Deconstructed rainbows, a box of crayons run amuck. The paintings of David Matthew King, in a tight selection of colors within expanses of white space, hang ripe with emotion and movement. Fat lines in blue, red, green, yellow, and violet, leap and bend their way across the canvas, seeming at times less the object itself than the outline of something hidden.
What sits between these forms is King's affinity for language, guiding the work itself. Every painting, seemingly simple in its execution, starts with the introduction of a small mark on the canvas–a word, if you will. From here, King builds on, adding further. Sentences of paint form together to tell a story of their own. The lines hang in suspension from one another in interactions that are not always straightforward. It is a ballet, a harmony, an exploration into dependence and autonomy.
In King's artist statement, he notes: "What we say can never fully express the entirety of what we mean, and what we mean isn't how we really feel." His pieces are gap-filled, obtuse, contradictory–a perfect mirror of the imperfect nature of human relationships. With an impending move to Los Angeles on the horizon, we head to King's New York workspace to talk punk logos, Shakespearean analogies, and the experience of language.
When I was 17, I was hired at the local record shop. It was run by a Londoner, a genuine punk rocker who had no patience for that which he deemed contrived and whose heart crumbled in the presence of anything genuine. As far as I was concerned, that shop was more of a cultural center than an art museum or a mission or a college. Opinions were given matter-of-factly by a staff of misfits who could recommend punk, country, reggae, pop, electronic, jazz, blues, no wave, and soul records with surgical precision.
Sometimes we'd have dinner together on the elevated counter. If one of the staff had a car, they'd take the boss to pick up Indian food, and when we had Indian, there was only one record we were allowed to play while we ate: Tattoo You. One Friday night, it was a bit quiet in the store when we started eating. The place smelled like tikka masala and vindaloo and our fingers were a mess from the garlic naan and soaking up the spices.
We didn't notice that the movie theater across the street had let out and the store was now packed. A couple people came up to the counter with stacks of CDs ready to pay. I looked at my greasy fingers and then looked at my boss with his greasy fingers, then told the customers to keep shopping because I wasn't ready to ring them up. They turned around. The shop was bleeding and we needed every dollar we could get. I was 18 and was allowed to call the shot. I looked at the boss and he nodded his approval. A few minutes later we finished eating and cleaned up the counter and announced the the store that we were ready for their money. They lined up. Their stacks of CDs and LPs had grown. That's how good the Indian food smelled.
I didn't really have experiences with art as a child. The only kids in my childhood who were encouraged to do art were those who had somehow displayed some aptitude while doing some other official thing like a school project or illustrating "The Stations of the Cross." I was a junior in high school when I took the first art class I can remember. We had to paint a portrait based on a photograph. I had forgotten to bring a photograph to class, so I used an image of Ben Hogan, who was on the cover of the issue of Golf Digest which happened to be in my backpack. Up until then, my art experience was drawing Descendents, Black Flag, and Adolescents logos on my notebooks and shoes.
For the most part, my parents pieced together a living through a series of part-time jobs. My mom worked mostly in office administration and retail. My dad worked mostly in hardware stores. He had done some painting and drawing around the time he was courting my mother. Some was made specifically for that purpose–some of which still hangs in the house. My dad is a true hardware man who built useful things and took on ambitious projects. However, his real talent has always been developing solutions to various problems using whatever tools and materials he had at hand. His interest in the arts and design has always been part of his survival mechanism. "Necessity is the mother of invention" is something he knew long before he'd ever heard the phrase.
How does your love of language inform your works?
Language does all the things that I want my work to do. That's the ultimate goal. It is the Fool in King Lear, and it's King Lear in King Lear. The painting can be what it does while doing what it does. This is the consequence of watching The Marx Brothers on VHS over and over from the age of seven: the boy is sent to the principal's office because the teacher thinks the boy is making fun of her but she isn't quite sure. Meanwhile, the boy was doing what he thought was being asked of him and doesn't understand why he was sent away. This is how my love of language has informed my work.
I'm not an avid reader. I am, however, an avid learner. I was raised to believe that those two were the same, and this was a source of great suffering in my life. The obstacles that some people face while reading are nearly impossible to empathize with unless you have similar obstacles yourself. A couple years ago, I made a video intended to illustrate what the experience of reading is like for me. It was very accurate. Some people could only watch a few seconds before saying they'd had enough. Ironically, that's about how long I can comfortably read before I put down the book.
What was the last thing you read that informed your work?
Yesterday a very dear friend wrote that he was celebrating two years sober. To be honest, that informs my work as a painter as much as Albers or Hickey or Berger or Sontag ever did. Those people wrote wonderful things, but they're just people who exist on a page.
Both. I think a lot of people would agree that a very large portion of the work is done without a paintbrush in the hand. I've agonized for days about a single mark–sometimes while out to dinner with friends or while riding on the subway. Some people are able to stop working. I'm not one of those people. As for the physical marks on the canvas, my brain makes no distinction between 1 p.m. and 1 a.m. If I have materials and space and light, time doesn't matter.
Today was coffee, avocado toast, and donut holes… and a donut.
Take a walk to the coffee shop. Take a quick look at the work I made the day before. Make breakfast. Make a chore/to-do list. By that point, the day has probably gone off the rails. Pick up food at some point. A couple more coffees. Work is done throughout all that. Take some pictures of where I left off. Evening walk. Ice cream. I don't have many typical days in a row before the whole structure changes.
I almost always have music going wherever I am, but when I'm physically working on a canvas I try not to have music playing. If I do, I try to have some variation so that I don't fall into the music's rhythms. It's not unusual to go from Chet Baker to '90s skate punk to Bob Dylan to Irma Thomas to Jamaican ska to The Clash to Patsy Cline within an hour. Mostly I listen to random TV interviews or audio recordings of academic lectures or archival poetry recordings. I like the jagged edges of conversation and the pauses when people are trying to figure it out in the moment. I like when I see that happening on the canvas.
I often don't know what I'm working on until I see it. I have a lot of materials on hand so that I can go wherever I feel I need to go, but that's got more to do with providing myself an opportunity for discovery. I have some ideas, but we'll have to wait and see what happens.
What medium/ tool/ color are you most interested in presently and why?
Charcoal. The contrast between charcoal and paper is so striking that it commands my attention. I think a lot of the work I do with color is an attempt to create that same type of contrast in a bold manner. I love contrasts. I love seeing one thing through its relationship to another thing. Charcoal helps me see a lot.
The opening scene of Reservoir Dogs. I'm putty in its hands. It tells you what's going to happen and it knows it's going to be misunderstood. It's a living, breathing thing. I'm in awe of living, breathing things.
Simplicity is when you stick out your elbow and she hooks her arm through it.
The best piece of advice I've ever been given is "The nearest exit may be behind you" every time I'm on an airplane. I think we need to be reminded that the things we need most are frequently much closer than we think. It may be just as useful to make this announcement after landing. Welcome to Los Angeles International Airport. Local temperature is 86 degrees, and please remember that the nearest exit may be behind you.


A listing of environmental education programs available through MCCB.
An important goal of the Conservation Board is to make the citizens of Marshall County more aware of their natural resources. With an increased awareness and knowledge comes an appreciation for the environment. These in turn are stepping-stones to the ultimate goal of environmental education - wise use and human actions in harmony with nature. Through the Marshall County Conservation Board's environmental education program this cycle begins.


Formula Drift invaded Palm Beach International Raceway this weekend as thousands of fans filled every inch of space surrounding the drift circuit. We've been closely following drifting for years and enjoy checking out the competition all while visiting with some of our old drag racing competitors. There was plenty of action and controversy throughout the event with the fans questioning many of the judges calls and quite a bit of contact within the runs. In the end Michael Essa took the top spot in his E46 BMW (you may remember his Z4 car from his visit to the shop prior to last years event) flanked by the Achilles Tires entrants of Daigo Saito and Robbie Nishida. The podium was swept by turbocharged 6cylinder entrants,could we possibly be seeing a changing of the guard in FD with turbocharge entrants becoming the norm over the previous V8s? Who knows, but we like what we saw and always have our door open to the possibility of building a wild Formula Drift competitor here at Titan Motorsports, sponsors and manufactures our number is listed on the site. A big thanks to Cheralyn and the Bridges Racing (Achilles Tires) Team for the great hospitality all weekend.
Titan Motorsports support team – Nigel Colfer 180SX Drifting with 1JZ Power.
We just hooked up Nigel Colfer with some parts for his 1JZ powered 180SX across the pond and he sent us this great video of his car in action. We're happy to be in a position to helping grassroots and professional motorsports teams with their parts needs regardless of their geographic location.
SATS Motorsport at Lydden Hill from Ciaran Smith on Vimeo.
This weekend FormulaD headed to Palm Beach International Raceway for Round 3 of the Formula Drift event. This was the first time that FormulaD has held an event in Florida, and the crowds came out in droves to see professional drifting at it's finest. The event also allowed us to see some old faces from drag racing as the teams made their way south from the prior Atlanta event. Bergenholtz Racing, Gary Gardella, and Mike Essa all stopped by our shop prior to the event for last minute preparations on Thursday, and it was great to get an up close look at the cars in person.
Alongside the drift event was a car show hosted by Slammed Society. The current flush fad was as apparent as ever with plenty of cars featuring wild wheel fitments to compliment their ultra low stance. My attention naturally moved towards the duo of S4 wagons sporting great stances, but wild military inspired paint schemes. Overall the quality of the cars in the show were top notch, a true testament to the great relationships FormulaD has with their promotional partners.
I want to thank the Bergenholtz Racing for the great hospitality this weekend. Joon suffered a mechanical problem in the 32 round which prevented him from moving forward, however after reviewing the car and addressing a solution, I'm sure we'll see the team moving forward in the rounds at the next event in New Jersey.


