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text:
A revision of Poa subsection Aphanelytrum (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poaeae, Poinae); and a new species, Poa auriculata
Paul M. Peterson‡, Robert J. Soreng‡
‡ Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
Corresponding author: Paul M. Peterson ( peterson@si.edu )
Academic editor: Clifford Morden
© 2016 Paul M. Peterson, Robert J. Soreng.
Citation: Peterson PM, Soreng RJ (2016) A revision of Poa subsection Aphanelytrum (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poaeae, Poinae); and a new species, Poa auriculata. PhytoKeys 63: 107-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.8198
In this study the peculiar Andean grass genus Aphanelytrum, with two species, is reduced to Poa subsect. Aphanelytrumcomb. & stat. nov. A third species, Festuca reclinata, is assigned to the subsection, which shows states transitional between a more typical Poa and Aphanelytrum. Poa subgen. Poa supersect. Homalopoa sect. Dioicopoa subsect. Aphanelytrumcomb. & stat. nov. is characterized in having stooling perennials with decumbent to spreading culm bases that continuously branch and often root at low to mid-culm nodes, glabrous spikelets with long rachillas 1.2–4.2 mm long, short glumes less than ½ the length of the florets, and lemmas with bifid apexes that are mucronate to short-awned. We provide for the three species taxonomic discussions, morphological and anatomical descriptions, keys, illustrations, and a list of specimens. Also, we provide two new names, Poa hitchcockiana nom. nov. and Poa sanchez-vegae nom. nov., and one new combination, Poa reclinata comb. nov. A new species, Poa auriculata sp. nov. from Peru, not thought to be a member of P. subsect. Aphanelytrum, is presented. It is the first in the genus with prominent auricles. In addition, we place Poa apiculata in Poa subgen. Poa supersect. Homalopoa sect. Dioicopoa subsect. Tovarochloacomb. & stat. nov.
En este estudio el género peculiar de gramíneas andinas Aphanelytrum, representado por dos especias, ha sido reducido a Poa subsecc. Aphanelytrumcomb. & stat. nov. Una tercera especie es incluida en la subsección, Festuca reclinata, esta presenta características transicionales entre las especies más típicas de Poa y Aphanelytrum. Poa subgen. Poa supersecc. Homalopoa secc. Dioicopoa subsecc. Aphanelytrumcomb. & stat. nov. se caracteriza por incluir plantas perennes, stoloniferas, con los culmos decumbentes o extensos, continuamente ramificados, a menudo enraizados en los nudos basales hasta los intermedios, las espiguillas son glabras con rachillas largas de 1.2–4.2 mm de longitud, las glumas más cortas son de la ½ de longitud de los flósculos y las lemas con los ápices bífidos son mucronadas hasta breve-aristadas. Nosotros proveemos para las tres especias discusiones taxonómicas, descripciones morfológicas y anatómicas, claves, ilustraciones y la lista de las muestras usadas. Tambien, proveemos dos nombres nuevos - Poa hitchcockiana nom. nov. y Poa sanchez-vegae nom. nov., y una combinación -Poa reclinata comb. nov. Una nueva especie - Poa auriculata sp. nov. de Perú es presentada. Esta es la especie primera del género con prominentes aurículas. En adición, transferimos Poa apiculata a Poa subgen. Poa supersecc. Homalopoa secc. Dioicopoa subsecc. Tovarochloacomb. & stat. nov.
Anatomy, Aphanelytrum , descriptions, Dioicopoa , Homalopoa , illustrations, key, morphology, taxonomy, Tovarochloa
The genus Aphanelytrum (Hack.) Hack., first named without a description by Sodiro (1889) with a single species, "A. decumbens Hack." (ex Sodiro, nom. nud.) is based on a single collection he made from Ecuador (Chase 1916). Hackel (1897) formally described it as a subgenus of Brachyelytrum P. Beauv.; B. subgen. Aphanelytrum Hack., including a single new species Brachyelytrum procumbens Hack. Hackel (1902) subsequently recognized Aphanelytrum as a genus with the single species A. procumbens (Hack.) Hack. This species is found at mid- to high elevations (2000−4050 m) in humid to montane forests in the Andes of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Hitchcock 1927; Clayton and Renvoize 1986; Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994; Renvoize 1998; La Torre 2002; Soreng et al. 2003; Lægaard 2005; Sánchez Vega et al. 2007). Aphanelytrum peruvianum Sánchez Vega, P.M. Peterson, Soreng & Lægaard, a second species, was described recently (Sánchez Vega et al. 2007) from Cajamarca, Peru.
Aphanelytrum procumbens is a peculiar grass for having spikelets with minute and unveined glumes and two or three florets that are widely-spaced because of the long flexuous rachillas that are ½ to ¾ as long as the florets, the lemmas are keeled and 5-veined (Chase 1916; Hitchcock 1927; Nicora and Rúgolo de Agrasar 1987; Watson and Dallwitz 1992; Lægaard 2005). Aphanelytrum peruvianum differs from A. procumbens in having 1–3(–4)-veined glumes (1–2 mm long), narrow leaf blades (0.2–1.2 mm wide), shorter culms (14–24 cm long), shorter internodes (3–13 mm long), shorter 3- or 5-veined lemmas (2.2–3.5 mm long), and shorter anthers (2–2.9 mm long) [Sánchez Vega et al. 2007].
The placement and evolutionary relationships of Aphanelytrum have been controversial since its inception. It was originally placed in the subfamily "Festuceae" [Festucoideae], applied in the broad sense of Bentham (1881), Hackel (1887), and Hitchcock (1935). Hackel mistook the upper individual florets for single-flowered spikelets and placed Aphanelytrum in Brachyelytrum [B. procumbens] within tribe Agrostideae, subtribe Stipinae. Chase (1916) reinterpreted the spikelet morphology, and placed the genus between the subtribes Melicinae and Centothecinae, which at that time were considered adjacent subtribes of the subfamily Festucoideae, tribe Festuceae. After major realignments of the classification of the Poaceae (e.g. Clayton and Renvoize 1986), the genus was placed in a much more narrowly defined subfamily Pooideae (syn. Festucoideae), tribe Poeae (syn. Festuceae) near Poa L. (Clayton and Renvoize 1986). Aphanelytrum and Poa have very similar leaf anatomical characteristics, as well as multi-flowered, membranous spikelets with 5-veined, keeled lemmas, glabrous ovaries, and caryopses with an oval hilum (Clayton and Renvoize 1986; Clayton et al. 2006). In the most recent Poaceae classification (e.g. Soreng et al. 2015) Aphanelytrum is placed as a synonym of Poa in the subtribe Poinae, as suggested in studies by Gillespie et al. (2008), Soreng et al. (2007, 2015), Soreng and Peterson (2012), and Refulio Rodriguez et al. (2012).
Based on ITS sequences, Gillespie et al. (2008) found the monotypic Tovarochloa (T. peruviana T.D. Macfarl. & P. But) to be a weakly supported sister of Aphanelytrum procumbens and A. peruvianum. In a plastid trn-TLF derived tree, Refulio Rodriguez et al. (2012) verified this result showing a strongly supported Aphanelytrum procumbens sister to Tovarochloa, and published a section in Poa for Tovarochloa (nom. inval.; later validated as P. sect. Tovarochloa (T.D. Macfarl. & P. But) Molinari, see Molinari-Novoa 2015), but they left the genus Aphanelytrum unplaced within Poa. Tovarochloa peruviana is a small, delicate and diminutive annual species with 1-flowered spikelets that was previously linked to Dissanthelium Trin. (Clayton and Renvoize 1986; Macfarlane and But 1982; Tovar 1993), now both are included within Poa Gillespie et al. 2008; Refulio Rodriguez et al. 2012; Soreng et al. 2015). Giussani et al. (in press) estimated the time of divergence of Tovarochloa and Aphanelytrum at between 1.24 and 5.05 mya.
Festuca reclinata Swallen, known only from the Páramo del Almorzadero in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, has been linked to Aphanelytrum based on exhibiting similar morphologies (Stančík and Peterson 2007; Sánchez Vega et al. 2007). The growth habit, panicles, and spikelet characteristics of F. reclinata are strikingly similar to those found in A. peruvianum and A. procumbens (Sánchez Vega et al. 2007). All three species have weak, decumbent culms with intravaginal branching, narrow few-spikeleted panicles, spikelets with long flexuous rachillas, and small glumes. In comparison with F. reclinata, A. peruvianum has smaller lemmas (2.2−3.5 mm vs. 7−8.5 mm in F. reclinata), smaller anthers (2−2.9 mm vs. 3.5−3.8 mm), and shorter spikelets (5−7 mm vs. 10−13 mm) [Sánchez Vega et al. 2007]. The strongly keeled lemmas in F. reclinata do not agree with its placement in Festuca (Sánchez Vega et al. 2007). Also like Aphanelytrum and Poa, F. reclinata has fused sheath margins, terete rachillas (vs. dorsoventrally compressed in Festuca), and lacks the thickened annulate callus typical of Festuca. Aphanelytrum procumbens has a caryopsis with short elliptical hilum, less than 1/5 the grain in length (typical of Poa vs. linear and proportionally longer in Festuca), but caryopses have not been observed in A. peruvianum or F. reclinata.
