy. But we can, and we will, fight back. Please join with us as we work to stop special interests and corporations from freezing Americans out of our government.
For more information go to www.lwv.org.
January 27, 2010 Uncategorizedcorporations, lobbyists, Supreme Court
Reviving My Blog
Sorry this blog has been inactive for so long. I now vow to update it regularly.
You have probably seen the news about the recent Supreme Court decision on corporate spending in elections. Here is the national League of Women Voters response:
CITIZENS UNITED DECISION SETS OFF REVOLUTION IN CAMPAIGN FINANCE
Supreme Court Erred, Decision Undermines Basic Pillar of American Democracy
Become a fan of the League on Facebook.
The League of Women Voters, a nonpartisan political organization, encourages informed and active participation in government, works to increase understanding of major public policy issues, and influences public policy through education and advocacy.
January 22, 2010 Uncategorizedelection, finances, Supreme Court


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Hip hop violinist herself, Miri Ben Ari celebrating her birthday at Marquee in NYC. At one point, the entire club practically froze and watched the Happy Birthday video made by her manager, Josue Sejour, that was a compilation of celeb friends like Mark Ronson, Donna Summer, Nina Sky, Pras and even Bill Clinton.


Description: The Manchester Public Library introduces a brand-new seasonal book club, Walking Book Club, which starts on Wednesday April 3rd, 2019.
This book club starts promptly at 1:00PM in the Mary Cheney Library Lobby. Attendees will take a two mile walk from the library to South Methodist and back to the library, making stops for discussion. We will walk rain or shine, but in extreme weather, please call the library at: 860-645-0821.
This is a FREE program for adults. Copies of the books for the month will be available at both library buildings. For more information, please call Jenn Bartlett at 860-645-0821 or visit the library website.


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Dissertation Methodology. Writing a dissertation methodology chapter can be very challenging, especially if you are having difficulties with expressing yourself on paper.
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This article is also intended to help dissertation supervisors who may want to produce a mini-systematic review for an undergraduate or postgraduate research project. This provides a robust methodology for the students to follow and is a much more rewarding and exacting project than a mere literature review. Research paper writing has never been easier.
Dissertation dear customers methodology take part in a beneficial Bonus program and earn money for new papers! Entrust your dissertation methodology to real experts Composing a good methodology of dissertation is crucial for your research because it influences the entire paper. The language used ought to be high quality.
One of the major problems with the writing of a dissertation is the methodology. It is always rampant for you to see people coming out with great ideas and research works only to mess it up with a very bad methodology. Ever thought about of designs used in every paper?
A methodology thesis addresses the central problem of the thesis by presenting at least three possible methodologies for tackling it. The subject matter may be a business solution, a scientific question or any other situation in any disciplinary field that needs to be addressed.
Developing dissertation methodology is not an easy task, But through our exceptional methodology dissertation consultation, you will complete it effectively and within the timeframe you set, guaranteed. An excellent opinion essay will invariably keep its reader interested by having free flow of thoughts.
Research methods can be used alone to solve a problem, or explore a question as part of a piece of work. They can also be a key part of writing a thesis or dissertation. For more about this, see our section on Writing a Dissertation, and particularly Writing Your Methodology. She enjoys the agonizing bliss of marathon running, backpacking, hot yoga, and esoteric knowledge.
To write the methodology section of your dissertation, include five major sections: philosophy; approach; strategy and research design; data collection and analysis; and ethics, reliability, validity, generalizability and limitations. Keep merely one idea one key sentence for each box.
The methodology section of the dissertation is likely the most independently difficult section to write. The academic focus of graduate school is overwhelmingly about methodology, which means that there is an excess of pressure placed on that section in particular by the superior scholars that will be evaluating the dissertation.
Chapter 3 3. 0 Methodology This chapter will discuss the research methodology available for the study and consider the methods applicable for Fair Use Policy; Help Centre; Furthermore, it was important to stress that the results of the study would only be used for this dissertation. It's not the only format for writing an essay, naturally, but it's a helpful model to suit your needs to keep in mind, especially while you begin to construct your composition skills.


Confused about what to prepare for camp? What is Blue and Gold?
What to expect at a Pack meeting? Den meetings? This is the place to start.
When you join Pack 417, we want to make you feel welcome. We have put together this list to help you jump right in and feel prepared for camp-outs, meetings and events. Please feel free to reach out to your Den Leaders, Pack Leaders or Committee Chair, should you have further questions.
Once a month all Dens meet together for a "Pack Meeting", which all Cub Scouts and their families are encouraged to attend. During the Pack meeting, Dens show off the projects they have been working on, lead songs, perform skits, and awards are presented to the Scouts. It is a time for the family to get information on upcoming activities and share in the Scouting spirit. Scouts should wear their Class A uniform to Pack meetings. At the beginning of each Pack meeting, the Scout will be checked in and if they are wearing their uniform it will be noted. At the end of the Scouting year, there will be a uniform party as a reward for those Scouts that wore their uniforms to Pack meetings. All Pack meetings are held at Deerfield United Methodist Church, unless otherwise noted. Pack meetings are typically held at 6:30pm.
In general, Den meetings are held twice a month and provide your Scout with opportunities to enjoy various planned activities, learn new skills, and have great fun. While parental attendance is not required at Den meetings (except for Lions and Tigers), it is certainly encouraged! Some Dens may require parent participation at specific meetings. Please keep in touch with your Scout's Den Leader so that you will know what activities are taking place and can track the progress your Scout is making. All Den meetings are held at Deerfield United Methodist Church, unless otherwise noted. Den meetings are typically held at 6:30pm.
Scouting is an outdoor-based program. Camping is permitted by Cub Scouts only in an age-appropriate context. Scouts must have an adult family member with them at all times when camping. If your Scout wishes to attend only the daytime activities of a Family Camp out, you must make prior arrangements with another adult to take responsibility for your Scout, if you cannot stay with them. You will need to fill out an emergency medical form at the beginning of the year that will cover all camp-outs for that Scouting year. Bring all of the equipment you will need to enjoy the camp-out: tent, sleeping bag, lanterns, bug spray, etc. Usually the Pack will provide the main meals.
Every year the Pack participates in the Boy Scout Popcorn Sale. The sale usually occurs in August through October, with deliveries in November and is the major fundraising activity of our Pack. All Scout participate in this event and receive prizes and other recognition. It is also a way for the Scout to build up their Scout account to pay for Pack dues, camp-outs, etc. The Pack relies heavily on the funds generated by this fundraiser. Everyone's participation is expected and appreciated.
Each year the Cub Scouts celebrate the anniversary of the founding of Scouting in the U.S. by having a Blue and Gold Banquet. This is traditionally a dinner (either catered or potluck) where the entire family is encouraged to attend. If you are interested in assisting with the banquet, please contact the Pack Committee Chair, Jill Johnson.
The Pinewood Derby is one of the most popular family activities of Cub Scouting. Pinewood derby cars are small wooden models that Cub Scouts make with help from their families. Then they race the cars in competition. The cars are powered by gravity and run down a track.
This is a ceremony where the Arrow of Light Scouts "crossover" into becoming Boy Scouts. It is usually held in the the Spring time, so that the Scouts can get acclimated to their new Troop.
This is held at the end of the Scouting year. When a Scout has completed all of the achievements required of a rank, they have the opportunity to advance up to the next rank.


