text:
Year : 2018 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 55 | Page : 268-273
Comparative effects of metformin, Pleurotus ostreatus, Nigella Sativa, and Zingiber officinale on the streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats
Sibghatullah Muhammad Ali Sangi1, Abdulhakim Bawadekji2, Mouhanad Al Ali3
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2 Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3 Institut Supérieur de la Sante et des Bioproduits d'Angers, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
Date of Acceptance 11-Apr-2018
Date of Web Publication 28-Jun-2018
Sibghatullah Muhammad Ali Sangi
Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder occurring due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin and causing chronic hyperglycemia that leads to crippling complications associated with morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The objective of the present work is to investigate the comparative antihyperglycemic effects of Pleurotus ostreatus, Nigella sativa, and Zingiber officinale with metformin. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from June 2017 to February 2018. In this study, rats were divided into six groups according to the treatment regimen. Each group comprised five rats. Serum analysis of glucose was conducted during the treatment. After animals were sacrificed, histopathological examination of the pancreas was carried out. Results: Histopathological examination showed that streptozotocin caused damage to pancreatic beta-cells which secrete the insulin. Treatment with metformin, N. sativa, mushroom, and ginger produced a significant improvement in the function of these cells, regeneration of cells, and decrease in serum glucose levels. Conclusion: In two groups, N. sativa and ginger, regeneration of beta islets was observed, along with a significant reduction in the serum glucose levels, which was found in other groups as well.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, metformin, Nigella sativa, Pleurotus ostreatus, Zingiber officinale
Ali Sangi SM, Bawadekji A, Al Ali M. Comparative effects of metformin, Pleurotus ostreatus, Nigella Sativa, and Zingiber officinale on the streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Phcog Mag 2018;14, Suppl S1:268-73
Ali Sangi SM, Bawadekji A, Al Ali M. Comparative effects of metformin, Pleurotus ostreatus, Nigella Sativa, and Zingiber officinale on the streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Phcog Mag [serial online] 2018 [cited 2022 Jan 18];14, Suppl S1:268-73. Available from: http://www.phcog.com/text.asp?2018/14/55/268/235252
Nigella sativa, ginger, and mushroom have been shown to possess potent antidiabetic effect as compared to metformin
N. sativa and ginger also caused the regeneration of beta islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
N. sativa and ginger ameliorated the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced alterations
N. sativa, ginger, and mushroom abrogated the STZ-induced insulin defect in the pancreas
N. sativa, ginger, and mushroom attenuated the oxidative stress induced by STZ.
Abbreviations Used: DM: Diabetes mellitus; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; AMPK: Activated protein kinase; STZ: Streptozotocin; RPM: Round per minute.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a dangerous metabolic disorder causing various complications, which significantly increases morbidity and mortality. DM characteristic features include increased serum glucose concentrations due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, causing biotransformation abnormalities in the glucose, fat, and proteins, characterized by hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.[1] The glucose metabolism disorders can cause different complications, such as ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, macro- and micro-angiopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and recurrent infections. These complications are the main reasons of illness and death in diabetic patients.[2],[3]
In Type I DM, there is an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion due to the autoimmune destruction of beta pancreatic cells that lead to metabolic disturbances, especially affecting glucose homeostasis.[4]
In Type II DM, some mechanisms get damaged which regulate the cell sensitivity to insulin that ultimately leads to insufficient insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells, insulin dysfunction, and delayed insulin secretion through insulin resistance.[5] One of the known main culprits which damage the homeostatic mechanisms is oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of complications in diabetes, particularly Type II diabetes.[6]
It has been found in several studies that DM is associated with oxidative stress, which causes increased production of free radicals, such as superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, or decreased antioxidant defense mechanism.[7],[8] Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of DM is not merely due to free radical production but also due to nonenzymatic protein glycation, damaged antioxidant enzyme system, and formation of peroxides.[9]
Free radicals are classified into reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species (RNS),[10] and reactive chlorine species (RCS).[11]
In some conditions, oxygen may kill the cells when it produces reactive species which causes necrosis and ultimately the cell death. RNS and RCS also cause oxidation by the generation of some mechanisms which interfere with the normal physiological mechanisms in the cell.[12]
