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Tag Archives: Richard J. Daley
PART 2 – Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Start of the Campaign: the Chicago Freedom Movement in Early 1966.
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King installed themselves into a West Side apartment in a low-income Chicago neighborhood on January 26, 1966. From the outset the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) and their allies were political outsiders in Chicago and mainly sought an amenable agreement with the established political powers in a city embodied by its mayor since 1955, Richard J. Daley.
In the middle of another cold and brutal Chicago winter King humbly began his campaign by stating that he was looking to study the city's social conditions. King wanted to know which nonviolent campaign tactics—whether it was street marches, voter registration drives, rallies, fund raisers, or something else—would be effective to progress the objectives of job creation, open housing, educational opportunity for African-Americans and, by summer of 1966, slum clean-up and a citizen's review board for police brutality and misconduct.
Martin Luther King Jr. and wife Coretta Scott King after moving into an apartment at 1550 S. Hamlin Avenue in Chicago on January 26, 1966. King moved into the tenement apartment to highlight segregated housing conditions in Chicago and launch a campaign to end slums in the city. — Chicago Tribune, February 24, 1966.
With furniture provided from local second-hand stores, Martin and Coretta Scott King are pictured on the first day in their Chicago Lawndale apartment on 1550 S. Hamlin Avenue. This first action by King in Chicago in January 1966 gained national media attention to publicize the conditions of Chicago slum apartments. Photograph by John Tweedle.
Martin Luther King Jr. helps remove a window frame while renovating an apartment at 1321 S. Homan Avenue in Chicago in 1966. The SCLC and CCCO with the Westside Federation became extralegal "trustees" of this building with tenants paying their rent to the SCLC, which used the money to make repairs. Male tenants of the building were hired as laborers and paid King's proposed new minimum wage, $2.00 per hour. (The minimum wage in 1966 was $1.25). King told Betty Washington, a reporter for the Defender, that the experiment of taking over that building would give Freedom Movement leaders insight into "the kind of social planning that might reverse this trend of degradation of our nation's cities and contribute to the kind of community awareness that will bring new life and new hope to the slums of this city." Photograph by Luigi Mendicino, Chicago Tribune, February 24, 1966.
Coretta Scott King at the Homan Avenue tenement in Chicago in 1966 that her husband's campaign had taken control of and worked to repair. It was less than 5 minutes by car from the King home on Hamlin.
"Baby Scratch My Back" written and performed by "swamp blues" singer Slim Harpo (1924-1970) was a number one hit playing on the radio in 1966.
As King spoke about a "closed society" in Chicago, the elected political power structure out of the Mayor's office maintained an omnipotent grip on city services while a vicious circle of poverty in some black neighborhoods, complicated by those citizens' inability to live in certain of Daley's "city of neighborhoods," was permitted to exist.
King's outsider status—which at first was understood as a mostly useful factor among Chicago's civil rights activists—worked also to undermine King's effectiveness in Chicago throughout 1966.
Unfamiliar with Chicago's vast size and complicated demographics, opposition to King's efforts didn't always fall cleanly along racial lines. Whether coming from whites or blacks, resentment to the Atlanta-based minister in Chicago usually always revolved around his being viewed as an interloper and potential power rival.
Dr. Joseph H. Jackson (1905-1990) was president of the National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., Inc., and pastor of Olivet Baptist Church in Chicago. Dr. Jackson bitterly opposed the Chicago Freedom Movement and made rancorous attacks against Dr. King while King was in Chicago. In 1963 Dr. Jackson with Mayor Richard J. Daley was booed off the stage at an NAACP rally in Grant Park.
Support from Chicago black ministers, a natural political base for King , was frequently blunted in 1966 by intimidating reminders from City Hall that this or that certain church would be having its building or fire code inspection coming up. Moreover, big cities across the nation, including Chicago, were to receive a huge infusion of funds out of Washington, D.C. including part of a new $2.3 billion anti-slum program (about 17 billion in 2015 dollars). This huge infusion of money to Chicago was part of programs marking President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society."
King was politely pressured by city officals to forego what could only be seen as futile and time-wasting efforts of meetings and trash drives so to allow the Chicago mayor and his allies to get down to the serious work of eliminating city slums by, as Daley announced, no later than the end of 1967.
Daley's home-court advantage and enormous financial support from the Democratic U.S. president and Congress gave Dr. King's civil rights operation among the poor and dispossessed an appearance of superfluity, if not outright meddling.
Tactically, on every front, Daley tried to match King's organizational efforts often by simply buying off King's allies. When King filled the International Amphitheatre on South Halsted Street with 12,000 black celebrities and supporters on March 12, 1966, Daley led 70,000 marchers and 350,000 spectators in the 1966 St. Patrick's Day parade on State Street five days later.
Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley leading the St. Patrick's Day Parade on State Street in 1963.
After the SCLC took a supra-legal action to seize a dilapidated tenement building, Daley limited his response and left King to deal with the consequent legal and public relations headaches.
King was not naïve about his own position, but he did not want the Chicago Freedom Movement to become politicized. That Daley had a mayoral primary in February 1967— he ran unopposed for a fourth four-year term—led some King allies in Chicago to lobby for a candidate to coalesce around the movement and run against him. But King refused the idea. Still, Daley's ongoing work in 1966 to limit and even sideline King's efforts in Chicago tamped down King's initial hope that this Irish-American big city northern mayor would risk or trade his political power for 1964 Nobel peace prize winner King's agenda for social justice and civil rights for African-Americans.
Daley's selective embraces of King never offset the mayor's overall strategy to restrain the civil rights leader's efficacy in Chicago as well as link King's restraint in a way that did not curb broad voter support for the Daley administration.
Civil rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. discusses fair housing with Gilbert Balin, of G. Balin Inc. real estate agents in Chicago. King and the SCLC launched a campaign to end slums in the city, which would become known as the Chicago Freedom Movement. — Jack Mulcahy, Chicago Tribune, Nov. 3, 1966.
Notwithstanding Daley's defensive efforts, King did not lose sight of his message of improved housing, education and economic development for African-Americans in Chicago.
One SCLC initiative that scored quick success was a project started in February 1966 headed by Rev. Jesse Jackson called Operation Breadbasket (later renamed Operation PUSH). Within months there were several hundred new black hires in Chicago-area businesses by way of this action.
After King's death, Rev. Jesse L. Jackson headed up Operation Breadbasket. This is an event held on May 9, 1970. Photo by Chris Holmes.
Beyond the Hamlin 'trusteeship' and Operation Breadbasket, King spent those first late winter and early spring months in Chicago getting to know the city and formulating a plan. He visited with black and white leaders including the powerful mayor, Richard M. Daley, and the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad. He also worked to convert gang members to the philosophy of non-violence and met with a large variety of community groups. Here he walks with members of the East Garfield Park Community Organization. Photograph by John Tweedle.
King's prolonged presence in Chicago in 1966 could be credited for prompting Mayor Daley to establish new city programs and hold various "summits" with clergy, labor and business leaders to combat poverty and racism in the city.
In August 1966, Daley, with the support of the Chicago Freedom Movement, accepted the departure of public schools Chief Benjamin Willis and the appointment of James F. Redmond, a racial progressive even though Daley overlooked two black candidates and considered only white men for the post.
One thing Dr. King considered a key effort to improve African-American lives in the ghetto was to transform gang members into nonviolent civil rights activists. But a gunfight at a SCLC meeting in May 1966 between Blackstone Rangers and East Side Disciples seemed to end the official engagement.
Meanwhile, Richard J. Daley continued his downtown redevelopment and in March 1966 announced a $200 million package for mass transit and making sure the Civic Federation, a good government watchdog group, was there to endorse it. In addition to Loop and North Michigan Avenue redevelopment Daley dedicated in May 1966 the Civic Center, soon to be graced by an iconic Picasso sculpture in 1967.
Now the long, hot days of a Chicago summer were at the doorstep and many wondered in the city to what extent Dr. King's plans in 1966 might add to the heat.
King's apartment in 1966 at 1550 South Hamlin Avenue in Chicago was damaged during the riots that followed his assassination on April 4, 1968 and eventually demolished. The site was a vacant lot until the construction in 2011 of Dr. King Legacy Apartments designed by the architecture firm Johnson + Lee. The $18 million, 45-apartment complex features commercial spaces along 16th Street, including a new home for the Fair Housing Exhibit Center.
