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Vera Institute of Justice | Closing the schoolhouse door to the…
Think Justice Blog / It Takes a Village September 07, 2016
Closing the schoolhouse door to the juvenile justice system
Erin Dostal Kuller
Schools can be a critical diversion point for young people at risk of entering the juvenile justice system, as detailed in Vera's recent report on diversion strategies for youth. Exclusionary school disciplinary practices, such as suspensions or expulsions, make it significantly more likely that young people will be arrested in future years. Schools, in many ways, are a front door into the justice system—one that, with creative thinking and collaboration, could be closed.
Jacqui Greene, a senior project associate at the National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice (NCMHJJ), says that creating the right resources, assembling the right teams, and developing actionable policies are key to successful diversion strategies. NCMHJJ provides technical assistance to jurisdictions across the country to help schools properly identify and help young people with behavioral health problems.
Greene says the biggest issue schools often face is a lack of resources to identify behavioral health problems as the root cause to some kids' "acting out." In those cases, the challenge becomes getting young people the clinical services they need. Often, youth are suspended or expelled not for any criminal behavior, but rather for disorderly conduct or something similar—very low-level problems, she says.
It's not that the school is to blame, Greene adds. "We don't have an expectation that schools are going to be resourced in a way to do strong identification diagnosis and services," she said. "What we really do is work with folks to build a collaborative team."
Greene's work is important because there are clear-cut connections among behavioral health problems, exclusionary discipline in schools, and juvenile justice involvement. According to NCMHJJ, 60 percent of kids in the juvenile justice system have been diagnosed with a mental health illness or substance use disorder. Perhaps most strikingly, "about 90 percent of kids involved in the juvenile justice system have had at least some kind of traumatic event exposure," Greene said, which is much higher than the population at large. Therefore, strategies aimed at diversion should take these facts into consideration, and be responsive to young people's lived experiences.
To tackle these problems, schools and their partners need to think of pragmatic solutions. "It's really about assembling the right collaborative team, so you have the school, law enforcement, service providers, and families at the table," Greene said. "We encourage them to [identify solutions] in a very intentional way where they're actually creating policies and procedures." This allows the diversion strategy to live beyond any single person or group, and become fully institutionalized.
Karli Keator, division director for juvenile justice at Policy Research Associates (PRA), which operates NCMHJJ and other resource centers, says that having buy-in on diversion strategies in schools and clear procedures are vital to success, but so is ensuring that good social and community-based services are there to help. "You have to have appropriate services to divert to," she said. Too often, a strategy will identify only one service provider, which may not be well-suited for the diverse behavioral health problems encompassed within a jurisdiction or school district.
"We like to think of this work as ideally outside the justice system," Greene said. "We encourage people not to arrest these kids at all.
Supporting Kids and Young Adults
It Takes a Village blog series expands upon the It Takes a Village: Diversion Resources for Police and Families report, further exploring how diversion benefits police, schools, families, and young people themselves.
Diversion Resources for Police and Families
Police frequently encounter youth running away from home, violating curfew, skipping school, and chronically disobeying adults—misbehaviors that can often stem from family conflict and that do not require justice involvement. When alternatives are not available, however, these behaviors can lead to arrests or detention. Families dealing with diffic ...
Karen Tamis, Cymone Fuller
Series: It Takes a Village
How police benefit from diversion strategies
Vera's recent report, It Takes a Village: Diversion Resources for Police and Families, details how diversion programs provide families and communities resources to keep young people safe, on track, and out of the criminal justice system. But young people aren't the only ones who benefit from diversion strategies. Police officers experience benefits ...
Collaboration is key to keeping kids out of the juvenile justice system
15-year-old J.B. is involved in a minor scuffle at a park. Instead of arresting him, police call a local crisis response program to address the behavior. J.B. receives counseling and is enrolled in an action plan to improve his grades, joins an ROTC program, and begins working student concessions at basketball games. His academic and extracurricula ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BINGETOKYO CIRCUIT BATTLE 3 is back at NCM Motorsports Park for our 3rd annual Time Attack / HPDE event !
Join 32 of the fastest drivers in America as they fight for the fastest time, bragging rights, and cash! For 2019 we are announcing Unlimited Class (No Rules) & Street Class (200TW). Who will topple the reigning 2:04:3?
11th year in Atlanta and we are expecting a huge turnout. As usual the Atlanta Motor Speedway will host the event, and this year will be better than ever. Last year's Spring Meet was the largest ImportAlliance event ever. We had almost 9000 cars and twice that many people in attendance. This year we are working hard to make it even better.
Riverside Spring Meet is a unique automotive event held every Spring in downtown Chattanooga, TN. Our show is not a competition, but rather a place where enthusiasts are able to come together and enjoy the best vehicles from all over the Southeast, along with first class vendors and local food trucks. Riverside Spring Meet 4 will be held at First Tennessee Pavilionon March 9, 2019.
The ultimate USA time attack challenge at the Circuit of Americas in Austin, Texas. FREE ADMISSION for Spectators.
February 16-17, 2019 is the first step in creating a major international time attack challenge. Where the best from Australia, Asia, and Europe come to battle the best of North and South America!
The best time attack teams competing for fastest lap times.
Coming to COTA Feb 16-17, 2019. Super Lap Battle USA. The ultimate time attack challenge. Featuring Lone Star Drift demo, Rally Ready demo, World Challenge TC America Open Test, and Car Show. Don't miss it. First Year Free Admission! Fun for the whole family, free to get in!


Every year in August, on a day locally called War Kaung, we celebrate the annual wrist tying ceremony in Myanmar. This is a celebration on the day of the full moon, as many of our traditional festivals are, in the fifth month of the Buddhist Burmese calendar, and meant to be a day of loving, kindness, friendship and forgiveness.
It is a very special festival for all Kayin people, an ethnic group which lives mostly in the south and southeastern part of our country, and is a celebration rooted in animistic beliefs. During this festival, young people receive white wrist ties from their elders, which is believed to drive away all obstacles and evil spirits they may face, and bring good luck, health and strength to their body and soul.
"This year, I will go to the Kyauk Ka Latt pagoda with my granddaughter Lay Pyay. She will receive blessings and get her wrist tie. It is meant to protect her from harm and bad luck and ensure to bring back all good luck." Daw Aye One, member of the sponsorship supported Early Learners committee in her community and grandmother of 4-year-old Lay Pyay, tells us. In her role as a committee member, Daw Aye One helps raise awareness in her community about the importance of early education for children Lay Pyay's age, encouraging them to send their own children and grandchildren to classes. She also helps oversee the classroom, assisting teachers and making sure the environment is clean and safe for the young students.
4-year-old Lay Pyay and her grandmother, Daw Aye One.
On the day of the festival, everyone in the community wore their best colorful, uniquely patterned traditional costumes and woven longyi, a type of cylindrically shaped clothe worn around the waist in Myanmar. "It is the time everyone comes back home. But my daughter is not coming back from the Thailand border this year," Daw Aye One says sadly. In Hpa An, it is very common for parents to travel to nearby Thailand in search of work, and stay for long periods of time, leaving young children and homes in the care of elderly grandparents in order to send money home from time to time. Lay Pyay's mother has supported her family in this way by working at a factory over the Thailand border for nearly the past 10 years. Both she and her husband return to the village just once or twice a year to see their family.
"We need to put a new roof on and rebuild some parts of our house to prevent this year's rains, so she needs to earn a lot of money. She promised that she will be back for Lay Pyay's birthday, which is after 3 months." she says hopefully.
The annual ceremony starts with lively local music and dance. An elderly couple leads this ceremony and starts by chanting prayers and calling upon the guardian spirits to bless the younger generation.
Seven materials – a glass of clean water, white thread, rice balls, sticky rice, bananas, paw wee flowers and sugarcane are essential for this event. Each one of these materials symbolizes a value, for instance paw wee flowers, which locally grow in any season, even in bad weather, are a symbol for the ability of the community to settle and grow in any place, and the strength and harmony of living together in a multicultural village such as this.
Preparing to feast at the annual wrist tying ceremony.
After the prayers, elder village and family members like grandparents recite the blessings while the seven ingredients are placed on top of the participants' hands, while tying the piece of white string around the wrist and wishing them good luck and spiritual strength.
People of other ethnic backgrounds like Pa'o, Mon and Bamar also enjoy this festival with the Kayin peoples. "I am Pa'O and I am proud to celebrate this special ceremony of Kayin people. You can see people from different ethnicities coming together and giving best wishes to each other. A beautiful tradition to be part of." Daw Aye One says.
How do you celebrate special occasions with your family? Is it similar to the wrist tying ceremony in Myanmar in some ways? Consider sharing a family tradition with your sponsored child in your next letter!


