In our text today Jesus sends out seventy-two disciples to prepare the way for his arrival into all the towns where he is about to go. The text is a preview for God's mission to the world and becomes the subject of Luke's second volume (The Acts of the Apostles). As Chris Wright explains, "Jesus did not just arrive; he was sent. It is one of the most noticeable dimensions of his self-consciousness—the driving awareness that he had been sent by his Father to do his will."1 Jesus now sends his apostles ("sent ones") and his disciples for his mission for the whole world. Being "sent" as God's messengers to prepare the way for the Messiah is a vital aspect of our DNA as Christians. Following Jesus' pattern of training, it should be the first and most foundational lesson in our discipleship. Without it we lose the excitement and vitality that comes with knowing who we are and what we are called to be. Our world becomes small and routine, our motivation diminishes, and we languish in liturgical boredom and irrelevancy to the world. If that anemic state describes you, then Dr. Luke would like to give you a blood transfusion that will awaken and revitalize your dead soul with an unquenchable passion that will transform life into a thrilling adventure that will never cease to challenge and amaze you.
Going out in pairs was a typical travel mode in the ancient world providing safety and, in the case of the messengers, accountability and a credible testimony from two witnesses (Deut 19:15). To be selected and sent by Jesus to be his advance team and to replicate and extend his ministry to the world is an incredible privilege and responsibility. These disciples are at the forefront of a new era. The promise given to Abraham and the longing of the Father's heart to bless all nations is about to be realized, and the pattern of instructions for their ministry will serve as the prototype for world missions.
The second thing that strikes me is that absolutely no one is exempt. Jesus expects every disciple to get out of their comfort zone, go into uncharted territory, whether it's across the street or across the nation on a business trip or overseas to an unreached people group, and prepare the way for him to enter into the homes and hearts of people. This is not something reserved for those who are uniquely gifted with the gift of evangelism. Those gifted with that gift serve as a model for the rest of us how to evangelize.
No mission, despite the potential harvest, is without danger or risk. The rejection that the disciples have already experienced in Samaria will continue and the hostility will intensify. Evoking imagery from David's psalms (Psalm 23), Jesus says that he is sending them out "as lambs in the midst of wolves." As vulnerable sheep they will have to constantly depend on the great Shepherd to lead them and protect them.
So why is it there is such hostility to the message of love, and grace and peace? The reason is that Jesus is on a rescue mission "to proclaim liberty to the captives" and "to set at liberty those who are oppressed" (Luke 4:18). You can't liberate someone who is oppressed without first confronting and neutralizing their oppressor. As Jesus said, "no one can enter a strong man's house and plunder his goods, unless he first binds the strong man. Then indeed he may plunder his house" (Mark 3:27). The driving force behind all human oppression is the devil and his minions, whose grip and control over humans is threatened every time the gospel is preached. Never forget that Jesus has given his disciples power and authority over them. But they must be confronted.
Because of the danger and urgency of the task, the disciples are told to travel light. They are to live in dependence of God, giving no hint that they are self-sufficient or, above all, rich. Therefore they are prohibited from carrying an extra pair of sandals, a moneybag or a knapsack. The knapsack or "traveler's bag" (p?ra) would be equivalent to a backpack that has a large capacity to carry enough supplies to make a camper self-sufficient. The fact that they are to "greet no one" is not an indication that they are to be rude, but that they must not be tempted to turn aside from their mission to enjoy the hospitality of extended family, friends, or acquaintances along the way. They must not mix socializing or vacation with their mission. They must maintain a singular focus until their mission is complete.
Once the disciples enter a town they must seek a place to stay. In the Middle East hospitality was and still is considered a supreme privilege and honor for those who extend it. When a foreigner came into the village town square, they would often be prevailed upon by the townspeople and welcomed into their homes. When the disciples were received into a home they were to offer a blessing to the entire household. The offer of "peace" (shalom) was more than a polite greeting. For Jews who had returned from exile, the term shalom was a term laden with all the hopes and dreams that would characterize the Messianic age. For faithful Jews, the greeting was designed to draw those hopes to the surface. The disciples can anticipate that in every town God already has "sons of peace" who are predisposed to welcome their message and extend hospitality to them. For them the blessing of peace offered by the disciples will, in a very real sense, rest upon them and enhance the life that is in the home.
The image of "peace" looking for a place of "rest" and "returning" if none is found is reminiscent of the story of Noah. After the Lord stopped the rain, Noah waited forty days and "sent out a dove from him to see if the water was abated from the face of the land; but the dove found no resting place for the sole of her foot, so she returned to him" (Gen 8:8-9 NASB). After another seven days, Noah sent the dove out again, and this time the dove returned and "behold, in her beak was a freshly picked olive leaf" (Gen 8:11). When Noah stepped out of the ark, he stepped into a new age of shalom.
Next Jesus gives instructions on how to bless those who receive them. Being the guest in someone's home, no matter how humble, is a supreme honor and privilege. To show their appreciation the disciples are to remain in the home that receives them and not run from house to house. To move from house to house seeking better accommodations would not only be an insult to the homeowner, but would also cast a dark shadow on the disciples' message. By contrast, remaining in one home strengthens the relationship between the host and his guests, and gives the host the opportunity to strengthen his faith by working alongside his guests in their mission.
They are to eat whatever is put before them, as if the generosity of their host is the direct provision of God himself. The rationale behind Jesus' instructions is that a laborer is worthy of his wages. This creates equality in the relationship, so that the one who receives spiritual blessings is also given the privilege of contributing to the kingdom with his gifts of food and lodging.
Imagine what it must have been like if you had been a young adult in one of the homes visited by Jesus' advance team. It's late afternoon and you're sitting at home doing your tedious Hebrew studies, when your father bursts through the door and shouts to your mother, "Golda, Golda, we have company!" You look up and see two strangers, humbly dressed, who seem hungry and tired after walking for miles. As you sit down and listen to their dinner conversation, you are reminded of the story in which Abraham entertained three visitors who, while they were eating, announced that Sarah, Abraham's wife, would bear a son the following year. In similar fashion, these messengers speak about the things they have seen and heard in Galilee.
With a mysterious conviction they announce that God has fulfilled the promise he made to Abraham and to king David. David's greater son is here! Your father is overcome with joy and begins to dance around the table. Your mother, who is more discerning, is a bit skeptical. She's heard these claims many times before. As you shift between wonder and doubt, your father escorts the messengers to the upper room where uncle Mordecai is bedridden suffering with a broken hip, and has not been able to walk for last two years. At first he was able to maintain his once jovial outlook, but as time has dragged on he has been overcome by depression and now he hardly speaks and never comes out of his room. It's just too painful. As your mother is clearing the table, you hear a scream followed by riotous laughter. Mordecai comes running down the stairs shouting, "It's a miracle, a miracle!" The entire house erupts with joy, music and song. Uncle Mordecai and your father start dancing like teenage boys who have just been betrothed to the rabbi's daughter.
But now in the refusal to receive the envoys of Jesus, these towns are declaring that they are outside the community of God's people. To refuse the herald's of the coming king is to refuse the kingdom itself. The final word of the seventy-two reminds them of the eternal significance of their choice. The kingdom has come near, and they have closed the door. The terror that awaits that town in the final judgment is unspeakable. It will fare worse than Sodom, whose sin was a violation of hospitality in the most despicable form, and is one of the rare occasions in Scripture that heaven was provoked to employ spontaneous combustion. Jesus words, as terrifying as they are, point to the greatness and privilege of current era.
In a surprising move, Jesus launches into prophetic woes (the opposite of blessing Luke 6:22-26), against Chorazin and Bethsaida in Galilee. His attack seems to us unwarranted because, apart of what Luke records in Nazareth, Jesus seems to have been well received. Large crowds came from great distances to hear him teach. Countless multitudes were nourished with bread from heaven, healed of sicknesses and delivered from demons. We might have called that a revival if that had happened in Cupertino. But with a prophet's penetrating vision, Jesus sees right through the initial enthusiasm to the very end, when it counts. Bottom line, those privileged towns of Galilee simply refused to embrace the message. It is a stinging rebuke.
Both Isaiah and Ezekiel railed against the wickedness of the proud and materialist cities of Tyre and Sidon (Isa 23; Ezek 26:15-21; 28:1-24). Their tenacious grip on the seafaring trade of the Mediterranean adorned their cities with the wealth of nations. Isaiah prophesied that God would turn the tables on Tyre and, in order to survive, she would be forced to "prostitute herself with all the kingdoms of the world" (Isa 23:17). However, though they are accountable for their sins, had they been privileged to see the mighty works Jesus had done in Galilee, those pagan cities would have repented with their whole hearts (symbolized by "sitting in sackcloth and ashes").
Carroll aptly observes that "For the first time Luke introduces the verb "repent" (metanoe?), expressing the reorientation and reordering of life—springing from conversion of the imagination, from transformed (meta) understanding (nous) —that Jesus' message aims to elicit, and the narrative is cultivating among its readers."8 So have we repented? When I consider how much I have seen and heard, the question strikes like a hammer to the heart.
Before we can recover, Capernaum, the town Jesus focused so much of his energy on, is singled out and called to the stand to be cross-examined. In the entire history of Israel there has been no town more privileged to witness the saving works of the Creator God than Capernaum. But as often is the case, privilege turned to pride—"Will you be lifted up to heaven?" Her pride is identical to the king of Babylon, who aspired to set his throne in heaven and make himself "like the Most High" (Isa 14:13-14), and to the king of Tyre who proclaimed, "I am a god, I sit in the seat of the gods" (Ezek 28:2). The destiny for those who exalt themselves is not heaven but hades, the abode of the dead. As a father, I cannot fathom the pain that Capernaum's rejection would have brought to the Father's heart.
The reason God's judgment is so severe is that "the person who is sent embodies the presence and authority of the one who sends."9 This has been true all through the history of Israel. To reject the authority of Moses was equivalent to rejecting the Lord (Num 12:8) and to be cut off from God's people. To reject the word of a prophet was an invitation to a death sentence. Given Israel's proclivity to rejection, it shouldn't surprise the disciples that the pattern would continue when David's greater Son, Israel's Messiah, appears. Like all God's messengers before them, they too must experience the pain of rejection.
But rejection is not the last word, and rather than creating hard hearts and cynical minds, it is designed by God to give us hearts like our Father's heart that keeps on loving no matter how painful or how great the cost. For now, through the redemptive work of the Son and the gift of the Holy Spirit, God's children respond miraculously with whole hearts in great numbers. The initial rejection serves to increase our capacity for JOY, a joy so overwhelming it is all the disciples can talk about when they return home from their mission (10:17), and a joy made full that never subsides—"And the disciples were continually filled with joy and with the Holy Spirit" (Acts 13:52).
As it is Father's Day, I thought it appropriate to end my message with a tribute to a father who lived on the radical edge of "being sent" and whose constant, contagious joy touched more people than anyone I know. On June 4, after serving as a pastor among us for forty years, Walt McCuistion simply closed his eyes, went to sleep and went home to be with the Lord. I wrote this tribute for his retirement (though he never retired) from PBC Palo Alto in 1991.
the weary one with a word.
and considers the leper clean.
remembering that he also was once in exile.
and brings all his brethren to my holy hill.
forgives him seventy times seven.
will repay him on the last day.
1 Christopher J. H. Wright, The Mission of God's People, A Biblical Theology of the Church's Mission (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010), 211. Chris' book is an outstanding work on this theme, not only for its clarity and comprehensive view on the subject, but also by his life's example. Chris, just like his mentor John Stott, has devoted his life to the mission of God for the whole world.
2 Joel B. Green, The Gospel of Luke (NICNT; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997), 412.
3 Darrell L. Bock, Luke Volume 2:9:51-24:53 (ECNT; Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 1996), 995.
4 Wright, The Mission of God's People, 209.
5 John T. Carroll, Luke, A Commentary (NTL; Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2012), 237.
6 Green, The Gospel of Luke, 360.
9 Wright, The Mission of God's People, 209.
10 Wright, The Mission of God's People, 211, 220.


