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Effects of Sex in Media In J. Bryant and M. B. Oliver
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Effects of Sex in Media
In J. Bryant and M.B. Oliver (Eds.), (2009). Media effects: Advances in theory and research. (3rd ed.). Erlbaum/Psychology Press
1Effects of Sex in the Media
Richard Jackson Harris, Kansas State University, and Christopher P. Barlett, Iowa State University
Where do men and women, boys and girls, learn about sex? What is the impact of those influences? Throughout childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood people learn about sex from many sources, including parents, schools, friends, siblings, and media outlets such as movies, television, magazines, song lyrics, videos, and the Internet. For example, we may learn about French kissing from an older brother's stories, orgasms from a pornographic movie, oral sex from an erotic web site, and rape from a television movie.
Sexual themes in entertainment have been around as long as fiction itself. Many classics were often highly sexual in content, such as Aristophanes' Lysistrata, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales or Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, all of which are filled with overtly sexuality and covert double entendres, some of which may be missed today due to the archaic language and the "classic" aura of these works. More broadly, sex has long been a part of popular culture. Roman gladiatorial contests sometime featured scantily clad women as combatants, and sex scandals, sexual entertainment, and young adults pushing the limits on acceptable dress and behavior have long diverted, and on occasion troubled, society.
According to a Time/CNN poll (Stodghill, 1998), 29% of U.S. teens identified television as their most important source of information about sex, up from 11% in 1986. Although the most-mentioned source (45%) was "friends," only 7% cited parents and 3% cited sex education. In one study, 90% of Toronto adolescent boys and 60% of the girls (mean age =14) reported having seen at least one pornographic movie (Check & Maxwell, 1992, in Russell, 1998). Also, 29% of boys rated pornography as their most significant source of sex education, higher than schools, parents, books, peers or magazines (Check, 1995). Surveys of college men have shown that 35-55% report having consumed violent pornography in some form (Demare, Briere, & Lips, 1988; Garcia, 1986).
Throughout adolescence and early adulthood we continually learn about sex, and media are a major source of that information (Chia, 2006; Dorr & Kunkel, 1990; Sutton, Brown, Wilson, & Klein. 2002). Moreover, relative to other sources, media are becoming increasingly important (Check, 1995; Greenberg et al., 1993), especially women's magazines and television (Kallipolitis, et al., 2004). The effects of this heavy consumption of sexually oriented media are the topic of this chapter. We begin by examining the nature of sex in the media, focusing on content analysis studies. The rest of the chapter presents a review of the research on how consuming sexually explicit media impacts sexual arousal, attitudes, and behavior.
THE NATURE OF SEX IN THE MEDIA
Types of Sexual Content
Sexually oriented media may encompass a wide variety of sources. Some materials in magazines, videos, films, and Internet web sites have labels like "erotic," "pornographic," "X-rated," or "sexually explicit." Pornography is big business, generating $13 billion just in the U.S. in 2006 (IT Facts, 2007). Although sex magazines have greatly declined in circulation since the mid-1990s, that drop has been more than compensated for by video sales and rentals, cable and pay-per-view TV, and especially the explosive growth of Internet pornography, producing over 20% of the total revenue in 2006.
Most scholars distinguish between violent sexual material, which portrays rape, bondage, torture, sadomasochism, hitting, spanking, hair pulling, and genital mutilation, and nonviolent sexual material. Further classifying the nonviolent sexual material is more difficult. Some nonviolent sexual material is entirely mutually consenting and affectionate (sometimes called erotica), depicting vaginal or oral intercourse in a loving, or at least non-coercive, fashion. On the other hand, some nonviolent sexual material is sexually dehumanizing, depicting degradation, domination, subordination, or humiliation. This nonviolent, but dehumanizing, material typically presents the woman with few human attributes besides body parts and sexual appetite. Although often verbally abused and degraded, she appears hysterically receptive and responsive to men's sexual demands. The man appears in the sexually dominant position, and the woman is far more likely than the man to be more exposed or nude.
Sex in media is not limited to explicit portrayals of intercourse or nudity, however, but may include any representation that portrays or implies sexual behavior, interest, or motivation. Sex also occurs in many other places besides explicitly sexual materials. Many news stories, including reports of sex crimes, sex scandals, celebrity starlet social gossip, or tragic excesses like the Abu Ghraib prison abuses, involve sexual content. Sex is rampant in advertising, particularly for products like perfume, cologne, and after-shave, but also for tires, automobiles, and kitchen sinks. For example, one automobile ad on network television featured two women discussing whether a man's choice of a car was related to the size of his penis ("I wonder what he's got under the hood"). See Reichert and Lambiase (2003) for a set of papers on sex in advertising.
Since the advent of broadcast media in the 1920s, standards have usually been more conservative for radio and television than for print media, because it is easier to shield children from sexually oriented print media than from X-rated TV. With the advent of widespread cable and video technology, a sort of double standard has arisen, with greater acceptance of more sexual materials in video and premium cable channels than on network television. The logic appears to be that premium cable and rented movies are "invited" into the home, whereas network programming is there uninvited and accessible wherever a TV set is present. A greater problem is the easy availability of sexual materials on the Internet, which has virtually no effective restrictions (Ferguson & Perse, 2000). Although there is much interest in legally restricting children's access to sexually explicit sites, there is considerable disagreement about what kinds of restrictions or blocking software would be both legal and effective, without blocking useful non-sexual sites like breast cancer information or art sites. According to a 2002 survey, it was reported that single males between the ages of 18-45 years old visited pornographic websites more frequently than any other demographic group did (Buzzell, 2005).
Turning to television, the most-studied medium, content analyses have shown that, although the sex on network television is not usually explicit, sexual talk and innuendoes are rampant, most often occurring in a humorous context. One extensive content analysis study found that 68% of TV shows on network and cable in 1999-2000 contained sexual content, with 65% containing talk about sex and 27% presenting physical sexual behaviors (Kunkel, Biely, Eyal, Cope-Farrar, Donnerstein, & Fandrich, 2003). References to premarital and extra-marital sexual encounters outnumbered references to sex between spouses by at least 6:1 (Greenberg & Hofschire, 2000), and as high as 24:1 for unmarried versus married partners in soap operas or 32:1 in R-rated movies with teen characters (Greenberg et al., 1993)! The latter study also found that nudity occurred in all R-rated films in its sample, with female exceeding male nudity by a 4:1 margin. Sex in media is largely without consequences. One study showed only 14% of the discussions about sex on prime-time TV contained any mention of risks or responsibilities of sex and only 3% of the portrayals of sexual behavior did (Cope-Farrar & Kunkel, 2002). For shows with "intercourse-related content," the percentage of shows mentioning any risk or responsibility of sex rose from 14 to 26%, but that is still low (Kunkel, Eyal, Donnerstein, Farrar, Biely, & Rideout, 2007).
In 2007, a longitudinal meta-analysis of 25 content analyses (from 1975-2004) on sexual content appearing on U.S. prime-time network programming (NBC, ABC, CBS, and Fox) found a decrease in the frequency per hour for passionate kissing, touching and petting, and intercourse from the early 1990s to 2004. Interestingly, however, the amount of sex talk steadily increased from 1999 to 2004. This meta-analysis also found a significant positive correlation between the year and the amount of explicit sexual intercourse, although this type of content did not appear that often (0.025 occurrences per hour). Finally, results showed a recent increase in the frequency of unmarried intercourse and prostitution from 2000 to 2004 (Hetsroni, 2007).
Although content analyses of soap operas showed considerable sexual content in 1985, there was a 35% increase by 1994 (Greenberg & Busselle, 1996). Also in 1994, compared to 1985, there were more themes of (a) negative consequences of sex, (b) rejection of sexual advances, and (c) portrayals of rape. None of these three themes had been very common in the soaps of the 1970s and 1980s. Not surprisingly, R-rated movies and sex magazines had more explicit sex than appeared on television (Greenberg et al., 1993; Greenberg & Hofschire, 2000).
The major focus of this chapter is on sexually explicit materials, including, though not limited to, what is generally called "pornography" or "erotica," both violent and nonviolent. The term pornography is highly value laden, however, and as such is rather scientifically imprecise. Thus, we will most often refer to such materials as "sexually explicit" rather than "pornographic," although that term is so widely used it cannot be completed avoided. When we consider effects of sex in the media, however, we need to look more widely than only at what is typically considered "pornography."
EFFECTS OF CONSUMING SEXUAL MEDIA
Although many might wish it otherwise, sex, even very explicit sex, does sell. Sexually oriented print, video, broadcast, and Internet materials are highly profitable commercially, a condition which in itself ensures their continued presence. Aside from these economic effects, three major classes of effects of exposure have been identified, namely arousal, attitudinal changes, and behavioral effects. See Gunter (2002), Huston, Wartella, and Donnerstein (1998), Linz and Malamuth (1993), Malamuth (1993), Malamuth and Impett (2001), Mundorf, D'Alessio, Allen, and Emmers-Sommer (2007), Oddone-Paolucci, Genuis, and Violato (2000), and Pollard (1995) for more detailed reviews of various types of effects and media.
Research on effects of sex in the media has been guided by a variety of theoretical perspectives. Although these theories are not the focus of this chapter, the reader is referred to other chapters in this volume for thorough explications and reviews of these different perspectives: Morgan (Cultivation Theory), Bandura (Social Cognitive Theory), Petty, Priester, and Briñol (Elaboration Likelihood Model), Roskos-Ewoldson (Priming), and Rubin (Uses and Gratifications). Each of these perspectives has informed and guided certain areas of research on the effects of sexual media. These theoretical influences are alluded to below, although the focus of the rest of the chapter is on empirical findings on the effects of sexual media.
One straightforward effect of consuming sexual media is sexual arousal, the heightened physiological state that energizes sexual behavior. Arousal is measured in either of two ways. The most common measures are self-ratings (e.g., "How aroused are you?" on a 7-point scale). It may also be measured more directly, albeit more obtrusively, through various physiological measures such as electronic sensors measuring penile tumescence, vaginal lubrication, or temperature (thermography).
By most measures, men are typically more aroused by sexual media than are women, especially in response to sexually violent or dehumanizing materials (Malamuth, 1996; Murnen & Stockton, 1997). Sexual violence may be particularly arousing to sex offenders and other violence-prone men and even to "normal" men if the victim is portrayed as being aroused by the assault. Sexually coercive men are more physiologically aroused by slides or verbal descriptions of coercive sex than are "normal" men, who may have developed the ability to inhibit a sexual response in the presence of coercive cues (Lohr, Adams, & Davis, 1997).
Sexual arousal in response to stimuli that would not normally be arousing may be learned through classical conditioning. For example, Rachman and Hodgson (1968) classically conditioned heterosexual men to be sexually aroused by women's boots by pairing the boots with nude female photos, thus providing a model of how sexual "turn-ons" can be learned. This process could account for the vast individual differences in the specific stimuli that arouse people sexually. Through different experiences, people have all been conditioned to respond to different stimuli through associations with those we love. Myers (2007) reports a friend who was turned on by the smell of onion breath, because his first girl friend loved to eat onions and he has associated that odor with kissing her, through the process of classical conditioning. Because of its connection with a particular person, someone may be aroused by a certain perfume or cologne, type of clothing, or specific behavior. Media provide many of the images and associations for such conditioning.
The degree of arousal need not be highly correlated with the degree of explicitness. Sometimes people are actually more aroused by a less sexually explicit story than a more explicit one. A scene which cuts suddenly from a bedroom one night to the next morning may sometimes be more arousing than a more explicit version with the intervening night uncut! Censoring a sex scene may make a film more arousing because viewers can fill in their own scripts. When people are allowed to use their own imaginations to construct the ending of a romantic scene, they are more likely to construct a reality that is more arousing to them personally than if they view someone else's idea of what is arousing. The individuality of sexual arousal is the concern that sex therapists have with certain sexual media from the Internet or adult video stores. It has been argued by Carnes (2001) that since the Internet has an unlimited number of websites that feature any sexual desire that the user wants, this leads to sexual arousal because the stimuli is "new." For instance, because of Internet sex websites, a viewer can see images of any desired fantasy, many of which typically do not occur in most people's sexual lives. These images are then "burned" into the brain and are fantasized about during sexual intercourse (Carnes, 2001).
Individual Differences in Viewers. Some early studies examined convicted rapists and found them to be aroused by both rape and consenting sex, whereas normal men were aroused only by the consenting sex (Abel, Barlow, Blanchard, & Guild, 1977; Quinsey, Chaplin, & Upfold, 1984), although subsequent studies did not find this consistent arousal effect in sex offenders (Baxter, Barbaree, & Marshall, 1986; Hall, 1989). Under some conditions, however, even "normal" college men were aroused by scenes of sexual violence. For example, men, though not women, were at least as aroused by a rape scene as by a consenting sex scene but only if the victim was portrayed as enjoying the rape and coming to orgasm (Malamuth & Check, 1983; Ohbuchi, Ikeda, & Takeuchi, 1994). The men were not aroused if the victim was shown to be terrorized. Using a similar design, Bushman, Bonacci, van Dijk, and Baumeister (2003) found that men scoring high in narcissism found a rape scene preceded by affection between the parties as more entertaining and more sexual arousing than low narcissists did. Yates, Barbaree, and Marshall (1984) showed that normal men were equally aroused by depictions of rape and consenting sex but only after they had been angered by a female confederate. Otherwise the consenting sex scene was more arousing. Finally, Bogaert (2001) found that the personality traits of dominance, Machiavellianism, psychoticism, and hypermasculinity were correlated with the likelihood of viewing erotica containing violence, child pornography, or women with insatiable sexual appetites but not with the likelihood of viewing erotica lacking in these themes.
