text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Dynamic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Pchp.Core.Reflection;

namespace Pchp.Core.Dynamic
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Provides information about the call.
    /// </summary>
    [DebuggerNonUserCode]
    internal class CallSiteContext
    {
        public CallSiteContext(bool isStaticSyntax)
        {
            IsStaticSyntax = isStaticSyntax;
        }

        public CallSiteContext ProcessArgs(DynamicMetaObject target, DynamicMetaObject[] args, bool hasTargetInstance)
        {
            if (hasTargetInstance)
            {
                ProcessTarget(target);
            }
            else
            {
                ProcessArg(target);
            }

            int taken = 0;
            while (taken < args.Length && ProcessArg(args[taken]))
            {
                taken++;
            }

            // bind trait definition !TSelf eventually
            BindTraitSelf();

            // Arguments = args[taken..count]
            if (taken == args.Length)
            {
                this.Arguments = Array.Empty<Expression>();
            }
            else
            {
                this.Arguments = new Expression[args.Length - taken];
                for (int i = taken; i < args.Length; i++)
                {
                    this.Arguments[i - taken] = args[i].Expression;
                }
            }

            //
            return this;
        }

        void ProcessTarget(DynamicMetaObject target)
        {
            Debug.Assert(target != null);

            if (BinderHelpers.TryTargetAsObject(target, out target))
            {
                this.TargetInstance = target.Expression;
                this.CurrentTargetInstance = target.Value;
                if (this.TargetType == null && target.HasValue)
                {
                    this.TargetType = target.RuntimeType.GetPhpTypeInfo();
                }
            }

            // merge restrictions:
            this.AddRestriction(target.Restrictions);
        }

        bool ProcessArg(DynamicMetaObject arg)
        {
            if (arg.Value is ISpecialParamHolder sp && sp.IsImplicit)
            {
                // load information from special parameter into this
                // and updates binding restrictions
                sp.Process(this, Expression.Field(arg.Expression, "Value"));
                return true;
            }
            else if (this.Context == null && arg.Value is Context ctx)
            {
                this.Context = arg.Expression;
                this.CurrentContext = ctx;
                return true;
            }
            else if (arg.Value is Type[] typeargs)
            {
                ProcessTypeArguments(typeargs, arg.Expression);
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        void ProcessTypeArguments(Type[] typeargs, Expression arg)
        {
            //
            this.TypeArguments = typeargs;

            // restriction: ArrayUtils.Equals<Type>( arg, typeargs )
            AddRestriction(Expression.Call(
                new Func<Type[], Type[], bool>(Utilities.ArrayUtils.Equals<System.Type>).Method,
                arg0: arg,
                arg1: Expression.Constant(typeargs)));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// In case <see cref="TargetType"/> is a trait definition,
        /// this method binds its <c>TSelf</c> generic parameter to current class context.
        /// </summary>
        void BindTraitSelf()
        {
            if (TargetType != null && TargetType.Type.IsGenericTypeDefinition && TargetType.IsTrait)
            {
                var TSelf = TargetType.Type.MakeGenericType(typeof(object));
                TargetType = TargetType.Type.MakeGenericType(TSelf).GetPhpTypeInfo();
            }
        }

        internal void AddRestriction(Expression restriction)
        {
            AddRestriction(BindingRestrictions.GetExpressionRestriction(restriction));
        }

        internal void AddRestriction(BindingRestrictions restriction)
        {
            this.Restrictions = this.Restrictions.Merge(restriction);
        }

        public bool IsStaticSyntax { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Resolved actual arguments.
        /// </summary>
        public Expression[]/*!!*/Arguments { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets value indicating there is an argument unpacking (<c>...</c>) in <see cref="Arguments"/> list.
        /// </summary>
        public bool HasArgumentUnpacking => Arguments.Length != 0 && Arguments.Any(BinderHelpers.IsArgumentUnpacking);

        /// <summary>
        /// Resolved binding restrictions.
        /// </summary>
        public BindingRestrictions Restrictions/*!*/{ get; private set; } = BindingRestrictions.Empty;

        /// <summary>
        /// Runtime context expression.
        /// </summary>
        public Expression Context { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Current runtime context.
        /// </summary>
        public Context CurrentContext { get; private set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Either instance or null.
        /// </summary>
        public Expression TargetInstance { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Optional. Late static bound type, results in <see cref="PhpTypeInfo"/>.
        /// </summary>
        public Expression LateStaticType { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Current target instance or <c>null</c>.
        /// </summary>
        public object CurrentTargetInstance { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets <see cref="PhpTypeInfo"/> of target if any.
        /// </summary>
        public PhpTypeInfo TargetType { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Current class context.
        /// </summary>
        public Type ClassContext { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Name specified indirectly.
        /// </summary>
        public Expression IndirectName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets member name if set in compile time or if provided by <see cref="IndirectName"/>.
        /// </summary>
        public string Name { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Type arguments in case of a generic method call.
        /// Can be <c>null</c> or empty array.
        /// </summary>
        public Type[] TypeArguments { get; set; }
    }
}


