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Moonbug Announces First-Ever Spinoff Channel, It's Cody Time
Posted by Rebecca Ash | May 12, 2022 | News, Top news story |
Moonbug Entertainment has announced it is launching It's Cody Time, CoComelon's first-ever spinoff channel featuring Cody Green and his loving family. The musical
pre-school series debuts on YouTube with two special episodes, "Cody's Spy Song" and "I'm going to be a Big Brother", followed by a new episode each Wednesday, bringing positive and fun content to children around the world.
Since his debut on CoComelon back in 2019, Cody has grown from being JJ's classmate, to next-door neighbour, to best friend, and now he's ready for his own channel. Similar to CoComelon's common themes of childhood fun and celebrating big moments for little kids, It's Cody Time will include nursery rhymes as well as original songs. The initial story arc will focus on pregnancy, becoming a big brother and the joys of family, and will aim to help children learn through relatable situations and to prepare them for big-sibling responsibilities and expectations.
"Cody's been a fan favorite to our global audience for years. We're excited to launch It's Cody Time and give fans a chance to get to know Cody and his family a bit better," said Patrick Reese, General Manager, CoComelon at Moonbug Entertainment. "Representation matters and we want to bring more content with diverse lead characters, inclusive storytelling and aspirational role modelling to children around the world."
More on the It's Cody Time's initial two episodes:
Cody's Spy Song: Cody becomes curious when he notices some changes in his house, so he plays detective and sets out to solve the mystery! Little does he know, he's in for a big surprise.
I'm going to be a Big Brother: After the news of his baby sister is revealed, Cody is unsure what to actually expect, so Toni and Kwame teach him all the great and fun new things that he'll get to do as a big brother! In the meantime, Cody wants to try them all out on "proxy" baby sister Pickles.
Cody's parents feature prominently in the show and play an important part in plot themes. The family, also known as 'The Greens', come from diverse backgrounds. Cody's father, Kwame, is a chef and comes from Jamaican and Ghanian descent. His mom, Toni, is African American and works full-time as a paediatrician.
CoComelon is the #1 most-watched kids brand on YouTube globally, generating over 3.3 billion average monthly views and has over 135 million YouTube subscribers. In 2021, videos centred on Cody garnered over 91 million watch hours. The brand has become a perennial leader on major streaming platforms like Amazon, Spotify, Apple Music, Roku and Netflix, where it set the record for 120 consecutive days in the Top 10 'Most Watched TV Shows.'
It's Cody Time holds true to Moonbug Entertainment's mission of spreading healthy values to kids all over the world. With 29 intellectual properties and content available in 32 languages, Moonbug averages over 6.1 billion monthly views on YouTube and has an estimated 340 million subscribers to its channels.
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2nd September 2021


Get the look of a custom neon sign easily at home with this DIY Brick & Neon Sign. It's easy and inexpensive to make – no power tools required! A big thanks to Make It: Fun Crafts for sponsoring this post! This post contains affiliate links, which help to support this blog. Thanks!
For this month's Make It Fun Crafts Team Challenge, all the bloggers received boxes of these fun Make It: Fun® Foam Project Bricks. They are little painted bricks that have so much possibility! They are pretty much perfect for school projects and making little buildings, and you can pick up a box at Michaels.
I have been wanting to make a neon sign for my new craft room for a while now, and I thought these bricks would make kind of an amazing background for it. I have learned from some great tutorials out there (like this one, this one, and this one) that the easy way to get that neon look is EL wire, which is flexible, inexpensive, and super easy to work with. I had so much fun with this project that you can definitely expect more EL wire projects in the future.
Step One – Glue on the bricks!
I started off by gluing bricks onto the canvas in a staggered pattern. For the staggered pattern to work, you will need to cut a few bricks in half. I used my foam cutter for that, but a serrated knife would work great too.
Start by laying a line of glue down along the bottom of the canvas, then place the bricks on top of the glue. For the next row, put glue on top of the previous line of bricks and on the canvas so the bricks are all glued together and attached to the canvas. You will need a half brick at one end of each row. Just keep gluing and placing until the whole canvas is filled up.
Ta-DA! Now you just need to let that glue dry so the bricks are firmly attached to the canvas. I used quick dry tacky glue and thought it worked pretty well. I also flipped the canvas over so the bricks were lightly pressed between the table and the canvas while it dried.
I started by sketching out the word on a piece of paper. I chose "make" – short, simple, to the point. Next, I used yarn to lay the word out on the brick canvas. I used yarn because it gave me a feel of how I would be forming the letters with the wire and I didn't have to work about leaving any pencil marks on the bricks.
In every place where the letters doubled back on themselves, I cut the yarn and laid down a new piece of yarn instead of folding the yarn over itself. I decided I would pull the wire in and out of the canvas at these points rather than bending it in half at those points. I played with the layout until I liked the way it looked.
Once the holes are in place, you are ready to form the letters with the wire. I moved the yarn off the canvas at this point and just used the holes and my sketch for reference to help me form the word at this point.
Start by pushing the end of the wire through the first hole on the left at the beginning of the word and pull the wire all the way through. Glue the batter pack onto the frame of the canvas with the battery cover and button facing out.
With the wire on the front of the canvas, it's time to start shaping those letters! Loop the wire into shape and use super glue to attach it to the canvas and hold it in place.
Pull the wire back to the backside of the canvas at the end of that portion of the letter and bring it back to the front of the canvas through the next hole. Keep forming the letters in this manner, by weaving the wire in and out of the holes you laid out and by gluing the wire into place on the front of the canvas.
Step Four – Finish Off!
I really love this little light! I hung it up in my newly organized and prettied-up craft room, which I will be sharing with you all soon!
If you make your own sign, I would love to see it! Tag me on instagram and hashtag it #persialou or share to my facebook page!
Wow! I love this idea. So neat!
It's so cute!! So insanely creative as always, Alexis <3.
Super cute Alexis- love it!!
This is so cool and I love the picture with the lights off!
Where did you buy the El Wire? I saw they had some at Walmart, but someone had tried it and said that it wasn't flexible at all so are there different types of El Wire?


It was first described in 1964 by Dr H R Wiedemann, a geneticist from Kiel in Germany. Dr J Bruce Beckwith, a paediatric pathologist working in California, also described it in 1969. The severity of effect on the child is highly variable, with the majority minimally affected.
The underlying cause is unclear. 80% of cases have genotypic abnormalities on the distal portion of chromosome 11p. The reported pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominance with variable expression. There is contiguous gene duplication at band 11p.15.5. This is always derived from the patient's father, whereas translocation and inversion are invariably derived from the mother. There appears to be aberrant genomic imprinting resulting from a defective or absent copy of the maternally derived gene - uniparental disomy.
Most sporadic cases lack apparent cytogenetic abnormalities. Only 2% carry inversions, translocations or deletions. 20% of sporadic cases have uniparental disomy. 50% have loss of methylation.
Most patients with BWS show biallelic expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) in various tissues - see under 'Presentation', below.
The incidence is estimated to be 1 in 13,700. Subfertility and assisted reproduction are associated with an increased frequency of BWS.
Large placenta, raised amniotic fluid volume.
Problems with breathing, eating and speech, relating to the severity of macroglossia.
Large for gestational age; the overgrowth in BWS is often the result of increased IGF2 action in the tissues. Birth weight and length are increased. Hemihypertrophy can be seen, where one part of the body, or usually all or part of one side of the body, is enlarged. This often becomes apparent in later childhood.
Accelerated growth (on 90th centile or above).
Diastasis recti causing a 'pot-belly' appearance.
Enlarged liver, kidneys, pancreas and spleen are found.
Creases in earlobes and pit behind the upper ear.
Metopic ridge, prominent on forehead due to early closure of fontanelle.
Naevus flammeus - stork bite mark over eyelids and forehead.
Fetal overgrowth syndromes - eg, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Perlman syndrome, Costello syndrome.
Glycogen storage disorders - type 0 or 1.
X-ray, ultrasound, CT/MRI scan of abdomen.
The incidence of malignant tumours in reported cases is 5-10%.
The most common of these is Wilms' nephroblastoma. This occurs in 5-7%. Others are hepatoblastoma and adrenal tumours. Neuroblastomas are less common.
The risk of cancer is age-dependent with most occurring by age 4 years. 95% have occurred by the age of 8 years.
The child should have alpha-fetoprotein levels (marker for hepatoblastoma) monitored until 4 years old.
Repeated abdominal ultrasound scans until 8 years old.
Screening for hypoglycaemia should be undertaken in the first few days of life.
Hypoglycaemia should be rigorously avoided and treated, when necessary.
Diazoxide can be used to inhibit insulin secretion.
If the tongue protrudes and interferes with speech and dental development, the child should be considered for reduction surgery before 4 years old.
Abdominal wall defects will need early neonatal repair. Testes may need bringing down within the scrotum.
Most of the tumours associated with BWS occur in the first 8-10 years of life.
The most common tumours are Wilms' tumour and hepatoblastoma. Other embryonal tumours include rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma and neuroblastoma.
The overall risk for tumour development in children with BWS has been estimated at 7.5% with a range of risk estimates between 4% and 21%.
Clinical indicators of higher risks of tumour development include hemihyperplasia, nephromegaly, and nephrogenic rests.
Monozygotic twinning (usually female and discordant).
Neonatal hypoglycaemia; uncontrolled hypoglycaemia in infancy is thought to be the major aetiological factor in the reported low IQ in BWS, rather than congenital malformation.
The prognosis is very variable but the severe end of the spectrum may involve intrauterine, neonatal or childhood death. Death may be due to complications arising from hypoglycaemia, prematurity, cardiomyopathy, macroglossia or tumours. In contract, mildly affected children often have only subtle problems, which do not affect their quality of life.
Weksberg R, Shuman C, Beckwith JB; Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2010 Jan18(1):8-14. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.106. Epub .
Bestor TH; Imprinting errors and developmental asymmetry. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003 Aug 29358(1436):1411-5.
Gosden R, Trasler J, Lucifero D, et al; Rare congenital disorders, imprinted genes, and assisted reproductive technology. Lancet. 2003 Jun 7361(9373):1975-7.
Klemetti R, Gissler M, Sevon T, et al; Children born after assisted fertilization have an increased rate of major congenital anomalies. Fertil Steril. 2005 Nov84(5):1300-7.
Williams DH, Gauthier DW, Maizels M; Prenatal diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 2005 Oct25(10):879-84.
Grati FR, Turolla L, D'Ajello P, et al; Chromosome 11 segmental paternal isodisomy in amniocytes from two fetuses with omphalocoele: new highlights on phenotype-genotype correlations in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. J Med Genet. 2007 Apr44(4):257-63. Epub 2007 Jan 26.


