If a picture is worth a thousand words, sometimes a video is better than any number of words. In this live performance, the swing and jazz musician Harry Connick, Jr. gives an audible demonstration of the difference between downbeat and upbeats.
Start watching the video and just see how what you think of the sound. Listen to at least half the clip—then come back and read about what you heard.
First things first: it's clear that Connick knows how to groove. But the first part of the clip sounds a bit mechanical, doesn't it? Listen again to the first 30 seconds, and try to identify why the song doesn't have as much life as it does at the end.
Did you figure it out? Notice that the audience is trying to groove with Connick, and they're definitely clapping on time. But, what beats are they clapping on? If you figured out that they were clapping on the 1 and 3, congratulations! They were clapping on the downbeats during the first part of the clip.
Listen again from about 30 seconds to the one minute mark. At about the 0:40 mark, Connick deliberately stutters on the keyboard so that he falls a beat behind. Suddenly, the audience is clapping on the upbeats—2 and 4. Can you hear the difference that makes? With just that one change, there's more pep in the song and it sounds like the audience is even more into the music.
No number of words can get the point across as well as the audible difference. When a song emphasizes downbeats, it almost always sounds more formal or driven. Emphasizing the downbeat is appropriate for ballroom dances, for military marches, and for other intense movements like tango or salsa. But if you want to be chilling, grooving, relaxed, or funky, those things live in the upbeats. The reason why west coast swings the way it does is because we pulse the upbeats of our music and our movement.


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Use of calcium alginate as a coagulant in water treatment
Çoruh, Hale Aylin
Coagulation and flocculation processes are important parts of water and wastewater treatment. Coagulation or destabilization of colloidal suspensions results in aggregation of colloidal particles by physical and chemical processes. Flocculation results in the formation of larger and settleable structures by bridging. Alginate, a polysaccharide obtained from marine brown algae, produces a gel structure when mixed with calcium ions, which is expected to be a potential coagulant in water treatment. This study aims to determine the use of calcium alginate as a potential coagulant during water treatment and determine its capabilities and deficiencies in coagulation processes. The study was conducted on turbid water samples prepared in the laboratory and those taken from the inlet of Ankara İvedik Water Treatment Plant (IWTP) by running typical jar tests. The main experimental variables were initial alginate and calcium doses, initial turbidity of water samples and the order with which the two chemicals are dosed. The main criteria investigated to check the success of the system was the final turbidity values and the turbidity removal capacity of calcium- alginate. Experiments were conducted on three different laboratory ا prepared turbid water samples and on the raw water taken from the inlet point of Ankara İvedik Drinking Water Treatment Plant (IWTP). These were prepared as high (150 NTU) medium (80 NTU) and low (10 NTU) turbidity samples. The calcium concentrations tested varied between 30 and 200 mg/L and alginate concentrations tested varied between 0.04 to 40 mg/L. Depending on the initial turbidity and initial calcium concentration of water sample the results depict that calcium alginate could be used as an effective coagulant for high (150 NTU) and medium (80 NTU) turbidity water sample especially at the calcium doses of 120 and 160 mg/L for low alginate
Water Purification.
Living radical polymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate and its block copolymerization with poly(dimethyl siloxane) macroazoinitiator
Vargün, Elif; Usanmaz, Ali; Department of Polymer Science and Technology (2009)
Hydrophilic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), PHEMA, and hydrophobic poly(dimethyl siloxane), PDMS, segments containing copolymers have been widely used as a biomaterial. These amphiphilic copolymers also used as an emulsifying agent in polymer solutions and compatibilizer in polymer blends. In this case, solution polymerizations of HEMA by radiation, ATRP and RAFT methods were studied. The thermal degradation mechanism of PHEMA, which was prepared in aqueous solution by gamma radiation technique, was stud...
Performance of ozone and peroxone on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) coupled with cost analysis
Ölmez Hancı, Tuğba; Dogruel, S.; Emek, A. D. Allar; Yilmazer, C. Eropak; Cinar, S.; Kiraz, O.; Citil, E.; Orhon, A. Koc; Siltu, E.; Gucver, S. M.; Ozgun, O. Karahan; Tanık, Ayşe Gül; Yetiş, Ülkü (IWA Publishing, 2020-08-01)
Micropollutants such as endocrine disruptors are one of the most important groups of chemicals polluting water resources. Conventional treatment systems may not be effective for the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and the fate of these chemicals should be carefully monitored in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Additional treatment methods such as advanced oxidation processes can be used for the removal of endocrine disruptors. This study presents the existence of endocr...
Qualitative evaluations about the disinfection capabilities of a water distribution network : a model study
Nadiroğlu, Coşkun; Köken, Mete; Aydın, İsmail; Department of Civil Engineering (2014)
"Chlorine" is one of the major disinfectants extensively used in distribution systems that neutralizes the disease-causing organisms. This model study evaluates the disinfection capabilities of a specific water distribution network N8.3 of Ankara water distribution system under various operating conditions. N8.3 supplies water, roughly to 40,000 people. The network is served by a pump station and pumping schedule is critical concerning the occurrence of minimum chlorine concentrations. Continuous "blind" pu...