Painted mural of the image of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and his tenement apartment on Hamlin in Chicago's North Lawndale neighborhood by nationally-renowned Afro-Indian muralist, Paul Collins. It is the centerpiece of the Fair Housing Exhibit Center.
SOURCES: Martin Luther King, Jr. with profiles of Mohandas K. Gandhi and Nelson Mandela, Lori Meek Schuldt, World Book, Inc., 2007; American Pharaoh, Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation, Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor, Little, Brown and Company, 2000.On Hamlin trusteeship -http://www.oxfordaasc.com/public/features/archive/0110/photo_essay.jsp?page=6.
If you liked this blog article, PART 2 – Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Start of the Campaign: the Chicago Freedom Movement in Early 1966 links to Part 1 and Part 3 in the series are provided here:
PART 1 – Martin Luther King, Jr. and the coming to Chicago: the Chicago Freedom Movement in 1965.
PART 3 – Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Chicago Freedom Movement: the marches and rallies of summer 1966.
This entry was posted in 1960's, 20th century., African American History., CHICAGO, Civil Rights and Human Rights, Public Figure-Martin Luther King, Jr., U.S. History and tagged Benjamin Willis, Blackstone Rangers, Chicago Freedom Movement, Coretta Scott King, Dr. Joseph H. Jackson, East Side Disciples, International Amphitheatre, James F. Redmond, Operation Breadbasket, Rev. Jesse Jackson, Richard J. Daley, Southern Christian Leadership Conference on January 17, 2016 by jwalsh2013.
The SCLC's (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) first nonviolent civil rights campaign in the North started in Chicago on January 5, 1966—50 years ago this month.
The multi-pronged campaign was Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s first major effort outside the South and the first following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. King's coming to Chicago was greatly influenced by the Watts riots in August 1965 where those deadly six days demonstrated to King and the nation the high cost in human lives and property associated with deep discontentment in the black community over isolating and chronic high unemployment, substandard housing, and inadequate schools.
King's consideration to come to Chicago in 1966 was further energized by national issues activated by a local focus: in this case, King's broad support for recent Federal complaints brought by the Chicago Coordinating Council of Community Organizations ( CCCO) alleging segregation in the Chicago public schools. As there was a huge new Federal aid package for those public schools in the nation which desegregated by the start of the 1965-1966 school year, a charge of segregation in a state in the north and in the nation's second largest city was unexpected, provocative, and dangerous to the natural progression of the status quo.
Led by former school teacher Albert Raby (on KIng's left), the CCCO was a coalition of a number of disparate and sometimes contentious groups including the local branches of CORE, the Catholic Interracial Council, and the Urban League, among others. Here, King and Raby meet the Chicago press along with SCLC leader Bayard Rustin (on King's right).
The status quo in Chicago, at least in terms of its politics, was embodied in one man: Mayor Richard J. Daley (1902-1976). King's intention to come to Chicago instead of to another big northern city was that he figured to find in Mayor Daley a powerful ally to his civil rights movement. Already Daley vocalized agreement in principle with King's message of open housing and racial justice, but King's potential challenge to any aspect of the mayor's absolute political power never gained Daley's sympathy or recognition.
Many in Chicago's local civil rights community, however, welcomed Dr. King's presence in Chicago in 1966. Activists like Dick Gregory had marched on City Hall — and into Bridgeport to Daley's home — dozens of times but to no avail in terms of tangible policy changes for blacks in a city where blacks constituted 25% of its population. Perhaps the efforts of Dr.King in Chicago could break the deadlock.
The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights had recently labeled Chicago "the most residentially segregated city in the nation" but Daley chose to see it differently. There was no legal segregation in Chicago and Daley believed it was simply a "city of neighborhoods." The 64-year-old Daley also felt that if government handouts were not downright un-American then, by 1965, big Federal programs should be administered at the local or city level and not from Washington.
1920's flats, Bridgeport, Chicago, 2015.
Chicago slums, 1950.
While Daley's home rule views appealed to some Chicagoans, other Chicago neighborhoods stayed in flux. There had been a longstanding mistrust, for example, between poor West Side residents—most of whom were black and concentrated by the mid 1960's into a vast ghetto—and a largely white Chicago police and fire departments. In the summer of 1965 street riots in West Garfield Park effectively produced the integration of 40 of 132 firehouses where calls for integration had been resisted since the early 1950's.
The City of Chicago's contrariness to aspects of President Johnson's Great Society carried into the office of Chicago's Education chief Benjamin C. Willis who in October 1965 defied federal mandates for the release of requested materials and blocked the use of new national achievement tests in city public schools. This led to Chicago being denied their part of the massive $1.3 billion federal aid to schools program.
President Lyndon B. Johnson (r.) meets with Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley in the White House, April 21, 1966, in a photograph by Yoichi Okamoto (1915-1985).
The overall Mayor Daley-President Johnson alliance was strong in late 1965 and the federal aid money called into question was restored within the week. Further, the federal official who had cited Daley's public schools for contempt of Federal segregation mandates was demoted.
It was into this political hothouse that Dr. King decided to build a civil rights campaign for open housing, jobs, and educational opportunity for African-Americans which in October 1965 Daley announced he welcomed with open arms.
Meanwhile Daley was also mobilizing local black and other elected officials in Chicago to establish their own community action programs to co-opt or sideline any of King's anticipated civil rights initiatives and efforts. This important time when Dr. King came to live and work in Chicago from January to August 1966 and its immediate legacy came to be called the "Chicago Freedom Movement."
Tina Allen, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 2004, 1219 West 76th Street, Chicago.
Sculptor and painter Tina Allen (1950-2008) created a number of monumental sculptures of prominent blacks, including labor leader A. Philip Randolph (1889-1979), abolitionist Sojourner Truth (d. 1883), author Alex Haley (1921-1992), South African President Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) and life-size sculptures of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at the University of Texas at Austin and in the Martin Luther King Jr. Plaza in North Las Vegas.
Allen spent her early years in the West Indies and was a graduate of the School of Visual Arts in New York and the University of South Alabama, and did advanced studies at Pratt Institute and in Venice, Italy. She worked in Los Angeles until her death. Of her sculptures she stated during a 2003 interview, "I'm looking at myself as speaking about the heart and soul of a people, and making sure they're not forgotten, making sure they don't feel ignored."
In January of 1966, Martin Luther King, Jr., arrives into the tenement apartment on the West Side to begin the Chicago Campaign. The nine-month campaign gave birth to beginning to bring before the nation its widespread issues of poverty and racial injustice. As King mounted these steps into his cold, rundown set of rooms, he was equally walking into the complex politics, problems and hurdles associated with a big northern city whose Democratic mayor, Richard J. Daley, was also known as The Boss.
Martin Luther King, Jr., Baltimore, Maryland, October 31, 1964.
SOURCES: Martin Luther King, Jr. with profiles of Mohandas K. Gandhi and Nelson Mandela, Lori Meek Schuldt, World Book, Inc., 2007; American Pharaoh, Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation, Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor, Little, Brown and Company, 2000; At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years 1965-68, Taylor Branch, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2006; Civil Rights Digital Library – http://crdl.usg.edu/events/watts_riots/?Welcome. On Tina Allen – http://chicagopublicart.blogspot.com/2013/09/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-bust.html. On the CCCO- – http://www.oxfordaasc.com/public/features/archive/0110/photo_essay.jsp?page=3.
If you liked this blog article, PART 1 – Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Coming to Chicago: The Chicago Freedom Movement in 1965 links to Part 2 and Part 3 in the series are provided here:
This entry was posted in 1960's, 20th century., African American History., CHICAGO, Civil Rights and Human Rights, Public Figure-Martin Luther King, Jr., U.S. History and tagged Albert Raby, Bayard Rustin, Benjamin Willis, Catholic Interracial Council, Chicago Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, Chicago Freedom Movement, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, Dick Gregory, Great Society, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard J. Daley, Southern Christian Leadership Conference;, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Urban League, Voting Rights Act of 1965 on January 15, 2016 by jwalsh2013.