It's only natural to flinch when you hear a loud bang. But when you're shooting, that slight movement can have significant consequences. USCCA Training Operations Manager Steve Fischer shares an easy way to correct this tendency and focus on your muzzle management and trigger press.
At the range, you will need your defensive firearm, a target placed at 10 feet, a mixture of live and dummy rounds, and ear and eye protection. A partner is also handy so that dummy rounds are more of a surprise.
If we flinch while shooting, it can cause us to go off target. Being aware of the movement is an excellent first step. By replacing some live rounds with dummy rounds, in no particular order, you'll notice that when the gun clicks instead of bangs, you still move in anticipation of the recoil. This is what causes groupings to spread out.
Take a shooting partner to the range and have him or her load your magazine with a mixture of live rounds and dummy rounds. To start, place your target at a distance of 10 feet. You can increase this distance further along in your practice.
Aim for center mass. Execute a slow and steady trigger press until you hear a click, when you should notice your flinch. Clear the malfunction — rack and slap — and continue firing until all rounds are downrange.
Remember always to follow the universal rules for gun safety. Also, do not commence shooting until your partner has given the OK. It is essential that both parties wear ear and eye protection.
This is a great drill to help you focus on your mindset and alert you to habits you may have overlooked. And it has the added bonus of preparing you for a malfunction.
Vary your training. Keep it fun. Keep it safe. And keep practicing.


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Victor Buckley (1838-1882) was a British Foreign Office official, suspected of being an agent for the Confederate cause during the American Civil War.

Family background
He was born at Minstead Lodge in the New Forest on 28 April 1838 - the fifth and youngest son of Captain (later General) Edward Pery Buckley. The General, a Waterloo veteran, was for over twenty years an equerry to Queen Victoria, and appears in her early diary entries. The Queen was Buckley's godmother - the first child to receive this honour after her accession. His grandfather, Lord Radnor, had been a leader of the radical Whigs at the beginning of the century. Buckley was brought up at New Hall, Bodenham, Wiltshire, which his father inherited from a cousin a few years after he was born.

Entry into the Foreign Office
In December 1856, after leaving Eton, Buckley took the examination before the Civil Service Commissioners, and on 12 January 1857 was appointed Junior (4th Class) Clerk. He was the first of the clerks to be appointed under the new system whereby all prospective clerks were required to pass an examination. Buckley was assigned to the department that had responsibility for matters relating to the United States. The American Civil War broke out in the spring of 1861.

The accusation
In 1911, Henry Brooks Adams, one of Charles Francis Adams's sons, delivered a paper to the Massachusetts Historical Society, titled The Seizure of the Laird Rams. He had acted as his father's unofficial private secretary during his term as the North's minister in London in 1861–68. His father had struggled to get the British government, as a neutral state, to recognise that the building of ships in British dockyards that would be used against the North was against the spirit, if not the letter, of the existing law. In July 1862, his father finally persuaded Lord Russell, the Foreign Secretary, to order the seizure of CSS Alabama, the most powerful warship ever built in British dockyards. However, as the telegram ordering its seizure was on its way, the ship escaped. Adams suspected that its crew had been warned. The Alabama went on to inflict enormous damage on Northern merchant shipping.

Brooks Adams quotes his father's diary for 22 December 1865, "Incidentally he (Mr Moran, Secretary of Legation) told me that he had been able to trace the source of the betrayal of the decision of the Government which prompted the sudden escape of the Alabama. He showed me what purported to be a copy of a short note signed by V. Buckley and addressed to Mr (Caleb) Huse, the rebel agent, warning him that what he called his "protegé" was in danger. This Victor Buckley is a young clerk in the Foreign Office".

C.F. Adams was the American representative at the arbitration commission in Geneva in 1871, when part of the American submission included the claim that 'the departure of the 290 - CSS Alabama - from Birkenhead was probably, it may be said certainly, hastened by the illicit receipt of the intelligence of the decision of the Government to detain her.' Buckley was not named in the submission, but it was clear who the source of the 'illicit receipt' was in Adams' mind. More than half the $15,500,000 that had to be paid by Britain to the US, in reparations related to the damage done by CSS Alabama.