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What Impact Has Crypto Had on a Global Scale?
Transformed how people invest money
Changed how we think about money
Positive impact on the global economy and financial inclusion
Global impact of cryptocurrencies
When it comes to viral stories on the web, it is hard to match cryptocurrencies. This type of digital money, after all, has been behind some of the most widely read online stories of recent times¾such as Bitcoin's record price of more than $68,000 in November 2021.
While headlines like this show why people pay more attention to crypto these days, you may want to dig a bit deeper into this asset and its overall impact globally.
When you start to look into this and cryptocurrency prices, it is obvious that crypto has made real waves around the planet and is something that has made inroads in many countries now. Crypto for example is something that people from all around the world know all about¾from the US the UK, Japan, Australia, Nigeria, and Germany.
This shows the reach that digital currencies have in modern times¾but what has been their impact on a wider scale?
In days gone by, people who had some spare money to invest had the same old options to choose from. This would usually include things like stocks, bonds, and the FX market. Since crypto has arrived and become established as a viable asset though, it has brought new life to how people invest money globally.
This has mainly been down to crypto offering a new kind of asset to invest in, and one which seems to be different from other, more traditional, options. Coins like SLP, for example, are not only exotic sounding and exciting to invest in but are also based on cutting-edge technology. This is very attractive to many investors (especially younger ones) and makes cryptocurrencies something they like putting money into.
When you also add in the latest crypto exchanges to trade on and crypt wallets for storing key details, it is clear how this asset has brought something new to investors.
Whether it is keeping an eye on the Luna price or looking for opportunities in other coins, crypto is a very popular financial market now. It is also one that has impacted how people think about money on a global scale.
Before cryptocurrencies, for example, we all thought of money in the traditional sense and in terms of FIAT currencies. This was basically paper money, which existed in the real world and was governed centrally by governments. Since the launch of Bitcoin in 2008 though, the steady trickle of crypto into the mainstream has changed this.
People are now much more familiar with digital money and with crypto coins that do not exist in the real world. This has even led to people paying for goods or playing online games with cryptocurrencies¾something which would have been unheard of in the past. Crypto has also seen people across the world get more used to dealing with money digitally in general¾such as trusting money to an online bank.
The lack of central control that crypto involves has also made people reconsider how the traditional global banking system works. As a result, the idea of decentralized financial systems has become something that more people not only know about globally but also support.
When you look at crypto on a global scale, you have to mention the positive impact it has had on financial inclusion. This is basically people from around the world being able to make financial transactions online, without first having a bank account.
By using crypto (which doesn't need third parties like banks to work), people can send or receive money without needing their involvement. While this might not seem like a big deal in places like the US, it is a major bonus for the 1.7 billion people in countries around the world who don't have a bank account. By promoting this kind of financial inclusion, digital cash is superb for enabling everyone around the planet to manage their money.
The net result of this, of course, is that cryptocurrencies have had a positive impact on the global economy. As it enables more people to gain financial inclusivity, crypto facilitates the increased movement of money globally and therefore gives more people around the world, cash to spend. This can only be a good thing for global business.
It is fair to say that cryptocurrencies have had a major impact on a global scale since first launching. Although the first few years might have seen this type of cash gaining traction, more recent years have really seen it take off across the planet. This has seen it have a major impact in many areas, as we have looked at above.
How Can Compliance Productivity Management Software Work Wonders For Your Organization?
Skills that are in Demand by Web Developers
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Way to Research And Evaluate Different Types of NFTs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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High Market Uptake Prompts Launch of Second Tower at Sobha Hartland's Creek Vistas
Sobha Realty, the leading premium real estate developer, has announced the launch of Tower B of its twin-tower residential development Creek Vistas at Sobha Hartland in Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum City.
The move responds to eager market demand following the success of the project's first tower that sold out shortly after its launch.
The highly anticipated Creek Vistas is part of the sprawling Sobha Hartland community - an eight million sq ft expanse of luxury apartments, villas and townhouses. The project is envisioned as a tranquil getaway from urban life, with 30 per cent of the land bank dedicated to green open spaces. True to its name, the mid-rise project will offer scenic views of Dubai Creek, Downtown Dubai, Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary and Dubai Water Canal.
Speaking on the launch, Francis Alfred, CEO of Sobha Realty, said: "Set amidst the lush, vibrant landscape of Sobha Hartland, Creek Vistas embodies a new and refreshing take on luxury waterfront living. The launch of the second residential tower reinforces our commitment to creating spaces that positively shape human lives and re-imagine urban communities. Strategically located near Dubai's top attractions, the project that offers a green sanctuary in the heart of the city has already received global attention."
He added: "Sobha Hartland continues to consolidate its position as a preferred destination for real estate investors worldwide. At Sobha, we are dedicated to redefining the real estate value chain through leveraging our inherent in-house capabilities of conceptualisation, design and development to deliver living spaces that meet the evolving market needs, bolstering our 42-year legacy of building luxury developments."
The newly launched Creek Vistas Tower B will consist of 390 units comprising one- and two-bedroom apartments ranging from 493 to 899 sq ft and feature classic interiors with a modern twist. Following an east-west orientation of the tower, the 28-floor towers will rest on a two-level podium to provide prime vantage points for the city's iconic landmarks.
Each unit will include a balcony, a fully equipped kitchen, central air conditioning, smart home automation, and premium fixtures and finishes. Select apartments will also comprise a study. Residents will have access to an infinity swimming pool, a gym and a vast landscaped deck. The twin towers will also offer shaded parking for 780 cars.
Set for completion in Q3 2021, the residential twin towers will boast signature Sobha quality with a focus on space optimisation, German technology and modern classic architecture.
Apartments at Tower B are available from AED820,000. Home buyers can opt for an easy payment plan with a five per cent deposit on booking, followed by five per cent payments every three months until September 2021 and pay the remainder upon completion. As part of a special promotion, buyers have the chance to win travel vouchers worth up to AED5,000, furniture vouchers up to AED15,000 and school discount vouchers up to 28 per cent annually.
Sobha Hartland