Find support on the journey with a brain tumour through the topics below. You can read the details, bookmark the page, and/or download pdfs of each Support Tool and Words of Wisdom to shared with others.
The Support Tools are compiled by the Support Services team. You'll also find Words of Wisdom that are focused on sharing the insight and wisdom of those who have experienced the journey with a brain tumour. Please note that these tools are provided for information only and any questions should be directed to your doctor.
Hope on the Brain Tumour Journey - Is it possible?
Your Sibling has a Brain Tumour, Now What?
Compiled from the words of patients, survivors, family and friends, 'Words of Wisdom' offers insight and support to anyone on the journey with a brain tumour.
Words of Wisdom: Who Inspires you and why?
Words of Wisdom: What Do You Wish Others Knew?


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Climate Project
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Carbon Taxes: Would They Work?
Photo by Sam Jotham Sutharson on Unsplash
The fact that human-induced emissions have largely contributed to climate change, is overwhelmingly endorsed by researchers and scientists. This has led countries to introduce and implement stringent environmental regulations and taxes. The ever-present emissions of greenhouse gases are expanding planetary temperature graphs, thawing glaciers and permafrost, changing atmospheric circulations and precipitation patterns, increasing sea-levels, washing out coral reefs, and affecting flora and fauna biodiversity in terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems.
These changes in environmental processes are responsible for the collateral damage of the infrastructure, the agricultural productivity, and the economy. However, these socio-economic costs are not considered in the prices for energy commodities. Thus, legislations like the carbon dividend act are the blueprint to mitigate the looming climate crisis. Carbon pricing provides strong market incentives for emission reductions and alternative energy resources.
What is a Carbon Tax?
Carbon Pricing reflects the environmental cost of the burned carbon. Carbon is the fundamental component of every substance on earth and it is most abundantly released in the atmosphere as CO2.
The carbon tax was introduced as a fee that was imposed by the government on carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion or any other energy-related emissions, proposed in The Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act. It was introduced in the House on November 27, 2018, as H.R. 7173.
The energy-related carbon emissions have a share of about 76.1% of total U.S. Greenhouse gas emissions in 2017.
The carbon tax is the prototypical example of a "Pigouvian tax"; a tax that businesses or individuals pay for the mitigation of all the externalities due to carbon emissions. Carbon tax internalizes the cost of environmental damage. It ensures that the full cost (including the external cost to the environment) is being paid by the responsible consumers and companies. Putting a price on emissions;
Discourages the unconscious use of fossil fuels by the carbon-intensive industrial units, businesses, and households; making them a luxury,
Increases the prices of the gasoline and ultimately electricity; thus, fueling the economic growth towards the low-carbon or clean alternatives to avoid the heavy taxes;
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the stabilization of the climate.
It is also applicable to carbon-intensive imported goods. Carbon tax generates the federal revenue that is rebated back to the taxpayers.
Carbon Chemistry & Carbon Tax
The combustion of fossil fuels generates carbon that is oxidized into CO2. The carbon chemistry is simple. The amount of carbon dioxide released is equivalent to the carbon content of the fuel. Coal is the most carbon-intensive of all. For the same amount of energy, coal (Anthracite) releases about 230 million Btu's of carbon dioxide compared to 160 million Btu's of gasoline and 120 million Btu's of natural gas.
Thus, a heavy tax is levied on gasoline as compared to natural gas. This increases the gasoline and subsequently the energy prices. According to the U.S Interagency Working Group on Social Costs of Carbon tax, a price of $40 per metric ton of carbon would result in 36 cent increase in gasoline price. That, in turn, increases the average price of a kilowatt-hour of electricity by 2 cents.
About 64 governments around the world have developed a system for carbon pricing to meet the Paris Agreement goals. These initiatives are bound to cover 12GtCO2 (about 23%) of global GHG emissions. Among European Countries, Finland was the first to impose a carbon tax in 1990. It is currently charging $25 per ton of emissions. Sweden and Norway followed the trend in 1991. In Sweden, the carbon tax helped reduce emissions by 27% and increase the economy by 83%. Norway has the stringent/highest carbon tax in the world, $51 per ton of CO2 from gasoline. The carbon emissions of the United Kingdom have reached its lowest limits due to a carbon tax of 18 pounds per ton. Eleven states of the U.S that include New York, California, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Connecticut have capped their emissions through Cap and Trade programs as well.
Photo by Eelco Böhtlingk on Unsplash
Why We Need a Carbon Tax
According to IPCC AR5 that provides a snapshot of climate change, we need to transition from high-polluting carbon-intensive fuels to renewable energy in order to limit warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius. And yet, the carbon emissions are on the rise in the United States. The U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA) estimated the energy-related carbon to be 5,217 million metric tons in 2019. Presently, various policies have estimated the emissions to be 22% below the 2005 levels by 2025. Carbon pricing can help reduce the emissions further to meet climate goals.
One way to cut down these emissions is through carbon taxation—setting a price on every ton of greenhouse gas released, thereby making cleaner fuel or energy alternatives economically competitive. This environmental tax is different from other taxes, i.e. income tax. Based on Polluter Pay Principle, it is charged as an incentive to bring down emissions and to account for the social cost of carbon.
Levying a fee on per ton emissions from fossil fuels not only holds the businesses or individuals accountable for the discharges but also discourages the carbon-intensive behavior. The inflated price, however, is passed from businesses to consumers by increased prices of manufactured goods. It reflects that the consumers and households would pay more for the daily life commodities with increased emissions. This spurs the investments towards renewable and clean technologies, i.e solar panels, hybrid or electric cars, etc, in order to avoid exorbitant carbon taxes.
Photo by Karsten Würth on Unsplash
Carbon Tax Vs Cap & Trade
Most people compare the Carbon Tax with Emission Trade System or Cap-and-Trade System. Both are forms of carbon pricing. A lobby of scientists, researchers, economists, as well as businesses favors carbon pricing.
Where the carbon tax directly places a price for per ton of greenhouse gases (particularly carbon) emission, the cap and trade model provides emissions allowances per year. There are valid reasons to choose between either as each plays a pivotal role in reducing emissions. However, each has a distinct advantage over the other.
With a cap and trade system, industries with low emission outputs can sell their allowances to emission-intensive companies. This sets a market value for the emissions based on supply and demand. It ensures meeting the pre-defined emission target whereas the carbon tax offers a stable pricing method. While the carbon tax dismisses the uncertainties about price fluctuations, it doesn't ensure a certain reduction in emission level.
Carbon Tax Revenue & Regression
The carbon tax applies only to burned carbon; not to the stored or packed-carbon. It is administered upstream. By upstream, it means they are imposed at businesses involved in coal extraction, petroleum refineries, or import of petroleum goods into the U.S.
A carbon tax is a consumption-based tax. The estimation of the cost per ton of emissions is a prerequisite for the implementation of the carbon tax. This demands economists and scientists to sit at a single table. As per the 2018 United Nation report, carbon prices should be high enough; $135 to $6000 to limit the carbon emissions and global temperature rise below 1.5 degree Celsius by 2030. Tax Foundation estimates that a $50 carbon tax with a 5% growth rate on all energy-related carbon releases would generate revenue of $1.87 trillion in the next decade. This way, the government can exert some control over emissions as well as generate lucrative revenue to invest in clean energy and infrastructural innovations. This, however, reduces the after-tax wages and incentive to work thereby reducing the GDP by 0.4%. That is why it is considered regressive.
It has set the same carbon price for gasoline, electricity, and other carbon-based services for all economic classes of consumers. For major businesses, particularly oil companies like ExxonMobil, paying $40 per ton of emissions is not a big deal if it frees their hundred-billion-dollar fossil-based business off Environmental Regulations.
The disproportionate burden falls on low-income households. A large proportion of carbon-intensive emissions come from these communities. Thus, a bigger share of their wages goes to sky-high prices of commodities like electricity, transportation, and individual carbon taxes from their minimum wages. This way, they cannot be incentivized to switch to expensive energy-efficient resources.
In a study, Grainger and Charles D. Kolstad divided a population into five income quintiles from lowest to highest income. The study concluded that two of the low-income households spent more on energy compared to others. But national-level emissions reflect that even though a small budget is spent on energy in the wealthiest households, emissions are still 15% higher than the low-income households. The study concludes that reducing the carbon price would benefit the upper quintiles more than the lower ones.
Photo by Callum Shaw on Unsplash
How Would a Carbon Tax Work?
How the government deals with the revenue can turn the carbon taxation into a progressive approach. This regression can be reversed with appropriate policy-designs. This amount can be;
Revenue-neutral tax can be returned to Americans as "Citizen's Dividends". The Climate Leadership Council proposes a dividend that would return the revenue of the tax to each American family.
Or it can be used to maintain industry competitiveness.
A carbon tax is one of many low-carbon pathways to beat regressive climate change. But it should not push individuals into poverty. Rebating the federal revenue to each household as a lump-sum dividend would fund about $1057 per capita. A carbon tax paired with corporate-tax cuts or lump-sum rebates increases the after-tax wages but impacts output negatively. Thus, pairing it with payroll-tax cuts is the progressive solution as it increases the after-tax income of four of the bottom quintiles between 0.2% and 0.4%.
Stringent regulations and upward tax fees can help reduce the emissions if the initial reductions are too low. With well-designed policies and subsidized cleaner technologies, the emissions could fall beyond the predicted levels. At the current climate trajectory, curbing emissions through taxes is not enough. We have to sequester the already released carbon from the atmosphere. Governments must implement a carbon tax in conjunction with other incentives to bring out a significant impact, like the subsidies on electric vehicles, solar, wind, and hydropower which encourages the switch from gasoline-powered economy to renewable ones.
The bottom line is that greenhouse gas or carbon emissions now have a price attached. Carbon tax combined with optimized policy design, energy-efficient innovations, and stringent environmental regulations can make a difference.
Nida Riaz is a freelance blogger based in Pakistan. She started writing about her passion for the environment when the world came to a stop in early 2020.
Author: Nida Riaz
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Time to visit my old friend, Piedmont Hospital again. Today it will be for a complete head to toe bone scan. I've been having a lot of spine and hip pain lately. The oncologist wants to do some testing to make sure the cancer hasn't returned. It's funny how cancer always seems to be lurking in the shadows ready to jump out at me at any given moment. I'm always on guard and I don't like feeling that way. I wonder if other cancer patients feel the same way. It's an eerie feeling, one you can't shake.
At 2:00 p.m. I went to the Nuclear Imaging Center for my injection of radioactive phosphorous fluid. The injection is housed in a lead casing to protect the workers. When the radiology tech came out with it. My eyes immediately went to the radioactive symbol. I remember seeing that same symbol on the fall out shelter signs in elementary school in the early 60s. I thought of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The images of children on the front page cover of Time magazine with their skin hanging off their bones was fresh in my memory...nuclear fall out, radiation sickness...uggghhh! Shaking my head, I made myself jump back to reality as the technician was applying the alcohol swab to cleanse my arm. I watched him as he carefully wiped my arm and let it dry for a few minutes. There on the counter beside me lay the lead tube containing the injection. It looked ominous.
The tech opened up the lead tube and readied my arm to receive the injection. A bright orange tourniquet was placed above the crease in my elbow. (I'd reminded him earlier it was important for him to only use my left arm because of the lymphedema.) I prayed he'd find the vein quickly. For some reason I'm the one with the tricky veins and usually end up being poked and prodded until a willing vein jumps up. I watched as he overshot the vein and had to draw the needle back to make contact. As he was working, he said he'd been doing this for 23 years. He was a medic in the U.S. Army. I thanked him for his service as he finally made contact. Blood leaked out of my vein onto my skin and he quickly swabbed it up and depressed the plunger on the syringe. I watched as the radioactive liquid swirled into my vein. I was instructed to leave the hospital and drink large quantities of water.
At 5:00 p.m. I returned to the hospital. I'd taken an anti anxiety pill around 4 because I knew it was going to be challenging to be in that tight space for over an hour. I hated being claustrophobic. (I'd never suffered from that in the past, only recently after having been trapped in an elevator for several hours.) When I lay down on the scanner table, the tech took a draw sheet and wrapped it over me tying up my arms tightly. I didn't like the feeling of being restrained. The tech told me it was to keep my arms in proper position for the scan. I closed my eyes and tried to relax as the heavy equipment lowered over my body. I was tempted to look but didn't want to because I knew the machinery was just an inch or two from my face. Using my imagination, I placed myself on the beach. I began listening for the shore birds and lapping water. I felt myself melting into the imagery and almost falling asleep. Before I knew it, the test was complete and the tech was raising the scanner as I moved out from under it.
I sat on the edge of the scanner bed and got my bearings. The tech asked if I had pain in my hip, leg, and foot. I wondered why he was asking this. Did he see something concerning in those areas? I had already mentioned my spine and hip pain but had not mentioned the shin and foot pain. I knew he was forbidden to share any medical information with me because the radiologist had yet to read the films. I dismissed his questions and left for home.
I'll have to wait until Monday or Tuesday for the results of the scan. I hate waiting. I'm concerned because I don't want anything to show up but then again, if there's something that needs to be addressed, I'd rather it show up now and know we can get on it right away. If cancer is evident, I'm going to have to do a lot of praying about my treatment options. I don't want to have to do chemo but I will if I have to. I'm going to rely heavily on my oncologist's opinion.
Tomorrow I celebrate 2 years of being in remission. I am excited about that. I didn't really celebrate my first year of being in remission because I was afraid to celebrate. It was too soon. But this year, I'm ready. We have a family dinner planned and then will come back to the house for dessert. I'm so thankful to still be here.