Later historians
Brooks  Adams' paper, with its accusation, was little noticed until the publication in 1925 of Great Britain and the American Civil War, by Ephraim D. Adams. In it he quoted C.F. Adams' diary entry, as it was reported in H.B. Adams' paper, and observed 'The question of advance warning to Bulloch [the Confederate agent responsible for commissioning the ship] or the Lairds who built the Alabama was not one which was likely to be put forward officially'

In 2004, The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War by Frank J.Merli was published posthumously. In the book, Merli wanted to exonerate Lord Palmerston and Lord Russell from the charge of complicity in the Alabama's escape. He wrote, 'As he admitted in his memoir, Bulloch had sympathetic Englishmen who were willing to apprise him of governmental intentions. To date, their identities remain shrouded in mystery…. But before Queen Victoria's prime minister or foreign secretary is condemned for connivance in the 1862 escape of a Confederate cruiser, more convincing evidence than we now have is needed. As of the time that I write, no one has produced any solid evidence to support these allegations.'

Renata Eley Long
In 2015, Mrs Renata Eley Long published In the Shadow of the Alabama: The British Foreign Office and the American Civil War. Mrs Long is an English scholar, who worked with Frank Merli. She looked more closely at the accusation against Victor Buckley and unearthed some of the 'solid evidence' that Merli was looking for. From this, she believes that C.F. Adams' suspicions could have been well founded. It seems to her possible that Buckley was indeed a Confederate agent, that he had been since near the beginning of the war, and that he was paid for his work. She also believes that an aristocratic cloak – even a masonic cloak – was thrown over him, and that his betrayal was covered up by a still powerful aristocratic establishment who had no desire for one of their own to be exposed.

Conclusion
Mrs Long found nothing to link Buckley's possible activity with the Foreign Office, let alone with Lord Russell or Lord Palmerston, which is why she suggests that Buckley was working on his own. There remains however the possibility that Buckley was working on behalf of the government - a possibility which, as E.D. Adams suggested, would be difficult to prove.

Buckley's later career
At the time of the Alabama crisis, Buckley was a Junior Clerk (1st class) and he continued his rise through the various levels of seniority in the Foreign Office. In February 1872, he was promoted Acting Assistant Clerk. In June 1873, he was appointed to a Commission of Enquiry into Consular Establishments at the Ports of North Germany and the Baltic. The various F.O.postings needed reorganisation after the defeat of Austria in 1866 and the move towards German unification under Prussian leadership. When he returned, he was confirmed in his position as Assistant Clerk. In December 1875, he was appointed Acting Secretary of Legation on Stephen Cave's Special Mission to Egypt. Cave was a barrister, Paymaster General in Disraeli's administration. The result of the report that Cave signed off on his return was the establishment of an Anglo-French oversight of the Egyptian government. As Acting Secretary of Legation, Buckley was the senior Foreign Office representative on the Mission.

Shortly before his early death in June 1882 of rheumatic fever, Buckley was appointed Senior Clerk and Head of the Consular Department at the Foreign Office - the youngest Head of department at that time.

Personal life
Before the end of 1863, Buckley was engaged to Mary Stirling, eldest daughter of Admiral Sir James Stirling, founder and first governor of Western Australia. An uncle was William Stirling, whose firm, Stirling & Beckton, was one of the largest cotton manufacturing businesses in Manchester. It suffered badly during the war and Mary's cousin, Thomas Mayne Stirling, sold up in 1865. Thomas' mother and Mary's great-grandmother were both members of the prominent Willing family of Philadelphia, in the U.S.A. Victor and Mary were married in London in 1866 and had four children.

Kathleen Mary, Mother Magdalen of Jesus, b. 1867, entered the Carmelite Community in Notting Hill in 1896, and in 1907 became the founding prioress of the community in Liverpool. She died there in 1951.

Wilfred Stirling, b. 1868, was interned in the Ruhleben Camp in Germany in 1914. He was repatriated in 1917, having suffered a breakdown, and spent the rest of his life at New Saughton Hall (Mavisbank House), near Loanhead, Midlothian. He died in 1944.

Dorothy Mildmay, b. 1869, m. 1892 Ernest Raleigh King, of Chadshunt, Warwickshire and died of meningitis in 1915 while nursing at an officers' hospital in Winchester, leaving an only son.

Basil Thorold, Brig.Gen., C.B., C.M.G., C.V.O., Northumberland Fusiliers, b. 1874, m. 1904, Emmeline Edwards and d. in 1954, leaving an only son. He was a member of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms and its Standard Bearer in 1942–44. He was also one of the founders of British Military Intelligence in Section C of MO2. In 1916, he was appointed head of MI2, which was responsible for intelligence concerning Germany and Austria-Hungary. In early 1918, he was appointed head of Middle Eastern Intelligence.

References

Further reading
 Adams, Ephraim D, Great Britain and the American Civil War. New York: Longman Green, 1925
 Adams, Henry Brooks, The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930
 Adams, Henry Brooks, The Seizure of the Laird Rams. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 45 (October 1911 - June 1912): 243–333.
 Foreman, Amanda, A World on Fire, An Epic History of Two Nations Divided. London: Allen Lane, 2010
 Long, Renata Eley, In the Shadow of the Alabama, Naval Institute Press, Indianapolis, 2015
 Merli. Frank J., Great Britain and the Confederate Navy, 1861-1865, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1970
 Merli, Frank J., The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004
 Rose, Alexander, The Lion and the Fox. Mariner Books, New York and Boston,2021

1838 births
1882 deaths
Civil servants in the Foreign Office
British people of the American Civil War
People from New Forest District