Several studies have found an effective role of polyphenols and antioxidants in reducing the oxidative stress by reducing the generation of free radicals.[13]
Metformin is a very well-known effective drug which reduces the serum glucose levels by targeting the insulin resistance and reduces gluconeogenesis in the liver. This effect is found to be due to the activation of activated protein kinase (AMPK).[14] AMPK is an enzyme that plays an important role in insulin signaling, whole-body energy balance, and metabolism of glucose.[15]
Mushrooms are an important component of the human meals due to their nutritional and medicinal value. They are a source of compounds responsible for antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory characteristics.[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22],[23]Pleurotus ostreatus revealed antitumor activity and hypoglycemic effects in experimentally induced diabetes.[24],[25]P. ostreatus (oyster mushroom) is increasingly considered as an important food product with a significant role in human health and diet.[26] It is generally accepted that lowering high plasma cholesterol levels plays a significant role in preventing atherosclerosis. Oyster mushrooms are an ideal dietary substance for the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia due to high content of dietary fiber, sterol, proteins, and microelements.[27] The fact that lovastatin is present in high proportions in this mushroom is makes it an important food supplement for patients suffering from hypercholesterolemia.[28] Mushrooms being neither plant nor animal have been placed in a kingdom called Myceteae. Among fungi, mushroom fungus is more prominent because it is a macrofungus with a distinctive fruiting body, which is large enough to be seen with the naked eyes and to be picked by hand.[29] The oyster mushroom is widespread in many temperate and subtropical forests throughout the world although it is absent from the Pacific Northwest of North America, being replaced by Pleurotus pulmonarius and Pleurotus populinus.[30]
Nigella sativa has conventionally been used as bronchodilator, antibacterial, diuretics, liver tonics, and analgesics.[31] The herb is also used in the treatment of several conditions including hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, digestive ailments, hepatic and renal problems, diarrhea, cancer, skin disorders, infections, rheumatism, headaches, dysentery, asthma, and bronchitis.[32] A study conducted by Sangi et al. revealed that intraperitoneal administration of N. sativa (thymoquinone) significantly decreases hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM in the rats.[33]
Ginger rhizomes are widely used in foods for their nutritional and medicinal benefits, especially in Asia. More recently, ginger juice was shown to have an antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.[34] In a previous study, ginger juice was reported to cause a significant reduction in the fasting glucose levels and an increase in the insulin levels in STZ-induced Type I diabetic rats.[35] Kazeem et al. found that oral administration of polyphenols from Zingiber officinale (especially free polyphenol) ameliorates these derangements and tends to restore the integrity of the pancreas and kidney.[36]
Ginger, N. sativa, and mushrooms, especially P. ostreatus species, have been found very rich in antioxidant substances which are mainly associated with the reduction in the production of free radicals and consequent oxidative stress and inflammation.[37],[38],[39]
Preparation of fungal material and Pleurotus ostreatus liquid mycelial culture
Mycelium of P. ostreatus was isolated in vitro from the fruit bodies, and then liquid mycelium of P. ostreatus was obtained by inoculating 250 ml growth media consisting of malt extract and then incubated for 2 weeks at 25°C with gentle shaking.
Seeds of N. sativa and rhizome of Z. officinale were purchased from the local market, and metformin was obtained from local pharmacies.
Preparation of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract
After acquiring the plant material, aqueous ginger extract was prepared using the slightly amended method used by Alnaqeeb et al.[40] After peeling the ginger roots on crushed ice, small pieces of ginger root were made and homogenized in 0.9% NaCl in a high-speed blender for 2 min burst for a total of 12 min. Homogenized material was filtered thrice using filtering cloth, and centrifugation was done for the filtrate at 5000 round per minute. The concentration of the aqueous extract of ginger was made to be 500 mg/mL. Lower concentrations of extract were serially diluted using sterile 0.9% NaCl and stored in a Eppendorf's tube at −20°C.
Preparation of black seed (Nigella sativa) extract
Aqueous extract was prepared using the slightly changed method used by Bensiameur-Touati et al.[41] After acquiring the black seeds, these were cleaned, were dried at room temperature, and were powdered using a mechanical grinder. To prepare the aqueous extract, 100 g of powder was soaked in 1000 ml hot water. The mixture was boiled for 15 min, and filtration was done using a porous cloth. The filtrate was evaporated using a rotatory evaporator machine to get thick residue. The ruminant was suspended in 0.9% NaCl normal saline and stored in the Eppendorf's tube at −20°C.
Thirty healthy and active adult albino, male rats, aged 90–120 days, weighing 200–240 g, were selected. Rats were kept under an environmental condition with 24°C ± 3°C, 12-h light/dark cycle with good ventilation.