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Walking Dead Series' Will Collide, 8-Bit Game Teases Stranger Things Season 2 | Horror TV Weekly
2017-10-10 /0 Comments/in Episodes, Horror TV Weekly /by Stephen Lemieux
Hosted by Chauncey Robinson, Oliver Drennan, Alana Jordan, and Lacretia Lyon – A weekly series that covers storylines, news and announcements from the TV world of horror, covering shows such as Teen Wolf, American Horror Story, Supernatural, Bates Motel, Scream Queens, The Strain, Scream, Outcast, iZombie, Z Nation, Dead of Summer and many others. Throughout the series we'll bring in guests to join in on the fun!
On Today's Episode: We're talking about Walking Dead and Fear The Walking Dead Are Set to Collide, Duck Takes is coming Back and
Headed to the Haunted Mansion, NYCC Gave Us Some Insight into Season 3 of Ash Vs Evil
Dead, And a New 8-Bit Game Gave Us Some Insight Into Season 2 of Stranger Things! <3
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Ray Donovan S:5 | Episodes 7 – 9 | AfterBuzz TV AfterShow The Flash S:4 | The Flash Reborn E:1 | AfterBuzz TV AfterShow


WHEN THE BODY ATTACKS ITSELF . . .
THERE are a lot of scary diseases that are not easy to diagnose and one of them is lupus.
Lupus is an autoimmune disease that attacks the immune system and healthy organs.
According to statistics, over 90% of women aged between 15 and 45 are prone to the disease.
Causes of lupus remain unknown, but there is evidence that genetics, epigenetics (genetic changes caused by the environment), viruses and infections may be causalfactors.
Sibongile Komati (49) of Lupus Foundation South Africa, started her foundation in Acardia, Pretoria, four years ago after she was diagnosed with the disease.
At the time she thought she was suffering from a heart failure.
"Many general practitioners I went to told me I had depression until one day one doctor told me I didn't have a pulse and sent me to hospital where I spent six weeks.
Sibongile said she has been living with the diesease for nine years.
She and her foundation raises awareness about lupus at schools, clinics and churches. There is no single test to diagnose lupus.
Your doctor will conduct a complete medical history and physical exam, including blood tests. These include skin and kidney biopsies – extracting tissue samples so they can be examined under a microscope.


Samsung pretty much stole the show at MWC 2018 this year with the Galaxy S9 and its stunning design. One major selling point for the flagship is its brilliant camera and its super slow-mo mode which captures movements at an amazing 960 frames per second, albeit at 720 HD quality.
But when it comes to taking 960FPS videos, Samsung faces direct competition from Sony and its entire premium lineup of Xperia devices. So if you're in the mood for some slow-motion action this time, here are the best and brightest 960FPS capable phones you can get your hands on.
Sony Xperia XZ2 features a great camera that houses a single 19MP sensor. But it also features incredible stuff like 3D creator that can create your 3D face to be used in a variety of applications, the fact the Xperia XZ2 is also capable of recording high-flying 960FPS slow motion videos at cool Full HD has us drooling over. In case you needed a reminder, the S9's slow motion videos are captured at HD quality only.
Completely identical to its larger brother, the Xperia XZ2 Compact comes with the same 19MP Exmor-RS CMOS sensor that is on the Xperia XZ2. Apart from the wireless charging feature though that is missing on the XZ2 Compact, you get all the features of the larger sibling on the smaller one, including the ability to shoot 960FPS videos in 1080p, for about $240 less. Worth it? Definitely, if you are into Sony phones.
The bigger brother to the Galaxy S9 comes with not just a larger screen and battery capacity, but also with an extra camera. The dual-lens camera setup of a 12MP+12MP snapper offers all the great features with the addition of 2x optical zoom, but devices would also allow you to measure blood pressure. You get the super slow-mo video recording feature here too, which has already arrived on the Galaxy S8 and Note 8 via software updates, along with special editing tools built it for creating reverse, forward, and swing loops of your videos.
Huawei Mate 20 Pro is the best the company has to offer at the moment, here to compete with the best in the business. To do this, Huawei had to equally make the Mate 20 Pro one of the best, thus including support for HD video recording at up to 960fps, much like the Galaxy S9 and S9+.
The Mate 20 Pro has plenty of cameras to make sure it achieves the best results, but it comes at a very steep price, with some markets like the U.S. missing out on the device although it can be purchased from the likes of Amazon and co.
Huawei Mate 20 X is the stylus variant of the Mate 20 series and unlike the standard model, the X has the same camera specs as the Pro variant, which includes the support for 960fps slow-motion video recording. The phone packs a tri-lens 40MP + 20MP + 8MP shooter on the back that also manages to record 4K videos of up to 30fps.
One little problem with the Mate 20 X, though, is the availability, which is even worse when it comes to the U.S. market. Luckily, there is Amazon to turn to, but this means you have to pay a pretty penny for this.
As pointed out, the Mate 20 has a slightly different camera configuration compared to the Mate 20 Pro and Mate 20 X, but this doesn't mean you don't get support for 960fps super slow motion video recording. With a tri-lens setup that consists of 12MP + 16MP + 8MP lenses, you are probably getting toned-down quality photography, but at an equally cheaper price tag, there isn't much to vex about.
The Mate 20 also supports 1080p videos at 30fps and this one also gets gyro-EIS for improved quality as well as 4k videos of up to 30fps. Like the other two, the front camera also gets a 24MP unit that can manage 1080p videos of up to 30fps.
Huawei P20 Pro is hands-down one of the best photography smartphones on the market and it gets even better now that it's cheaper as we approach the launch of its successor. What makes it such a great photography companion is the presence of three lenses on the back (40MP + 20MP + 8MP) – lenses that not only capture professional-looking photos but can also record slow-motion HD videos of up to 960fps.
The P20 Pro can also record videos in other formats, among them 4K at 30fps, full HD at 60fps and even full HD at 30fps with the help of gyro-EIS.
If the Huawei P20 Pro is a little too costly for you, the standard P20 is a great alternative as it also supports 960fps super slow-mo video recording at the same HD resolution. Even better is that you also get support for the other modes supported on the Pro model, including 4K videos at 30fps.
Of course, expect some differences in quality thanks to the different lenses used on the standard P20, that is, a dual-lens12MP + 20MP unit, but as noted, this also means you pay nearly half the price of the Pro model, especially if you can patiently scan the market for the best deals.
The Sony flagship from last year may seem dated with its large bezel now, but there is no argument that its camera is still as powerful as ever. With the same 19MP that its successor sports, Xperia XZ1 does not have OIS but it offers stabilization electronically when shooting videos at 30fps with a 2160p resolution. You also get 960fps shooting capability, but it is limited to 720p (HD) resolution.
Once again, the Compact version of Xperia XZ1 offers nothing different except the battery capacity and screen size. When it comes to the camera, you get the same sensor with the 19MP snapper, with the capability of recording slow motion videos at 960FPS without a hiccup.
Despite being more than a year old now, the Xperia XZ Premium offers the same 960FPS recording feature that the brand new Galaxy S9 is touting. With the identical camera specs of the Xperia XZ1/Compact, you get EIS (Electronic Image Stabilization), 4K video recording at 30 fps, and the addition of a 4K display to enjoy the Ultra-HD content that you've recorded.
Possibly one the cheapest Android devices that offer 960FPS video recording at the moment, the Xperia XZS packs quite the punch. While the slow-motion recording is at 720p and not at Full-HD like the new Xperia XZ2, you still get powerful features like face and smile detection, HDR mode with RAW image support and more.
Xiaomi Mi MIX 3 is the first from the company to offer 960fps super slow motion video recording out of the box. The phone, unlike some that have this feature, supports both HD (720p) and FHD (1080p) resolution. Even more interesting is that you can record 4K videos of up to 60fps, but not even the best part of the Mi MIX 3, of course.
The best part is the price, which undercuts most of other Snapdragon 845-powered handsets on this list.
The Mi MIX 2S has the same Snapdragon 845 chipset that powers the Mi MIX 3, meaning carrying over some of the features of the latter to the former is quite easy. For this reason, it didn't take Xiaomi long to add support for 960fps super slow-motion video recording to the Mi MIX 2S via a software update.
The same update has also been released for the Mi 8 and Poco F1, meaning even the pocket-friendly Poco F1 also gets the ability to record super slow motion videos of up to 960fps.