The main goal of this study is to present a systematic revision Poa subsect. Aphanelytrum comb. & stat. nov. that includes three species. We make a new combination for F. reclinata, and provide new names for Aphanelytrum procumbens and A. peruvianum. In addition, we include a key to the species, complete descriptions, illustrations, distribution, specimens examined, and comments for these three species. Furthermore, we place Poa apiculata in Poa subsect. Tovarochloa comb. & stat. nov.
While reviewing Peruvian specimens of Poa, Robert J. Soreng (RJS) found a peculiar collection by John J. Wurdack (Wurdack 1145) from Departamento Amazonas, Provincia Chachapoyas located on the summit of Puma-urcu that is similar to Poa scabrivaginata Tovar and Festuca reclinata but differed from the forgoing, and all other Poa species, in having auriculate collars. We describe this as a new species of Poa, but do not include it as a member of P. subsect. Aphanelytrum.
Herbarium specimens from the following 13 herbaria were examined: AAU, BC, COL, CPUN, K, LPB, MA, MO, QCNE, US, USM, USZ, and W (Thiers 2013).
For leaf anatomy, 5 mm long leaf blades were taken from dried herbarium specimens, rehydrated in boiling water, and fixed in FAA for 24 hours. They were transferred to 70% ethanol, followed by a water rinse and treated for three hours in 50% hydrofluoric acid (Martens and Uhl 1980). After being neutralized and washed in water the specimens were dehydrated in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (Postek and Tucker 1976) and embedded in Polyfin (Polysciences, Inc.) paraffin wax. Transverse serial sections were made at 4 μm, stained with buffered Toluidine Blue O (Sakai 1973) and mounted in Lipshaw's synthetic mounting resin. Photomicrographic images were captured using a Zeiss Standard 16WL compound microscope equipped with a Retiga 1300i digital camera using ImagePro (MediaCybernetics).
Taxonomic treatment
Poa subsect. Aphanelytrum (Hack.) Soreng & P.M. Peterson, comb. & stat. nov.
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77155363-1
within Poa subg. Poa supersect. Homalopoa (Dumort.) Soreng & L.J. Gillespie sect. Dioicopoa E. Desv., see Gillespie et al. 2007
Brachyelytrum subg. Aphanelytrum Hack., Die Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachträge zu Teil II, Abteilung 2. 42. 1897.
Aphanelytrum (Hack.) Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 52: 12. 1902. Aphanelytrum procumbens (Hack.) Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 52: 13, text f. 1902.
Aphanelytrum Hack. ex Sodiro, Anales Univ. Centr. Ecuador 3(25): 480. 1889, nom. nud.
Based on Brachyelytrum procumbens Hack. ≡ Aphanelytrum procumbens (Hack.) Hack. ≡ Poa hitchcockiana.
Poa subsect. Aphanelytrum differs from most species of Poa in having stooling perennials with decumbent to spreading culm bases that continuously branch and often root at low to mid-culm nodes, glabrous spikelets with long rachillas 1.2–4.2 mm long, short glumes less than ½ the length of the florets, and lemmas with bifid apices that are mucronate to short-awned.
Stooling perennials with intravaginal innovations. Culms 14–80 (–100) cm tall, decumbent to spreading near base, culm bases that continuously branch and often root at low to mid-culm nodes. Leaf blades 3–14 cm long, 0.2–5 (–5.5) mm wide, flat to loosely involute; ligules 1–3 mm long, membranous. Panicles few-flowered with 5–22 spikelets. Spikelets 5–18 mm long, 2–4-flowered, membranous, glabrous, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; rachilla 1.2–4.2 mm long, terete in cross section, often prolonged above upper floret; callus glabrous; glumes 0.1–3.5 mm long, less than ½ the length of the florets, 0–3 (–4)-veined; lemmas 2.2–9.6 mm long, 3- or 5-veined, lanceolate or ovate, apex bifid, mucronate to short-awned, if awned up to 2 mm long; paleas 2–7 mm long, apex bifid; lodicules 2, glabrous; stamens 3, anthers 2–4.7 mm long; ovaries glabrous. Caryopses compressed laterally or unknown.
Three species of northern to central Andes of South America.
Key to the species of Poa subsection Aphanelytrum
1 Glumes veinless, 0.1−0.5 (–0.7) mm long, minute or absent Poa hitchcockiana
– Glumes veined, 1−3.6 mm long, lower glumes 1 or 3-veined, upper glumes 3 or 4-veined 2
2 Spikelets 10–13 cm long, 4-flowered; lemmas 6.6–8 mm long; leaf blades 3–5 mm wide; paleas 4.6–5.2 mm long; culm internodes 14–80 mm long Poa reclinata
– Spikelets 5–7 mm long, 3-flowered; lemmas 2.2–3.5 mm long; leaf blades 0.2–1.2 mm wide; paleas 2–3.2 mm long; culm internodes 3−18 mm long Poa sanchez-vegae
Poa hitchcockiana Soreng & P.M. Peterson, nom. nov.
Figs 1, 2D, 4C
Brachyelytrum procumbens Hack., Die Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachträge zu Teil II, Abteilung 2. 42. 1897. Aphanelytrum procumbens (Hack.) Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 52: 13, text f. 1902.
Aphanelytrum decumbens Hack. ex Sodiro, Anales Univ. Centr. Ecuador 3(25): 480. 1889, nom. nud.
ECUADOR. Crescit in silvis opacis regionis subandinis, 2000 m, Jul 1887, L. Sodiro, s.n. (holotype: W-19813 seen digitally!; isotype: US-865406 fragm. ex W!).
Straggling and stooling perennials with intravaginal innovations. Culms 30–80 (–100) cm tall, decumbent to erect, delicate, glabrous; nodes 3–8 (–14); internodes 2–14 cm long. Leaf sheaths ½ to 4/5 as long as the internodes, membranous to hyaline, often shiny, upper sheaths open ½ the length, keeled; ligules 1–2 mm long, membranous to hyaline, apex erose, often lacerate; blades 6–14 cm long (flag leaf usually 4–6 cm long), 1.5–4.2 (–5.5) mm wide, flat, thin, lax, linear. Panicles 5–18 (–22) cm long, 2–5 cm wide, few-flowered with 10–22 spikelets, oblong; branches flexuous, effuse and spreading, the lower branches capillary with 2–5 spikelets immediately branching below, the upper branches usually with 2 spikelets. Spikelets 8–18 mm long, 2- or 3-flowered (often appearing 1-flowered with disarticulation of upper florets), laterally compressed, greenish; disarticulation between the florets; all florets usually perfect; rachilla joints 1.5–4.2 mm long, often prolonged above upper floret; glumes 0.1–0.5 (–0.7) mm long, without veins, minute or absent, apex acute or irregularly lobed or toothed; lemmas 5–9.6 mm long, 5-veined, lanceolate, apex acuminate, mucronate or short-awned, the awn up to 2 mm long; paleas 4–7 mm long, 2-keeled, apex bifid; lodicules 0.8–1.1 mm long, lanceolate, membranous, glabrous; stamens 3; anthers 2.8–4.7 mm long, yellowish; ovaries glabrous with two styles and two stigmas. Caryopses 3.25–4.2 mm long, compressed laterally, glabrous, hilum short.
Leaf anatomy
The transverse section leaf anatomy of Poa hitchcockiana is C3, XyMS+ with non-radiate, spongy chlorenchyma, without adaxial palisade cells. There is a single primary vascular bundle associated with the midrib and a sclerenchyma girder 2 or 3-cells thick on the abaxial surface (Fig. 2D). Lateral primary vascular bundles are widely spaced and also have a few abaxial sclerenchyma cells.
Poa hitchcockiana: A Habit B Panicle C Sheath, ligule, and blade D Spikelet E Lower floret with glumes at base F Glumes at base of lower floret G Lemma H Palea, ventral view I Stamens with ovary J Lodicules at base of ovary K Pistil, lodicules at base L Caryopsis M cross section of caryopsis. A–D, J–K (Peterson 16571 & Refulio Rodriguez) E, F, L, M (Apollinaire 717 & Arthur, US-913275).
Leaf blade transverse sections of Poa sanchez-vegae (A–C) and Poa hitchcockiana (D). Poa sanchez-vegae: A Entire leaf blade B Midvein showing a single primary vascular bundle with bulliform cells (b indicated by arrows) C Lateral primary vascular bundle with a few associated abaxial sclerenchyma fibers (sf) and spongy chlorenchyma (chl). Poa hitchcockiana: D Midvein showing a single primary vascular bundle with abaxial sclerenchyma fibers (sf) and collapsed chlorenchyma.
Flowering year round [?], although no collections made in February, May, and September.
Poa hitchcockiana is found along the paramo or moist jalca vegetation between 2000–4025 m of the Cordillera de los Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru.
Since the species is widespread it is of least concern (IUCN 2010). However, the typical size of populations is undocumented and it has been noted by the authors that the grass is sought after by grazers since it is often found growing among the protection of perennial shrubs.
Since the epithets procumbens and decumbens are blocked in Poa by the earlier P. procumbens Curtis and P. decumbens (L.) Scop., we provide a new name commemorating the "father of American agrostology," Albert Spear Hitchcock (1865–1935).