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Making the decision to change your career requires courage, and making a smooth change requires wisdom, clarity and strategy. Anyone who chooses to change their career will face challenges, and this does not get easier with age. As we face the challenges our confidence can be eroded, bit by bit or through some nasty incident.
Rebuilding or maintaining a strong healthy confident outlook on life is, in itself, a challenge! That is magnified by the challenges that everyone has to deal with, but if you know what is ahead you can be ready to manage your reactions.
Let's face it – your age is what it is and there is nothing you can do about it. If you need to change the colour of your hair, lose weight or obtain more qualifications then there is something you can do to make these things happen. With your age, there is not one thing you can do! So put your birth date aside and get on with facing the challenges you can conquer, fighting the battles that you can win. There is no point in dwelling on your age as an issue.
Wanting to change your job is one thing but making the decision to pursue a new career is another thing altogether. Many want to do it, but few have the courage and determination to follow through!
During your working life many new occupations and even industries have appeared, but, unless you have had the opportunity to gain skills through your current work, many mature workers are unaware of some of the new jobs that exist. To overcome this challenge and gain a contemporary perspective do some research on areas with which you are not familiar. This can be done by looking at job ads in newspapers and on the internet. By all means consider a career change but don't limit yourself just to the jobs you already know. Give yourself the widest range of options!
Society today seems to be dominated by youth and beauty. Maybe it was always like this, but when we were young and beautiful (and sadly most of us didn't realise we were at the time!) we thought it was perfectly normal. Now it seems ageist to us! The media go wild about 'beautiful young things'. Many television programs cater for and star young people. However look a little harder and you will see that there are many mature workers involved in every industry.
Age is a common stereotype. The image of an older worker who is slow to learn, set in their ways and dull to have around is full of prejudice and stereotype. It is also blatantly not accurate for most people. However ageism, sadly, is alive and well. Nevertheless, let's face facts here; some older people are indeed slow, finicky and dull. But so are some younger people!
What you have to avoid is falling into the trap of perpetuating that image. You are looking for work in the 21st century. Workplaces are contemporary and you need to be contemporary also in order to be considered a suitable employee. Don't dress like a 25 year old, and conversely, don't go to work looking like your grandmother. You don't need to be the computer whizz kid in the workplace, but you must have the appropriate level of skills for your job. You can wear your glasses to read, but don't make a big deal about the fact that you can't read without them. Get the idea? Be your best self in the workplace, not some caricature of your age.
Even if ageism and stereotypes are common you can overcome these challenges. While many employers seem to favour young workers there are also many employers who welcome older staff members. They appreciate experience and reliability. You have those qualities in spades. Break free of the stereotypical mould by showing them what you are capable of. If you believe that you will encount age discrimination then you will find it everywhere you go, so don't go looking for it. Your challenge is to communicate that you are capable, talented, reliable, enthusiastic and definitely a person worth hiring.
Perhaps the biggest challenge to many people is their own opinion of themselves. Many older workers ask themselves, "Is this all there is?" They wonder if they will ever do anything exciting and worthwhile in their working life. And if they do want to try something new, the biggest handicap is their lack of belief in themselves.
If you aren't happy with your personal rating of yourself do something about it. Making changes to improve your image and attitude will impact on your self-esteem and self-confidence. When you have a strong self-image, changing your career is so much easier. I recently saw a UK TV production about makeovers of two career women. There was a huge difference in their self-esteem after the makeover. When they knew they were smartly dressed and looking attractive they projected an entirely different energy. What was fascinating was the reaction of the people they interacted with at work who obviously viewed them differently because of their "new image".
Now don't misinterpret my comments here as preaching. I'm writing them as much for myself as for you. I would benefit from making many changes in this area of life. So please understand that, although this may seem harsh it's what many of us (myself included) need to hear.


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The Rise of the North Italian Violin Concerto, Volume Three: The Golden Age
Release Date: August 2008
Composer (1678-1741)
Pietro Antonio Locatelli
Composer (1700/1-1775)
Giovanni Battista Sammartini
Giuseppe Tartini
Adrian Chandler
Wathen Hall of St Pauls School
Simon Fox-Gal
Concert6o for violin, 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns, strings & continuo in F, RV 569
Concerto da chiesa in C, Op. 4/11
Andante - Adagio
Largo Andante - Adagio
Vivace - Adagio
Concerto for 4 violins, strings & continuo in F, Op. 4/12
Allegro - Adagio - Allegro
(1700/1-1775)
Concerto a piu stromenti for 2 violins, 2 oboes, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, strings & continuo in E flat, J 73
Tempo Largo
Tempo Giusto
Concerto for violin, strings & continuo in B flat, D 117
[Grave]
[Largo]
Concerto for violin, 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns, timpani, strings & continuo in D, RV 562a
Chamber: La Serenissima
Conductor: Adrian Chandler
Born on Merseyside in 1974, Adrian Chandler studied both modern and Baroque violin at the Royal College of Music with Rodney Friend and Catherine Mackintosh. Whilst still a student at the RCM he founded the period ensemble La Serenissima with whom he has since performed numerous solo recitals and Vivaldi concerti in major festivals around the world.
His most recent CD releases feature virtuoso sonatas by Albinoni, Pisendel and Vivaldi (AV0018), Vivaldi Concerti and Arias (AV0031), religious concerti by Vivaldi (AV2063), the first two of three award-winning records (AV 2106 & 2128) charting the development of the North Italian Violin Concerto (NIVC) and Vivaldi cantatas and sonatas (Linn CKD 281). His performances have also been broadcast by BBC Radio 3, Radio Scotland, Dutch Radio, Radio 3 Belgium, Radio France, Danish Radio, Classic FM and Japanese TV. Adrian was awarded a three year AHRC (Arts and Humanities Research Council) fellowship at Southampton University in order to research the development of the North Italian violin concerto between 1690 and 1740. The culmination of this project is the release of this CD, the third of the North Italian Violin Concerto series.