text:
Adult Swim All-Star Superman Animated Movies Animated Series Awards Batman (General Brand) Batman & Mr. Freeze: Sub-Zero Batman Beyond Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Batman vs. Robin Batman: Assault on Arkham Batman: Gotham Knight Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman Batman: The Animated Series Batman: The Brave and The Bold Batman: The Dark Knight Returns Batman: Under the Red Hood Batman: Year One Beware The Batman Blu-ray/DVD/Digital Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoon Network Canada Comics DC Animated Movie DC Animated Series DC Animated Short DC Animated Universe DC Comics DC Comics Animated Special DC Comics Premiere Movie DC Entertainment DC Nation DC Showcase Animated Short DC Universe Animated Original Movie Green Lantern (General Brand) Green Lantern: Emerald Knights Green Lantern: First Flight Green Lantern: The Animated Series Interviews JLA Adventures: Trapped In Time Justice League Justice League (General Brand) Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths Justice League: Doom Justice League: Gods and Monsters Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League: The New Frontier Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Justice League: War La-La Land Records Legion of Super-Heroes Lego Batman: The Movie - DC Super Heroes Unite Lego DC Comics Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Batman Be-Leagured Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League Machinima Misc News Music & Soundtracks Promotion Ratings Review Sales Schedule Site News Son of Batman Special Coverage Static Shock Superman (General Brand) Superman Doomsday Superman vs. The Elite Superman: Brainiac Attacks Superman: The Animated Series Superman: Unbound Superman/Batman: Apocalypse Superman/Batman: Public Enemies Teen Titans Teen Titans Go! Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo Teletoon The Batman The Batman Versus Dracula The Hub The Zeta Project Toonami Video Games Vortexx Warner Archive Collection Warner Bros. Animation Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Watchmen: Tales of the Black Freighter Wonder Woman Young Justice
By James Harvey on Thursday, January 1, 2015
Click on the links below to check out thousands and thousands of archived news stories. News coverage includes episode and comic previews, interviews, artwork and so much more. Features programs and movies include Batman: The Animated Series, Young Justice, the DC Universe Animated Original Movie line and much, much more.
–A Message from The World's Finest
First off, apologies for the rather bland subject line up there. It comes off more ominous than it should. Sorry about that! Anyways…
With 2014 now done and over with, the last news story from The World's Finest has officially been posted up. As I mentioned on this site a year ago, it's time to ease back on the overall workload of this site, and that starts with wrapping up the daily news post for the foreseeable future. Thousands and thousands of news posts, including three straight years of news posts at least five days a week, without a single weekday missed. And, with 2015 now here, that ends as The World's Finest will return to its roots as an unbeatable resource for fans. An archive of content, a collection of materials covering a host of different shows and movies, a wealth of information – call it what you will, but The World's Finest will be embracing that once again.
What does that all encompass? Well, don't get alarmed … it's all good! As the site shifts into a content destination, certain aspects of the site will stop while an emphasis will be placed on others. Daily news posts will cease, as I said, and no new subsites will be added to the site as of this time. Does that mean the end of updates and new material? No – there will always be new content added here, but the site will now just be easier for me to manage.
Site updates will continue going forward, reviews will still be posted, more content will be added (images, behind-the-scenes material, etc.), along with the odd interview. However, now, the site updates will now fall more onto the resource side of things. As I said, there will be no new additional subsites added to The World's Finest going forward, with the possible exception of smaller pages dedicated to installments of the ongoing DC Universe Animated Original Movie line. Assorted DVD, Blu-ray, and other media releases will also still be covered. A new Batman: The Brave and The Bold Blu-ray? We'll cover and review it – 100%. New soundtrack release? We're on it – count on it. The only thing really changing is the end of daily news posts (which, honestly, it didn't seem like a lot of people noticed anyway, given how so many stories broken here went unnoticed or stolen over the years).
A lot of factors played a role in this decision. For one, this site is too unwieldy for one person to handle. I cover about 95% of the work on the site, the forums and social media outlets. This includes emails, press work, reviews, finding reviewers and content, all of that. I spend many hours a day working on this site, volunteering countless hours. Juggling that with a regular job, a family, etc., and, well, something has to give. I have more responsibilities than ever before and there are just not enough hours in the day. But I can't just abandon the site – no way. Given how long I've been working on this site, from its first iteration back in 1997, and how attached I am to it, I opted not to pass the torch. I did ask for help, more than a few times, but no one came to bat. So, I opted to scale the site responsibilities down to its skeleton in order to keep it going. I am expecting to reduce my presence and update rate overtime, though. The forum duties will be passed over to someone else entirely, for example. Still, with this, I'm able to balance my workload easier, have a bit of a better life, and explore other options.
This site is not going away. It's not going anywhere. It's going to stay right here. There's no way I could let it go, anyways. All the content that you see here is not budging an inch. The only thing really changing is the removal of daily news updates and an easing back on the frequency of updates. This site will always be here for you to access and explore. In fact, to this day, there are some nifty secrets still not uncovered here on the site, which tells me there's plenty for all of you still to explore.
For those worried, this isn't the end. All you need to do is keep an eye on the "Site Updates" section to see that. Over the next few days, you'll see the main page here change a little. The news will be replaced with links to the major site sections here, and the daily news shuffled off into an archive (where it will be readily accessible to look through). All portions of this site, I think, will be more easily accessible for those wanting to look around and just see what we have to offer. This site is the biggest DC Comics-animation (and Batman animation) site out there to this day, and I doubt that'll change, even with the evolving trends of internet culture. But hey, no matter how much all of that changes, The World's Finest will always be right here.
If you have any questions or concerns, do not hesitate to drop a line. The social media portals for The World's Finest will remain up until I decide what to do with them. I can be easily reached there, or through the contact links scattered throughout the site here. If all that fails, just catch me on the forums.
I'd like to express a quick "thanks" to all the folks who have helped me over the years. Zach, Ian, James, Barry, Eileen, Brian, Michael and a wealth of other people I can't thank enough. This seems like a nice moment to tip my hat to them as I follow the site through a few minor changes and lifts. For your daily news fix, which plenty of you are clearly already getting elsewhere, I suggest you keep it tuned to Toonzone and DCAU Resource. The forums right here are also a good spot for any developments or concerns, as well. I may post the odd piece up from time to time there.
And that's all from me for now, folks. If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to ask. Don't hesitate. That's what I'm here for. Thanks!
Discuss this at The DC Animation Forum!
Follow The World's Finest on
Twitter – Facebook – Tumblr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kids tell teachers that their father stabbed mother to death
INDEPENDENCE, Mo. (AP) - A Missouri man was charged with murder after two of his three children told teachers at school that he had stabbed their mother to death.
According to court documents, authorities were alerted to the incident and found the woman's body Monday morning after the children, 8- and 9-year-old boys and a 6-year-old girl, were taken to school by their father.
Vincente Roldan-Marron was charged with first-degree murder in the stabbing death of Yadira Gomez. Roldan-Marron told authorities he blacked out after drinking alcohol and taking pills and couldn't remember what happened.
Independence police detectives said that the three young children spent the night in the same home as their mother.
"The children were witness to a portion of this," said Officer Luis Virgil, who is helping the children and their grandparents. "You know that these children just witnessed something that no one would be able to deal with even as adults."
He said authorities were moved by what the children endured and began filling a candy jar with donations. By Wednesday the police department employees chipped in more than $1,400.
"We saw this big need for the family and kids," said Virgil. "It kind of tugged at our hearts because of what they witnessed."
The Independence community also contributed to the family. Best Buy donated three Android tablets for the children. Other donations made to help the family include grocery gift cards, food, clothing, toys, movie passes, new mattresses and money for funeral expenses. The apartment complex also moved the family into a newer and bigger unit.
According to Virgil, the family had recently moved to Independence from New York.
4-year-old child shot in Southeast DC, police say


text:
HomeCovid-19 experience
Wastewater samples expose record levels of Covid-19 throughout U.S.
With at-home Covid-19 tests in high demand and their effectiveness in question, health departments from California to Massachusetts are turning to sewage samples to get a better idea of just how much the coronavirus is spreading out through neighborhoods and what might be in store for health care systems.
Specialists state wastewater holds the key to much better comprehending the general public health of cities and communities, particularly in underserved areas that do not have equal access to care.
" Every time an infected person utilizes the toilet, they're flushing this info down the toilet, where it's gathering and aggregating and blending with poop from thousands of other individuals," stated Newsha Ghaeli, a co-founder and the president of Biobot Analytics, a wastewater epidemiology company based in Massachusetts.
" Even if you can't access a test, you're still pooping," Ghaeli said. "It does not depend upon you having access to health care or health insurance."
Monitoring sewage can also measure other public health concerns, such as obesity, opioids and even polio, said Sheree Pagsuyoin, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. The pandemic has ushered in a new era of wastewater analysis, as soon as a maligned discipline, to inform public health policy.
" It's sort of like mapping a pattern," Pagsuyoin stated, adding that there has actually been a "paradigm shift" as more cities turn to sewage analysis to better comprehend local challenges.
Current wastewater analysis from a range of sources across the country indicates an unmatched surge in infections at a time when countless individuals are forced to reassess travel and vacation strategies.
According to Biobot Analytic's wastewater control panel, Covid-19 levels found in sewage samples throughout the country are higher now than at any previous point in the pandemic.
Current wastewater samples in Houston, for example, show that there has been a sharp increase in the amount of the coronavirus spotted in the city's sewage. As of Dec. 20, Houston's viral load, or the quantity of virus found in samples, was at 546 percent, and the positivity rate was at 14 percent, according to the city Health Department's wastewater dashboard. The viral load is up from 142 percent last week and 76 percent the previous week.
More than 700 city staff members have actually contracted the virus, Mayor Sylvester Turner stated on Twitter. As a result, Turner revealed the opening of two extra megasites that will offer free testing for residents.
Dr. Amesh Adalja, a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, stated: "Wastewater is going to be a leading sign for what's going on in an offered neighborhood.
" It will likewise give an indication of what's to come, since not every Covid case pertains to clinical attention-- numerous cases are moderate or asymptotic," he added. "But the reality is that people who are infected are going to shed the virus in their stool."
Sewage tracking likewise reveals case numbers surging in parts of California, Colorado, Idaho, Massachusetts, Missouri and North Carolina, along with Canada, Spain and the United Kingdom.
A team of researchers at the University of Missouri has actually been working with the state Department of Health and Senior Services and the Department of Natural Resources to track the virus through wastewater.
Researchers in Missouri separate the virus from larger particles of waste and extract its genetic material. They can also amplify the genetic material and study it in higher information through a procedure known as quantitative reverse transcription polymerase domino effect. In addition to spotting the presence of the virus that triggers Covid-19 in human waste, researchers are also able to recognize particular variations.New data show that the highly contagious omicron variant is spreading rapidly throughout the state.
Expanded testing performed Dec. 20 discovered mutations related to the omicron variant in 32 of 57 wastewater samples collected statewide, Jeff Wenzel, who oversees the wastewater monitoring program for the state health department, informed The Associated Press. Testing carried out the week prior to found the mutation in 15 of 63 test locations.
Pagsuyoin belongs to a team in Massachusetts developing a wireless sensors that might identify SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, in the air and in wastewater days before an outbreak happens. Researchers will carry out a three-year study utilizing information from 3 keeping track of websites, two of them in Massachusetts and the other in the Philippines.
" People are ending up being a little bit more open about using wastewater data to know where a disease is apparently coming out," she stated. "We can use this innovation to more efficiently keep track of population health."
Sewage analysis is most reliable as an early warning signal between surges-- especially because individuals are not testing as typically when rates are down-- and in tracking cases when waves begin to dissipate. It can also assist complete some spaces during waves when testing is insufficient and work as a way to compare waves, stated Dr. Albert Ko, a professor of public health, public health and medicine at Yale University's School of Public Health.
"What it works for is taking a look at trends with time and comparing, let's say, 'Are we as bad in transmission this wave as compared to the last one?'" Ko said, although he included that variants and seasonality can "hamper interpretation" of such comparisons.Ko stated wastewater surveillance is best utilized as part of a wider analysis of a break out that takes other data points into consideration, like testing.
Covid-19 experience World News


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text:
Аматорський чемпіонат Франції (), або Виклик Жуля Ріме () — аматорський футбольний чемпіонат, що був заснований 1935 року паралельно із вже існуючим професіональним чемпіонатом Франції і проводився аж до 1971 року, ніяк між собою не перетинаючись.