The Gender Skew. Explicit sexual materials have traditionally been designed by men and for men. As such, they have a distinctly macho, hypermasculine orientation. Although magazines and videos show all varieties of heterosexual intercourse, they place little emphasis on associated foreplay, afterplay, cuddling, or general tenderness. Women are shown eagerly desiring and participating in intercourse, often with insatiable euphoria. There is little concern with the consequences of sex or the relational matrix within which most people experience it. Men are much more active seekers and users of sexual material than are women, with an estimated 71% of sex videos viewed by men by themselves (Gettleman, 1999). However, this cannot necessarily be assumed to be due to greater intrinsic male interest in sex; it may merely reflect the pornography industry's extreme slant to the hypermasculine fantasy. Indeed, a few studies have shown women to have more positive reactions to sexual videos written and directed by women and for women (Mosher & Maclan, 1994; Quackenbush, Strassberg & Turner, 1994; Senn & Desmarais, 2004), although men appear to be more likely to seek out sexual media and be aroused by it, even after controlling for content (Malamuth, 1996).
An evolutionary psychology explanation for sex differences in sexual behavior (Buss, 1995; Malamuth, 1996, 1999) would argue that men seek a greater number of sexual partners, while women are more interested in a longer-term commitment from a mate to help raise the offspring. These ideas are consistent with observed findings that men seek out and use sexual media more than women and are generally more aroused than women by them, especially media that visually represent many different potential partners. Women, however, are less aroused than men by typical pornography, preferring more contextually based sexual expressions like romance novels.
The Catharsis Legend. One often hears the argument that consuming sexually explicit material facilitates the expression of sexual urges and thus decreases arousal. This invokes the construct of catharsis, the emotional release that follows the expression of an impulse. This popular idea comes most directly from psychodynamic models of personality, notably Freud. Applied to sex, the catharsis argument predicts that consuming sexual media relieves sexual urges, with the magazine or video, perhaps in conjunction with masturbation, becoming a sort of imperfect substitute for the real behavior. Although a catharsis argument has been used to support loosening restrictions on pornography (Kutchinsky, 1973) and has been reported by sex offenders as a strategy for reducing impulses for committing an offense (Carter, Prentky, Knight, Vanderveer, & Boucher, 1987; Langevin, Lang, Wright, Handy, Frenzel, & Black, 1988), the research support for catharsis is weak to nonexistent (Bushman, Baumeister, & Stack, 1999). Viewing sexual material increases, not decreases, sexual arousal, and, after viewing, one is thus more, not less, motivated to engage in sexual behavior. Thus consuming pornography in order to reduce sexual arousal is likely to have the opposite effect. Nor will it reduce the propensity to rape, which is driven by a power motive, not a lack of sexual fulfillment (Prentky & Knight, 1991). See Scheele and DuBois (2006) for a recent conceptual examination of the history and current status of catharsis theory.
Attitudinal Effects
Sex and Values. Many concerns about sexually explicit media involve the attitudes and values they convey. Repeated exposure to media with a more-or-less consistent set of messages may cultivate a worldview that increasingly reflects the perspective of the media (Morgan, this volume). For example, watching numerous sitcoms and movies where characters are routinely sexually active early in a relationship with little concern of consequences may cultivate acceptance of such a position in the viewer and thus weaken family-taught values against casual premarital sex. Increasing numbers of ads and movies with themes of coercion and sexual violence may desensitize readers to violence toward women. Such effects are especially likely to happen if the characters holding those values are respected characters with whom viewers identify. Sexual promiscuity by a prostitute is less likely to influence the values of a viewer than is similar behavior by a respected suburban mother.
One of the major social criticisms of pornography is that it is ideologically anti-women (Buchwald, Fletcher, & Roth, 1993; Russell, 1998), a concern especially leveled at violent and nonviolent dehumanizing pornography. It is usually women, not men, who are the playthings or victims of violence by the opposite sex. For example, one sex magazine showed a jackhammer in a woman's vagina as the opening photo to a story "How to Cure Frigidity," and another showed a photo spread of a gang rape turning into an orgy with the women appearing to be aroused by the assault. A sex video showed a woman's breast tied and squeezed for the entertainment of men who were watching.
Sexual attitudes. A large body of research has shown effects on a variety of sexual attitudes and values after exposure to nonviolent sexually explicit materials. After seeing slides and movies of beautiful female nudes engaged in sexual activity, men rated their own partners as being less physically endowed, although they reported undiminished sexual satisfaction (Weaver, Masland, & Zillmann, 1984). Men even reported that they loved their own partners less after seeing sexually explicit videos of highly attractive models (Kenrick, Gutierres, & Goldberg, 1989). Men who saw a pornographic video responded more sexually to a subsequent female interviewer than did men seeing a control video, although this result was only found for men holding traditional gender-role attitudes (McKenzie-Mohr & Zanna, 1990). It is as if the voluptuous model has become the norm or "anchor" (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974) to which real people are compared.
Such effects are not limited to men. Relative to control groups, both men and women who watched weekly pornographic films later reported less satisfaction with the affection, physical appearance, sexual curiosity, and sexual performance of their real-life partners (Zillmann & Bryant, 1988a, 1988b). They also saw sex without emotional involvement as being relatively more important than did the control group, and they showed greater acceptance of premarital and extramarital sex and placed lesser value on marriage and monogamy. They also reported less desire to have children and greater acceptance of male dominance and female submission. Using the same methodology, Zillmann and Bryant (1982) found that participants who had watched sexually explicit films 1-3 weeks earlier consistently overestimated the frequency of oral sex, anal intercourse, sadomasochism, and bestiality in the general population, relative to perceptions of a control group seeing nonsexual films. Teens watching a heavy diet of daytime talk television with frank discussion of sexual topics later overestimated the frequency of such behaviors, relative to a low-viewing group (Greenberg & Smith, 2002). Heavy viewing of soap operas, prime-time dramas and overall television predict a lower sexual self-concept in young adult women (Aubrey, 2007). Such results reflect the cognitive heuristic of availability, whereby we judge the frequency of occurrence of various activities by the ease with which we can generate examples (Glassner, 1999; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973, 1974). Recent exposure to vivid media instances thus raises the estimation of the frequency of such occurrences in the real world.
The sexual material need not even be explicit or graphic to help shape attitudes. Bryant and Rockwell (1994) found that, compared to controls, adolescents who watched a heavy diet of highly sexual prime-time programs were more lenient in their judgment about sexual impropriety and how much a victim had been wronged, although these effects were greatly attenuated by open family communication and active critical viewing. One may not even need the pictures. In one study all-verbal print descriptions of sex (e.g., the Penthouse Advisor column) were actually more conducive than photos to fantasizing about one's own partner (Dermer & Pyszczynski, 1978).
In a meta-analysis of studies examining the relationship of the exposure to sexual media to the acceptance of rape myths, Allen, Emmers, Gebhardt, and Giery (1995) concluded that experimental studies show a consistent positive effect between pornography exposure and rape myth acceptance, while correlational and field studies show only a very small positive or nonexistent effect. The relationship was consistently stronger when the pornography was violent than when it was nonviolent, although some experimental studies obtained effects with both types.
Alcohol consumption may enhance existing tendencies to either harshly judge or empathize with a female victim, although it generally decreased sensitivity to victim distress, especially so in "hypermasculine" men (Norris, George, Davis, Martell, & Leonesio, 1999). Alcohol can even affect women's judgments. Women reading an eroticized rape description while intoxicated were less likely than a sober control group to label coercive sex events as rape (Davis, Norris, George, Martell, & Heiman, 2006).
Pornography, especially videos, may be consumed for one or more of four different purposes (Gunter, 2002). Sexual enhancement creates the mood for sex or gives ideas about specific behaviors. Diversion offers an escape from boredom. Sexual release stimulates sexual fantasies. Substitution replaces a sexual partner. Men are more likely than women to report using pornography for sexual release and substitution. Those who used it for substitution were more likely to show acceptance of rape myths, although those who used it for sexual release were actually less likely to accept the rape myths (Gunter, 2002; Perse, 1994).
Slasher Films: Sex + Violence in Mainstream Movies. Although the studies discussed above used sexually explicit materials, attitudinal effects are by no means confined to clearly pornographic materials. Consider the highly successful horror-film series such as I Know What You Did Last Summer, Halloween, Child's Play, Texas Chainsaw Massacre, Friday the Thirteenth, Scream, The Ring, Hostel, and Nightmare on Elm Street, as well as many lesser known films of the last forty years. Many are extremely violent with strong sexual overtones. Clover (1992, p. 21) defines a slasher film as a "generative story of a psychokiller who slashes to death a string of mostly female victims, one by one until he is subdued or killed, usually by the one girl who has survived." Although some, such as the Scream series and Scary Movie, are framed as "satires" of the slasher genre, it is not clear that the youthful audiences receive them very differently than the non-satirical films.
Although many slasher films have R ratings in the United States, others are released unrated or direct to video to avoid the "accompanied by parent" requirement of R-rated movies. Given that so many viewings of movies are in DVD format among youth (sometimes in "uncut" versions), the ratings are of limited use, however. Oliver (1993) found that punitive attitudes toward sexuality and traditional attitudes toward women's sexuality were associated with high school students' greater enjoyment of previews of slasher films. Although there has been some trend toward stronger, less victimized, female characters in recent films such as Urban Legend, I Know What You Did Last Summer, and Bride of Chucky, the effects of such portrayals remains untested. Gender clearly remains a very salient aspect of these films and men and women respond somewhat differently to them. When young adults wrote descriptions of the most memorable slasher film they had seen and described their emotional reactions to the films, Nolan and Ryan (2000) found that men more often wrote of themes of fear of strangers, while women more often wrote of fear of horrors in the home and in intimate relationships.
Linz, Donnerstein, and Penrod (1984; see also Linz, Donnerstein, & Adams, 1989) examined the attitudinal effects of slasher films. After male college students were initially screened to exclude those with prior hostile tendencies or psychological problems, the remaining men in the experimental group watched one slasher film per day over one week. All of the films were very violent and showed multiple instances of women being killed in slow, lingering, painful deaths in situations associated with much erotic content (e.g., a woman masturbating in her bath is suddenly assaulted and killed by an intruder with a nail gun). Each day participants completed some personality measures and questionnaires evaluating that film.
Over the week, the men became generally less depressed, less annoyed, and less anxious in response to the films. The films themselves were rated as increasingly enjoyable, humorous, and socially meaningful, and progressively less violent, offensive, and degrading to women. Over the week's time, the violent episodes in general and rape episodes in particular were recalled as less frequent. Although these data provide clear evidence of desensitization in men, there is still the question of generalization to other situations.
To answer this question, Linz, et al. arranged to have their participants later observe a rape trial at the law school and evaluate it in several ways. Compared to a control group, men who had seen the slasher films rated the rape victim as having been less physically and emotionally injured. These results are consistent with those of Zillmann and Bryant (1984), who found that massive exposure to sexually explicit media by jurors resulted in shorter recommended prison sentences for a rapist. Using Linz et al's methodology of rating movies followed by evaluation an "unrelated" rape trial, Weisz and Earls (1995) showed men and women one of four films: man raping a man–Deliverance, man raping a woman–Straw Dogs, nonsexual male aggression toward both men and women–Die Hard 2, and nonaggressive action film–Days of Thunder. They found strong desensitizing effects of the two sexually violent films in men but not in women. Interestingly enough, it did not matter whether a man (Deliverance) or a woman (Straw Dogs) was the victim; both films desensitized men to the female rape trial victim, though neither effect appeared in women. Such findings show that attitudes inculcated by seeing slasher films do indeed transfer to new situations.
There have been some methodological (Weaver, 1991) and conceptual (Sapolsky & Molitor, 1996) criticisms of this research, and some effects have not been fully replicated in later work (Linz & Donnerstein, 1988). Some have questioned Donnerstein and Linz' conclusion of sharply different effects of viewing violent versus nonviolent sexual materials (Mundorf, et al., 2007; Weaver, 1991).
Nor are violent sexual themes confined to horror, or even R-rated, movies. For example, the 1995 PG-rated James Bond movie Goldeneye featured a villain who seduces men to have sex with her and then crushes them to death. It also contains scenes of seduction with very violent mutual battering as a sort of foreplay. The major concern with such films is the juxtaposition of sex and violence. In countries like India and Japan, rape and other acts of violence against women are even more standard entertainment fare in action-adventure films.
Recently, Internet pornography has begun to be of interest to researchers (see Griffin-Shelley, 2003 for a review). Two early experimental studies (Barak & Fisher, 1997; Barak, Fisher, Belfry, & Lashambe, 1999) failed to find a consistent effect of amount of Internet sex exposure on any of several measures of misogynistic attitudes. Later work, however, has produced clearer effects. In an extensive correlational study investigating the effect of Internet pornography on adolescent male attitudes, a significant correlation was found between the amount of Internet pornography viewed and recreational sexual attitudes (which included items, such as "It is OK to have sexual relationships with more than one partner"), but this effect was mediated by the realism of the pornography (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006). Thus, when the sexual actions on the Internet website looked as though they could happen in real life, teenage boys were more likely to have more liberal attitudes toward sex. Similarly, Lo & Wei (2005) found that exposure to Internet pornography was significantly correlated with attitudes toward extramarital sex and sexually permissive behavior (holding hands to sexual intercourse), such that, as the viewing amount increased, so did more accepting attitudes of infidelity, as well as the amount of self-reported sexual behavior by participants. A survey of college students found that viewing sexually explicit material on the Internet was significantly correlated with masturbating online, sending and receiving pornography online, and seeking new people online (Boies, 2002). The same study also sought the uses and gratifications for viewing pornography on the Internet, and responses indicated that men (more than women) use this form of media because they find it sexually arousing, to satisfy sexual needs, to fulfill sexual fantasies, and to satisfy curiosity about new sexual techniques (Boies, 2002).
Thus there is considerable evidence that exposure to erotica, in whatever medium, affects attitudes and values about sex and various sexual issues. We now turn to examining effects on behavior.