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Q: Word Count with javascript without input tag I want to make a word count without any input tag. I want to use just p tag and span tag. How can I make it?
Words Number
Here have some text which I want to count

A: First, you need to get value of p
let countVal = document.getElementById('wordCount');

Then, make an array from it by using split(separator)
let countArr = countVal.split(" ")

Finally, display it in your js
document.getElementById('someId').textContent = countArr.length;

A: You can use these codes:
For JS:
document.querySelectorAll('#word')[0].textContent.length
For Jquery:
$("#word").text().length;
$("#any").text().length;

A: you have same value for class and id in html , change it if possible
like this
Words Number
Here have some text which I want to count

Then use this jQuery code
$(document).ready(function(){

var myString = $("#any").text();

var countWord = myString.split(' ').length;

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The latest update for Visual Studio Code is now available. In the June 2016 update, 1.3, Microsoft is releasing some new features to improve your workflow during development and improvements to the general usage of the program.
Tabs: Tabbed editor panes allow you to quickly navigate to your files and organize your workbench.
Extensions: New in-product Extensions View to quickly find, install and manage your extensions.
Workbench: Enhanced Drag and Drop, Preview Editors to conserve your editor panes, and multiple Integrated Terminals.
Editor: Global Search and Replace, Indent Guides, Problems panel to view errors and warnings.
Debugging: Lots of improvements including support for attaching to running Node.js processes and changing variable values during a debug session.
Extension Authoring: A new contribution point for menu bars and context menus. New APIs to open non-text resources and add editor decorator attachments.
Tabs are the most noticeable of the changes, and allows files to be displayed as tabs, rather than taking up the entire workspace. If, however, you don't like the idea of a tabbed interface, this can be disabled. Just set the workbench.editor.showTabs setting to disabled.
You can download Visual Studio Code here.
Are you impressed by these recent additions?


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There is also a natural and very, very strong empathy with the underdog, with people who have suffered, people who have been pushed around by foreigners in particular, but also by their own people.
Lakhdar Brahimi
Foreigners quotes
The simple fact is this: they are foreigners inside a country which has rejected them. Therefore, these foreigners wherever they go or travel they will be rained down with bullets from everyone. Attacks by members of the resistance will only go up.
Mohammed Saeed Al-Sahaf
Unless the trade deficit shrinks, the combination of the trade deficit and the interest and dividend payments to foreigners will grow ever more rapidly.
Martin Feldstein
What the British must never believe about themselves is that they are good at games, strong in adversity, but lousy in bed. It is a myth invented by jealous foreigners.
Gerald McKnight
Belief quotes
Adversity quotes
Bed quotes
Myths quotes
The world still consists of two clearly divided groups: the English and the foreigners. One group consists of less than 50 million people; the other of 3,950 million. The latter group does not really count.
George Mikes
Nations quotes
World quotes
To the people here, we are outsiders. Foreigners.
I worked three and then six hours a day in my studio with strict discipline and emotion. I obtained awards usually granted to other foreigners during the end-of-year admission tests.
Ralph Allen
It could be argued that, in Thailand, many foreigners have come and gone, and the number of people who are considered to be Thai have traveled abroad in a great number.
Bhumibol Adulyadej
I wouldn't make an anti-American film. I'm one of the most pro-American foreigners I know. I love America and Americans.
Then all the foreigners started coming over. I don't mind that but a lot of teams are laying out fortunes for ordinary players and that's no good for our youngsters coming through.
The completely untravelled person will view all foreigners as the savage regards the members of another herd. But the man who has travelled, or who has studied international politics, will have discovered that, if he had to prosper, it must, to some.
Politics quotes
To cement a new friendship, especially between foreigners or persons of a different social world, a spark with which both were secretly charged must fly from person to person, and cut across the accidents of place and time.
Cornelia Otis Skinner