Історія
Після введення у Франції на початку 1930-х років професіоналізму і появи першого професіонального чемпіонату Франції, в країні з'явилось розуміння необхідності проведення національних змагань і для аматорських колективів, яких на той час було набагато більше. Аматорський чемпіонат було створено 1935 року і він на першому етапі (до 1948 року) повторював формат колишнього чемпіонату Франції, що існував із 1927 по 1929 рік — у турнірі брали переможці регіональних чемпіонатів і першим чемпіоном став «Реймс», переможець ліги Шампань-Арденни.

1948 року чемпіонат було реорганізовано у Національний дивізіон, який було розширено до 48 клубів, розділених на чотири географічні групи. Тепер команди не боролись щорічно за вихід у аматорський чемпіонат Франції через регіональні турніри, а виступали тут на постійній основі. Таким чином Національний дивізіон став першим аматорським рівнем, вище регіональних ліг. Наприкінці сезону переможці кожної групи змагались за титул у фінальному раунді, в той час як найгірші команди в кожній групі вилітали до регіональних ліг. Хоча у професіональному чемпіонаті на той час існувало два дивізіони, аматорський чемпіонат не був третім рівнем і проводився відокремлено, тому чемпіони не могли автоматично потрапити до професіональних ліг.

Лише 1971 року Федерація футболу Франції вирішила поєднати професіональний і аматорський чемпіонат, в результаті чого аматорський чемпіонат став третім дивізіоном у системі футбольних ліг Франції, переможці якого отримували шанс вийти до професіонального Дивізіону 2.