Investigation of zinc and lead removel from aqueous solutions using clinoptilolite
Moralı, Nihan; İmamoğlu, İpek; Department of Environmental Engineering (2006)
Natural zeolites, especially clinoptilolite, have the ability of removing certain cations from wastewater by utilizing ion exchange and adsorption. In this study, clinoptilolite originated from Bigadiç, Balıkesir deposit was investigated in its natural and conditioned form for its effectiveness in removing Zn2+ and Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions. In addition, relevant mechanisms involved in heavy metal removal by clinoptilolite were examined in this study. Throughout this work, equilibrium and kinetic stu...
Oxidation off acid red 151 solutions by peroxone(o3/h2o2) process
Acar, Ebru; Adalı, Orhan; Department of Chemical Engineering (2004)
Wastewaters from textile industry contain organic dyes, which cannot be easily treated by biological methods. Therefore, pretreatment by an advanced oxidation process (AOP) is needed in order to produce more readily biodegradable compounds and to remove color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) simultaneously. In this research, ozone (O3) is combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the advanced oxidation of an azo dye solution, namely aqueous solution of Acid Red 151, which is called as أPeroxone processؤ. T...
H. A. Çoruh, "Use of calcium alginate as a coagulant in water treatment," M.S. - Master of Science, Middle East Technical University, 2005.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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JOURNALIST | RESEARCHER | WRITER
Jefferey Jaxen
Educated Parents Changing Lost Medical System
For many parents and families, the concept and public workings of the medical system have changed over their lifetimes. So much so that the notion of a thoughtful and empathetic doctor many hold dear is becoming an outdated idea. All too often for parents, a simple trip to the local hospital can unexpectedly shift into a battle with medical staff over the treatment options for their child. Far from an occasional, isolated incident, the strategy to resort to medical bullying or threats in order to acquire parental consent to a one-size-fits-all standard of pediatric care has begun to root within parts of the medical system. Meanwhile throughout the world, the recognition of the sacrosanct parent-child bond and the tenets of free and informed consent continue to evaporate from mainstream medical thinking.
Presently, the stories of appalling medical mistreatment have poked through the surface of mainstream reporting. In the UK, the case of British baby Charlie Gard has put a global spotlight on parental rights within the country's medical system. Gard's doctors in Britain want to take him off life support, arguing that he has no hope of surviving without assistance due to a rare degenerative condition and that he should be allowed to die in dignity. But Charlie's parents want the hospital to release their baby into their custody so they can take him to the US for an experimental treatment that offers an estimated ten percent chance of success. Parental rights are not absolute under the United Nations Charter on the Rights of the Child, and in cases in which doctors and parents disagree, the courts decide what is in the child's best interest. But even after the couple raised £1.3million from public donations to pay for travel to the US and treatment of their son, the judge has ruled against parental wishes.
Unfortunately, Charlie Gard's story isn't an isolated case. An entire website called MedicalKidnap.com has long been dedicated to highlighting the cases of children being removed from their families for illegitimate reasons stemming from interactions with the mainstream medical system.
Institutional medical research is uncovering troubling trends in availability of pediatric care in the US. A new study on hospital care throughout Massachusetts, published in JAMA Pediatrics on July 10, 2017, found that hospital care for children has become increasingly concentrated in regional centers over the study period (2004-2014). The meaning of these findings has been highlighted by Reuters stating "a child who winds up in an emergency room - whether for a routine or a serious problem - is likely to be transferred to a second hospital for care, a "potentially concerning" trend that's being reported by physicians throughout the United States."
The apparent lack of experienced pediatric staff in some hospitals may increase the importance of considering parental input when delivering medical care to their child. Even Yahoo News once published a mother's story of how hospital staff had negligently ignored her concerns over medical care delivered to her child at every turn. However, there now appears to be an unofficial moratorium on any corporate media reporting that could possibly cast the mainstream medical community in a bad light. It is the lack of such reporting that has partly created a collective naiveté among parents and diminished their desire to educate themselves about parent-doctor dialogue in mainstream medical settings, the meaning of informed consent and best health practices for their children. Laws, like California Senate Bill 277, have only further complicated the conversation between parents and the medical community, by removing informed consent in vaccination.
In the past, parents who wished to learn about the pitfalls of establishment medicine had few places to turn to. The often one-sided information offered to them in doctors' offices had created a phenomenon of uninformed consent, usually to the detriment of their children's health.
Nowadays, those who take the time to educate themselves on medical decisions prior to their child's well-baby visits may run into an unexpected confrontation with medical staff who don't see eye to eye regarding potential long-term consequences of care they wish to deliver to the child.
Doctors and nurses have to follow state-enforced mandatory reporting requirements that put parents at risk of being reported to child protective services due to disagreements with medical personnel. And while the principle of medical ethics and informed consent has been put in place to protect the patient against medical overreach, it has no enforcing body and few checks and balances as far as parental rights over making medical decisions for their children are concerned.