Ok so again long time, no update. I've been really busy blogging research for my final uni project on editorial design. Due to having Chloe my deadline has been extended to 2nd September in order to graduate this year. But when I saw these on Hannah's blog, I knew I had to get some. I'd never heard of OCC before (Obsessive Compulsive Cosmetics) but having looked through some more reviews and swatches, I opted for Melange which is a terracotta colour, Pageant - a dark pink and Feathered which is pure white.
I only got these this morning but I'm so impressed with them already! I mixed up Pageant and Feathered to create a really bright, pretty pink. You only need a tiny amount because however much you mix of each colour really affects the outcome.
Lip Tars aren't like normal lip glosses at all really. They're totally non-stickly, last for ages and have a great peppermint taste. Plus you really have to apply them with a lip brush (I used a Mac 317) because they're quite runny and I can imagine it would be very difficult. They seem to have good staying power because I had to use some of my Shu Uemura oil cleanser to get it off. I love them, definitely want to get some more in future even though these 3 cost me about £26 in total. Grandma and Hush are next on the list. I ordered mine from here for 8.99 each.


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Ring News 24Boxing NewsAndy Ruiz winds Anthony Joshua up with new threat ahead of title fight
Andy Ruiz winds Anthony Joshua up with new threat ahead of title fight
The article that you're about to read is an official announcement issued to Ring News 24 to publish as a press release.
Andy Ruiz Jr has warned Anthony Joshua that he could beat him "even faster" than he did when he ripped the IBF, WBA, WBO and IBO belts from 'AJ' on a memorable night at Madison Square Garden in New York back in June.
The pair collide for a second time at the Diriyah Arena in Saudi Arabia on Saturday December 7 in one of the most highly-anticipated Heavyweight rematches in decades, shown live on Sky Sports Box Office in the UK and DAZN in the US.
'The Destroyer' believes Joshua will aim to regain his crowns by adopting a cautious in-ring strategy following their explosive first meeting that saw Ruiz knock down Joshua four times on route to a monumental seventh round stoppage win.
"I'm expecting that," said Ruiz Jr. "But if he wants to bang, it's better for me. I love to bang because that's the fighter that I am. December 7 we have to pressure, work the body, break him down. Especially his mentality.
"We've got to see where he's at because all the pressure is on him. The pressure isn't on me because I followed my dream, made my dreams come true. Of course I want more though – I want the legacy of Andy Ruiz Jr."
Ruiz Jr had previously explained that his sparring partners were being "slick" in anticipation of Joshua trying to be elusive.
"People haven't seen me cut off the ring," Ruiz Jr warned. "I actually break them down even faster when they try to box me around. We all have a plan until we get hit, like Mike Tyson would say. I'm pretty sure he will want to box me around.
"One punch can change the fight. That's what happened on June 1. It might be a little harder than the first time. I've got to show my skills, my talent."
Ruiz Jr's only defeat in 34 fights came via majority decision to Joseph Parker in 2016, a verdict he still disputes. He insists that his style will always be a problem for Joshua.
"Especially me staying small. I don't think he likes fighting against that style. I don't think he's ever fought a short guy that pressures, and is pretty slick. I felt like I was boxing him around even though I was the shorter guy. I was counter-punching him. When he would throw, I would throw back with more punches.
"He saw something that he's never seen before. People said before, who would you rather fight: Joshua, Deontay Wilder or Tyson Fury? I always said Joshua because of his style. Styles make fights. His style was perfect for me to become the unified Heavyweight Champion."
The Clash On The Dunes presented by PIF forms part of the Diriyah Season, an epic month of sports which kicked off with Formula E at the weekend, the Diriyah Tennis Cup featuring eight of the best men's players on the planet, and the Diriyah Equestrian Festival, an elite competition with Tokyo Olympics 2020 qualifying points on the line.
The Diriyah Season is also supported by the Diriyah Music Festival with huge concerts taking place around the event. On December 6, the night before the Clash On The Dunes, major artists who are yet to be announced will perform. So far artists such as Imagine Dragons, DJ Alan Walker, Clean Bandit and Maluma have performed to 40,000 concert goers.
Tickets for all of the Diriyah Season's spectacular events, concerts and entertainment will be available at diriyahseason.sa. Follow Diriyah Season's news and announcements on the official social media pages on twitter and Instagram @diriyahseason.
Joshua vs Ruiz Jr; First Aerial shots of 'spectacular' Diriyah Arena revealed
Jeter Promotions announce new signing
Read more articles about: Andy Ruiz Jr, Anthony Joshua


text:
Q: Does anyone know why I getting this eslint error message when installing airbnb I'm been trying to get airbnb installed in my eslint config for the last day or so.
Currently, I'm using vscode with the eslint plugin installed, also I have eslint install locally on my machine using npm.  I previous had it installed globally and still had the same result.  I can't find much about this error thats why I'm posting here to see if someone else has figure out why this error is happening
I keep getting this error message:
/Users/shaunearley/node_modules/eslint-config-airbnb/rules/react.js:
Configuration for rule "react/jsx-wrap-multilines" is invalid:  Value " [object Object]" should NOT have additional properties.
Referenced from: /Users/shaunearley/node_modules/eslint-config-airbnb/index.js Referenced from: /Users/shaunearley/.eslintrc

Below is my eslintrc file.  I also have prettier installed however I don't think that's causing the error because I've commented out airbnb in my eslintrc file and everything seems to work.
$ {
  "extends": [
    "airbnb",
    "prettier",
    "prettier/react"
  ],
  "parser": "babel-eslint",
  "parserOptions": {
    "ecmaVersion": 8,
     "ecmaFeatures": {
     "experimentalObjectRestSpread": true,
     "impliedStrict": true,
     "classes": true
  }
},
   "env": {
   "browser": true,
   "node": true,
   "jquery": true,
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"rules": {
"no-debugger": 0,
"no-alert": 0,
"no-unused-vars": [
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],
"prefer-const": [
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"no-param-reassign": [
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"consistent-return": 0,
"react/display-name": 1,
"react/no-array-index-key": 0,
"react/react-in-jsx-scope": 0,
"react/prefer-stateless-function": 0,
"react/forbid-prop-types": 0,
"react/no-unescaped-entities": 0,
"jsx-a11y/accessible-emoji": 0,
"react/jsx-filename-extension": [
  1,
  {
    "extensions": [
      ".js",
      ".jsx"
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],
"radix": 0,
"no-shadow": [
  2,
  {
    "hoist": "all",
    "allow": [
      "resolve",
      "reject",
      "done",
      "next",
      "err",
      "error"
    ]
  }
],
"quotes": [
  2,
  "single",
  {
    "avoidEscape": true,
    "allowTemplateLiterals": true
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],
"prettier/prettier": [
  "error",
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    "trailingComma": "es5",
    "singleQuote": true,
    "printWidth": 100,
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],
"jsx-a11y/href-no-hash": "off",
"jsx-a11y/anchor-is-valid": [
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]
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"plugins": [
// "html",
"prettier"
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}