Induction of diabetes
The rats were made to fast overnight before the induction of diabetes by intraperitoneal administration of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg body weight) followed by a single intraperitoneal injection after 15 min of 60 mg/kg STZ freshly dissolved in distilled water.[42] Hyperglycemia was confirmed 4 days after injection by measuring the tail vein blood glucose level with an Accu-Chek Sensor Comfort Glucometer. Only the animals with fasting blood glucose levels ≥250 mg/dl were selected for the study.
Following acclimatization for 1 week before use, the animals were randomly divided into six groups each included five rats and labeled as A, B, C, D, E, and F according to the treatment. Group A animals were considered as control, Group B animals were made diabetic without treatment (control group), Group C was treated with ginger after induction of diabetes, Group D was given N. sativa after diabetes induction, Group E animals were given P. ostreatus after STZ injection, and Group F animals were made diabetic and then treated with metformin.
The four diabetic groups were treated with 150 mg/kg/day of metformin, P. ostreatus (mushroom) (1000 mg/kg), N. sativa (80 mg/kg), and Z. officinale (500 mg/kg)[43] using oral stomach gavage (PO) (to make proper comparison with same route of administration as metformin is an oral hypoglycemic agent) in two divided doses (in 24 h). Serum glucose levels of all the study groups were assessed and compared with those of the metformin and control groups (positive and negative).
Histopathological examination
The treatment continued for 8 weeks; all groups were sacrificed in the 57th day; after that, pancreatic tissues were collected in 10% formalin and prepared for tissue processing. Histopathological examination was performed at the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
The data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS Software Version 20, Chicago, IL, USA). All numeric variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical comparisons were performed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by post hoc least significant difference multigroup comparison. Homogeneity of variance was assessed using the one-way ANOVA test and Levene's statistic test. For all tests, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Serum analysis showed that in all groups, serum glucose levels increased after the induction of DM with STZ and came down when the rats were treated with metformin, mushroom, ginger, and N. sativa. Other groups showed almost equal results as were found with the use of the standard drug used in the study, i.e., metformin.
Serum levels of glucose in positive control, metformin, mushroom, N. sativa, and ginger groups were significantly higher than normal control (P = 0.0001 for all) and were significantly higher in positive control groups versus metformin, mushroom, N. sativa, and ginger groups (P = 0.0001 for all). In N. sativa group, blood glucose level was significantly higher than metformin, mushroom, and ginger groups (P = 0.009; P = 0.013, P = 0.001, respectively) [Table 1] and [Figure 1], [Figure 2].
Table 1: Comparison of serum glucose measured in different studied groups
Figure 1: Glucose levels in different study groups
Figure 2: Comparison of blood glucose levels (mg/dl) in different studied groups. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. 1P: Significance versus control; 2P: Significance versus positive control; 3P: Significance versus metformin; 4P: Significance versus mushroom; 5P: Significance versus ginger using one-way analysis of variance test (least significant difference)
Histopathology of the pancreas
In sections from rat pancreas, studied under hematoxylin and eosin stain, after sacrifice of the animals, in the control Group A, the islets of Langerhans showed, thin walls and non congested capillaries. The endocrine cell showed normal vesicular structure and homogeneously stained, acidophilic cytoplasm. The beta-cells were located periphery and with smaller nuclei [Figure 3].
Figure 3: Section from Pancreas Group A showing islets of Langerhans (white arrow), capillaries (thin black arrow), endocrine cells (dotted arrows), and homogenously stained acidophilic cytoplasm. Beta cells (dotted arrows). Normal appearance of beta islets
In Group B, i.e., diabetic group, in the islets of Langerhans, there was marked disorganization of cellular components with aggregation of degenerated cells into clumped groups, and numerous vacuoles could also be seen denoting depleted cell population [Figure 4].
Figure 4: Pancreas sections from Group B showing islets of Langerhans (dark-stained nuclei), clumped groups (dotted circles and arrows), and numerous vacuoles (white arrows). Decreased number of beta islets is obvious
In Group C which was treated with ginger, after diabetic induction, histopathological examination of the pancreas showed the features of islets cell proliferation from intercalated ducts and small newly formed islets [Figure 5]a; on the other hand, there are normal Langerhans islets with cell population that has active rounded vesicular nuclei with dispersed chromatin granules. No vacuolation between the cells and capillaries among the cells looked normal [Figure 5]b.