It is in this current climate of disconnect between parental rights and medical ethics that a community called Building Bridges in Children's Health (BBCH) was born. According to one of its Founding Members, Dr. Tetyana Obukhanych, PhD, the BBCH community of parents and doctors approaches the current children's health crisis by tackling three problems.
Problem #1: Uninformed (obfuscated) consent.
BBCH Solution: Continuing education about health practices that minimize medical emergencies and health crises in children.
Problem #2: Medical bullying of parents who refuse to consent to one-size-fits-all standard of pediatric care.
BBCH Solution: Community-generated best practices in approaching parent-doctor dialogue in mainstream medical settings.
Problem #3: Urgency in locating relevant medical studies and making sound judgment calls based on state laws that govern mandatory reporting during a parent-doctor conflict.
BBCH Solution: Generating and placing the necessary tools at the fingertips of BBCH members to aid in the resolution of disagreements between parents and doctors.
In addition to online membership, which offers access to classes, resources and forum use, BBCH holds live monthly teleconferences (The BBCH HOUR), in which participating parents and doctors can learn from each other about their perspectives on medical care that often form the basis for disagreements in real life medical settings. To join BBCH or register for individual BBCH HOUR events, click HERE.
Parents and families are beginning to learn the importance of choosing a physician who sees the best interest of their child the way they see it. To this end, the vision of BBCH is to make the paternalistic mainstream model of pediatric care obsolete by encouraging the dialogue between educated parents and doctors.
JeffereyJaxen.com©


Eph. 8-10 "For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them".
· Each of us is a masterpiece, a unique creation of God that He is working on.
(a) V8 Salvation = His Work: He has done it all. I must believe and rest on the work Jesus did. There is nothing more I can do to become accepted by God.
= called to bring heaven to earth.
= called to restore our community one life at a time.
· V10 "Prepare beforehand" = God designed an assignment and created you to fulfil it.
· "Works" = activities we do energised by the Holy Spirit.
· "Walk" = NT4043 = to tread all around, to regulate your life so you fulfil your assignment.
· 1 King 13:2 Josiah – His name and assignment were prophesied.
· Jer. 1:5 Jeremiah – called to be a prophet before he was born.
· Jud. 13:5 Samson – called to be a deliverer from womb.
· Lk. 1:13-16 John – called to be a revivalist from the womb.
3. How Can you Discover What your Assignment is?
· We can only discover our assignment fully if we listen to the Holy Spirit.
· Jn.16:13 "When He the Spirit of Truth has come He will guide you into all truth, for He will not speak on His own authority but whatever He hears He will speak and He will tell you things to come".
· One major work of the Holy Spirit is to reveal God's will and empower us to do it.
· Phil.2:13 "for it is God who works in you both to will and to do of His good pleasure".
· "Works" = HNT1754 = Energeo = to energise, powerfully work in.
· How does the Holy Spirit do this?
· Build your devotional life and practise listening and responding to the Holy Spirit as a lifestyle.


Earlier this month, Google filed paperwork with the FCC to build a secret LTE wireless network on its Mountain View campus in California, which covers a radius of about two miles. The network will consist of 50 base stations, operating in the 2.5GHz frequency band – the same spectrum that Clearwire uses. Up to 200 "user devices" will initially be allowed on this network.
Obviously, this puts a whole new spin on rumors that have been swirling around for a long time concerning a possible Google foray into wireless service. What's interesting about this latest finding, though, is that it appears Google might be partnering with Clearwire, since it's using spectrum that almost no other carrier in the world has. It is highly unlikely that Google would be building devices that use this specific and obscure spectrum, unless Google was planning on doing something big with it.
A Google Clearwire partnership might also throw a huge kink into Sprint's plans to acquire a 100% stake in Clearwire. However, at the same time, Dish did outbid Sprint, and Dish and Google were said to be in talks about a possible partnership. Could this latest FCC filing be a sign of things starting to fall in place for Google's potential new wireless service?


After a difficult week of getting approval from the Festival of Arts to hang the Psalms Banner in front of the Festival grounds, the final hurdle was approval by the city.
That hurdle was denied, and not because it isn't a beautiful piece of art.
Well - that may be so, here in Laguna Beach, a town proud for its tolerance and for its recognition as an artist community / colony with its museum, art festivals, and studio zoning and diverse religious practices from various Christian denominations, eastern practices, to secular humanism. The press was at the hearing and newspapers are coming off the press with the story. Links at the right will carry copies of the articles. Feel free to send these out to as many people as you wish if you feel that this sounds like an issue of discrimination. Contact links to the local paper and to the members of the Laguna Beach Planning Committee and City Councils are linked also at right in case you feel the urge to write and politely express your thoughts on the matter.


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August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining.
2 Births
3 Deaths
4 Holidays and observances
1578 - Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir - Moroccans defeat Portuguese. King Sebastian of Portugal is defeated and killed in North Africa, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal.