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text:
Striosomal arrangement of met-enkephalin and substance P expression in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam
H. Ito, S. Goto, S. Sakamoto, A. Hirano
This report concerns a topographic immunohistochemcal analysis of Met-enkephalin (MEnk) and substance P (SP) expression in the striatum from seven patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam (PDC). The striatum of seven neurologically normal subjects served as controls. MEnk-positive striosomes were readily visualized in both the caudate nucleus and the putament of the PDC cases. Although the immunoreactivity was less than that of MEnk, SP-positive patches were detected in the PDC striatum. The patches were similar to those seen in the normal controls. These results provide additional evidence that the striatum and its efferent system appear to be preserved in patients with PDC.
Acta Neuropathologica
Methionine Enkephalin
Substance P
Caudate Nucleus
Met-enkephalin
Parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam
Striatum
Striosomes
Ito, H., Goto, S., Sakamoto, S., & Hirano, A. (1993). Striosomal arrangement of met-enkephalin and substance P expression in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam. Acta Neuropathologica, 85(4), 390-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00334449
Striosomal arrangement of met-enkephalin and substance P expression in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam. / Ito, H.; Goto, S.; Sakamoto, S.; Hirano, A.
In: Acta Neuropathologica, Vol. 85, No. 4, 07.1993, p. 390-393.
Ito, H, Goto, S, Sakamoto, S & Hirano, A 1993, 'Striosomal arrangement of met-enkephalin and substance P expression in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam', Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 390-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00334449
Ito H, Goto S, Sakamoto S, Hirano A. Striosomal arrangement of met-enkephalin and substance P expression in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam. Acta Neuropathologica. 1993 Jul;85(4):390-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00334449
Ito, H. ; Goto, S. ; Sakamoto, S. ; Hirano, A. / Striosomal arrangement of met-enkephalin and substance P expression in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam. In: Acta Neuropathologica. 1993 ; Vol. 85, No. 4. pp. 390-393.
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abstract = "This report concerns a topographic immunohistochemcal analysis of Met-enkephalin (MEnk) and substance P (SP) expression in the striatum from seven patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam (PDC). The striatum of seven neurologically normal subjects served as controls. MEnk-positive striosomes were readily visualized in both the caudate nucleus and the putament of the PDC cases. Although the immunoreactivity was less than that of MEnk, SP-positive patches were detected in the PDC striatum. The patches were similar to those seen in the normal controls. These results provide additional evidence that the striatum and its efferent system appear to be preserved in patients with PDC.",
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AB - This report concerns a topographic immunohistochemcal analysis of Met-enkephalin (MEnk) and substance P (SP) expression in the striatum from seven patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam (PDC). The striatum of seven neurologically normal subjects served as controls. MEnk-positive striosomes were readily visualized in both the caudate nucleus and the putament of the PDC cases. Although the immunoreactivity was less than that of MEnk, SP-positive patches were detected in the PDC striatum. The patches were similar to those seen in the normal controls. These results provide additional evidence that the striatum and its efferent system appear to be preserved in patients with PDC.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Readers with good memories may recall that when Windows NT was launched, it came in Workstation and Advanced Server editions, with the former fulfilling most duties of a server. There were no limits on TCP/IP connections, for example. Just as its developer Dave Cutler intended.
When, a little later, Linux vendors packaged their distros into "Workstation" and "Server" editions it was just that: packaging – nothing prevented you turning a Linux Workstation into a Server. That was rather the point of Unix. But when Microsoft realised people were running the $800 cheaper Workstation edition as a departmental server, the beancounters panicked, and Microsoft introduced an artificial technical limitation.
For nostalgia's sake, the last time Workstation booted it sounded like this. The sound of the future.
By the end of the 1990s, "Workstation" had become passé, or perhaps Microsoft thought they reminded the market of that useful Unix thing. For whatever reason, the moniker has been completely absent from any Windows SKU since the year 2000.
But not any more. Last year Microsoft announced a high performance "Workstation" edition of Windows 10 aimed, it explained, at "mission critical systems". It was accidentally unveiled under name "Windows 10 Pro for Advanced PCs" – a more accurate description – before Microsoft marketeers adopted the Workstation name. What does this actually mean?
There's actually a bunch of high-performance features in this edition, and a couple more have been added overnight via the Insiders preview scheme. Although a leopard doesn't shed its spots overnight, or even after 18 years. Windows 10 for Workstations will now run on Xeon and Opteron machines with up to four CPUs – somewhat short of the thousands supported by Linux – and up to 6TB of RAM. The high-performance file system ReFS (Resilient file system) from Windows Server is included, with an eye on users who use RAID setups.
New today is power management for systems where low latency is important, and where tasks should not be slowed down by aggressive battery conservation techniques. And the biggest feature to date: Microsoft has removed Candy Crush and the other consumer junk from the start menu.
Or as Microsoft puts it: "You will see for Windows 10 Pro for Workstations productivity and enterprise focused applications in place of consumer applications and games. This was one of the top feedback shared with us by our partners and users and we're delivering this in our next update."


text:
Get your sunshine quota
Moving between pools of electric light in the dark depths of winter, we are filled with a longing for sunshine. And, says Anastasia Stephens, it's vital we get our vitamin D from somewhere
by Psychologies
A recent review of more than 140 studies published in the journal of the British Nutrition Foundation found that, by the end of winter in the UK, more than 78 per cent of women are vitamin D deficient.
Called the 'sunshine vitamin' because it is made beneath the skin on exposure to UV light, it comes as no surprise that by early spring we should be developing serious sun cravings. Needed for strong bones and immunity, deficiency in vitamin D isn't only linked to a susceptibility to colds and flu, it is also linked to low fertility and depression, as well as joint pain.
'For a combination of reasons, the problem of vitamin D deficiency has probably never been worse,' says dietician Dr Carrie Ruxton, who co-authored the study into the deficiency. Ninety per cent of the body's supply of the vitamin comes from sun exposure, says Ruxton.
With short winter days and cloudy weather, by this time of year we are seriously sun-deprived – and when the sun is out, its rays are too weak from November to February to trigger vitamin D production. We can get vitamin D from food, but many diet-conscious women have cut down on eggs and butter, two of the best food sources of the vitamin. Another factor that threatens our vitamin D levels, says Ruxton, is excess body weight. The vitamin becomes trapped in body fat, which prevents it from circulating in the blood.
The EU recommended daily value for vitamin D is 200iu per day and 400iu per day over the age of 50. While that is enough to prevent deficiency symptoms, current research suggests we need 10 times this amount per day (2,000–4,000iu) to reap vitamin D's health benefits.
'The latest studies show that the health benefits of vitamin D, such as protection from cancer, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease and bone weakness, occur when people are regularly getting 2,000 to 4,000iu of vitamin D,' says Dr Hans Hoeck, vitamin D researcher and lecturer at Aalborg University in Denmark. 'That's 10 times more than the EU recommendations. People in countries such as the UK and Denmark are getting far less than even these amounts. Our research shows the average British person is getting less than 400iu a day in winter. And for people who have office jobs those levels might not go up much, even in summer.'
The best strategy for topping up your levels, says Hoeck, it to get the vitamin from as many sources as possible — and take a good supplement, such as SunVit-D3, £7.82 for 180 tablets. 'Eat egg yolk, butter and oily fish, which are all good sources of vitamin D,' he says. 'The vitamin is also added to milk and cereals. But in the winter, diet is unlikely to provide enough, so it would be wise to supplement. For people who work long hours in offices, or the elderly, I would recommend taking a supplement year-round.'
Yet sunshine remains the most efficient way of making vitamin D. As the vitamin can be stored in the liver to give us a constant supply, 'safe sunbathing' — exposing your skin to sunlight for short periods of time without burning — from March onwards is the best way of building up vitamin D reserves. Different skin types make vitamin D at different rates. The fair skin of blond and auburn-haired people absorbs the most UV, but it also burns the quickest. They only need 20 minutes of sun, exposing most of their skin, to generate 10,000iu – a week's worth of vitamin D at optimal levels. Mediterranean skin would need 90 minutes and Afro-Caribbean skin may need three hours to generate the same amount.
'Take opportunities to get into the sun,' says Hoeck. 'In winter, go for a winter-sun or skiing break, as the intense sun in the mountains will enable you to make vitamin D. Sunbathing for vitamin D while protecting your skin from burning is a delicate balance. Expose as much skin to sunlight as you can, but cover it up again well before burning. A week in the sun will give your body up to a month's supply of vitamin D.'


Commissioners Rod Schaffer, Donna Giacometto and Darold Zimmer were present for a regular meeting. Hearing no public comment on the day's agenda, the board addressed routine business items before scheduled department meetings. They read, approved and signed previous minutes.