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«Віра» () — науково-фантастичне оповідання американського письменника Айзека Азімова. Увійшло до збірок «Крізь скло ясне» (Through a Glass, Clearly) (1977), «Вітри перемін та інші історії» (The Winds of Change and Other Stories) (1983).

Сюжет
Професор фізики Роджер Тумі виявляє в себе здібність зменшувати свою масу, тобто левітувати. Він не може пояснити цю здібність. Через те, що він не завжди контролює її, за ним закріплюється репутація дивака. Керівники університету не сприймають всерйоз можливість антигравітації, вони вимагають від Тумі припинити показувати трюки.

Щоб не виглядати шарлатаном, Тумі вирішує поставити в складне становище видатного фізика доктора Дірінга, щоб тому довелось або втратити свою репутацію, або почати займатись цією проблемою.

Джерела
 Isaac Asimov Home Page

Фантастичні оповідання 1953
Оповідання Айзека Азімова

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Oni Gozen (鬼御前) (fl. 16th century) was a Japanese noble lady and onna-musha from the Sengoku period. She was the wife of Hoashi Akinao (帆足鑑直) the retainer of Ōtomo clan. She was a military commander who actively participated in the Kyushu campaign of 1586–1587, helping to repel the Shimazu army from the Ōtomo clan.

She was nicknamed Oni (Ogre or Demon) because she proved to be a fierce and brave warrior. She received the honorific suffix ''Gozen'', a Japanese term; that means "young lady" or ''honorable''.

Biography
Oni Gozen, her real name is  Aiko No kyōki  was the daughter of Kogo Settu no Kami (古後摂津守)..  There are no details about her early life. She entered a political marriage with Hoashi Akinao, a samurai warlord. After getting married she became a retainer of Otomo Sorin, the leader of the Otomo clan. Following the wedding, she gave birth to a daughter, who later married Mori Gorōzaemon (森五郎左衛門).

According to "Yama no Shiro Kassen no Ki"(山の城合戦之記), written in 1782 by the descendant of the Hoashi clan, Oni Gozen was a beautiful and dignified woman. Her height was about 175 cm, very tall for someone at that time.  She was not only a skillful martial artist, but also a military commannder. She attacked enemy's camp like the lion hunting a flock of sheep. She defended the castle like the mizuchi burrowing in an abyss. The people of the neighboring province called her Oni Gozen, e.g. "Lady Demon", because of her bravery.

When the army of the Shimazu clan approached Ōtomo land in 1586 during the Kyushu campaign, Oni Gozen pledged herself with a seal of blood on a written oath at the Kumano shrine to die in battle rather than commit seppuku. Many men and women, including the wives and daughters of retainers, also took this oath. Her daughter was the wife of Mori Gorōzaemon (森五郎左衛門), who was besieged in Tsunomure Castle (角埋城). Oni Gozen sent a letter to her daughter and ordered her not to commit suicide but fight her enemies. Akinao was in command of Hijū Castle (日出生城), with about 500 men, which was attacked by the Shimazu general Ijūin Tadamune (伊集院忠棟) with over 6,000 men. Akinao let Oni Gozen and the small garrison defend the castle and led almost all his remaining men to attack the Ijūin base in a pincer attack. This surprise attack put the enemy to rout and left Tadamune heavily injured. This battle was one of the last battles between Ōtomo and Shimazu before the main army of Toyotomi Hideyoshi came to Kyūshū to relieve Ōtomo and subdue Shimazu.