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text:
Raul Torres
Stoic, pristinely dressed, and generous are all ways we would describe our husband, father, grandfather, brother and loved one- Raul "Ralph" Torres. Ralph passed somewhat suddenly on December 19th, 2020 at Virtua Hospital in Marlton, New Jersey. He will be lovingly missed and remembered by his wife, Arlene, sisters Margie and Nereida, sons Vince, Richie, Pete, daughters Margie and Sandy, grandsons Silas, Jacob, Michael, Christopher, Caleb, Angelo, Jonathan, and Joshua, granddaughters Samantha and Felicia, Ashley, Jasmine, great-granddaughter Sailor and his daughters-in-law and son in law, countless cousins, nieces, nephews, family and friends. Ralph was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico and spent most of his childhood living in the flower district in Chelsea, New York. Even as a young child, Ralph was an entrepreneur and spent his days finding ways to buy and sell goods to make money for his family. Living in the flower district, he would often sell carnations for holidays like Mother's Day and bring joy to his community while also providing for his family. He was always a gentleman and would bring home bouquets of flowers for his mother and sisters. Ralph sold milk and newspapers, shined shoes… there was nothing he wouldn't do for his family. He was a true family man from day one. Although Ralph didn't have an easy childhood, some of the best memories of him include bringing in every stray dog in the neighborhood (despite his mother and sister's dismay), singing baritone and harmonizing with all of the neighborhood kids on his stoop, trips to Katz Deli and running around Coney Island all summer long playing all of the games and riding the amusements. Ralph went on to graduate high school as a tradesman with a specialty in cabinetry. He was a hard worker, a skilled entrepreneur and he always had his hands in something new. Outside of his work, Ralph was first and foremost a family man. He loved spending time with his oldest children Sandy, Pete, Richie and Margie. The kids would always cling to his legs when he got home from work. He will be remembered as a father who always taught them that giving is better than receiving. One Easter, Ralph was found making Easter baskets for the neighbor's children to teach them how to live with a generous heart. Ralph always loved to dance and enjoyed sharing that with his kids along with teaching them how to fish and ride a bike. On November 7th, 1986, Ralph married the love of his life, Arlene Mertz. They always loved going dancing, the casinos and yard-saling together. Shortly after they welcomed Ralph's youngest son, Vincent. As a family, they always enjoyed vacationing together to places like Texas, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Florida, Chicago- Ralph loved warm weather so anywhere tropical was always his favorite destination. Riding bikes in Virginia Beach is a memory that his family will always hold onto. Ralph was a jack of all trades and spent a lot of Vince's childhood teaching him how to do woodworking, use tools, repair things and how to run a business. Ralph loved to build things and heimand Vince would build and fly model rockets together at the high school- they lost many rockets on the roof and had a lot of laughs together. Ralph was a dedicated father who loved his children very much and would do anything for them. The Ralph we know now was a simple man. A good pastrami and rye from Kibitz, Sunday's newspaper with all of the yard sale listings and an action packed TV show on Showtime and a pay for view boxing match is all he needed to be happy. Ralph was always pristinely dressed (he even ironed his jeans) no matter what, he loved jewelry and watches and his favorite thing was going out to dinner. The most important thing to remember about Ralph is how generous of a man he was. If you met Ralph, he likely offered you the shirt off of his back. If you said no, he would offer again and give it to you anyway. He loved doing for others and always put himself last and his family, friends and even strangers first. We lost our patriarch, our husband, father, grandfather, brother, uncle, cousin, friend and he will be missed by many. We will never be whole again nor would we want to be. Funeral arrangements are private due to COVID-19. We hope to celebrate Ralph's life with friends and family when it is safe to do so in the future.
Stoic, pristinely dressed, and generous are all ways we would describe our husband, father, grandfather, brother and loved one- Raul "Ralph" Torres. Ralph passed somewhat suddenly on December 19th, 2020 at Virtua Hospital in Marlton, New Jersey.... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Raul Torres created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Stoic, pristinely dressed, and generous are all ways we would...
Send flowers to the Torres family.