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Dine Strathcona
Add a Comment by Rebecca Bollwitt Tuesday, November 17th, 2020 — 11:21am PST
The second annual Dine Strathcona initiative, taking place November 18-30, 2020, will see Strathcona's hospitality community come together to showcase the neighbourhood's vibrant culinary scene while raising money to provide support for vulnerable individuals in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside.
First launched in 2019 by the Strathcona Business Improvement Association ("SBIA") as 'Dine Railtown', the neighbourhood initiative has now expanded to encompass restaurants, cafés, and breweries across the larger Strathcona area. Dine Strathcona will see participating dining establishments such as Ask For Luigi, Dosanko, and The Garden offer a feature dish throughout the two-week event period, with $1 for each dish ordered donated to WISH Drop-In Centre.
For almost 40 years, WISH Drop-In Centre has been a refuge and an essential point of contact for street-based sex workers who have been made vulnerable due to poverty, homelessness, trauma, violence, stigma, and a lack of access to supports and opportunities. It is the largest organization in Canada supporting sex workers and the only drop-in centre in the region supporting them 365 nights a year. Money raised during Dine Strathcona will help fund the critical services and resources WISH provides, including its 24-hour drop-in centre where they serve over 9,000 meals a month, its emergency shelter, Mobile Access Project Van, and WISH's capacity building programs.
"Small businesses and organizations like the WISH Drop-In Centre are at the heart of this neighbourhood and it's more critical now than ever to show our support for them," says Theodora Lamb, Executive Director of the SBIA. "Dine Strathcona allows residents and visitors alike to do just that — make a positive impact in the lives of those who live and work in the district while also enjoying safe dining experiences at the many incredible cafés, restaurants and small businesses that call Strathcona home."
Ask for Luigi
Axum Ethiopian Restaurant
Dosanko
LanaLou's Restaurant
The Belgard Kitchen
VV Tapas Lounge
Harken Coffee
HoliDrink Cafe
Pallet Coffee Roasters
Railtown Cafe
The Uncommon Cafe
Container Brewing
Hastings Mill Brewing Company
Luppolo Brewing Company
Strathcona Beer Company
Superflux Beer Company
Participating locations have implemented extensive safety and distancing measures to keep their customers safe. Many of the feature dishes are also available for take-out and delivery for those who wish to support Dine Strathcona from the comfort of home.
BC, charity, community, food, vancouver
DTES, events, restaurants, Strathcona
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An Oklahoma Summary Probate Procedure can be a much shorter process than a "regular" probate. The Oklahoma Legislature recently tightened up the schedule by now requiring the Combined Notice to be filed with the Oklahoma Probate Court on the same day as the Petition for Probate.
The decedent resided in another jurisdiction at the time of death.
The Combined Notice must be mailed and published within 10 days of filing the Petition for Probate. The Combined Notice must include the name, address and date of death of your family member; the name of the Petitioner; whether or not a Will exists; the name and address of the personal representative; the names and addresses of heirs; the total value of all assets; and the date, time and location of the final hearing.
Objections can be made at any time before the final hearing. In addition, creditor claims must now be made within 30 days of the date the Petition was filed.
Oklahoma City Estate Planning Attorney Stephen Cortes has over 19 years of legal experience and can help you decide if summary probate is right for your family. Call the Cortes Law Firm at 405-213-0856 or self-schedule your free consultation under "Becoming a Client" above.


Food | Tony De Falco - Ahh..What do I know?
Way back when, long before the distractions of the internet, hi def TV, and iPods, families actually sat down and ate dinner together. Sunday night was the BIG night when you pulled out all the stops and the cooking started before noon. Growing up in an Italian household in Brooklyn in the 60's, we looked forward to it. Pasta was macaroni and tomato sauce was gravy and that was that. And Wednesday was definitely not Prince Spaghetti day, no matter what the TV told you. My father was the cook and he had 4 sons to do the prep and clean up work. It would all start with us sitting on kitchen chairs with a big stock pot between our legs and we would have to push tomatoes through a colander to separate the skin and seeds from the pulp. There is nothing like gravy from fresh tomatoes but here is the short cut using canned that you can make year round.
Start by pouring some olive oil in the bottom of the pot, using medium heat, brown the sausage until almost done. Remove sausage and drain on paper towels.They will get finished later. Leave oil in pot. Put chopped garlic in pan, as much as you feel comfortable with. Don't over do the spices as you can't take them out but you can add more later. If you use the jarred chopped garlic, use about half a teaspoon. Sauté until slightly brown and then add can of tomato paste. Don't fry the garlic past golden or it will caramelize and take on a nutty flavor. Cook the paste and garlic together, stirring constantly until hot. Pour in all three cans of tomatoes and stir together. Reduce heat to low and leave uncovered. Cook this for one hour, stirring occasionally. Sauce should have reduced by 1/3 at this point. Now add a few healthy shakes of the oregano, basil, and parmesan cheese. Pour a few dashes of the red wine in. You can also use cooking wine available at the supermarket but that's no fun 'cause you've got nothing to drink while you make this! Watch the pot and stir for the next hour or until it has further reduced and gravy is thick. You can now add back the sausage you browned or add meatballs you've already made. Some info from the guy that was there: If you remember in the Godfather, Clemenza, added sugar to his gravy. Do that here and I will come over to your house and hit you with a wooden spoon. In GoodFella's it was onions, try it, and I'll be back with the spoon.