See also
 Onna-musha
 Shigashi
 Myorin
Munakata Saikaku

References

Sources

People of Sengoku-period Japan
Women of medieval Japan
Japanese women in warfare
16th-century Japanese people
Women in 16th-century warfare
16th-century Japanese women


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Cheat Codes Hobbies & Collectibles Dolls Inventions Movies Toys Stardoll All Topics
What is the value of a 1989 Holiday Barbie doll?
675!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
saw it on eBay ..im about to sell mine!!!!
god, some $500-$800!
the holiday barbie is $130 dollars because it is very rare and the holiday barbie is a black barbie
The value of a 1990 Holiday Barbie depends on the condition of the doll and whether it it is NRFB and its condition. Darlene A good one would cost about $100 or $200.
Nothing. There is no such thing. The Holiday Barbie doll wasn't sold until 1988. This is so not true barbies were made way befor then. Nothing. The first Holiday Barbie was sold in 1988.
Looks to be about $60.00
The Holiday Barbies weren't on the market until 1988.
This is a moot question. Holiday Barbies were first sold in 1988.
What is the value of a 20th anniversary Barbie doll?
There isn't a doll named 20th anniversary Barbie. The first anniversary-type dolls were Sweet 16 Barbie in 1974 and the 1989 SuperStar Barbie.
What is the value of the 1998 African-American Holiday Barbie doll?
$190$ dollars
In which year was the first Holiday Barbie Doll released?
The first Holiday Barbie Doll was made and released in 1988. The 1988 Holiday Barbie Doll is considered to be the first "Collectible Barbie". These dolls rapidly started being sold as soon as they were released.
What is the value of entire collection of every barbie holiday doll from 1988 to 2011 Never opened or touch?
because barbie it not real.
What Barbie doll sold out fastest?
Probably the first Holiday Barbie doll, from 1988.
What is the rarest Holiday Barbie doll?
probably the brunette 1999 millinium princess holiday barbie
Value of Barbie talking dentist doll?
The value of Barbie Talking Dentist doll is $15. The doll is in the original unopened box
What is the value of a 1997 Barbie as Rapunzel doll?
whay is the value of a 1997 Rapunzel barbie doll in the box
What is the value of 2001 Angelic Harmony Barbie Doll?
What is the value of 2001 Angelic Harmony Barbie Doll
What is the value of a Calvin Klein Barbie doll?
The value for the Calvin Klein barbie doll is $100,000,000. thanks for asking
probably a lot depending on its condition I checked out this website : www.margiedollhouse.com who is an authorized Mattel dealer since 1986 and wrote 1992 holiday barbie (you can ask for any other doll you want to know about) in the QuickSearch and results came up. In this case the white Barbie is sold for 159$ and the black one for 75$. Hope this helps.
As of April 18, 2011, it had a listing of $15.99 on ebay. This particular doll, unfortunately, is worth little. It was greatly overproduced and was selling for under $10 at stores months after Christmas. Also, she has the distinction of being the most gaudily dressed of all of the holiday Barbie dolls, and her gown is not that attractive.
200 dollars in 2009 I checked out www.margiedollhouse.com and wrote 1995 Holiday Barbie in the QuickSearch and the result showed a doll with 99$ price tag for the caucasian one and 75$ for the black one. This site is an authorized Mattel dealer since 1986. You can also check the value of other dolls you might want to know about. Hope this helps you all.
Most popular doll in 1988?
The first Holiday Barbie
What shops can you get the 2010 holiday barbie doll?
Walmart or ToysRus
What is the value of the 1988 Barbie doll?
It depends on which doll and condition.
What is the value of a 1956 Barbie doll?
Barbie was not created until 1959.
What is the value of the Marilyn Monroe doll barbie collection?
What is the value of the Marilyn Monroe doll collection
When did Mattel start selling collectible Barbie dolls?
The year usually given is 1988. That is when the Midge doll was re-introduced and that is also the year of the first Holiday Barbie doll.
What is the value of a 1993 Totally Hair Barbie doll?
The Totally Hair Barbie from 1993 is a rare and hard to find doll. The value of this doll today is around $100 if it is in new condition and still in the original box.
What is the value of a Millennium Barbie doll?
What is the value of a 1994 Hollywood Hair Barbie doll?
it depends on the condition of the doll
What is the value of a 1996 wedding day Barbie doll?
The only bride Barbie that I can find for 1996 is the Toys R Us My Size Bride Barbie with red hair. Is this the doll you have?
There were no Holiday Barbie's before 1988. This Barbie was the most limited edition released in the Holiday Collection. There were four Holiday Barbie dolls released that Holiday season per toy store, and caused an enormous problem for shoppers. This Doll, if in box and in mint condition, can be worth anywhere from $1,000-$1,500+. However, if you have the entire original Holiday Barbie Collection, original being key because they started making them again, but the… Read More
What is the value of your 1958 barbie doll?
Nothing. The doll wasn't sold until 1959.
What is the value of a NASCAR Barbie doll?
$11.28 on Amazon.
What is the value of the 1999 40th Anniversary Barbie doll?
i have a barbie 40th anniversary how you know is 1999.
What is the value of first Barbie Doll with screw holding head on?
It is dificult to say what the value of the 1st Barbie doll with a screw holding the head on is. You cannot place a value on an item without being able to see the condition. Whether or not you have the box will also impact value. A Barbie in the box will be worth more.
Barbie doll directory 1989 to 1999?
Try the link below
What is the value of the reproduction 1960 Wedding Day Barbie doll?
There are at least two versions of Wedding Day. There are probably more. Porcelain Collection from 1989 Nostalgic from 1997
In what year did Mattel first sell an African-American Holiday Barbie doll?
1990. The doll with the fuchsia dress and the silver sparkles.
What Holiday Barbie doll is worth the most?
The first one from 1988 1988, the first one
What is the value of the 1958 Barbie?
The Barbie doll was designed in 1958 and first sold in 1959. So there were no Barbie dolls for sale in 1958.
What is the value of a Spring Blossom Barbie doll?
thirty dollars
1 million dollars.
What is value of a 1997 Sapphire Sophisticate Barbie doll?
According to Michael Augustyniak's book "Encyclopedia of Barbie doll Exclusives, 1972-2004," third edition, she is worth $20.00
What is the value of the Princess of the Nile Barbie doll?
50 pounds is the most
What is the value of the 1983 Irish Barbie doll?
its worth about one dollar
What is the value of the 1994 Twinkle Lights Barbie doll?
you turn in a fly
What is the value of a 50s Fun Barbie doll?
i believe its worth 80
I'm not exactly sure but I have exactly the same as you and i really would like to find out. if you find out could you please email me on Lily.F@live.com What is the value of 1996 Happy Holidays Special Edition Barbie, still in box, never been opened? About $25 or $30. Check Ebay for current sales, and look at WOW.com for more information. I checked out www.margiedollhouse.com and wrote 1996 Holiday Barbie in the… Read More
What is the value of an Amazing Nails Barbie doll?
There are Barbie seconday market collectors guides I suggest you check them or go on Ebay.
What is the value of a 1993 Sweetheart Barbie doll?
According to Michael Augustyniak's book, "Collector's Encyclopedia of Barbie doll Exclusives" third edition, published in 2005, she is worth $16 NRFB.
What is the value of the 1993 Winter Royale Barbie doll?
This barbie doll is no longer in production. It's worth is dependent upon the monetary exchange from one person to the owner, or a trade exchange.


