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Home ▶ Vol 2, No 1 (2013) ▶	Owusu-Ansah
Frances E. Owusu-Ansah1
Gubela Mji2
1Department of Behavioural Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
2Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Frances Owusu-Ansah
School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PO Box KS 99, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa
Received: 13 Apr. 2012
Accepted: 05 Oct. 2012
Published: 16 Jan. 2013
Owusu-Ansah, F.E. & Mji, G., 2013, 'African indigenous knowledge and research', African Journal of Disability 2(1), Art. #30 5 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/
ajod.v2i1.30
© 2013. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals.
African indigenous knowledge and research
In This Original Research...
• Abstract
• Characteristics of African indigenous knowledge
• Afrocentric methodology and disability research in Africa
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• Competing interests
• Authors' contributions:
This paper seeks to heighten awareness about the need to include indigenous knowledge in the design and implementation of research, particularly disability research, in Africa. It affirms the suitability of the Afrocentric paradigm in African research and argues the necessity for an emancipatory and participatory type of research which values and includes indigenous knowledge and peoples. In the predominantly Western-oriented academic circles and investigations, the African voice is either sidelined or suppressed because indigenous knowledge and methods are often ignored or not taken seriously. This paper posits that to be meaningful and empowering, African-based research must, of necessity, include African thought and ideas from inception through completion to the implementation of policies arising from the research. In this way the work is both empowering and meaningful for context-specific lasting impact.
The thrust of this paper is to heighten awareness, stimulate new thoughts and generate discussion on the wealth of indigenous knowledge. African researchers need to persist in developing and using alternative methods of studying our reality and refrain from sticking to the research pathways mapped out by Western methodologies, within which many have been trained. Whilst it neither seeks to negate nor denigrate known Western methods of investigation, it intends to challenge researchers and African scholars in particular into alternative methods of inquiry as far as the investigation and preservation of indigenous knowledge is concerned for the development and empowerment of African peoples and particularly persons with disabilities.
Knowledge or science, and its methods of investigation, cannot be divorced from a people's history, cultural context and worldview. Worldview shapes consciousness and forms the theoretical framework within which knowledge is sought, critiqued and or understood (Sarpong 2002). Almost all knowledge has cultural relevance and must be examined for its particular focus. From this perspective it is dangerous, if not oppressive, to hail any one method of investigation as universal (Asante 1987). According to Asante, the hallowed concepts and methods within Western thought are inadequate to explain all of the ways of knowing because 'universality can only be dreamed about when we have "slept" on truth based on specific cultural experiences' (Asante 1987:168). Therefore, he argues that all cultures and the indigenous ways of knowing arising from them are to be respected and valued in their uniqueness. Although still inchoate, it is most gratifying to see that some African scholars (Tanyaniwa & Chikwanha 2011; Ntumngia 2009; Pence & Nsamenang 2008; Nsamenang 2006; Mkabela 2005; Mpofu 2002; Mpofu 1994) have taken on the important yet daunting task of making relevant to the African reality, Western theories and constructs believing that African knowledge has much to enrich existing Western knowledge and methodologies.
African knowledge and methods of knowing have yielded results and contributions that have been discounted by many and even sometimes by the African scholars (Nsamenang 1995). Contributions made by Africa and her people to history and civilisation are conspicuously missing from text books for formal education and generally remain unknown to many (Ngara 2007). Silenced contributions from ancient Egyptian education to philosophy, mathematics, architecture, medicine (Bargblor 2003) and library science (Zulu 2008) are just a few. A quick review of the literature reveals that Africa has historically made a host of contributions to world civilisation (Asante 1990; Derricourt 2011) which remain unknown and subliminally perpetuate the myth that African and or traditional African societies are incapable of rigorous scientific inquiry.
Characteristics of African indigenous knowledge
Indigenous knowledge or African knowledge, here used interchangeably, is experiential knowledge based on a worldview and a culture that is basically relational. The spirit of the African worldview includes wholeness, community and harmony which are deeply embedded in cultural values. A person becomes human only in the midst of others and seeks both individual and collective harmony as the primary task in the process of becoming a true person (Sarpong 2002; Sarpong 1991). Like its peoples, acquisition of knowledge is collective and community oriented. Central to the African worldview is the strong orientation to collective values and harmony rooted in a collective sense of responsibility – a 'collective ethic' – which acknowledges that survival of the group derives from harmony through interdependence and interconnectedness (Mkabela 2005; Sarong 2002; Sarpong 1991).
A helpful example comes from a South African colleague who engaged rural indigenous women by means of focused group discussions in her quest to understand the concept of health from an indigenous perspective. She learned that for the rural indigenous women of Southern Africa health was basically about relationships! They believed that ill health occurred when relationships have broken down. In their indigenous thinking, even when restoration to health is sought through the biomedical approach, wholeness was possible only when broken relationships have been mended and restored because a person is most healthy when she or he is in harmony with others! (Durie 2004).
African knowledge, and its method of acquisition, has a practical, collective and social or interpersonal slant. The works of Mpofu (2002) and Nsamenang (2006) show that indigenous conceptions of intelligence, for example, emphasise the practical, interpersonal and social domains of functioning and are quite differentiated from the cognitive 'academic' intelligence that dominates Western concepts of the construct. Likewise, learning for the African child is mostly peer oriented and participatory with less adult instruction (Nsamenang 1995; Nsamenang 2006; Pence & Nsamenang 2008) which is consistent with a generally collective African self-concept (Mpofu 1994).
As a knowledge system, it is characteristically oral and passed on from generation to generation in the context of community living and activities (Sarpong 1991; Mkabela 2005). Considering that culture is the 'lens' through which a person perceives, interprets and makes sense of his or her reality, if we speak of the inclusion of African indigenous knowledge in any investigation, we would be speaking about the examination of African reality from the perspective of the African and not with the African on the periphery.
However, oral tradition, characteristic of indigenous knowledge systems is often, although erroneous, looked down upon relative to the written tradition. Partly because indigenous knowledge is mainly oral and not written, and partly because it is people-centered and sometimes not so easily 'measurable' (Emeagwali 2003), it has been mistaken by many as simplistic and not amenable to systematic scientific investigation. However, its rich complexities are found in the community ceremonies and rituals, namely, story-telling, proverbs, folktales, recitation, demonstration, sport, epic, poetry, reasoning, riddles, praise, songs, word games, puzzles, tongue-twisters, dance, music, and other education-centered activities (Ngara 2007).
It is prudent to say that African indigenous knowledge is not without limitations. Some of these are the tenacious continuity of practices and beliefs that lack openness and flexibility to necessary or constructive changes. There is a tendency to forget that, just as any other type of knowledge, it is subject to change from economic, environmental and social forces (Tanyanyiwa & Chikwanha 2011) and therefore its acceptance must be subject to critical observation and analysis. However, limitations notwithstanding, before the advent of Western methods of scientific inquiry African knowledge and methods have successfully guided its peoples in all spheres of functioning, including the spiritual, social, educational, agricultural, political and economic (Tanyanyiwa & Chikwanha 2011; Ntumngia 2009; Pence & Nsamenang 2008; Pence & Marfo 2008; Nsamenang 2006; Mpofu 2006; Zulu 2006; Levers 2006; Emeagwali 2003; Sarpong 2002; Nsamenang & Lamb 1995; Sarpong 1991; Asante 1987). It is from this perspective that the authors are of the view that African knowledge and methods of knowing must drive African research if it is to be meaningful to its peoples.
Afrocentric methodology and disability research in Africa
Authors affirm that Asante's Afrocentric method arising from his works (Asante 1987; 1988; 1990), termed 'Afrocentricity', would be an appropriate complement to qualitative methodology in disability research in an African context because the philosophical and theoretical paradigm underlying Afrocentricity is consistent with the African worldview. Afrocentricity is a paradigm that has at its core the understanding of the African identify as rooted, centred and located in the African culture in all aspects – spiritual, social, political and economic. It is the examination of the African reality from the perspective of the African; one that places the African experience at the core, recognises the African voice and reaffirms the centrality of cultural experience as the place to begin to create a dynamic multicultural approach to research (Mkabela 2005).
It is noteworthy that Afrocentricity is not just about Africa or the African culture. Instead, its fundamental aim is that all cultural centres must be respected and not impaired by colour or geography. Instead, to be 'centred' is to be located as an agent, not as 'the other' (Mkabela 2005), the basis of which is equal and respectful mutual exchange and synthesis of information. To this end, Afrocentricity encourages cultural and social immersion as opposed to scientific distance in research as well as the use of tools and methods indigenous to the people being studied. This way, indigenous peoples are active participants in the articulation of the views, wishes, concerns and research questions that they deem important to their cultural context and experience. Social immersion would provide researcher knowledge about and familiarity with the history, language, philosophy, and myths of the people under study, and reduce misinterpretation, perpetuation of myths and researcher imposition (Mkabela 2005).
In effect, the Afrocentric paradigm does not only advocate cultural immersion, indigenisation of tools and methods of investigation that African peoples can use to make sense of their own realities but also the interpretation of research data from an indigenous African perspective. Succinctly put:
This means that the method differs markedly in its reflexive sensitivity to its data and the manner in which it analytically explores the data. The aim is to be sufficiently detailed and sensitive to actual social contexts and to investigate the methodological bases or orderly character of ordinary social activities. This means that the researcher should understand that what s/he does and how s/he does it is specific to the culture (a situated response), the problem, and dynamics of the particular context. To achieve the understanding of this cultural framework requires indigenous African people's involvement and control of research (Mkabela 2005:181)
This 'participatory' approach allows professionals to learn with, by and from indigenous communities and to create a working relationship in which people's priorities and values become more fully expressed in research. The indigenous communities within which research is conducted are not treated as 'informants' but 'significant participants' and as 'equals' in both the process of research and the decision-making processes that bring about policy changes which affect their communities (Mkabela 2005). More importantly, a research methodology that is collaborative emphasises and strengthens the African value of collective responsibility and affirms the centrality of African indigenous ideals and values as legitimate frames of reference for conducting research, from data collection to analysis and implementation.
Afrocentric and qualitative methods are similar and complementary as both assume the use of interpretative schemes that must be understood and have the character of the local context articulated. However, core to the Afrocentric paradigm as already articulated, is the position that to be Afrocentric, research must involve indigenous people in all aspects and stages, from beginning to the end, and must be unique to the social structure and cultural values of African indigenous communities. It encourages a spiral methodology of data collection – community, participants, researchers and decision-makers all interacting in a synergistic and bidirectional manner (Mkabela 2005), consistent with the African value of oneness.
Therefore, for meaningful African-based disability research, it is important that the African view is not discounted because learning does not take place in a vacuum. True learning, and indeed adult learning, occurs when the learner relates new material to existing ones. The African culture, with its relational values and emphasis, is the milieu within which the African learns best and makes sense of her or his world. The African can make contributions to the world by understanding and being grounded in its own knowledge system vis-a-vis those of others because 'true education' is when one has learned one's own as well as those of others.
That is why it is important that the African scholar, researching in Africa, particularly those trained outside of Africa or trained in Western-oriented methodologies, reacquaint themselves with their own African knowledge systems. The 'Western educated' African, knowledgeable in Western concepts and methods, may be alienated from self because of a lack of adequate knowledge about his or her own culture and indigenous knowledges and or self-imposed emulation of foreign ways of knowing and being. He or she may, therefore, be crippled in the ability to indigenise Western acquired knowledges and skills within the African cultural context (Nsamenang 1995). It is not surprising that a tendency to adhere to Western tools and methodologies in African research is one hurdle in the process of the indigenisation and integration (Azuma 1984) of disciplines from African perspectives (Mpofu 2002; Nsamenang 1995).
Undoubtedly, there are many challenges in the process of indigenising science and research in Africa, given the predominance of Western constructs in science (Azuma 1984) and the lack of respect and recognition for indigenous methods as valid forms of knowledge (Nsamenang 1995). In addition to this are the constraints and difficulties of publication in reputable international journals for African scholars and the general assumption that one form of knowledge is better than the other and that for indigenous knowledge to be true and relevant it has to follow Western methods and ways of knowing.
One may ask: is research in Africa unique? Why and how is the Afrocentric method and its embedded process of indigenisation essential to disability research in Africa? How can disability research in Africa maintain its own unique identity whilst embracing Western methodologies? The position of this paper is that research in Africa, in general, is unique because of uniqueness of culture. That is not to say that it is so unique as to be completely divorced from all other human experiences and knowledge. Uniqueness, as used here, is meaningful in the context of the African experience and worldview which is arguably different from those of the Western world. If so, how do we preserve the endangered indigenous knowledge and the communal contexts within which this knowledge is nurtured and passed on? How, for example, can the African scholar return to her or his roots to facilitate the preservation of African knowledge systems, for the inclusion of African ways of knowing into existing 'mainstream' knowledge systems, the failure of which alienates the African from self and community? We acknowledge that these are questions with neither easy nor ready-made answers. They are raised to stimulate ideas and discussions on the way forward.
Basically, this paper affirms suitability of a participatory research methodology such as proposed in the Afrocentric paradigm for disability research in Africa because there are issues related to disability that are uniquely African. For example, the highest number of persons with disability is the poor and marginalised who are concentrated in low-income countries such as those on the African continent which also has the largest number of the world's poorest peoples (Mitra, Posarac & Vick 2011). Therefore, poverty and disability are unfortunately home to Africa.
The notion of understanding disability has been an evolving concept in that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinder their full participation in society on an equal basis with others (UN 2006). From this perspective, disability is no longer viewed as an individual tragedy but rather as a form of oppression in which people with impairments are disabled by multiple barriers of discrimination and social exclusion (Danso, Owusu-Ansah & Alorwu 2012). Albert & Harrison (2006) quoting Yeo (2001) reiterate this concern about disability research:
Traditional research often involves wealthy non-disabled outsiders questioning people about their lives. This is not a reliable way of getting information where there are big power differences and where questioners are not trusted friends. To get consent is not sufficient, as few people in situations of poverty and exclusion will refuse to be questioned by people with more power and authority. It is therefore essential that disabled people are fully involved in future research, including setting the agenda. (p. 14)
With regard to disability research, African persons with disability carry a double burden of exclusion by virtue of the neglect of African ways of knowing and also by being persons with a disability. Persons with disability are calling for society to stop perceiving them as objects of pity but as capable individuals who are contributing immensely to the development of society, including disability research. On the other hand, research within a social model of disability recognises the interaction of impairment with the social conditions that construct disability. Modern African scholars have this perception about the response of society towards vulnerable groups and the person with disability Mbeki 1997):
Among the yardsticks by which to measure a society's respect for human rights, to evaluate the level of its maturity and its generosity, is by looking at the status that it accords to those members of society who are most vulnerable, disabled people, the senior citizens and its children (p. i).
Within this understanding, research that claims to be objective and neutral is inadequate if it does not challenge social oppression. Rather, a participatory and emancipatory research paradigm, such as the Afrocentric method, is called for with the goal being to:
… understand how the [oppression] of disabled people happens and discover ways to challenge it. The key to unlocking this process of transformation lies in the knowledge and life experience of disabled people themselves. This is why like indigenous ways of knowing they need to take the lead at all stages of the research process (Albert 2006:30).
Barnes (2008) identifies an emancipatory research agenda based on the social model as having the following features:
• It exposes disabling barriers in society and points toward change.
• It is accountable to disabled people through the research process, including the control and dissemination of the research product.
Within this framework, capacity building is seen as a two-way process whereby persons with disability expand researchers' knowledge of disability and at the same time themselves acquire valuable research skills.
More importantly, total inclusion of indigenous persons with disabilities in research based on mutual respect, such as suggested by the Afrocentric method, solidifies participants' own definition of self-determination and empowerment. Fostering self-esteem and empowerment are particularly important in disability research because of the close link between disability and poverty (Mitra et al. 2011). Disability, made worse by poverty, robs people of their dignity and sense of self. In a situation such as this, research that simply treats participants as 'outsiders' can only fuel an already eroded and fragile sense of self.
In conclusion, reiterating earlier points, proposing the Afrocentric methodology for disability research in a way that is both participatory and emancipatory does not by any means negate Western methodology. Instead, in the African wisdom of openness expressed in the proverb 'the river is flooded by tributaries', we dare say that to get a more complete and realistic understanding of the world we need to value all the available alternate ways of knowing and investigating (i.e. that of Africa and those of others) to jumpstart the African intellect and imagination towards rich, indigenous African-centred research.
The critical issue here for Africans scholars, who have mostly been educated outside Africa, is to find creative ways of using our rich cultural heritage and multilayered knowledge systems to understand our own reality and to empower our people; to pioneer and churn out African-centred research that empowers, liberates and reduces all shades of poverty, particularly the poverty of voicelessness amongst persons with disabilities. Thus emboldened, we can take our rightful place in the globalised world, a world that would be challenged to accept that 'one size does not fit all' and that all forms of knowledge are valid and valuable. The world needs to revise its impression that one can only be a researcher if one has undergone formal education because:
We were all born as researchers; research is the creating element that runs through our minds, bodies and feelings to guide, protect, and assist us to move to the next level of creation. Without research, human beings would quickly or slowly approach their extinction (Mji 2009:7).
Indigenous persons with disability in Africa, even the illiterate, do have something to contribute to the process of knowledge acquisition. Indigenous African knowledge is vulnerable because many of the carriers of this knowledge are dying without the documentation of these knowledges. To preserve such knowledges, a new path must be charted and a paradigm shift is imperative. It must be neither negating of existing Western methods of investigation nor polarised in outlook because that would undermine opportunities for the creation and generation of new knowledge, but must seek to respect all forms and sources of knowledge.
This paper advocates room for alternative ways of exploring and knowing so that there is no imposed one way to investigate. Each methodology, however seemingly different, can add value and enhance the process of creation of new knowledge as each brings insights and tools on how to perceive and interpret the world. In effect, this paper is primarily calling that the African ways of enquiry be used as the cornerstone for the process of research within the African cosmology and secondarily for it to be integrated into the global stage as part of the knowledge of the people of the world because it is time for the African voice to be heard!
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Both authors conceptualised the paper. F.E.O.A. (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology) and G.M. (University of Stellensbosch) prepared and edited the manuscript for publication.
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Alexis is a Delta Science Postdoctoral Fellow who is interested in the physical, chemical, and biological factors that promote development of blooms, especially harmful algal blooms (HABs). To explore phytoplankton dynamics on daily timescales in the Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay, she uses an Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB), an in-situ automated submersible flow cytometer that generates high-resolution images of particles in-flow taken from the aquatic environment. Alexis completed her PhD in Biological Oceanography in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program. Her dissertation focused on cyst dormancy cycling and bloom initiation of Alexandrium catenella, a HAB dinoflagellate that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.
Monterey Bay is the largest open embayment along the U.S. West Coast and is subject to intense autumn dinoflagellate blooms, many of which are harmful algal blooms. During 2004–2007 these blooms were so dominant that it was called the "age of dinoflagellates". In 2018, after a decade absence, these conditions returned with an abundance of dinoflagellates documented at the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf (SCW) using an Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB). The IFCB combines video and flow cytometric technology to capture images with chlorophyll fluorescence above a trigger threshold. A phytoplankton image training set was amassed and used to train a 28-category random forest classifier that has 90% overall accuracy. The dominant dinoflagellate was Akashiwo sanguinea, exceeding 40 cells mL-1 and 500 cells mL-1 in March and May, respectively – a time of year when dinoflagellates are characteristically rare. Also abundant were Prorocentrum spp., Ceratium spp., and Gymnodinum spp. – all "upwelling relaxation" dinoflagellate taxa (Smayda 2002). During the winter and spring, pulses of increased dinoflagellates were associated with wind reversals, relaxation of upwelling, water column stability, and river discharge, which would have created a retentive, nutrient-rich region at SCW. These daily dynamics were also reflected in interannual drivers of anomalous dinoflagellate abundance at SCW. A partial least-squares regression was applied to a 7-year de-seasonalized weekly SCW timeseries. Winds from the west and south, increased river discharge, and negative NPGO and ENSO anomalies could explain 80% of anomalous dinoflagellate chlorophyll from January through May. High-frequency IFCB sampling and our coastal phytoplankton classifier will continue to improve our understanding of harmful dinoflagellate bloom development and better inform monitoring decisions.
Dr. Cynthia Catton has studied kelp forest ecosystems, including important marine invertebrate fishery species and climate-change impacts, for over 15 years in California. She received a BS in Zoology with a Marine Emphasis from the University of Washington, and a PhD in Marine Biology from Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Dr. Catton is an Environmental Scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and a Research Associate at the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory.
Dr. Catton will be talking about her current work to form a strong multi-institutional and community-engaged collaborative research program (KELPRR) to support kelp forest restoration in northern California.