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Ātman (/ˈɑːtmən/) is a Sanskrit word that means inner self or soul.[1][2][3] In Hindu philosophy, especially in the Vedanta school of Hinduism, Ātman is the first principle,[4] the true self of an individual beyond identification with phenomena, the essence of an individual. In order to attain liberation (moksha), a human being must acquire self-knowledge (atma jnana), which is to realize that one's true self (Ātman) is identical with the transcendent self Brahman.[2][5]
The six orthodox schools of Hinduism believe that there is Ātman (soul, self) in every being. This is a major point of difference with the Buddhist doctrine of Anatta which holds that there is no unchanging soul or self.[6][7][8]
1 Etymology and meaning
2 Development of the concept
2.1 Vedas
2.2 Upanishads
2.2.1 Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
2.2.2 Katha Upanishad
2.2.3 Chandogya Upanishad
2.2.4 Other Upanishads
3 Schools of thought
3.1 Vedanta school
3.2 Mimamsa school
3.3 Vaiśeṣika school
3.4 Nyaya school
3.5 Samkhya school
3.6 Yoga school
4 Influence of Atman theory on Hindu Ethics
4.1 Dharma-sutras
4.2 Ahimsa
5 Atman – the difference between Hinduism and Buddhism
6 Atman jnana and know thyself
8.1 Bibliography
Etymology and meaning[edit]
"Ātman" (Atma, आत्मा, आत्मन्) is a Sanskrit word which means "essence, breath, soul."[9][10] It is derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁eh₁tmṓ (a root meaning "breath" with only Germanic cognates: Dutch adem, Old High German atum "breath," Modern German atmen "to breathe" and Atem "respiration, breath", Old English eþian).[9]
Ātman, sometimes spelled without a diacritic as atman in scholarly literature,[11] means "real self" of the individual,[12][13] "innermost essence",[14] and soul.[12][15] Atman, in Hinduism, is considered as eternal, imperishable, beyond time, "not the same as body or mind or consciousness, but is something beyond which permeates all these".[16][17][18] Atman is a metaphysical and spiritual concept for the Hindus, often discussed in their scriptures with the concept of Brahman.[19][20][21]
Development of the concept[edit]
Vedas[edit]
The earliest use of word "Ātman" in Indian texts is found in the Rig Veda (RV X.97.11).[22] Yāska, the ancient Indian grammarian, commenting on this Rigvedic verse, accepts the following meanings of Ātman: the pervading principle, the organism in which other elements are united and the ultimate sentient principle.[23]
Other hymns of Rig Veda where the word Ātman appears include I.115.1, VII.87.2, VII.101.6, VIII.3.24, IX.2.10, IX.6.8, and X.168.4.[24]
Upanishads[edit]
Ātman is a central idea in all of the Upanishads, and "know your Ātman" is their thematic focus.[25] These texts state that the core of every person's self is not the body, nor the mind, nor the ego, but "Ātman", which means "soul" or "self".[26] Atman is the spiritual essence in all creatures, their real innermost essential being.[27][28] It is eternal, it is the essence, it is ageless. Atman is that which one is at the deepest level of one's existence.
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad[edit]
The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad describes Atman as that in which everything exists, which is of the highest value, which permeates everything, which is the essence of all, bliss and beyond description.[29] In hymn 4.4.5, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad describes Atman as Brahman (universal absolute; supreme soul), and associates it with everything one is, everything one can be, one's free will, one's desire, what one does, what one doesn't do, the good in oneself, the bad in oneself.
That Atman (self, soul) is indeed Brahman. It [Ātman] is also identified with the intellect, the Manas (mind), and the vital breath, with the eyes and ears, with earth, water, air, and ākāśa (sky), with fire and with what is other than fire, with desire and the absence of desire, with anger and the absence of anger, with righteousness and unrighteousness, with everything — it is identified, as is well known, with this (what is perceived) and with that (what is inferred). As it [Ātman, self, soul] does and acts, so it becomes: by doing good it becomes good, and by doing evil it becomes evil. It becomes virtuous through good acts, and vicious through evil acts. Others, however, say, "The self is identified with desire alone. What it desires, so it resolves; what it resolves, so is its deed; and what deed it does, so it reaps.
—  Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5, 9th century BCE[30]
This theme of Ātman, that is soul and self of oneself, every person, every being is the same as Brahman, is extensively repeated in Brihadāranyaka Upanishad. The Upanishad asserts that this knowledge of "I am Brahman", and that there is no difference between "I" and "you", or "I" and "him" is a source of liberation, and not even gods can prevail over such a liberated man. For example, in hymn 1.4.10,[31]
Brahman was this before; therefore it knew even the Ātma (soul, himself). I am Brahman, therefore it became all. And whoever among the gods had this enlightenment, also became That. It is the same with the sages, the same with men. Whoever knows the self as "I am Brahman," becomes all this universe. Even the gods cannot prevail against him, for he becomes their Ātma. Now, if a man worships another god, thinking: "He is one and I am another," he does not know. He is like an animal to the gods. As many animals serve a man, so does each man serve the gods. Even if one animal is taken away, it causes anguish; how much more so when many are taken away? Therefore it is not pleasing to the gods that men should know this.
—  Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.4.10[31]
Katha Upanishad[edit]
Along with the Brihadāranyaka, all the earliest and middle Upanishads discuss Ātman as they build their theories to answer how man can achieve liberation, freedom and bliss. The Katha Upanishad, for example, explains Atman as immanent and transcendent innermost essence of each human being and living creature, that this is one, even though the external forms of living creatures manifest in different forms, for example, in hymns 2.2.9 and others, its states
As the one fire, after it has entered the world, though one, takes different forms according to whatever it burns,
so does the internal Ātman of all living beings, though one, takes a form according to whatever He enters and is outside all forms.
—  Katha Upanishad, 2.2.9[32]
Katha Upanishad, in Book 1, hymns 3.3 to 3.4, describes the widely cited analogy of chariot for the relation of "Soul, Self" to body, mind and senses.[33] Stephen Kaplan[34] translates these hymns as, "Know the Self as the rider in a chariot, and the body as simply the chariot. Know the intellect as the charioteer, and the mind as the reins. The senses, they say are the horses, and sense objects are the paths around them". The Katha Upanishad then declares that "when the Self [Ātman] understands this and is unified, integrated with body, senses and mind, is virtuous, mindful and pure, he reaches bliss, freedom and liberation".[33]
Chandogya Upanishad[edit]
The Chandogya Upanishad explains Ātman as that which appears to be separate between two living beings but isn't, that essence and innermost, true, radiant self of all individuals which connects and unifies all. In hymn 4.10.1 through 4.10.3, for example, it explains it with example of rivers, some of which flow to the east and some to the west, but ultimately all merge into the ocean and become one. In the same way, the individual souls are pure being, states the Chandogya Upanishad; an individual soul is pure truth, and an individual soul is a manifestation of the ocean of one universal soul.[35]
Other Upanishads[edit]
Ātman is a key topic of the Upanishads, but they express two distinct, somewhat divergent themes. Some teach that Brahman (highest reality; universal principle; being-consciousness-bliss) is identical with Ātman, while others teach that Ātman is part of Brahman but not identical to it.[36][37] This ancient debate flowered into various dual and non-dual theories in Hinduism. The Brahmasutra by Badarayana (~100 BCE) synthesized and unified these somewhat conflicting theories, stating that Atman and Brahman are different in some respects, particularly during the state of ignorance, but at the deepest level and in the state of self-realization, Atman and Brahman are identical, non-different (advaita).[36] This synthesis overcame the dualistic tradition of Samkhya-Yoga schools and realism-driven traditions of Nyaya-Vaiseshika schools, enabling it to become the foundation of Vedanta as Hinduism's enduring spiritual tradition.[36]
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All major orthodox schools of Hinduism – Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta – accept the foundational premise of the Vedas and Upanishads that "Ātman exists". Jainism too accepts this premise, though it has its own idea of what that means. In contrast, both Buddhism and the Charvakas deny that there is anything called "Ātman/soul/self".[38]
Knowing Ātman, also referred to as self-knowledge, is one of the defining themes of all major orthodox schools of Hinduism, but they diverge on how. In Hinduism, self-knowledge is the knowledge and understanding of Atman, what it is, and what it is not. Hinduism considers Atman as distinct from the ever-evolving individual personality characterized with Ahamkara (ego, non-spiritual psychological I-ness Me-ness), habits, prejudices, desires, impulses, delusions, fads, behaviors, pleasures, sufferings and fears. Human personality and Ahamkara shift, evolve or change with time, state the schools of Hinduism; while, Atman doesn't.[38] Atman, state these schools, is the unchanging, eternal, innermost radiant self that is unaffected by personality, unaffected by ego of oneself, unaffected by ego of others; Atman is that which is ever-free, never-bound, one that seeks, realizes and is the realized purpose, meaning, liberation in life.[39][40] Puchalski states, "the ultimate goal of Hindu religious life is to transcend individually, to realize one's own true nature", the inner essence of oneself, which is divine and pure.[41]
Vedanta school[edit]
Philosophical schools such as Advaita (non-dualism) see the "spirit/soul/self" within each living entity as being fully identical with Brahman– the universal soul.[42] The Advaita school believes that there is one soul that connects and exists in all living beings, regardless of their shapes or forms, and there is no distinction, no superior, no inferior, no separate devotee soul (Atman), no separate god soul (Brahman).[42] The oneness unifies all beings, there is divine in every being, and that all existence is a single reality, state the Advaita Vedanta Hindus. In contrast, devotional sub-schools of Vedanta such as Dvaita (dualism) differentiate between the individual Atma in living beings, and the supreme Atma (Paramatma) as being separate.[43][44]