Let's find out the potential of creativity for creating business through renovating the old building in Charoenkrung district.
With a wealth of long-accumulated background, Charoenkrung district has potential for development into creative district. The community was enriched with cultural asset and unique way of life along the river. However, in the past 50 years, the wealth of Charoenkrung was disrupted by the birth of road transportation. Until present, different groups of people and organization endeavor to rehabilitate the district.


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Home News India Supreme Court to Amrapali Group: Writing is Very Clear on the Wall
Supreme Court to Amrapali Group: Writing is Very Clear on the Wall
Img : firstpost
The Supreme Court warned Amrapali group for its hood-winking and continuous non-compliance attitude towards the Court's order. Recently, the Supreme Court said, "Writing is very clear on the wall," and directed this real estate firm to give in the details of all its properties that are owned in the name of directors, their family members, relatives, chief financial officers and statutory auditors in India and abroad. The Supreme Court of India gave one last opportunity to the Amrapali Group along with its directors and promoters to comply with each and every direction passed by the court since May last year.
A bench of two Justices, Arun Mishra and UU Lalit also said that Amrapali Group will have to disclose each and every detail and activity including financial transactions by which home-buyers' money was transferred. The bench of judges stated, "We make it very clear that Amrapali Group should disclose each and every activity in clear terms it took since 2008 onwards related to the construction of residential, commercial, personal, official and financial where the money was transferred. If all the disclosures are not made by Amrapali Group and its directors then the writing is very clear on the wall." The court also asked to embed the details of all the land which has been sub-leased, structures raised on it and the financial benefits to the company.
It directed the banks, Noida and Greater Noida authorities and other bodies concerned to cooperate with the forensic auditors, saying that they have been acting on the direction of the court and any non-compliance will be treated as contempt of the court. It directed the registry of the court to accept `1 crore demand draft given by Amrapali's CFO Chander Wadhwa and asked the group to depute four persons for assisting the forensic auditors in their investigation of company's affair.
The next date of hearing is 5th December and the Amrapali group is directed to submit its reply on 3rd December. On November 13, in a massive crackdown on Amrapali Group for "willful disobedience" of its orders, the apex court had attached the company's 100-bed multi-Speciality hospital, bank accounts, the building which houses its office, certain firms and a "benami" Villa in Goa.
Earlier, the Court directed Company's CFO of deposit `11.69 crore with its registry within three weeks. It also asked a statutory auditor Anil Mittal to pay `47 lakh. It restrained the realty firm from alienating its companies through which it had transactions and ordered attachment of such firms.
The Amrapali group is also restricted from creating any third party rights for 86 luxury cars and SUVs purchased from the company's funds. It had sought the presence of CMD Anil Sharma and two directors Shiv Priya and Ajay Kumar on November 19 and said that Amrapali Group had deliberately not complied with its earlier order and committed a "serious fraud" by diverting home-buyers' money from one company to other.
It has ordered the attachment of the group's state-of-the-art, multi-Speciality, 100-bed hospital situated at Greater Noida for which funds from sister company Ultra Home Construction were utilized. The court has also attached the bank accounts of GauriSuta Infrastructures, its director Sunil Kumar and its assets after forensic auditors disclosed that Amrapali transferred home-buyers' money from one company to sister companies using it as conduit.
The Court also ordered attachment of towers which housed the company's office and 'Aqua Fortis' villa in Goa for no one came forward to claim ownership. On October 31, the apex court had directed the Amrapali Group to disclose the names of all the companies with which it had any kind of transactions after forensic auditors pointed out that there may be a web of more than 200-250 such companies where home-buyers' money was transferred.
The two forensic auditors, appointed by the court to look into the affairs of Amrapali Group had said besides 47 sister companies, they stumbled upon 31 companies whose names were never disclosed by the embattled real estate firm. It had also initiated contempt proceedings against Sharma and its directors for prima facie violating court's order and thwarting the course of justice.
Real Estate News India
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.apache.flink.streaming.state;

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

import org.apache.flink.api.java.tuple.Tuple2;

public class MutableTableStateIterator<K, V> extends TableStateIterator<K, V>{

	private Iterator<Entry<K, V>> iterator;
	public MutableTableStateIterator(Iterator<Entry<K, V>> iter){
		super(iter);
		iterator=iter;
	}

	@Override
	public boolean hasNext() {
		return iterator.hasNext();
	}

	@Override
	public Tuple2<K, V> next() {
		Entry<K, V> entry=iterator.next();
		return new Tuple2<K, V>(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Just Faux You is a decorative painting firm specializing in creating beautiful, artistic, unusual, innovative techniques and customized finishes. If being green is an important concern of yours, we can use environmentally friendly products, such as low VOC paints. Whether you are interested in creating a rich, inviting corporate reception area, a luxurious residential space or a whimsical child's room, we are ready to help you develop your creative vision and bring your ideas to life.
With over 20 years working in interior design and custom artistry, Principal Shari L. Roberts, Allied Member ASID, offers the creativity, professionalism and service you need.
Just Faux You can produce a variety of wall finishes and textures for our commercial and residential clients--always listening to their needs, desires and preferences. Our services have been commissioned by interior designers, business owners and home owners alike.
Just Faux You creates hand-painted finishes on furniture. We use clients' existing pieces that we revive or build new furniture to exact specifications--utilizing customized colors, patterns and designs to enhance any interior.
Our vision is to achieve cutting-edge design, one-of-a-kind unique pieces of furniture that are considered both art and functional at the same time. Just Faux You has had two pieces featured in a gallery in Fair Lawn, NJ. Whatever the medium, quality is our goal.