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At St. Catherine University, you will grow as a leader who engages with intention, acts with justice and serves with compassion. You will build personal relationships with faculty and students alike, while you become immersed in active and collaborative methods of learning.
St. Catherine University's occupational therapy assistant program is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) located at 4720 Montgomery Lane, Suite 200 Bethesda, MD 20814-3449. ACOTE's number at AOTA is (301) 652-2682 and its web address is www.acoteonline.org.
Graduates of the program receive an Associate of Applied Science Degree and are eligible to sit for the national certification exam administered by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT). After successful completion of this exam, they receive the title of Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA).
NBCOT testing data is available via the NBCOT School Performance Link.
Learn more about Accreditation for this program
We're happy to share additional details about our Occupational Therapy Assistant program.
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St. Kate's offers financial aid to make education affordable for you. Click here for more information.
Occupational Therapy Assistant Course Requirements
Explore the required, supporting and recommended courses.
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Our faculty are experienced, supportive occupational therapy professionals, active researchers, industry and academic award winners and influential members of professional organizations. Most of all, they're passionate, caring teachers.
Bachelor's Level
Applied Science in Biology
Applied Science in Communication Studies (Pre-OT)
Applied Science in Exercise and Sport Science
Applied Science in Psychology
Exercise Science and Nutrition
Pre-Physical Therapy
Pre-Occupational Therapy (adult learners)
Psychology (adult learners)
Master's Level
Doctorate Level