text:
package pl.java.scalatech.reduce;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

import org.junit.Test;

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

@Slf4j
public class ReduceTest {
    @Test
    public void shouldReduceWork() {
        Stream<Integer> intList = Arrays.asList(2, 3, 4).stream();
        Optional<Integer> product = intList.reduce((x, y) -> x * y);

        // Optional
        log.info("2*3*4=" + product.orElse(0));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Perforated surfaces are found throughout architecture from old lattice-works in the Middle East to modern buildings in the West. I thought it would be great to apply to smaller scale jewelry designs and came up with a series of jewelry items including this cube pendant.
In Stock Sizes 1-2 days.
Out of Stock/Made to Order 2 - 3 weeks.
For Shipping Rates add to cart.
The cube is constructed out of bronze-infused stainless steel* that is formed by an additive layer by layer process known as 3D Printing. The process creates a grain which gives the stainless steel it's own unique texture which can be seen in the close-up shots (the cube surface will likely appear much smoother in person). The print is treated with a stain that gives it the dark steel look (the exact color and tone varies from print to print).
I hung the pendant from a long gunmetal chain that measures 24 inches which also has a 2 inch extender chain on the end. The cube itself measures 5/8 of an inch.
*Please note that 3d printed bronze-infused stainless steel varies from print to print but often has more of a bronze undertone than typical stainless steel.
**The last photo shows the stainless steel version. It's included to show the size and the length of the necklace.


text:
Brezje Dobransko je naselje u Hrvatskoj u sastavu općine Skrada. Nalazi se u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji.

Zemljopis
Istočno-jugoistočno je Malo Selce, sjeverozapadno je Sleme Skradsko, sjeverno-sjeveroistočno je Gornja Dobra, istočno-jugoistočno je Pećišće, jugoistočno su Resnatac, Gramalj i Mala Dobra, južno-jugozapadno su Divjake, jugozapadno su Veliko Selce i Skrad.