"She is highly knowledgeable, very good at dealing with counterparties and very good at leading meetings in directions that are more beneficial to us. She also has excellent commercial sense."
"doesn't miss a trick and is extremely effective at seeing how to obtain the best solution"
Civil fraud involving complex, multi-jurisdictional international commercial litigation (often where criminal, restraint or regulatory proceedings co-exist) including bribery and corruption, collective investment schemes, Ponzi and advance fee fraud schemes.
Pre-emptive relief including freezing injunctions, search orders, restraint orders, civil recovery orders.
Breach of fiduciary duty, breach of trust (including tracing claims), insolvency litigation, directors' duties and directors' disqualification.
Sport related matters including contractual representation and dispute resolution, disciplinary and regulatory matters and IP rights enforcement.
"a tenacious and reassuring lawyer with the know-how to make the right calls"
"exceptional, dynamic and has a fantastic, strategic mind"
"very well known" in the market. She acts in complex multi-jurisdictional fraud cases.
"...demonstrates astute commercial awareness in addition to being a thorough, well-prepared and highly competent solicitor."
a commercially astute, star litigator, who is very focused on clients' needs"
"knowledgeable, hardworking and fearless in her approach"
has a fantastic strategic mind."
"encyclopaedic knowledge and attracts high praise from clients"


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Home Messaging Apps ERResearch's bookmarks The Facebook smugglers selling the dream of Europe - BBC News
The Facebook smugglers selling the dream of Europe - BBC News
There is nothing new in this. African migrants have been sailing from Zuwara for at least 30 years. But the proliferation of Arabic-language smuggling pages on Facebook reflects a surge in demand from Syrian and other Arab migrants since the uprisings of 2011, as well as a growing confidence among the smugglers themselves, many of whom post their mobile phone numbers online or field enquiries via online messaging apps. Abdul Aziz, who spoke to the BBC via Skype, said that between 10 and 20 people contact him through his Facebook page every day. "Until 2012 we didn't use social media at all," he said. "Now, it accounts for between 30% and 40% of my business."
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32707346
facebook viber refugees syria


So you want to join a bootcamp!
Spring is well and truly here, the flowers are blooming and the sun is shining (well some of the time). You have been stuck inside for months with your baby and you're ready to be set free!
There are so many spring/summer exercises classes you can choose from, which is GREAT! But how do you know what is going to be right for you? Its useful to do a little research into the sessions and the instructor before you sign up. As a newly postpartum mom its important to take control of your health and source out the BEST fit for you and your baby.
Also, just because a bootcamp/stroller fit session is targeted at new moms, doesn't meant it is right for you! Yes they are fun and yes they are challenging, which may appeal to you, but the intensity can cause some major complications for a new mom. The core and the pelvic floor needs to be functioning properly before starting something too intense. If you have any sign of pelvic floor dysfunction, it needs to be addressed and well managed. Just because there are no obvious symptoms, doesn't mean that nothing is happening.
As a new mom, unfortunately exercise isn't a one size fits all...something one mom can do easily, another may not be able to. The instructor should understand this and be able to make the correct adaptions for your needs. BUT they need to know you first. Follow these simple guidelines to help you find the right fit for you and your exercising needs!!
1. Ask the instructor/personal trainer questions. Let them know what your ability is and what issues you still have (such as pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence and diastasic recti). If they don't know how to adapt the exercises for you, then its the wrong instructor/personal trainer. Ask them about their qualifications. Have they done any specific postnatal certifications? Most importantly, do they know about pelvic floor dysfunction and how to train it?
2. Is there a pre-screening process? The best sessions will include a pre-admission questionnaire, including questions about your birth/recovery. Some classes may require a visit to a physiotherapist before joining depending on the answers you give.
3. Is it a pre-set class or a drop in class? The drop in sessions can be a little risky depending on the style of session. If it is designed for new moms then it MAY be ok (but still ask questions). But if it is a mixed group/anyone can come...be a little wary. Pre-set sessions are the best for new moms so you can progress at the same pace.
4. Avoid certain exercises until you know for certain you are fully healed. If you are in a session and theses exercises come up...avoid doing them and ask for adaptions. Crunches/tradidtional ab exercises, plank/push ups (unless they are done on an incline), lifting too heavy, jumping and running should be avoided UNLESS you have been fully cleared by a physiotherapist. Ask yourself do you still leak urine? Do you still have pelvic/hip pain? Do you feel heaviness in your pelvis? If your answer is yes to any of these questions then DO NOT do these exercises.
Don't put your health in someone else's hands unless you are certain they are the right fit for you. You could end up doing more harm than good.
Happy, Healthy, SAFE workouts mamas!!
So I've been cleared for exercise...now what?!?
So you have been given the all clear from your doctor, now what do you do? In my experience, when I was given the all clear, my OB told me NOTHING about what I could and couldn't do regarding physical activity. He didn't check the health of my pelvic floor, nor did he check for diastasis recti. If he did check, he was wrong. He told me everything was great and I can get back to my normal routine. Now, Im not sure if he told me this because he knew I was a personal trainer or just because thats protocol. Even though I am a personal trainer, I wasn't 100% certain I knew what to do regarding postpartum exercise. So I tried getting back to my normal routine and that was a DISASTER!
It wasn't until I was struggling through my usual exercises that I realized something wasn't right so I started to do my own research into what I should be doing or what was wrong. There are some wonderful women and businesses out there which lead me to the discovery of diastasis recti and pelvic organ prolapse, along with a few other issues some women get postpartum. Links are at the bottom of this post.
Regardless of whether you have any or no symptoms postpartum, there are right and wrong ways to get back into exercise. If you have a weak/sprained ankle would you start jumping up and down on it telling yourself it will get stronger? No, you would start with rehabilitation exercises to ensure it was healthy before you started hopping on one leg. Well your pelvic floor and core are the same, they need rehabilitation (after the rest period) to start regaining proper function.
Now, these rules are not going to be forever. BUT you need to be aware of your body and what it is telling you. Work with a pelvic floor physiotherapist to assess which stage you are at and with a personal trainer who knows about the woman's body postpartum. This way exercises can be integrated when YOUR body is ready. Forget watching the #fitmom and #pushyourlimits craze on social media Do what feels right for YOU and YOUR body!
The importance of Diaphragmatic Breathing.
After I had my daughter Eden, I didn't realize how important breathing was for postpartum recovery...I wish I had learned this info while I was pregnant. I had a really tough recovery and wasn't prepared for the toll delivery took on my body. I really struggled to get back into exercise postpartum because I had undiagnosed diastasis recti AND and an undiagnosed prolapse. Luckily due to ankle injuries I had been told no jumping so I didn't make my prolapse worse. But it wasn't until wayyyy into my postpartum recovery that I leaned all this information. I struggled mentally with not being able to perform as well as I could before.
All this together meant I had to figure out what was going to work for me. I did so much research into the human body postpartum and which exercises would help or hinder recovery. I changed my exercise routines and started to heal my diastasis. I was still so scared about the prolapse I didn't really know what to do (so I set that aside for a while).
It wasn't until 18 month postpartum that I discovered this was what I really wanted to help women with. There Is so little help given from your family doctors/OBGYNs, especially if you don't know the questions to ask or they rush you out of the office after a check up. I had been following the teachings of Bellies Inc and decided to take their course to become certified in core rehabilitation.
However, you can re-train your body into functioning correctly. The first step is with your breath. You can start this as soon as possible, pregnant, postpartum, trying to get pregnant, the sooner the better. Watch the video for a demonstration of belly breathing/diaphragmatic breathing and start practicing NOW!!
I cannot stress how important breathing is for effective core function so PLEASE if you are only going to change one thing in your exercise routine...start with this! start with 10 breaths per day and slowly increase as you get the hang of it.
Sit on a stability ball, chair or lay on your back, with a slight arch in your back (finding neutral spine), two feet are on the floor (knees bent if lying down) and look straight ahead. Place one hand on your belly and the other on the side of your ribcage.
Take a deep breath in. Focus on filling the space in your ribcage without your chest rising (imagine your ribcage as an umbrella), fill your belly and in vision your pelvic floor soften and relax. Feel as your ribs and belly expand as you take in air. Breath like this a few times so you can get use to filling your belly and ribcage with air before moving on to the next step. Your belly and ribs should be moving in unison with 70% of the air going into your ribcage.
As you breathe out, feel your ribs and belly move in (umbrella closing), exhale through pursed lips. Take a few breaths like this as you begin to understand how your body is moving then add in the pelvic floor contraction. As you exhale, feel as your pelvic floor lifts away from the ball or chair and draws in. Use nice slow breaths, focus on slowing the breath down and engaging the muscles as you breathe out. Remember as you inhale, to soften the pelvic floor.
Only after you have perfected the first three steps, should you progress to this step.
As you close your umbrella and pick up your blueberries, exhale through pursed lips. You should feel a band of tightness across your lower abdominals. This band of tightness is your transverse abdominis contracting and completes the optimal "core" contraction. You can feel the activation by placing your fingers on the inside of your hip bones. NOTE: this is a gentle contraction.
• Imagine a guy wire between your two hip bones and as you exhale, create tension in the wire.
The great thing about core/diaphragmatic breathing is you can start it as soon as you feel comfortable post delivery. If you don't want to include the pelvic floor right away that is FINE you may still be tender. If that is the case just focus on breathing into your belly and ribcage and fully relaxing your pelvic floor. Listen to your body, don't rush and don't push too hard, you have just given birth!