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Membership Sites Product Reviews
The Top WordPress Membership Plugins of 2016
The Top WordPress Membership Plugins in 2016
Last year I looked at a ton of different membership plugins to pick the best one of 2015. Thirty plugins was a lot to review. The good news—many of them didn't change all that much, so I didn't need to write 30 more posts.
Instead, I thought I would cut to the final post of the 2016 series and just tell you the top three, in my opinion.
Of course, all of this is my opinion. But I should highlight that my opinion comes from not only testing these plugins but putting them into actual sites and working with companies that have used them for their own sites.
The best three—based on what you need for your site – are these:
Restrict Content Pro
WooCommerce Memberships*
What I should mention (other than there's no order to that list) is that for WooCommerce Memberships, you likely also want to get WooCommerce Subscriptions by Prospress.
Now let's get to the evaluation criteria this year…
The Evaluation Criteria
Like last year, I created a list of criteria first—without looking at all the plugins—and narrowed it down to the most essential. That's the group I used to compare all of the different plugins. And while no membership plugin did everything perfectly, these three were so ridiculously close that they all offer fantastic opportunities to whoever will use them.
Multiple Concurrent Memberships
A lot of people use membership plugins to protect their sites that are offering online courses. They simply put their course lesson content on pages and protect them. But that means a user has to be able to subscribe to more than one membership plan – if they're taking multiple courses at once.
So the feature I was evaluating here was a clear way for a member to be active in more than one membership and not have it be confusing during the subscription / purchase time. A bonus was if the membership plugin offered a "dashboard" or "member" home where they could see what they had access to and it wasn't jumbled up because they were active in more than one membership.
Umbrella / Group Memberships
Whether it's an association membership or a corporate requirement, the need exists for a single person to purchase a bulk quantity of membership accounts so that everyone in their group can be active with a membership. But the trick here is that when the parent account closes, all the children accounts also get terminated. So this can't just be a simple discount code shared with your members. Thankfully, membership plugin developers are bringing this feature to customers more and more.
Prorated Upgrades & Downgrades
Whether you want to upgrade or downgrade your membership plan, you don't want to be told that you have to cancel your account and start again with a new plan (which is what used to happen a few years ago). You also don't want to be told that your upgrade won't be in place until the beginning of the next month.
So this feature is all about allowing someone to immediately upgrade or downgrade and have the fees prorated and managed automatically.
Content Dripping
Two to three years ago, this was a hard feature to find. Today it's everywhere and membership site owners are grateful. This feature continues to be a critical component of a successful membership site—where premium content is released over time rather than right away.
Past Content Restrictions
New to the list of features is one that I heard from several clients in the last year, and then suddenly saw appear from one vendor. It's fantastic because it's a realistic approach to memberships where there's a tremendous amount of historical content available. Companies create two levels of membership—one that looks forward and the other that allows a user to browse historical material while also giving them access to all the newly created content.
More and more you see customers wanting to add a membership component to their store. So while this may or may not be a requirement you have, it is now part of my evaluation criteria. Two of the three have complete integration, but that doesn't mean the other doesn't. They also support protecting a user from buying products that they don't have the rights to.
Every membership site will have a need to give someone a discount. So this is a pretty basic feature that you'd be surprised isn't available by every membership plugin out there. Thankfully, all three of these plugins offer the feature.
Cart Discounts for Members
One of the features I've seen leveraged effectively in the last few years is a specific discount in stores for members only. I've written about it before—it's a powerful feature. Well now it's in my criteria and two of the three plugins offer it.
Customized Emails
Every site wants to manage their on-boarding, their reminders, and how they send out other critical emails. Thankfully, all of these three are very effective in giving their users the ability to change the copy and make sure these emails get sent. I was specifically looking for those initial emails as well as reminders when a membership is getting ready to expire.
Ability to Import Members
Today people are making a move from one membership solution to another. So the ability to import members and data into a new plugin is critical. Again, the good news for you is that all three of the listed plugins offer this feature.
Support for SEO / First Click Free
When working on an enterprise membership site this past year, the question of Google's "First Click Free" program came up again. How do you implement it? What must you do? How do you do it? What do you track? Thankfully, while the material on it is limited, at least one of the plugins has made it a feature so that you don't have to worry about it at all.
Integration with BBPress
For as much as site owners don't always love managing forum software, most of them still feel compelled to create a forum inside their membership site. So the requirement is pretty straightforward – to support the integration between the membership plugin and the most common forum software out there for WordPress: BBPress.
Stripe & PayPal support
Lastly, instead of looking at every possible payment gateway out there, I looked across tons of membership solutions to see which supported PayPal and Stripe—and which did it for free (included with their plugin). Thankfully, all three of these guys do.
Here's a comparison chart to see how they stack up.
Feature Comparison & Pricing
MemberPress Restrict Content Pro WooCommerce Memberships
Multiple Concurrent Memberships Yes No Yes
Umbrella / Group Memberships No Yes No
Prorated Upgrades & Downgrades Yes Yes Yes
Content Dripping Yes Yes Yes
Past Content Restrictions No Yes No
Integration w/ WooCommerce Partial Complete Complete
Discount Codes / Coupons Yes Yes Yes
Cart Discounts for Members No Yes Yes
Emails Yes Yes Yes
Import Members Yes Yes Yes
First Click Free
(Paywall after x views) Yes No No
BBPress Complete Complete Partial
Stripe & Paypal Yes Yes Yes
Price $99 $199 $149 + $199
Some additional notes
I think one of the most important dynamics to note here is that Restrict Content Pro jumped from the middle of the pack to the top of the charts – in a single year. This suggests that there's still lots of room for growth and execution for all the plugins in the space.
Additionally, If you pay close attention to release notes, you'll notice that these three plugin developers have been pushing out releases all year long. They're not sitting back resting on whatever position they got to last year. That's great news for end-users who keep seeing more and more value placed into these plugins.
Third, you'll note that the price ranges from $100-350. This should not surprise you and you should welcome it. Unlike many of the other plugins out there for $29-69, you know these companies will be around for another year (or 10). You also know they have enough staff to offer support and answer your questions. If this is the core cost of running your site, your budget should be more than enough to cover the cost of any of these.
Lastly, the winner here is whoever you choose. You know what you need. My job is simply to restrict the list of options down to the very best so you can see which of these features you really need (or don't need) and then make your call from there.


In May 2012, the International Space Station's robotic claw, the Canadarm2, caught and secured the first commercial spacecraft to ever dock with the ISS: SpaceX's Dragon capsule. The bullet-shaped vehicle flew to the ISS carrying cargo for its crew, making history for the private space sector in the process. SpaceX has grown leaps and bounds since then, signing contracts with NASA and other government agencies and developing more advanced technologies for space travel. It's even in the midst of designing Dragon version 2, which, unlike its unmanned predecessor, will be able to fit up to seven passengers. While Elon Musk's company is the most well-known commercial spaceflight firm today, it's hardly the only one. The private space industry is huge and it continues to grow; read on to know more about it.
Before President Ronald Reagan signed the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, companies could only rely on NASA to send payloads (like satellites) to space. This federal law enabled entities to pay private operators to ferry cargo outside the planet through one-time-use or expendable launch systems. The Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990 opened up even more opportunities for private space firms: It straight up ordered NASA to buy launch services from commercial companies.
It wasn't until recently that big players started making headlines, though. Perhaps it was the combination of their top execs' commanding presence (e.g., Elon Musk of SpaceX and Richard Branson of Virgin Galactic) and the demise of NASA's space shuttle program that propelled them into the spotlight. Or maybe it's all because of their out-of-this-world (pun totally intended) ideas. The ongoing march of technological progress assuredly doesn't hurt. Regardless, we hear far more about commercial spaceflight nowadays than ever before.
Wired called 2012 the year of private space, as it was particularly filled with huge accomplishments and announcements from various companies. In addition to the SpaceX Dragon's success, several private firms announced their far-out projects. James Cameron-backed Planetary Resources, for instance, revealed its plans to mine asteroids for precious metals; Mars One first revealed its audacious dreams of giving volunteers one-way tickets to the red planet to build the first Martian settlement within the same year. Then there's Branson's Virgin Galactic, which started selling tickets around the same time for suborbital flights to the general public for only $200,000. A pittance!
These commercial spaceflight companies operate independently from NASA, but many of them have existing contracts with the agency to deliver cargo to space. Unsurprisingly, one of those firms is SpaceX, which is working through a $1.6 billion deal for 12 resupply missions. The other is Virginia-based Orbital Sciences Corp, which has a $1.9 billion contract for eight cargo flights.
The government agency's also funding several private firms through the Commercial Crew Program, formed to develop a new spacecraft that can ferry astronauts to the ISS. And the US is in dire need of just such a spacecraft: ever since NASA's space shuttles retired, it's been paying Russia $70 million per seat on a Soyuz spacecraft to take American astronauts to the space station. That agreement is currently on ice while the US and Russia argue about politics.
NASA funds four different companies under the Commercial Crew Program, with each working on a space taxi of their own. According to the latest news out of the CCP headquarters, SpaceX is already preparing to test whether its Dragon V2 manned spacecraft can withstand all the force it's bound to encounter during launch and re-entry. Another company, called Blue Origin, will soon do an interim design review of its spacecraft's subsystems, while Sierra Nevada Corporation recently tested the main propulsion and control systems of its creation, the "Dream Chaser." Then there's Boeing, which is currently reviewing whether the parts of its CST-100 spacecraft are tough enough for extensive testing that simulates space travel.
Sadly, Congress has ordered NASA to cut two companies out of the Commercial Crew Program, so all the participants are now vying for the two remaining slots. Boeing has even announced that it's letting 215 people working on the CST-100 go if NASA drops it from the program. In addition to all these, the agency has contracts with other firms for projects unrelated to manned spacecraft development, like an inflatable module for the ISS that it ordered from a company called Bigelow Airspace.
Most commercial space companies aim to offer rocket launches and space trips for lower prices than ever before. SpaceX's Falcon rocket launches, for instance, cost just half (sometimes even just a fourth) of what it would've cost in the past. In addition to offering affordable rocket launches to anyone, the company has its hands full for the next few years, developing a reusable rocket called Falcon 9-R and another one with huge payload-to-orbit capacity called Falcon Heavy. Once, it also showed off a system that allows engineers to design rockets à la Tony Stark: with hand gestures through a Leap Motion controller. It ain't all sunshine and rainbows at SpaceX, though -- Musk recently accused the military of bribery after it granted a contract for 36 rocket launches to rival company United Launch Alliances.
The offices of Virgin Galactic must also be extremely busy (by the way, the company was formed all thanks to a kid who called a children's show when Branson was a guest). It recently just inked a deal with the Federal Aviation Administration to help it determine clear guidelines for any suborbital spaceflights that take off in the US -- flights that will one day carry celebs like Lady Gaga and Justin Bieber.
As mentioned earlier, Mars One still insists that it can make the first-ever human settlement on the red planet happen... with a little help from reality TV. Many other low-key companies have plans and ideas of their own, as well, like Blue Origin, which secretly test-fired a new engine in November 2013.
We'll also keep our eyes peeled for future news and updates, so make sure to check our space page whenever you visit.