Glaze firing support pin stilts are kiln shelves saver that prevent glaze run off in firing. Any unsupported glazes runoff will permanently bond glazedwares to the kiln shelf. Even with firing stilts it is advisable to apply kiln wash occasionally as secondary protection on the kiln shelf.


text:
Finding Refuge - March 19, 2022
Half-Day Retreat
Finding Refuge in the Breath, Body, and Heart
with Tara Mulay and Devin Berry
Saturday, March 19; 9:00am - 1:00pm
We will use this practice period to explore mindfulness of the body, including the full awareness of breathing. In the process, we will cultivate greater openness of heart, compassion and wisdom. Our aspiration is to know the direct experience of breath, body, and heart as refuge.
Suggested donation: $15-30 registration + teacher donation (we encourage you to consider giving teacher dana equal to or greater than what you gave for registration)*
Tara Mulay's practice and teachings stem from the lineage of Mahasi Sayadaw. She has been authorized to teach by Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts and has gratefully drawn influence from many teachers within and outside of the Mahasi lineage, including Howard Cohn, Kamala Masters, Gil Fronsdal, Joseph Goldstein, Sayadaw U Tejaniya, and Ayya Anandabodhi. Tara practiced criminal defense law in California for over 20 years. She was a leader of Mission Dharma in San Francisco, and in 2016 she co-founded the San Francisco People of Color Insight Sangha. She remained a core teacher with the group until the spring of 2019, when she relocated to Western Massachusetts. She then served as Interim Guiding Teacher of Insight Western Massachusetts from April 2020-April 2021. Tara felt initially drawn to dharma practice upon encountering the Buddha's teachings rejecting social caste as a measure of worth and of capacity for awakening. She believes classical Buddhist practices, designed to cultivate compassion, non-greed, non-hatred, and non-delusion, are uniquely potent vehicles for empowering people in marginalized communities and effecting social change.
Devin Berry has been meditating for over 20 years. His practice is primarily informed by the classical teachings of early Buddhism and the Insight Meditation tradition. He has undertaken many periods of silent long-term retreat practice. Devin completed the Dedicated Practitioners Program at Spirit Rock Meditation Center, where he is a visiting teacher. He is currently in the 2017-2021 Insight Meditation Society Teacher Training Program. He served as a core leader with San Francisco POC Insight Sangha. Devin is a community teacher at East Bay Meditation Center in Oakland, CA where he co-founded the teen sangha and the Men of Color sangha. He has recently relocated to Western Massachusetts and teaches nationally. Devin is passionate about the power of witnessing and storytelling as a liberation tool. He is deeply committed to the personal and collective liberation of marginalized communities knowing that through the integration of reflection and insight, clarity and wisdom give rise to wise action. Devin's website is devinberry.org.
*In keeping with the Buddhist tradition of dana (generosity), the suggested registration amounts for our classes and retreats do not include any payment for the teacher. The teachers are paid entirely out of the students' generosity. Please consider giving a donation to the teacher in order to support their ability to continue to share the dharma. We encourage you to consider teacher dana equal to or greater than the amount you gave for registration. You may give a donation at the time of registration and give later donations through our teacher dana link. Everyone is welcome to all of our events regardless of ability to donate.
You can give online or send checks to Insight Western Mass, 116 Pleasant Street, Suite 242, Easthampton, MA 01027.
ZOOM LINK: https://zoom.us/j/9431561684?pwd=YVQ1N1VzNWE3dGR4RERSZ1l3Zks0Zz09
Dial in by phone for audio only: Call (646) 558-8656. Meeting ID: 943 156 1684. Password: 242.
Help support a scholarship
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Registration Option $30
Send checks to: Insight Western Mass, 116 Pleasant Street #242, Easthampton, MA 01027.
Insight Meditation Community of Western Massachusetts
116 Pleasant Street, #242
ABOUT Insight Meditation Community of Western Massachusetts
Insight Meditation Community of Western Massachusetts is a community-based meditation center in Easthampton, Massachusetts, offering teachings and meditation practice support for all who are interested, rooted in the Insight tradition, and centered on the Buddha's teachings of liberation for all. We endeavor to provide inspiration and guidance for all who seek to cultivate wisdom and compassion in daily life. Insight Western Mass is dedicated to being a welcoming community to all. We are firmly committed to welcoming diversity of race, class, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, cultural and religious background, and ability within our midst, so that all might feel included and comfortable in practicing here. We are committed to making the dharma accessible to all, and all teachings and programs are offered freely, by donation only. No one will be turned away for inability to donate.