Thank Shaun

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Anthrogenica > Human Population Genetics > Y-Chromosome (Y-DNA) Haplogroups > R > R1b-P312 > R1b-L21 > Modern L21 Distribution as the Result of Dilution?
View Full Version : Modern L21 Distribution as the Result of Dilution?
The prevailing hypothesis goes something along the lines of this: L21 originated on the Continent. Modern L21 distribution, centered in Ireland and radiating outward, is the result of reduced competition in Ireland, especially, and the Isles more generally, with some sort of founder's effect enabling rapid expansion. The initial expansion was followed by dilution on the Continent with the arrival of competing haplogroups. Thus, the modern distribution of L21 gives the appearance of being centered in the Isles even though it did not originate there.
But, if the modern distribution of L21 is due to dilution on the Continent, then any such dilution effect on the Continent should not preferentially effect only L21. Every other contemporary Continental haplogroup of the region should have experienced a similar dilution, resulting in a similar gradient radiating outward from the Isles.
Are there any other supposedly Continental haplogroups that exhibit a similar distribution concentration in the Isles? If not, then why not?
How can one reconcile the argument that L21 originated on the Continent, but was then diluted on the Continent, with the fact that other haplogroups did not experience the same dilution resulting in a similar modern distribution? If L21 was the only haplogroup that experienced this dilution, then how did all the other Continental haplogroups manage to escape a similar fate?
In this scenario you're assuming the frequency of continental L21 was at one point the same or similar to the Isles today.
Not at all. If that's how you took it, then I assure you that wasn't my intent. The hypothesis only requires that L21's continental frequency, whatever it was at any particular time in the past, would have been greater in modern times if not for dilution by other haplogroups. Other haplogroups of the Continent would have likewise experienced the same pattern of dilution. The amount of dilution would be proportional to whatever the concentration was at any given time.
If you feel my hypothesis doesn't properly describe the prevailing opinion regarding the modern L21 distribution, then feel free to restate it by your own understanding, and then explain why the effect (however you perceive it to have worked) would not affect other Continental haplogroups in a similar fashion resulting in a similar modern distribution.
Clearly there's going to be more than one theory but the wave expansion modal is quite popular.
In this L21 (or DF13 to be more precise) was at the forefront of a rapid stage of expansion and benefited from being the first into depopulated areas but got stopped when it ran out of land.
That said I don't think DF13 arrived in the Isles en masse and some of the larger groups might of arrived surprisingly late, but if so then where from I can't say.
Hopefully aDNA will help clear the picture up.
So, basically, this model would involve a founder effect rather than dilution on the Continent. But if this were the case, then it requires that the founding population that entered the Isles was composed almost entirely of DF13 and nothing else. Otherwise, the other haplogroups that entered the Isles in the same time period would have experienced a similar effect. So it still leads to the same apparent contradiction - why did the effect favor only DF13/L21 and none of the other contemporary haplogroups?
So far, ancient DNA seems to show that at around the time of Beaker entry to the Isles, P312 was still very diverse. It was only later that L21 came to dominate so thoroughly. It seems like special pleading to believe that DF13 was the ONLY member of P312 to receive the benefits of this founder's effect in the Isles.
If S145/L21 arose in northern France it wouldn't take much for all this to come about. All it would take would be a small hardy group of the new haplogroup to hop across the channel. It doesn't take anything special as you put it.
Why would every other contemporary continental y haplogroup experience a similar dilution if they were the ones doing the diluting?
Besides, the idea is that most of L21 migrated to the Isles, just as most of R1b-L23 left eastern Europe and moved west.
The following is from the book, The History of the Celtic People, by 20th century French archaeologist and linguist Henri Hubert.
But whence did the Goidels come, and when did they come? Where must we look for their earliest home on the Continent and their starting-point? Probably they came from north of the Brythonic [i.e., P-Celtic-speaking] domain, and it is to them that tradition refers when it tells that the Celts used to live on the low coasts of the North Sea. They must have left those shores very early, for hardly a trace of them remains there (p. 169).
. . . In the first period of the Bronze Age there arrived in the British Isles, coming from the Continent, people with very marked characteristics. The old Neolithic inhabitants (among whom I include those of all the beginning of the Bronze Age) were long-heads of Mediterranean type, who built for their dead, or, at least, for the more distinguished of them, tumuli with a funeral chamber known as the "long barrows", in which one sometimes finds those curious bell-shaped beakers adorned at regular intervals with bands of incised or stamped decoration, of a very simple and austere type. The newcomers were of quite a different type, and had other funeral practices.
They buried their dead under round tumuli, known as "round barrows", in graves in which the body was placed in a crouching position on one side and enclosed in stone flags or woodwork. Later they burned them. In their graves there were zoned beakers (Fig. 33), but of a late type in which the neck is distinguished from the belly, or vases derived from these beakers . . . The grave goods comprised buttons with a V-shaped boring, flint and copper daggers, arrow-heads, and flat perforated pieces of schist which are "bracers", or bowman's wristguards. The skeletons were of a new type: tall, with round heads of a fairly constant shape, the brow receding, the supraciliary ridge prominent, the cheek-bones highly developed, and the jaws massive and projecting so as to present a dip at the base of the nose. I have already described them as one of the types represented in Celtic burials.
The association of the physical type of this people with the beaker has led British anthropologists to call it the Beaker Folk . . . In Scotland they were accompanied by other brachycephals, with a higher index and of Alpine type. In general they advanced from south to north and from east to west, and their progress lasted long enough for there to be a very marked difference in furniture between their oldest and latest tombs.
. . . Their progress was a conquest. It is evident that they subdued and assimilated the previous occupants of the country (pp. 171-173).
It's not special pleading at all. For one thing, the estimated TMRCA of L21 makes it very unlikely that L21 originated in the Isles, since it predates the arrival of Bell Beaker there, especially given the fact that the Rathlin1 results will probably push the TMRCA of L21 back at least a few centuries.
Here's another thing. You still have the same problem - "[W]hy did the effect favor only DF13/L21 and none of the other contemporary haplogroups?" - whether L21 first arose in the Isles or on the Continent. If you bring in some P312* Bell Beaker man to father the first L21* man very very soon after the arrival of Bell Beaker in the Isles, you still have the problem of how L21/DF13 alone came to dominate the Isles y-dna profile. We know it is likely that I-M223 and I-M284 were already there and probably had been since not long after the end of the LGM. Why didn't one of them come to dominate the Isles y-dna landscape?
The answer is that the Bell Beaker people who arrived in Britain, mainly from the Rhineland, were already predominantly DF13+. Their chiefs and prominent men eventually assumed positions of power and leadership in the Isles and out-bred the competition.
We also know from documented history that other groups arrived in SE Britain from the Continent later whose y-dna profiles probably differed from that of the Copper/Bronze Age Bell Beaker people who went to the Isles. A prime and very much impactful example is the Anglo-Saxons, who were probably mostly R1b-U106 and I-M253. We know they pushed the native Celtic peoples north and west. We see that historical pattern reflected in the modern distribution of y haplogroups in Britain.
We also know from history that Germanic peoples began pressing south and west into Europe from northernmost Germany and from Scandinavia around 700 BC, building to a crescendo in the so-called Migration Period. It is not at all likely they carried much L21 along with them, and they would have shoved what L21 there was left on the Continent west across the Rhine and no doubt wiped out some of it. We see that reflected today in the continental distribution of L21 (little in Germany, much more in Belgium and France) and in its inverse relationship to Germanic languages there.
It has always struck me as interesting that L21 is a east to west cline, DF27 is a south west to north east cline, and U152 is a south east to north west cline, all three piddling out to roughly the same amounts in the data we have so far in central France. If you were to draw arrows, it seems all three slingshot from somewhere along the headwaters of the Rhine and Danube, roughly.
Sure, some groups will be the incoming diluters. But, according to this proposal, there were NO other haplogroups besides L21 that were living alongside or mixed in with L21 that were also victims of the Continental diluting? Not even one?
L21 managed to appear within a P312 community, breeding profusely for some centuries to accumulate a sizable population on the Continent. During all this time, they managed to keep themselves isolated from the other P312 subclades that coexisted in their Beaker population. Very few leaked out into the surrounding population and very few foreign haplogroups infiltrated into this water tight community. Then, after some centuries, they pick up wholesale and move en masse to the Isles.
I won't say it's impossible. But it sounds an awful lot like special pleading.
I agree with everything in that quote, but it doesn't favor your position over any other position.
The reason Beaker came to dominate over other cultures involves a variety of factors, including technological, cultural, and genetic selection. The more challenging question is why only a handful of subclades within P312 came to dominate so thoroughly over the other subclades of P312 (including all the extinct subclades).