The only wide ranging species of Poa subsect. Aphanelytrum, P. hitchcockiana also has the most unusual spikelet morphology with extremely long rachillas (1.5–4.2 mm long) and very short [0.1–0.5 (–0.7) mm long] to obscure or often absent, unveined glumes. Poa rachillas rarely exceed 1.5 mm, but some have spikelets with rachillas up to 2 mm long (e.g. P. sect. Secundae V.L. Marsh ex Soreng) P. curtifolia Scribn., P. hartzii Gand., P. stenantha Trin.; (P. sect. CenisiaeAsch. & Graebn.) P. davisii Bor; (P. supersect. Homalopoa) P. bajaensis Soreng, and a few other species in the Homalopoa (H) clade (see Soreng et al. 2010). Four species of the related genus Nicoraepoa Soreng & L.J. Gillespie have rachillas up to 3 mm long (Soreng and Gillespie 2007). However, there are no known species of Poa with unveined glumes.
Specimens examined
Bolivia. El Beni: Bella Vista, 26 Dec 1923, A.S. Hitchcock 22756 (US). La Paz: Murillo, 2450 m, 7 Apr 1981, S.A. Renvoize 4269, T.A. Cope & S.G. Beck (MO); 16°08'S, 68°07'W, 2900 m, 18 Mar 1987, J.C. Solomon 16417 (MO, US); 16°10'S, 68°07'W, 3000 m, 1 Mar 1980, J.C. Solomon 5240 (MO); 3100m, 16 Mar 1982, T. Feuerer 10719B (MO); 7 Apr 1989, Feuerer 5855C (MO). Santa Rosa, 3030 m, 4 Aug 1979, S.G. Beck 1085 (US). Nor Yungus, 3300 m, O. Buchtien 4268 (US); 3250 m, 3 Apr 1981, S.A. Renvoize 4188 & T.A. Cope (K, LPB); Franz Tamayo, 14°43'47"S, 69°04'17"W, 3998 m, 18 Jun 2005, A.F. Fuentes 8338, R. Hurtado, I. Jiménez, E. Cuevas & R. Cuevas (LPB, MO, USZ); Inquisivi, 16°48'00"S, 67°16'00"W, 3400–3500 m, 9 Mar 1991, M. Lewis 38263 (MO). Colombia. Boyacá: Nevado de Cocuy, 3750 m, 10 Sep 1938, J. Cuatrecasas 1360 (US); 4025 m, 7 Oct 1972, A.M. Cleef & P.A. Florschultz 5960 (US). Cauca: 3700 m, 5 Apr 1985, J.R.I. Wood 4784 (MO). Cundinamarca: Bogota, 10 Aug 1859, A. Lindig 1009 (MO, US); Paramo de Chipaque, 3300 m, R. Jaramillo M. 5340 (COL). Meta: Paramo de Sumapaz, 3700 m, A.M. Cleef 7686 (COL). Tolima: 16 Dec 1984, J.R.I. Wood 4650 (MO). Camino del Verjon, 3100 m, Jul 1911, Apollinaire 717 & Arthur (US-727001), Apollinaire 717 & Arthur (US-913275). J. Celestino Mutis 5533 (MA, US). Ecuador. Cañar: Interandina, 3000 m, 2 Jul 1950, M. Acosta Solís 16962 (US). Carchi: 00°49'00"N, 77°57'00"W, 3800 m, 10 Mar 1992, S. Lægaard 101662 (AAU); 00°40'00"N, 77°52'00"W, 3400 m, 1 Nov 1993, W.A. Palacios 11739 (MO, QCNE). Imbabura: 00°20'00"N, 78°00'00"W, 3600–3650 m, 7–8 Feb 1992, S. Lægaard 101171 (AAU). Loja: Cajanuma, 04°05'S, 79°12'W, 2700–3100 m, 5 Mar 1987, I. Grignon 84297 (AAU, MO, US). Napo: 00°56'00"S, 78°23'00"W, 3600 m, 16–18 Nov 1984, S. Lægaard 53356 (AAU, QCA, US). Pichincha: Paso de Huanpango, 3280 m, Jul 1928, G. Firmín 439 (US); Pedregal, 3400 m, 7 Jul 1944, M. Acosta Solís 8333 (US); Montes Pichinchas, 3700 m, 21 Jan 1856, W. Jameson s.n. (US), Jameson 168 (US); Pasochoa near Quito, 1890, L. Sodiro s.n. (US); La Campiña, 3000 m, T. Holmgren 649 (US). Tungurahua: Cordillera de Llanganates, 3000 m, 16 Nov 1939, E. Asplund 9737 (US). Peru. Cusco: Paucartambo, 2800 m, 17 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson 16571 & N.F. Refulio Rodriguez (US, USM); Calca, 3430 m, 17 Mar 2002, P.M. Peterson 16581 & N.F. Refulio Rodriguez (US, USM); Pillco, 17 Apr 1967, C. Vargas C. 19264 (US); Quispicanche, 13°35'32.8"S, 70°58'39.9"W, 3097 m, 20 Mar 2007, P.M. Peterson 20582, R.J. Soreng & K. Romaschenko (US, USM); Moquegua: El Abra, 2000 m, Mar 1967, C. Vargas C. 19104 (US). San Martín: Huicungo, 7°58'S, 77°20'W, 2900–3150 m, 27 Jun 1999, A. Cano s.n. (SI, USM); B. León 3797 (USM).
Poa reclinata (Swallen) Soreng & P.M. Peterson, comb. nov.
Festuca reclinata Swallen, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 26(6): 254. 1949.
COLOMBIA. Departamento Santander, Cordillera Oriental, Paramo de Almorzadero, 3500–3700 m, 20 Jun 1940, J. Cuatrecasas & H. Garcia Barriga 9970 (holotype: US-1798714!; isotypes: BC-635144 seen digitally!; COL-34839 seen digitally!).
Stooling perennials forming small tussocks with intravaginal innovations. Culms 30–40 cm tall, decumbent to erect, often weak, spreading to prostrate, culm bases continuously branch and often root at low to mid-culm nodes, glabrous; nodes 2 or 3 in distal half; internodes 1.4–8.0 cm long. Leaf sheaths about 2/3 as long as the internodes, membranous, greenish-white, scabrous, upper sheaths open 1/2 the length, collars flared; ligules 1–2.5 mm long, membranous, apex acute, ephemeral; blades 5–15 cm × 0.3–0.5 mm, flat, thin, lax, green, abaxially scabrous. Panicles 9–10 × 2–3 cm, few-flowered with 5–8 spikelets, flexuous, ovate, branched; branches glabrous. Spikelets 10–13 mm long, 4-flowered, glabrous; obovate; rachilla 1.2–2.4 mm long, minutely scabrous; glumes 1.3–3.6 mm long, membranous, lanceolate, green, glabrous, upper margins hairy; lower glumes 1.3–2 mm long, 1-nerved, apex acute; upper glumes 3–3.5 mm long, less than ½ as long as the florets, 3-veined, apex acuminate; lemmas 6.6–8 mm long, 5-veined, lanceolate, membranous, green, scabrous, apex bifid, two-dentate, awned between the teeth, the awn 1–2 mm long; paleas 4.6–5.2 mm long, membranous, keels scabrous, apex bifid; lodicules 0.6–0.8 mm long, lanceolate; anthers 2.7–3.3 mm long; ovaries glabrous. Caryopses not seen.
The leaf anatomy of Poa reclinata is C3, XyMS+ and the transverse sections have many widely spaced vascular bundles with small ribs; sclerenchyma is under both abaxial and adaxial epidermis, discontinuous, small, extending to the vascular bundles forming girders; bulliform cells are absent; epidermis is sparsely hairy. An anatomical description of P. reclinata is also found in Watson and Dallwitz (1992) and Stančík and Peterson (2007, figs 13g, 77c–f).
Flowering in July.
Poa reclinata is known only from the type locality, the paramo of the Colombian Cordillera Oriental, Dept. Santander (Stančík and Peterson 2007).
The species is rare and its conservation status is data deficient (IUCN 2010).
The specific epithet is probably in reference to the decumbent, spreading or prostrate culms, a frequent characteristic of the species in this subsection of Poa.
Stančík and Peterson (2007) mentioned that the spikelets and panicles of Festuca [Poa] reclinata were similar to Aphanelytrum procumbens [Poa hitchcockiana], but the glumes in the former are veined. They provisionally placed F. reclinata in F. subg. Subulatae (Tzvelev) E.B. Alexeev sect. Glabricarpae E.B. Alexeev, as suggested by Aleexev (1986), along with Festuca caldasii (Kunth) Kunth and F. woodii Stančík. The latter two species of Festuca have open sheaths, flattened and hairy (hispid?) rachillas, and lemmas with rounded keels and annulate calluses, whereas Poa reclinata has fused sheaths ½ their length, terete rachillas that are minutely scabrous, and lemmas with compressed keels and smooth transitions from callus to lemma. We hope to confirm the placement of P. reclinata in P. subsect. Aphanelytrum in future DNA studies.
Poa reclinata: A Habit B Sheath, ligule, and blade C Spikelet D Lower floret E Upper glumes F Lower glume G Lemma H Palea and rachilla, lateral view I Stamens with palea J Lodicules and with pistil. (Cuatrecasas 9970 & Garcua Barriga, US-1798714).