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Mike Newhouse
November 6, 1942 - April 12, 2018
Our Lost Members
William Michael Newhouse ("Mike"), 75, of Carrollton, TX passed away April 12, 2018 in Plano. He was born November 6, 1942, in Durant Oklahoma. Mike attended the University of Houston where he met the love of his life- Kathryn Newhouse, wife of 53 years. He earned a B.S. Mathematics degree while playing his trumpet in the marching band of the University of Houston and the Houston Symphony. He worked his way up from computer operator to programmer to director of Information Technology over the years. During his retirement years, he enjoyed riding his Harleys, spending time with his twin grandkids, playing in the Dallas New Horizons band, church orchestras, and jazz bands. He is survived by his wife Kathy Newhouse, son Michael Newhouse, grandchildren Michael and Tara Newhouse, his niece Dr. Kaycia VanSickle, nephew Rich VanSickle, and great nephews Dan, Ben, and Will VanSickle. He was preceded in death by his mother Christine K. Lee and father Leslie Newhouse.


Plant identification keys utilize leaf shape and arrangement as diagnostic features. This 14" x 21" glass-topped display illustrates predominant leaf forms that one may encounter. Simple leaves include linear, elliptic, fan, cordate, needle, lanceolate, rhomboid, scaled, deltoid, and oblong shapes. Compound leaves include trifoliate, palmate, pinnate and bipinnate shapes. Leaf arrangements shown include alternate, opposite, and whorled. All specimens are fully labeled.


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Salah scores twice, misses two penalties...
Sun, Sep 9 2018
Salah netted the fifth and Mohamed Elneny from Arsenal completed the rout with a goal two minutes into...
Egypt's record-breaking keeper El Hadary...
Tue, Aug 7 2018
El Hadary, nicknamed "High Dam", won 159 caps for his country during a 22-year international...
Russia want more after closing in on...
Wed, Jun 20 2018
Russia coach Stanislav Cherchesov hopes the best is yet to come for the World Cup
Uruguay edge past Egypt
Fri, Jun 15 2018
Uruguay beat Egypt 1-0 in Yekaterinburg on Friday, with Jose Gimenez heading the winner in
Salah's absence playing on Egypt's mind,...
Sun, Jun 3 2018
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We have always understood that our consistently outstanding outcomes are the result of our outstanding teachers and teaching assistants. Happy children are good learners and the quickest way to ensure children are happy at school is to make sure staff are inspirational, aspirational and enjoy coming to work.
A key element to this is the culture we create around teacher workload. It is essential that teachers never feel that their workload is overwhelming. In addition, they must know that everything they do directly improves outcomes for children – there is no futile task in their workload.
Our staff absence runs at about 1% and staff turnover is very low (both of these factors reduce workload for the SLT) because we ensure that our teachers manage their work-life balance effectively. The ethos of our school is founded on compassion, aspiration, courage and joy.
But, what do our teachers experience in their classrooms?
Quite simply, we treat our teachers like professionals. We do not micromanage.
We give our teachers responsibility for their pupils' progress and attainment. They are free to plan, teach and assess however they please. We have no planning policy, no marking policy and no policy on pedagogy.
Every teacher is expected to reach the highest possible standards with every child in their class by using whichever approach works best for them, and their pupils. Pupils are taught so that they are supported in their learning or stretched, depending on their needs.
How do we ensure that this happens?
We share the data that is used to judge our school with all staff. We all want to continue to be in the top 10% of the country. We know this means that, in Year 2 and year 6, children must be achieving at a certain level and every child in every other class must be on track to reach that "top 10%" target as well. Our teachers have challenging but realistic targets.
Teachers can plan however they like. Some plan in detail, others do a broad overview at the start of the term and nothing else is formally written down. We never check planning and we very rarely do formal lesson observations.
The SLT pop in and out of classrooms each day, spending a few minutes in each classroom on a random basis, chatting to children, hearing them read or asking them about their work and targets. In this way we concentrate on the outcomes of the teaching rather than 'inspecting' the teaching itself.
Teachers are enormously reflective and aspirational and they know exactly what went well and what they need to do to make things even better.
The SLT creates the structures for them to be able to do this, and offers a listening ear if it is required. Again, we leave this up to the teacher to decide if they want to ask for advice. They know that they are accountable for the achievement of the children in their class, so they take responsibility for improving their teaching and learning.
This means that teachers will focus on tasks that have a proportional impact on pupil progress and not on unnecessary or inefficient tasks. We have a culture of openness – no one is perfect, we are all striving to get better and better at our jobs.
We never expect teachers to mark everything. If the teacher has given formative feedback to a child, that book need not be marked. No book should be marked by the teacher unless there is a good educational reason to mark it.
Children check and edit their own work whenever possible; as this is a key part of the teaching process. Teachers talk to children about their progress and understanding as they are working – feedback is instant and useful, helping children to know how they can improve.
Each child knows their targets and the teacher knows each child's targets. There is no need to write it all down every day.
We never ask teachers to complete vast spreadsheets for data collection. Three times a year, teachers fill in a spreadsheet telling us whether children are at, above or below the expected standard in reading, writing and maths. That's all.
Completing the spreadsheet takes about an hour each time. The results entered into the spreadsheet are based on teacher's professional judgement. They use some formal assessments to support their judgement but ultimately, their knowledge of the child and the curriculum gives the most accurate assessment of the child's achievement.
All of the approaches above ease the workload for both teachers and SLT. We keep paperwork to an absolute minimum. If it is not helping pupils' progress, we do not do it.
What do our teachers think?
Research shows that people are motivated by having responsibility, recognition for their work, the work itself, and the chance to achieve, whereas too much supervision and rigid policy are demotivating.
For example, the seminal work on two-factor theory by Herzberg is still influential. We have found this to be precisely true in our school. Our teachers work very hard, but they have control over their workload. Almost everything they do, they choose to do.
We continue to review teacher workload regularly – and often find elements of practice that could be changed or removed as the education landscape changes.
If something new is added to teacher workload, something else must be eliminated and it is essential that we monitor this.
The changes to the Ofsted inspection regime have been a breath of fresh air, allowing a culture such as ours to be encouraged and developed.
See Herzberg, Frederick; Mausner, Bernard; Synderman, Barbara B. (1959). The Motivation to Work (2nd ed.) New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0471373893].


Shambray: Gymboree 48-hour Flash Sale!
This post contains some affiliate links, which means if you purchase items using the links then I will be paid a small commission. However, every item I talk about in this post I truly love.
You guys! I do not typically post about daily deals, but this one is too good to pass up! Gymboree is having a 48-hour sale! PLUS, you can receive 10% off (use code: EXTRA10) for a total savings of 80% off!
This deal started today and goes through tomorrow! It is only for affiliates (such as myself) to promote. This 48-hour sale will not be publicly promoted on Gymboree's website. The link at the bottom leads you to a private, hidden page on the Gymboree website.
Now is the time to stock up on kid clothes! I know I am for my sweet little one on the way. I might even have to get Hannelore something (or some things) too.
Here are some items I love and LOOK AT THOSE PRICES! That is without the 10% off. Don't let this sale pass by you!
I am loving these prices!
Leggings and gold stripes? Yes please!
I don't know what it is, but ruffles always get me!
Oh and I'm also in love with anchors.


If your kids are Disney Pixar flick "Monsters University" than you have to catch our Free App of the Day. Monsters University: Catch Archie is a fun game where players have to catch Archie the Scare Pig – the mascot of the school.
Get ready for the launch of Disney•Pixar's upcoming film "Monsters University" with this monstrous new app! Join Monsters University freshman Mike Wazowski on his first day of college, and catch Archie the Scare Pig! Get a hold of the squealing mascot of Monsters University's rival school, Fear Tech, in this thrilling mini game based on the film.
* Don't let Archie out of your sight: Run as Mike, and find a way to grab Archie the Scare Pig and tire him out to win each stage!
* Chase after Archie in 10 exciting stages: Go for the high score to get 3 stars on each stage.
* Swipe to jump, slide, and dodge obstacles: The campus is full of surprises, so watch out for tricky obstacles!
* Level up Mike to unlock power-ups: Run through the Monsters University campus, and boost your score by picking up special items!
Catch Archie the Scare Pig today, and remember to check out "Monsters University" in a theater near you starting on June 21st!