The reason a few major haplogroups of P312, including L21, DF27, and U152 came to dominate within P312 is probably the same reason any genetic population comes to dominate given enough time - a selective advantage over other P312 subclades. This involves no special pleading, but a simple belief in the general evolutionary fact that the haplogroups that tend to dominate are the ones that have superior genes.
So the question is not why L21, DF27, and U152 are so dominant, but why is their dominance concentrated in a particular location? The most straight forward explanation is that they dominated in a particular location because that's where they were located. Alternatively, it is possible for a haplogroup to arise in one place, remain virtually completely segregated and contained, and then relocate as a whole to another location, but Occam's razor does not favor this explanation.
I agree that dilution in SE Britain is an obvious effect. We can easily identify other haplogroups, apart from L21, that were affected by this same dilution and exhibit a similar distribution pattern within the Isles. So, for example, I can easily accept that L21 may have first expanded in England, later spread into Ireland, and then been diluted in England by incoming populations that mostly stayed out of Ireland.
The same cannot be said of the L21's population distribution on the Continent. There is NO other haplogroup that exhibits an extra-Isles distribution similar to L21.
If this is the explanation, then it is amazing that Germanic peoples managed to selectively push out L21 but none of the other contemporary haplogroups. They seem to have left U106 well enough alone. How did they know whom to push out and whom to ignore? Secret handshake?
I recommend reading the Wave of Advance Theory work found in several genetics studies. There is no need for L21 keeping itself in isolation if this was a rapidly expanding and moving population. The isolation had nothing to do with "staying at home" but was rather an expansion into virgin territories for the P312 folks. L21 was simply riding the wave but apparently had enough steam to take the British Isles in a fairly intense way.
No doubt U152 and DF27 suffered some dilution and shoving west and south at the hands of Germanic U106 and I-M253. There may have been others.
In general, the Celtic groups were shoved west and south by the Germanic incomers. That is an historical fact.
Before that, during the Bronze Age, much of L21 left for the Isles as part of Bell Beaker. Other Bell Beaker groups back filled behind it. They may have been mostly U152 and DF27. Of course, at that time there was probably still a fair amount of L21 left on the Continent.
No, it doesn't sound like special pleading at all. Ancient tribes were largely based on kinship. It shouldn't be surprising at all to find tribes that were almost exclusively of one y haplogroup or other, especially among patriarchal peoples like the Indo-Europeans.
Why do you think ancient Bell Beaker remains thus far are exclusively R1, mostly positive for R1b, and probably all R1b-P312? Where are all the other y haplogroups that were living alongside them? Hadn't they heard of multiculturalism and sharing?
Sure it does, because it accounts in part for the paucity of L21 on the Continent, especially in NW Germany. If most of the Bell Beaker Folk of that region left it for the Isles, and if most of the males were L21+, then that would leave a lot less L21 there, hence dilution via emigration.
In this case Occam's Razor is on my side. The evidence against an Isles origin for L21 is pretty solid. It is extremely unlikely that L21 arose late enough to allow its absolute origin to be attributed to Bell Beaker in the Isles, because Bell Beaker arrived in the Isles well after L21 was born.
No other continental y haplogroup has exactly the same history as L21, but other y haplogroups suffered similarly on the Continent at the hands of Germanic-speaking tribes. I mentioned U152 and DF27 above. As I said, the Celtic tribes were shoved south and west by the incoming Germans. Those Celtic tribes were largely P312, while the incoming Germans were largely U106 and I-M253.
You're acting as if peoples and y haplogroups were static on the Continent. They were not.
What U106 was there in Britain for them to push out? The incoming Anglo-Saxons were themselves largely U106! Why do you think U106 has the distribution in Britain that it has?
There was probably little or no U106 in Britain before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons.
Ack! U106 makes no sense, obviously. I intended to speak of U152, whose distribution shows no sign of Continental dilution corresponding with the distribution pattern of L21. Sorry for the confusion.
I don't argue that there was no dilution of groups other than L21 on the Continent. My argument is that the specific geographic pattern of the hypothetical dilution is not consistent with L21's distribution on the Continent. If L21 was diluted on the Continent, then there should be an inverse distribution pattern corresponding to the displacing population. And there should be dilution patterns in other haplogroups corresponding to the same geographic pattern seen in L21. Yes, U152 and DF27 were diluted. Does the geographic pattern of their dilution at all correspond with the hypothetical dilution of L21? Not even remotely!
There should be at least some degree of correspondence between the dilution pattern of L21 and other haplogroups that were present at the same time, as we see with the dilution that took place in SE England. With the dilution in SE England, there is a consistent geographic pattern of dilution observed across multiple different haplogroups. There is no such agreement in the Continental distribution of L21.
I wanted to correct my error ASAP, but I'll give a more complete response tomorrow when I have more time.
What I should warn about L21 in Ireland is that some of large groups in Ireland appear to be tied to mass lineage expansion in period after the arrival of Christianity. Historians talk about a near "overthrow" of the older dynastical groups during this period. We have to remember that lineages could undergo fairly massive amplification given societal norms in Gaelic Ireland which lasted until the Tudor conquest of Ireland in late 16th/early 17th century.
As a result you could argue that for some SNP's it was down to luck, been in right place at the right time. I personally think M222 in an Irish context falls into this, as does CTS4466.
Here's an example of what dilution looks like. Notice the dilution of L21 in the Isles and compare it to the distribution of U106 in the Isles, one of the diluting populations. The interface is obvious and the two distributions are roughly inverse of each other.
Here's another example of what dilution looks like. Notice the dilution of R1b in Eastern Europe and compare it to the distribution of R1a in Eastern Europe. The interface is obvious and the two distributions are roughly inverse of each other.
Here's the distribution of L21 on the Continent and its inverse. Notice how the inverse distribution correlates to absolutely nothing at all. This distribution has none of the hallmarks of dilution.
For comparison, consider the distribution of U106. Is it the inverse of L21 on the Continent? Not in the least.
What about DF27 and U152? Do they have a dilution pattern similar to the hypothetical dilution pattern of Continental L21? Not remotely.
Dilution creates a similar pattern of concentration in every haplogroup it invades or displaces. Dilution typically has an obvious relationship between the diluted haplogroup and the diluting haplogroup. L21's concentration exhibits none of these signs of dilution.
Honestly, miiser, your argument does not make any sense to me. Continental Europe is a big place with a complex array of y haplogroups and a long history since the likely Copper/Bronze Age exodus of L21 to the Isles. Were you expecting the distribution of any single y haplogroup to be the exact inverse of the distribution of L21 on the continent?
Look at the decline in L21 on the Continent as one moves south and east from northern France and from Belgium. See which y haplogroups (plural) take up the slack, and there you have it. Is that difficult to understand?
For one thing, L21 almost certainly never was dominant over the entire European continent, so one should not expect to see a continent-wide pattern of dilution or even a western Europe-wide pattern of dilution.
Clearly there were movements and changes in northwestern Europe after the Copper/Bronze Age migration of Bell Beaker/L21 to the Isles. Each of those left its mark. It's a complex story. You know, things like the movements of various Gallic tribes, the advance of Germanic peoples west and south beginning in about 700 BC, the Roman conquest of much of northwestern Europe, the decline and fall of Rome and the advance of the barbarian tribes, especially, once again, the Germans.
It isn't at all likely that L21 originated in the Isles, although it is remotely possible. For one thing, even if YFull's current estimate of the origin of L21 ( c. 2500 BC) is right, that cuts things extremely close to the very brink of the arrival of Bell Beaker in the Isles. The very earliest Bell Beaker burials in Britain are rc dated to about 2400 BC, those in Ireland and Scotland to 2300 BC. So maybe, just maybe, the first Bell Beaker people arrived in Britain around the time L21 was born - maybe. That is cutting it close. It strains credulity; at least it strains mine. Bang! Bell Beaker lands in Britain and L21 is born? Wham! Unlikely.
And if the Rathlin1 results push the age of L21 back even just a few centuries, which seems likely, then it is even less likely that L21 first arose in the Isles.
In the end, ancient y-dna may provide the answer, although I suppose that even if an L21 skeleton is dug up in Bavaria and dated to 2600 BC, someone will claim he was born near the site of modern Dublin.
The following is on my wish-list of "books" to buy it costs over €635 though!
We have a set across the road at Glasgow university library. But I remember first seeing it at NLI - not like having your own copy of course.
We know that the Corded Ware culture in East and Central Germany was overwhelmingly R1a.
But we don't know if that genetic landscape survived intact since the Copper Age. Most likely it did not survive intact considering that subclades of R1a found in Western Corded Ware were different than modern subclades of R1a found in the same area (East Germany).
Of course in reality the Early Medieval Slavic-German ethnic boundary was not a straight line.
Moderation note: I understand that some tangents are unavoidable but let's quickly come back to the focus of L21's distribution.
People can message each other privately for details that are on tangents.
I think the same rationale applies to L21's distribution on the Continent. It is the result of a more recent expansion.