Structural comparisons between bacteriophage PRD1 and adenovirus have revealed an evolutionary relationship that has contributed significantly to current ideas on virus phylogeny. However, the structural organization of the receptor-binding spike complex and how the different symmetry mismatches are mediated between the spike-complex proteins are not clear. We determined the architecture of the PRD1 spike complex by using electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction of a series of PRD1 mutants. We constructed an atomic model for the full-length P5 spike protein by using comparative modeling. P5 was shown to be bound directly to the penton base protein P31. P5 and the receptor-binding protein P2 form two separate spikes, interacting with each other near the capsid shell. P5, with a tumor necrosis factor-like head domain, may have been responsible for host recognition before capture of the current receptor-binding protein P2.
PRD1 is a complex, membrane-containing, double-stranded DNA bacteriophage that shares many structural similarities with adenoviruses. PRD1 belongs to the Tectiviridae family and infects Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. PRD1 infection leads to the synthesis of ≈30 phage-specific proteins in the host cell, most of which are incorporated into the virion (reviewed in ref. 1). It has an outer icosahedral protein capsid, an internal lipid bilayer, and a linear dsDNA genome with 5′ covalently linked replication priming proteins (Fig. 1 A). The capsid (70 nm in diameter) is composed mainly of one protein, the major capsid protein P3 (43 kDa), which forms pseudohexameric trimers. Two hundred forty copies of these trimers are organized on an icosahedral lattice with pseudo T = 25 triangulation (2). The vertices of the icosahedral capsid lattice are occupied by the minor capsid protein P31 (14 kDa), which forms pentamers in solution (3, 4). This organization is similar to that of adenovirus, in which the hexameric and pentameric capsid proteins are called hexons and pentons, respectively. Furthermore, the PRD1 P3 fold is similar to that of adenovirus hexon (2, 5–8). In addition, in both viruses, the stability of the capsid is secured by minor cementing proteins (9–12), and the receptor-recognition complexes are composed of elongated spikes attached to the pentameric vertex proteins (3, 12–15).
Schematic model of PRD1. (A) Schematic model of the whole virion. The linear dsDNA is encapsulated by a membrane covered by an icosahedral capsid. One spike complex is boxed. (B) Spike-complex models. The three vertex proteins (P2 monomer, P5 trimer, and P31 pentamer) and their possible organizations are illustrated schematically in four different models (referred to as 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b). In models 1a and 1b, the P2 monomer is bound to the distal tip of the P5 trimer. In contrast, in models 2a and 2b, the P2 monomer is wedged between the P5 trimer and the P31 pentamer. Also, in models 1a and 2a, the N-terminal domain of P5 is buried in the P3 shell, whereas in models 1b and 2b, P5 sits on top of P31.
Two different types of PRD1 vertices have been observed in labeling experiments with monoclonal antibodies against vertex proteins (16). The majority of vertices, designated as binding vertices, were shown to contain proteins P2 and P5. Protein P2 is a monomeric receptor-binding protein (4, 17, 18). P5, designated as the spike protein, is released as a soluble trimer from the virion (19). A virus mutant deficient in pentameric vertex protein P31 lacks both proteins P2 and P5 (3). Furthermore, the presence of P2 depends on the presence of P5 (20). Thus, a complex, designated as the spike complex, is present at the binding vertices and consists of at least proteins P2, P5, and P31. In addition to the 11 binding vertices, a unique vertex containing proteins responsible for DNA translocation (P6, P11, and P20) but lacking proteins P2 and P5 has been observed (16, 21).
PRD1 infects cells that harbor a conjugative plasmid. The plasmid encodes a multiprotein complex required for DNA translocation during bacterial conjugation and renders the bacterium resistant to many antibiotics. PRD1 uses this complex as a receptor (18) and, thus, could be used as a novel bactericide against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Specific binding to the receptor depends on the structural protein P2 (17). Binding to the host cell has not been demonstrated for P5. After binding to the receptor, P2 is thought to trigger conformational changes within the spike complex that are transmitted to the internal membrane. The DNA genome is then translocated into the host cytoplasm (22). It has been suggested that because the viral membrane can form a tube, the tube could serve as a conduit for DNA delivery (2, 22–24). In addition, P2 seems to stabilize an otherwise labile vertex structure because P2-deficient particles are more prone to membrane-tube formation than wild-type (wt) particles (18).
The structure of PRD1 has been studied by using electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) combined with three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction (2, 11, 25) and, more recently, x-ray crystallography, thereby providing the first atomic insight into a lipid-containing virus (12, 26). Both methods rely on icosahedral averaging to increase the signal and facilitate the structure determination. X-ray crystallography results have indicated the roles of four proteins in controlling virus assembly (12). The linear tape-measure protein P30 defines the size of the virus and cements the P3 facets together. At the vertex, P31 constitutes the base of the spike complex, interlocking with P3 and P16 (12). However, any components that do not obey strict icosahedral symmetry remain unresolved in such analyses. Such components are the linear genome, the unique packaging vertex (16), and the flexible spikes that exhibit symmetry mismatches with respect to the icosahedral capsid (3). Icosahedral cryo-EM reconstruction of wt PRD1 has revealed a knob of density at the vertex (2, 11). This knob has been interpreted to be part of one of the spike proteins, P2 or P5, with the rest of the protein being averaged out in the reconstruction. To gain more structural information on the spikes, the individual spike components have been studied as purified proteins by using x-ray crystallography and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). A stretch of eight glycines in P5 has prevented the analysis of the whole P5 using x-ray crystallography probably because the glycine stretch acts as a flexible hinge. A mutant of PRD1 in which the glycines have been removed (P5Δ8G) (27) has provided a sample more amenable to structural analysis than the wt P5, allowing the resolution of the C-terminal residues (141–340) using a collagenase-resistant fragment (136–340) (14). P5 is a trimer in the crystal structure and consists of two major domains, the β-barrel C-terminal head with a tumor necrosis factor-like fold and an N-terminal base domain. They are separated by a linker region that consists of a collagen-like region (Gly-124 through Gly-140), a shaft with a β-spiral fold (Thr-141 through Ser-190), and the eight-glycine stretch (Gly-191 through Gly-198) (14, 19). The low-resolution SAXS models of the full-length P5 and the collagenase-resistant fragment complement the x-ray structure (28). On the basis of the x-ray structure, the spike protein P2 is an elongated monomer with a head and a tail domain (15). The head has a pseudo-β-propeller fold, and the tail is an extended β-sheet. The head domain has been suggested to be distal to the virion and responsible for receptor binding (15).
Because of the difficulties in studying complex structures with symmetry mismatches, the spatial organization of the vertex proteins, their interactions, and the orientation of the P2 protein are still controversial. On the basis of the available evidence, two structural models can be suggested for the organization of P2 and P5 and two for the interaction between P31 and P5. Different combinations of these models are summarized in Fig. 1 B. The first pair of models (Fig. 1 B 1a and 1b) considers the following: On the basis of incorporation of shortened P5 fragments into the virion, it has been proposed that "the trimeric P5 is associated with the pentameric P31" and "P2 is the most distal component of the spike structure connected to P5" (20). These data were supported by a parallel study on the hydrodynamic radii of the vertex proteins and their complexes (19). Fig. 1 B model 1a assumes that the P5 N-terminal domain is embedded in the capsid by forming a heteropentameric base with P31 (19, 28), which is an assumption mainly based on the sequence similarity between the P5 N-terminal fragment and P31 [supporting information (SI) Fig. 6]. Selenomethionine data from x-ray crystallography of the PRD1 particle are inconsistent with up to two of five subunits of the spike-complex base being P5 (12). In Fig. 1 B model 1b, the P5 sits on top of the P31, associating in three specific positions similarly to the adenovirus penton and trimeric fiber (29). Fig. 1 B models 2a and 2b take additional information into account: In SAXS experiments with purified vertex proteins, no direct association was observed between the C-terminal collagenase cleavage fragment of P5 (residues 136–340) and P2 (28). The authors suggested that P2 would wedge between P5 and P31 but did not otherwise indicate its position. We have chosen to represent P2 and P5 as two individual spikes.
Here we have studied the structure of the PRD1 spike complex in situ by using cryo-EM and 3D reconstruction of the vertices (30, 31) in addition to molecular modeling. We have constructed an atomic model for the full-length P5 trimer by exploiting previous x-ray and SAXS structures, determined the architecture of the spike complex by using mutants with different vertex protein compositions, and fitted atomic models into the 3D reconstruction. The study revealed a direct interaction between P5 and P31. Most strikingly, P2 was not associated with the C-terminal end of P5, but instead P2 and P5 formed two separate spikes. In addition, the spike-complex structure supported the model in which the P5 N terminus is embedded in the P31 pentamer. Thus, the PRD1 vertex conformation is most similar to model 2a in Fig. 1 B.
Atomic Model for the PRD1 Spike Protein P5.
To model the complete PRD1 spike complex, a full-length P5 model was required, but none existed for the P5 N-terminal fragment (residues 2–140). However, this fragment exhibits 38% sequence identity to P31 (SI Fig. 6), and it has been proposed that these domains are homologous and, thus, share the same fold (19). By exploiting this homology and the solved structure of P31 (PDB ID code 1W8X, chain N) (12), we used comparative modeling to calculate a model for the P5 N-terminal base domain (residues 2–113; see Materials and Methods). Next, we constructed trimeric models for the missing segments in the P5 structure. First, the monomeric N-terminal homology model was trimerized (see Materials and Methods) (32). Second, the two linker regions not resolved in the x-ray maps, namely the collagen-like region and the eight-glycine stretch, were both modeled by using a collagen structure as a template (PDB ID code 1CLG) (33).
The next task was to relate the five different segments of the P5 trimer (N-terminal base, collagen-like region, shaft, glycine stretch, and C-terminal head) to each other (Fig. 2). For this, we exploited the previously published SAXS model of the full-length P5 trimer (28). The fitting of the SAXS envelope of the C-terminal fragment (Fig. 2 A, magenta surface) to the full-length P5 envelope (Fig. 2 A, gray surface) defined the orientation of the molecule. As expected, the C-terminal fragment fitted best to the end that previously had been tentatively assigned as the C terminus (28). Trimeric atomic models for the P5 fragments were fitted independently to the molecular envelope provided by the full-length P5 SAXS model (Fig. 2 B). The resolution of the SAXS model was not high enough for an unambiguous fit in all cases, but information on the order of the domains helped to create a realistic model. The collagen-like region and the glycine stretch were able to span the distances between the other domains in an elongated conformation. On the basis of the atomic model, the length of the wt P5 trimer is 170 Å.
Model for the P5 trimer. (A) The SAXS model of the C-terminal collagenase-resistant fragment (magenta surface) is shown fitted into the SAXS model of the full-length P5 (gray surface). (B) Known x-ray structures (C-terminal head, PDB ID code 1YQ5; shaft, PDB ID code 1YQ8) and atomic models (glycine hinge, collagen-like region, and N-terminal base) of different fragments of the P5 trimer (ribbons) are shown fitted into the P5 SAXS model (gray surface). The collagenase cut side is indicated with an arrow. The bottom part of the full-length SAXS model was not in agreement with the P5 atomic model and probably represents an unfolded conformation of the N-terminal base (28).
Comparison of our P5 atomic model to the P5 SAXS model still left a lot of volume unaccounted for in the SAXS model (Fig. 2 B). Specifically, the bottom part of the SAXS model disagreed with our model and probably represents an alternative, extended conformation of the N-terminal base domain (Fig. 2 B, unfolded conformation), as has been suggested (28). The boundary between the collagenase-digestion fragments (Fig. 2 A) matched well with the collagenase cut site in the model (Fig. 2 B, arrow).
Spike Protein P5 Is Bound Directly to the Penton Base Protein P31.
After modeling the P5 structure, we addressed the question of how P5 is bound to the viral capsid. We used cryo-EM combined with 3D image reconstruction to calculate fivefold-averaged models of the vertices for the wt and P5Δ8G (wt-like) virions in addition to particles lacking P2 (P2−) or both P2 and P5 (P2−P5−; Table 1; see Materials and Methods) (30). The isosurface representations of the wt and P2−P5− reconstructions are shown in Fig. 3 and were colored to reveal the disordered parts (Fig. 3, red) (34). The reconstructions revealed five peripentonal P3 trimers (Fig. 3 A, outlined in wt) around the penton base (Fig. 3 A, arrow in wt). In all of the reconstructions except P2−P5−, a spike was partially resolved (Fig. 3 A, shown for the wt). Because of the symmetry mismatches, however, the spike was incorrectly averaged and, thus, more disordered than the P3 trimers. Some disorder was present in the knob residing at the center of the penton. The knob was present in the wt (Fig. 3 A, wt), P5Δ8G (not shown), and P2− (not shown) reconstructions but absent in the P2−P5− reconstruction (Fig. 3 A, P2−P5−). Thus, P5 (but not P2) contributes to the knob density and is bound directly to the penton base. Differences were also observed in the region around P31 between the P5+ (wt, P5Δ8G, and P2−) and P2−P5− reconstructions (Fig. 3 B, encircled), which suggests either conformational changes in P31 caused by P5 binding or the presence of P5 density in between P31 and the peripentonal P3 trimers.
Vertex reconstructions. (A) Reconstructions applying fivefold rotational symmetry are shown for the wt and P2−P5− vertices. Five P3 trimers (one is outlined) are evident around the spike-complex base (indicated with an arrow). A large spike is visible on top of the spike-complex base in the wt reconstruction. (B) Close-up views of the same vertex reconstructions shown in A reveal the differences at the center of the spike-complex base (arrowheads) and between P31 and P3 (circled). The isosurfaces were drawn at 1.2 σ above the mean density and gradient colored to define ordered (gray) and disordered (red) regions (34).
Proteins P2 and P5 Form Two Separate Spikes.
Because the spike components mostly were unresolved in the fivefold symmetric reconstructions of the vertex (see Fig. 3), we studied their composition further by using multivariate statistical analysis and image classification (Fig. 4). Mutants with different protein compositions were used to assign different proteins to different parts of the native spike complex (Table 1). The images of the vertices were extracted from the images of the entire particle (30, 31). Only vertices that were roughly perpendicular to the imaging direction and thus were positioned on the periphery of the particle image were used in subsequent analyses. Multivariate statistical analysis and classification revealed variation in the images and allowed us to group similar orientations and conformations of the spike complex for 2D averaging.
Class averages of the vertex images. Four representative class averages are shown for wt, P5Δ8G (wt-like), P2−, and P2−P5− vertex images. A schematic drawing of the spike complex is shown below each panel to help with image interpretation. wt and P5Δ8G data revealed two spikes, P2− data revealed one spike, and P2−P5− data revealed no spikes. The globular head of the vertical spike in the wt and P2− images appears more disconnected from the stalk than in the images of P5Δ8G. The variation in the wt, P5Δ8G, and P2− classes represents different spike orientations and conformations. The variation in the P2−P5− arises from different orientations of the vertex (1–3). Class number 4 represents particles with broken vertices.
2D class averages of the side views revealed projections of the spike complex (Fig. 4; wt and P5Δ8G). The striking feature evident in the class averages was the presence of two spikes instead of one. The first spike was straight, pointing radially out from the vertex, and had a knob at the distal end. The second spike was at an angle to the first and was connected to the straight spike at the base. A minority of vertices were lacking both spikes in our analysis (not shown). Because two elongated proteins, monomeric receptor-binding protein P2 and trimeric spike protein P5, are present at the vertex, we hypothesized that the two spikes corresponded to these two proteins. To assign the different spikes to P2 and P5, we next imaged the P2− particles. In the projection images, it was evident that the second spike was missing (Fig. 4, P2−). Thus, we assigned this density to P2. To verify that the first spike is indeed protein P5, we imaged the P2−P5− particles. This mutant was spikeless (Fig. 4, P2−P5−). We concluded that the upward-pointing spike is P5, and the spike attached to it at an angle is P2.
Model of the PRD1 Spike Complex.
What are the interactions between the different proteins in the spike complex? Clearly, the spike proteins are flexible and their interactions are variable, which results in conformational heterogeneity (see Fig. 4). However, we were able to reconstruct the 3D spike-complex density at low resolution (≈20 Å) (Fig. 5; see Materials and Methods) by using the largest data set (P5Δ8G). We computationally fitted atomic models for P2 and P5 into the density. The P5 head and shaft domains fitted nicely (Fig. 5 A and B), but the collagen-like region was unresolved. However, the collagen-like fold is consistent with the knob-like density in the center of the penton in the fivefold symmetric vertex reconstruction (see Fig. 3 B, wt). The region assigned to P2 is disordered, indicating that P2 can move relatively to P5, and several possible alternative solutions for the fitting were found (Fig. 5 A and B). Because of this flexibility, the interaction between P2 and the other vertex proteins was unresolved in the reconstruction. However, the fitting suggested that P2 interacts with something other than the P5 C-terminal fragment. Consistent with the spike-length measurements from the 2D class averages (not shown), the reconstruction indicated that the P5 N-terminal base is embedded within P31 (Fig. 5 C). Thus, our data support model 2a in Fig. 1 B, in which (i) the two spikes are separate, (ii) they interact with each other at the level of the capsid shell, and (iii) the P5 spike is buried within the capsid. Whether the P5 N-terminal base forms a heteropentamer with P31 or penetrates the capsid in some other conformation is still open. On the basis of its size, the heteropentamer would fit in the fivefold position (Fig. 5 D).
Model for the spike complex. (A and B) Spike-complex reconstruction (gray surface) from P5Δ8G (wt-like) data are shown from the side in A and from the top in B. Ribbons represent P2 (PDB ID code 1N7V) and the P5Δ8G C-terminal fragment (PDB ID code 1YQ8) fitted to the reconstruction. The P5Δ8G structure is colored as described for Fig. 2 B. Three possible fits of five are shown for P2 in green, brown, and dark brown. The arrow illustrates different conformations of the P2 head relative to P5. The P5 collagen-like region and P2 tail are unresolved in the reconstruction. (C) Model for the spike complex shown from the side. The P5–P31 interaction was modeled as a heteropentamer with two P31 subunits replaced by P5 and one P5 monomer in an extended conformation penetrating into the virion (not modeled). P5 monomers are shown in blue, and P31 is shown in orange. (D) The heteropentamer is shown from the top, together with the surrounding P3 trimers (yellow). The mesh surface represents the fivefold symmetric P5Δ8G reconstruction.
This work provides insight into the complex architecture of bacteriophage PRD1 vertices. Most of the vertices possess a receptor-recognition complex. Two vertex proteins, P2 and P5, have an elongated shape and protrude from the vertices. In the case of P2, the shape is thought to expose the receptor-binding domain to facilitate host-cell receptor binding. The P5 trimer is similar, in many ways, to the adenovirus fiber protein. Both have a globular head composed of β-barrel domains and a fibrous shaft composed of β-spiral repeats (14, 35, 36). Because PRD1 and adenovirus are thought to be related, it is possible that the two proteins are homologues (14). Although this protein still serves the primary receptor-binding function for adenovirus, PRD1 seems to have acquired a different, additional protein (P2) to infect a very broad range of host cells. So what is the current role of P5? Clearly, P5 does not help to expose P2, as thought earlier (15), because the two proteins form two separate spikes. P5 does not seem to bind to a secondary receptor in laboratory conditions because P2− particles do not bind to host cells (20). However, because PRD1 has a very broad host range, P5 might give the virus a selective advantage in the wild, similar to the short tail fibers of the T-even phages (37).
Our data defined the interaction site between P2 and P5 to the level of the capsid shell. It was shown previously that deletion of the collagen-like region does not affect P2 binding (27). Thus, P2 most likely binds to the N-terminal base domain of P5, P31, or P3 or to a site created among some of these components. The symmetry mismatch between P5 and P31 creates an asymmetry at the vertex, which may explain why only one copy of monomeric P2 is bound per spike complex. Interestingly, avian adenoviruses also have two spikes (fibers) bound to the penton that are thought to bind to two different receptors (38). The vertex-reconstruction methods applied in this article (30, 31) could be used to study how the two trimeric fibers bind the penton in the avian adenoviruses.
Our model of the PRD1 spike complex agrees well with earlier studies on the vertex and vertex protein structure. First of all, it explains the result that P2 does not bind the P5 C-terminal fragment in vitro (28). Second, it has been shown that the P5 N-terminal region (residues 2–149) is accessible on the outside of the virion (27). This observation is consistent with our model, in which the collagen-like region (residues 124–140) is just outside the virion surface. In addition, the knob-like density, shown to correspond to P5, is consistent with the P5 collagen-like region being at this position. The P5 modeling and comparison to the P5 SAXS model also suggested that the N-terminal part of P5 can exist in two conformations: either as a globular trimer or in a more elongated, unfolded conformation. It is possible that the β-barrel fold of the P5 N-terminal domain is energetically more favorable in the virus-bound conformation, interacting with P31, which could promote assembly and further incorporation of P2.
In this study we adopted a divide-and-conquer approach to construct an atomic model for the full-length P5, exploiting structural information from SAXS and x-ray crystallography in addition to comparative modeling. We studied the composition of PRD1 vertices by using cryo-EM and image processing. The spike complex was seen in several conformations, most likely because of flexibility in their structures and interactions. Two vertex proteins, P2 and P5, formed two separate spikes instead of only one as thought previously. P5 was bound to the center of the penton base protein P31, but the exact interaction site between P2 and other vertex proteins remained unresolved.
Modeling of the Full-Length P5.
The alignment between P31 (known template structure; PDB ID code 1W8X, chain N) and the N-terminal fragment of P5 (unknown target structure) has been published (19) (see SI Fig. 6). The two sequences are of similar length, and no major gaps exist in the alignment. P5 has two short deletions (one and two residues, respectively). The modeling of the P5 N-terminal fragment was carried out by using SWISS-MODEL (39). A P5 N-terminal trimer was generated from the monomer model by using M-ZDOCK (32). First, the monomer–monomer interface within the trimer was predicted. Because the P5 N-terminal fragment is homologous to P31, we assumed that the same side of the monomers creates the monomer–monomer interface in both the P5 N-terminal trimer and P31 pentamer. The P5 N-terminal fragment model was placed at the P31 pentamer coordinates with the command matchmaker in Chimera (40). Residues closer than 5 Å between two adjacent monomers were considered to be monomer–monomer interface residues when creating the trimer in M-ZDOCK. The trimeric segments of the P5 structure were fitted into density maps created from the SAXS models. The maps were calculated to 15-Å resolution by using EMAN (program pdb2mrc) (41). The fitting was performed in CoLoRes by using the Laplacian correlation (42). The glycine hinge and collagen-like region were fitted manually between the already assigned segments.
Two PRD1 amber mutants, sus539 (P2−, mutation in gene encoding for P2) (18) and sus690 (P2−P5−, mutation in gene encoding for P5 that also prevents P2 assembly) (20), were propagated on S. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 DB7156 (pLM2) and PSA (pLM2) suppressor strains, respectively (43). DS88 (pLM2) (44) was used for the production of wt, P5Δ8G (27), and mutant phage particles as described previously (44). The purified particles were analyzed by SDS/PAGE and Western blotting with PRD1 polyclonal sera against PRD1 proteins P2 (18), P5 (45), and P31 (3).
For cryo-EM, freshly purified viral particles were vitrified in liquid ethane to preserve them in a native-like state and transferred to an Oxford CT3500 cryoholder for observation in an FEI Tecnai F20 field-emission gun transmission electron microscope. Data were collected at 200 keV under low-dose conditions at ≈2–4 μm underfocus. The contrast transfer-function parameters were defined in CTFFIND3 (46), and contrast reversals were performed in Bsoft (47). An icosahedral reconstruction of PRD1 (11) was used in a model-based orientation search of the virus-particle images (48). By using the icosahedral orientations and the expected radius for the center of the spike complex (41 nm), the positions of the vertices were calculated, and vertex images were extracted from the virion images (30).
Images were classified into three orientation groups on the basis of their out-of-plane angle (designated β) with 12° angular sampling (30). For example, for a side view β = 90°, and for a top view β = 0° or 180°. The analysis here was restrained solely to side views (β = 90 ± 18°), which excluded the possibility of overlapping spikes within one vertex image and the overlap of the capsid shell and the spike. All subsequent steps, including multivariate statistical analysis and classification, were performed by using IMAGIC5 (49) unless stated otherwise. To remove overlapping particles in the vertex images, images were classified into 100 classes by using the first 20 eigenimages. Images belonging to class averages displaying very close neighboring particles were removed from the data set. Next, the images were classified into a small number of classes to reveal the composition of the vertex [eight classes using eight eigenimages for wt and P5Δ8G (wt-like), five classes using five eigenimages for P2−, and four classes using five eigenimages for P2−P5−]. Only the area outside of the capsid was considered in wt, P5Δ8G, and P2− images to restrict the classification to the features arising from the spikes, whereas the capsid area was included in the classification of the P2−P5− images.
Fivefold symmetric vertex reconstructions were calculated for wt, P5Δ8G, and P2− by using the vertex images from classes with evident, upward-pointing spikes, which improved the signal for the P5 spike in these reconstructions. In the case of P2−PS−, broken vertices (e.g., class 4 in Fig. 5) were discarded. To calculate a 3D model of the spike complex, P5Δ8G images were classified into 100 classes in each of the three β-orientation groups by using the first 20 eigenimages. A threefold symmetric model calculated from the vertex orientations (30) was used as a starting model for iterative refinement on the basis of projection matching (31). The refinement was iterated 16 times until no improvement in the resolution was observed. Fourier-shell correlation indicated 20-Å resolution using the 3 σ criterion for the final reconstruction (50). To reduce noise, threefold averaging was applied throughout the iterative reconstruction process, which resulted in the correct symmetry for the P5 trimer, but in three copies of the P2 monomer instead of only one. Thus, from the symmetric reconstruction, one P2 spike was masked in EMAN (41), and the density values within the mask were tripled to correspond to the full contribution from P2. X-ray structures for P5Δ8G and P2 were fitted into the density in CoLoRes by using the Laplacian-filtered correlation coefficient (42).
We thank R. Tuma for helpful comments and for providing the SAXS models; B. Koli for technical assistance; and the Electron Microscopy Unit at the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, for the electron microscopy facilities. The work was funded by the Academy of Finland Finnish Centre of Excellence in Virus Research 2006–2011 Grants 1213467 and 1208661 (to S.J.B.). S.J.B. is an Academy of Finland Research Fellow.
Author contributions: J.T.H. and S.J.B. designed research; J.T.H. and V.M. performed research; J.T.H. analyzed data; and J.T.H., V.M., and S.J.B. wrote the paper.
↵*Present address: Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, AM Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0608625104/DC1.
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Tochal Ski Resorts telecabins lines are as one of the longest connected telecabins lines in the world.
Darbandsar is just a short drive away and it is never overcrowded!
Shemshak has been classically provided for more advanced skiers while Dizin has drawn beginner and intermediate skiers.