Advaita Vedanta philosophy considers Atman as self-existent awareness, limitless and non-dual.[45] To Advaitins, the Atman is the Brahman, the Brahman is the Atman, each self is non-different from the infinite.[42][46] Atman is the universal principle, one eternal undifferentiated self-luminous consciousness, the truth asserts Advaita Hinduism.[47][48] Human beings, in a state of unawareness of this universal self, see their "I-ness" as different from the being in others, then act out of impulse, fears, cravings, malice, division, confusion, anxiety, passions, and a sense of distinctiveness.[49][50] To Advaitins, Atman-knowledge is the state of full awareness, liberation, and freedom that overcomes dualities at all levels, realizing the divine within oneself, the divine in others, and in all living beings; the non-dual oneness, that God is in everything, and everything is God.[42][45] This identification of individual living beings/souls, or jiva-atmas, with the 'one Atman' is the non-dualistic Advaita Vedanta position.
The monist, non-dual conception of existence in Advaita Vedanta is not accepted by the dualistic/theistic Dvaita Vedanta. Dvaita Vedanta calls the Atman of a supreme being as "Paramatman", and holds it to be different from individual Atman. Dvaita scholars assert that God is the ultimate, complete, perfect, but distinct soul, one that is separate from incomplete, imperfect jivas (individual souls).[51] The Advaita sub-school believes that self-knowledge leads to liberation in this life, while the Dvaita sub-school believes that liberation is only possible in after-life as communion with God, and only through the grace of God (if not, then one's Atman is reborn).[52] God created individual souls, state Dvaita Vedantins, but the individual soul never was and never will become one with God; the best it can do is to experience bliss by getting infinitely close to God.[53] The Dvaita school, therefore, in contrast to monistic position of Advaita, advocates a version of monotheism wherein Brahman is made synonymous with Vishnu (or Narayana), distinct from numerous individual Atmans. Dvaita school, states Graham Oppy, is not strict monotheism, as it does not deny existence of other gods and their respective Atman.[54]
In the Akshar-Purushottam Darshan school of Vedant, the atman, referred to as the jiva, is defined as a distinct, individual soul, i.e. a finite sentient being. Jivas are bound by maya, which hides their true self, which is characterized by eternal existence, consciousness, and bliss. There are an infinite number of jivas. They are extremely subtle, indivisible, impierceable, ageless, and immortal. While residing within the heart, a jiva pervades the entire body by its capacity to know (gnānshakti), making it animate. It is the form of knowledge (gnānswarūp) as well as the knower (gnātā). The jiva is the performer of virtuous and immoral actions (karmas) and experiences the fruits of these actions. It has been eternally bound by maya; as a result, it roams within the cycle of birth and death. Birth is when a jiva acquires a new body, and death is when it departs from its body. Just as one abandons one's old clothes and wears new ones, the jiva renounces its old body and acquires a new one.[55]
The Vedanta sub-schools of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta and Achintya Bheda Abheda combine ideas about Ātman from dual and non-dual schools.[citation needed]
Mimamsa school[edit]
Ātman, in the ritualism-based Mīmāṃsā school of Hinduism, is an eternal, omnipresent, inherently active essence that is identified as I-consciousness.[56][57] Unlike all other schools of Hinduism, Mimamsaka scholars considered ego and Atman as the same. Within Mimamsa school, there was divergence of beliefs. Kumārila, for example, believed that Atman is the object of I-consciousness, whereas Prabhakara believed that Atman is the subject of I-consciousness.[56] Mimamsaka Hindus believed that what matters is virtuous actions and rituals completed with perfection, and it is this that creates merit and imprints knowledge on Atman, whether one is aware or not aware of Atman. Their foremost emphasis was formulation and understanding of laws/duties/virtuous life (dharma) and consequent perfect execution of kriyas (actions). The Upanishadic discussion of Atman, to them, was of secondary importance.[57][58] While other schools disagreed and discarded the Atma theory of Mimamsa, they incorporated Mimamsa theories on ethics, self-discipline, action, and dharma as necessary in one's journey toward knowing one's Atman.[59][60]
Vaiśeṣika school[edit]
The Vaisheshika school of Hinduism, using its non-theistic theories of atomistic naturalism, posits that Ātman is one of the four eternal non-physical[61] substances without attributes, the other three being kala (time), dik (space) and manas (mind).[62] Time and space, stated Vaiśeṣika scholars, are eka (one), nitya (eternal) and vibhu (all pervading). Time and space are indivisible reality, but human mind prefers to divide them to comprehend past, present, future, relative place of other substances and beings, direction and its own coordinates in the universe. In contrast to these characteristics of time and space, Vaiśeṣika scholars considered Ātman to be many, eternal, independent and spiritual substances that cannot be reduced or inferred from other three non-physical and five physical dravya (substances).[62] Mind and sensory organs are instruments, while consciousness is the domain of "atman, soul, self".[62]
The knowledge of Ātman, to Vaiśeṣika Hindus, is another knowledge without any "bliss" or "consciousness" moksha state that Vedanta and Yoga school describe.[38]
Nyaya school[edit]
Early atheistic Nyaya scholars, and later theistic Nyaya scholars, both made substantial contributions to the systematic study of Ātman.[63] They posited that even though "self/soul" is intimately related to the knower, it can still be the subject of knowledge. John Plott[63] states that the Nyaya scholars developed a theory of negation that far exceeds Hegel's theory of negation, while their epistemological theories refined to "know the knower" at least equals Aristotle's sophistication. Nyaya methodology influenced all major schools of Hinduism.
The Nyaya scholars defined Ātman as an imperceptible substance that is the substrate of human consciousness, manifesting itself with or without qualities such as desires, feelings, perception, knowledge, understanding, errors, insights, sufferings, bliss, and others.[64][65] Nyaya school not only developed its theory of Atman, it contributed to Hindu philosophy in a number of ways. To the Hindu theory of Ātman, the contributions of Nyaya scholars were twofold. One, they went beyond holding it as "self evident" and offered rational proofs, consistent with their epistemology, in their debates with Buddhists, that "Atman exists".[66] Second, they developed theories on what "Atman is and is not".[67] As proofs for the proposition "self/soul exists", for example, Nyaya scholars argued that personal recollections and memories of the form "I did this so many years ago" implicitly presume that there is a self that is substantial, continuing, unchanged, and existent.[66][67]
Nyayasutra, a 2nd-century CE foundational text of Nyaya school of Hinduism, states that the soul is a proper object of human knowledge. It also states that soul is a real substance that can be inferred from certain signs, objectively perceivable attributes. For example, in book 1, chapter 1, verses 9 and 10, Nyayasutra states[64]
Ātman, body, senses, objects of senses, intellect, mind, activity, error, pretyabhava (after life), fruit, suffering and bliss are the objects of right knowledge.
Desire, aversion, effort, happiness, suffering and cognition are the Linga (लिङ्ग, mark, sign) of the Ātman.
—  Nyaya Sutra, I.1.9-10[64]
Book 2, chapter 1, verses 1 to 23, of the Nyayasutras posits that the sensory act of looking is different from perception and cognition– that perception and knowledge arise from the seekings and actions of Ātman (soul).[68] The Naiyayikas emphasize that the Ātman has qualities, but is different from its qualities. For example, desire is one of many qualities of the Ātman, but the Ātman does not not always have desire, and in the state of liberation, for instance, the Ātman is without desire.[64]
Samkhya school[edit]
The concept of Ātman in Samkhya, the oldest school of Hinduism, is quite similar to one in Advaita Vedanta school. Both Samkhya and Advaita consider the ego (asmita, ahamkara) rather than the Ātman to be the cause of pleasure and pain.[69] They both consider Ātman as self, soul that is innermost essence of any individual being. Further, they both consider self-knowledge as the means of liberation, freedom and bliss. The difference between Samkhya and Advaita is that Samkhya holds there are as many Atmans as there are beings, each distinct reality unto itself, and self-knowledge a state of Ipseity. In contrast, the monism theme of Advaita holds that there is one soul, and that the self of all beings are connected and unified with Brahman.[38] The essence and spirit of everything is related to each self, asserts Advaita Vedanta, and each Atman is related to the essence and spirit of everything; all is one; self is Brahman and Brahman is self. Samkhya asserts that each being's Atman is unique and different.[38]
Yoga school[edit]
The Yogasutra of Patanjali, the foundational text of Yoga school of Hinduism, mentions Atma in multiple verses, and particularly in its last book, where Samadhi is described as the path to self-knowledge and kaivalya. Some earlier mentions of Atman in Yogasutra include verse 2.5, where evidence of ignorance includes "confusing what is not Atman as Atman".
अनित्याशुचिदुःखानात्मसु नित्यशुचिसुखात्मख्यातिरविद्या Avidya (अविद्या, ignorance) is regarding the transient as eternal, the impure as pure, the pain-giving as joy-giving, and the non-Atman as Atman.
—  Yogasutra 2.5[70]
In verses 2.19-2.20, Yogasutra declares that pure ideas are the domain of the soul, the perceivable universe exists to enlighten the soul, but while the soul is pure, it may be deceived by complexities of perception or its intellect. These verses also set the purpose of all experience as a means to self-knowledge.
द्रष्टा दृशिमात्रः शुद्धोऽपि प्रत्ययानुपश्यः
तदर्थ एव दृश्यस्यात्मा
The seer (soul) is the absolute knower. Though pure, modifications are witnessed by him by coloring of intellect.
The spectacle exists only to serve the purpose of the Atman.
—  Yogasutra 2.19 - 2.20[70]
In Book 4, Yogasutra states spiritual liberation as the stage where the yogin achieves distinguishing self-knowledge, he no longer confuses his mind as his soul, the mind is no longer affected by afflictions or worries of any kind, ignorance vanishes, and "pure consciousness settles in its own pure nature".[70][71]