1735 - Freedom of the press: New York Weekly Journal writer John Peter Zenger is acquitted of seditious libel against the royal governor of New York, on the basis that what he published was true.
1789 - The feudal system is abolished in France.
1790 - A newly passed tariff act creates the Revenue Cutter Service (the forerunner of the United States Coast Guard).
1821 - Atkinson & Alexander publish the Saturday Evening Post for the first time as a weekly newspaper.
1873 - Indian Wars: While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the United States 7th Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clash for the first time with the Sioux (near the Tongue River; only one man on each side is killed).
1892 - The family of Lizzie Borden is found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home.
1902 - Greenwich foot tunnel under the River Thames opens.
1914 - World War I: The United Kingdom declares war on Germany and the United States proclaims neutrality.
1944 - Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family.
1964 - American civil rights movement: Civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney found dead in Mississippi after disappearing on June 21.
1964 - Vietnam War: United States destroyers USS Maddox and USS C. Turner Joy are attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin. Air support from the carrier USS Ticonderoga sinks two, possibly three North Vietnamese gunboats.
1969 - Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, US representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. The negotiations will eventually fail.
1977 - US President Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy.
1983 - Thomas Sankara become President in Upper Volta.
1984 - The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.
1987 - The Federal Communications Commission rescinds the Fairness Doctrine which had required radio and television stations to "fairly" present controversial issues.
1993 - A federal judge sentences LAPD officers Stacey Koon and Laurence Powell to 30 months in prison for violating motorist Rodney King's civil rights.
1997 - 185,000 Teamsters union United Parcel Service drivers walk off the job.
1792 - Percy Bysshe Shelley, poet (+ 1822)
1840 - Richard von Krafft-Ebing, sexologist
1859 - Knut Hamsun, writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in literature 1920 (+ 1952)
1900 - Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, The Queen Mother of the United Kingdom (+ 2002)
1901 - Louis Armstrong, jazz musician (+ 1971)
1906 - Marie-Jos� Van Sachsen Coburg-Gotha, last Queen of Italy (+ 2001)
1906 - Eugen Schuhmacher, zoologist (+ 1973)
1908 - Kurt Eichhorn, conductor
1909 - Glenn Cunnimgham, track and field star
1909 - Otto Steiger, writer
1910 - William Schuman, composer (+ 1992)
1912 - Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat (+ 1947 presumed)
1921 - Maurice Richard, professional ice hockey player (+ 2000)
1929 - Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization
1930 - G�tz Friedrich, opera director (+ 2000)
1932 - Hans J�rgen Fr�hlich, writer
1932 - Guillermo Mordillo, graphic artist and cartoonist
1937 - David Bedford, musician
1944 - Richard Belzer, actor, comedian
1955 - Billy Bob Thornton, actor, writer
1958 - Mary Decker Slaney, track star
1962 - Roger Clemens, baseball player
1968 - Marcus Schenkenberg, male model
1971 - Jeff Gordon, NASCAR driver
1060 - King Henry I of France
1265 - Simon de Montfort, English baron
1526 - Juan Sebastian Cano, Spanish explorer
1873 - General George Armstrong Custer
1875 - Hans Christian Andersen, Writer
1938 - Pearl White, actress
1976 - Roy Herbert Thomson, Lord Thomson of Fleet, publisher
1981 - Melvyn Douglas, actor
1998 - Yuri Artyukhin, cosmonaut
1999 - Victor Mature, actor
2001 - Lorenzo Music, actor, writer, producer
2002 - Murder of Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman
Burkina Faso - Anniversary of the Revolution
Cook Islands - Constitution Day (celebrations begin on the last Friday in July and last up to 2 weeks.)
El Salvador - Transfiguration Bank Holiday
August 3 - August 5 - July 4 - September 4 -- listing of all days
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December\n


This statistic shows the experience of an urge to abandon their pet among inhabitants of Seoul, South Korea in 2016. During the survey period, 57.4 percent of respondents answered that they have never felt the urge to give up their pet.
Which of the following pets, if any, do you have?


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AYYUBIDS
AYYUBIDS (Ar. Banū Ayyūb), a Kurdish family who first became prominent as members of the Zangid military establishment in Syria in the mid-sixth/twelfth century. Seizing power in Egypt in 564/1168, they were soon able to extend their dominion to the Yemen, Syria, and much of the Jazīra. However, they lost the bulk of their lands during the crises of the mid-seventh/thirteenth century, though they did continue to hold two minor principalities for some time thereafter (Ḥamā until 740/1341, Ḥeṣn Kayfā until 866/1462). In addition, many members of the family continued to be maintained in Egypt as pensioners of the Mamluk sultanate until the early eighth/fourteenth century.