Poa sanchez-vegae Soreng & P.M. Peterson, nom. nov.
Fig. 2A–C, 4A, B, D–L
Aphanelytrum peruvianum Sánchez Vega, P.M. Peterson, Soreng & Lægaard, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(2): 842. 2007.
PERU. Departamento Cajamarca, Provincia Cajamarca, Distrito Cajamarca, Cerro Akumullca, al SO de Cajamarca, sobre la cima de la ladera occidental del Valle de Cajamarca (7°14'15"S Lat, 78°29'24"W Long), 3300 m, 20 Mar 2003, I. Sánchez-Vega 11781, M. Sánchez-Montoya, R. Cueva R. & J. Montoya (holotype: CPUN!; isotypes: AAU!, F!, HAO!, HUT!, LOJA!, MICH!, MO!, SI!, US-3472470!, US-3686568!, USM!).
Caespitose perennials. Culms 14−24 cm tall, with many culms near base, primary and secondary culms appressed, somewhat decumbent near base with intravaginal branching, culm bases continuously branch and often root at low to mid-culm nodes; internodes 3−18 mm long, numerous. Leaf sheaths longer than the internodes, membranous to hyaline, open to near base to open completely to base, slightly keeled; ligules 2−3 mm long, membranous to hyaline, decurrent, apex erose often lacerate; blades 3−7 cm long (flag leaf ca 1.6 mm long), 0.2−1.2 mm wide, flat to loosely involute, thin, linear, apex naviculate. Panicles 1.7−2.5 cm long, few-flowered with 5−10 spikelets; branches flexuous, the lower branches with two spikelets, the upper branches with single spikelet. Spikelets 5−7 mm long, usually 3-flowered, purplish, glabrous, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; lower and middle florets usually staminate; upper florets usually pistillate; rachilla joints 1.2−2 mm long, prolonged above the upper floret; glumes 1−2 mm long, subequal, apex acute, often mucronate; lower glume linear, 1-veined; upper glume oblanceolate, 3(4-)-veined, often toothed or irregularly lobed minutely bifid; lemmas 2.2−3.5 mm long, 3- or 5-veined, ovate, apex mucronate with two acute lobes on each side of the mucro, the mucro 0.1−0.3 mm long; paleas 2−3.2 mm long, 2-keeled, apex bifid; lodicules 0.7−0.8 mm long, lanceolate, membranous, glabrous; stamens 3; anthers 2−2.9 mm long, yellowish to purplish; ovaries glabrous with two styles and two stigmas. Caryopses glabrous.
The transverse section leaf anatomy of Poa sanchez-vegae is C3, XyMS+ with non-radiate, spongy chlorenchyma, without adaxial palisade cells (Fig. 2A–C). There are bulliform cells on the adaxial surface on either side of the midveins primary vascular bundle without additional sclerenchyma (Fig. 2B). However, there are a few abaxial sclerenchyma cells associated with the lateral primary vascular bundles (Fig. 2C).
Flowering in March.
Poa sánchez-vegae is known only from the type locality near the western highlands of the Cajamarca Valley and is found on rocky sites associated with jalca vegetation (humid alpine grass ecosystems) at 3300 m (Sánchez-Vega et al. 2007).
Poa sanchez-vegae is rare and the conservation status is data deficient (IUCN 2010). However, the authors unsuccessfully searched for additional material of this species at the type locality on 26 Mar 2008, accompanied by two of the original collectors, Isidoro Sánchez-Vega and Juan Montoya. The site had been turned into a pine plantation.
Since the existing specific epithet was occupied in Poa we provide a new name commemorating Isidoro Sánchez Vega, a renowned Peruvian Botanist.
Based on morphological characters, Isidoro Sánchez-Vega in consultation with Simon Lægaard, first identified the type collection of P. sanchesz-vegae as an unknown species of Aphanelytrum. In Sánchez Vega et al. (2007), we described this taxon as a new Aphanelytrum, and mention that Festuca reclinata superficially resembled the genus. In addition, P. sanchez-vegae aligned near or on an unusually long branch within Poa in preliminary cpDNA and ITS sequence analyses (Gillespie et al. 2007). Gillespie et al. (2008) included three accessions of Poa hitchockiana (≡ Aphanelytrum procumbens) that formed a clade sister to P. sanchez-vegae (≡ A. peruvianum) which together was sister to two accessions of P. apiculata (≡ Tovarochloa peruviana). These results clearly support our classification of P. sanchez-vegae and P. hitchcockiana as members of P. subsect. Aphanelytrum.
Poa sanchez-vegae (A, B, D–L) and Poa hitchcockiana (C). Poa sanchez-vegae: A Habit B Sheath, ligule, and blade D Panicle E Spikelet F Glumes, showing lower 1-veined and upper 4-veined G Glumes, showing lower 1-veined and upper 3-veined H Lemma I Paleas J Palea, anthers, and rachilla K Lodicules and pistil L Pistil. (Sánchez Vega 11781, Sánchez Montoya, Cueva R. & Montoya, US-3472470, US-3686568). Poa hitchcockiana: C Sheath, ligule, and blade (Peterson 16571 & Refulio Rodriguez).
Poa subsect. Tovarochloa (Macfarl. & P. But) Soreng & P.M. Peterson, comb. & stat. nov.
Tovarochloa T.D. Macfarl. & P. But, Brittonia 34(4): 478. 1982.
Based on Tovarochloa peruviana T.D. Macfarl. & P. But ≡ Poa apiculata Refulio.
For consistency in rank, since Poa apiculata Refulio (≡ Tovarochloa peruviana) apparently is sister to the three species in Poa subsect. Aphanelytrum, we erect Poa subsect. Tovarochloa.
Poa auriculata Soreng & P.M. Peterson, sp. nov.
PERÚ. Departamento Amazonas, Provincia Chachapoyas, summit of Puma-urcu southeast of Chachapoyas, occasional on dry cliff face, 3100–3200 m, 3 Jul 1962, J.J. Wurdack 1145 (holotype: US-2382274!).
Poa auriculata differs from Poa scabrivaginata Tovar in having 4–6-flowered spikelets, a glabrous callus, glumes 2–3 mm long, and lemmas 2.5–3.8 mm long.
Caespitose, annuals or short-lived perennials. Culms 40–72 cm tall, erect, scabrous, shiny, often weak; nodes 3–5. Leaf sheaths 2/3 to 4/5 as long the internodes, membranous, greenish to stramineous, scabrous, upper sheaths open for 1/3 the length, keeled, summit with prominent triangular auricles; ligules 3.3–5 mm long, membranous to hyaline, apex erose, often split down the center; blades 6–15 cm long (flag leaf 3–6 cm long), 3–6 mm wide, flat, thin, lax, linear, scabrous. Panicles 5–11 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, ovate, open; branches flexuous, effuse and spreading with numerous spikelets, scabrous, the lower branches capillary. Spikelets 5–7 mm long, 4–6-flowered, glabrous, ovate, greenish-yellow tinged with purple; rachilla 0.4–1.0 mm long; glumes 2–3 mm long, membranous, subequal; lower glumes 2–2.5 mm long, 1-veined, linear lanceolate, apex acuminate; upper glumes 2.4–3 mm long, 3-veined, the veins not conspicuous, lanceolate, apex acute; lemmas 2.5–3.8 mm long, 5-veined, lanceolate, membranous; apex acute, unawned; paleas 2.3–3.7 mm long, membranous, 2-keeled, the keels scabrous, apex minutely bifid; lodicules 0.4–0.5 mm long, ovate, membranous, glabrous; stamens 3; anthers 1.9–2.1 mm long, yellowish; ovaries glabrous with two styles and two stigmas. Caryopses not seen.
Flowering in June and July.
Poa auriculata is known only from the type locality in Cordillera de los Andes of Peru near Chachapoyas between 3100–3200 m growing on a dry cliff face.
The species is rare, but its conservation status is data deficient (IUCN 2010).
The specific epithet refers to the triangular auricles that are found on the summit of the sheaths, a feature that is unique among species of Poa.
Initially RJS considered Poa auriculata to be related to species in P. subsect. Aphanelytrum. We do not place the new species in P. subsect. Aphanelytrum because the spikelets have short rachillas and are 4–6-flowered, the habit is annual to short-lived perennials with erect culms, and the lemmas are unawned without mucros. However, aside from the auricles, P. auriculata is morphologically consistent with the 300 or so species that reside within P. subg. Poa supersect. Homalopoa. We hope to include a sample of this species in upcoming molecular analyses.
Poa scabrivaginata differs from P. auriculata in having 2-flowered spikelets (4–6 in P. auriculata), a few cobwebby hairs on the callus (verses glabrous), glumes 3.6–4.3 mm long (verses 2–3 mm), and lemmas 4.2–4.5 mm long (verses 2.5–3.8 mm) [Tovar 1965]. Poa aequatoriensis Hack., another species possible to confuse with P. auriculata, differs in having 2- or 3-, rarely 4-flowered spikelets, a few cobwebby hairs on the callus, and lemmas 3.6–4 mm long (Tovar 1965). Poa aequatoriensis is more wide ranging and has been reported in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru whereas P. scabrivaginata is known from the type (Depto. de Huánuco, Tambo de Vaca, J.F. Macbride 4354 at US) and one other possible collection (Depto. de Cajamarca, Celendin, I. Sánchez Vega 2668 at MO) [Sylvester et al. in press].