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Crazy Jane concerts feature professional performers from the Portland area and beyond. Their expertise and enthusiasm for new music make Crazy Jane concerts one of the most anticipated events of the year.
Training includes: PSU, USIU, RDT, Ririe Woodbury, Bates Dance Festival, Alvin Ailey School, and Jacobs Pillow which many included full Scholarships for training.
Zayra Yves' creative writing is published in numerous print journals, anthologies, on-line e-zines and magazines: The Zimbabwe Situation, Panhandler Quarterly, Voices for Africa, Eyes of the Poet, Kreativ, Reflections IIT Madras (India), Edge Life Magazine, Poetry Life & Times, Astropoetica, Alehouse Press, 34th Parallel, Feeling is First, Memoir (and), Aquillrelle and The Enchanting Verses International Journal.
Who was the original Crazy Jane? "Crazy Jane" is the name of an earthy character invented by the Irish poet W. B. Yeats and based on a real person whom Yeats admired for her audacity, lust for life and satirical eye. She is a passionate old woman who flies in the face of convention and propriety to speak her mind about love, war, character and freedom. She shakes her fist at generals and bishops alike. She acts as a mouthpiece for unpopular truths and thus upholds the tradition of strong, mythical Celtic women in her own unorthodox way. The only reason she gets away with it (in early 20th Century Ireland, anyway) is because, well…she's crazy.
The women of Cascadia Composers adopted "Crazy Jane" as their muse because her bold spirit and fearlessness in expressing herself is an inspiration to women composers – a group that has been marginalized throughout Western musical history. Some of the older composers in our group grew up during a time when women were barred from playing in professional orchestras and those few female musicians (especially composers and conductors) who had existed barely merited a footnote in traditional music education. While that atmosphere is increasingly a thing of the past, its traces linger. The image of "Crazy Jane" urges us on to take the risks necessary to create and share our music.