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Home / dibrugarh university / dibrugarh university solved papers / Indian Banking System Solved Papers / Dibrugarh University B.Com 4th Sem: Indian Banking System Solved Papers (May' 2017)
Dibrugarh University B.Com 4th Sem: Indian Banking System Solved Papers (May' 2017)
by Kumar Nirmal Prasad on May 14, 2019 in dibrugarh university, dibrugarh university solved papers, Indian Banking System Solved Papers
2017 (May)
(General)
Course: 404
1. (a) Write 'True' or 'False': 1x4=4
a) 'Bank of Bombay' was established in 1843. False, 1840
b) The Banking Regulations Act was enacted in the year 1934. False, 1949
c) ICICI Bank was the first bank to offer Internet Banking in India. True
d) Factoring is a method of raising long-term finance. False, Short term
(b) Fill in the blanks: 1x4=4
a) RBI was nationalized in the year 1949.
b) The full form of NEFT is national electronic fund transfer.
c) The Imperial Bank of India was established in the year 1921.
d) Schedule banks are listed in the Second Schedule of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
2. Write short notes on (any four): 4x4=16
a) Phone Banking: Telephone banking is a service provided by a bank or other financial institution that enables customers to perform a range of financial transactions over the telephone, without the need to visit a bank branch or automated teller machine. Telephone banking times are usually longer than branch opening times, and some financial institutions offer the service on a 24-hour basis. Most financial institutions have restrictions on which accounts may be accessed through telephone banking, as well as a limit on the amount that can be transacted.
The types of financial transactions which a customer may transact through telephone banking include obtaining account balances and list of latest transactions, electronic bill payments, and funds transfers between a customer's or another's accounts.
From the bank's point of view, telephone banking minimises the cost of handling transactions by reducing the need for customers to visit a bank branch for non-cash withdrawal and deposit transactions. Transactions involving cash or documents (such as cheques) are not able to be handled using telephone banking, and a customer needs to visit an ATM or bank branch for cash withdrawals and cash or cheque deposits.
b) Cash Reserve Ratio: The present banking system is called a 'fractional reserve banking system', because the banks need to keep only a fraction of their deposit liabilities in the form of liquid cash. "Cash reserve ratio refers to the cash which banks have to maintain with the RBI as a certain percentage of their demand and time liabilities." Originally the objective was to ensure safety and liquidity of bank deposits. But over years it has emerged as an effective tool of directly regulating the lending capacity of the banks i.e., as an instrument of the monetary policy. RBI has the power to impose penal interest rates on the banks in case of a shortfall in the prescribed CRR. The penal rate is generally higher than the bank rate and it increases if the default is prolonged. RBI can also disallow any fresh access to refinance in such cases. The RBI controls credit through change in Cash Reserve Ratio of commercial banks. According to section 42(1) of RBI Act every schedule bank has to maintain a certain percentage reserve of its time and demand deposits. This ratio can be varied from 3% to 15% as directed by the Reserve Bank. Reserve Bank itself changed this ratio according to the credit requirement of the economy. It has been changed several times in the history of Reserve Bank of India. The cash reserve ratio affects on the lend able funds of commercial banks. If this ratio increases the credit creation capacity of commercial banks decreases. On the other hand if this ratio decreases the credit creation capacity of commercial banks increases.
c) Unit Banking: Unit Bank is a type of bank under which the banking operations are carried by a single branch with a single office and they limit their operations to a limited area. Normally, unit banks may not have any branch or it may have one or two branches. This unit banking system has its origin in United State of America (USA) and each unit bank has its own shareholders and board of management.
According to Shapiro, Soloman and White," An independent unit bank is a corporation that operates one office and that is not related to other banks through either ownership or control."
Advantages of Unit Banking: Unit banking system has the following advantages:
1. Easy Management: The management and control of unit banks is much easier and effective due to the small size and operations of the banks. There are less chances of fraud and irregularities in the financial management of the unit banks.
2. Localised Banking: Unit banking is localized banking. The unit bank has the specialised knowledge of the local problems and serves the requirements of the local people in a better manner than branch banking. Since the bank officers of a unit bank are fully acquainted with the local needs, they cannot neglect the requirements of local development.
Disadvantages of Unit Banking: The following are the disadvantages of unit banking system:
1. Limited Scope: The scope of unit banking is limited. They do not get the benefits of large scale operations.
2. No. Distribution of Risks: Under unit banking, the bank operations are highly localised. Therefore, there is little possibility of distribution and diversification of risks in various areas and industries.
d) Cash Credit: Cash Credit is a type of advance wherein a banker permits his customer to borrow money upto a particular limit by a bond of credit with one or more securities. The advantage associated with this system is that a customer can withdrawn money as and when required. The bank will charge interest only on the actual amount withdrawn by the customer. Many industrial concerns and business houses borrow money in this form.
e) Rural Bank: A set of financial institution engaged in financing of rural sector is termed as 'Rural Banking'. The polices of financing of these banks have been designed in such a way so that these institution can play catalyst role in the process of rural development.
Rural Banks were established under the provisions of an Ordinance promulgated on the 26th September 1975 and the RRB Act, 1976 with an objective to ensure sufficient institutional credit for agriculture and other rural sectors. The RRBs mobilize financial resources from rural / semi-urban areas and grant loans and advances mostly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers and rural artisans. The area of operation of RRBs is limited to the area as notified by Government of India covering one or more districts in the State.
The Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) have been set up to supplement the efforts of cooperative and commercial banks to provide credit to rural sector. The following were the reasons or need set up the RRBs:
1. To free the rural poor, small and marginal farmers from the clutches of money lenders
2. To provide credit to small farmers, marginal farmers, rural artisans, landless laborers who do not fulfill the criterion of creditworthiness as per the banking principles.
3. To provide banking services to the rural community at a relatively lower cost by adopting a different staffing pattern, wage structure and banking policies.
f) Core Banking: Core banking is normally defined as the business conducted by a banking institution with its retail and small business customers. Many banks treat the retail customers as their core banking customers and have a separate line of business to manage small business. Larger business is handled by the corporate banking division of the institution. Core banking basically is depositing and lending of money.
Now a days, most banks use core banking applications to support their operations where 'CORE' stands for "Centralized Online Real-time Environment". This basically means that all the bank's branches access applications from centralized data centres. It means that the deposits made are reflected immediately on the servers of bank and the customer can withdraw the deposited money from any of the branches of bank throughout the world. These applications now also have the capability to address the needs of corporate customers providing a comprehensive banking solution. Normal core banking functions will include deposit accounts, loans, mortgages and payments. Banks make these services available across multiple channels like ATMs, internet banking and branches.
3. (a) Discuss about the evolution of banking systems in India. 14
Ans: Origin, Growth and development of banks in India
The word Bank has been originated from many words. There is no single word or answer to this origin of the word 'Bank'. According to some economists, the word 'Bank' has been originated from the German word 'Banck' which means heap or mound or joint stock fund. From this, the Italian word 'Ban co' has been derived. It means heap of money. But according to this group, the word bank is derived from the Greek word 'Banque' which mean a 'bench'. It refers to a place where money-lenders and money changers used to sit and display their coins and transact business. Thus the origin of the word 'Bank' can be traced as follows.
Bank → Banco → Banque → Bank
Banking industry in India has a long history. It has travelled a long path to assume its present form. The banking industry in Indian started with small money lenders and has now large joint stock world class banks in its fold. The growth of banks in India is discussed below over two eras:
A) Pre-Independence Period
B) Post-Independence Period
A) Pre-Independence Period: Banking in its crude from is as old as authentic history. All throughout the period of India history, indigenous bankers and money lenders are recorded to have existed and carried on the business of banking and money lending on a large scale. Between 2000 and 1400 BC during the Vedic Period records of deposits and lending are found. Renowned Hindu Law giver Manu has dealt with the matter of deposits and pledges in section of his work. According to Manu – "a sensible man should deposit has money with a person of good family, or good conduct, will acquainted with the Law, veracious, having many relatives, wealthy and honourable". Reference is also made to the same in Kautilya's Arthashastra. The Indian banks enjoyed considerable public confidence and this can be gauged from fact that hundis were used from the days of Mahabharata. During the Moghul Period, the indigenous bankers were most prominent in connection with the financing of trade and use of instruments of trade. From the early Vedic period right through the Moghul period as well as that of the East India Company's rule until the middle of the 19th Century, indigenous bankers were the hub of the Indian Financial System providing credit not only to the trade but also to the Government.