The Ayyubids traced their ancestry back to Šāḏī, a notable of the Kurdo-Armenian town of Dvin (Ar. Dabīl) in the first quarter of the sixth/twelfth century. Ebn Ḵallekān [Beirut, I, pp. 255-56, tr. de Slane, p. 243] identifies him as belonging "to one of the most eminent and respectable families of Duwîn" (men ahl Dowīn wa men abnāʾ aʿyānehā wa'l-moʿtabarīn behā). Šāḏī's father is commonly called Marwān, but nothing whatever is known about him. It does seem clear, however, that Šāḏī was a member of the Rawādīya section of the powerful Haḏbānīya tribe, and that the Rawādīya were the dominant Kurdish group in the Dvin district. It is quite evident that the progenitor of the Ayyubids was no simple pastoralist, but a member of the sedentary political-military elite of a marginal but very complex region.
Once the Ayyubids were ensconced in power, some of them sponsored genealogies showing that they were not Kurds, but rather of noble Arab descent, stemming from the Morra b. ʿAwf—or even from the Banū Omayya: On one level, such genealogies are obviously fictions. However, Minorsky (Studies in Caucasian History, pp. 114-16, 123, 128-30) argues that the Rawādīya Kurds should perhaps be connected to the descendants of the Arab general Rawwād Azdī, who was governor of Tabrīz ca. 200/815. These men, having become Kurdicized, emerge in the late fourth/tenth century as the paramount clan among the powerful Haḏbānīya tribe in Azerbaijan, whence one branch moved to take up residence in the district of Dvin at some point in the eleventh century. If Minorsky's speculations are sound, then the fictitious Arab genealogies of the Ayyubids not only contain a kernel of truth but preserve an authentic folk memory.
The rise of the Ayyubids really begins with the exile of Šāḏī from Dvin, perhaps in 524/1130, when a Turkish general seized the town from its Kurdish prince. Šāḏī migrated to Iraq with his two adult sons, Najm-al-dīn Ayyūb and Asad-al-dīn Šīrkūh, and was appointed commandant of Takrīt by an old friend from Dvin, Mojāhed-al-dīn Behrūz, who had become the šeḥna of Iraq under the Saljuqs. But Šāḏī soon died, and his place was taken by his elder son Ayyūb. Political vicissitudes soon compelled another exile, however, and in 532/1138 Ayyūb and Šīrkūh took service with the powerful atābak of Mosul (Mawṣel), ʿEmād-al-dīn Zangī, and were quickly numbered among his most powerful and influential officers—a status which they retained also under his son Nūr-al-dīn Maḥmūd (r. 541/1146-569/1174).
In 564/1168 Šīrkūh was given command of Nūr-al-dīn's third expeditionary force to Egypt, and succeeded in compelling the helpless Fatimid caliph al-ʿĀżed to name him vizier. Dying a few months thereafter (Jomādā II, 564/March, 1169), he was succeeded by his nephew Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn Yūsof b. Ayyūb. It is this man, known in the West as Saladin, who was the real founder of his family's power. With great skill, Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn first suppressed all effective opposition in Egypt, and then, after his master Nūr-al-dīn's death in 569/1174, began to take control of Syria piece by piece. In 579/1183 he occupied Aleppo (Ḥalab), the last center of Zangid power in Syria, and in 581/1186 he was able to reduce even Mosul to client status. Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn is of course best known for his wars against the Crusaders, and these dominated the rest of this reign until his death (589/1193). Though his heirs would extend their hegemony in the Jazīra and Armenia, it is nevertheless true to say that Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn's wars marked out the Ayyubid sphere of influence in the Middle East.
In the present context, however, Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn is most significant to us as the creator of a political system which would provide the framework of attitudes, expectations, and goals which governed the conduct of his successors for the next half century. This political system, which may be called the family confederation, was closely modeled on Saljuq and Zangid practice, and had affinities as well to the political structures which his grandfather, father, and uncle had known in Armenia. The fundamental (and generally unspoken) principle in this system was that political authority within a state should not be the sole possession of one man, but rather should be shared among the leading male members of the ruling family. This sharing of authority was accomplished by assigning to each suitable prince an appanage of his own, which he would govern as a hereditary and autonomous principality. One member of the ruling family might indeed be recognized as its head, and as such would be accorded a certain degree of deference by the other princes. But in spite of the grandiloquent titles which commonly accompanied such a dignity, there were seldom any regular administrative mechanisms by which the senior ruler could translate his primacy of honor into effective power. Control and coordination within the confederation could be achieved only if the senior ruler commanded a preponderance of military force, or if he enjoyed a high degree of natural familial authority over the other princes. That is, a man who was the father of his "colleagues" could expect to have far more authority than an uncle or older brother. In this kind of system, kinship links among the princes were certainly the primary (though of course not the only) determinant of their political behavior. (The first to identify this system of politics seems to have been Barthold [Turkestan3, pp. 268, 306-07]. Further discussion of this tradition in Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols, pp. 66-75.)
If one accepts that Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn's political outlook was largely shaped by such considerations, his decision (after his conquest of Aleppo in 579/1183) to parcel out his vast conquests as appanage states will come as no surprise. Likewise, the rationale behind his choice of his major heirs will be clear: three of his sons, a nephew, and his younger brother al-Malek al-ʿĀdel Sayf-al-dīn.