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Lucy Popescu
Writer, Editor and Reviewer
Creative Writing & Editorial
European Literature Days - October 2015
The European Literature Days (ELiT) festival held in the Wachau region of Austria encourages cultural exchange between European based writers, translators, publishers and readers. This year the overall theme was "The Migrants", a loaded term and geopolitically relevant given the refugee crisis currently being played out in central and eastern Europe.
A.L. Kennedy gave a powerful keynote lecture which served as a resounding call for writers and artists to do more to counter the negative propaganda surrounding migrants and refugees. "True art is not an indulgence," she warns, "but a fundamental defence of humanity." Kennedy evokes a past, present and future where 'Those defined as Others go first. The strangers, the migrants, those forced into desperate motion by cascading cruelties." But the rest of us face the same threat and fate: "When art fails, failure of imagination follows and thereafter cruelty thrives." All engaged artists and artists, those interested in safeguarding free expression and culture should view themselves as "voluntary migrants" or "Honorary Others", she suggests, because they know from experience that art is a more powerful tool than propaganda.
Exploring literary trends in Europe, Rainer Moritz, a German writer, publisher and translator, remarked on the popularity of Karl Ove Knausgaard's six autobiographical novels, entitled My Struggle. Books presented as autobiography which contain elements of fiction are increasingly popular, he suggests. Moritz and French-German academic Jurgen Ritte embarked on a lively discussion about 'novels without fiction' also called 'exofiction'. In Germany there appears to be a distrust of fiction and instead a yearning for what is perceived as authentic, including a renewed interest in political novels. Jenny Erpenbeck's latest novel, Going, went, gone, nominated for the German Book Prize, is a case in point. It is about refugees in contemporary Germany. Crime novels continue to be big in Germany. Moritz noted that every city in Germany must have its own detective.
Rosie Goldsmith, who also moderated, responded that if there was a detective in every German town, then almost every English town now has a literary festival. There is also a proliferation of literary prizes and many readers orientate themselves around these awards, using them as a guide to what to read. Goldsmith observed that fantasy fiction continues to be widely read, perhaps prompted by the popularity of various TV programmes and films. Kazuo Ishiguro's The Buried Giant, is a notable example of the genre's literary potential.
Despite further cuts in arts, the smaller independents continue to publish literary fiction in translation. German authors, in particular, have done well in Britain. Erpenbeck won the 2015 Independent Foreign Fiction Prize for The End of Days, there was a German strand at this year's Cheltenham literary festival and Julia Franck's West, Daniel Kehlmann's 'F' and Timur Verms Look Who's Back were published to great acclaim.
True to the festival theme, various international writers who have settled in Europe were invited to contribute. These included graphic novelist Marguerite Abouet, who grew up on the Ivory Coast and now lives in Paris; Lebanese writer Iman Humaydan, president of Lebanese PEN who lives part of the time in Paris; South Korean born Anna Kim; The British-Sudanese writer Jamal Mahjoub; French Afghan writer and filmmaker Atiq Rahimi; and Najem Wali, an Iraqi writer living in Germany. Once again, EliT explores topical themes and celebrates a diverse range of international authors.
Originally published by HuffingtonPost.co.uk
Lucy Popescu © 2018
World Book Club Around the world in 12 titles


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40 Pretty Christmas Table Centerpieces Decoration Ideas for 2019
Christmas is coming, and now you must be busy with decorating your home for this big holiday. We want to enjoy a lot of delicious food at Christmas, so the Christmas Table Centerpieces Decoration is very necessary. A good Christmas table Centerpieces decoration can increase the Christmas atmosphere of your table and make the whole family feel the joy of Christmas.
If you're still bothered by Christmas table centerpieces Decoration, you've come to the right place today, where you'll see the idea of 40 Pretty Christmas Table Centerpieces Decoration Ideas. Take 5 minutes to browse the pictures. I'm sure it will inspire you.
1. Christmas Table Centerpieces Decoration Ideas
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Leading computer makers have pre-installed over 100 million copies of PC-Doctor for Windows on computer systems worldwide. These OEM solutions are pre-installed on individual systems by manufacturers, resellers, warranty providers and others to create a first line of defense against the unnecessary return of no-trouble-found hardware, reducing support costs and driving aftermarket revenue.
Use powerful diagnostics, even when all storage devices are unavailable. BootPath Diagnostics allow end users to troubleshoot systems that fail to boot into any operating system. BootPath Diagnostics are often integrated into the system ROM as a BIOS extension, making them available even when all storage devices are unavailable, and may also be used from a CD, USB drive, network location, or disk partition.
If you are a factory or manufacturer, you may wish to explore our Factories/High Volume Repair solutions.