Anyway, there it is. Let me know how it comes out. Maybe next time we'll make the meatballs!
Without a doubt there is no pizza on earth like New York City Pizza. Just ask me and I'll tell you. And I don't mean the hole in the wall joints all over Rochester with the falling down banners that tout "New York Style" pizza. I've tried them all and they are all nothing more than a loaf of bread with ketchup and cheese whiz slopped on it. I mean pizza made and eaten in the city so great, they named it twice. Pizza with a crust so thin you can fold it and the crust is brown to black.I should know. I grew up, worked and sweated in one at 698 Fulton Street, Brooklyn New York. I've eaten so much pizza pie, I have tomato sauce in my veins. It's hard to replicate the ingredients such as a 2000 degree oven, hard Brooklyn water, Italian deli mozzarella and straight off the boat olive oil but here it is, as close, as you can get in your home kitchen.
Makes enough dough for two thin crust 10-12 inch pizzas.
In a small bowl, put the yeast, sugar and water and stir until mixed. Place the mixture in a warm place for 10 minutes until a froth forms. Dump the flour in a large mixing bowl, add the salt and olive oil. When the yeast mixture is ready pour it on top of the flour and mix with a wooden spoon until a ball forms. Turn out on to a floured cutting board. Coat your hands with flour and knead the dough until it forms a ball with a firm consistency. Add flour as needed, a little bit at a time.
Place ball of dough in a bowl that has been coated lightly with olive oil. Turn the dough around in the bowl so that it gets coated with the oil. Cover with plastic wrap. Let sit in a warm place (75-85°F) until it doubles in size, about 1 to 1 1/2 hours. If you don't have a warm spot in the house, put it in the microwave oven and place a note on the door not to turn it on while it's in there. At this point, if you want to make it ahead, you can refrigerate the dough for tomorrow. Just take it out a few hours before you need it.
When it is ready, knead again, separate into two balls and flatten into two pizza crusts. Exact size and shape aren't important. Do the best that you can and place the dough into a pan. I have found that the ones with the holes in them work the best if you aren't using a pizza stone.
Pre heat oven to 450 degrees. Pour a little olive oil on the crust and using the back of a tablespoon spread over crust. Pour a thin layer of tomato sauce on pizza and using the spoon cover crust. Sprinkle garlic, oregano and basil and then the parmesan cheese over sauce. Top with mozzarella and pepperoni then place on middle shelf of oven. Set timer for ten minutes. When time is up, open oven, rotate pan and re set timer for 5 minutes. The time isn't set in stone as all ovens cook different so keep checking pie and pay attention to the smell. You'll know when it's done by that alone. When your crust is golden brown and the cheese is melted it's time to take it out.
Let it rest for a few minutes before slicing, put some Jerry Vale on the stereo and open a bottle of Chianti. And don't forget the red checkered table cloth!
Remember pulling into a roadside diner with the blinking "Eats" or "Mom's Home Cooking" neon sign? Well so do I. Even better yet, I was a short order cook in one of those joints back in the 70's. The diner had been there since 1930 with the same owner and the customers raved about our meatloaf. Here's how I did it.
Pre heat oven to 350 degrees. Get out a big bowl and break the egg and add a splash of milk like you are going to make scrambled eggs. Whisk until yellow. Dump in ground beef and mix together. Add a good dash of bread crumbs so that you can't see the top of the meat. Sprinkle on garlic powder, as much as you like. Give a good shake of onion powder. Throw a little more milk on there and stir the whole mess together until it forms a firm loaf. You can always add bread crumbs or milk to change the consistency. Put in metal loaf pan and place in oven for 45 minutes. Take out and check loaf by piercing top and look for clear juices. You may need to put back in the oven for an additional 15 minutes if you like it well done. Remember you are going to be making gravy that takes about 15 minutes so don't overcook it yet. Remove loaf from pan, put on serving platter, cover with foil and keep in a warm place. To make the gravy place the loaf pan directly on a stove burner. Here's the secret to making gravy without lumps. Take four level tablespoons of flour and without turning on the burner, slowly, using another spoon, mix the flour into the pan drippings until you have a paste. If you are using beef broth slowly pour into pan while turning the heat on low. Mix the paste with the broth. If you are using bouillon cubes, add two cups of water and mix. Don't add cubes yet. Turn heat to high and bring mixture to a boil, stirring constantly. Keep an eye on it so that it doesn't boil over. Once it comes to a boil add cubes and smash them down with the flat side of a spoon. If using broth don't add cubes! Boil gently for 5 minutes and viola…you're done. And don't forget, slopping ketchup on top of meatloaf is a felony where I come from, so don't even try it. Serve with real mashed potato's and corn with butter. It doesn't get any better than this!