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Fun Forums
AARs, LPs, and Fanfiction - General Discussions
HoI3 - After Action Reports (AAR)
AoD - After Action Reports (AAR)
"Das war ein Befehl!" A German Götterdammerung '44 AAR
Thread starter DvD-IT
DvD-IT
East vs West developer
Grey Finland
continued
0700 March 13th 1945
The skies above Tornio, Finland
This time the Luftwaffe acted aggressive and moved onto Finnish skies, as they had to protect the dive bombers. Five Soviet squadrons would learn that it was not advisable to send bombers against fighters.
No squadron was completely destroyed, but damage was significant while the Luftwaffe had received almost no damage in return.
Vaasa, Finland
With one division down and another one rapidly declining, the Soviets still stubbornly refused to give up.
The 'no retreat' policy of the Russians was much welcome this time both for Hausser and the Luftwaffe.
Amidst the narrow sea that separates Finland from Sweden, Soviet squadrons accidentally collided with a foe three times bigger. The Luftwaffe accidentally shot one entire squadron down and damaged another one.
Tornio, Finland
As the freezing climate stayed as such, bitter fighting ensued in Tornio, where Ringel could not break the stalemate.
One day later that division would be reinforced by an Infantry division; seeing that the Soviet attack in Vaasa was untenable, it was finally called off and sent troops northwards against the menace that now spelled 'Ringel'.
The Luftwaffe was not finished with the troops in Oulu yet. The divisions that attacked Vaasa saw even more suffering with yet another division in the brink of extinction.
In an attempt to gain momentum against a temporarily shocked foe, Hausser made an attempt to link up with Ringel by attacking Oulu, and in the meantime ease the work of the dive bombers.
0700 March 16th, 1945
Foreign Ministry, Berlin, Germany
"Greetings Ambassador. What can I do for your Country today?"
"Certify its annexation."
The Yunnese ambassador made von Ribbentrop aware that he was now jobless. Which would've been a terrifying issue if it weren't for the fact that the British were dangerously linking up with the Chinese.
Oulu, Finland
Hausser's attempt at a revenge was short-lived. At first the three defending divisions sustained, as usual, horrendous casualties due by the Luftwaffe.
But the divisions sort of multiplied, and from three they were now seven, full of troops to bomb out. It would take so much time to bomb them all however, that Hausser was forced to call off the attack.
"If your stockpiles allow it, I'd continue with our routine transaction, Ambassador."
It could not be said that von Ribbentrop's work was not dull at times.
As there were too many troops in Oulu, the Luftwaffe thought well to shift its attention to the less numerous Soviets under attack in Tornio.
Many more hundreds of casualties were to be added to the ever growing tally of the ever growing fearsomeness of a possibly ever growing Luftwaffe.
ongoing AARs
--"Das war ein Befehl!" A German Götterdämmerung '44 AAR--
1944 - Götterdämmerung Revised - A new 1944 scenario for AoD
trekaddict
British Unionist
Most of the pictures wont show up for me...
"My country, right or wrong; if right, to be kept right; and if wrong, to be set right." - Carl Schurz
Against all Odds: The British Empire in World War Two Last updated 12/08/18 Index - Index 2 - Index 3 - Index 4 Knowledgebase -
Inkwell Entry Visit the Dictionary!
Possibly the world's most British German as awarded by El Pip here.
Problem solved, check it again. I did forget to add the links
Enewald
Enewald Enewald Enewald
Just link the forces, then attack Sortavala and Segezha, and the pocket is ready. And maybe quickly into Leningrad.
Save us finns!
DvD-IT said:
Works now.
Enewald - No fast progress is possible until the snow melts. And even then, this mod makes life for those who like encirclement tremendously difficult, as it takes much time to perform a battle. If you want to encircle an enemy you can no longer rely on speed. You must also keep the other sectors busy with diversionary attacks, as it should be afterall.
Update to conclude March, with some interesting news.
Intelligence Department, Berlin, Germany
A brief report was on the desk of Kaltenbrunner.
"Our relations with the Soviet Union will be affected. Ah, the sarcasm. As if they could care less."
The skies above Luleå
Soviet aircraft was so kind to pay a visit again to Luftwaffe fighters.
The Soviets had offered scrap metal, German pilots offered lead in return. The Soviets got the worse part of the deal and were kindly invited to leave the Swedish area.
Ringel was making his way across Tornio, supported by the ever-present Luftwaffe.
Another entire division fell under the heavy hammer of German bombers, thus making it easy for Ringel to clear the path for his destination, even under harsh climatic conditions.
After nine days of fighting, the Soviets realized they had to march eastwards faster than the Germans could.
Finland, Strategical Situation
German estimates on the Soviet numbers were quite incorrect, and the low quantity of Spies among Soviet ranks did not help such estimates. The loss of one hundred and twenty divisions had been a hard blow for the Soviets, but not enough to force them to be outnumbered - and German commanders did warn not to be too enthusiastic.
The Soviets were still more than enough able to punch through a still inferior Wehrmacht, and Finland made no exception. Numbers showed that there were surely more than sixty Soviet divisions in Finland, and had Ringel not invaded Sweden at all, Hausser and the Finnish troops might have well succumbed just after the snow melted. This means that, in foresight, the invasion of Sweden was necessary to Finland survival, as it was allowing Ringel to link up with Hausser and save Finland from certain defeat.
Unfortunately for Ringel, he was attacking in Oulu where Winter still held his grip, while the Soviets were attacking in more favourable climatic conditions in Vaasa.
Forty-one divisions against nine was almost a safe bet, but many more Soviet troops were coming from the rearguards.
The skies above Oulu
German aircraft went on to the offensive and met an understrenght Soviet squadron which got completely annihilated after one hour of battle.
On their trip back to their bases, however, three German squadrons were intercepted by an enemy twice as big. Fortunately for the Luftwaffe, they were no match for the better equipped and trained German aircraft.
In one day, the Luftwaffe destroyed yet another Soviet division.
Even if slowly, that was a battle the Soviets would lose and at a high price. Provided that Germany could afford the oil to run her aircraft with.
Despite Ringel coming to the rescue and an ever-active Luftwaffe, the odds were just too overwhelming for the defenders of Vaasa, which were also defending in a climate that was much more hospitable for the Soviet attackers.
Three divisions were ordered to fall back, while the Garrison division surrendered to the advancing Soviets.
German troops did not despair however, as with the current rate of Soviet casualties what was lost could also be regained and at a high price for the Soviets. The attack on Oulu was now being conducted against only two Soviet divisions, as the other divisions had moved onto capturing Vaasa. Ringel was becoming a master at pulling off encirclements at the expense of his enemies, and he could now hope to end the battle of Oulu in short time.
Hoping to end the battle of Oulu in short time was not possible however, as the Soviets had reinforced Oulu with yet more divisions coming from central Finland. A Motorized division was about to succumb however; it was a grace that, while ground troops would face the harshness of climate every day, under the constant threat of being killed, the Luftwaffe could not care less if it snowed or the sun shined: enemy troops were to be bombed relentlessly with the same precision and the same ruthlessness.
Reichstag, Berlin, Germany
"So what's so important that you had to call an emergency cabinet just before the end of March, Joachim?" Martin Bormann was asked by von Ribbentrop to call an emergency cabinet along with Heinz Guderian.
"The matter is of the most extreme importance, gentlemen. I could not wait for the end of this month as the news I received are not bright at all. And there are several implications that are even worse than the event itself... but for that I ask for the opinion of someone who understands military matters more than me, that is Heinz."
"We're waiting Joachim. What happened?"
Von Ribbentrop opened a folder, extracted a map and a brief report.
"Today, five American divisions entered Tokyo. Emperor Hirohito along with his cabinet moved North, but the only thing defending what's left of Japan are two IJA divisions. There is nothing left opposing the Allies, which have an estimate of seventeen divisions and captured all of Japan up to Tokyo."
The room was filled with three people: Martin Bormann, Heinz Guderian and Joachim von Ribbentrop, who had just finished analyzing his document. The room was now silent for half a minute.
"I... am flattened. How could the Allies capture Japan with such ease?" Guderian finally broke the silence.
"This is outrageous! Japan will become an American protectorate!" continued Bormann.
"Please gentlemen, we're not here to discuss about how bleak is this news."
"You are right, Joachim, but there's little we can do it about it. The only implications are the obvious ones: with the Japanese mainland subdued, Japanese troops in China will melt like snow under the sunlight. Allied aircraft will pour on Western Europe. Allied transport fleets will cross the Atlantic up to the French or Balkan coasts. All we can do is keep our beaches safe, make a successful campaign against the Soviet Union, and hope we can revenge our Ally one day."
"If such is the situation, there's little else we can talk about and I may well declare this short emergency Cabinet over. Crying over spilled milk is just not useful. Let's get back working harder than before: we'll need it."
Tornio and Vaasa, Finland