The Yoga school is similar to the Samkhya school in its conceptual foundations of Ātman. It is the self that is discovered and realized in the Kaivalya state, in both schools. Like Samkhya, this is not a single universal Ātman. It is one of the many individual selves where each "pure consciousness settles in its own pure nature", as a unique distinct soul/self.[72] However, Yoga school's methodology was widely influential on other schools of Hindu philosophy. Vedanta monism, for example, adopted Yoga as a means to reach Jivanmukti – self-realization in this life – as conceptualized in Advaita Vedanta.
Influence of Atman theory on Hindu Ethics[edit]
Ahimsa, non-violence, is considered the highest ethical value and virtue in Hinduism.[73] The virtue of Ahimsa follows from the Atman theories of Hindu traditions.[74][75]
The Atman theory in Upanishads had a profound impact on ancient ethical theories and dharma traditions now known as Hinduism.[74] The earliest Dharmasutras of Hindus recite Atman theory from the Vedic texts and Upanishads,[76] and on its foundation build precepts of dharma, laws and ethics. Atman theory, particularly the Advaita Vedanta and Yoga versions, influenced the emergence of the theory of Ahimsa (non-violence against all creatures), culture of vegetarianism, and other theories of ethical, dharmic life.[77][78]
Dharma-sutras[edit]
The Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras integrate the teachings of Atman theory. Apastamba Dharmasutra, the oldest known Indian text on dharma, for example, titles Chapters 1.8.22 and 1.8.23 as "Knowledge of the Atman" and then recites,[79]
There is no higher object than the attainment of the knowledge of Atman. We shall quote the verses from the Veda which refer to the attainment of the knowledge of the Atman. All living creatures are the dwelling of him who lies enveloped in matter, who is immortal, who is spotless. A wise man shall strive after the knowledge of the Atman. It is he [Self] who is the eternal part in all creatures, whose essence is wisdom, who is immortal, unchangeable, pure; he is the universe, he is the highest goal. – 1.8.22.2-7 Freedom from anger, from excitement, from rage, from greed, from perplexity, from hypocrisy, from hurtfulness (from injury to others); Speaking the truth, moderate eating, refraining from calumny and envy, sharing with others, avoiding accepting gifts, uprightness, forgiveness, gentleness, tranquility, temperance, amity with all living creatures, yoga, honorable conduct, benevolence and contentedness – These virtues have been agreed upon for all the ashramas; he who, according to the precepts of the sacred law, practices these, becomes united with the Universal Self. – 1.8.23.6
—  Knowledge of the Atman, Apastamba Dharma Sūtra, ~ 400 BCE[79]
Ahimsa[edit]
The ethical prohibition against harming any human beings or other living creatures (Ahimsa, अहिंसा), in Hindu traditions, can be traced to the Atman theory.[74] This precept against injuring any living being appears together with Atman theory in hymn 8.15.1 of Chandogya Upanishad (ca. 8th century BCE),[80] then becomes central in the texts of Hindu philosophy, entering the dharma codes of ancient Dharmasutras and later era Manu-Smriti. Ahimsa theory is a natural corollary and consequence of "Atman is universal oneness, present in all living beings. Atman connects and prevades in everyone. Hurting or injuring another being is hurting the Atman, and thus one's self that exists in another body". This conceptual connection between one's Atman, the universal, and Ahimsa starts in Isha Upanishad,[74] develops in the theories of the ancient scholar Yajnavalkya, and one which inspired Gandhi as he led non-violent movement against colonialism in early 20th century.[81][82]
यस्तु सर्वाणि भूतान्यात्मन्येवानुपश्यति । सर्वभूतेषु चात्मानं ततो न विजुगुप्सते ॥६॥
यस्मिन्सर्वाणि भूतान्यात्मैवाभूद्विजानतः । तत्र को मोहः कः शोक एकत्वमनुपश्यतः ॥७॥
स पर्यगाच्छुक्रमकायमव्रणम् अस्नाविरँ शुद्धमपापविद्धम् । कविर्मनीषी परिभूः स्वयम्भूःयाथातथ्यतोऽर्थान् व्यदधाच्छाश्वतीभ्यः समाभ्यः ॥८॥
And he who sees everything in his atman, and his atman in everything, does not seek to hide himself from that.
In whom all beings have become one with his own atman, what perplexity, what sorrow, is there when he sees this oneness?
He [the self] prevades all, resplendent, bodiless, woundless, without muscles, pure, untouched by evil; far-seeing, transcendent, self-being, disposing ends through perpetual ages.
—  Isha Upanishad, Hymns 6-8,[81]
Atman – the difference between Hinduism and Buddhism[edit]
See also: Anatta, Buddha-nature, Shentong, Sunyata, and Precanonical Buddhism
All orthodox schools of Hinduism hold the premise, "Atman exists, as self evident truth". Buddhism, in contrast, holds the premise, "Atman does not exist (or, An-atman) as self evident".[83][6]
Buddhists do not believe that at the core of all human beings and living creatures, there is any "eternal, essential and absolute something called a soul, self or atman".[7] Buddhists reject the concept and all doctrines associated with atman, call atman as illusion (maya), asserting instead the theory of "no-self" and "no-soul".[6][84] Buddhism, from its earliest days, has denied the existence of the "self, soul" in its core philosophical and ontological texts. In its soteriological themes, Buddhism has defined nirvana as that blissful state when a person realizes that he or she has "no self, no soul".[7][85][86]
Hindus believe in Atman. They hold that at the core of all human beings and living creatures, there is "eternal, innermost essential and absolute something called a soul, self that is atman."[7] Within the diverse schools of Hinduism, there are differences of opinion on whether souls are distinct, whether a supreme soul or god exists, whether the nature of Atman is dual or non-dual, how to reach moksha– the knowledge of self that liberates one to blissful content state of existence, and whether moksha is achievable in this life (Advaita Vedanta, Yoga) or is achievable only in after-life (Dvaita Vedanta, Nyaya). However, despite these diversity of ideas and paths in different schools of Hinduism, unlike Buddhism, the foundation premise of Hinduism is that "soul/self exists", and there is bliss in seeking self, knowing self, and self-realization.[7][87]
While the Upanishads recognized many things as being not-Self, they felt that a real, true Self could be found. They held that when it was found, and known to be identical to Brahman, the basis of everything, this would bring liberation. In the Buddhist Suttas, though, literally everything is seen is non-Self, even Nirvana. When this is known, then liberation – Nirvana – is attained by total non-attachment. Thus both the Upanishads and the Buddhist Suttas see many things as not-Self, but the Suttas apply it, indeed non-Self, to everything.
—  Peter Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices[88]
Buddhist texts chronologically placed in the 1st millennium of common era, such as the Mahayana tradition's Tathāgatagarbha sūtras suggest self-like concepts, variously called Tathagatagarbha or Buddha nature.[89][90] These have been controversial idea in Buddhism, and "eternal self" concepts have been generally rejected. In modern era studies, scholars such as Wayman and Wayman state that these "self-like" concepts are neither self nor sentient being, nor soul, nor personality.[91][92] Some scholars posit that the Tathagatagarbha Sutras were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists.[93][94][95]
In Theravada tradition, the Dhammakaya Movement in Thailand teaches that it is erroneous to subsume nirvana under the rubric of anatta (non-self); instead, nirvana is taught to be the "true self" or dhammakaya.[96] Similar interpretations have been put forth by the then Thai Sangharaja in 1939. According to Williams, the Sangharaja's interpretation echoes the tathāgatagarbha sutras.[97] The Dhammakaya Movement teaching that nirvana is atta (atman) in 1999, has been criticized as heretical in Buddhism by Ven. Payutto, a well-known scholar monk, who added that 'Buddha taught nibbana as being non-self". This dispute on the nature of teachings about 'self' and 'non-self' in Buddhism has led to arrest warrants, attacks and threats.[98]
According to Johannes Bronkhorst, a professor of Indology specializing in early Buddhism and Hinduism, while there may be ambivalence on the existence or non-existence of self in early Buddhist literature, it is clear from these texts that seeking self-knowledge is not the Buddhist path for liberation, and turning away from self-knowledge is.[99][100]
Atman jnana and know thyself[edit]
The Atman concept and its discussions in Hindu philosophy, parallel with psuchê (soul) and its discussion in ancient Greek philosophy.[101] Eliade notes that there is a capital difference, with schools of Hinduism asserting that liberation of Atman implies "self-knowledge" and "bliss".[101] Similarly, self-knowledge conceptual theme of Hinduism (Atman jnana)[102] parallels the "know thyself" conceptual theme of Greek philosophy.[25][103] Max Müller summarized it thus,
There is not what could be called a philosophical system in these Upanishads. They are, in the true sense of the word, guesses at truth, frequently contradicting each other, yet all tending in one direction. The key-note of the old Upanishads is "know thyself," but with a much deeper meaning than that of the γνῶθι σεαυτόν of the Delphic Oracle. The "know thyself" of the Upanishads means, know thy true self, that which underlines thine Ego, and find it and know it in the highest, the eternal Self, the One without a second, which underlies the whole world.
—  Max Müller[104]
Jiva (Hinduism)
Ātman (Buddhism)
Ātman (Jainism)
Jnana
Tree of Jiva and Atman
^ [a] Atman, Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press (2012), Quote: "1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul";
[b] John Bowker (2000), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0192800947, See entry for Atman;
[c] WJ Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198610250, See entry for Atman (self).
^ a b David Lorenzen (2004), The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, ISBN 0-415215277, pages 208-209, Quote: "Advaita and nirguni movements, on the other hand, stress an interior mysticism in which the devotee seeks to discover the identity of individual soul (atman) with the universal ground of being (brahman) or to find god within himself".
^ Chad Meister (2010), The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195340136, page 63; Quote: "Even though Buddhism explicitly rejected the Hindu ideas of Atman ("soul") and Brahman, Hinduism treats Sakyamuni Buddha as one of the ten avatars of Vishnu."
^ Deussen, Paul and Geden, A. S. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Cosimo Classics (June 1, 2010). P. 86. ISBN 1616402407.
^ Richard King (1995), Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791425138, page 64, Quote: "Atman as the innermost essence or soul of man, and Brahman as the innermost essence and support of the universe. (...) Thus we can see in the Upanishads, a tendency towards a convergence of microcosm and macrocosm, culminating in the equating of atman with Brahman".