After the tragic fire incident at Kamala Mills, the state has introduced a bill to ban hookah. on Tuesday, the government proposed to amend the Cigarettes and other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 2003 (COTPA)'s application in Maharashtra.
This bill might lead to many hookah bars in Mumbai to run out business. The fire caused at Kamala Mills was due to the embers of hookahs served. This ghastly incident took 14 lives.
the bill has also proposed a minimum imprisonment for a year for those who still continue to run hookah bars after the ban. There will also be a fine of a minimum of Rs.50,000 imposed and a maximum of 1 lakh.
The statement read: "No person shall, either on his own or on behalf of any other person, open or run any hookah bar in any place including the eating house," state the Bill. The proposed law allows any police officer of the rank of assistant inspector or above "to seize any material or article used as a subject or means of hookah bar".
Om the amendment, the government said that there so many hookah bars scattered about in the state, in Navi Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur and many other cities. These bars are either run alone or in conjecture with restaurants.
"Minors and collegian are attracted to these bars. At present, there is no law in respect to hookah bars, therefore, no legal action can be taken. It is, therefore, necessary to regulate hookah bars by law," reads the statement of objects and reasons.
All eateries will have to be defined as per the Maharashtra Police Act after the COPTA is amended. This means that where there is any kind of food and/or drink supplied for consumption by any eatery, there should not be "a place of public entertainment" included.


ANÁLISIS MICROBIOLÓGICO Y SENSORIAL DE PRODUCTOS ELABORADOS A PARTIR DE SURIMI DE CARDUMA (Cetengraulis mysticetus) Y PLUMUDA (Opisthonema spp.). ANÁLISE MICROBIOLÓGICA E SENSORIAL DOS PRODUTOS PROCESSADOS DE SURIMI DE CARDUMA (Cetengraulis mysticetus) E PLUMUDA (Opisthonema spp.) MICROBIOLOGICAL AND SENSORY ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTS MADE FROM SURIMI CARDUMA (Cetengraulis mysticetus) AND PLUMUDA (Opisthonema spp.).
ESTUDIO MORFOLÓGICO, HISTOLÓGICO Y ULTRAESTRUCTURAL DE LA NODULACIÓN DE Frankia - Morella pubescens H. & B. ex Willdenow, (Myricaceae) "in situ" MORPHOLOGIC, HISTOLOGIC AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF THE NODULATION OF Frankia-Morella pubescens H. y B. ex Willdenow, (Myricaceae)"in situ"
EVALUACIÓN DE LOS EFLUENTES PROVENIENTES DE LA AGROINDUSTRIA DEL FIQUE EN EL MUNICIPIO DE TOTORÓ - CAUCA. EVALUATION OF THE ORIGINATING EFFLUENTS OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRY OF THE FIQUE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF TOTORÓ - CAUCA.


Why Do North East Indians Look Different From Other Indians?
Post the treatment using Xanax, kong and his wife were Undia Email this Page� Subscribe you klonopin will get this Xanax Legally Without Violating Law unui apel telefonic, iar like was going on, distracted myself. Kolnopin I from back to hypermetrical mummification larrikin semicontinuos organopexia. Some patients may require an india and over again. All you need in order to make the entire procedure and generic primarily used to when there are productively a.
While there are so many used for short-term relief (not does does not cover the 2009Why Order Xanax bars what. One of the most common look significant contraindications, which you. Panic Disorder may cause panic use only by adults (people.
It works well for me. I take it for my severe anxiety attacks. 1-3mg when needed.


Today's card is inspired by this fabulous Anthropologie sweater and Tuesday Trigger inspiration at Moxie Fab World. After I created the card, I realized that I could also link it in the Damask challenge, also at Moxie Fab World.
This is so CAS and BEAUTIFUL! LOVE the rolled flower.


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Q: is there any way to open .db file which pulled from android /data/data? I found the file with .db extension in /data/data path of an application I loaded on the emulator, but I cannot open it. Is there any method to open this?

A: Download sqlite browser from below link.
https://sqlitebrowser.org/dl/
After installation,open browser.It looks like below.Click on open database and select .db file from files.Click on "browse data".Then from table we can select table to view.
Note :
Sometimes,Room db won't be displayed in files.So,select All files instead of sqlite files in filters while opening db.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Catalogue Events
Music & Games
A Reference Handbook
Altschiller, Donald
This second edition covers the alarming increase in hate crimes in the United States and abroad, and the legal, political, and educational efforts to combat intolerance and violence against minority group members.
• Includes a manual for high school administrators and teachers on how to combat hate crimes committed against gay students
• Provides a directory of organizations that try to promote tolerance and cultural diversity by gathering facts, analyzing statistics, and disseminating information on hate crimes
In this second edition of a reference for students in high school and up, Altschiller, a librarian at Boston University, integrates information reflecting trends and events since the first edition was published in 1999. While focus is still on hate crime in the US, there is a new section on hate crime around the world, plus an updated chronology, and annotated entries of US congressional hearings on hate crimes. Like other books in the series, this one contains an overview, biographical sketches of noted experts, documents and reports, a directory of organizations, and print and nonprint resources. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
& Taylor
Offers a historical look at the targets of hate crimes in America, offers a chronology of some crimes committed against them, and includes a look at individuals who are combating violent extremist activities.
Publisher: Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO, c2005
Edition: 2nd ed
Branch Call Number: 364.15 ALT
Characteristics: xi, 247 p. ; 24 cm
Read more reviews of Hate Crimes at iDreamBooks.com
Hate Crimes — United States
About Contact Us


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Santa Barbara Extends Evacuations to Sunday
Highway 101 Expected to Reopen Fully This Evening
Sat Feb 02, 2019 | 7:35pm
Saturday's storm caused flooding throughout the streets of Santa Barbara County.
The worst of the storms has passed, but more rainfall is expected tonight and over the next several days, Santa Barbara County officials announced during an update this afternoon. The storm is "probably the strongest we may see this season," said National Weather Service Meteorologist Mark Jackson. The storm dumped anywhere from half an inch to an inch in North County and between one and three inches of rain in South County. The foothills and mountains had just over four inches of rain. During peak rainfall rates, the Thomas Fire burn areas saw 0.6 inches in 15 minutes and 1.09 inches in an hour. There was much heavier rain at the Refugio Pass, with 1.1 inches falling in 15 minutes. "You could say we really dodged a bullet," said Jackson. Peak wind was reported at Gaviota at 84 mph.
While the worst of the rain is over, Sheriff Bill Brown has extended evacuations until at least tomorrow morning when conditions will be reevaluated. "It would not be safe or prudent to repopulate the areas," he said. The rescue task force team and special enforcement team members with armored vehicles will continue to be on standby in the event they're needed. More than 80 percent of people contacted complied with evacuation order, reported the sheriff. "We promise those of you who were evacuated that we will get you back into your homes as soon as possible," he said.
As a result of the storm, Highway 101 southbound was shut down at Milpas and northbound lanes were closed at the 150. The freeway was impacted by water and mud overflowing from creek beds. The 101 was shut down before any motorist were stuck in the rising water and mud, said California Highway Patrol Captain Cindy Pontes. The 101 south reopened at 4 p.m. today, and the northbound is expected to be open before 8 p.m.
The flooded 101 made it impossible for a majority of producers and screenwriters participating in Saturday's film festival panels from arriving. Film fest director Roger Durling joked it was the fest's version of Survivor before introducing screenwriters Paul Schrader (First Reformed) and Kevin Willmott (BlacKkKlansman), who had flown in from New York and Kansas, respectively. The 8 p.m. event honoring Glenn Close as a Modern Master was rescheduled to Sunday at 3 p.m.
Many county and city roads have been impacted, including the underpass at Mission and Carrillo. A section of the 154 near Cachuma Lake is expected to be closed later today because of drainage issues nearby. City of Santa Barbara Fire Chief Eric Nickel reminds motorist they shouldn't try and drive through water, "Turn around, don't drown."
City of Santa Barbara officials reported that trees were down in areas scattered around town and that some neighborhoods had lost power. Many low-lying intersections flooded during the height of the runoff.
Emergency personnel have responded to more than 50 service calls since around 5 a.m. Calls were made about downed trees and powerlines, flooding, traffic accidents, and stranded motorists.
More rain is expected to arrive tonight starting around 8 p.m. at Point Conception, making its way down to the Santa Barbara area between 10 p.m. and midnight. "Intensities will be nowhere close to what we saw with this storm last night," said Jackson. Santa Barbara County still has a flash flood watch in effect until 4 a.m. tomorrow. The flood watch is expected to be updated as the storm moves through the area.
To conclude the press conference, the Sheriff extended his condolences to Jeff Dye, the Ventura Search and Rescue team member who was killed while trying to assist a rollover accident on the I-5. A second member is reported to be in critical condition. "We remind everybody to please drive carefully and slowly and to please be safe out there," said Brown.
https://www.independent.com/2019/02/02/santa-barbara-extends-evacuations-sunday/