The history of Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn's successors is extremely complex: however, it can be summed up in the observation that his two principal successors as chiefs of the Ayyubid confederation made no significant changes in the structure of politics which he had established, but were rather content to manipulate it for their own ends. Thus his brother al-Malek al-ʿĀdel Sayf al-dīn (r. 596/1200-615/1218) was able to ensure his authority by assigning the major appanages to his own sons. On the other hand, al-Malek al-Kāmel Nāṣer-al-dīn (r. 615/1218-635/1238), who was older brother or cousin to the other princes, was able to achieve a modicum of control over the confederation only through his superb diplomacy and an occasional resort to military force. Like his predecessors, al-Kāmel divided the lands he controlled between two sons, al-Malek al-ʿĀdel II and al-Malek al-Ṣāleḥ Najm-al-dīn Ayyūb. And as before there was a protracted struggle to determine the hierarchy of power and prestige within the confederation. But the issue this time was drastically different, for the series of wars between 635/1238 and 643/1245 led to a fundamental alteration of the Ayyubid constitution.
This change of political structure is linked to the name of al-Ṣāleḥ Ayyūb, the nominal head of the Ayyubid kingdom from 637/1240 to 647/1249. In crude terms, what al-Ṣāleḥ did was to wrench the confederation—or at least those parts of it which he controlled—into a unitary state governed by men who were his functionaries rather than his colleagues, and who were not members of the Ayyubid family. The motive force for al-Ṣāleḥ's changes may be attributable to his domineering temperament and his deep-seated sense of alienation from his kinsmen and their traditions. On the other hand, this alienation was not merely a question of personality, but must also be seen in the context of family structure. First, al-Ṣāleḥ's reign represented the fourth generation of Ayyubid dominion, and the ruling princes were no longer close kin, but in effect autonomous dynasts who shared a common eponymous ancestor. Second, al-Ṣāleḥ himself—the nominal head of the Ayyubid house—was only a cousin or nephew to the other princes, and there was no one else of sufficient seniority and prestige to assume his role. The general applicability of these facts can be seen in the similar (though more tentative) policy of administrative centralization being carried out simultaneously in north and central Syria by al-Nāṣer Yūsof of Aleppo (634/1236-658/1260).
The full significance of al-Ṣāleḥ's centralizing policy emerged only after his death. Just six months later, his elite Baḥrīya regiment (composed of his personal mamlūks) seized power in Egypt and promoted one of its own members, ʿEzz-al-dīn Aybak, to the throne. When the Mongol cataclysm of 658/1260 destroyed the Syrian Ayyubid kingdom of al-Nāṣer, the Mamluk regime was able to occupy his former dominions. These were then incorporated in a highly centralized state controlled from Cairo, in which formal authority was vested in a single autocrat. This policy should occasion no surprise. The new rulers' training as royal mamlūks had taught them to think of authority as embodied in one man. Likewise, their whole political education and experience had been as instruments of al-Ṣāleḥ's policy, and they knew no political system other than his.
In the light of the above outline, is it proper to think of the Ayyubid confederation as a specifically "Kurdish" state? On the level of political structure, the governing attitudes of the Ayyubid confederation can certainly be related to the political institutions of their original homeland. On the other hand, these institutions do not differ significantly from the underlying structures of contemporary Turkish states, and in many ways the Ayyubids can be understood simply as a successor kingdom to the Saljuqs.
On the level of his culture, the matter is equally ambiguous. The Ayyubids ruled a predominantly Arabic-speaking region, and many of their princes became very proficient in Arabic letters and in the religious sciences. However, we see many signs of a continuing connection with their homeland and with Iranian culture generally. Thus, it is clear that al-Malek al-ʿĀdel and his son al-Malek al-Moʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā (d. 624/1227) still spoke Kurdish or even New Persian. And al-Moʿaẓẓam's particular interest in Iran is seen in his patronage of two works (in Arabic) by Fatḥ b. ʿAlī Bondārī: one, a translation of the Šāh-nāma (ed. ʿA. Aʿẓam, Cairo, 1350/1931); the second, the standard abridgment of ʿEmād-al-dīn Kāteb Eṣfahānī's history of the Saljuqs (ed. M. Th. Houtsma, Recueil de textes relatifs à l'histoire des Seldjoucides, Leiden, 1886-1902, II). Still, there is no evidence of any widespread translation movement among the Ayyubids, or of any general devotion to the Persian classics.
It is true, however, that the personal influence of Iranian scholars was very much felt in the religious sciences. Dominique Sourdel has shown that almost one-third of the madrasa professors in Aleppo between about A.D. 1150 and 1250 were of Kurdish or Iranian origin. The same figures would not hold for Damascus, let alone Egypt, but their presence in these places was far from negligible. However, most of these men had come to Syria not under the Kurdish Ayyubids but under the Turkish Zangids, particularly Nūr-al-dīn Maḥmūd, in the third quarter of the sixth/twelfth century (D. Sourdel, "Les professeurs de madrasa à Alep aux XIIe-XIIIe siècles d'après Ibn Šaddād," Bulletin d'études orientales 13, 1949-51, pp. 85-115).