This distribution looks like an obvious radial spreading outward from the Isles. It's not an east-west gradient. It's not a north-south gradient. It's not a NW-SE gradient. It's a radial gradient through and through. I have difficulty seeing how anyone could interpret this as an old Continental distribution that was later diluted by other Continental haplogroups. What other hypothetical Continental groups could possibly have impressed this specific dilution pattern onto L21?
Now, I recognize that a population outflow from the Isles does NOT require that L21 originated in the Isles. But it at least requires that L21 expanded primarily from the Isles, and that there was very little L21 on the Continent when the initial expansion occurred.
Well, miiser, you are making the same classic mistake that led originally to the flawed and now defunct idea that R1b spent the LGM in the Franco-Cantabrian Refuge, because R1b's distribution "looks like an obvious radial spreading outward" from there following the end of the LGM.
Are you that same MacGregor guy who has been arguing this way for awhile, the one who used to argue that L21 once occupied Doggerland? You sound kind of like him, and I remember that he was a Z253+ guy, like you.
The only significant expansion into Europe from the Isles occurred during the immediate post-Roman period when some Britons emigrated to Armorica, which came to be called Bretagne (Brittany) after them. There was a similar but much smaller emigration from Britain to Galicia in NW Spain, as well. Neither of those could possibly account for all of the continental L21, and it is likely that L21 was already common on both sides of the British Channel for centuries if not millennia before they took place.
Obviously, only ancient y-dna will settle this issue, but I must admit it is aggravating to watch the same old, tired argument from modern haplogroup distribution that was made to defend the damned old R1b-in-the-FC-Ice-Age-Refuge idea being trotted out again, this time to assert that L21 was either born in the Isles or "expanded" from the Isles.
Silliness. Rather than making a sincere and legitimate counter to my argument in a debate with the goal of truth finding, you have deliberately misrepresented my position in order to create a straw man argument to defend your entrenched position.
I've made it very clear in my previous arguments that I believe R1b originated in the east. And I've specifically made a distinction between the collection of evidence that is consistent with R1b originating in the east (not only based on variance of R1b but also based on the haplogroup distributions themselves, including those that interface with R1b and other colocated haplogroups) versus the total absence of comparable evidence surrounding a hypothetical expansion of L21 on the Continent.
You may not like my argument, but it is not "silliness". What I said is that your argument is for all intents and purposes the very same argument that was made to defend the old R1b-in-the-FC-Ice-Age-Refuge idea, in this case enlisted in support of the idea that L21 either originated in the Isles or expanded from there. It is an argument based on modern haplogroup distribution which I think gets the direction wrong, just as the old FC Refuge idea got it wrong.
Just as ancient y-dna has put paid to the FC Ice Age Refuge for R1b, I trust it will do the same for the Isles as the birthplace of L21.
At least you appear to have given up on Doggerland.
I do not share MacGregor's views. If you believe this is a duplicate account with MacGregor, you should report me to the admin. If you are just making ridiculous ad hominem attacks in order to try to discredit me, then I request that the admin respond appropriately to this behavior.
Given the low level of testing in continental Europe, especially in France/Germany/Benelux, an argument based on modern distribution can't be seriously used.
The other difficulty lies in 2 regions of high level of L21 with no clear link with Britain: the Basques and South Norway. I think it is clear now that the Norwegian L21 is not mainly due to Vikings taking captives to Norway. It must be more ancient, and probably linked to the Bell Beakers expansion but not from the Isles.
Without a breakdown of exact clades of L21 in Norway (eg. are the similiar to ones found in Ireland or Britain or belonging to earlier branches etc.) I don't think we'll have an answer for that. aDNA from Norway (which I don't think any has been published) will help in long run no doubt.
The Armorica (Brittany, Basse-Normandie and Pays de Loire), as the west of the British Isles, were probably less affected by successive migrations since the Copper Age from Central Europe.
The presence of L21 in Armorica is probably not exclusively linked to the invasion of Brittany.
The Breton have invaded the western of Brittany, which is only a small part of Armorica.
Atlantic Bronze Age may also take a role (trade between the Islands, Armorica and the Iberian Peninsula).
But first, it is likely that L21 spread simultaneously in the Islands and the North of France.
Asking if you are the same MacGregor who used to argue for a Doggerland origin of L21 is not an ad hominem attack. Your posts often remind me of his, that's all, and, as I said, he was also Z253+, so I thought you might be him. If you're not, you're not. Big deal.
Right, and the levels of L21 elsewhere on the Continent cannot possibly be attributed to the post-Roman period emigration of Britons, unless one wants to argue, for example, that L21 got to be about 10% in modern Belgium because that many Walloons are descended from Bretons.
The modern distributions of y haplogroups have to be interpreted in light of historical and archaeological evidence, otherwise, one always gets the same impression: that y haplogroups originated in the places where they are most frequent today and expanded into the places where they are less frequent. Evidently, in many if not most cases, the exact opposite is true.
There has been strong historically connections between Scotland and western Norway during what is known in Norway as the Scottish era (http://nordlands-stream.com/html/NT1630.html), which could also be interpreted as Irish via Scotland, I have a few Scottish ancestors from this time period as the settlement was very extensive. As for my own L21+, I would guess it is either very old, stemming from the Copper trade between western Norway and continental Europe (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255667733_Copper_production_in_Bronze_Age_Norway), or it could very well turn out to be Scottish or German, but so far I have traced it back to the early 1500's without finding any non-Norwegians along my direct YDNA line..
My point is more the probable presence of L21 in Norway before the Vikings aka the slaves trade.
I could be wrong, but I think at least some L21 must be ancient, and diffused from the point of origin rather than the Isles.
Don't misunderstand me: I don't care that my distant ancestors were living in the Isles or elsewhere. Given where my ancestors were living, I have some ancestry in the Isles, in Scandinavia and so on.
But even with slaves trade and other commercial exchange through time with the Isles but also with Low Countries and Germany (remember the Hanse, ....), and the Plague, I still don't see how this hotspot can appear (given other parts of Scandinavia don't have high level of L21 even with Scottish immigration).
Remember also that many Vikings in the Isles where Danish.
I suspect that part of the issue is that we often times associate a whole haplogroup with specific movement. Each small snp cluster under L21 should be examined, and recognized as a potential separate movement, era, culture, whatever. So if a particular sublcade of L21 is most numerous in the Isles, it really could be as a result of controlling ports of call. If this particular clade made it to the most convenient place on the continent to launch boats to the Isles, they would essentially be controlling all movements of people and trade between the two said locations. This would give these people controlling both sides of the port of calls a huge advantage in a number of different ways. I am DF27, but I work for a powerful King, who is say L21>DF13. I do a good job for the King and I am given a decent living in Britain, with access to women and housing and food. My line prospers well, and after several generations there are many of my descendants living in Britain, but not near as many descendants as the King and his relatives, who have flourished in Britain and say the port of call in France, because for generations his clan has controlled both sides. Just an example of manmade bottlenecking.
Scottish settlement in Norway was mostly limited to western Norway and it correlates to where L21+ is found in Norway, but the same area in Norway also got lots of immigration from Holland, Germany and Denmark, some villages were composed of mostly non-Norwegians, and most villages in this region have local names with links to either one of these ethnic groups, so all in all, it is hard to say what the point of entry was for L21+.
The black plague devastated the Norwegian population, so much so that our nobility and learned class died out, which is why we use Latin letters today, and also why our two Norwegian languages are closer to Danish then they are to Icelandic. So one could argue that much of the current western Norwegian genepool was introduced after the plague, during the height of the German and Danish immigration into Norway.
There was also some Bell Beaker settlement in southwestern Norway during the Bronze Age.
Yes, all in all you are right.
But as L21 is not high in Germany or Danemark, why a higher level in Norway? Because of Scottish and Irish only?
And emigration from South Western Norway to Scotland/Low Countries/Germany has been high (notably to Low Countries at least in the XVII and XVIIIth centuries). Nevertheless, most Norwegians still got high Scandinavian in the calculators, meaning their ancestors who came from other parts of Europe weren't so numerous.
And remember that the Plague was everywhere in Europe, killing millions (the Third Part of the World). Many places were deserted, not only Norway.
I think the answer lies in more testing. We will see if some subclades are specific to Scandinavia and some parts of the Continent.
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text:
Q: I want to write a tool without usage entry barriers. Do I have to write it in C? I want to write an open-source tool for use by developers. I want to eliminate entry barriers, so if they like the idea, they just get the tool and start playing with it.
In particular, I don't want an "Oh, should I also install 200Mb of ThatLanguage runtime libraries? Oh, so they don't build on my latest version of Linux?" entry barrier.
Should I write this tool in C, then? Or is Python, or Java, or whatever, already sufficiently widespread to not worry about this sort of things altogether (everyone already has them installed)?
Well, of course I know that they are freaking hugely widespread, but still - are there any major benefits to writing a super-lightweight zero-dependency tool, or am I being too much of a perfectionist?