Poa auriculata: A Habit B Sheath, auricles, ligule, and blade C Spikelet D Glumes E Lower glume F Floret G Lemma H Palea, lateral view I Stamens with palea J Pistil enclosed in palea K Lodicules, pistil, and rachilla. (Wurdack 1145, US-2382274)
We thank the Smithsonian Institution's Restricted Endowment Fund, the Scholarly Studies Program, Research Opportunities, Atherton Seidell Foundation, Biodiversity Surveys and Inventories Program, Small Grants; the National Geographic Society for Research and Exploration (Grant No. 8087-06); Alice R. Tangerini for preparing the illustrations and anatomical plate; Stan Yankowski for preparing the anatomical sections; two anonymous reviewers and Clifford Morden for suggesting improvements to the manuscript.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A queuing algorithm used in routers to manage packets with different traffic characteristics. Incoming packets are classified on such variables as the DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) in the IP header. Each class of traffic is assigned to a specific FIFO (First In First Out) queue, each of which is guaranteed some portion of the total bandwidth of the router.


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Trbojevic's World Cup over with pec tear
Jake Trbojevic's Rugby League World Cup is over after just one game with scans confirming the Kangaroos lock has torn a pectoral muscle.
Trbojevic will fly back to Sydney on Saturday, with the Manly star expected to undergo surgery next week in a bid to be back for the latter stages of the Sea Eagles' NRL pre-season.
Trbojevic was sent to hospital after he was injured trying to tackle England's James Graham late in Australia's 18-4 tournament-opening win on Friday night.
It was a cruel blow for the 23-year-old, who had earned first shot at the Kangaroos' No.13 jersey in the competition's first game.
"Jake will leave the Kangaroos camp in Melbourne today to fly home to meet a specialist early in the week to confirm the severity of the injury and the next steps moving forward," Manly said in a statement.
The injury could also leave Australia carrying a squad of just 23 for the remainder of the tournament.
Under World Cup rules, countries can apply for a replacement player but it's understood exemptions are likely to be given only if injuries leave a team short in a particular position.
Meanwhile, Jake's brother Tom is likely to be one of four debutants in Australia's side to take on France in Canberra next Friday.
Coach Mal Meninga has hinted he'll include the 21-year-old in his 17 for the clash with the European minnows along with fellow rookies Cameron Munster, Felise Kaufusi and Reagan Campbell-Gillard.
Ben Hunt, Josh Mansour and James Maloney are the other members of the 24-man squad not selected to play against the old enemy on Friday.
However Hunt is a certain scratching against the French anyway as he attends his wedding, while Mansour could also be unavailable pending the birth of his first child.
"I think the seven (players) will play next week. I'll talk to Cameron (Smith) about what he wants to do. We'll see what happens in the course of 5-6 days," Meninga said.
"(Smith will) play. Benny Hunt's getting married. We've only got one hooker."


At the South Dallas Cultural Center, the Carpetbag Theatre's powerful Speed Killed My Cousin explores PTSD and the effects of war.
Dallas — If you feel that there's not enough stylistic diversity in the local theater and performance scene—and granted, that's a legit concern—then you're not paying attention to what's happening at the South Dallas Cultural Center.
Through its affiliation with the National Performance Network (NPN) and various grants focused on original work by contemporary artists, SDCC director Vicki Meek is programming some of the most adventurous work on local stages. In May there was Fat Boy, a dance-theater work from Teo Castellanos' D-Projects that I still can't get out of my head; and now comes Linda Parris Bailey's play Speed Killed My Cousin, an import from Carpetbag Theatre of Knoxville, Tenn.
The play, which opened a three-night run on Thursday, examines the immediate as well as long-lasting ramifications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and features a knock-the-wind-out-of-you performance by local actress Ashley Wilkerson, who has already given one of the year's best performances in Katori Hall's The Mountaintop at Jubilee Theatre.
Before the performance on Thursday, director Andrea Assaf noted that the play is tough to watch because of its strong language and thematic elements—we're talking about war, after all—and that if anyone needed to get up and take a breather in the 80-minute intermissionless work, then go ahead. No one did that, but even if they wanted to, they were probably rendered unable to move because of the riveting show.
What's remarkable about Wilkerson's performance as Debra is that she does 99 percent of it (until the very end) in the driver's seat of a cleverly designed Hummer, driving along the Long Island Expressway—the L.I.E., that acronym serving as a metaphor for the untruths that have propelled many a country into war—at night. Terrific video design by Melody Reeves adds to the effect.
She mostly talks to the audience, although with a hands-free earpiece and her phone, it could be someone at the other end. She tells her story of being on multiple tours of duty in the recent Iraq war, while also interacting with her father David (Bert Tanner), a Vietnam vet who was drafted as a young man, and has never been the same.
Many of the other characters are ghosts, including the titular character, Lynell (Carlton "Starr" Releford), who was also in Vietnam with his cousin David; and various roles played by playwright Bailey, most hauntingly as an apparition/angel dressed in a white hijab. She also plays a cop, David's mom, Debra's mom and another Iraqi woman who is fascinated by the fact that the American military allows women.
Tanner is affecting as a man who some might view as out of sorts, but signs of sharp mental acuity are obscured by his anger over the Vietnam experience—and politics in general. Much of the storytelling focus is on Wilkerson, though, as Debra weaves threads about discovering her sexuality, falling in love with a female soldier who was later killed, and memories of driving with convoys through the Iraqi desert (the video is effective here, too). Those, which chronicle suicide bombers and inescapable violence, are particularly vivid. Wilkerson captures a range of emotion, letting hints of vulnerability peek out from that thick veil of resentment and regret—and all while keeping her eyes on the road and hands on the wheel. It's a stunning performance.
A particularly searing passage comes when she talks about the memories of 9/11 and questioning the subsequent bombing of homes and killing of civilians in an invaded country. And it doesn't end with troops deploying; veterans like her will have to live with physical and mental pain as a result. "You act like war is the only thing that brings out the worst in people," Debra says, delving into other plagues of the human condition—in wartime and not—such as betrayal.
Speed Killed My Cousin is powerful work. There are two more chances to catch it, Friday and Saturday night. Also, plan ahead for another touring show in the NPN network coming to SDCC in the spring, The Burnin' from Progress Theatre. Also on the season is a new work from Jonathan Norton, Mississippi Goddam, set in Civil Rights Era Mississippi.


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Katie Cassidy and Miles Fisher Cast in 'The Wolves at the Door'
by Lynn Sorel May 9, 2015
written by Lynn Sorel May 9, 2015
Katie Cassidy (Arrow) and Miles Fisher (Man Seeking Woman) have been cast in the upcoming period thriller 'The Wolves at the Door' from John Leonetti (Annabelle). With a script penned by Gary Dauberman, the film takes place in 1969 in the Hollywood Hills and centers around four friends who are subjected to a horrifying a home invasion. It is being produced by Peter Safran and is set to shoot in Los Angeles from mid-May to June. Elizabeth Henstridge and Adam Campbell are costarring.
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How Robert Durst Was Acquitted of Murder Years Before The Jinx
It may seem like the Robert Durst story is finally coming to an end: The real-estate heir and subject of HBO's The Jinx was arrested in New Orleans over the weekend and, in the Sunday-night finale of the documentary show, he appeared to have confessed on tape to multiple murders.
But if Durst's history teaches anything, it's that confession and arrest won't necessarily lead to conviction.
In 2003, Durst stood trial for one of the deaths with which his name has been connected over the years. He was then, as the heir to New York City real-estate wealth, worth an estimated $250 million but was dogged by a troubled past that could be traced all the way back to witnessing his mother's death when he was only 7.
His wife, Kathleen McCormack, disappeared about a decade into their marriage. Then, as TIME recounted in a 2003 issue, "[In 2000], Durst's friend Susan Berman was shot in the head in her home just days before she was to be interviewed by investigators seeking information about Kathleen's disappearance." Durst's name was often discussed in connection with both cases, but he was not arrested for either.
That changed in 2001. After Berman's death, Durst moved to Galveston, Tex., where he lived as "a mute woman named Dorothy Ciner," and befriended an older neighbor named Morris Black. In 2001, "Durst returned to his rental to find Black there watching television. A scuffle ensued, Durst's pistol went off, and Black is believed to have died of head trauma," as TIME put it in 2003. Durst ended up in court, where he admitted to taking Black's body apart and said he had forgotten much of the episode except for the huge amount of blood involved.
But, despite the admission, he was acquitted. Here's how that happened:
What Durst did with Black's head became the central mystery in the case. Durst was arrested 11 days later, after a boy discovered Black's torso bobbing offshore. Durst's second wife, Debrah Charatan, helped him post $300,000 bail and he fled. On Nov. 30, 2001, he turned up in rural Hanover Township, Pa., where he was nabbed for shoplifting a sandwich, even though he had $500 in his pocket and about $38,000 in his car. Police also found in his possession two .38-cal. pistols, pot and ammunition. Durst's lawyer Dick DeGuerin tells TIME that Durst "was just then coming off a 40-year high of smoking marijuana every day and getting drunk every night, self-medicating the emotional problems he had."