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International Scholarly Research Notices
International Scholarly Research Notices/
AbstractIntroductionResultsDiscussionConclusionAcknowledgmentsReferencesCopyrightRelated Articles
Pharmacogenetics and Gender Association with Psychotic Episodes on Nortriptyline Lower Doses: Patient Cases
Irina Piatkov1,2and Trudi Jones1
Academic Editor: G. Lentini, E. Hassan, C. Saturnino
Received06 Apr 2011
Accepted20 May 2011
The variation in individual responses to psychotropic drug treatment remains a critical problem in the management of psychotic disorders. Although most patients will experience remission, some patients may develop drug-induced adverse effects that may range from troublesome to life threatening. Antidepressants are freely prescribed by general practitioners, and there should be constant awareness in the medical community about possible serious side effects. We describe two cases of adverse drug reactions on low dosage treatment that led to extreme psychotic episodes as examples of the potential for dangerous side effects. The patients developed adverse reactions on the normal recommended dosage of nortriptyline, a tricyclics antidepressant (TCA). Both were females, with no history of antidepressant treatment, unsocial behaviour, nor any family history of psychosis, but both experienced severe psychiatric symptoms. Pharmacogenetic tests can easily be performed and interpreted according to the likelihood of adverse reactions and should be included in toxicity interpretation.
Two patients experienced single events of violent psychosis after the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline was prescribed in low dosages. Both patients were female, one Caucasian and the other Asian. Both were drug naïve with no history of any prescription or illicit drug use prior to the initiation of treatment. Both patients had neither history of antisocial behaviour nor any family history of psychosis.
Patient A
Female, 40 years old, Caucasian, with no history of violent behaviour or psychotic disorders in her family. She suffered from stress-induced mood changes. Her doctor recognised depression and prescribed nortriptyline, 10 mg 4 times/day. According to her husband, the next day she started to behave abnormally, complaining that she was hearing strange voices. On the third day, she experienced a sever psychotic episode. As the patient herself described, she felt dizzy, disorientated and was suffering from delusions. Since withdrawal of the drug, she has not experienced another episode. Pharmacogenetic tests revealed a loss-of-function CYP2D6*4/*41 polymorphism.
Patient B
Female, 17 years old, Asian, with no history of violent behaviour or psychotic disorders in her family. She suffered from stress during her high school exams. Depression was recognised by her doctor and nortriptyline was prescribed, 10 mg 3 times/day. After two weeks, she was admitted to the hospital with a severe psychotic episode. Since withdrawal of the drug, she has not experienced another episode. Pharmacogenetic tests revealed a CYP2D6*10/*10 polymorphism with diminished enzyme activity.
Epidemiological studies suggest that depression is the second most significant cause of disability in the health care arena. Up to 10% of the population at any one point in time may be depressed and up to 45% of the population may, at some point during their lifetime, suffer from a depressive episode [1]. The prescription of antidepressants has increased rapidly in recent years.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are an older class of medication used for mood disorders and major depression. The mechanism of action is through blocking of the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Anti-cholinergic, adrenergic and alpha-blocking actions of TCAs contribute to various side effects. TCAs have a very lipophilic nature and exhibit significant binding to proteins. This can be problematic in a case of overdose because both forced diuresis and hemodialysis are not helpful in eliminating the drug from the system [2].
TCAs are high-clearance drugs that are metabolised via multiple pathways involving both phase I (P450) and phase II (glucuronidation) processes. Elimination is dependent on hepatic hydroxylation via the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, especially CYP2D6 [3–6], and conjugation with glucuronic acid [7].
Drugs which are the substrates for CYP2D6 are known to interfere with TCA metabolism [8–11], confirming the importance of CYP2D6 in nortriptyline metabolism. A significant correlation between amitriptyline clearance and the debrisoquine metabolic ratio has been observed in non-smokers [4], supporting some CYP2D6 dependence.
Tricyclic antidepressants have a moderate therapeutic index, as they produce significant adverse effects at therapeutic concentrations and are dangerous in overdose. Significant side effects of TCAs are common and their prevalence is estimated as high as 5%, while acute poisoning with TCAs is potentially life threatening [12]. Central nervous system manifestations of toxicity include agitation, stupor, coma, seizure, and manic excitement. The plasma level correlates poorly with the severity of symptoms, and peak blood levels over 1000 ng/mL have a higher risk of cardiac and CNS toxicity [13, 14]. TCAs exist as tertiary or secondary amines and the tertiary forms are metabolised to secondary amines. Both tertiary and secondary amines are active, as are some of the subsequent hydroxylated metabolites. The tertiary amines are metabolised by many P450s, whereas the secondary amines are largely metabolised by CYP2D6 (Figure 1).
Nortriptyline metabolism.
The major metabolite produced by CYP2D6, E-10-hydroxynortriptyline, has approximately half the potency of the parent drug in inhibiting noradrenaline reuptake and greatly reduced anticholinergic activity. It is often present at comparable (or higher) concentrations to the parent drug and may contribute to the antidepressant effects [15].
1.1. Genetic Polymorphisms
It is now recognised that genetic polymorphism differences in the metabolism of drugs can have a great influence on the efficacy and toxicity of medications. People with a particular genotype, or genetic characteristic, may suffer adverse responses to particular drugs, and such responses may be traced through families, ethnic groups, and geographic clusters. All pharmacogenetic polymorphisms, or relatively stable variations of the genes involved in drug metabolism, have been found to differ in frequency among some ethnic and racial groups.
Cytochrome P450 2D6 is responsible for the metabolism of approximately 25% of prescription medicine. Many of these drugs are antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs, making it an important metabolic enzyme for psychiatry. Racial and ethnic studies of drug metabolism have shown substantial interpopulation differences in CYP2D6 enzyme activity. The activity of the CYP2D6 enzyme is extremely variable, due to the more than 50 recognised genetic variations, and it can be described as having four main levels of activity (http://www.cypalleles.ki.se/). The most important phenotype is the loss-of-function polymorphism or in some nomenclatures "poor metaboliser" (PM). The prevalence of loss-of-function polymorphisms in different ethnic groups has been extensively studied. In Caucasian populations, the prevalence of PMs is 5–10% [16–19]; in Asians—about 1% [20–24] and 0–19% in the African population [21–23, 25]. The prevalence of ultraextensive metabolisers is reported with a prevalence of 1.5–29% in different ethnic groups [26].
The ethnic variability in CYP2D6 activity can be attributed to genetic polymorphism of the CYP2D6 gene as a result of multiple mechanisms, including single point mutation, insertions or deletions, complete gene deletions, and gene duplication and multiplication. The major genetic polymorphisms associated with the poor metabolism phenotype lead to the complete lack of a functional protein.
The most common allele associated with poor metabolism is CYP2D6*4 which accounts for more than 70% of CYP2D6 alleles in loss-of-function polymorphism subjects [27]. Gough et al. [28] identified a G-to-A transition at the first nucleotide of exon 4 in the CYP2D6 gene, resulting in a shift of the splice site and introduction of a premature termination codon. The mutant protein had no residual activity. In DNA from an individual who was deficient in debrisoquine metabolism, Hanioka et al. [29] identified a 1934G-A transition (CYP2D6*4) at the junction of the third intron and fourth exon, resulting in an aberrant 3-prime splice recognition site and an mRNA with a single basepair deletion. The disrupted mRNA leads to a truncated protein without functional activity. They showed that the CYP2D6*4 homozygote or heterozygote state produces nonfunctional proteins, which is the cause of poor drug metabolism. CYP2D6 1934G>A (also seen as 1846G>A in the literature) is diagnostic for the nonfunctional CYP2D6*4 haplotype [30]. This variant is responsible for the majority of loss-of-function polymorphisms found in Caucasian populations [31] and is also found at much lower frequencies in other populations, such as Koreans [32].
CYP2D6 100C>T (also seen as 188C>T in the literature) is part of both the nonfunctional CYP2D6*4 haplotype and the reduced function CYP2D6*10 haplotype. According to Gaedigk et al. [33], the presence of CYP2D6 100C>T (188C>T) is diagnostic of CYP2D6*10. In vitro studies in both COS-1 [34] and V79 [35] cells have shown that cells transfected with CYP2D6 100C>T alone exhibit reduced function, suggesting that this mutation contributes to the reduced function of the CYP2D6*10 allele. Some attempts have been made to find an association of this polymorphism with generalised tonic clonic seizures, as seen in epilepsy [36] and tardive dyskinesia, in Chinese schizophrenic patients [37].
1.2. Dysfunctional CY2D6 Alleles and TCA Metabolism
In 1998 Dalén et al. [38] reported 3.3-, 2.8-, and 0.7-fold differences in the mean nortriptyline clearance between the groups of different CYP2D6 genotypes in Caucasians. Changes in clearance have also been seen with reduced activity alleles, including CYP2D6*10, in Asian subjects [39, 40].
Steimer et al. [41] demonstrated that dysfunctional CYP2D6 alleles had a greater risk of side effects with amitriptyline, 150 mg daily, than those with two functional alleles (77% versus 12%), and this risk was associated with higher nortriptyline concentrations.
Dizziness and sedation have been described with elevated nortriptyline concentrations in patients with a loss-of-function CYP2D6 genotype and individuals receiving CYP2D6 inhibitors [42, 43]. It was also shown that patients with ultrahigh activity of CYP2D6 showed treatment resistance [44].
Clinical manifestation of neurotoxicity is very complex and not clearly defined. Furthermore, all factors should be included in the evaluation of toxicity. It is not a surprise that clinical symptoms, like salivation, accommodation, sedation, blood pressure, and pulse rate did not vary between genotypes in a single-dose study in healthy subjects nor of patients with depression [38]. Also some results suggested that CYP2D6 polymorphisms did not influence the rate of adverse reactions to nortriptyline; however, with only 10 poor metabolisers (and the involvement of two drugs), the study was underpowered to detect moderate or small differences [45].
As the main nortriptyline metabolite is active, altered parent/metabolite ratios may be the reason that altered effects have been difficult to demonstrate; that is, there is minimal change in overall molar activity. It is notable that the major metabolite does not seem to have been measured in most of the assessments and is not considered clinically during therapeutic drug monitoring.
2. Method
Blood samples were referred to our laboratory by clinical doctors. Genotyping for CYP2D6 has been described in our previous publication in Pharmacogenomics [46].
Patient A genotyping results revealed Cytochrome P450 polymorphism CYP2D6*4/*41.
Patient B genotyping results revealed Cytochrome P450 polymorphism CYP2D6*10/*10.
Many factors can influence the efficacies and adverse reactions of medications, including age, gender, organ function (in particular the liver and kidneys), drug interactions, the nature and severity of the disease intended to treat, and the presence of other diseases. Nevertheless, genetic polymorphisms and gender account for the main variability in drug metabolism.
4.1. Cytochrome P450 Genetic Polymorphisms
Molecular genetics provides a practical approach to identifying biological predictors of psychotropic drug responses and drug-induced adverse events. A medication that is safe and effective in one patient may be ineffective or even harmful in another. The identification of relevant gene polymorphisms in patients prior to drug prescription will allow physicians to customise the selection of medication to meet individual patient needs.
As described earlier, several pharmacogenetic studies have focused on polymorphisms in liver cytochrome P450 isoenzymes which metabolise many antidepressant medications. The most intensively investigated gene is CYP2D6 and the CYP2D6 genotype has been shown to predict tricyclics concentrations in blood.
The Caucasian patient described in this publication, who had a CYP2D6*4/*41 polymorphism with loss-of-function enzyme activity, exhibited her psychotic episode on the third day after treatment initiation. In contrast, the Asian patient with CYP2D6*10*10 polymorphism, with partially decreased enzyme activity, developed neurotoxicity syndrome two weeks after treatment initiation. This is consistent with current pharmacogenetic knowledge of CYP2D6 loss-of function polymorphisms.
4.2. Gender Differences in Response to Antidepressant
Gender differences in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders are described in numerous publications.
It was shown that women appeared to have different plasma concentrations of antidepressants during treatment than men [47–50].
Yue et al. [40] pointed out, for example, that the monthly alterations in hormones in women may act on dopamine receptors in a protective manner, much like neuroleptics, and women require lower doses of psychotropics. McEwan [51] showed that antidepressants and neuroleptics have differing actions in men and women because of the effects of estrogen and testosterone in the brain.
Furthermore, medications act differently in women before and after menopause and some researches suggest the effects of the menstrual cycle on pharmacokinetics [52–55].
It is also known that adipose tissue and body fluid quantities affect drug dosage and rate of metabolism and should be considered in the prescription of drug treatments. Pregnancy and menopause also affect the concentration of plasma proteins, and thus of protein-bound drugs [56].
Overall, women may experience more side effects or toxicity from the same dosage of a drug than do men.
Drug toxicology evidence is currently based on the drug to metabolite ratio in blood or urine. However, measurement of metabolites and their contribution to the validation of neurotoxicity remains uncertain due to the methodology of detection and lack of scientifically based evidence. In addition, each person is unique in his/her susceptibility to toxic agents.
Interactions between substances metabolised through the Phase I cytochrome P450 system and an individual's variation in enzyme activity should be included in the assessment of toxicity. The described patient cases are illustrations of the value of individual interpretation of diminished Phase 1 metabolism and its consequences.
There are often severe effects arising from the toxicity of antipsychotic medication. However, pharmacogenetic testing will help to avoid adverse reactions by providing information about an individual's drug metabolising capacity, thereby identifying the patients for whom a drug would be safe and effective. Phase 1 cytochrome P450 loss-of-function polymorphisms should be included in patient record warning labels, similar to allergies, as a warning that an individual patient is susceptible to particular adverse drug reactions.
The authors would like to thank Professor Steven Boyages and Associate Professor Abd Malak for their support.
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Copyright © 2011 Irina Piatkov and Trudi Jones. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
using CodeConverters.Mvc.Diagnostics;
using CodeConverters.MvcTest;
using Xunit;