Agency House: The indigenous bankers lost their importance to a certain with the advent of the English traders in India. The starting of modern banking in India can be traced to the beginning of the East India Company's trade relation with our country. The growing trade Interest of the English merchants and non-existence of any organised banks in India, many English Agency Houses which were essentially trading company started to add banking business to their activities. The bank of Hindustan was the earliest bank started under European direction in India. The banking business of Agency House could not continue for long. Most of these Houses failed because of their complete disregard towards the principle of banking business. The Bank of Hindustan could not withstand the failure of its parent from and was closed down in 1832.
Presidency Banks: The banking business of Agency House which survived and continued to carry on trade and banking together was progressively taken over by the Presidency Banks. The three Presidency Banks viz.:
a) The Bank of Bengal (1809);
b) The Bank of Mumbai (1840); and
c) The Bank of Chennai (1843)
were established under the Charter of the East India Company. These Banks acted as banker to the East India Company at Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai and performed Central Banking functions for their respective areas.
Principle of Limited Liability: A land-mark development took place in the year 1860. It was in this year the principle of "limited liability" was first applied to the joint stock banks. Till then little or so banking legislation existed in India. Many banks have arised like mushrooms and failed, mostly due to speculation, mismanagement and fraud on the part of the management. The introduction of the principle of limited liability promoted the growth of banks in India. By 1895, there were 15 joint stock banks with limited liability in India.
The Swadeshi Movement: Swadeshi movement prompted Indians to start many new institutions. The number of joint stock banks increased remarkably during 1906-1913. The peoples Bank of India Limited, the Bank of India Limited, the Central Bank of India Limited, Indian Bank Limited and the Bank of Baroda Limited were setup during that period.
Imperial Bank of India: The three Presidency Banks were amalgamated into the Imperial Bank of India which was brought into existence on 27th January, 1921, by the Imperial Bank of India Act, 1920. The liability of shareholders of the Imperial Bank was limited like that of shareholders of other banks registered under the Company Act. However the word "limited" did not from a part of the name of the Bank.
B) Post-Independence Period: After independence, Government has taken most important steps in regard of Indian Banking Sector reforms. In 1955, the Imperial Bank of India was nationalized and was given the name "State Bank of India", to act as the principal agent of RBI and to handle banking transactions all over the country. It was established under State Bank of India Act, 1955.
In 1959, the 'State Bank of India' (Subsidiary Banks) Act was passed by which the public sector banking was further extended. The following banks were made the subsidiaries of State Bank of India:
(i) The State Bank of Bikaner
(ii) The State Bank of Jaipur
(iii) The State Bank of Indore
(iv) The State Bank of Mysore
(v) The State Bank of Patiala
(vi) The State Bank of Hyderabad
(vii) The State Bank of Saurashtra
(viii) The State Bank of Travancore
These banks forming subsidiary of State Bank of India was nationalized in1960. In 1963, the first two banks were amalgamated under the name of "The State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur".
On 19th July, 1969, 14 major Indian commercial banks of the country were nationalized. In 1980, another six banks were nationalized, and thus raising the number of nationalized banks to20. Seven more banks were nationalized with deposits over 200 Crores. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalized banks from 20 to 19. Till the year1980 approximately 80% of the banking segment in India was under government's ownership. On the suggestions of Narsimhan Committee, the Banking Regulation Act was amended in 1993 and hence, the gateways for the new private sector banks were opened.
(b) Write the provisions of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 regarding licensing and opening of new branches of banking companies. 8+6=14
Ans: Salient provisions Banking Regulation Act, 1949
1. Use of words 'bank', 'banker', 'banking' or 'banking company' (Sec.7): According to Sec. 7 of the Banking Regulation Act, no company other than a banking company shall use the words 'bank', 'banker', 'banking' or 'banking company' and no company shall carry on the business of banking in India, unless it uses the above mentioned words in its name.
2. Prohibition of Trading (Sec. 8): According to Sec. 8 of the Banking Regulation Act, a banking company cannot directly or indirectly deal in buying or selling or bartering of goods. But it may, however, buy, sell or barter the transactions relating to bills of exchange received for collection or negotiation.
3. Disposal of banking assets (Sec. 9): According to Sec. 9 "A banking company cannot hold any immovable property, howsoever acquired, except for its own use, for any period exceeding seven years from the date of acquisition thereof. The company is permitted, within the period of seven years, to deal or trade in any such property for facilitating its disposal".
4. Management (Sec. 10): Sec. 10 (a) states that not less than 51% of the total number of members of the Board of Directors of a banking company shall consist of persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in one or more of the following fields:
(a) Accountancy; (b) Agriculture and Rural Economy; (c) Banking; (d) Cooperative; (e) Economics; (f) Finance; (g) Law; (h) Small Scale Industry.
5. Requirements as to minimum paid-up capital and reserves (Sec. 11): Sec. 11 (2) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, provides that no banking company shall commence or carry on business in India, unless it has minimum paid-up capital and reserve of such aggregate value as is noted below:
(a) Foreign Banking Companies: In case of banking company incorporated outside India, aggregate value of its paid-up capital and reserve shall not be less than Rs. 15 lakhs and, if it has a place of business in Mumbai or Kolkata or in both, Rs. 20 lakhs. It must deposit and keep with the R.B.I, either in Cash or in unencumbered approved securities:
(i) The amount as required above, and
(ii) After the expiry of each calendar year, an amount equal to 20% of its profits for the year in respect of its Indian business.
(b) Indian Banking Companies: In case of an Indian banking company, the sum of its paid-up capital and reserves shall not be less than the amount stated below:
(i) If it has places of business in more than one State, Rs. 5 lakhs, and if any such place of business is in Mumbai or Kolkata or in both, Rs. 10 lakhs.
(ii) If it has all its places of business in one State, none of which is in Mumbai or Kolkata, Rs. 1 lakh in respect of its principal place of business plus Rs. 10,000 in respect of each of its other places of business in the same district in which it has its principal place of business, plus Rs. 25,000 in respect of each place of business elsewhere in the State.
(iii) If it has all its places of business in one State, one or more of which are in Mumbai or Kolkata, Rs. 5 lakhs plus Rs. 25,000 in respect of each place of business outside Mumbai or Kolkata? No such banking company shall be required to have paid-up capital and reserve excluding Rs. 10 lakhs.
6. Regulation of capital and voting rights of shareholders (Sec. 12): According to Sec. 12, no banking company can carry on business in India, unless it satisfies the following conditions:
(a) Its subscribed capital is not less than half of its authorized capital, and its paid-up capital is not less than half of its subscribed capital.
(b) Its capital consists of ordinary shares only or ordinary or equity shares and such preference shares as may have been issued prior to 1st April 1944.
(c) The voting right of any shareholder shall not exceed 5% of the total voting right of all the shareholders of the company.
7. Restriction on Commission, Brokerage, Discount etc. on sale of shares (Sec. 13): According to Sec. 13, a banking company is not permitted to pay directly or indirectly by way of commission, brokerage, discount or remuneration on issues of its shares in excess of 2½% of the paid-up value of such shares.
8. Prohibition of charges on unpaid capital (Sec. 14): A banking company cannot create any charge upon its unpaid capital and such charges shall be void.
9. Restriction on Payment of Dividend (Sec. 15): According to Sec. 15, no banking company shall pay any dividend on its shares until all its capital expenses (including preliminary expenses, organisation expenses, share selling commission, brokerage, amount of losses incurred and other items of expenditure not represented by tangible assets) have been completely written-off.
10. Reserve Fund/Statutory Reserve (Sec. 17): According to Sec. 17, every banking company incorporated in India shall, before declaring a dividend, transfer a sum equal to 25% of the net profits of each year (as disclosed by its Profit and Loss Account) to a Reserve Fund. The Central Government may, however, on the recommendation of RBI, exempt it from this requirement for a specified period.
11. Cash Reserve (Sec. 18): Under Sec. 18, every banking company (not being a Scheduled Bank) shall, if Indian, maintain in India, by way of a cash reserve in Cash, with itself or in current account with the Reserve Bank or the State Bank of India or any other bank notified by the Central Government in this behalf, a sum equal to at least 3% of its time and demand liabilities in India.
The Reserve Bank has the power to regulate the percentage also between 3% and 15% (in case of Scheduled Banks). Besides the above, they are to maintain a minimum of 25% of its total time and demand liabilities in cash, gold or unencumbered approved securities.
12. Liquidity Norms or Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) (Sec. 24): According to Sec. 24 of the Act, in addition to maintaining CRR, banking companies must maintain sufficient liquid assets in the normal course of business. The section states that every banking company has to maintain in cash, gold or unencumbered approved securities, an amount not less than 25% of its demand and time liabilities in India.
This percentage may be changed by the RBI from time to time according to economic circumstances of the country. This is in addition to the average daily balance maintained by a bank.