Burleigh Travel are pleased to announce the addition of Limerick in Southern Ireland as a rugby tour destination to complement our existing Ireland rugby tour portfolio.
A University City, said to be the European city of Sport, Limerick is perched on the Northwest tip of Europe and is a sophisticated, vibrant, diverse city that still embraces its friendliness, relaxed charm and quick fire wit. Whether you are a senior rugby team looking for a social rugby weekend or a junior or school rugby team looking for a tour with training or educational element, a rugby tour to Limerick should prove an enjoyable and memorable tour for all concerned.
We can arrange for a Stadium tour of the historic Thomond Park Stadium, home to Munster Rugby and subject to fixture schedules you could also watch Munster in action.
With an abundance of Golf Courses in County Limerick, this is the perfect way to take a step back and relax from the excitement of your rugby tour to Limerick.
For the younger tourists you may wish to embark on a activity day and take a trip to the 2 Acre site on the shores of Lough Derg, which specialises in activities such as sailing, kayaking, outdoor climbing wall, windsurfing, canoeing and dragon boat racing to name a few.
With impressive sporting facilities, the University of Limerick Sports Campus will provide you and your group with hours of activities. The possibilities include Teambuilding days, an indoor rowing tank, the Health and Performance Centre which is one of the largest and most comprehensive gyms in Ireland, test your sporting strength and endurance in the High Altitude Training Chamber. The University also plays host to a number of grass and all weather pitches to train on. Centrally located accomodaotin is also available for tose wishing to be near to all that central Limerick has to offer.
If you are interested in a rugby tour to Limerick, enquire via our online enquiry form for further information and a tailored rubgy tour quote.