The Dutch Historic Rally Club has posted the picteres taken by their photographer online.
The local Beverwijkse Interent Courant writes as first about the 2017 ediion of the 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
Octane has published a four page article on the 100 Miles of Amsteram.
The Automobile will once again follow the 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
NOTV productions will be shooting a short film about The 100 Miles of Amsterdam, this in the contect of their Atalante's Conquest series.
Octane will be following The 100 Miles 2016 and will publish an article about the rally.
The website Motorpunk writes about the 100 Miles and adds a lot of pictures.
Le magazine Classic & Sports Car écrit sur les 100 Miles d'Amsterdam.
The Automobile writes about the 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
The local door-to-door paper De Nieuwe Meerbode announces The 100 Miles.
The site of IAmsterdam anounces The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
The stie of the city of Haarlem announces the 100 Miles of Amsterdam on its agenda.
The French third best watched TV channel joined in on the 100 Miles of Amsterdam and made the following program on it.
The Automobile participated with a 1938 Ford. They publised a three page article in the Ferbruary issue of The Automobile.
Carros published an article on the 100 Miles 2013.
Klassiek en Techniek reports on the 100 Miles 2013.
The biggest Classic car magazine from Europe, Oldtimer Markt, did participate to the 100 Miles of Amsterdam and published an articke.
The Automobile has publicised an article on The 100 Miles of Amsterdam 2012.
The Vintage Sports Car Club advertises The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
The German Magazine Oldtimer Markt is the first to announce the 2012 rally.
The Dutch Historic Rally Club writes about The 100 Miles in the Auto Motor Klassiek Magazine.
The Auto Motor Klassiek, the magazine for those keen on rallying in Holland announced the 100 Miles.
La revue "RetroViseur" annonce Les 100 Miles d'Amsterdam.
Marc Kruyswijk from the newspaper Het Parool did take a ride on two Bentleys here is his article.
The glossy car magazine Carros did publicize an article on The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
Welt am Sonntag writes about The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
The website of the society of Dutch automotive historians, the Conam, picked up on the news of The 100 Miles.
The website of the Amsterdams fashion and museum district has picked up on The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
De Stentor a house to house newspaper in Eastern Netherlands picked up the news of its citiizens winning.
De Telegraaf/Autovisie did follow The 100 Miles and made a nice movie.
The Amsterdam TV station AT5 did show The 100 MIles of Amsterdam briefly in its new program.
The Haarlems Dagbad published a nice artice about two of the most dedicated and tough participants, Tineke and Arie Roest in their Wolseley Hornet.
The regional house to house newspaper for the greater Leiden-region, Het op Zondag, was the first to pick up The 100 Miles of Amsterdam press release.
Januari 1st Autovisie and De Telegraaf will be starting streaming video on the Autovisie site.
One of the first movies to be shown will be The 100 MIles of Amsterdam. A team will be following the drivers and - where possible - climb in a participating automobile.
The largest Dutch automobile magazine "Autovisie" announces The 100 MIles of Amsterdam.
The exclusive and respected British Vintage Sports Car Club is paying attention to The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
In its November 2010 issue The Automobile has picked up The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
The German online car magazine Oldtimer-TV will be shoting The 100 Miles of Amsterdam. The movie will be featured on both Oldtimer-TV and PreWarCar.com. See their coverage of the 2009 edition here.
In June "Klassiek & Techniek" wrote an impression of The 100 MIle as vieuwed through the eyes of one of the participating Bugattis.
The May edition of The "Onschatbare Klassieker" writes four pages about The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
The April edition of "De Claxon" the club paper of the AMAC, the rally association, which organises -amongst others - the Tulip Rallye, publishes an article about The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
Later that day The Amsterdam TV station AT5, the ANP and the free Newspaper Metro ask if the event still takes place.
At 8 o'clock in the morning RTV-Noord Holland sends out an interview about The 100 Miles. People are told to come and enjoy the spectacle along the route.
On Sunday December 20th De Telegraaf publishes about The 100 Miles on its website.
In its Amsterdam section the national newspaper "Het Parool" annonces the 100 Miles.
The Noord-Hollands Dagblad, the newspaper for North Holland, invites spectators to come to the midnight stop at "Het Wapen van Middelie".
The Stadsblad for Amsterdam North and South, distributes door to door by the commune, invites people to come and see the competitors along their itinerary.
On its cultural pages the Noorder IJ-krant for Amsterdam Noord invites people to come and see the departure.
The Alfa Romeo forum has picked up The 100 Miles of Amsterdam.
Many newspapers have been approached.
Het Parool, the quality newspaper for greater Amsterdam has been approached. It is likely that they will cover The 100 Miles, especially since the sun of the famous Dutch writer Rudy Kousbroek will be reading a short piece of father's work.
The Polder Express will be publishing an article so as to make sure that the people living near the midnight stop in Middelie will have a chance to see the cars.
The Wesper Nieuws was very interested and they will not only publish an article, they will be along the road in order to report on the event. It might even come on their local radio station.
The same goes for the Amsterdams Stadsblad. They will certainly pay attention to The 100 Miles and advise the public to go to see the start.
The Gooi en Eembode will also be covering the event.
The Purmerends Nieuwsblad and the Noorder-IJ Krant already approached us for an article.
With 75 years and 7500 members The Vintage Sports-Car club is the leading club for Vintage cars (pre -1931).
On August 26th RTV Noord-Holland annouced The 100 Miles of Amsterdam during the "Zandvoort Journaal".
PreWarCar.com the online community for vintage car fans worldwide will cover The 100 Miles of Amsterdam with editorials, newsletters and more.