In the meantime, other commanders had far better news. Two Soviet squadrons were almost destroyed in an aerial engagement above Tornio, and German troops counterattacked at Vaasa aiming to recapture lost territory and forcing the Soviets to abandon their thrust against mainland Finland.
As usual, another Soviet division teetered on the brink of extinction.
Speer received slightly better news. The first batch of V2 missiles had been completed. It was now to test if they were cost-effective or not.
Not all of them would be used immediately, however.
The skies above Aachen
The Luftwaffe could spare some Fighter squadrons for the defense of Western Europe, and most importantly, Germany. After the failure of Operation Overlord, Allied bombings on German industrial cities became rare, but at this period of the year started intensifying again, and Germany could not allow its precious industry to be damaged.
Above Aachen, three Fighter and Interceptor squadrons intercepted a scary number of British Strategical bombers with escorts attached to them. German aircraft was superior luckily, and while numbers did not allow for much damage to be done, some of the British squadrons did suffer significant damage anyways.
The effects on the German counterattack at Vaasa started to show, as Soviet troops hastily pulled back to defend the position, bringing the number of divisions from two to seven in less than one day.
Having fewer Soviet troops spread over Oulu and Vaasa was actually better for the Luftwaffe, which was in turn less exposed to concentrate AA firepower.
"What is it that we're here once again, Joachim? What else could have happened in so few days?"
"It's just one of those 'implications' of the fall of Tokyo, Martin. Not a light one, though."
Mengkukuo had been annexed by, of all things, a British division roaming through thousands of miles of wasteland. This told much about the Japanese ability to wage war in 1945.
The skies above Northeast Gulf of Bothnia
It seemed that for each bad news, the Lufwaffe had something to answer with. And this was true again, as while German fighters were flying to Finland, two unfortunate Soviet bomber squadrons stumbled upon them.
One was completely destroyed to debris, and the other one barely stood the tragic confrontation alive.
Climatic conditions did not seem to get any better in Finland despite the end of March, and Ringel was still forced to fight with the only advantage of air superiority.
Air superiority was fundamental though, as he was now facing only six divisions, some of which showed signs of peril too.
Over the course of a day, two more divisions filled the ranks of the Soviet defenders in Oulu, but this did not prevent the Luftwaffe from running its routine Ground Attack mission. This time an Armored division was paying the highest toll.
Soviet recruitment centers should've been really busy.
SouthCarolinian
Captain 10th S.C.
you're making excellent headway against the soviets! too bad about Japan though, they will be gone soon enough.
Something somethng somethng evil is going to happen to the japs... and to the soviets in finland.
unmerged(34917)
The Luftwaffe is the best!! But look out that you rest and refit them on time. Too bad about Japan, though
SouthCarolinian - Thanks. Japan is a walking zombie.
Enewald - Hopefully what's going to happen to the Soviets will be scarier.
BoemsiBoemsie - I am quite surprised by the effects of my airforce. Mods with prolonged battles really make CAS and Tactical Bombers much more worth them as battle-swinging factors. You're right about rest and refitting, I'm already doing something about it.
Now for something different: I have played till May 1st. Towards the end of April, something happens that is quite unrealistic and too much good for me. At that point I will ask you what course shall I take.
Cabinet update for now.
Cabinet Meeting April 1945
0000 April 1st 1945
Reichstag Building, Berlin, Germany
"Welcome again, gentlemen. Julius is not here as he's busy commanding his troops against the Soviets in Oulu, Finland. But as we need an Army report, Heinz is first today."
"Good day to you all. What we have this month is a delicate month, full of new aspects."
"This is how Europe stands as of April 1st. It doesn't look like much of a change from the last three months, except for Sweden, which is now in our hands, and some parts of Finland. We'll have to look closer at it however."
"Snow has started to thaw out in southern Finland, allowing the Soviets to attack the much weaker Heeresgruppe Finland, protecting what's left of our Ally. This has forced us to anticipate our Summer plans: Ringel needs to link up with Hausser's Heeresgruppe Finland by attacking those Soviet forces which are now attacking Hausser. This is why we decided to attack Oulu even before Spring sets, because if we waited there would've been chance that Finland would've disappeared under the belt of Soviet forces. In hindsight, the choice of invading Sweden has been an excellent one, as it allowed us to carry more than forty divisions right at the doorstep of Soviet-occupied Finland."
"Here we have a few good news. Just yesterday snow thawed out in Oulu too; this means our attack will proceed a lot faster than it did up to now. Should we succeed in capturing Oulu, we'll have linked our forces with Hausser, and we'll be able to push through all of Finland at once.
Since the start of this hurried operation - that is, a few days after the capitulation of Sweden - we have taken only very light casualties, while we have been able to destroy around seven Soviet divisions, and more are perishing under the bombs of the Luftwaffe. May I say however, and this is something Speer will have a word about, that it is imperative, now more than ever, that we protect our aerial assets and that we acquire as much Oil as possible. As our stockpiles are now, we can let all our planes drop off for just seven days."
"I have concluded a report about our ground Armed Forces status, and that of our allies. At the dawn of this greatly anticipated offensive against the Soviets, we have three hundred divisions, many being lent by our allies. Japan still has a fairly good Army, with shortly less than 150 divisions, but most of it is in China and it won't do nothing if they haven't got anything left to defend their Japanese mainland with.
As things stand now, I think that even if Japan is to fall this month, we're more than well prepared to face the Soviet Union again. We did not expect to start attacking them so fast, but their attack against Heeresgruppe Finland more or less forced us to. My main advice is to let our other Heeresgruppen stay on defense and let the hard blow fall on Finland up to Leningrad. And acquire as much Oil as possible. Without it, we're sitting ducks. That's all from me."
"Thank you Heinz. That's good news to hear about Finland. Let's hope that now that snow is thawing out we can come to a fast conclusion of the battle of Oulu. Ernst, intelligence."
"Thanks Martin. I have some news to bring to you, mainly because we've been able over the last month to increase our espionage budget a bit."
"Last month we had 4 spies in the USA, now we have 5, which provide for a slightly more correct report. Their ever-growing industry has reached a new high, mainly because of the conquest of Japan. Last report showed numbers such as 88 infantry divisions, while today we have 113, while the number of armored divisions is almost the same. Airforce numbers also stay the same, that is, incorrect the same way.
Our spies tell they have 13 Battleships, which may be true, while their Carriers number dropped from 16 to 9, which might be a more reliable number."
Ground and Air forces for Great Britain are almost the same even if we have two more spies among their ranks. Only the numbers about their Navy are a bit different: eight Battleships instead of last month's fourteen, seven carriers instead of four. Their Industrial Capacity is almost the same. I hope our V2 production is going to alter this a bit, even if not forever."
"We have four spies in the Soviet Union, whereas in the last month we just had two. Numbers about their Ground Forces should be more correct now, even if not perfect. Their infantry divisions show a reasonable number of 368, compared to last month's 217. They also seem to have sixty-one armored divisions, but I think that's a bit too high of a number. If these estimates prove to be correct, we are facing an enemy that outnumbers us only slightly in the battlefield. Their Industrial Capacity is almost the same as last month."
"Our research is progressing fairly well, with an Advanced Electronic Computer device coming up from Konrad Zuse; a new Tank design should also come up before Summer hopefully. Next goes an Improved Hospital System being devised by von Manstein, then Heisenberg's Nuclear Fuel Analysis, and finally I.G. Farben's work on Synthetic Oil Plant, which should lead to an improvement to our Industry Efficiency - and only marginally to our Oil problem. I'm finished."
"Albert."
"Quite a few news to announce here. Our Industrial Capacity has seen a minor setback due to recent Allied bombings, but there's little we can do about them as they're just too many for us to counter them in a harmless way for our Fighters. So we'll let it go until we have subdued the Soviet Union, I think. Anyways, our production is going nicely, with the first three V2s completed and ready to select their target in Cherbourg. Stockpiles are fairly good except for Oil as usual, which at the current rate we're using it we have enough for only nine days. Manpower should not be an issue, with more than a thousand men being raised daily and nearly three hundred thousand currently not being used.
There is some news about our current Production however. Me and Martin have talked about this for a long time, and now we have come to a conclusion."
"We have decided to start work on a Nuclear Reactor. If we can allocate all our spare capacity without interferences, work on our first, small Nuclear Reactor will be completed August 26th. Reasons behind this decisions are many: first, the need to bridge the gap between us and the Allies; second, we believe that this field of research may yield great and many innovations, as our Nuclear physicists tell us; third, we may always put this work to a halt shall the need of diverting production to other sectors arise."