The most visible and distinctive Kurdish presence was in the army. This process too had begun long before the Ayyubid seizure of power, when the atābak ʿEmād-al-dīn Zangī had begun trying to control the Kurdish-dominated mountains north of Mosul in order to ensure regular access to Kurdish recruits. Though the Kurds were viewed with some disdain by Turkish troopers, they were adept at the same mode of warfare (mounted archery) and on a tactical if not social level were easily integrated into the regular Zangid forces. The policy of Kurdish recruitment was doubtless inspired by two problems: 1) That Syria and the Jazīra were unable to obtain many Turkish ḡolāms from Central Asia at this time, and thus could not rely on chiefly mamlūk forces; 2) while Turkman tribesmen were plentiful in this region, their primary loyalties were to their tribes, and they could not be subjected to regular discipline. In this light, Kurdish mercenaries might well seem relatively cheap and reliable.
In spite of the importance of Kurdish recruitment for the Zangid armies, one should not suppose that the Kurds were ever more than a minority of these forces. And though Kurdish troops become more visible than ever before in the reign of Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn, they certainly remained a minority, constituting at the highest possible estimate one-third of his forces. The Kurds in Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn's armies were sometimes recruited and placed as individuals, but they are more commonly found as members of tribally organized units, of which the sources name four: the Hakkārīya (certainly the largest and most powerful), the Mehrānīya, the Ḥomaydīya, and the Zarzārīya (see, e.g., Abū Šāma, Ketāb al-Rawżatayn II, pp. 144, 179). After Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn's death, however, such tribal units are rarely recorded, and Kurdish soldiers appear either as individuals or under the collective appellation "al-Akrād." After Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn, in fact, the Kurds seem to have become a far less prominent part of the Ayyubid military establishment; their amirs are less often members of the political elite, which becomes increasingly Turkish.
In the last two decades of Ayyubid history, however, the Kurds re-emerged as a major political and military force. This was due chiefly to two new Kurdish migrations into Syria (in which both groups appear to carry names of regional origin rather than tribal names). The first of these were the Qaymarīya, who arrived in the train of the Khwarazmian marauders who swept through Syria in 642-43/1244-46; from them were drawn several of the most prominent amirs under al-Nāṣer Yūsof, and they remained a significant force under the Mamluk sultan Rokn-al-dīn Baybars (r. 658/1260-676/1277). The second group was the Šahrazūrīya, fleeing before the Mongols in 657/1259. Though numerous (3,000 mounted warriors), the Šahrazūrīya could not be integrated into the regular forces of al-Nāṣer; they were simply an element in the vast human debris thrown up by the Mongol invasion. In the final analysis, then, the Ayyubids did make a considerable use of Kurdish troops, as had their Turkish predecessors and rivals (the Zangids and Artuqids), but we cannot say that theirs was a Kurdish army.
The narrative sources for the history of the Ayyubids are very numerous, but the essential texts—more or less in order of composition—are as follows. ʿEmād-al-dīn Moḥammad Kāteb Eṣfahānī, al-Barq al-šāmī (Bodleian, Bruce 11 and Marsh 425; see H. A. R. Gibb, "Al-Barq al-Shāmī; The History of Saladin by the Kātib ʿImād-al-Dīn al-Iṣfahānī," WZKM 52, 1953, pp. 93-115 for a resumé of the contents).
Idem, al-Fatḥ al-qossī fi'l-fatḥ al-qodsī, ed. Landberg, Leiden, 1888; tr. H. Massé, Paris, 1972.
Bahāʾ-al-dīn b. Šaddād, al-Nawāder al-solṭānīya wa'l-maḥāsen al-yūsofīya or Sīrat Salāḥ-al-dīn, ed. J. Šayyāl, Cairo, 1964; tr. Wilson and C. R. Conder, The Life of Saladin, London, 1897.
Ebn al-Aṯīr, vols. XI-XII. Ebn Ḵallekān [Beirut], I, pp. 255-57; VII, pp. 139-45 (the most important statements concerning the family's origin).
Abū Šāma, Ketāb al-Rawżatayn fī aḵbār al-dawlatayn, 2 vols., Būlāq, 1287-92/1871-75.
Idem, al-Ḏayl ʿala 'l-Rawżatayn, ed. Kawṯarī, Cairo, 1336/1947.
Sebṭ b. Jawzī, Merʾāt al-zamān fī taʾrīḵ al-aʿyān, ed. Jewett, Chicago, 1907.
Ebn Wāṣel, Mofarrej al-korūb fī aḵbār Banī Ayyūb, ed. J. Šayyāl, 5 vols. (in progress), Cairo 1953-.
R. S. Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: the Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260, Albany, 1977, so far the only full-length attempt to deal with the whole period of Ayyubid rule. C. Cahen, "Ayyubids," in EI2 I, pp. 796-807 (a superb short account with a genealogical table, to be supplemented by H. A. R. Gibb, "The Aiyubids," in K. M. Setton, ed., History of the Crusades II, Madison, 1969, pp. 693-714.