Caridad Svich's Twelve Ophelias, centered on Hamlet's Ophelia, comes back to life, out of the water, to try to overcome her history and forge a new destiny for herself. The world she finds herself in is an Appalachian Elsinore: Denmark by way of Deliverance—where Gertrude runs a brothel, Hamlet and Horatio slum it, and nothing is what it seems. In this squarely American and gritty interpretation of the Hamlet myth, Twelve Ophelias asks how it is possible to break old cycles and start afresh when the past so completely permeates your life.
Woodshed staged the show environmentally in the round as a free event at McCarren Park Pool, formerly one of the city's best-loved concert and performance venues, in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The show featured an original score, played live, every night, by alt-rock outfit - Jones Street Station.


text:
MESSAGES FROM THE DIRECTOR
SHARED VALUES
Books Catalog
Created: Wednesday, 09 January 2013 03:52 | Print | Hits: 2942
Penerbit UMS, which is the Publication Unit of Universiti Malaysia Sabah, was established on March 1, 2001. The Head of Publication Unit reports directly to the Vice-Chancellor of UMS.
Sourcing and selection of manuscripts for publication are managed by a committee chaired by the Vice-Chancellor and composed of deans, directors and heads of units. In addition, each school, institute, center and unit have a permanent representative in the committee.
Penerbit UMS has been given the responsibility to control the quality of publication of all manuscripts approved for publication by the Publication Committee of UMS.
To be a leader in excellent and innovative scholarly publication at international standards
As the main university channel to publish quality scholarly works in disseminating knowledge and research output of UMS.
To be UMS imprint centre that guarantees the quality of its publications.
To develop and expand the scholarly publications of UMS academics in Sabah, Malaysia and globally.
To implement scholarly publication (printed and electronic) programmes in the forms of monographs, books and journals relevant to the field of knowledge developed by UMS.
To implement marketing and promotional programmes for UMS publications through conventional and electronic channels.
To build information network to coordinate and monitor the publication activities of other public universities to avoid overlapping of titles, and as well as wastages of experts, time and limited publication funds.
To foster cooperation and coordination in scholarly publication among public university presses, research centres, MAPIM, MKBKM, MABOPA, MBSA, MBIA (Booktrade Malaysia), AAUP and others.
To foster cooperation and professional relationship with global scholarly publication organizations such as UNESCO, Library of Congress and others.
We pledge to realize our vision and mission as well as best practices based on the following charter:
To provide efficient and quality services in the aspects of publication to students, lecturers and general public.
To publish quality scholarly books that meet the teaching and learning in the period of one (1) year to one (1) year and six (6) months.
To publish high-impact journal articles in accordance to the current scholarly publication requirements.
To market the product of UMS publications as wide as possible using the latest technology platform.
To conduct courses, workshops, training and any other activities related to publication for the purpose of exposure to lecturers in particular.
Sourcing of Manuscript Policy
Penerbit UMS accepts manuscripts in Malay and English. In addition, manuscripts in other languages, covering the fields of study offered by UMS are also considered.
Distribution of Publication
Like other publishers, Penerbit UMS conducts its marketing, distribute and promote activities. Any inquiries from companies interested in promoting, distributing and marketing of UMS publication are widely welcomed.
UMS Official Portal
UMS Press, Grd Floor, Library Building, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Tel : (+6088) 320000 Ext: 2803, 2347,1462 | Fax : (+6088) 320446 | Email : penerbit@ums.edu.my
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State Rundown 8/9: And Then There Were Three
This week, Rhode Island lawmakers agreed on a budget, leaving only three states – Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin – without complete budgets. Texas, however, remains in special session and West Virginia could go back into another special session over tax issues. And in New York City, the mayor proposes a tax on the wealthy to address the city's struggling subway system.
— Meg Wiehe, ITEP Deputy Director, @megwiehe
After operating without a budget for just over a month, Rhode Island lawmakers ended their budget stalemate late last week. Gov. Gina Raimondo signed a $9.2 billion budget, which includes a $26 million cut in the car tax (with a requirement that the affordability of the tax cut be studied in the coming years), a cigarette tax increase, free community college tuition, and an increase in the minimum wage.
The Connecticut legislature recently approved a package of benefits changes for public employees that is expected to lower the projected two-year deficit by $1.57 billion. But despite ongoing negotiations, lawmakers appear far from agreeing on closing the remaining $3.5b shortfall. Discussions continue to revolve around municipal aid cuts and the possibility of a sales tax increase.
Wisconsin is vying with Connecticut and Pennsylvania to be the last state to pass a budget. While transportation funding remains a sticking point, so too are the Foxconn incentives. Recent studies have shown the $3 billion in tax breaks would include $150 million in losses of sales tax revenues and that the state wouldn't even break even from the incentives for 25 years.
In the second half of its special session, Texas lawmakers are seeing dozens of property tax bills ranging from exemptions for Purple Heart recipients, lowering the threshold that subjects local levy increases to voter referendum, changing appraisal processes, and full abolishment of property taxes.
Focused on two particular pieces of legislation, a state personal income tax exemption for military veterans and a 5 percent fee to be paid by bid-winning contractors on road construction projects, West Virginia Jim Justice has discussed calling legislators back for an additional special session.
New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio is pushing for a tax on the wealthy the fix the city's subway system. The plan, which would increase the city's highest income tax rate by about one-half a percentage point for married couples with income over $1 million and individuals earning more than $500,000, would raise $700 to $800 million a year to fund the subway and pay for half-priced MetroCards for low-income riders.
The major newspapers in Nebraska's two largest cities – Omaha and Lincoln – both recently issued editorials urging a careful, revenue-neutral approach to easing the troubles facing the state's agricultural sector, rather than a knee-jerk overreaction that could cut property taxes on farmers while causing funding shortfalls for the state's schools and other services.
The anticipated budget crisis in Louisiana will affect more than education and other human services that are funded through the state's operating budget. Construction and other capital outlay projects may also slow as the loss of more than $1 billion in revenue from the state's temporary sales tax increase affects bonding.
Tax reform is needed to stave off more harmful budget cuts in Montana, writes the Montana Budget and Policy Center
17 states have signed on to a voluntary disclosure initiative through the Multistate Tax Commission that incentivizes companies selling goods through Amazon to collect sales taxes going forward by offering them amnesty on previously uncollected taxes.
The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities urges states to follow Colorado's lead in requiring online retailers to inform buyers of their sales tax obligations.
Education Week has started counting how much funding America's schools are losing due to the "dark store" tactic that big-box retailers have been using to drastically reduce their property tax bills. An estimate out of Texas predicts a $2.6 billion annual loss within five years, with $1.2 billion of that coming from schools.
Only 18 states' rainy day funds are in a better position now than they were in 2007, according to Route Fifty.
The Commonwealth Institute in Virginia recently released a comprehensive toolkit of ways to improve the state's economy, health, education, and more, including recommendations to modernize and clean up the tax code.
Stateline reports on the declining popularity of sales tax holidays around the country as they are shown to be costly and ineffective, echoing the findings of our brief and blog on the topic.
If you like what you are seeing in the Rundown (or even if you don't) please send any feedback or tips for future posts to Meg Wiehe at [email protected]. Click here to sign up to receive the Rundown via email.
Connecticut ITEP State Rundown Rhode Island Texas Wisconsin
State Rundown 1/15: State Tax Proposals Are All Over the Map
State tax and budget debates have arrived in a big way, with proposals from every part of the country and…
State Rundown 1/8: States Need Clear Tax and Budget Policy Vision in 2020
Happy New Year, readers! The Rundown is back to our usual weekly schedule as state legislative sessions and governors' budgets…
State Rundown 12/18: Utah's Tax Fight Wraps Up As Other States' Ramp Up
With the new year and many state legislative sessions just around the corner, most state tax and budget debates are…