"I do believe indeed this field of research will lead to something never seen before. As we've been the first to learn the secrets of Rocketry, and it has greatly enhanced our Airforce, we'll want to learn about the secrets held by a Nuclear reactor. Ernst, you are last. I assume you don't bring good news."
"I don't, Martin. April will probably be the last month in which we can talk about Japan.."
"Naval losses have been somewhat light, with all the IJN already decimated. They could do worse however, and they did, by losing the IJN Shinano, yet another Carrier, and the glorious battleship IJN Yamato. That's a shameful end for the IJN, the Yamato being the last of the great Japanese ships being sunk. Was it just for the Naval issue, however, we'd be talking about good news. But it's not."
"Hirohito and his Cabinet fled Japan and set their new Capital in Busan, Korea. Their hurried escape will probably last some days, as Korea itself is completely devoid of troops. But so is Japan, as you'll see shortly."
"American troops have occupied all of mainland Japan, and are in the process of attacking what's left of the IJA in Japan: that is three divisions in total."
"Only China shows the slowest Allied progress, but with the downfall of their mainland chance is that the Japanese government will seek peace under the terms of unconditional surrender very soon. Alas, I have little more to add."
"The consequences of Japan subdued are quite scary, if you ask me" Heinz Guderian intervened "but, to put it bluntly, the only thing to fear if we lose Japan is our Western European beaches and nothing else. We may even see tensions arise between the United States and the Soviet Union. Roosevelt is an aging man and his demise might alter the balance between the two superpowers. Also, the death of Japan leaves a hole in the balance of power in Asia. Who's going to control Korea? Will the Nationalists and Communists in China remain peaceful? I doubt so. Will the Soviet Union avenge his rights over mainland Japan or Korea? I think that, ultimately, the fall of Japan is going to cause the Soviet Union and the United States more than a headache."
"That might be, but we still lose our most valuable Ally and we'll be forced to fight against the entire world alone. Gentlemen, we must avenge them one day."
Ja! Avengieren, ja ja!
But anyways, poor japs.
Enewald - [sarcasm] On the positive side, I will inherit their glorious fleets! [/sarcasm]
Update. The update after this one covers a matter I will need your decision upon.
Tampere, Finland
Seeing that Finland was the primary target for Ringel and Hausser's offensive against the Soviet Union, seventeen Luftwaffe squadrons had been ordered to rebase to Tampere after a long period of rest in Warsaw.
They would see action almost immediately. At this point, Air Superiority had to be uncontested.
Now that the Soviets defenses were no longer covered in snow, morale and organization of the eight Soviet divisions began to crumble fast.
Hordes of Luftwaffe bombers would invade the skies of Finland once again in April 1st. Air General Bülowius targeted Vaasa first, and then Oulu, whose divisions had been brought to ten.
Bülowius had thirteen squadrons against less than ten thousand men. That is to say, almost one thousand and three hundred Tactical bombers and Close Air Support against ten thousand soldiers. There was one bomber per thirteen.
As April 2nd approached night, one Soviet armored division was about to cease to exist, while the other nine suffered a great amount of damage.
1700 APril 3rd 1945
The skies above Vaasa
Control of the skies remained uncontested, with a great number of Luftwaffe fighters flooding the skies of Finland. This time, however, damage to Soviet fighters and bombers would be quite light, but something would happen that would eradicate Soviet air presence in Finland totally.
For now, they were content with bringing one Soviet bomber squadron down.
2100 April 4th 1945
Vaasa and Oulu, Finland
While the attack on Vaasa progressed nicely, Soviet troops had flooded in Oulu, menacing to stop Ringel's advance. While many of such Soviet divisions suffered horrendous casualties, many more were high on morale and equipment, while Ringel's troops started to tire.
Ringel started to consider calling off the attack, even if temporarily, to give respite to him and to Luftwaffe bombers.
Foreign Ministry, Berlin
Von Ribbentrop would seek another partner.
Romania simply had all its Oil stockpiles traded with Germany and it would take time before the Oil fields of Ploesti would replenish Romania's depots to a satisfying level. But Germany was in dire need of Oil, and von Ribbentrop was forced to strike a deal with Bulgaria, which had a small Oil reserve.
After many days of bitter fighting, Vaasa was finally liberated by Finnish and German troops.
Three of the Soviet divisions liked Finland so much they wanted to retreat in the interior, instead of pulling back to Oulu. Finnish troops would await their arrival eagerly.
Bülowius encountered six Soviet fighter squadrons in the skies of Oulu that, while not very organized, caught several German bomber squadrons and inflicted moderate casualties before being forced to leave.
It could not be avoided that, sometimes, even escorted bombers would suffer casualties.
Three Soviet divisions took the happy decision of retreating just among Finnish troops.
Gratitude from German and Finnish divisions was shown with several thousands of bullets. The Soviets eventually surrendered nine hours after.
1300 April 10th 1945
Soviet forces grew desperate and threw their last reserves in Oulu, in a last effort to try and stop Ringel.
They were quite successful at that, as even Ringel's divisions were too much tired to continue fighting. They could have continued fighting, but it was preferred that the attack be ceased for the moment.
On April 10th, Ringel called off the attack which lasted for twenty days exactly. The main reason behind this decision was to regroup and to let the Soviets attack the weaker German defenses in Finland, so to leave their flank exposed to a renewed attack from Ringel's forces.
Ringel's prediction proved to be correct: only five hours after the cessation of the attack, twenty understrenght Soviet divisions launched an attack on the far weaker Finnish soil of Seinäjoki. Now Ringel would retaliate.
Two days after, Ringel led thirty-three of his divisions against twenty-seven Soviet divisions. Mysteriously enough, the Soviet commander made the choice of pulling some of his most organized divisions out of combat. Just two days after, a Soviet Armored division and an Infantry division retreated East, leaving Ringel with forty-one divisions against a desperate defense consisting of twenty-five divisions that could barely man a gun and fight.
Washington D.C., United States of America
It was announced to the world that the President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, had just deceased.
To the Americans he was the man of the New Deal, the man of the Great Depression, the man of Pearl Harbour. To Germany it made little difference if it was Roosevelt or Truman: the US would be Germany's enemies until the demise of either the Axis or the Allies.
The skies above Finland
Bülowius was flying his usual bombing run against the decimated Soviet troops in Oulu, whose number now hardly reached two hundred thousands.
The Soviet Air Force desperately tried to keep Bülowius to the ground, but their efforts were useless.
"Sorry to call a meeting this early gentlemen, but the reason for doing it is grave." von Ribbentrop had received a disturbing report on his desk and he had to inform the cabinet.
"Did Japan surrender already?" asked Bormann
"Not yet Martin, but I think we're very close to."
"Siam just surrendered to the Allies and became neutral. The Japanese lost their last puppet and I don't think it will be long before I receive a report from our Japanese envoys carrying news about a possible Japanese formal surrender. It will be just days from now, I think."
"That's the end of Japan for sure. So Siam is neutral, I see?"
"Yes it is. The Allies have kindly decided to let Siam rebuild by letting it stay out of any conflict for the moment. Not that it would make much a difference to us, but it is still a striking news nonetheless. It was expected, but not that early."
"Well, indeed it was expected, and there's little we can do about it. Gentlemen, let's go back doing what we were doing up to half a hour ago. Siam is lost and Japan too. We will not."
Far more pleasing news reached Ringel's tent. The renewed attack shattered Soviet resistance in Oulu.
The trail of fresh Soviet divisions had been brought to an end: there were no more reserve troops for the Soviets to help their defenders with, and now Ringel and the Luftwaffe were left with paper divisions to fight with.
Speer did not travel much beyond the Reichstag. Much of his work was there.
He now had to certify that three of the commissioned V2 had been released from Germany's industry. He gave word to Mj. General Rudel, commanding the 2nd V2. Division in Cherbourg, to strike East England with two V2 divisions, while the last three V2 divisions would be deployed in France awaiting reorganization.
The attack was successful with Norwich's industry and material production razed to the ground for the time being. Counting that Germany had spent eight of her industrial complexes for twenty-seven days to build two V2 divisions, and that the UK would lose an average of five industrial complexes every twenty-seven days, such devices were not really cost-effective. The production queue would still be maintained however, as they could still prove useful some way.
Vergeltungswaffen I think are not that good, but I enjoy throwing them into England.
Lawl, odd to see that my Fatherland is a battlefield.
Enewald - Tsk, you call that a battlefield. What will it be when Marine divisions will march in London?
Now, there's something important here. This is the last update till at least 5 people vote for a decision I am going to tell you as soon as you finish reading this update. Before spoiling anything, I will post the update first and then explain what you shall vote upon.