Stanovništvo

Izvori

Mrežna sjedišta

Naselja u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Keith decides to drag out the entire story from Mindy about the night the Dean was murdered, all about death in the afternoon after-midnight. Mindy spills the beans about the Dean's visit and says he threatened to ruin Landry. That combined with Landry's bloody clothes makes Keith give him a little visit. For whom do the bells police sirens ring? They ring for Landry. Now Keith is in a position of to have and have not — he has Landry, but he doesn't have Mindy, who has disappeared with a boat. Veronica and Tim are on the case — yes, that wasn't a typo — and manage to find Landry's alibi, along with taped phone recordings from him to Mindy (as well as one that doesn't exactly paint Tim in a good light). When Landry is freed, however, it's a farewell to arms Hank, who skips across the river and into the trees Mexico to find Mindy, the young woman and the sea. Veronica and Tim figure they are both in "Papa's Cabin" and Keith uses good old know-how to narrow that down to Cabo, Mindy's little island in the stream. Unfortunately for her, Hank has accidentally killed her. Oops! I guess the torrents of spring are over for him, though he still protests his innocence in killing the Dean. Everybody thinks the whole thing is wrapped up, until Veronica comes to a realization that Tim — who's been having adventures of a young man — has been manipulating everybody and he's the Dean's real killer. All loose ends wrapped up, Veronica — the daughter who also rises — and Keith end the eventful day with dinner and television.
Logan wants to date Parker and asks Veronica if she is okay with this. Veronica says it's fine and they agree they are friends.
Landry is arrested for Dean O'Dell's murder. His alibi is that he went to a convenience store and gave cigarettes to a lady outside. Tim enlists Veronica's help and they do find the lady who confirms Landry's alibi.
Landry is released, but he disappears. Mindy had disappeared earlier, just after receiving her husband's life insurance check.
Veronica and Tim find a CD with saved recordings from Landry's tapped cell phone and discover a get-away spot for Mindy and Landry. They also hear a call between Landry and Tim's potential new employer. Landry says Tim is okay, but not very bright and that they could do better.
Veronica also traces a call from Landry's disposable cell phone. It turns out to be a boy who is on probation. His mother was the witness for Landry's alibi.
Keith goes to the get-away spot and finds Landry crying, saying that Mindy turned on him. She killed the dean and he tried to help her. He switched the dean's keyboard with Batando's. He was angry that she claimed he was the murderer and they got into a fight. He says he didn't mean to knock her overboard. Mindy is dead.
Tim takes over Landry's class and asks Veronica to be his T.A. In class, the students want to know about the murder. Tim starts to talk about it, and Veronica realizes he knows too much information. She see that her phone has been bugged and concludes that Tim also bugged Landry's phone. She tells him, in front of the class, that he killed the dean to get back at Landry and prove he was smarter than Landry thought.
Tim confesses to the dean's murder and Landry confess to Mindy's murder. Keith is acting sheriff until an emergency election.


text:
GOP leaders promise to whip hard-line immigration bill
By Tal Kopan, CNN
Updated 6:17 AM EST, Fri January 19, 2018
Trump televises bipartisan White House meeting
Conservative House members say they got a promise from leadership to pursue a separate hard-line Republican-only immigration bill in exchange for their votes to pass government funding Thursday night – a measure that several Republicans doubt could pass the House, let alone the Senate.
The bill is a proposal from key committee and subcommittee chairs Bob Goodlatte, Raul Labrador, Mike McCaul and Martha McSally that includes a large number of hard-line immigration provisions that Democrats and some Republicans have said are nonstarters.
House conservatives prep own DACA bill
Labrador told CNN after votes Thursday that the commitment to members of the House Freedom Caucus was "to actually whip (the bill) and to work on it like they did on all the other important bills we've done this year." While there was no clear timeline for a floor vote, Labrador said that "should" be the goal.
"if people want to vote against it, they can explain to their constituents why they're voting against a bill like this," Labrador said.
The immigration bill includes a number of controversial pieces, including mandatory worker verification, cracking down on sanctuary cities, changing asylum thresholds and cutting legal immigration to the US by 25%. The bill offers Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals recipients indefinitely renewable three-year work permits but no pathway to citizenship.
WASHINGTON, DC - MARCH 21: U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano speaks during a news conference to announce the launch of E-Verify Self Check service March 21, 2011 in Washington, DC. The service will allow individuals in the United States to check their employment eligibility status before formally seeking employment. (Photo by Alex Wong/Getty Images)
Getty Images/File
Once a cornerstone of Trump campaign, E-Verify makes a DACA deal far more complicated
The Freedom Caucus also got a commitment on defense spending, according to a source familiar with the negotiations, and Speaker Paul Ryan said he would put together a team to work the bill in the House. But the source said a vote would happen only if the bill had enough votes to pass by the end of next month. Another source familiar said the agreement was to look at the bill at a later date.
Already, there are signs the bill would not get the support of a majority of the House. Democrats are virtually united against it and most of its provisions individually. In addition, a number of moderate Republicans have already signaled they wouldn't be able to support it.
Republican Rep. David Valadao of California said Thursday the bill would not pass and would not get his vote as it is.
"Not today, no," he said. "There's quite a bit there that needs a lot of work."
Other Republicans have also said they have issues with the bill, especially outside the context of comprehensive immigration reform. Reps. Carlos Curbelo of Florida and Mike Coffman of Colorado have said they would be unlikely to support it.
Republican Rep. Will Hurd of Texas, who has his own bill co-sponsored by Valadao, said such bills are unlikely to move forward.
"Many of the pieces of legislation that are out there are way too broad. They have potential civil liberties issues enshrined in them," Hurd said. "Some of these I have not reviewed because I don't believe it has a potential of getting signed into law."


A permanent utility or other type of easement might seem like a good way for you to receive money from the government with little cost on your end, but don't be too quick to sign any contracts. A permanent easement grants an agency permission to change aspects of your land, while you maintain ownership of it.
In addition to this, the agency would not have to pay you to destroy any improvements you might make after you sign the agreement. A temporary easement doesn't present the same kinds of issues, but it might not specify when the easement ends or if you can use your parking area, or even if you have rights to your front yard during the easement.
At Jenkins, Bowen and Walker, P.C., our lawyers know that the contract an agency presents you with might seem fair at face value, but it could contain vague wording that gives it extensive freedoms with your property. You might even be getting underpaid for the property access you are providing. We will negotiate a fair arrangement that does not cost you more than you agreed to.
In most easement agreements, the two parties involved won't agree on the value of the property in question. Considering this and the fact that the consequences can lower the cost of your property, it is critical to get fair compensation for your property use upfront. We can help you get the fair agreement you deserve.
If an agency or even the Georgia government is offering you an easement and you are not sure you are getting a fair deal, you need an attorney. If you are in Cartersville or the Bartow County area, contact us at 770-884-6856 or toll free at 866-570-2287 so we can begin advocating for you today.


Children of immigrant and refugee populations are increasing in the U.S. and are currently underrepresented at U.S. universities. The purpose of my research is to examine how collectivistic, immigrant-origin students and individualistic, U.S.-origin students may respond differently to university strategies to establish institutional social belonging in order to facilitate institutional persistence. I propose a model that adds an alternate path for collectivistic students to Tinto's Model of College Persistence, bypassing institutional social belonging and capitalizing on existing bonds with family. Collectivistic students' existing bonds with family, which meet their human need for belonging, may facilitate their institutional academic belonging and motivate them to persist in college. In contrast, individualistic students' persistence may be facilitated by new connections at the university, as opposed to maintaining and being supported by existing, extended family connections. This correlational study will test the relationship between collectivistic identity, institutional academic belonging, institutional social belonging, and family of origin belonging. Seventy-five U.S.-origin and 75 immigrant-origin college freshman currently enrolled at the University of Nebraska Omaha will be recruited to complete a 60-item survey. Implications for university recruiting and retention strategies will be discussed.


Sony Pictures has released a new trailer for "Pride And Prejudice And Zombies," the upcoming action-horror set to release in early 2016. Based on the popular novel of the same name.
In the film a zombie outbreak has fallen upon the land in this reimagining of Jane Austen's classic tale of the tangled relationships between lovers from different social classes in 19th century England. Feisty heroine Elizabeth Bennet (Lily James) is a master of martial arts and weaponry and the handsome Mr. Darcy (Sam Riley) is a fierce zombie killer, yet the epitome of upper class prejudice. As the zombie outbreak intensifies, they must swallow their pride and join forces on the blood-soaked battlefield in order to conquer the undead once and for all.
Leading the terrific cast is director Burr Steers, who also wrote the screenplay for the film. While the trailer was released this week, the actual film won't release for another few moths. "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies" is set to release on February 5, 2016.