In 2015 Virpi was first invited by the Finnish National Opera and Musica Nova Festival to perform a staged version of Toshio Hoeokawa's monodrama in Edgar Allan Poe's famous poem The Raven for mezzosoprano and an ensemble of 12 players (2012).
Renowned film director Zaida Bergroth made her debut as an opera director with this work. Diego Masson conducted the ensemble of The Finnish National Opera Orchestra.


CTC have been approached by Katy Luxton, of Endelienta (https://endelienta.org.uk/)to take part in a wonderful Dementia arts project, working with dementia/vulnerable people in Camelford, Bodmin and Wadebridge.
The project will start in February with a performance by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, on 12 February 2.30-4pm at the Betjeman Centre, Wadebridge.
It is hoped that the music will prompt memories. Participants will work with Janie McDonald (and some art students) to explore their memories through music in friendly, no pressure informal sessions. They will be using photography, colour, fabric and stitch to create textile based artwork.
Liaise with residents of Camelford (including Anvil Court residents, Pop in Centre and Memory Café) to collate a list of people interested in participating.
Enlisting help with each session. Whilst we appreciate that you may not be able to help at every session, some continuity with the participants would be valuable.
They need at least 2 volunteers to help with opening up the venue and staying to help make teas and coffees.
Can you let me know if any of you are interested in participating or helping with the sessions and which sessions you can help with?
There will be a training/information session (to familiarise ourselves with the challenges that living with Dementia can bring) led by Tim Jones from Wadebridge Memory Café – date to be confirmed.
The final piece of work will then be displayed in Camelford Library, Bodmin and Wadebridge.


Corruption is like a Speed Breaker in every country's growth rate. If the black money that is at the moment in foreign banks is collected and distributed properly, our country will be free from indebtedness. Every person in India will have their own house, there will be schools for children and each Indian citizen will live in amenity.
According to a survey, 10% of Indian citizen owns 75% of country's wealth. Corruption is said to be the reason for this imbalance. Middle Class and Lower Middle Class thinks that the Rich ones got black money from Corruption and one of the reason for Corruption is Black Money.
We see Corruption as Scams of Millions of Rupees, but we really need to understand where it really starts from.
It starts from filching water, electricity and tax, buying train ticket, gas cylinders and even movie tickets in black, giving donations to get admission in "Best schools/colleges", giving bribe to traffic police or highway poll booths, submitting fake documents in place of the real ones, giving and taking dowry, giving and taking bribe in government offices to get work done, traveling without ticket, no matter how weird it might look yet overloading automobile with people/baggage, all these are indicators of Corruption.
Many other small things such as these are the base of Outsized Scams.
Now the comprehensible thing that needs to be accepted honestly, is that the base for the outsized scams is created by the Middle Class and Lower Middle Class.
Let's take Big Scams as "Tsunami" and the Small Scams as "Overflowing Drains that surround us". Now give yourself an honest answer; what spoils your daily routine, the "Tsunami" that comes once an year or the "Overflowing Drains"?


Workers excavating storage tanks at a plant that processes uranium found levels of radioactive uranium in underground water that were as much as 35,000 times higher than Federal safety standards allow, officials said today.
Ron Adkisson, an official of Sequoyah Fuels Corporation, the plant's operator, said that the contamination had been contained in the plant's restricted area and that there was no danger to the public.
The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission is investigating.
Mr. Adkisson said workers discovered the contaminated water on Wednesday, while the plant was closed for annual maintenance.
Plant officials said they believed that the uranium had leaked years ago from a building where pure uranium is dissolved using an acid.
None of the company's 243 workers were exposed to radiation, he said, and no evacuations were ordered at the plant, 60 miles southeast of Tulsa.
Mr. Adkisson said he did not know when the factory, including a uranium conversion plant and a uranium hexafluoride reduction plant, would be reopened.
Sequoyah is a unit of General Atomics of San Diego.


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Voting in bypolls for Mainpuri Lok Sabha seat and 6 assembly seats across 5 states begins
Post by ANI on Monday, December 5, 2022
Voting for by-elections for Mainpuri Lok Sabha seat in Uttar Pradesh and six assembly seats in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh is underway.
Assembly seats in Rampur Sadar and Khatauli in Uttar Pradesh, Padampur in Odisha, Sardarshahar in Rajasthan, Kurhani in Bihar, and Bhanupratappur in Chhattisgarh are in for a by-election race. The Mainpuri Lok Sabha by-election is vacant after the death of Samajwadi Party (SP) founder Mulayam Singh Yadav.
The bypolls Rampur Sadar and Khatauli were necessitated after SP MLA Azam Khan and BJP MLA Vikram Singh Saini were disqualified in separate cases.
Notably, Khan was disqualified in a hate speech case and the BJP MLA Saini after his conviction and sentence of two-year imprisonment in a 2013 riot case was also disqualified.
"Barbarism being done & people being arrested, beaten up. Police are going to colonies & telling people not to step out to vote. People in one colony locked up their houses and migrated in fear. They are saying it everywhere to not cast votes," Azam Khan said.
BJP has fielded Rajkumari Saini on the Khatauli seat while Madan Bhaiya is RLD-SP's candidate. Congress and Bahujan Samaj Party are out of the by-polls race.
Mulayam's daughter-in-law and Akhilesh's wife Dimple Yadav, a former MP, is the party candidate in Mainpuri while BJP has pitted Raghuraj Singh Shakya, a former confidant of Mulayam's brother Shivpal Singh Yadav.
In Chhattisgarh, Congress candidate for Bhanupratappur constituency, Savitri Mandavi casts her vote for assembly bypolls.
An anticipated direct contest between Congress and BJP is expected at the Bhanupratappur seat after Congress MLA Manoj Singh Mandavi passed away last month. The Congress has fielded Savitri Mandavi, the wife of the deceased MLA in a bid to retain the seat while BJP has fielded a former MLA. The seat is reserved for Scheduled Tribes.
She said, "Atmosphere is in favour of Congress because our Government has set standards of development. Looking at those works, people are voting for us".
The counting of votes will take place on December 8.
In other states, the Padampur bypoll of Odisha was also necessitated following the demise of sitting BJD MLA Bijay Ranjan Singh Bariha on October 3. BJP fielded Pradip Purohit who is the State BJP Krushak Morcha president was elected to the Odisha Legislative Assembly from Padampur in the 2014 election, however, Purohit lost the 2009 election.
Rajasthan's Sardarshahar seat goes to polls following the death of Congress MLA Bhanwar Lal Sharma after a prolonged illness. His seat will be contested by his son Anil Kumar while BJP has fielded former MLA Ashok Kumar there.
In Bihar's Kurhani, the disqualification of RJD MLA Anil Kumar Sahani has prompted the polls.
The voting for high voltage by-elections will continue till 6 pm.(ANI)


Daingerfield, Texas is located at Latitude 33.030595 and Longitude -94.724245. Daingerfield is in the Central (GMT -06:00) time zone. Telephone area codes in Daingerfield include 903. This hometown does use daylight savings time.
Daingerfield, Texas is situated in Morris County. Morris County has an average elevation of 397 feet.
Please explore this site for detailed population, demographic and housing data for Daingerfield, Texas and Morris County.