text:
September 20, 2018 October 3, 2018 kheffrin
A Review of A Quick & Easy Guide to They/Them Pronouns by Archie Bongiovanni & Tristan Jimerson
". . . we're trying to create an environment where all are welcome in our lives and spaces . . . and this will eventually become the norm." — from A Quick & Easy Guide to They/Them Pronouns by Archie Bongiovanni & Tristan Jimerson
Recently, I saw a job description that used the masculine pronoun and then noted at the end of the text: "N.B. The masculine is used only to lighten the text."
Language is changing every day. As editors and authors, we have the responsibility to pay attention and keep up with these changes. When editing non-fiction, one of the jobs of the editor is to advocate for gender-neutral language.
Gender neutral pronouns are not something new, yet, for some, the practice of using them in our everyday lives and writing is still a hurdle. Why? This is a loaded question. But perhaps one of the reasons is because we forget the power of a pronoun.
A Quick & Easy Guide to They/Them Pronouns reinforces the importance of using gender-neutral pronouns and lays out a plan of action in comic book form. It is a great resource for everyone and an asset to every workplace. As the title says, the guide is quick to read and easy to understand with simple charts, scripts, and examples to follow.
If you are still having trouble writing with gender-neutral pronouns after reading this book, then please rewrite the sentence to avoid pronouns all together because, as authors Archie and Tristan say, "nothing is a cool as being an empathetic and respectful person."
Here is another worthy source to have handy when choosing which gender-neutral pronoun to use.
A Quick & Easy Guide to They/Them Pronouns by Archie Bongiovanni & Tristan Jimerson
Tagged A Quick & Easy Guide to They/Them Pronouns, authors, book review, editing, editing books, featured, gender-neutral, gender-neutral pronouns, nonfiction, pronouns, They/Them Pronouns, writingLeave a comment
September 12, 2018 September 14, 2018 kheffrin
Copyright protects original works in fixed form — that is, copyright protects the expression of an idea, but not the idea itself. Copyright applies to all original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works.
However, copyright does not last forever. Authors, editors, and publishers should have a thorough knowledge of the copyright laws of their country of origin.
If you decide to incorporate into your book a published or unpublished work or piece of work that is not your own, you must get written permission from the rights holder (the author or publisher) of that work — unless the work or piece of work is in the public domain. It would also be worthwhile to understand the concept of fair dealing (Canada) or fair use (United States). If you are interested in sharing your work with the public on conditions of your choice rather than reserving all rights under copyright law, you might consider using Creative Commons licenses.
Here is a short summary of the copyright laws in Canada and the United States gathered from their respective legislation:
Copyright in Canada
Unlike many other countries, in Canada, creators do not have to register their work. As soon as an original work is in a fixed format, it is protected by Canada's federal parliament. The Copyright Act gives the creator the sole right to prohibit or authorize the production or reproduction of a work, or substantial part of it, in any form.
The duration of copyright in Canada is the life of the author plus 50 years after the author's death. However, exceptions include:
Multiple authors: the duration of copyright is from the life of the author who dies last plus 50 years after the author who dies last.
Posthumous works, anonymous works, and movies: the duration of copyright is 50 years from the end of the calendar year of first publication, or 75 years from the end of the calendar year of the making of the work.
Works published, performed or communicated to the public by telecommunication 50 years immediately before this section (7) of the Act: the remainder of the calendar year in which this section (7) of the Act comes into force and for a period of 50 years following the end of that calendar year, whether or not the work is published or performed in public or communicated to the public by telecommunication after the coming into force of this section (7) of the Act.
Works published, performed or communicated to the public by telecommunication more than 50 years before this section (7) of Act: the remainder of the calendar year in which this section (7) of the Act comes into force and for a period of five years following the end of that calendar year, whether or not the work is published or performed in public or communicated to the public by telecommunication after the coming into force of this section (7) of the Act.
For more information on the copyright in Canada, click here.
Copyright in the United States
In the United States, the duration of copyright is 70 years after the death of the author for any works created and fixed in a tangible medium after or on January 1, 1978. However, exceptions include:
Multiple authors: the duration of copyright lasts for 70 years after the last surviving author's death.
Works made for hire and anonymous and pseudonymous works: the duration of copyright is 95 years from first publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter (unless the author's identity is later revealed in Copyright Office records, in which case the term becomes the author's life plus 70 years).
Works already protected by January 1, 1978: the 1909 Act and 1976 Act allowed for renewal of copyright when the first term was up (With renewal, this meant a total of 56 years from registration under the 1909 Act, and total of 67 years from registration under the 1976 Act). Therefore, the maximum duration of copyright is 95 years (a first term of 28 years plus a renewal term of 67 years). Applying these standards, all works published in the United States before January 1, 1923, are in the public domain.
Works originally copyrighted after 1922 and renewed before 1978: all of these works have an extended copyright term of 95 years (a first term of 28 years plus a renewal term of 67 years) from the end of the year in which they were originally secured copyright. Works originally copyrighted between January 1, 1950, and December 31, 1963. Copyrights in their first 28-year term on January 1, 1978, still had to be renewed to be protected for the second term. If a valid renewal registration was made at the proper time, the second term will last for 67 years.
For more information on copyright laws in the United States, click here.
Copyright in Other Countries
According to the Legislative Summary of Bill C-1, the Copyright Act of Canada is not enforceable outside Canada's borders. However, the summary states that international conventions and treaties expand the rights of Canadian creators to the territories of other member countries and include enforceable penalties for copyright infringement.
To see the list of these international treaties, click here.
Tagged Author, books, canada, copyright, copyright act, copyright laws, creative commons, editing, fair dealing, fair use, international, novels, USA, writingLeave a comment