text:
The Y-Project [XBOX – Cancelled]
Microsoft, Xbox
The Y-Project (announced in summer 2000) is a cancelled FPS that was in development for the original Xbox by Westka Interactive (later known as Joy Labs), conceived as something like a german version of Deus Ex. It would mix shooting action with role-playing elements and many different devices, from guided missiles to magnet boots for walking on ceilings. The game used the Unreal 2 engine, so the graphics looked pretty good at the time:
"Players assume the role of a hero who must keep a genetically altered race of insects from destroying the human population. The game is set in and around a huge city infested with dozens of different kinds of insect enemies. Players can join a military faction and blast their way through the game using 16 different types of upgradeable weapons, or they can join a scientific faction and reason their way through the game by solving puzzles. Players can also freely switch factions at any point during the game."
Unfortunately VIVA Media Germany (owners of Westka Interactive) refused to give more money to complete the game: in spring 2003 the team had to be closed and Y-Project was officially cancelled. Former Westka Interactive developers then opened another company called "Joy Labs" and started a new game titled "Das Reich 2005" (announced in early 2004). It was set in an alternative history in which the Nazis not only won World War II, but also seized power over the entire world. The only hope of all mankind was a small group of those who clandestinely resisted the Nazis (among them was the game's protagonist). Like in The Y-Project, the graphic in Das Reich 2005 was quite impressive for its time.
Unfortunately no publisher was found for Das Reich 2005: Joy Labs could not finance development and their new project was also abandoned.
Thanks to Josef for the contribution! Details from «Игромания» magazine, 02 (113) 2007
Roman Bloodsport [XBOX - Cancelled]
Too Human [GameCube - Cancelled]
Project Snowblind 2 [XBOX/PS2 - Cancelled]
FPS third person shooter Westka Interactive
← Gremlins [PS2 – Unreleased]
Oddworld: The Brutal Ballad of Fangus Klot [XBOX – Cancelled] →
One thought on "The Y-Project [XBOX – Cancelled]"
LiqMat 03-05-2020 at 17:43
There is a mention of this game in the March 2002 issue of PC Zone magazine on Page 17. PDF here >> http://www.pixsoriginadventures.co.uk/PCZone/PC%20Zone%20113%20(March%202002)/
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There are condos in Miami Beach and then there are genuine Miami Beach condos. The Nautica condo is one of the few that embodies the feel of a beachfront condo as it's located within walking distance from the miles upon miles of eastern beach coastline. Even the name of the building suggests that the Nautica is all about enjoying a delightful waterfront experience. Nautica includes everything you need in a Miami Beach condo like a heated rooftop pool, a fitness facility, a spa located by the lounge deck and even extra perks like boat docks, an amenity which is usually only offered in larger, pricier condominiums. The residences come in twelve distinct floor plans and have great features like nine and ten foot ceilings, designer fixtures, granite kitchen countertops, and marble bathrooms. Explore everything there is to see and do as a resident of the Nautica condo in Miami Beach. Bask in the sunlight at the hundreds of miles of beachfront often located right behind condos like Nautica and then find additional opportunities in Miami Beach such as shopping at Lincoln Road or having drinks and a delicious meal at Ocean Drive, all while remaining just minutes from your Nautica condo home.
Residence Sizes: 1050 - 1650 Sq.Ft.


"I'm applying for CCW license, because I don't feel safe in Los Angeles. Two days ago I was assaulted on the middle of the road in Holywood by three men. They had tried to pull me out of the car, but thankfully they failed. I already reported the incident to Sheriff's Department. Besides I'd like to apply for a position of security agent in the City Hall. I believe that one of requirements is to possess a CCW license. It also happens that I can't just call 911 for help, because the situation doesn't enables it. The only way which is left is mostly to protect myself, but it's hard when I am not allowed."
"I'm applying for my CCW license"
"in the middle of a road"
"the incident to the Sheriff's Department"
"Besides that, I'd like to apply"
"the situation doesn't enable it"
I like the above grammatical changes Stephen has suggested. You may also consider rephrasing your last sentence from the current wording to something like the option below. Then close the letter by summarizing your personal need of protection and thanking them for reading your letter of application.
"The only way which is left is mostly to protect myself, but it's hard when I am not allowed."
In summary, my basic need of, "self protection," is the primary reason for application of the CCW license.
Thank you so much for accepting my letter of application, and I look forward to discussing any considerations or concerns you may have regarding my application submission.
This is just my opinion but, gives the reader the seriousness of your reason for application, and thanking them for at least reading your letter of application.
Then close the letter with, "Sincerely or Respectfully" and your name, with your contact information directly below your name so they can reach you if necessary.


Author jamesPosted on November 6, 2015 November 6, 2015 Categories instagramTags photoLeave a comment on Evening colour.
PAXAus is huge. Bring on @warren_spector!
Author jamesPosted on October 29, 2015 Categories instagramTags photoLeave a comment on PAXAus is huge. Bring on @warren_spector!
Melbourne is all kinds of lovely.
Author jamesPosted on October 28, 2015 Categories instagramTags photoLeave a comment on Melbourne is all kinds of lovely.
Alright @gcap2015, let's do this!
Author jamesPosted on October 26, 2015 October 26, 2015 Categories instagramTags photoLeave a comment on Alright @gcap2015, let's do this!


text:
HMS Marlborough (Корабль Его Величества «Мальборо») — 74-пушечный линейный корабль
третьего ранга. Третий корабль Королевского
флота, названный HMS Marlborough, в честь Джона Черчилля, 1-го герцога Мальборо. Пятый линейный корабль типа Fame. Относился к так называемым «обычным 74-пушечным кораблям», нёс на верхней орудийной палубе
18-фунтовые пушки. Заложен в августе 1805 года. Спущен на воду 22 июня 1807 года на частной верфи Барнарда в
Дептфорде. Принял участие во многих морских сражениях периода Наполеоновских войн и Англо-американской войны.

Служба
В начале ноября 1807 года Marlborough, под командованием капитана Грэма Мура, отплыл в составе эскадры контр-адмирала сэра
Сиднея Смита к Тахо, где 17 ноября корабли начали блокаду устья реки. 29 ноября 1807 года британская эскадра сопровождала королевскую семью Португалии до места, где от эскадры отделились три корабля (Marlborough, London и Bedford), которые должны были сопровождать королевскую семью в Бразилию, куда они благополучно прибыли 19 января 1808 года. Остальные корабли эскадры Смита 6 декабря вернулись к блокаде Тахо, который теперь был занят русской эскадрой.

В июле 1809 года Marlborough принял участие во второй Голландской экспедиции, целью которой было уничтожение верфей и арсеналов в Антверпене, Тернезене и Флиссингене. 13 августа принял участие в бомбардировке Флиссингена. Военно-морская бомбардировка была частью гораздо более крупной операции; британский сухопутный корпус состоял из 30 000 солдат, целью которых было оказать помощь австрийцам, вторгшись в
Голландию и уничтожив французский флот, базировавшийся в гавани Флиссингена. Экспедиция закончилась неудачно,
вследствие разразившейся эпидемии англичане к 9 декабря вынуждены были очистить Валхерен.

29 сентября 1812 года Marlborough вышел из Торбея, сопровождая торговый конвой к Бермудским островам. Во время этого плавания в районе Силли он захватил французское каперское судно Leolore, вооруженное 10 пушками и с экипажем из 80 человек. 18 февраля 1813 года отплыл от Бермудских островов к берегам Соединенных Штатов.

В качестве флагмана контр-адмирала Джорджа Кокберна Marlborough принял участие в Англо-американской войне. В марте 1813 года Marlborough, совместно с 74-пушечным кораблем San-Domingo, двумя фрегатами и двум шлюпами, во время плавания к Чесапикскому заливу обнаружили в устье реки Раппаханнок пять больших американских каперских шхун. Для их захвата были немедленно отправлены шлюпки с линейных кораблей и фрегатов, в том числе баркас и шлюпка и с Marlborough под командованием лейтенантов Джорджа Константина Ермстона и Джеймса Скотта. После плавания длиной в 15 миль британцы нашли четыре шхуны, 7-пушечную Arab, 6-пушечные Lynx и Racer и 12-пушечную Dolphin. После короткого боя британцам удалось захватить все четыре шхуны, причем шлюпки с Marlborough захватили шхуну Arab не понеся при этом потерь.

В апреле 1813 года отряд матросов и морских пехотинцев с Marlborough принял участие в экспедиции вверх по реке Элк. Британцы поднялись до городка Френчтаун, в котором размещались военные склады. Город был защищен 6-пушечной батареей, которая открыла огонь, как только показались шлюпки эскадры. Однако несмотря на сильный огонь, британцы высадились на берег, захватили батарею, сожгли военные склады и пять судов, стоявших на якоре у города.