On the origins of the Ayyubids, see V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, London, 1953, pp. 107-57.
On the careers of Ayyūb and Šīrkūh, see N. Elisséeff, Nūr al-dīn, II, Damascus, 1967, passim.
On Ṣalāḥ-al-dīn, the most useful studies are recent ones: H. A. R. Gibb, The Life of Saladin, Oxford, 1973, A. S. Ehrenkreutz, Saladin, Albany, 1972 (an interpretation diametrically opposed to Gibb's), and M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson, Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War, Cambridge, 1982.
On the later rulers, see F.-J. Dahlmanns, al-Malik al-ʿĀdil, Giessen, 1975.
H. L. Gottschalk, al-Malik al-Kāmil und seine Zeit, Wiesbaden, 1958 (very important).
G. Schregle, Die Sultanin von Ägypten, Wiesbaden, 1961.
Finally, on the Kurds and the Ayyubid army, see D. Ayalon, "Aspects of the Mamluk Phenomenon. II," Islam 54, 1977, pp. 1-32.
R. S. Humphreys, "The Emergence of the Mamluk Army," Stud. Isl. 45, 1977, pp. 89-93, 46, 1977, pp. 150-52, 155-57.
ایوبیان aubian aubiaan ayubiaan
(R. S. Humphreys)
Vol. III, Fasc. 2, pp. 164-167
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text:
Based on the 2020 NEC
National Electrical Code Tips: Article 690 -- Solar Photovoltaic Systems, Part 5
Part V of Article 690 provides requirements for grounding and bonding. Keep in mind that grounding is just that, a connection to the ground (earth) [100]. If you stop and draw out the circuit with impedances, you can see very quickly that grounding on the load side does not provide a low-impedance path back to the source and does not put"grounded" items at the same electrical potential. The circuit you've drawn is a parallel circuit with many branches of varying impedances, so there will also be differences in voltage and current among the branches. But when a metal conductor forms the return path, the impedance is neglible and thus so are the differences in potential.
System grounding actually is grounding. That's why you have a ground electrode system at the service or separately derived source. Equipment grounding is not actually grounding, it is bonding even when we are talking about connecting to the Equipment Grounding Conductor (EGC).
For system grounding, 2-wire PV systems muste have one functionally grounded conductor [690.41(A)].
For system grounding, PV system circuits that exceed 30V or 8A shall be provided with ground fault protection [690.41(B)]. Further, it must meet the requirements of 690.41(B)(1) and (2). For example, it must detect ground faults in the PV system dc conductors, including any functional grounded conductors
Ground-fault protectino must proved indication of ground faults at a readily accessible location [690.41(B)(3)]. To acheive this might require installing a remote indicating lamp. For example, the PV system equipment such as inverters, etc., is secured in a locked room. An indicator on a ground fault protection device in that room is not readily accessible. But an indicator light (or panel of such lights) mounted outside the room near its entrance would be.
You'll find the requirements for equipment grounding and bonding in 690.43, except we know from a reading of the definitions in Article 100 and the application of Kirchoff's Law of Parallel circuits that load side equipment is not grounded. Grounding it serves no electrical purpose, wastes materials, wastes installation labor, and presents the possible introduction of undesired circulating currents into equipment. This subsection begins by saying the equipment must be connected to an EGC, which we know is actually an equipment bonding conductor, per 250.134 or 250.136.
You can bond equipment to grounded metal supports [690.43(B)]. But again, review the definitions in Article 100 and ensure you are creating a low-impedance path back to the source. That's what's meant by the last sentence in 690.43(B).
Size your equipment bonding conductors per 250.122 [690.45]. Some people believe that the larger the bonding conductor, the better. However, when you do the math you see that isn't really the case. If you want to improve the bonding quality, torque the bolted connections and install bonding jumpers across things such as raceway joints. It's not really the quality per se (reduced impedance) that you're improving, it's the reliability.
So you are trying to apply 250.122, but there's no OCPD. What can you do? The solution is to use an "assumed" OCPD, the size that would be needed to protect those conductors per 690.9(B) [690.45].
If you bond the heck out of your PV system and also provide the required system grounding but it's mounted on top of a building, can't lightning or other transients flash over between the two? Yes, that's why any structure supporting a PV system must have a grounding electrode system that meets the requirements of Part III of Article 250 [690.47(A)].
If your PV system is not a solidly grounded one, the EGC for the output of the PV system can be the only connection to ground for the system [690.47(A)(1)].
You can install additional grounding electrodes and attach them directly to the PV module frames or support structure. But each electrode must be sized per 250.66 [690.47(B)].
This concludes our series on Article 690, even though we did not cover the remaining three Parts, which are all very short:
Part VI. Marking.
Part VII. Connnection to Other Sources. In its entirety, it reads, "PV systems connected to other sources shall be installed in accordance with Parts I and II of Article 705 and Article 712.
Part VIII. Energy Storage Systems.