Why was Durst acquitted? There were no witnesses to the killing. Black's head could have proved how he was shot, but it was missing. Jurors say the defense stuck to its story that Durst acted in self-defense, while prosecutors gave several possible scenarios. The jury might have convicted him of manslaughter, but that wasn't presented as an option. Durst seems to have expected a guilty verdict. He reportedly commissioned an $8,000 study to find the most comfortable prison in Texas.
Read the rest of the 2003 story here in the TIME Vault: A Real Head Case


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text:
Traversing the Landscape of Transgender Politics, Part II
by Sarah Dillingham (December 2019)
The Truth was Revealed, Egon Schiele, 1913
The first installment of this two-part series examined the postmodern origins of our incipient political landscape, in which a small handful of transgender activists have imposed vast, unprecedented impacts on both rule of law and popular culture with dizzying speed. A mere decade ago, we enjoyed broad cultural consensus in our understanding of dimorphic biological sexes and the language describing them, shared by the vast majority of transgender people who relied on this framework of recognized biological norms to identify their dysphoria and transition from one dimorphic gender identity to the other. No more. The gatekeepers of our collective ethos have conceded in unison that biological sex is a social construct determined by voluntary gender identification, and objective reality is an afterthought to be subjugated by emotional comfort and social justice. This follow-up essay will explore the far-reaching implications and unintended consequences of these concessions.
What happens when lawmakers and media outlets enthusiastically submit to trans activists who deploy postmodern queer theory to assert that gender is simultaneously a social construct and an innate determinant of biological reality, in an imaginary context in which gender is simultaneously fixed and infinitely mutable, so that a child's stated gender identity must be affirmed with irreversible medical interventions even as we must acknowledge that his self-perceived gender may transmute by the day, hour, or moment within a spectrum of infinite possibilities?
What happens when a descriptor such as "women," for instance, no longer specifically describes biological females, but rather all people who choose to declare themselves as such? Shifts in language cannot similarly shift the objective biological reality of sexual dimorphism; but these shifts can change the application of social rules constructed to navigate the constraints of biological reality—especially if the architects and enforcers of those rules are prone to moral cowardice in the face of political activism. Nowhere is this more apparent than in application of Title IX in women's sports. Amid very little pushback from the professional arbiters of each sport, biological males have begun to dominate women's competitions with stunning alacrity.
Read more in New English Review:
• Now is Not the Time
• Hypocrites and Heroes
• Virginia & Vanessa
As mentioned in Part I, June Eastwood, a biological male, was welcomed onto the University of Montana women's cross country running team with great fanfare and high praise from the mainstream press and professional associations, after only a year hiatus from competing on the men's team as an athlete born and identifying as male. Eastwood was named "Big Sky Female Athlete of the Week" in the wake of other biological males suddenly dominating sports competitions legally designated for biological females: transgender cyclist Rachel McKinnon instantly dominated the 35-39 category in 2018, setting a world record to qualify, and three biologically female high school athletes filed a federal discrimination complaint in Connecticut earlier this year after two biologically male competitors suddenly captured winning titles in state competitions. Connecticut is one of 17 states which allow transgender athletes to compete on girls' teams without restrictions, in accordance with the Obama administration's 2016 guidelines.
The fallacy of this policy and legitimacy of the girls' formal complaint is illustrated by the stark biological reality governing the outcome of a women's mixed martial arts competition in 2014: Fallon Fox, a biological male allowed to compete in the women's MMA division, broke the skull of opponent Tamikka Brents, who reported she had "never felt so overpowered ever in [her] life." Allowing biological males to participate in sports competitions designated for women is fundamentally unfair—and in the case of direct contact sports, physically unsafe—because it is the objectively indisputable biological distinctions between males and females which inspired both the discriminatory laws and practices implemented before Title IX, and the enactment of the law to remedy them. Girls and women—by which I mean biological females—required a legal remedy in 1972 in order to gain equal access to educational opportunities afforded to boys and men, including opportunities to compete in sports which confer myriad demonstrable benefits.
Biological sex is determined by chromosomes, hormones and endocrine function, internal reproductive organs, external genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics. While medical conditions exist which cause deviations in one or more of these sex characteristics, it is the dimorphic organization of sex traits among mammals, including humans, which fundamentally dictates the biology of sex and allows the species to reproduce. These distinct sets of characteristics, which cannot be entirely recreated or conferred through transition therapies, are not only objectively real and measurable; they are fundamentally meaningful in sporting competitions. Biological males, on average, have a greater overall percentage of lean muscle, greater cardiovascular capacity, and longer and denser bones than biological females. Hormone therapy and reassignment surgery do not entirely mitigate these distinctions.
Trans activists argue that the number of transgender athletes competing in the women's field is relatively insignificant, and that the civil rights of transgender athletes supersede any infringement on the rights of biological females to compete in a fair playing field. However, as is evidenced by the instantaneous dominance of biologically male athletes allowed access to women's teams who were far less successful competing among opponents of their own biological sex, all it takes is one or two average male competitors to permanently skew the field of top-rated female competitors. It's not the entire pool of athletes which affords the viability of the category, but rather the disparity among the top few competitors. After a few seasons of defining women's sports as a category in which all males and females who identify as women may compete, biological females will have no opportunity to succeed. This negates the fundamental purpose of competitive sports.
So why have rule makers acquiesced so readily to new guidelines? There seems to be an unspoken assumption that the new pediatric standard of care discussed in Part I of this series will eventually eliminate the glaringly obvious handicaps these new policies currently impose on biologically female competitors. If the new AAP recommendations are universally implemented, all young children diagnosed with gender dysphoria will be begin taking puberty-blocking drugs by age 9-12, followed by cross-sex hormone therapy and "gender affirmation" surgery. If this agenda takes hold, eventually there will be no male transgender athletes who've gone through natural puberty competing with biological females. Setting aside for a moment the potentially dystopian implications of this imagined future, there's no data available on the long-term effects of this protocol or the distinctions between transgender athletes who miss puberty and biological females at the aggregate level. Will transgender athletes who follow this protocol nonetheless retain advantages? How many decades will post-pubescent biological males continue to participate in women's sports? How much longer will biological females have any reasonable incentive to compete in sports at all?
Whether we consider gender dysphoria to be a mental disorder, an intersex condition, or simply a state of being within the norms of a sexually non-binary species, all reasonable people should recognize that distinct categories for sporting competitions are functionally necessary, and the only viable way to define those categories is by classes of physiological characteristics reflecting ability; i.e., by biological sex. Trans athletes may still be allowed to identify as they choose, while participating in categories named "biological females" and "biological males," which could include women and trans men, and men and trans women, respectively. These categories could easily be structured to retain the established language of transgender identity which activists insist upon; but they would require new sets of rules governing eligibility based on use of hormones. This might necessitate either exclusion or creation of a separate category for athletes who take synthetic hormones for any reason. Such a system would introduce new levels of complexity, especially given the paucity of data on how synthetic hormones affect long-term health and comparative physiological advantages. But complexity is warranted, since only a policy tethered to objective reality can ensure the viable future of intramural and professional sports.
Of course, this untethering of public policy from objective biological reality extends beyond the realm of sports. Feminists have made compelling arguments that redefining "women" to mean voluntary gender identity puts biological females at physical and medical risk. The most comprehensive study available on long-term outcomes of transition found that while the male-to-female post-transition population maintained the same rate of violent crimes as the overall biological male population, the female-to-male post-transition group reached the male level of violent criminal behavior. This finding has grave implications for housing biological males who identify as women with biological females in women's shelters and segregated correctional facilities, which are segregated specifically to protect biological females from documented, tangible risk of male violence at the hands of transgender women or violent criminals who impersonate them.
Expanding the definition of any legally protected group, whether women or LGBTQ+, to be self-identified, self-defined, and infinitely open-ended creates openings for individuals outside the established minority group to exploit legal protections with nefarious intent. An illustrative case is Jessica Yaniv, a biological male with a dubious legal history who leveraged transgender status to maliciously entrap biologically female beauticians into violating Canadian human rights law. Yaniv targeted local aestheticians who performed "bikini" waxing services in their homes, a service universally understood to mean waxing of the female outer pubic area. Yaniv requested appointments while maintaining active social media profiles with the name "Jonathan (Jessica) Yaniv" and images displaying male secondary sex traits. When the vendors refused services based on biological sex, Yaniv was initially successful in filing 16 human rights violations and was granted a publication ban, which blocked the media from publishing any former name or investigating past history. Yaniv, if successful, would receive up to $35,000 in damages from these defendants.
The trial commenced in July and was meticulously documented by citizen Twitter journalist @goinglikeelsie, whereupon salacious and damning details began to emerge. Evidence surfaced demonstrating that Yaniv had likely approached underage girls inappropriately both online and in person, and revealed exchanges reflecting possible characteristics of sexual predation and autogynephilia. Independent professional witnesses testified that waxing male genitalia involves handling of both the penis and scrotum, and requires special training to avoid injury of delicate tissues. More importantly, direct handling of the penis and scrotum usually results in sexual arousal, and it's a common expectation among clients receiving a "manzillian" waxing service that the aesthetician bring them to climax if they become aroused. Performing a "manzillian" in a private home with children present, with no other adults or personal protection, on a client with potential criminal sexual compulsions and potentially ambiguous expectations for sexual services, is not a reasonable legal or social requirement for any biological female. And yet, the criminal charges were pending for months and destroyed the professional and personal lives of numerous defendants before these details came to light.