namespace CodeConverters.MvcTests
{
    /// <summary>
    /// An example Web config test fixture. These test do not test the implemented code but show how to test for production code using these libraries
    /// </summary>
    public class WebConfigFixture
    {
        private readonly WebConfig _sut;

        public WebConfigFixture()
        {
            //Web configed is copied as a linked file to this test project.
            _sut = new WebConfig();
        }
        [Fact]
        public void DebugIsNotSetToTrue()
        {
            Assert.False(_sut.IsDebugSet());
        }
        [Fact]
        public void CookiesAreSecureAndHttpOnly()
        {
            Assert.True(_sut.AllowOnlyCookiesOverSsl());
            Assert.True(_sut.AllowOnlyHttpCookies());
        }
        [Fact]
        public void HasFrameworkVersion451()
        {
            Assert.Equal("4.5.1", _sut.GetFrameworkVersion());
        }
        [Fact]
        public void HasErrorLoggingModuleRegistered()
        {
            Assert.True(_sut.HasHttpModuleRegistered<ErrorLoggingHttpModule>());
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Yvonne ChakaChaka
Born Yvonne Ntombizodwa Machaka in Dobsonville, Soweto in 1965, Yvonne Chaka Chaka is a daughter of Puti and Sophie Machaka and one of three girls.
Her sisters are Doreen and Refiloe Machaka. Yvonne studied Adult Education and also Local Government Management at the University of South Africa. She also studied Speech and Drama at the Trinity College in London and graduated with a Diploma in 1997.
As a young performer, Yvonne Chaka Chaka happened to have been the first black child to have made an appearance on South African television, in 1981. She was discovered by Phil Hollis of Dephon Records in 1985 when she was just nineteen years old and later earned herself the appellation of 'the Princess of Africa.' From this moment on, she had consistently developed her creative capabilities and expanded her media portfolio to include musician, record producer, talk radio and television shows, and acting in several South African television dramas. Chaka Chaka, in 2009, went ahead to shoot her debut feature film, Foreign Demos, in which she plays the character of Josephine, a lead role. Yvonne has been noted to share the stage with, and performed for leading lights like President Nelson Mandela, Queen Elizabeth I I, Richard Branson, Bono, Michael Jackson, Quincy Jones and Oprah Winfrey. Yvonne Chaka Chaka is acknowledged as a word-class performer defined by originality, creativity, and consummate showmanship. Music has taken her to different parts of the African continent and all over the world as the demand for her music intensified. During her many performances, one of her backing vocalists, Phumzile Ntuli, contracted Malaria in Gabon in 2004 and later died. Touched by this tragedy, Chaka Chaka later became a Goodwill Ambassador for United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and Roll Back Malaria Partnership.
In 2006, she started her foundation called Princess of Africa (a name she received after a 1990 tour in Uganda), which focuses on championing the change in health and education for communities across Africa. Chaka Chaka is the brainchild of Backing Vocalists and Session Musicians Awards. Chaka Chaka has since travelled the world advocating for social justice, education and economic empowerment for women and girls. She is the first African female recipient of the World Economic Forum (WEF) Crystal Award. Chaka Chaka has also been chosen as the 100 World Class South African and was voted the 8th most powerful musician by Forbes magazine and also voted among the World's 100 most influential women by Women Deliver.
Yvonne Chaka Chaka served as the first Ambassador for Nelson Mandela's 46664 Campaign which raises global awareness of HIV/AIDS and serves as the Honorary Colonel in the South African Air Force. 2017 marked a milestone for Chaka Chaka. In March she received the Crans Montana Forum's Gold Medal in Morocco, in recognition of her role within the UN for Africa on issues affecting women and children and her fight against diseases such as HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria. In June Chaka Chaka was honored with the 2017 Black Entertainment Television (BET) International Global Good Power Award for her humanitarian work.
After all these years Chaka Chaka still finds time to record music for her fans and supporters. In her own words this is what she says "Music is love, music is a rainbow, it has no colour. Thank you for holding my hand and enjoy my music. KEEP LOOKING AT ME."


text:
Visit Blake at 'The Voice'!
Granger Smith
Sarah Buxton Dishes Delicious Details of Engagement
Beville Darden
Sarah Buxton is glowing ... and so is her left hand.
When The Boot caught up with the vivacious songbird last week at a Nashville recording studio, she was bubbling with excitement, celebrating the upcoming release of her long-awaited debut album, due Feb. 23, and also celebrating the brand-new sparkler on her ring finger. Sarah got engaged over the holidays to musician Tom Bukovac, who has played guitar for a who's-who list of country stars, including Faith Hill, Dolly Parton, Keith Urban, Carrie Underwood and, of course, his future bride.
"It was a surprise," Sarah tells The Boot of the day Tom proposed. "I knew he'd gotten the ring, so I just knew if this guy is going to ask me to marry him, I'm going to know like a half hour before ... I'm just going to be able to tell, because he's so transparent. But he totally surprised me! He put it in an Advent calendar, where the candy goes, counting down to Christmas. I was so shocked when I found it, all I could do was just look at it and go, 'Oh my God! Oh my God!' And then I started crying."
Sarah explains that she underestimated her beau, not realizing how creative he'd be with the proposal. "He thought of that on his own, and he's so not romantic," she says with a laugh. "But he's gotten more thoughtful and sensitive ... He's really talented, sweet ... and hot!"
Sarah and Tom will tie the knot later this year. Much to their friends and family's delight, the couple scrubbed their plans to elope just shortly after they started dating.
"We were gonna run off and get married immediately, but I'm so glad we didn't do that!" Sarah explains. "We contemplated doing it within the first six months, but then all these dark shadows started appearing, as they do in relationships. You start seeing beyond what you thought that person is and you start seeing who the person really is ... and can you deal with that? So we went through that and came out stronger than we were in the beginning."
Sarah's self-titled debut album includes her hits 'Outside My Window,' 'Innocence' and 'Stupid Boy.' Pre-order it here, and be sure to come back to The Boot on Feb. 23 to read our full interview with Sarah.
Download Sarah Buxton Songs | Sarah Buxton on AOL Music
Filed Under: sarah buxton, SarahBuxton
Categories: Country News
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They were calling for 2-4 inches of snow in the mountains and everyone went running to the store to buy milk. I ran to my food processor to make homemade hot chocolate. No one can sled without a steaming hot cup of cocoa after and we were out. This is my second batch of this creamgoodness. My kids love it with mini marshmallows or whipped cream for an extra treat. I highly suggest making it with milk or at least half milk and water for the little ones. It really is like an after dinner dessert. When you see the real ingredients you'll know why. Run or walk to your nearest store and pick up powdered milk if you don't have any. You probably have all the other ingredients on hand.
Wouldn't you know, we didn't receive any snow? Oh well, we're stocked and ready. Now sit back and enjoy a hot cup of real homemade hot chocolate with me, will you?
Whisk together ingredients in a large bowl.
Working in three batches, pulse the ingredients in a food processor until the chocolate is finely ground.
Store the dry mix in an airtight container for up to 3 months.
Add 1/3 cup of the cocoa mix in a mug and stir in 1 cup of hot milk.
Top with whipped cream or miniature marshmallows, if desired.
I've been using regular cocoa, but I can't wait to try the dark chocolate. This would be the perfect Valentine gift in clear cellophane bags for teachers. Add some heart marshmallows and we're good to go.
Who would you give homemade hot chocolate mix to?
This entry was posted in Beverages on 18.01.2013 by admin.


You should know Basics of Java before learning this course on Android Programming. In this course you will learn All the Fundamentals required for creating an Android Application.This is an online course with 26 Video lessons & 5 Tests. You can learn anytime from your home at your own pace.
If you are an android lover and do not know where to begin – here is your chance to learn Android from scratch and shine like an expert. Learn from step by step instructions to create a GUI enabled Android application from Basics to Publishing.