^ a b c John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801585, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".
^ a b c d e KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, ISBN 978-8120806191, pages 246-249, from note 385 onwards; Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791422175, page 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction, p. 2, at Google Books to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad, pages 2-4; Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now
^ Alexander Wynne (2011), The ātman and its negation, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 33, Number 1–2, pp. 103–105, Quote: "The denial that a human being possesses a "self" or "soul" is probably the most famous Buddhist teaching. It is certainly its most distinct, as has been pointed out by G. P. Malalasekera: "In its denial of any real permanent Soul or Self, Buddhism stands alone." A similar modern Sinhalese perspective has been expressed by Walpola Rahula: "Buddhism stands unique in the history of human thought in denying the existence of such a Soul, Self or Ātman." The "no Self" or "no soul" doctrine (Sanskrit: anātman; Pāli: anattan) is particularly notable for its widespread acceptance and historical endurance. It was a standard belief of virtually all the ancient schools of Indian Buddhism (the notable exception being the Pudgalavādins), and has persisted without change into the modern era. [...] both views are mirrored by the modern Theravādin perspective of Mahasi Sayadaw that "there is no person or soul" and the modern Mahāyāna view of the fourteenth Dalai Lama that "[t]he Buddha taught that … our belief in an independent self is the root cause of all suffering"."
^ a b Atman Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2012)
^ R Dalal (2011), The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143415176, page 38
^ Norman C. McClelland (2010). Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma. McFarland. pp. 16, 34. ISBN 978-0-7864-5675-8.
^ a b [a] Atman, Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press (2012), Quote: "1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul";
^ Karel Werner (1998). Yoga and Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-81-208-1609-1.
^ [a] David Lorenzen (2004), The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, ISBN 0-415215277, pages 208-209, Quote: "Advaita and nirguni movements, on the other hand, stress an interior mysticism in which the devotee seeks to discover the identity of individual soul (atman) with the universal ground of being (brahman) or to find god within himself".;
[b] Richard King (1995), Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791425138, page 64, Quote: "Atman as the innermost essence or soul of man, and Brahman as the innermost essence and support of the universe. (...) Thus we can see in the Upanishads, a tendency towards a convergence of microcosm and macrocosm, culminating in the equating of atman with Brahman".
[c] Chad Meister (2010), The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195340136, page 63; Quote: "Even though Buddhism explicitly rejected the Hindu ideas of Atman (soul) and Brahman, Hinduism treats Sakyamuni Buddha as one of the ten avatars of Vishnu."
^ Roshen Dalal (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
^ Norman C. McClelland (2010). Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma. McFarland. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-7864-5675-8.
^ [a] Julius Lipner (2012). Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge. pp. 53–56, 81, 160–161, 269–270. ISBN 978-1-135-24060-8. ;
[b] P. T. Raju (1985). Structural Depths of Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. pp. 26–37. ISBN 978-0-88706-139-4. ;
[c] Gavin D. Flood (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15, 84–85. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
^ A. L. Herman (1976). An Introduction to Indian Thought. Prentice-Hall. pp. 110–115. ISBN 978-0-13-484477-0.
^ Jeaneane D. Fowler (1997). Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 109–121. ISBN 978-1-898723-60-8.
^ Arvind Sharma (2004). Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 24–43. ISBN 978-81-208-2027-2.
^ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.९७, Wikisource; Quote: "यदिमा वाजयन्नहमोषधीर्हस्त आदधे । आत्मा यक्ष्मस्य नश्यति पुरा जीवगृभो यथा ॥११॥
^ Baumer, Bettina and Vatsyayan, Kapila. Kalatattvakosa Vol. 1: Pervasive Terms Vyapti (Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts). Motilal Banarsidass; Revised edition (March 1, 2001). P. 42. ISBN 8120805844.
^ Source 1: Rig veda Sanskrit;
Source 2: ऋग्वेदः/संहिता Wikisource
^ a b PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0887061394, pages 35-36
^ "Soul" is synonymous with "self" in translations of ancient texts of Hindu philosophy.
^ Alice Bailey (1973), The Soul and Its Mechanism, ISBN 978-0853301158, pages 82-83
^ Eknath Easwaran (2007), The Upanishads, Nilgiri Press, ISBN 978-1586380212, pages 38-39, 318-320
^ Raju, Poolla Tirupati. Structural Depths of Indian Thought. SUNY Series in Philosophy. P. 26. ISBN 0-88706-139-7.
^ Sanskrit Original: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् मन्त्र ५ [IV.iv.5], Sanskrit Documents;
Translation 1: Brihadāranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5 Madhavananda (Translator), page 712;
Translation 2: Brihadāranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5 Eduard Roer (Translator), page 235
^ a b Sanskrit Original: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद्, Sanskrit Documents;
Translation 1: Brihadāranyaka Upanishad 1.4.10 Eduard Roer (Translator), pages 101-120, Quote: "For he becomes the soul of them." (page 114);
Translation 2: Brihadāranyaka Upanishad 1.4.10 Madhavananda (Translator), page 146;
^ Original Sanskrit: अग्निर्यथैको भुवनं प्रविष्टो, रूपं रूपं प्रतिरूपो बभूव । एकस्तथा सर्वभूतान्तरात्मा, रूपं रूपं प्रतिरूपो बहिश्च ॥ ९ ॥;
English Translation 1: Stephen Knapp (2005), The Heart of Hinduism, ISBN 978-0595350759, page 202-203;
English Translation 2:Katha Upanishad Max Müller (Translator), Fifth Valli, 9th verse
^ a b Sanskrit Original: आत्मानँ रथितं विद्धि शरीरँ रथमेव तु । बुद्धिं तु सारथिं विद्धि मनः प्रग्रहमेव च ॥ ३ ॥ इन्द्रियाणि हयानाहुर्विषयाँ स्तेषु गोचरान् । आत्मेन्द्रियमनोयुक्तं भोक्तेत्याहुर्मनीषिणः ॥ ४ ॥, Katha Upanishad Wikisource;
English Translation: Max Müller, Katha Upanishad Third Valli, Verse 3 & 4 and through 15, pages 12-14
^ Stephen Kaplan (2011), The Routledge Companion to Religion and Science, (Editors: James W. Haag, Gregory R. Peterson, Michael L. Speziopage), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415492447, page 323
^ Max Müller, Upanishads, Wordsworth, ISBN 978-1840221022, pages XXIII-XXIV
^ a b c John Koller (2012), Shankara, in Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion, (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415782944, pages 99-102
^ Paul Deussen, The Philosophy of the Upanishads at Google Books, Dover Publications, pages 86-111, 182-212
^ a b c d e John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801585, pages 60-62
^ James Hart (2009), Who One Is: Book 2: Existenz and Transcendental Phenomenology, Springer, ISBN 978-1402091773, pages 2-3, 46-47
^ Richard White (2012), The Heart of Wisdom: A Philosophy of Spiritual Life, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, ISBN 978-1442221161, pages 125-131
^ Christina Puchalski (2006), A Time for Listening and Caring, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195146820, page 172
^ a b c d Arvind Sharma (2007), Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120820272, pages 19-40, 53-58, 79-86
^ Bhagavata Purana 3.28.41 Archived 2012-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ Bhagavata Purana 7.7.19–20 ""Atma" also refers to the Supreme Lord or the living entities. Both of them are spiritual."
^ a b A Rambachan (2006), The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791468524, pages 47, 99-103
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^ Eliot Deutsch (1980), Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0824802714, pages 48-53
^ A Rambachan (2006), The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791468524, pages 114-122
^ Adi Sankara, A Bouquet of Nondual Texts: Advaita Prakarana Manjari, Translators: Ramamoorthy & Nome, ISBN 978-0970366726, pages 173-214
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^ James Lewis and William Travis (1999), Religious Traditions of the World, ISBN 978-1579102302, pages 279-280
^ Thomas Padiyath (2014), The Metaphysics of Becoming, De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110342550, pages 155-157
^ Graham Oppy (2014), Describing Gods, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107087040, page 3
^ Paramtattvadas, Sadhu,. An introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu theology. Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN 9781107158672. OCLC 964861190. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b PT Raju (2008), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415461214, pages 79-80
^ a b Chris Bartley (2013), Purva Mimamsa, in Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge, 978-0415862530, page 443-445
^ Oliver Leaman (2006), Shruti, in Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415862530, page 503
^ PT Raju (2008), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415461214, pages 82-85
^ PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0887061394, pages 54-63; Michael C. Brannigan (2009), Striking a Balance: A Primer in Traditional Asian Values, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0739138465, page 15
^ The school posits that there are five physical substances: earth, water, air, water and akasa (ether/sky/space beyond air)
^ a b c Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore (Eds., 1973), A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1973, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 386-423
^ a b John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801585, page 62
^ a b c d Original Sanskrit: Nyayasutra Anand Ashram Sanskrit Granthvali, pages 26-28;
English translation 1: Nyayasutra see verses 1.1.9 and 1.1.10 on pages 4-5;
English translation 2: Elisa Freschi (2014), Puspika: Tracing Ancient India Through Texts and Traditions, (Editors: Giovanni Ciotti, Alastair Gornall, Paolo Visigalli), Oxbow, ISBN 978-1782974154, pages 56-73
^ KK Chakrabarti (1999), Classical Indian Philosophy of Mind: The Nyaya Dualist Tradition, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791441718, pages 2, 187-188, 220
^ a b See example discussed in this section; For additional examples of Nyaya reasoning to prove that "soul exists", using propositions and its theories of negation, see: Nyayasutra verses 1.2.1 on pages 14-15, 1.2.59 on page 20, 3.1.1-3.1.27 on pages 63-69, and later chapters