The Trenton Nutrition Center (TNC) serves a hot, delicious meal daily, Monday through Friday, at 11:30 a.m. to all seniors that are past their 60th birthday. This meal is intended for all walk-in customers from Sugar Creek and Lookingglass Townships. No senior will be turned away. A $5.00 donation is asked at the door.
Visit www.wccss.org (Western Clinton County Senior Services) for meal menus.


text:
Eye on Crime
ព័ត៌មាន (News)
វប្បធម៌ (Culture)
សហគមន៍ (Community)
The Signal Tribune newspaper
A Look at Bygone Days – A look back at the tumultuous '20s
On May 3, 1920, results of the 1920, U.S. Census were released and front-page headline in the Daily Telegram read: "Wonder city of South California is still on top: percentage of gain is among highest reported by Census Bureau; is the second city in County and third South of Tehachapi." In the decade since 1910, when the official population tally revealed a population of 17,809 residents, Long Beach had increased to 55,593. This was an increase of 37,784 or 212.2%.
If unannexed territory surrounding the municipality had been annexed before the census, the city's population would have been approximately 65,000. Other statistics reported in the Daily Telegram article reveal a more complete picture of the development of Long Beach: its monthly industrial payroll leaped from $7000 in 1910 to $650,000 in 1920; its industrial plant investments from $100,000 to $10,000,000, and its bank deposits from $4,274,225 to $28,655,205.'
So what would you find if you went to Long Beach in 1920? Reporter Reed Heustus told readers of what he saw in the June 29 Los Angeles Herald.
Long Beach was more than a beach resort, Heustus reported. It was now an industrial center, but it continued to hold its charms for pleasure seekers. It was home to state-society picnics, jazz, fishing and yet a place of quiet homes. Everything was new in Long Beach except the ocean. If you wandered through the town you might come across the Balboa Film Studio, and the rejuvenated Pike, where one could hear every known language of the world.
Long Beach had come a long way since 1884 when the settlement consisted of a dozen houses, a horse car line with wooden rails and the beginnings of a water system. Gradually it gathered momentum. By 1900 the population was 2252. It was in the decennial period from 1900 to 1910 that Long Beach began its real development. The city's population increase in that time was 690.8%, which won the fame of being the fastest growing city in the United States.
The Los Angeles Times also lauded Long Beach in its May 5, 1920 issue:
"All California should feel grateful to Long Beach; for the frequently repeated cynicism that no community here can hope to measure up to the claims of its boosters has been refuted very satisfactorily and very convincingly by the beach city. So, hail to the fair city of Long Beach. It has not only set a mark for the whole nation, but it has outstripped its own boosters.
Though she didn't qualify for the 1920 census, having been born after the census count, May Bird became the first Native American child born in the City of Long Beach. Baby Bird made her entry into the world at the Frances Campbell Apartments, 249 Pine Avenue, in early May 1920. Her mother had been visiting Long Beach when the baby decided to arrive early. Her father, Virgil Bird, had yet to see his daughter. He was a member of the Chickasaw tribe and worked in the oil industry in Oklahoma and Texas. He was anxiously awaiting his wife and newborn daughter's return to their home in Oklahoma. May Bird, who weighed in at 8.5 lbs. was named for the landlady, Miss May Johnson, who was the first person to have seen her.
On January 17, 1920, America went dry. Alcohol could no longer be consumed for pleasure in the United States. Andrew J. Volstead, a Republic congressman from Minnesota had introduced the bill to ban alcohol throughout the United States on May 27, 1919. An already desperately ill President Wilson, further weakened by his losing fight to keep America within the League of Nations, vetoed it, on both constitutional and ethical grounds. But that same day, the veto was overridden in Congress, and the act became law.
Many Americans were shocked in October 1919 when the Volstead Act, passed after the ratification of the 18th Amendment, established a law making it illegal to possess or make any beverage containing more than one-half of one percent of alcohol. The original amendment had not been explicit in defining what the alcohol level of "intoxicating" beverages consisted of. Acting in defiance of the Volstead Act, the legislatures of New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts passed laws in 1920 allowing the production and sale of low-alcohol beer or light wines. Later that year the Supreme Court crushed these local attempts to set alcohol limits higher than those imposed by the Volstead Act. The touchy matter of religious freedom was avoided by exempting sacramental wines from the ban on beverage alcohol, although permits were required to obtain communion wine. Permits were also granted for the medicinal use of alcohol and its use in the commercial manufacture of cider and vinegar. Congress offered protection for the possession and use of alcohol in private residences if used only for the personal consumption of the owner, his family, and bona fide guests. Moreover, Congress blocked searches of private dwellings unless illegal liquor had been sold inside them.
The ratification of the 18th "Amendment gave no assurance that the cooperation required for the "concurrent" enforcement of prohibition by states as well as the federal government would be forthcoming. As a result, all states enacted 'baby Volstead' laws in the early 1920s to accompany the national prohibition statute. Some state laws were even harsher than the Volstead Act, outlawing the personal possession of liquor and giving local authorities greater power to search out and seize illegal alcohol. On May 7, 1921, California passed the Wright Act which mandated that all state, city and county officials enforced the national Volstead Act. But the Wright Act was put on hold when the "wets" obtained enough signatures to put it on a referendum ballot in 1922—a clever way to delay the bill for almost two years. On November 7, 1922, the Wright Act passed by a majority of 29,621 votes. At midnight Dec. 22, 1922, it went into effect.
Why had Prohibition, a cause that had been fought for nearly 100 years, become so popular? The Women's Christian Temperance League and the Anti-Saloon League had been leading a crusade against alcohol for years, but it was the war that brought things to ahead. According to Edward Behr in his book Prohibition, the German influx into America after the 1830s made America beer conscious. The result was that many German-American communities established breweries. Before World War I the German-Americans supported Germany in their war against Britain, sending money and even urging a German invasion of Canada. "Older" Americans, of British rootstock, were aghast. When America entered the war against Germany there was a wave of anti-German hysteria which resulted in ill feelings towards the German-American operated breweries. This was a major reason for Prohibition, according to Behr—to get rid of the German-American breweries.
The delay between the passing of the act and its implementation was no humane measure to let Americans enjoy one last year of legal drinking. The intervening year was spent setting up new law enforcement machinery. From the first, when the Prohibition Bureau was put under the jurisdiction of the Treasury, instead of the Justice Department, problems arose. Another disastrous decision was making the new Prohibition agents exempt from Civil Service rules. In every state, their recruitment was political. All that was required on the part of an aspiring Prohibition agent was the endorsement of a politician. No other qualifications or character references were needed; some of the recruits even had criminal records. The job paid a maximum salary of $2,300 a year, barely enough to live on, almost inviting corruption. However, the nation's legislators professed to be completely taken aback by the extent of Prohibition-related lawbreaking.
The futility of enforcing prohibition laws became apparent in 1928 when a San Francisco jury in a liquor case came under indictment for drinking the evidence. Everywhere overburdened courts collapsed under the weight of cases generated by Prohibition.
You will find more about this era in Long Beach history in my book "Prohibition Madness."
Comments that include libelous statements are subject to review from editors.
Column | A look at bygone days: Headlines in Long Beach during the 1920s
Column | And in this Corner: Little Rascal
Column | And in this corner: I wish
Thoughts from the Publisher | A chat with a Disney on Ice performer
Thoughts from the Publisher | Karma's a bitch
Letter to the Editor: Zoning woes
Column: How to have a safe holiday from LA County Fire
Column: Bygone Days
Column: And in this corner
Column: Shopping at your local businesses ultimately improves your community
Serving Bixby Knolls, California Heights, Los Cerritos, Wrigley and Signal Hill
Bixby Knolls Business Directory
Download Full Issues


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text:
Шаблони () — засіб мови C++, який призначений для кодування узагальнених алгоритмів, без прив'язки до деяких параметрів: типу даних, розміру буфера та стандартного значення.  В C++ можливе створення шаблону функції і шаблону класу. Хоча шаблони надають коротку форму запису ділянки коду, насправді їх використання не скорочує виконуваний код, тому що для кожного набору параметрів компілятор створює окремий екземпляр функції або класу.

Шаблонні функції
При створенні функцій іноді виникають ситуації, коли дві функції виконують однакову послідовність дій, але працюють з різними типами даних (наприклад, одна використовує параметри типу int, а інша типу float або double). За допомогою механізму перевантаження функцій можна використовувати одне й те ж ім'я для функцій, що виконують різні дії і мають різні типи параметрів. Однак, функції не можуть відрізняються лише типом значення, що повертається, тому що тоді, згідно стандарту, вважається, що у них однакова сигнатура. В цьому випадку потрібно буде використовувати унікальні імена для кожного варіанту. Шаблонна функція дає можливість оперувати параметрами різних типів і повертати значення різних типів, що значно полегшує роботу і зменшує кількість коду. Іншими словами шаблонна функція являє собою набір функцій.