Biological females also bear the brunt of negative outcomes from shifting medical guidelines permeated with postmodern distortion of sex-specific language. A baby was stillborn in May of this year after critical miscommunication between the mother, a trans man, and medical staff. (While transformations of language may make it possible for "a man to have a baby," a biological male certainly cannot.) Lactation consultants, midwives, and obstetricians are increasingly discouraged from using language describing the human breast when treating their lactating patients, and are left with the vague and inadequate terminology of "chest-feeding." This euphemism may obfuscate the troubling lack of research on the health effects of synthetic hormone therapy for breastfeeding biological females and their babies in both the short and long term. Worldwide breastfeeding rates plummeted during the 20th century and have only begun to bounce back in recent decades; loss of the inherited collective wisdom of breastfeeding has led to high failure rates and negative outcomes for mothers and babies, particularly in developing countries where babies are at significantly higher risk of malnutrition and death if their mothers can't learn to breastfeed successfully. These mothers can't afford to indulge in postmodern wordplay which obfuscates their fundamental biology and experiences. Similarly, girls and women at risk of being forced into child marriages and other abuses specific to their biological sex must retain the conceptual tools which define their predicament if they hope to escape it.
But perhaps the most ominous aspect of the gender identity thought experiment is the means by which children are being indoctrinated. On its face, the concept of "Drag Queen Story Hour" in public libraries across the country has been promoted as a wholesome opportunity to teach young children about diversity and inclusion, encouraging them to accept themselves and others. The practice of inviting men dressed in full drag to read stories of love and acceptance to preschoolers has become ubiquitous, and tragically, has allowed child sex offenders to gain access to children and commit sex offenses in full view of library staff and parents alike. That sex offenders seek respite and opportunity at these events should not surprise us, when we consider that drag shows, while an endearing icon of gay culture for many, ultimately embody an adult form of entertainment. Drag shows are essentially a burlesque art form which involves adult sexual signaling, subtle though it might be by contemporary standards. Sadly the parents and organizers of these events are too drenched in the good feelings of woke inclusion to consider the recklessness of convening preschoolers for a drag performance.
The natural consequence of normalizing drag shows for preschoolers should not surprise us either: the "drag kid" phenomenon was bound to emerge eventually in this climate. While it's standard and healthy for children of all ages play dress-up, cross-dress, and vamp theatrically within protected childhood environments, the public promotion of child drag queens and the collective adult encouragement of children to perform drag shows on broad public display puts these kids at risk from pedophiles. Children necessarily can't distinguish between innocent, playful theatrics versus the overt sexual signaling they're being urged to mimic. The obfuscation of biological sexual dimorphism and basic definitions of gender roles exacerbates this confusion—confusion predators are eager to exploit.
The spectacle of "drag kid" promotion in the media and the pedophiles it attracts begs the question: why would institutions expose children to this risk? Are we sliding down a slippery slope, to ultimately land at normalization and acceptance of child sex offenders? Some would argue that there's evidence to support this hypothesis. But whether intended or not, there's a more glaring consequence of intense and orchestrated exposure to myriad cross-gender role playing examples at these early ages, beyond the laudable goal of encouraging LGBTQ+ acceptance at ages before biases have taken hold. These exposures facilitate the tracking of small children into the new "gender affirmation" protocols outlined by the AAP. The more cultural exposure we implement, the more young kids will identify with this group and either self-select or find themselves aggressively tracked into social and medical "gender affirmation therapy." Whether these cultural exposures are premeditated, orchestrated initiatives implemented by wealthy ideologues within the medical and pharmaceutical industries, or they are spontaneous and involuntary eruptions of popular culture, broad implementation of "gender affirmation therapy" to a rapidly increasing swath of the population carries grave implications. Chemical and surgical transition therapies are associated with multiple lifetime health risks including sterilization, impaired sexual function, elevated risks of cancer, stroke, endocrine disruption, and remorse, with dwindling opportunity to safely detransition.
• Not Always Man's Best Friend
• Generations X, Y, Z & the Future of Democracy
• The Catalonian Case: A Challenge to Spanish Democracy
When children experiencing gender dysphoria are given the opportunity to explore their identity in the context of traditional therapy and social acceptance, 80-95% go on to feel comfortable and happy identifying with their natal biological sex. While the shift from traditional "watch and wait" therapy to the gender affirmation protocol is too recent to acquire reliable data, we know that the Dutch team who developed the gender affirmation protocol observed no desistance in their patients. These radically different outcomes imply that children have limited opportunity to accept their biological sex if they are never exposed to standard concepts of biological norms or allowed to experience puberty. Popular culture celebrates gender dysphoria as normative, and promotes the idea that chemical and surgical transition therapy are advanced enough to deliver the appearance and function of innate sex characteristics, while denying debilitating, irreversible lifelong side effects of medical transition. This is a delusional transhumanist fantasy which deprives patients seeking treatment for gender dysphoria of the informed consent they deserve. Lawmakers and medical providers are clearly swept up in this delusion, so it's up to rational citizens and healthcare consumers to reclaim a popular culture firmly grounded in objective reality. If we hope to preserve our health and collective sanity, we have little time to waste.
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Sarah Dillingham writes on matters of health and wellness and is mom to a rambunctious boy in the D.C. suburbs.
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Marrero vs Rojas Headline MGM on Friday - Golden Boy Promotions kicks off a huge weekend of fights on Friday night with an eight fight boxing card at the MGM Grand that sees the Interim WBA world 126 lb title at play in the main event.
The Claudio Marrero vs Jesus M Rojas fight is set to air on ESPN2 as part of GOlden Boy's 18 fight dealwith the cablesports giant. Marrero earned the shot at the interim belt with an upset over previously unbeaten Carlos Zambrano in his last outing, while the once beaten Rojas has not taken a loss since 2008.
Check out the line-up for Saturday's HBO PPV featuring Saul Alvarez vs Gennady Golovkin right here.


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text:
Q: Сортировка в MySQL Есть запрос:
   SELECT `id`, `user_id`, `full_url`, `text`, `type_causes`, `time`
    FROM `url_blacklist`
   WHERE `del` = '0'
   ORDER BY `id` DESC

Как сделать, чтобы записи с type = 0 были выше остальных, но при этом сортировка ORDER BY id DESC сохранилась?
A:   SELECT `id`, `user_id`, `full_url`, `text`, `type_causes`, `time`
    FROM `url_blacklist`
   WHERE `del` = '0'
   ORDER BY `type_causes` ASC, `id` DESC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Why Gigs Are S**t
An unprovoked diatribe against the live music experience
By Sam Parker
Someone once said the best thing about getting older is you can stop pretending to like things just because you think you're supposed to.
If that's true then I'd like to add something to my personal Becoming An Old Fart list, and call bullshit on going to gigs.
Gigs are shit.
I don't mean certain gigs, or bad gigs. I mean all gigs. Every gig. Gigs in pubs, gigs in stadiums, gigs at open air concerts (though at least at those, you can actually breathe).
Growing up I was in the gang who had long hair and listened to 'real' music, and we all tried to be in bands. Like Bryan Adams before us, those were the best days of our lives. But even then, actually going to gigs was horrendous.
You're supposed to love live music because it's so raw and authentic, because it brings you closer to source of the songs you love in a place where you can enjoy them with like-minded souls, all lost in a lovely moment of shared euphoria.
If only that were true.
Unless you're one of the certified psychopaths who are punctual/pushy enough to end up at the front, being pressed against a metal railing by a few thousand jabby, beer-spilling bodies while being eye-balled by a goatee-sporting bouncer dreaming of his MMA career, just to be within a few feet of your heroes – who, by the way, are getting their kicks from looking out at the furthest row of people there to adore them, not the desperate, demonstrative singing in the front – unless you're doing that then you're nowhere near the source of the music you love at all.
In fact, you're probably several hundred feet back, trying to glimpse some tiny figures on a stage, being pushed and pulled and trampled on by a set of pogoing, sweat-drenched knobheads determined to prove they're The Best Fans.
They're singing along, The Best Fans, meaning you feel obliged to as well, just to show you know the words. Only it doesn't feel good, does it? Not like it does when you're in your house, drinking wine in your underwear (underrated) or walking down the streets with your headphones on, startling old ladies. No – it feels forced and self-conscious, like singing in church, only with stickier floors.
This, of course, is jumping the gun. Because before the show even starts, you have to spend between 1.5 and 3 hours just waiting, because thanks to overdoses/egos/private helicopters, musicians are almost always late, and the ticket always warns you to get there insanely early – which you dare not disobey, in case you miss the opener – so you have no choice but to endure an endless stretch of time just wandering around some dingy shithole, looking down on the sweet, pasty couples queuing at the merchandise stand, paying £6 for a plastic cup of flat Carling, standing at the urinals torso-to-torso, thigh-to-thigh with a guy in a muscle shirt, hopping from foot to foot trying to ignore the ache in your calves, fretting about your place in the crowd, hating the sound check guys for not being the band, wanting, deep down, to cry.