^ a b Roy W. Perrett (Editor, 2000), Indian Philosophy: Metaphysics, Volume 3, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0815336082, page xvii; also see Chakrabarti pages 279-292
^ Sutras_1913#page/n47/mode/2up Nyayasutra see pages 22-29
^ Paranjpe, A. C. Self and Identity in Modern Psychology and Indian Thought. Springer; 1 edition (September 30, 1998). P. 263-264. ISBN 978-0-306-45844-6.
^ a b c
Sanskrit Original with Translation 1: The Yoga Philosophy TR Tatya (Translator), with Bhojaraja commentary; Harvard University Archives;
Translation 2: The Yoga-darsana: The sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa GN Jha (Translator), with notes; Harvard University Archives;
Translation 3: The Yogasutras of Patanjali Charles Johnston (Translator)
^ Verses 4.24-4.34, Patanjali's Yogasutras; Quote: "विशेषदर्शिन आत्मभावभावनाविनिवृत्तिः"
^ Stephen H. Phillips, Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of "new Logic". Open Court Publishing, 1995, pages 12–13.
^ Stephen H. Phillips & other authors (2008), in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), ISBN 978-0123739858, Elsevier Science, Pages 1347–1356, 701-849, 1867
^ a b c d Ludwig Alsdorf (2010), The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415548243, pages 111-114
^ NF Gier (1995), Ahimsa, the Self, and Postmodernism, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 35, Issue 1, pages 71-86, doi:10.5840/ipq199535160;
Jean Varenne (1977), Yoga and the Hindu Tradition, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226851167, page 200-202
^ These ancient texts of India refer to Upanishads and Vedic era texts some of which have been traced to preserved documents, but some are lost or yet to be found.
^ Stephen H. Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231144858, pages 122-125
^ Knut Jacobsen (1994), The institutionalization of the ethics of "non-injury" toward all "beings" in Ancient India, Environmental Ethics, Volume 16, Issue 3, pages 287-301, doi:10.5840/enviroethics199416318
^ a b Sanskrit Original: Apastamba Dharma Sutra page 14;
English Translation 1: Knowledge of the Atman Apastamba Dharmasutra, The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, Georg Bühler (Translator), pages 75-79;
English Translation 2: Ludwig Alsdorf (2010), The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415548243, pages 111-112;
English Translation 3: Patrick Olivelle (1999), Dharmasutras, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0192838827, page 34
^ Sanskrit original: तधैतद्ब्रह्मा प्रजापतये उवाच प्रजापतिर्मनवे मनुः प्रजाभ्यः आचार्यकुलाद्वेदमधीत्य यथाविधानं गुरोः कर्मातिशेषेणाभिसमावृत्य कुटुम्बे शुचौ देशे स्वाध्यायमधीयानो धर्मिकान्विदधदात्मनि सर्वैन्द्रियाणि संप्रतिष्ठाप्याहिँसन्सर्व भूतान्यन्यत्र तीर्थेभ्यः स खल्वेवं वर्तयन्यावदायुषं ब्रह्मलोकमभिसंपद्यते न च पुनरावर्तते न च पुनरावर्तते ॥१॥; छान्दोग्योपनिषद् ४ Wikisource;
English Translation: Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, page 205
^ a b Sanskrit original: ईशावास्य उपनिषद् Wikisource;
English Translation 1: Isha Upanishad Max Müller (Translator), Oxford University Press, page 312, hymns 6 to 8;
English Translation 2: Isha Upanishad See translation by Charles Johnston, Universal Theosophy;
English Translation 3: Isavasyopanishad SS Sastri (Translator), hymns 6-8, pages 12-14
^ Deen K. Chatterjee (2011), Encyclopedia of Global Justice: A - I, Volume 1, Springer, ISBN 978-1402091599, page 376
^ Dae-Sook Suh (1994), Korean Studies: New Pacific Currents, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0824815981, page 171
^ Helen J Baroni (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823922406, page 14
^ David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 1, pages 65-74
^ Steven Collins (1990). Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-521-39726-1. ; Quote: "It is at this point that the differences [between Upanishads and Abhidharma] start to become marked. There is no central self which animates the impersonal elements. The concept of nirvana (Pali nibbana), although similarly the criterion according to which ethical judgements are made and religious life assessed, is not the liberated state of a self. Like all other things and concepts (dhamma) it is anatta, not-self [in Buddhism].";
Norman C. McClelland (2010). Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma. McFarland. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-0-7864-5675-8. Quote: "Anatman/Anatta. Literally meaning no (an-) self or soul (-atman), this Buddhist term applies to the denial of a metaphysically changeless, eternal and autonomous soul or self. (...) The early canonical Buddhist view of nirvana sometimes suggests a kind of extinction-like (kataleptic) state that automatically encourages a metaphysical no-soul (self)."
^ Sengaku Mayeda (2000), Sankara and Buddhism, in New Perspectives on Advaita Vedānta (Editors: Richard V. De Smet, Bradley J. Malkovsky), Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004116665, pages 18-29
^ Peter Harvey (2012). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
^ Paul Williams (2008). Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. Routledge. pp. 104, 125–127. ISBN 978-1-134-25056-1.
^ S. K. Hookham (1991). The Buddha Within: Tathagatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga. State University of New York Press. pp. 100–104. ISBN 978-0-7914-0357-0.
^ Paul Williams (2008). Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. Routledge. pp. 107, 112. ISBN 978-1-134-25056-1.
^ S. K. Hookham (1991). The Buddha Within: Tathagatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga. State University of New York Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7914-0357-0.
^ Paul Williams (2008). Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations. Routledge. pp. 104–105, 108–109. ISBN 978-1-134-25056-1. Quote: "(...) it refers to the Buddha using the term "Self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics."
^ Merv Fowler (1999). Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-1-898723-66-0.
^ John W. Pettit (1999). Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzogchen, the Great Perfection. Simon and Schuster. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-86171-157-4.
^ Mackenzie 2007, pp. 100–5, 110.
^ Williams 2008, p. 126.
^ Mackenzie 2007, pp. 51–52.
^ Johannes Bronkhorst (1993). The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 99 with footnote 12. ISBN 978-81-208-1114-0.
^ Johannes Bronkhorst (2009). Buddhist Teaching in India. Wisdom Publications. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-86171-811-5.
^ a b Marcea Eliade (1985), History of Religious Ideas, Volume 2, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226204031, pages 493-494
^ Sometimes called Atmanam Viddhi, Frédérique Apffel-Marglin and Stephen A. Marglin (1996), Decolonizing Knowledge : From Development to Dialogue, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198288848, page 372
^ Andrew Fort (1998), Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791439036, pages 31-46
^ WD Strappini, The Upanishads, p. 258, at Google Books, The Month and Catholic Review, Vol. 23, Issue 42
Mackenzie, Rory (2007), New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: Towards an Understanding of Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-13262-1
Williams, Paul (2008), Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations (2 ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-25056-1
J. Ganeri (2013), The Concealed Art of the Soul, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199658596
A. S. Woodburne (1925), The Idea of God in Hinduism, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan., 1925), pages 52–66
K. L. Seshagiri Rao (1970), On Truth: A Hindu Perspective, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Oct., 1970), pages 377-382
Norman E. Thomas (1988), Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy, Missiology, Vol. 16, No. 2, pages 149-162
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text:
Review: Find Your Inner Walken
By Michael Block
It's official. Dave Droxler has figured out how to get your project funded. Claim Christopher Walken is involved! Walken On Sunshine is a fluff comedy that knows what it is and never strays. The farcical play is mindless fun and entertainment about determination. Brothers Gavin and Quinn are trying to make a movie. They have a script. They have a lead. All they need is the money. After reading an article about Christopher Walken never turning down a project, Gavin accidentally tells a giant fib to their future investor, who also happens to be the boss of the girl of his dreams. With well-timed references and non-stop laughter, Walken On Sunshine honors the classic comedies we know and love. If you're a theatergoer looking for substance from a play that forces you to think, Droxler's play is not it. But who says that's what theater has to be all the time. You certainly could take the time to over-analyze Droxler's text but where's the fun in that? Just come for a laugh! When Droxler tried to be too smart, he hit some roadblocks. And that came through the unclear devise of Narrator. Partially playing narrator and scene or costume change cover, her purpose in this world was never defined as much as it needed to be. If she is only a device for Gabin, she shouldn't have been included in the actual scenes as characters.
As bright of a writer as Dave Droxler is, this play thrives on the incredible ensemble. Comprised of Maggie Carr, Droxler, Jennifer Fouche, DeLance Minefee, Paul Pakler, and Jonathan Spivey, this is the definition of unity. Even when someone breaks, the energy remains and cue is picked up after the laughter ceased. Droxler is a brilliant physical comedian. His brand of funny is not something we see nowadays but he reminds us why we need it back. The superstar of the production was by far Paul Pakler. From his mannerisms, physicality, and characterizations, Pakler is reminiscent of the brilliant Martin Short. That is a collaboration that needs to happen. The voice of Jennifer Fouche is worth the price of admission. She has pipes!
Director Marcus Stevens kept the comedy flowing. It was a strong decision. His prime focus seemed to allow his company to go big to cover up the little holes. The staging was tight. Literally. Soho Playhouse served as an obstacle course for the cast at times. The inclusion of live music played and composed by James Rushin was the icing on the cake. This play may have faltered without it. It assisted in keeping the tempo constant.
Walken On Sunshine is fun, fun, fun. And that's all you can ask for. Does this play survive a future without Dave Droxler in it? That's a giant question mark that may have an unfortunate answer. There are very few people who can do what that talent can do.
Labels: Fringe, FringeNYC, New York International Fringe Festival, Review, Walken On Sunshine