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NJCAA Region 8 Basketball Notebook: December 13
Photo courtesy of College of Central Florida
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (December 13, 2016) – The Florida College System Activities Association (FCSAA) has released its NJCAA Region 8 Men's and Women's Basketball Coaches' Polls for December 13 and Player of the Week selections for games played December 5-11.
The next poll and player of the week selections will be released December 20.
Follow Region 8 Athletics online throughout the season at www.theFCSAAsports.com, as well as on Facebook and Twitter.
NJCAA Region 8 Men's Basketball Coaches' Poll
The NJCAA Region 8 Men's Basketball Coaches' Poll, with number of first-place votes in parentheses, 2016-17 record, previous ranking and total points in voting by Region 8 men's basketball coaches, the Region 8 Men's Basketball Chair and the FCSAA Scoreboard Coordinator.
Eastern Florida State (16)
Chipola
Florida SouthWestern
Also receiving votes: Pensacola State 6, Santa Fe 2.
NJCAA Region 8 Women's Basketball Coaches' Poll
The NJCAA Region 8 Women's Basketball Coaches' Poll, with number of first-place votes in parentheses, 2016-17 record, previous ranking and total points in voting by NJCAA Region 8 women's basketball coaches, the NJCAA Region 8 Women's Basketball Chair and the FCSAA Scoreboard Coordinator.
Gulf Coast State (16)
Pensacola State
10t.
Also receiving votes: Florida SouthWestern 3, Central Florida 2, Hillsborough 2, Santa Fe 2.
NJCAA Region 8 Men's Basketball Player of the Week
Malik Dunbar, Central Florida
Sophomore – Forward
North Augusta, S.C.
Averaged 29.5 points, 10.5 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 1.0 steal and 0.5 blocks in two games during the voting period
Shot 55.9 percent (19-of-34) from the floor, 33.3 percent (3-of-9) from the three-point line and 78.3 percent (18-of-23) from the free throw line
Helped Central Florida to a pair of wins in the Florida College's Men's Basketball Shootout, knocking off Broward and Indian River State
Posted double-doubles in both games – 32 points and 11 rebounds vs. Broward and 27 points and 10 rebounds in the Patriots' come-from-behind victory over Indian River State
Other nominees: Joshua Hawkins, Santa Fe; Kareem Brewton, Eastern Florida State; David Simmons, Tallahassee; Charles Isaac, Pasco-Hernando State; Nashad Mackey, Daytona State.
NJCAA Region 8 Women's Basketball Player of the Week
Malaysia Robinson, Florida State College at Jacksonville
Sophomore – Guard
Pahokee, Fla.
Averaged 29.0 points, 5.0 rebounds, 7.0 assists and 4.5 steals in two games during the voting period
Shot 55.3 percent (21-of-38) from the floor, 56.3 percent (9-of-16) from the three-point line and 87.5 percent (7-of-8) from the free throw line
Led Florida State College to wins against Florida SouthWestern and Indian River State. In the 90-49 win over Florida SouthWestern, she scored 37 points on 13-of-23 shooting and 6-of-9 three-pointers – also had five rebounds, six assists and four steals. Followed that with a 21-point, five-rebound, eight-assist, five-steal effort vs. Indian River State
Currently fifth in Region 8 in scoring (17.4 ppg)
Other nominees: Savannah Clark, Miami Dade; Emporess James, Miami Dade; Japonica James, Tallahassee.


On July 15, 2015 and September 16, 2015, the Board of Commissioners adopted ordinances 743 and 744, amending Chapter 192 regarding the 800 MHz Radio Communication Systems in-Building Certification requirements. Chapter 192 requires all commercial and institutional buildings with an area of 32,000 square feet or more to be in compliance with the 800 MHz radio coverage requirements. The purpose of Chapter 192 is to ensure the safety of all employees as well as the safety of our public safety staff that may have to enter a building in an emergency situation.
The 800 MHz radio system was implemented in Cumberland County in 2003 and local municipalities, including Upper Allen Township, have converted over to the new unified 800 MHz radio system. Over the years our emergency personnel (police, fire, and ambulance) responded to calls for assistance, only to discover that many businesses have areas of zero radio coverage.
The Township requires existing and new commercial and institutional property owners to demonstrate compliance with Chapter 192. Property owners may use any one of our pre-approved vendors or a third party vendor of their choosing to verify their building is in compliance with this Chapter.


The makers of once renowned Daemon Tools, are now offering DaemonSync, a multi-platform (Windows, Linux and MacOS server) solution for mobile backup (iOS & Android client).
https://www.daemon-tools.cc/products/daemonsync wrote: Synchronize all media files from various mobile devices with the PC and share them inside the local wireless network. Backup, browse and share videos and photos and evaluate all advantages of truly secure cloud service.
More info at https://www.daemon-tools.cc/products/daemonsync (download https://daemonsync.me/).
Note: BTSync and Syncthing offer true syncing and a more well rounded set of features/options.
Topic update: Daemon Sync is currently v2 (no changelog).
Google Store link: https://play.google.com/store/apps/deta ... daemonsync.
Midas wrote: Topic update: Daemon Sync is currently v2 (no changelog).
I really like how they are emphasizing issues with cloud storage security and instead sticking with sync between devices/friends. That's definitely the way I'd like to see things go as a whole in computing.
Also, iOS App Store reviews aren't exactly glowing, hovering around 2 stars (out of 5).


Manchester Metropolitan University is easily accessible by rail, road and air. We encourage our guests to use modes of transport that help reduce carbon footprint and contribute towards lowering emissions.
The Manchester Campus is made up of two campus areas, Birley and All Saints. To work out which part of the campus you are visiting use the campus map.
Manchester city centre is easily accessible from our campus. To plan your route around the city, try using the pedestrian route planning tool WalkIt.
Information about cycling in Manchester can be found on the TfGM website, along with their active travel journey planning tool.
There are many cycle parking spaces around the University campuses that are suitable for visitors. Please make sure you securely lock your bike to a stand.
The All Saints area of the Manchester campus is just a five minute walk from Oxford Road Station. There are regular regional trains from Oxford Road and the station is operated by Northern Rail.
Piccadilly Station is connected to local, regional and national rail services and via the West Coast Mainline.
You can walk to our campus in 15-20 minutes from Piccadilly Station. Alternatively, take the 147 bus to Oxford Road. The 147 bus runs every 10-15 minutes throughout the working day.
Deansgate is the closest station to Birley and provides access to local rail services on the Manchester-Liverpool route.
Victoria Station is on the northern side of the city centre.
You can walk to Manchester Victoria in 25-30 minutes, or cycle in 10 minutes. Alternatively, you can take the free Metroshuttle Service 2 (Green Line) from Victoria Station Approach (Stop Ny) and disembark at Whitworth Street. The Metroshuttle services run every 10 minutes during the day.
All Saints is a 5-10 minute walk from the St Peters Square tram stop.
The nearest Metrolink station to Birley is Deansgate-Castlefield, approximately a 10 minute walk.
The All Saints area of the campus is on Oxford Road, traditionally one of the busiest bus corridors in Europe. There are good links to south Manchester and the city centre, including direct services to Piccadilly Gardens and Piccadilly Station.
Birley is also connected to the city centre by a number of frequent bus services, and is linked to All Saints and the city centre by service 86.
To plan you public transport journey, please use the TfGM journey planning portal.
147 bus timetable – the 147 Oxford Road Link service is the cheapest and greenest bus in the city and is an electric hybrid. From Manchester Piccadilly train station, the bus stops by the campus on Oxford Road.
86 bus timetable – from Piccadilly Gardens, the number 86 bus to Chorlton goes to the Birley site (Brooks building) every 10 minutes.
There are limited car parking facilities at the Manchester Campus. Whenever possible, please use sustainable travel such as public transport, walking or cycling to access our campus. Visitor car parking is only available by prior arrangement via your host.
Please see an online map of our Manchester Visitor Car Parks.
To use the visitor car park at All Saints campus, please use the postcode M1 5GF or follow this link. The visitor car park is beneath Mancunian Way, next to Oxford Road.
To use the visitor car park at Birley, please use the postcode M15 5RN or follow this link. The visitor car park is the surface car park adjacent to the building.
Please note you may have to pay and display as a visitor in the car park. Our machines take exact change only, and are coin operated. Your pay and display ticket must be displayed along with a valid visitor parking permit. You will need to collect your permit from either All Saints or Birley reception desks.
Cars are not permitted to be left overnight. Anyone wishing to park overnight should use publicly available multi-storey car parking facilities in the area.


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Högvadsån est le principal affluent de Ätran, un fleuve de l'ouest de la Suède. Il traverse les villages Älvsered, Ullared, Svartrå et Köinge et la réserve naturelle Sumpafallen.

Voir aussi

 la liste des cours d'eau de Suède
 L'Ätran

Notes et références

Cours d'eau en Suède

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


My deepest hope is that mamas have healthy babies, born at full term, and both mama and baby are well.
Occasionally, babies are born early, sick or fragile. And if baby is born in a smallish community like Bellingham, she will be transported to Seattle or Everett or other large city for care. But friends and family and co-workers and others who live all over the globe will be wanting desperately to know how baby is doing, how mama is doing. And life for the parents is busy and blurry. They often don't have time to respond to individual emails, make phone calls, etc.
Caring Bridge is a fantastic way to make these links. It is a site where parents can post a picture of their little one, details about the birth, updates on baby's health and post feelings/thoughts/reflections, etc. It also is a way for many people to communicate with the parents, send their love and wishes and blessings. Is essence, it creates a circle of support around the family.
Please check out this amazing and gentle website, and pass this information along to those parents who need it.