Yeah, gigs are shit. All, that is, except for about five minutes in the middle or at the very end, when the band stops playing the new songs no one cares about and plays your personal favourite from their now twelve-year-old debut. And even then the only way you're going to enjoy those five minutes is by being so completely off your head you can ignore the multitude of annoyances and neuroses that comes with being British, and alive, and at – of all things – a fucking gig.
Here are the conditions under which I think a gig would be fun.
It takes place in my own home, with no one else there unless I invited them. I can drink as much of my own booze as I like, out in the open, without queuing. And Bob Dylan is playing all of my favourite songs – in the exact order I choose.
In other words, watching YouTube.
Worst of all is that no one will admit any of this. People would rather look you in the eye and tell you, without smirking, that a gig 'changed their life' than admit they spent most of their night tired, irritable and praying there isn't a third encore. Nowhere in life is there such a gulf between what we tell ourselves about an experience and what that experience is actually like.
Arrested development, or misplaced nostalgia: are there really any other reasons to attend a gig once you're out of your twenties?
Oh OK, probably a few, all that require being less of a boring, joyless twat than me. But personally, it feels good to finally admit there is nothing in the gamut of designated human leisure activities I'd rather do less.
Oh – except go to a nightclub. Don't even get me started on nightclubs...
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text:
Board index NES / Famicom NESdev
Working through compression
Discuss technical or other issues relating to programming the Nintendo Entertainment System, Famicom, or compatible systems.
Location: Rio de Janeiro - Brazil
Post by tokumaru » Sat Mar 08, 2008 8:42 pm
tepples wrote: Another question that few people seem to stop to consider: How big is a pixel in SI units? For example, if an object is 16 pixels tall, how much distance does that represent?
Why do you think this is important? Because of physics formulas perhaps? Anyway, I guess it varies a lot from game to game. A 16x16-pixel block is probably much smaller in "Rescue Rangers" or "Monster in my Pocket" than blocks that are also represented in 16x16 pixels in many other games, right?
Celius wrote: I'm going to look into applying more lookup tables to the method.
If you got the ROM space to spare, this is always good. Most types of lookup tables are only bad choices for NROM games, where each byte is so very precious.
tepples
Location: NE Indiana, USA (NTSC)
Contact tepples
Post by tepples » Sat Mar 08, 2008 9:24 pm
tokumaru wrote:
tepples wrote: How big is a pixel in SI units? For example, if an object is 16 pixels tall, how much distance does that represent?
Why do you think this is important? Because of physics formulas perhaps?
That, and a couple other reasons.
Anyway, I guess it varies a lot from game to game. A 16x16-pixel block is probably much smaller in "Rescue Rangers" or "Monster in my Pocket" than blocks that are also represented in 16x16 pixels in many other games, right?
I understand that the scale can vary from game to game, and it can also vary from scene to scene in one game. For example, Zelda II's overworld is scaled differently from its side-scrolling parts. The indoor areas in that other game with monsters and pockets are scaled differently from the outdoor areas, as is the case in plenty of other RPGs. It's just a good idea to have some sort of sense of scale while you are designing things, so that you know how big your worlds really are.
Example 1: Wikipedia says Sonic is 100 cm tall. This would put 32px = 1 m, meaning tokumaru's engine supports levels up to about 1 km long.
Example 2: In Animal Crossing, an "acre" in outdoor scenes is 16 cells by 16 cells. Google says an acre is 4047 square meters, and this puts the scale very close to 1 cell = 4 m on a side.
My point:
A game is a scale model of an imaginary world. If you know the scale of your maps, level designs might end up more consistent.
If you have game characters talk about units of time in "frames" and units of distance in "pixels" or "screens", that blows holes in the fourth wall.
Most importantly for this topic: if you know the scale of your maps, you can figure out how big you can reasonably expect a map to be, and you can calculate what kind of compression ratio you will need.
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Post by Bregalad » Sun Mar 09, 2008 2:13 am
Well, scales are often unrealistic. It's very common to see game characters that are as tall as a tree, and sometimes even as tall as a town or only half of the size of a castle (Dragon Warrior, Final Fantasy !)
Also, what compression method to use really depends on how you want the game to be. Celius's platformer seems to really need to work with screens, as the game has been designed that way. All white areas don't have to be encoded as long as the scrolling engine doesn't allow scrolling when a screen isn't present in that direction. In the case where screens always scroll only one direction, this even allow clever switching to horizontal and vertical mirroring so that you can always write big blocks of data to nametables without worriying about a row/column format and without having glitches. However, this won't work if scrolling to both directions is needed at the same time.
Eventually, having bigger maps often also mean bigger metatiles and then, your decompressed map takes less space since the metatiles are enormous, and you only need to keep track of the metatiles, not lower units. After all it doesn't seem that hard to random-acess a RLE map, so yeah, if it's possible to do it without having it to RAM then do it. Personally I like the RAM approach as the map is "modifiable", but I'll admit I've never made code that modify a map like that in my game yet (but I plan to do it). It's also good with object that interact with their background. For example if you want an enemy who is a statue, and when the player approaches it the statue starts to move and attack him. If you do only a sprite approach, when the statue will be scrolled in screen, it will most likely be viewable that it's made of sprites, and the player won't be tricked (especially in my game, where a whole map is scrolled at a time without any care to sprites before it's fully scrolled), so that's not a good approach. However, if you made it BG, and then have the object replace the statue graphics by some other metatile, but then create its own statue sprite, everything will be fine. You then need RAM so that when the player open the menu and close it, you know if you what metatile to draw, that can be a different one than the original when the map was loaded.
Post by tokumaru » Sun Mar 09, 2008 10:28 am
Bregalad wrote: For example if you want an enemy who is a statue, and when the player approaches it the statue starts to move and attack him. If you do only a sprite approach, when the statue will be scrolled in screen, it will most likely be viewable that it's made of sprites, and the player won't be tricked (especially in my game, where a whole map is scrolled at a time without any care to sprites before it's fully scrolled), so that's not a good approach. However, if you made it BG, and then have the object replace the statue graphics by some other metatile, but then create its own statue sprite, everything will be fine. You then need RAM so that when the player open the menu and close it, you know if you what metatile to draw, that can be a different one than the original when the map was loaded.
There are different ways to go about this. In my game, background objects are never defined in the level map. They are defined along with all other objects, and they watch the drawing of rows and columns to draw their graphics. To "erase" them I have to read the metatiles from the level map.
But I agree that, in this particular case, it is better to have a copy of what exactly is on screen. Then again, RPGs and platformers are totally different games.
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Post by Celius » Sun Mar 09, 2008 12:41 pm
I hadn't really thought about objects that change on the world map. There are a few that actually do. Most of the time, the world map remains the same. I could probably do something where I draw an object's final state on the map, and then I can draw over it if it's supposed to appear different. But I just thought of an idea, I don't know if it's good or not. It could end up saving me a lot of time. So for the RPG map, you know I have to start out at the beginning of a row and decompress my way to the end. This felt to me like a nice/clean/professional way to do it. However, I could save myself A LOT of time by keeping where the pointers are when they stop decompressing in each row on screen. This might be a little complicated, but I'm pretty sure that in the end, it will save me a lot of time.
As for the platformer, I'm still a little unsure about the exact level format. I don't know if this sounds weird or not, but I want to still make everything have 16-bit coordinates as if the whole map were one big level. So each room doesn't have a 0,0 coordinate. Since the map is 64x60 screens, I don't see why I should seperate them. But I was thinking of also still keeping all the screen definitions together, and not organize them by room. Just because if I were to define the rooms all in blocks, the "squares" drawn around each room would overlap, which means I'd be wasting space.
I'll see about applying the idea I had about saving pointer status to my RPG map. It really could save me a lot of time.
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1. The decision was taken for forming the Engineering College Kota Alumni Association (ECKAA).
1.1 Manish Chaturvedi informed that rough draft of the charter is already completed under the supervision of Prof N.K Gupta and Mr. Rajora. Committee for the charter was also formed and dead line of December 31st 2000 was kept for forming the legal body.
1.2 Rules and legislation of the same shall be firmed up and the committee shall take the further step of increasing the membership, usage of funds collected, meetings, Quaterly and monthly news letter, frequency of meeting to be called etc..
1.3 Mr. Praveen bhandari suggested to set up some basic infrastructure for the alumini. to set ups ome trend of honouring the old members in annual meet say the 20Yrs old batch every year, to pick some good the activities conducted by various other aluminies.
2. To develop web site " www.eckalumni.org". <http://www.eckalumni.org> for conducting the alumini activities and also for disbursal of information.
2.2 The web site shall have the information on the college and the profiles of students from various batches, search for the students from various batches on different criterias, and as suggested by the committee members. Content has to be finalised and site needs to be up by December 31st 2000.
The Scheduled Date for fully functional ECKAA and Web site is 01/01/2001. Secondly ECKOBA needs to be dissolved or merged with ECKAA. ECK has declared ECKOBA de-functional.
3. It was decided that every year one get-together at Diwali time at ECK will be arranged by ECKAA Kota chapter.
4. Profiles of the participants at alumini meeting was taken and shall be put into database.
It was a good beginning, and good response from everyone. Looking forward for ECKAA and Web site development Positive contribution from the pass out batches are very much appreciated.


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