13. Restrictions on Loans and Advances (Sec. 20): After the Amendment of the Act in 1968, a bank cannot:
(i) Grant loans or advances on the security of its own shares, and
(ii) Grant or agree to grant a loan or advance to or on behalf of:
(a) Any of its directors;
(b) Any firm in which any of its directors is interested as partner, manager or guarantor;
(c) Any company of which any of its directors is a director, manager, employee or guarantor, or in which he holds substantial interest; or
(d) Any individual in respect of whom any of its directors is a partner or guarantor.
14. Accounts and Audit (Sees. 29 to 34A): The above Sections of the Banking Regulation Act deal with the accounts and audit. Every banking company, incorporated in India, at the end of a financial year expiring after a period of 12 months as the Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette specify, must prepare a Balance Sheet and a Profit and Loss Account as on the last working day of that year, or, according to the Third Schedule, or, as circumstances permit.
According to Sec. 30 of the Banking Regulation Act, the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account should be prepared according to Sec. 29, and the same must be audited by a qualified person known as auditor. Moreover, every banking company must furnish their copies of accounts and Balance Sheet prepared according to Sec. 29 along with the auditor's report to the RBI and also the Registers of companies within three months from the end of the accounting period.
4. (a) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of branch banking system. 7+7=14
Ans: Branch Bank is a type of banking system under which the banking operations are carried with the help of branch network and the branches are controlled by the Head Office of the bank through their zonal or regional offices. Each branch of a bank will be managed by a responsible person called branch manager who will be assisted by the officers, clerks and sub-staff. In England and India, this type of branch banking system is in practice. In India, State Bank of India (SBI) is the biggest public sector bank with a very wide network of 16000 branches.
According to Gold field and chandler," A branch bank is a baking corporation that directly own two or more banking agencies."
Thus branch banking is a system in which a bank renders its banking activities at two or more places. Head office has the overall control over the working of various branches.
Advantages of Branch Banking: Branch banking system has the following advantages:
1. Economies of Large Scale operations: Branch banking enjoys the advantages and economies of large scale operations. Under branch banking system economies can maintained through large scale of operations and wider geographical coverage increase public confidence in the banking system.
2. Economy of Cash Reserves: Under branch banking system a particular branch can operate without keeping large amounts of reserves. In time of need, resources can be transferred from one branch to another. It is not easy for a .unit bank to draw on another unit bank.
3. Proper use of capital: There is a proper use of capital under the branch banking system. Since the resources are transferred from one branch to another. So the capital can be properly used by investing in the profitable branches.
3. Economy of Costs: Branch banking has the advantage of effecting remittances of funds from one place to another with greater ease and at a lesser cost than unit banking, for inter-office indebtedness can be far more easily adjusted.
4. Risks-spreading Economy: The spreading of risks geographically is another major advantage of the branch banking system. In branch banking, losses incurred one branch can be offset by profits earned by the profit making branches which is not possible in case of unit banking.
5. Easy and cheaper transfer of funds: Since the branches of bank under branch banking are spread all over the country, it is easier and cheaper, for it to transfer funds from one place to another.
6. Greater Safety and Liquidity: Branch banking also offers a wider scope for the selection of diverse securities and varied investments, so that a higher degree of safety and liquidity can be maintained.
7. Balanced economical growth: Under branch banking, the banking facilities can be made available to all cities, towns, and even backward areas in the country. Thus, branch banking is very helpful in achieving a balanced growth of the country's economy.
8. Convenient for the Central Bank's Supervision: Under a system of branch banking it is more convenient for the central bank or the government to regulate and supervise the activities of banks, as control becomes more effective and easier since only the head office is to be dealt with for the purpose.
9. Provision for Training the Personnel: Finally, branch banking provides the best training ground for personnel. A person may be trained in a small branch Where the pressure of work is less and he may be transferred later to an active branch.
Disadvantages or Demerits of Branch Banking: Branch banking generally suffers from the following limitations:
1. Danger of Mismanagement: Under the branch banking system a number of difficulties as regards management, supervision and control, a number of branches undue expansions lead the danger of mismanagement.
2. Delays in Decision-making: The system of branch banking also suffers from red tape and delay on account of the inadequate authority of branch managers. Usually, application for big credits has to be referred to the head office by the branch manager. This causes delay and gives little initiative to branch managers.
3. Lack of Personal Contact: A large bank tends to become more and more impersonal in its dealings. The general managers have hardly any personal contact with the local people or the staff of different branches.
4. High operating and maintenance expenses: Branch banking is very expensive, because with the opening of too many branches, establishment and maintenance charges of the branches are bound to be high and, as a result, profits may shrink.
5. Concentration of Monopoly Power in the hands of few banker: Branch banking sometimes creates monopoly power in the hands of few large bankers. Such a monopoly power in the hands of a few big bankers is a source of danger to the community whose goal is a socialistic pattern of society.
6. Lack of initiative: Branch banking lacks initiative. No branch office can take independent decisions and also branch manager has limited powers.
7. Regional imbalances: Branch banking encourages regional imbalances. The financial resources of economically backward areas tend to get transferred to industrial and business centres. Due to which backward areas continue to be neglected and remain over backward.
(b) Distinguish between: 7+7=14
1) Public sector bank and Private sector bank.
Difference between Public sectors banks and Private sectors banks
Public Sectors Banks
Private Sectors Banks
Public sector banks are owned, managed and controlled by the government.
On the other hand, private sector banks are owned, managed and controlled by the private individuals or general citizens.
2. Indian and foreign bank
Public sector banks are Indian banks and they do not include foreign banks.
Private sector banks may be Indian banks as well as foreign banks.
3. Objective
Public sectors banks aims at serving the society besides earning profit.
Private sector banks are mainly driven by profit motive.
4. Shareholding
In public sector banks more that 50% of capital or full capital is supplied by the Government.
But, in private sector banks, all total capital is supplied by the shareholders of the bank.
In public sector banks required employees are appointed by the Government.
But in case of private sectors banks required employees are appointed by the owner of the banking company.
6. Sharing of profit
The profits earned by the public sector banks go to the Government.
The profits earned by the private sector banks goes to the shareholders of the bank.
2) Retail banking and Wholesale banking.
a) Retail banking refers to that banking which targets individuals and the main focus of such banks is retail customer whereas wholesale banking refers to that banking which targets corporate or big customers and their main focus is providing services to corporate clients.
b) Ticket size of loans given in retail banking is low and due to it impact of NPA will be less pronounced due to diversification as compared to wholesale banking where ticket size of loan is very high and due to it impact of NPA is more pronounced.
c) Loans such as car, housing, educational, personal loans are some of the examples of loans given in retail banking whereas loans such as loan for setting industry, machinery advance, export credit are some of the examples of loans given in wholesale banking.
d) Monitoring and recovery if the loan turn out to be NPA in retail banking is more difficult because customer base is wide whereas in case of wholesale banking due to low customer base it is easy to monitor as well recover the loan given to customers.
e) Cost of deposit is low in retail banking because retail customers do not have the bargaining power due to less deposit with them whereas in case of corporate customers banks have to offer them high interest rates in order to attract funds from them.
f) Retail banking requires large network of branches in order to cater to large customer base and hence it results in high operational costs while in case of wholesale banking small number of branches is sufficient to cater to corporate clients.
5. (a) Discuss the main reasons behind the nationalization of banks in our country. 14
Ans: Objectives (Reasons) Behind Nationalisation of Banks in India
1. To reduce monopoly practices: Initially, a few leading industrial and "business houses had close association with commercial banks. They exploited the bank resources in such a way that the new business units cannot enter in any line of business in competition with these business houses. Nationalisation of banks, thus, prevents the spread of the monopoly enterprise.
2. Social control was not adequate: The 'social control' measures of the government did not work well. Some banks did not follow the regulations given under social control. Thus, the nationalisation was necessitated by the failure of social control.
3. To reduce misuse of savings of general public: Banks collect savings from the general public. If it is in the hand of private sector, the national interests may be neglected, besides, in Five-Year Plans, the government gives priority to some specified sectors like agriculture, small-industries etc. Thus, nationalisation of banks ensures the availability of resources to the plan-priority sectors.
4. Greater mobilisation of deposits: The public sector banks open branches in rural areas where the private sector has failed. Because of such rapid branch expansion there is possibility to mobilise rural savings.