В конце 1814 года Marlborough был выведен из состава флота и переведен в резерв в Портсмуте. Он оставался в резерве до 1835 года, когда было принято решение отправить корабль на слом.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 HMS Marlborough // Index of 19th Century Naval Vessels and a few of their movements
 HMS Marlborough // Ships of the Old Navy

Линейные корабли типа Fame


text:
<?php

class EnterController extends Zend_Controller_Action
{

	private $request;
	private $house;
	public $user;

    public function init()
    {
    	$this->user 	= new Zend_Session_Namespace('user');
        $this->request 	= $this->getRequest();
        $this->house 	= new Plugin_house();

        $this->_helper->layout->setLayout('layout');
    }

    public function indexAction()
    {

    	$name = $this->request->getParam('enter');

    	$array = array('name' => $name);

    	// If a house with the name does not exist, build a new one
    	if  (!$this->house->isBuilt($name)) {

    		$this->house->buildHouse($name); // Build a house

    	}

    	// Lets get some data in
    	$user = $this->house->findUser($name);

    	$this->user->house	= $name;
    	$this->user->info 	= $user;

    	$this->_redirect("/enter/room/?id=" . $user["roomId"]);
    }

    public function roomAction ()
    {
    	$id 			= $this->request->getParam('id');
    	$name 			= $this->user->info["name"];

    	$rooms 			= $this->house->findRooms($name);
    	$room 			= $this->house->findRoom(array("use" 	=> "id",
    													"value" => $id));
    	$objects 		= $this->house->findObjects($id);
    	$userObjects 	= $this->house->findUserObjects($name);

    	$this->house->updateUserRoom($name, $room["_id"]);

    	$this->view->room 			= $room;
    	$this->view->rooms 			= $rooms;
    	$this->view->objects 		= $objects;
    	$this->view->userObjects 	= $userObjects;
    	$this->view->user 			= $this->user;
    }

    public function pickupAction ()
    {
    	$object = $this->request->getParam("id");
    	$this->house->userPickupObject(array("user" 	=> $name,
    										 "object"	=> $object));

    	$this->_redirect("/enter/room/?id=" . $this->user->info["roomId"]);
    }

}


text:
White House Won't Say If Feds Searching For More Biden Classified Docs Or If Biden Is Involved In Search
White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre refused to say during Tuesday's press briefing whether federal officials were still searching for additional classified documents from President Joe Biden's time as vice president in the Obama administration.
"Last week [you said] that we all can assume, the American people could assume that the searches were completed and all the documents have been recovered," the Associated Press reporter Zeke Miller said. "On Saturday, the White House Counsel's Office said that five additional classified documents had been found."
"Is it safe to assume now that all the documents have been recovered, all the official records, all the classified documents are back in [the] custody of the National Archives?" Miller asked. "Or are more searches underway to find out if there's anything out there?"
Jean-Pierre refused to answer the question, claiming that she was being "prudent" by letting the DOJ's special counsel investigation into Biden continue without commenting on it.
AP's @ZekeJMiller to KJP: "Last week….you" said "the American people can assume that the searches were complete and all the documents had recovered. On Saturday the WH counsel's office said five additional classified documents…Are more searches underway"? pic.twitter.com/T0sh5Mgeq0
— Curtis Houck (@CurtisHouck) January 17, 2023
During another portion of the press conference, Jean-Pierre was asked if Biden was physically involved in going through his things searching for classified documents.
"Is he physically joining in the search for these things, rummaging around these boxes in the garage and wherever else?" a reporter asked. "I mean, literally."
Jean-Pierre responded by saying that she was being "very clear" in that she would not comment on the investigation or matters related to the investigation.
👀 Karine Jean-Pierre won't say if Biden himself is rummaging through his home for improperly stored classified documents. pic.twitter.com/DhNWhCJtLD
— RNC Research (@RNCResearch) January 17, 2023
"Did you not know on Friday that those additional documents had been found when you were at the podium, or were you being directed by someone to not be forthcoming on this issue?" another reporter asked.
"I have been forthcoming from this podium," Jean-Pierre responded. "What I said yes to was what the statement at the time was–what we all had. You all had the statement, and I was repeating what the [White House] counsel was saying at the time."
Jean-Pierre also dodged questions from NBC News reporter Peter Alexander about "why shouldn't Americans be upset about documents found in a garage."
NBC News' Peter Alexander repeatedly presses Karine Jean-Pierre about the White House claiming that Republicans are "faking outrage" over Biden's classified document scandal.
"Why shouldn't Americans be upset about documents found in a garage?" he asks.
She can't answer. pic.twitter.com/zTdd3SkkmN
— Ryan Saavedra (@RealSaavedra) January 17, 2023
She also dodged tough questions from CBS News reporter Weijia Jiang about the scandal.
CBS News' Weijia Jiang grills Karine Jean-Pierre over Biden's document scandal. An angry, dismissive, and snappy KJP refuses to give meaningful answers. pic.twitter.com/T8ZFf53HI2
— Jason Rantz on KTTH Radio (@jasonrantz) January 17, 2023
This report has been updated to include additional information.
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Er. Avnee Chauhan joined 21 minutes ago from
Ankita Katdare • Oct 11, 2015
Team CrazyEngineers
NHAI To Introduce Mobile App That Lets Users Report Over-Speeding Vehicles
The chief of Indian Highways, Mr. Raghav Chandra, the current NHAI Chairman, has announced that the Government is developing a new free mobile app that lets users report vehicles that are found to be violating transport rules such as over-speeding. The National Highways Authority of India (aka NHAI) have decided to take this step to ensure proper highway management and promote road safety across the nation. The NHAI team will work with developers to integrated the app with a transport registration network. The app is supposed to be accessed by Indians on their mobile, capture a snap of the vehicle that's violating and press a button that reports the name of the vehicle to the concerned body.
The app will ensure that all complaints made by citizens are registered with the transport or police department, who can take the require course of action. With citizen participation in this initiative, NHAI hopes to use the feedback to build better highway network management systems. The app will therefore be used for data collection and policing in the months to come.
Source: Business Standard
Kaustubh Katdare • Oct 11, 2015
Frankly speaking, I don't get the logic behind the app. Do they expect people to capture photos of other moving / speeding vehicle from our own vehicle? Can someone throw more light on this?
methods used to prevent IC piracy, like CLIP Sunswift is world's fastest solar car COMSOL Error 7094??????? My next idea for implementing in vehicles!! Which is the best and most affordable hosting site for a website?


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Leszek Leiss (ur. 18 listopada 1932 w Grudziądzu, zm. 23 stycznia 2015 tamże) – polski bokser, trener.

Boksu uczył się w rodzinnym mieście w klubie OMTUR Grudziądz, następnie reprezentował barwy klubu Spójnia Grudziądz, a w trakcie odbywania służby wojskowej walczył w OWKS Lublin i CWKS Warszawa. Najdłużej reprezentował w swojej karierze barwy klubu Stal Grudziądz. Startując w mistrzostwach Polski, dwukrotnie wywalczył tytuł mistrza, w 1953 roku w kategorii lekkośredniej i w 1958 w wadze półciężkiej. Cztery razy zdobył brązowe medale, w 1954 w kategorii średniej, a  w 1955, 1956 i 1959 roku w wadze półciężkiej. Uczestnicząc w drużynowych mistrzostwach Polski, wywalczył mistrzostwo w 1954 roku z klubem CWKS Warszawa. Zaliczał się do czołowych pięściarzy lat 50. w Polsce.

Walcząc w ringu w latach 1947 – 1967, stoczył 386 walk, z czego 353 wygrał, 11 zremisował i 22 walki przegrał.

Po zakończeniu kariery był trenerem w grudziądzkich klubach Unia i Stal. Do wychowanków Leissa należą tacy pięściarze jak: Edward Pyjko, Edmund i Andrzej Montewscy, Henryk Szymkowiak, Henryk Mielczewski, Zygmunt Atmański.

Przypisy

Bokserzy Lublinianki
Polscy bokserzy
Polscy trenerzy bokserscy
Ludzie urodzeni w Grudziądzu
Urodzeni w 1932
Zmarli w 2015