A: Just write it first. If it is worth it people will use it.
Beyond that, (almost) everyone has Java, Python, and Ruby installed (especially devs). Some languages are still esoteric enough that it might not be worth it for 'that one app' (erlang, haskell, etc.).
Just write it though, that's the important part. From there it can be ported, rewritten, adopted, but none of that can happen if the tool isn't written first.

A: It won't help if people don't know C.
If you write your own DSL, you can have people use that API and not worry about which language you choose.

A: Write it in whatever common language you like. Everybody has installed .NET framework or JVM. The only difference between your C approach and Java or C# is, that you would link additional libraries directly to your program (opposed to standard libraries).
On the other hand I would hesitate to write it in some exotic language, for example smalltalk, because normal user does not know what is it squak or smalltalk itself and could be worried about installing the wierd thing :-).
I also think, that you should be concerned more about developers, because you write, you want it to be open source. I dont know anyone, who wants to write his own Swing, Spring or any other framework just to be independent of something. Also its (usually) much faster and easier to write it in JIT Language, than to code it in assembler...

A: I'm going to suggest what Reese suggested but take a slightly different approach: write it first, preferably in a language that allows you to quickly prototype and develop your program. Then, and this is the most important part, document the protocal you've developed.
I'm giving this advice because you mentioned that your "application" may later have bindings in lots of different languages and it is a client/server architecture. Well, two of the biggest applications in the world started out like this.
Bittorrent started out as Python code. This allowed very quick prototyping of the concept to get it working. The main thing that it had going for it was that the original code was well written and well documented. This later on allowed other people to port the protocol to other languages.
HTTP and HTML is an even bigger success story and started out with an even less popular language at the time it was written: objective-C. Even better than bittorrent, the protocol itself is very simple and very well documented. People didn't care that the original implementation was in a language that they've never seen before that uses square brackets in strange ways on a NeXT cube. The concept and execution was good and people quickly ported it to their favourite programming languages. Again, objective-C was chosen to aid in quick prototyping. Legend has it that the original implementation was written in just a couple of days.

A: I would say yes, you have to write it in C. If it were written in any language other than C (except perhaps C++ or Perl), I would definitely stop to consider whether the necessary build tools, runtime tools, and/or interpreter for that language would be available everywhere I might need the tool before getting myself dependent upon it. If the tool were meant for use in build scripts, I would consider it a complete show-stopper, since I can't expect anyone who wants to build my software to have random arbitrary language environments installed.
The reason I mentioned C++ and Perl as exceptions is that they're both largely portable in a formal sense. They have implementations that work without significant ties to the host implementation, and can be built not just on any current popular system but on any system that remotely adheres to standards. Python is quite the opposite, with strong dependencies on the underlying system's dynamic loader; I've been completely unable to get Python to work on various systems that only support static linking.
ocaml is another possible choice that has a very portable implementation, but it's not widely installed and people who aren't familiar with it tend to frown on it for no good reason.

A: If you write your program in C, then you will have the dependency of the platform (Windows != Linux != AIX, etc). If you are talking only about writing this tool for one OS, or rather THE OS (Linux;-), then I think that you can have a reasonable amount of confidence that your app will work on almost any system, especially if you use an Open Source language. If you want to run the app on Windows, I wouldn't count on any of those languages being installed on the host system. Your highest confidence across platforms will be with Java.
If possible you could use the lightest weight framework possible and put it online, where it can be viewed in a browser. What does your app do? Would it work as a web app?

A: I would suggest go for Delphi. If you want to make it portable, you can do it since most of the Delphi code is kylix compatible.


Obviously I took the prompt pretty broadly, but hopefully it still worked out. I thought making it a dialogue between two unnamed speakers would give a good bit of mystery to it, but I'd love to here what you think.
Thanks Kymm – these 33 word ones are hard!
Ooh, I love how mysterious this is Brian! Love the line "Loam turns to ash and the sun retreats." Great take on the prompt – and wonderful job building tension in those 33 words.
The gods are very angry indeed, I think, with the way life is going of late.
Powerful stuff and creative take on the prompt. Great image. Can feel the anger of the gods behind those clouds!
I like the broad interpretation. Hell, I talked about the possibility of a spider in a box 😛 Very cool piece.
Ooh – I'm heading your way right now then, because I'm intrigued!
This is so good. I want to know more, and it was so beautifully written.
I love that no matter how dark the nightmare, their waking would surely be worse. Those are some tough and terrible gods. Nicely done.
Very intriguing response and juxtaposition between dream and nightmare. Great take on the prompt!
"Loam turns to ash" – this phrase just feels beautiful on the tongue. I love how you interpreted this broadly, as you say. Fantastic.
Absolutely loved the feel of this piece. Powerful!


Le Bon Coin Clio 16 S: Renault tx autos crois?es.
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Jason Aldean performs at the Route 91 Harvest Fest in Las Vegas.
Jason Aldean isn't quite done burnin' it down just yet.
The country hitmaker is extending his sold-out Burn It Down Tour into 2015, kicking off a 23-city run in Greenville, South Carolina on February 12th, he reveals exclusively to Rolling Stone Country.
The tour extension is another proverbial feather in Aldean's cowboy hat this month, which also saw his Old Boots, New Dirt album hit Number One on the Billboard 200 chart. Additionally, the album broke the record for most first-day and first-week streams by a country album ever on Spotify. And this week, the project's first single, "Burnin' it Down," tops both the Billboard Country Airplay and Mediabase radio charts.
In the end, Aldean had nothing to worry about. The album is every bit as on fire as the tour, a live production that features more pyrotechnics than he's used in the past. And he's found out the hard way that flames are a bit of a job hazard.
None of this is lost on Aldean.
Fans can now purchase tickets for the first-announced dates at www.jasonaldean.com, with more details to be revealed over the next few weeks.


Tuesday 28 Mar at 12 Ashbury Grove at 7.30 pm.
Week St Mary Methodist Church Photos - new and old!
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