" An Evening of Light Classical Music"
We are currently looking for string players and brass players & a bassoonist but if you play something else, please let us know.
You can get in touch on the 'Contact Us' page.
at St Thomas & St Andrew Church, Doxey, Stafford, Staffordshire. ST16 1EQ.


This is the Hokkien Mee from that stall in Food Republic Wisma Atria that people goes crazy about - since its opening last year, there's always like a, gazillion people queueing up for these noodles. I didn't get the chance to try it last year because the queue was too long - not to mention that I've been scouting for seat in the foodcourt for like 30 minutes without success. The place was just too jam-packed.
One year later, I finally get to taste this coveted Hokkien mee...(and that's because I went there at 3.00pm, where most food courts are usually empty by that time). I'm a little dissapointed! the noodle wasn't such a big deal after all! Even random hokkien mee seller in Jakarta is better! The noodle was not so tasty, and you can't taste the zhu you zha (those fried lard bits). However, the chilli sauce wasn't bad.


Leftovers make a quick and tasty meal or snack. But to keep you or your family safe, you need to store and reheat leftovers properly. Download the Infographic.
Observe the 2-hour rule. Throw out any perishable foods (foods that must be refrigerated or frozen) left at room temperature longer than 2 hours total. In hot weather, reduce this time to 1 hour.
To cool foods more quickly, use shallow containers (3 inches tall or less) when refrigerating or freezing foods.
Keep your refrigerator at 40°F or below and your freezer at or below 0°F.
Label leftovers with the date you prepared them and food name.
Never taste leftovers that you wonder about their age or safety.
Never keep leftovers in the refrigerator for more than 3-4 days. Freeze leftovers that you don't eat within this time.
Reheating leftovers. You can reheat leftovers in the microwave, on the stovetop, or in the oven. Just make sure you reheat them to 165°F. Always use a food thermometer to check the internal temperature of your food.
Deli, vacuum-packed, and home-prepared salads (egg, chicken, tuna, ham or macaroni salads) 3-5 days These products do not freeze well.
*These storage times are for opened jars or homemade baby food. Follow the "use-by" date for shelf storage of unopened jars.


Abuse or negligence in nursing homes is a problem that happens all across Illinois. Abuse can happen in a variety of ways and can often go undetected for weeks or months at a time. Skilled Bloomington injury lawyers that specialize in elder abuse can hold responsible individuals and the nursing home accountable for their negligent actions in a court of law.
According to records at City Hall, at 109 East Olive St., the city of Bloomington, Illinois is a charming thriving community that is rising in population. Combined with neighboring Normal, Illinois, there are roughly 130,000 residents. The increase in population is happening across all age groups, especially the elderly, and those fast approaching their retirement years. Because of that, there is a rising sign of neglect in nursing homes on the elderly patients that are there to receive respect and care in their final years.
Visible, and not so visible, signs of abuse are often the result of negligence in the nursing home. These can include decubitus ulcers (bedsores) bad hygiene, malnutrition, dehydration, falls, signs of strangulation along with unexplained fractures, marks and injuries caused by restraint.
When physical abuse is involved, it is often the action, or inaction, provided by the primary caregiver. This could be a doctor, nurse, or nursing home attendant. Their actions may cause deliberate harm; such is not feeding the patient. Not every sign of abuse is a result of inadequate care. The patient may be the victim of inappropriate sexual contact, sexual assault, abandonment, starvation or beating.
Bloomington injury lawyers often file civil lawsuits on behalf of elderly victims, based on medical malpractice at a nursing home facility. This is because the nursing home along with the medical team provided substandard medical attention and care, improper diagnoses, or inadequate supervision over the medical staff. In fact, the experienced elderly abuse attorneys will investigate every aspect of the claim to determine all responsible parties, and hold them financially accountable in civil court.
Many times, elderly patients in nursing homes that are being abused or neglected remain quiet for a variety of reasons. Their silence may be the result of being threatened with retaliation by someone on the medical staff, or the belief that innocent caregivers will be held accountable along with the responsible parties.
Because of that, it is important that families of the elderly nursing home patients look for emotional signs of abuse when their loved one has become disturbed, reclusive, or obviously depressed. This is crucial because persistent neglect in a nursing home can quickly lead to emotional trauma, physical injury, and many times, death. It is important to bring attention to even the slightest indication of any type of abuse or neglect of the loved one in the nursing home.
Any family that places a loved one a nursing home has a reasonable expectation of receiving standard medical care and respect. Sometimes, nursing homes are responsible for the abuse when they failed to provide adequate background checks on every hired employee that provides care for the patients. Without proper vetting, doctors, nurses and nursing assistants with criminal activity records or drug abuse histories are hired into the elderly care system.
In addition, the nursing facility might be improperly staffed, where each member of the team is overburdened when performing his or her duties. This can quickly lead to all types of neglect because the employee simply does not have enough time to provide adequate patient medical care and assistance. As a result, the patient becomes a victim when the nursing home breaches its standard duty of care that requires following traditional medical practices including patient skin care, toileting, feeding, and providing medical treatments.
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