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What to see in San Francisco: the attractions not to be missed
A collage of colorful neighborhoods and stunning views, San Francisco is one of the most beautiful cities in the United States and the jewel of Northern California. The city is full of history, great neighborhoods, parks, beaches, museums and a huge range of entertainment options. Let's find out what to see in San Francisco: the main attractions.
Some of the most important attractions, besides the famous bridge, are the historical one Alcatraz island and Fisherman's Wharf. In the city center there is Golden Gate Park, a huge green space with all kinds of things to do. There Chinatown San Francisco, the largest of its kind in North America, is definitely worth a visit.
To take an interesting city tour, you need to hop on one of the historic cable cars that stop at many of San Francisco's best sites. The city boasts stunning views, world-class cuisine, cozy cafes and many booming nightlife venues.
What to see in San Francisco
What to see in San Francisco - Golden Gate Bridge -
Once called "the bridge that could not be built", today it is one of the wonders of the modern world. This magnificent bridge, perhaps San Francisco's most famous landmark, opened in 1937 after a four-year struggle against winds, fog, rocks and tides.
Il Golden Gate Bridge is a California icon gracing the San Francisco Bay. It is the most photographed site in the city, with its orange structure suspended over blue waters. This nearly 3km bridge connects San Francisco to the other side of the bay. Its sidewalks are open during the day to pedestrians including wheelchair users and cyclists.
Learn more about visiting the Golden Gate
There are also numerous viewpoints from where to admire the bridge: Crissy Field, Baker Beach, Fort Point, Vista Point, Battery Spencer View ...
Alcatraz, San Francisco -
When it functioned as a federal prison from 1943 to 1963, Alcatraz it was home to gangster Al Capone and a number of other hardened criminals, many of whom unsuccessfully attempted to escape over the years across the chilly, rough waters of San Francisco Bay.
Today it is a museum that offers a really captivating tour complete with sound effects that recreate prison days. But the journey to Alcatraz is just as fun. The only way to get there is by ferry, which the kids will love, with a short ride across the bay.
Alcatraz is open every day of the year, except Christmas and New Year, with tours starting most days at 9am.
Alamo Square Park
The Painted Ladies, San Francisco, California –
Often seen in movies and most commonly recognized by the opening credits of "Full House" (Daddy's Friends, an American sitcom that aired from 1987 to 1995), Alamo Square is the place to go in San Francisco to see the row of Victorian houses known as le Painted ladies.
Alamo Square is actually a park, the size of four blocks, on top of a hill overlooking downtown San Francisco. The park offers a playground, a tennis court and large green spaces to relax and enjoy a picnic with fabulous views.
San Francisco County, Cable Car, California Street –
The cable cars, introduced in San Francisco in 1878, they remain a popular form of public transport today. They are also a great way to get to the most beautiful viewpoints in the city, from which to enjoy some of the best views San Francisco has to offer.
All three of San Francisco's cable cars cross the top of Nob Hill, a great vantage point for the entire city, and the two lines that originate on Market Street in the heart of downtown San Francisco will take you to Ghirardelli Square e Fisherman's Wharf.
The rides cost $ 7 per person, but there are several passes which you can use, valid for one day, for three days or for a week and provide unlimited rides on trains, city buses and cable cars.
Those who want to know more can visit the Cable Car Museum. This little one free museum offers a behind-the-scenes look at how SF's famous cable cars work.
Fisherman's Wharf
Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco –
Fisherman's Wharf is one of the most popular and touristic places in San Francisco. It includes a wide stretch of waterfront full of shops, a wax museum, seafood restaurants and lots of street performers performing.
This pier offers great views of the San Francisco Bay and on Golden Gate, lots of fun and good food. Boat tours and ferries to Alcatraz also depart from here.
It is also free and easy to reach. In fact, Fisherman's Wharf is quite close to the center and can be reached on foot without any problems. Take the opportunity to see Pier 39 and Ghirardelli Square, nearby.
The unofficial "Little Italy" of San Francisco, North Beach is a lively neighborhood of outdoor cafes, Italian restaurants, bars and boutiques within walking distance of Union Square e Fisherman's Wharf.
Centered on Columbus Avenue, this is a great part of the city for strolling. City Lights Book Store, the most famous bookstore in the city, is located in North Beach.
E Coit Tower, one of San Francisco's most famous landmarks, is a short but steep climb up Telegraph Hill. It was built in 1933 in an attempt to beautify the city. The inside of the tower was covered in murals, while the outside was left unpainted.
PIER 39, San Francisco –
PIER 39, San Francisco's most visited destination, offers two levels of dining, entertainment, shopping and attractions, all surrounded by unbeatable city and bay views.
Located along San Francisco's historic waterfront, PIER 39's location provides the perfect backdrop for postcard views of the Golden Gate e Bay bridge, Alcatraz, Angel island and the famous skyline of the city.
PIER 39 is located in San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf, Beach Street and The Embarcadero. Parking is conveniently available in the PIER 39 Garage located directly in front of the entrance.
Often referred to as the "crookedest" road in the world, this Russian Hill scenic drive features sharp curves, fragrant gardens and stunning views of the bay, Alcatraz and Coit Tower. Discover Lombard Street.
You may have been to Chinatown in other cities, but San Francisco's Chinatown is another realm. It is the largest Chinatown outside of Asia and the oldest of its kind in North America.
Almost completely destroyed in the 1906 earthquake, Chinatown was rebuilt entirely in the Chinese style and soon became even more attractive than before the disaster.
Now with its temples, theaters, workshops, small businesses, shops, antique and souvenir shops, tea rooms and traditional pharmacies, Chinatown has become one of the best attractions to see in San Francisco. Chinese New Year celebrations are often considered to be the best in North America.
The Presidium -
Formerly a military post, the Presidio is now a national park and recreational paradise with spectacular views, stunning trails, and historical and architectural treasures. Visit it for a stroll, a walking tour, a picnic, or to see an exhibition at the Walt Disney Family Museum.
Here you can also visit Baker beach. While San Francisco isn't known for being a beach town, its Baker Beach is often considered one of the best in California.
Located in the northwestern area of San Francisco, in Garrison, Baker Beach is primarily known for its sweeping views of the Golden Gate Bridge and the nearby Marin Headlands.
The 1-mile-long beach offers visitors great views for taking pictures of the bridge, but is not suitable for swimming as it is dangerous due to the large waves, undertow and currents.
Ferry Building Marketplace
For all food lovers, this delightful attraction must be at the top of the must-see list in San Francisco. The Ferry Building Marketplace is a public food market that offers a variety of food stalls that serve as small restaurants, eateries, and grocery stores. Here you can find everything.
You can reach the market via the station Embarcadero BART / Muni and several public bus lines. Parking is also available near the market. The market is open every day from 10am to 00pm with slightly different hours on weekends.
Mission District is the oldest neighborhood in San Francisco, where the Franciscans founded the Dolores mission, who later gave birth to the city. This area is very cosmopolitan, lively and animated.
Allow yourself half a day to visit the neighborhood and enjoy its atmosphere. The facade of the old church (dating from 1791) can be seen from Dolores Street, next to the newer basilica (1913). The visit of the interior, the cemetery and the gardens are paid.
The neighborhood is also famous for its colorful murals. Besides you can also visit Mission Dolores Park, ideal for picnics or for a moment of relaxation! From this park you will have a great view of the city.
The castro
If you want to explore San Francisco's rich gay culture, the neighborhood of Castro it is its beating heart. Visitors find the Castro a relaxed, fun, and most importantly colorful neighborhood, with friendly residents, abundant amenities, and a striking aesthetic.
The neighborhood is lined with quaint Victorian homes, formerly built by immigrants who moved to Castro in the 19th century. The neighborhood is also praised for its culinary richness and its vibrant nightlife.
Located a couple of blocks north of Market Street and southwest of the city's financial district, Union Square is in the heart of downtown San Francisco's hustle and bustle. This area is loved by travelers and locals alike for its fantastic location and incredible energy.
Union Square Park is lined with tall buildings (some of which are adorned with Time Square format ads) and busy streets, giving people the unique opportunity to sit in the middle of a busy city and soak up the atmosphere without the risk of being invested.
The square also serves as a park, equipped with small grassy areas and palm trees. There are also several seating areas and works of art scattered around the square. The most famous are the high Dewey monument, located in the center of the square, and the sculpture of Hearts of San Francisco, found at the base of the square.
Ghirardelli Square –
It is located in a restored industrial area, surrounded by shops, galleries and restaurants in refurbished industrial buildings. The square was inaugurated in 1964 and was the first in a series of projects designed to give new life to abandoned industrial complexes.
Ghirardelli's old red brick chocolate factory has been transformed into a center for shopping and art lovers. Its bell tower (built in 1916) is modeled on that of the Château de Blois in France. Later additions are rose gardens decorated with fountains and terraces with beautiful views.
If you want to enjoy the best views of San Francisco you have to make your way to the Twin Peaks. These famous hills are the second highest point in the city (after Mount Davidson). From the air you can see numerous San Francisco landmarks, including the Bay Bridge and downtown skyscrapers.
The views from here are breathtaking and definitely worth a visit. But be sure to bring a jacket as it can be windy.
Twin Peaks are open from 5am to midnight and there is free (albeit limited) parking at the top of the Twin Peaks Boulevard. The station of Castro Street is the closest metro stop Muni.
What to see in San Francisco - Tips
City Pass e Go Pass
The price of tourist attractions in San Francisco is quite high, so the total bill can quickly get steep. In this case, if you plan to visit different attractions and museums, it is really worth comparing the ticket prices with the cost of the City Pass and the Go Card.
The City Pass provides access to several museums, the San Francisco Aquarium and the Monterey Aquatic Center, as well as access to cable cars. At $ 94 per adult, the price seems expensive on the spot, but the card is quickly profitable if you use all of the items.
The Go San Francisco Card gives you access to a few more attractions than the City Pass, but is valid for a period of 1 to 5 days depending on the package chosen.
Accommodation is the other item that can have a big impact on your budget when staying in San Francisco. Most hotels are quite expensive and often don't even include parking which is essential if you are traveling with a rental car.
Find out more about where to sleep in San Francisco in our article dedicated to the subject ...
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