The Storytellers course was organized by FICA in collaboration with Serendipity Arts Foundation following 'The Moving Image: A Course Exploring Light, Movement and Narrative', 2017. It began on September 10, 2018 with an orientation session with Lokesh Khodke, Course Facilitator and Vidya Shivadas, Director of FICA. It ran from September 10 – October 24, 2018 with modules covering zines, comics and video.
Titled 'The Storytellers: A Course exploring Zines, Comics and Video', this intensive programme was now directed towards the medium of graphic narrative and its various possibilities of creation. It intended to engage with art practices that have histories of working outside the confines of the art gallery or related sanctioned 'white cube' spaces, seeking more direct and immediate contact with their audiences. Of particular interest to us were the ways artists are currently re-addressing and exploring the richness of audio-visual and graphic story as a self-sustained practice. It was therefore designed to explore multiple layers of visual storytelling and these mediums through three modules on video art, comics/graphic narrative and zines. Each module was five-days in duration and explored multiple possibilities of visual storytelling through fiction/non fiction, news as well as intimate stories from the participants' own lives and observations.
A group comprising 14 participants- Akshay Sethi, Tilottama Bhowmick, Khandakar Ohida, Priyesh Gothwal, Ankit Ravani, Yogesh Ramakrishna, Zeel Sanghvi, Maya Janine D'Costa, Pavithra R, Rahul Kamalasan, Rohit Kumar, Sana Bansal, Vikrant Kano and Tahsin Akhtar- was immersed in a month-long intensive process experimenting with zine-making, graphic narratives and video.
The first week of The Storytellers course focused on zine-making and was titled 'z is for zines'. Conducted by Himanshu S of the Bombay Underground collective, the module introduced the participants to the various facets of zine-making, publishing and distribution politics. As an extension of this discussion, the participants went out on the streets to hustle and sell zines of Bombay Underground. Covering different locations including Connaught Place, PVR Cinemas (Saket) and Hauz Khas, the participants displayed and hustled the zines using tactics they deemed right for the location and its constitutive public. The 5-day module also included a trip to the Faridabad Majdoor Samachar (Faridabad Workers' News). Founded and edited by Sher Singh, FMS is a monthly workers' newspaper published from the Majdoor Library, Autopin Jhuggi, Faridabad since 1982.
The second week of The Storytellers course had graphic novelist Sajad Malik conduct sessions on his craft with the participants. Following the discussions, Malik introduced the concept of the 'storyboard' to the participants. As part of the exercise, he asked each one of them to pen down an intimate story (fictional or otherwise) with a conscious effort to avoid jargon, judgment and abstraction. The week also had evening lectures by artists Bhagwati Prasad and Vidyun Sabhaney who used their own bodies of practice to initiate the participants into the craft and familiarise them with the process of making and the afterlife of the narrative in print.
The third week of The Storytellers course came to a close with filmmaker Sameera Jain's module on video. Focusing on the differences and overlaps between textual and non-textual channels of expression, Sameera discussed the indexical nature of the image and how it shapes perception on the viewer's end. The module also had guest speakers Ruchika Negi and Nayantara Gupta over for lectures on their respective fields of practice. Prof. Gupta especially introduced the participants to the history of the Defence Colony neighbourhood using interesting anecdotes and old maps of the city, which the participants used to subsequently navigate their own trajectories around the area while making videos.
The course culminated in an Open Studio organised on October 14, which provided a platform for the participants to share some of the processes and outcomes of the programme with everyone.
On October 17, we had puppeteer and puppet designer/director Anurupa Roy grace our space. Through a presentation that traced the history of the art of puppetry in India as well as her own body of work as developed through the Katkatha Puppet Arts Trust, Anurupa initiated an engaging conversation around questions of reality, unreality, anthropomorphizing the inanimate and the very material art of making the puppets by hand.
On October 19, 2018, we had comic artists, Shivangi Singh, Gaurav Sharma, Ishita Sharma and Rai come to our studio space and exchange notes with the participants of The Storytellers course. Each of them conducted short sessions with the participants about their own bodies of practice as they were developed during the Non-Fiction Comics Workshop with artist Orijit Sen in Kochi from July-August, 2018. This was followed by a short session with artist and co-founder of the Raqs Media Collective, Shuddhabrata Sengupta. Beginning with the concept of a 'story' and the many ways of 'telling' it, Shuddhabrata veered into anecdotes to delve deep into how storytelling as a mode and medium constitutes the essence of our histories.
For SAF and FICA, the course has been an invaluable experience in terms of building a curriculum from the inputs of practicing artists and to provide the group of young practitioners a chance to explore ideas, techniques and mediums that they would have not had access to within the formal art college programmes. It has been a very rich set of inputs the group has received and we really look forward to seeing how these young practitioners take these forward in their own bodies of practice.
Serendipity Arts Foundation (SAF) is an arts and cultural development trust created to encourage and support the arts as a significant contributor to civil society. SAT aims to promote new creative strategies, artistic interventions, and cultural partnerships which are responsive and seek to address the social, cultural and environmental milieu. Committed to innovation, SAT intends to support, promote and create platforms for innovation and creativity providing the wider public with a unique cultural and historical source of modern contemporary art and culture. SAT programs are designed and initiated through innovative collaborations with partners across a multitude of fields, each intervention created using the arts to impact education, social initiatives, community development programmes, explore interdisciplinarity between the arts, and to better understand the shared histories of the sub-continent.
For more information about the modules, follow The Storytellers blog.


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Photo by: Buffalo Bisons
Bisons skipper Meacham to manager IL All-Stars
Meacham is fourth Bisons manager to be so honored.
Author: Stu Boyar
Published: 9:43 PM EDT June 17, 2019
Updated: 9:44 PM EDT June 17, 2019
BUFFALO, N.Y. — Bisons manager Bobby Meacham has been named the manager of the International League All-Star Team for the Triple A All-Star Game.
The game will be played Wednesday, July 10 in El Paso Texas.
Meacham is in his third season as the Bisons manager. This is his 13th year as a skipper in the minor leagues and his seventh in the Blue Jays system.
Meacham becomes the fourth Bisons manager to be named the manager of the IL All-Star Team, joining Jeff Datz (1999), Eric Wedge (2002) and Marty Brown (2005). Terry Collins (1990), Brian Graham (1996), Torey Lovullo (2007) and Ken Oberkfell (2009) have also served as All-Star coaches while managing the Bisons.


Los Angeles - Oprah Winfrey is being sued by a nuclear physicist.
Charles D Goodman, an 86-year-old scientist, has filed a lawsuit in San Miguel County District Court against the media mogul, arguing that a plot of land she purchased near Telluride, south-west Colorado, denies people access to public trails.
Oprah, 60, bought the 27 hectares of land in Mountain Village - which was originally owned by the US Forest Service - for $10.85m in March this year.
Since then, Mr Goodman argues that Oprah's company have ignored the Forest Service's clause that public access must be included in all trades of the land and access to the trails is no longer available to Goodman and his family and other residents, access they have enjoyed for almost 30 years.
Goodman told The Denver Post newspaper: "I don't care if Oprah is a neighbour, but if she is going to cut off access to trails, I don't find that acceptable."
Speaking to TMZ, he stated: "I have no objection to Oprah to building a house. But I do not like the idea of being blocked off by gates and fences."
A representative for Oprah - who also owns expansive properties in California, New Jersey, Chicago, Florida, Hawaii and Antigua - has since released a statement saying that she hopes they can reach an amicable conclusion.
Wendy Luckenbill, who works for the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) and Oprah's company Yellow Brick Road, said: "Yellow Brick Road CO LLC will continue to work with the residents of the Ski Ranches HOA to enable them to have reasonable access over portions of the company's recently acquired property for recreational trail use. It is our hope that we can work together on a usage plan that is mutually agreeable."


Every day 46 children find out they have cancer. Imagine the fear they feel and the loneliness of being in the hospital without their families for days, weeks, months, or years. These children and their families need encouragement to keep fighting. Cisco together with our Partners, Customers, Family and Friends, is on a mission to help encourage kids fighting this terrible disease to Never Ever Give Up! With your help, we can help send boosts of joy to courageous kids around the world. We are Better Together! Thank you so much for your support!
keep it up Joy Jars!
Thank you Karla for sending me this opportunity to give back..great cause!
Thanks for setting this up Heather and Karla! this is a great cause!
Heather - thank you for doing this for the kids!
Great work Heather, Karla, Cisco and NetApp teams!
Way to go Team Cisco - great cause!
Please humbly accept our donation, it is our pleasure to be apart of such a great cause.
Merry Christmas and God bless. Praying that everyone fighting cancer is healed and that these toys may bring blessing to each child. Thank you Heather for setting this up.
It's truly amazing what NEGU does for these children and their families!
Great cause! Awesome job, Heather and Team!
Way to make a difference Heather!! I need to spread the word to have Avalara help!


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Prolingheuer ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Hans Prolingheuer (1930–2022), deutscher evangelischer Religionspädagoge, Hochschullehrer, Kirchenhistoriker und Publizist
 Marvin Prolingheuer (* 1990), deutscher Volleyballspieler


Standing shower features decorated porcelain base with brass drain, brass finish metal shower head and curtain assembly and white fabric curtain. Curtain can be pulled back or closed around shower. Our quality Reutter Porzellan collectible miniatures are the perfect addition to your dollhouse, miniature scene or classic setting. This product is a scale miniature and not intended for children under 14 years of age.


Jim: The old Padre must have been quite a guy. To build a string of these things you had to believe in what you were doing.
Agnes: It was easier in then.
Agnes: Well, they didn't have the problems we have now.
Agnes: The machine age and everything.
Jim: Uh-huh. What makes you think the machine age is our real problem today?
Jim: No. No, our real problem today is the same one they had then: people.
Posted on November 5, 2015, in Movie Quote of the Day and tagged 1953, Bernard Girard, Howard Duff, Ida Lupino, Jennifer, Joel Newton, Noirvember, Richard Dorso, Virginia Myers. Bookmark the permalink.	1 Comment.