5. Advance loan to agriculture sector: If banks fail to assist the agriculture in many ways, agriculture cannot prosper, that too, a country like India where more than 70% of the population depends upon agriculture. Thus, for providing increased finance to agriculture banks have to be nationalised.
6. Balanced Regional development: In a country, certain areas remained backward for lack of financial resource and credit facilities. Private Banks neglected the backward areas because of poor business potential and profit opportunities. Nationalisation helps to provide bank finance in such a way as to achieve balanced inter-regional development and remove regional disparities.
7. Greater control by the Reserve Bank: In a developing country like India there is need for exercising strict control over credit created by banks. If banks are under the control of the Govt., it becomes easy for the Central Bank to bring about co-ordinated credit control. This necessitated the nationalisation of banks.
8. Greater Stability of banking structure: Nationalised banks are sure to command more confidence with the customers about the safety of their deposits. Besides this, the planned development of nationalised banks will impart greater stability for the banking structure.
(b) Explain the principles of investment policy followed by banks. 14
Ans: Principles of Sound Investment: Banks are one of the genuine investors in the securities market. Banks invest in the market in the hope of earning some return. However the investment of funds by banks involves borrowed funds and hence their prime concern is the safety of the funds invested. A banker therefore select the securities very carefully and follow the following principles of sound investments:
1) Safety of principal: A banker deals in borrowed funds and therefore his main consideration is safety of principal invested in securities. The banker has to ensure that the principal invested in securities. The banker has to ensure that the principal amount invested by him remain safe. The safety of investments depend on the solvency and ability of the issuing authorities to honour their commitment made to the investors. The government and semi-government securities are the safest securities because they are guaranteed by the government.
2) Price stability: The price of security selected by the banker should remain stable. The safety of investments depends on the stability in the prices of securities. Banker is not a speculator and hence his object of buying security should not be to gain by a possible rise in the price of securities which are liable to wide fluctuations in their prices and should prefer those securities whose prices remain fairly stable over a period of time. The Prices of government securities remain stable and do not fluctuate.
3) Marketability or liquidity: The primary objective of buying securities by the banker is to earn income and at the same time maintain his liquidity position. Thus, the banker should see that the security in which he invests his funds possesses a ready market i.e. they can be sold in the market without loss of time and money. Marketability of securities ensure liquidity of investments Government and semi-government securities are highly liquid as they have a ready market.
4) Profitability of yield: After ensuring the safety of the principal money invested in securities, the banker should consider the returns from the investments. In other words, the banker should not give undue importance to higher yields at the cost of safety. The banker should not expect windfall profit, because high profit may bear the germ of loss.
5) Diversification of Investment: The banker should diversify the risk involved in investment by investing in wide variety of securities issued by wide variety of business enterprises belonging to different trade and industry.
6) Refinance: To ensure the liquidity of his investments the banker has to see that the security is eligible to obtain refinance from the Central Bank and other refinancing institutions.
7) Duration: In addition to the above factor, a banker also considers the duration and denomination of security and its future earnings prospects.
In conclusion, it may be said that for a banker the government and semi-government securities are most ideal for investment of funds. Government securities with virtually no risks, have a ready market, are eligible for refinance and bring reasonably good return.
6. (a) What is e-banking? Discuss about the various services provided through e-banking. 4+10=14
Ans: E-Banking or Internet banking
Online banking also known as internet banking, e-banking, or virtual banking, is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution's website. Internet banking is a term used to describe the process whereby a client executes banking transactions via electronic means. This type of banking uses the internet as the chief medium of delivery by which banking activities are executed. The activities clients are able to carry out are can be classified to as transactional and non transactional.
Modern Services Provided by Bank through Internet Banking
1) Centralized Banking Solution (CBS) = CBS, an inter-branch networking and data-sharing platform helps the customers to operate their account from any city in India having CBS networked branches, changing the status of customer from 'Customer of the Branch' to 'Customer of the Bank'.
2) Online Tax Payment = Banks provide the facility of online payment of service tax, excise duty, DGFT, Custom duty and all charges under MCA 21 through internet banking.
3) Corporate Internet Banking = Online funds transfer, trade finance management, fund management, global access with unmatched benefits through banks' corporate internet banking.
4) Online Shopping = This service facilitates the customers to book hotels, buy gifts, send flowers, buy books and lot of activities by making payments online.
5) Retail Internet Banking = Internet Banking assists the customers to have an online assess to bank account anytime and anywhere.
6) Foreign Exchange = Banks have several branches authorized for handling foreign exchange business and these branches.
7) E-Money India = Internet banking helps the customer in sending money to their loved ones in India through PNB's e-Money India service.
8) Online Railway Reservation = Say goodbye to long queues. Banks offer the customers online booking and information through IRCTC payment gateway. Just click and travel comfortably.
9) Depository Service = Banks Depository service provides the facility of having shares and securities in Demat form and executes transactions of sales and purchase hassle free electronically to the customers through internet banking.
10) Electronic Clearing Service and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) = Internet banking assists the customers in electronic clearing service for quick movement of funds in a paperless mode and EFT to ensure an expeditious transfer of funds by using electronic media.
11) Online Bill Payment = No more queues to pay customers' bills. Now the customers can pay their telephone, mobile, electricity, insurance and several other bills 24 hours, 365 days, from the desktop of customer.
12) Online Air Ticket Booking = Banks provide facility of online airline ticket booking of domestic as well as international airlines to their customers through internet banking.
13) Online Trading = Banks provide online trading facilities to customers having account with bank and trading account with approved brokers.
14) Customer Care Facility = Banks present 24 hours customer care facility for all customers quarries and problems.
15) Online Insta Remit-RTGS Service = Instant remittance by customer himself now made possible, from o)ne bank to another bank at different centre's on the same day with the help of Online Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)/National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) at modest charges.
(b) Explain the following: 7+7=14
1) Revolving credit: Under a Revolving Credit Facility a bank fixes up a credit limit to a borrower for certain period, say Rs.10 crore for 3 years period. The borrower will get a maximum credit facility of Rs.10 crore at any point of time once the loan is repaid. The borrower's facility automatically gets renewed up to Rs.10 crore during the 3 year period any number of times. In other words, the credit facility revolves around with a maximum of Rs.10 crore outstanding at any point of time over a 3 year period. In principle, under a Revolving Facility there is no formal repayment period. The borrower is allowed to draw, repay and again draw throughout the loan period.
2) Bridge loan: Bridge loan is a short-term temporary loan extended by financial institutions to help the borrower to meet the immediate expenditure pending disposal of requests for long- term funds or regular loans. Here, the bridge loan is not against any main loan arrangement but against anticipated cash flow. Again, if an individual is negotiating the sale of his asset, say a house, a bridge loan may be extended by a bank to meet the seller's immediate cash requirements. The loan will be paid off when the borrower realizes his sale proceeds.
(OLD COURSE)
Full Marks: 80
Pass Marks: 32
1. (a) Write True or False: 1x4=4
a) State Bank of India was nationalized in 1969. False, 1955
b) Group banking system is popular in Europe. True
c) Foreign exchange market has no geographical location. True
d) Private sector banks may be Indian banks or foreign banks. True
a) According to Section 42(1) of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 banks have to maintain Cash Reserve Ratio.
b) The full form of OTCEI is over the counter exchange of India.
c) Capital market is the market for long term funds.
d) Overdraft facility is provided on current account.
a) State Bank of India.
b) Schedule Bank.
c) Current Account.
d) Bank Draft.
e) Syndicated Loan.
f) Internet Banking.
3. (a) Discuss the role of banks in the economic development of a country. 12
(b) Discuss about the various classification of banks of India. 12
4. (a) Explain the powers of Reserve Bank of India as provided in the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. 11
(b) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of branch banking system. 6+5=11
5. (a) What is nationalization of bank? Discuss the objectives of bank nationalization in our country. 4+7=11
(b) Describe the principles of good lending generally followed by banks. 11
6. (a) What is money market? Discuss the characteristics of Indian money market. 4+7=11
(b) Discuss about the evolution of Indian capital market. 11
7. (a) Discuss the various advantages of mobile banking. 11
a) Core Banking.
b) Factoring service.
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Indian Banking System Solved Papers
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