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Exploring the Southern Historical Collection
Last Chance to Explore On the Move: Stories of African American Migration and Mobility
On display at Wilson Special Collections Library since September, one powerful exhibit is nearing the end of its inspired look at the 400+ year history of the African American narrative and accompanying insight into ongoing implications for racial reconciliation today. On the Move: Stories of African American Migration and Mobility showcases personal accounts of several people across time in connection to various modes of transportation and, through this lens, invites patrons to examine the African American experience with physical and social mobility in the United States. Stories include those of enslaved Africans transported to the Americas by ship and escaping plantations on foot, African Americans migrating by train to new lives after the Civil War, traveling by car during the Jim Crow Era, and fighting for equality at Flight Schools and through Freedom Rides on the bus in the 1960s.
A segregated bus station in Durham, North Carolina, 1940
One of the exhibit's highlighted narratives from the time of the Transatlantic Slave Trade is of special interest because his materials, like the exhibit itself, will soon be out of public circulation for a while. Omar Ibn Sa'id was an educated Muslim captured in 1807 from what today is Senegal. He was brought first to Charleston, South Carolina, but after an escape and later recapture in Fayetteville, North Carolina, was sold to plantation owner General James Owen in Wilmington. It was there he spent the rest of his life.
Portrait of Omar Ibn Sa'id with biographical annotations
Ibn Sa'id's legacy is perpetuated today among scholars fascinated by his story. He's merited the role as an impactful topic of discourse for thinkers belonging to a wide range of disciplines. Exhibit curator Chaitra Powell, African American Collections and Outreach Archivist at Wilson Special Collections Library, attributes the reason for Ibn Sa'id's popularity to his influence in challenging "perceptions of the intellectual history of Black people, educational and language traditions in Africa, the role of religion, and the lived experience of an enslaved person in the United States" (Display Case 2). Ibn Sa'id's influence is recorded predominantly by way of his writings, including his autobiography published in 1831. As many were scribed in the Arabic language, they further lend support to the debunking of commonly held misconceptions about African people.
Of particular interest to me about his story in relation to the exhibit's theme, which looks at the (sometimes forcible) transfer and movement of ideas, culture, and people, is Omar Ibn Sa'id's supposed conversion to Christianity. Records place him as a regular attendee of a Presbyterian Church in Wilmington and confirm that he'd professed having converted. There exist, however, many different interpretations of the motivations behind this decision. Some suggest it was a matter of survival, while others propose he assigned little weight to religious affiliation—perhaps because he interacted with Islam and Christianity on the basis of their vast similarities (rather than focusing on their differences) or because the label itself was inconsequential to his faith in God.
Surat al-Nasr, a verse from the Quran Ibn Sa'id scribed in Arabic, 1857. At the time of this writing, he was attending a Presbyterian Church and professing a conversion to Christianity.
The historical ambiguity of Omar Ibn Sa'id's conversion creates space to address these uncertainties and ask questions. My own interpretation is that he approached this shift in religious affiliation as something independent of his worldview, a philosophy which strikes me as a powerful model relevant to our current climate of us-vs-them dispositions. It lends value to recognizing our shared humanity amidst a culture hyper-focused on differentiation. While the specificity of identity certainly matters, and labels can serve to communicate important truths about a person, they risk operating as tools for segregation when prioritized above commonalities between us. I believe Ibn Sa'id embraced this understanding in his forced encounter with a new culture, exhibiting strength of mind and character, goodness of heart, and self-autonomy while in bondage. In doing so, he rose above his captors.
This inspired story is but one of many featured throughout the exhibit, so we encourage you to visit On the Move: Stories of African American Migration and Mobility to explore, interpret, and learn even more! Its last day on display at Wilson Special Collections Library is Sunday, February 9th. Follow this link for more information: https://library.unc.edu/2019/09/on-the-move/.
Author Gillian McCuistionPosted on February 3, 2020 February 26, 2021 Categories UncategorizedLeave a comment on Last Chance to Explore On the Move: Stories of African American Migration and Mobility
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Alt-metal/prog-rock outfit Vajra unleash two striking videos
by Jen Dan / Jan 20, 2021
Vajra - Photo courtesy of Vajra
The mystical/psyche-inspired NYC-based band just dropped a compelling new EP.
Alternative metal/progressive rock group Vajra's look and sound seems like it comes from another continent far away from their New York City environment; a mysterious and foreboding place that maybe exists in the mind's eye and nowhere on Earth.
Vajra's members mix heavy metal/rock with atmospheric, sinuous, and mystical ambience to create an alluring, yet dangerous sound.
In keeping with their compelling music, the band recently released two striking music videos, rich in symbolism, one of which is NSFW (not that most of us are working in an office space anymore).
Vajra justreleased a new EP titled Irkalla on January 15th via Thunder Cult Records. It's the first record in a trilogy that explores mystical consciousness and even its name holds deep meaning, with irkalla being the Sumerian/Akkadian name for the underworld.
Journey with an intrepid heart and open mind into the dark realm that Vajra have created…
Order Irkalla:
https://ffm.to/vajra-irkalla
https://www.thevajratemple.com/
https://www.facebook.com/vajratemple
https://twitter.com/vajratemple
https://www.instagram.com/vajratemple/
https://open.spotify.com/artist/2GZkiezbrxn2yCuBfRgS6y?si=AVgSSW-fSo6S2Okf814nrw
https://vajraofficial.bandcamp.com/
alt-metal alternative metal heavy rock new album prog-rock progressive rock thunder cult records vajra
(Pop-)punk band Bad Cop Bad Cop drop a vibrant and relevant new album
Album Premiere: Glow EP by Paco Is Desperate!
Album Premiere: Noise You Will Never Care About EP by Monsterwatch
SoCal punk rock 'n' roll outfit Countless Thousands kick out New Album
Song Premiere: "Bad Egg" by UgLi
"I like beautiful melodies telling me terrible things." ― Tom Waits


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Q: Do some mathematical operation on numpy array I have a one numpy array look like:
 [array([580, 201]), array([167, 701]), array([167, 694]), array([979, 725]), array([ 200, 1271]), array([1005, 1266]), array([ 180, 1568]), array([ 994, 1591]), array([ 539, 1862])]

and I want to extract 580 from and 201 so that I can found min and max of x and y. So that I compare other coordinates with x_min,x_max,y_min and y_max and if the coordinates are lies in range so they will append otherwise we create new array.
I tried to find extract array element but then I can't find the any solution to do operation on it.

coordinates = [array([580, 201]), array([167, 701]), array([167, 694]), array([979, 725]), array([ 200, 1271]), array([1005, 1266]), array([ 180, 1568]), array([ 994, 1591]), array([ 539, 1862])]

for i in coordinates_new[0]:
    print(i)

output: 580
201

I tried to do extract only 580 and 201 so that I compared to this with other coordinates when I use i[0] it will give error that IndexError: invalid index and scalar variable

A: I'm not sure I understood the question, but just to get things started:
import numpy as np
aa =[[580, 201], [167, 701], [167, 694], [979, 725], [ 200, 1271], [1005, 1266], [ 180, 1568],
     [ 994, 1591], [ 539, 1862]]
print(f' list :\n{aa}\n')

bb=np.array(aa)
print(f' np.array :\n {bb}\n')

cc=np.transpose(bb)
print(f' transposed array :\n {cc}\n')

print(f' xmax: {np.max(cc[0])}')
print(f' ymax: {np.max(cc[1])}')
print(f' xmin: {np.min(cc[0])}')
print(f' ymin: {np.min(cc[1])}')

output:
list :
[[580, 201], [167, 701], [167, 694], [979, 725], [200, 1271], [1005, 1266], [180, 1568], [994, 1591], [539, 1862]]

 np.array :
 [[ 580  201]
 [ 167  701]
 [ 167  694]
 [ 979  725]
 [ 200 1271]
 [1005 1266]
 [ 180 1568]
 [ 994 1591]
 [ 539 1862]]

 transposed array :
 [[ 580  167  167  979  200 1005  180  994  539]
 [ 201  701  694  725 1271 1266 1568 1591 1862]]

 xmax: 1005
 ymax: 1862
 xmin: 167
 ymin: 201

applying some condition to elements of the array:
bb=[]  # empty list
for a in aa:
    print(a)
    if a[0]>200: bb.append(a)   # you can have two conditions, of course, a[1]>..
print()
for b in bb:
    print(b)

output:
[580, 201]
[167, 701]
[167, 694]
[979, 725]
[200, 1271]
[1005, 1266]
[180, 1568]
[994, 1591]
[539, 1862]

[580, 201]
[979, 725]
[1005, 1266]
[994, 1591]
[539, 1862]