Наприклад, стандартна бібліотека C++ має шаблонну функцію max(x, y), яка повертає більше з двох значень (x або y). Функцію max() можна оголосити з використанням шаблонних типів, таким чином:
template <typename Type>
Type max(Type a, Type b) {
    return a > b ? a : b;
}
Одна ця функція може працювати з різними типами даних. Хоча використання шаблонної функції економить кількість коду, в порівнянні з написанням множини окремих функцій для кожного типу параметрів, вона не зменшує об'єм скомпільованого коду. Наприклад, якщо в програмі функція використовується для двох ситуацій, де параметрами є значення типу int і double, компілятор скомпілює об'єктний код з двома версіями функції max(), одна з яких приймає параметри типу int, а друга double. Результат компіляції буде ідентичний тому, якби ми створили дві окремі функції, замість використання одної шаблонної функції.
#include <iostream>

int main(int, char**)
{
  // Зробить виклик функції max <int> (за типом аргументів)
  std::cout << max(3, 7) << std::endl;
  // Зробить виклик функції  max<double> (за типом аргументів)
  std::cout << max(3.0, 7.0) << std::endl;
  // Ця ситуація є неоднозначною, тому слід явно вказати, що слід викликати max<double>
  std::cout << max<double>(3, 7.0) << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

Огляд

Шаблон функції

Оголошення та визначення шаблону функції починається ключовим словом template, слідом за яким йде укладений в кутові дужки і розділений комами непорожній список параметрів шаблону. Цю частину оголошення або визначення зазвичай називають заголовком шаблону.

Шаблон функції визначає ціле сімейство подібних функцій, які мають вигляд звичайного коду, частини якого залишені не визначені: ці частини називають параметризованими.

Наприклад, визначений нижче шаблон функції повертає як результат максимальне значення двох параметрів a та b:
template <typename T>
T max(T a, T b) {
    return a > b ? a : b;
}
Тип обох параметрів навмисно залишено не визначеним, натомість він буде визначений параметром шаблону T.

Конкретне значення параметру шаблону буде визначено при використанні шаблону функції. Ним може бути будь-який тип даних, який підтримує ті операції, які використані в шаблоні. В наведеному вище прикладі, цей тип має підтримувати оператор «менше» (operator<) а також цей тип має дозволяти операцію копіювання (для повернення результату із тіла функції).

До появи стандарту C++98 для оголошення параметрів шаблону слід було використовувати ключове слово class. Але в новіших версіях мови програмування C++ обидва ключових слова мають в даному контексті однакове значення, тому шаблон:
template <class T>
T max(T a, T b) {
    return a > b ? a : b;
}
ідентичний шаблону з використанням ключового слова typename.

Процес заміни параметрів шаблону на конкретні типи називають створенням екземпляру, конкретизацією шаблону (), а його результат — екземпляром шаблону ().

Слід зазначити, що попри те, що мова програмування C++ надає можливість спеціалізувати шаблони функції, через складні правила перевантаження функцій в присутності шаблону функції (з не завжди очікуваними результатами), цією можливістю радять не користуватись. Натомість, для спеціалізації шаблону функції краще визначити перевантажену функцію з потрібною сигнатурою.

Шаблон класу

Шаблон класу оголошують так само як і шаблон функції: слід оголосити параметри шаблону з ідентифікаторами використаних типів. Поширеним ідентифікатором типу служить літера T:
template <typename T>
class Name
{
// тіло шаблону класу
};
Аналогічно шаблону функції, замість ключового слова typename можна використати ключове слово class:
template <class T>
class Name
{
// тіло шаблону класу
};
Обидва варіанти будуть еквівалентні.

Шаблон змінної

Стандарт C++14 додав можливість оголошувати змінні параметризовані за типом даних.

Наприклад, число π можна визначити як шаблон змінної без визначення конкретного типу:
template<typename T> constexpr T pi{3.1415926535897932385};
Слід зазначити, що подібно іншим шаблонам, шаблони змінних не можна оголошувати всередині функцій або в блоках коду.

Параметри шаблонів

Кожен параметр шаблону складається з службового слова class, за яким йде ідентифікатор.

У контексті оголошення шаблону функції, службове слово class не має жодного особливого смислового навантаження. Справа в тому, що аналогічна конструкція використовується також і для оголошення шаблону класу, де ключове слово class грає свою особливу роль.

У заголовку шаблону імена параметрів шаблону повинні бути унікальні. Параметрами шаблонів можуть бути: параметри-типи, параметри звичайних типів, параметри-шаблони. Для параметрів будь-якого типу можна вказувати значення за замовчуванням.

template <class T1, // параметр-тип
           typename T2, // параметр-тип
           int I, // параметр звичайного типу
           T1 DefaultValue, // параметр звичайного типу
           template <class> class T3, // параметр-шаблон
           class Character = char> // параметр за замовчуванням

У версії стандарту C++11 була додана можливість використання шаблонів зі змінним числом параметрів.

Шаблони як члени класів

Проблеми виникають і з членами-шаблонами. Якщо шаблон, який є членом класу, який у свою чергу є параметром шаблону, використовується в цьому шаблоні і не допускає виведення параметрів, то необхідно використовувати кваліфікатор  template :
   class A
   {
   / * ... * /
   public:
     template <class T> T & ConvertTo ();
     template <class T> void ConvertFrom (const T & data);
   };
   template <class T>
   void f (T Container)
   {
     int i1 = Container.template ConvertTo <int> () + 1;
     Container.ConvertFrom (i1); // кваліфікатор не потрібен
   }

Примітки

Література

Див. також
 Слід не плутати з шаблонним методом — одним з шаблонів проєктування
 C++
 Узагальнене програмування

C++
Програмні конструкції
Приклади програм на C++
Об'єктно-орієнтоване програмування
Метапрограмування
Статті з прикладами коду мовою C++