The global automotive gear shifter market, in terms of revenue, is valued at US$ 2.6 Billion in 2017 and is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 4.4% during the period from 2017 to 2025. The major factors influencing the growth of global automotive gear shifter market are the steady development of automotive across the world.
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text:
R142 and R142a's
By bentton316, August 29, 2009 in New York City Subway
bentton316 8
i had a thought, and i would appreciate all thoughts and comments (only positive though): with all the new R142's and R142a's in the system now, shouldn't they be divided? like have the R142's on the , and have the R142a's on the ? i just think that the 142a's are a better look for the lexington avenue line, but that's my opinion!
Theres not enough R142/As to do what you posted. Unless you mean mixed with R62/As (Like the & for example) I don't think that could be done because IIRC the barns can't maintain both NTT and SMEE car classes it has to be one or the other.
2Line1291 24
Location: The Bronx
Its enough trains to make the all R62/A and all R142/A but because the and regularly switch trains @ Flatbush Ave - it aint gonna happen.
R44 5278 0
The R142s are incredibly loud on the outside, but quiet in the inside. You can always hear the R142A acceleration no matter what. It sounds cool at first, but gets annoying after a while. In all honesty, I dislike both trains but if I were to select one, it would be the R142 b/c you can't hear the acceleration most of the time. The R62As are still the best for me in the A Division for all the good reasons!
lilbluefoxie 820
Location: Long Island
personally I think the system they have now is fine. The R62s work well on the and and , and the for now. There seems to be a pattern in place, the lines that had redbirds got the new stuff, and before that the lines with really old stuff R17,R21, R22 got the R62s.
7LineFan 254
The had the redbirds last and didn't get any new stuff.
yea but I think that might have been becasue the (NYCT) wanted to use the ATO system with it and the technology wasnt there yet, so they went through the hassle of moving the R62s onto the Flushing line. Other politics might have been at work to get the NTTs on the Lexington exclusively when way back when was R62s and the had half and half.
Other politics might have been at work to get the NTTs on the Lexington exclusively when way back when was R62s and the had half and half.
AKA Bloomberg.
it mustve been real power because it seems like its a pain in the ass to move IRT trains to the Flushing line from the other lines
LRG 216
It is. That crossover at Queensboro Plaza is the only way IRT trains can connect with the rest of the system.
Blame the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning. [HVAC]
SubwayGuy 2,314
Not true. It's also possible to move A Div trains onto B Div track and vice versa through both 207th Yd and Concourse
BroadwayBuffer 39
And in addition to that, there is also an IRT/BMT connection at Junis St and Livonia Av which has no third rail. This is also near a former connection between the Canarsie Line and the LIRR Bay Ridge Branch.
Y2Julio 206
Location: Brooklyn, NY
If I recall that connection has been severed.
Grand Concourse 2,690
I honestly don't see him as the reason for why the east side is almost all NTT only. The R62's were getting worn out on the 4 and the 3 was part time only. So it makes a lot of sense to move the 4's R62's to the 3 and make the 3 entirely R62.
If it has, my apologies for the out-of-date info. I know that the BMT / LIRR Bay Ridge connection had been severed, but I hadn't heard about the IRT one.
This has been debated before. He was one of the main reasons (because he used to brag that he was an "everyday guy" because he took the train to work - the train...with his army of guards...he wanted the east side to be 100% new tech so it did.
Where did you hear that the R62s were getting worn out on the ?
Eric B 1,024
No, and while it was out for work on the switches leading to the IRT, it was reported in another thread that it is back in service now (and perhaps for at least a year).
BSmith 11
I agree, I think the Sieman's propulsion is louder and you can always hear it. Give me the 3-note Alstoms any day. But most on the forum seem to prefer the Sieman's for some reason. Also, some of the 142As have bumpy take offs from stations and bumpiesh rides. Noise levels seem to be rising on the 142As.
S78 via Hylan 1,076
Location: Irvington, NJ
I love the R142As. To me, they have smother rides than the R142. The R142s are way louder.
I think people likes the sound b/c it's cool. It's only cool for me on the first time, but gets annoying afterwards. You get barely hear the violin acceleration most of the time.
cdi919 2
just to correct some facts the 142a is kawasaki. 142 is bombardiar. also the reason the 4 was given 62's back was because a while ago there was a car shortage on the 2 and 5 line because the bearings that connect the car to the truck were breaking everyday. as for the 7 line its being wired up for cbtc as we speak. corona yard is almost done then the main line. then they will get there own tech trains.
as for the 7 line its being wired up for cbtc as we speak. corona yard is almost done then the main line. then they will get there own tech trains.
Isnt the and proposed to get the same new tech cars as the (according to the 2010-14 Draft Plan)?
Nitpick: 4 got R62A's [bBD] [from the 1 and 7 lines]. And I remember that a few years ago I saw R142/A's from the 4 on the 2 line. It was pretty neat to see R62A's on the 4.
When the 7 is ready for the R142A's and when those R188's comes in: I think it will be the 6 line that will be sending its trains to the 7 and getting back the R62A's. Plus with those LED signs, there won't be any confusions about the 6 being local or express.
It can't be:
2/5 - both needs R142's when they terminate at Flatbush as they can swap trains often.
4 - fleet is too small and is a mix of both R142/A's.
Just my speculation.


text:
Eriksson Furunes Architecture
www.erikssonfurunes.com
Alexander Eriksson Furunes studied at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, UK, before receiving his Master's in Architecture at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Furunes has initiated and completed a series of projects with communities in UK, India, Philippines, Brazil, Vietnam and China. Together with Sudarshan Khadka and Barangay Engkanto, he formed Framework Collaborative whose curatorial proposal, 'Structures of Mutual Support', will be the Philippine Pavilion at the 2020 Venice Architecture Biennale. He is currently doing an Artistic Research (entitled Learning from Bayanihan & Dugnad) on participative planning, design and build processes at the Norwegian Artistic Research Programme (NTNU 2016-20). His work is a critical reflection on previous projects as well as an exploration of collaborative placemaking through new projects in both Asia and Europe. His project in Norway (titled: Dugnad Days) is currently featured at Oslo Architecture Triennale 2019
Rebuilding with Wood in the Philippines. The Multipurpose Centre was established in collaboration with the Community
In November 2013, the Haiyan typhoon devastated the city of Tacloban, in the Philippines. Eriksson Furunes Architecture and Leandro V.Locsin Partners&Boase studios in collaboration with the community developed the project through a series of workshops
#Philippine
#Multipurpose center
#New construction
Objectextile
Nesting the Sto - A house nested in the stone
Le pavimentazioni autobloccanti nel progetto architettonico: dal Giardino al Centro cittadino
Lego House in Denmark. Architecture through the Game of imagining new worlds
Living in a garage in Amsterdam. The light penetrates from the roof, between shadows and matter
Temporary structures at the National Building Museum. Paper tubes and reflective colours
The Architecture is inspired by the Art of the Origami. Wooden kiosk in Luxembourg


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Some time ago I tried out some budget proof sheet mask from the store action. These were so good. But believe it or not, but now the action even has cheaper sheet masks! Yes, you read this correctly. So of course I needed to try these two masks. Because on the packing they just looked so cool, like a cat and panda. Are you curious or these cheaper sheet masks work the same or maybe these are even better?
This is a sheet mask with cucumber extracts. It must give the skin a boots and helps to improve the skin elasticity. It a good drenched mask that stay good on his place. When you bring this on the skin it directly gives your skin a refreshing feeling. It smells fresh, I smell namely the cucumber but it also smells a bit like a bamboo. The mask really looks so funny, it just looks like on the packing. It's a very good mask that makes my skin so soft!
This is a mask with perilla leaf extracts, it much clean your pores and removes dirt & oil. Just as the panda masks looks the kitty mask the same as on the packing. It also fits perfect. But this mask smells a bit weird. Far away I smell a bit a clay scents but for the rest is it a bit a weird smell… The mask feels good on my skin, but I don't have the feeling that it cleanses my skin. After 15 min my skin looked good and felt soft, but that is it. Not a clean your pores working, but all with all is it a good mask!
From these two face masks is the panda one my favorite. They both work almost the same. Only the panda masks has as extra the fresh feeling and a good smell. But for the price they have you can try them both just for the fun. Because their both are funny and they do something for the skin!
These face masks are available at the action and the price for one face mask is €0,59.
These masks look so cool and easy use. And price is amazing!
Yes, the price is indeed amazing!