Figure 5: (a) Group C section showing region of pancreas cell proliferation (dotted squares and arrows) and newly formed islets (star). Regeneration of beta cells and normal function of the cell is clear. (b) Group C section showing normal Langerhans islets (black arrows) and cells and the capillaries (white arrows). Normal population and function of cells is indicated
In Group D, sections from the pancreas after treatment with N. sativa showed a mild improvement of islets architecture; still, cell population showed clumped degenerated population. Other cells showed vacuolation seen in untreated diabetics [Figure 6].
Figure 6: Group D section showing islets population (dotted squares and arrows) and vacuolation in nontreated diabetics (white arrows). Little improvement in cell structure still showing presentation of diabetic pancreatic beta islets
In Group E that was treated with P. ostreatus (mushroom), sections showed that the active islets population cells are large and contain active vesicular nuclei [Figure 7].
Figure 7: Group E section showing active islets population, cells are large and contain active vesicular nuclei (arrows). Reversal from the damage caused by streptozotocin to beta islets with no regeneration of the cells
In the group that was treated with metformin, i.e., Group F, islets of Langerhans revealed a marked protection from STZ-diabetic-induced changes, cell population more organized, no vacuolation between the cells, less vacuolation, and presence of new ductal cell proliferation with small islet formation [Figure 8].
Figure 8: Group F section showing islets of Langerhans less vacuolation (white arrow), new ductal cell proliferation (dotted square and arrows similar to islets cells), and small islet formation (star). Organized structure of the cell, indicative of prevention from the damage
The purpose of this research was to observe the effects of P. ostreatus (mushroom), N. sativa, and Z. officinale, in comparison with metformin on the serum glucose levels and pancreas, concentrating mainly on the pancreas of the diabetic rats. The results of the study showed that the herbals used in the study significantly reduced the serum glucose levels and the beta islets of Langerhans in the pancreas which were damaged by STZ and showed a reversal effect and started working; at the same time in the N. sativa and ginger groups, regeneration of beta islets of Langerhans was observed.
Therefore, as insulin resistance which is occurring secondarily to oxidative stress is blamed to be the main cause of Type II DM and inflammatory process [44] due to the activation of autoimmune mechanisms as the reason for Type I DM, the metformin is found to be effective in Type II DM because of its insulin-sensitizing effect and reduction of insulin resistance.[45] The insulin is required to be given exogenously in case of Type I DM.
The N. sativa and ginger have shown to affect the oxidative stress and reduction in the production of free radicals, and as these substances lead to regeneration of beta islets of Langerhans, both of these substances are useful for the treatment of both types of DM.[46],[47] The anti-inflammatory effects of N. sativa and ginger are very well documented in previous studies, so this may be explaining the reason for regeneration of beta islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
The mushroom used in the study P. ostreatus also showed the antihyperglycemic effects almost equal to metformin, but no regeneration of cells was observed in the pancreas, and it describes its usefulness in Type II DM only. Because of being rich in the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory substances, these effects can be correlated with their glucose-reducing effects.[48]
The results of this study are in conformity with the previous studies.
In the present study, we found that ginger has potential antihyperglycemic effect as have been found by Al-Amin et al.[49] that may also be due to its effects on serotonin receptors in addition to increase in the pancreatic secretion of insulin from beta cells or release of bound insulin.
In the present study, it was also observed that N. sativa produced beneficial effects on the serum glucose, by significantly reducing it, may be due to its antioxidant effects and may also be due to the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells, the results are in line with the study conducted by Abdelmeguid et al.[50]
A clinical trial conducted by Jayasuriya et al.[51] concluded that antihyperglycemic effect of P. ostreatus shows that mushrooms can be used as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of DM.
The histopathological results of this study regarding the destruction of beta islets of Langerhans in the pancreas by STZ and the regeneration of same cells with the use of ginger and N. sativa are due to reduction in the oxidative stress as also have been observed by Ali Sangi et al. and Abdelmeguid et al.[43],[50]
Psilocin has been termed as the active ingredient of mushrooms, and its pharmacological actions on behavior are well documented and also it has been found to be rich in Vitamin E that is a well-known antioxidant agent.[52] Results of this study regarding antidiabetic effects of P. ostreatus are consistent with the previous studies in which this substance has been found effective in Type I and Type II DM.[25],[53] Regarding antihyperglycemic mechanism of action of P. ostreatus, it is yet to to be determined that which of its chemical constituents brings down serum glucose levels. Therefore, further phytochemical studies of the substance are needed.
Thymoquinone is a well-known active ingredient of N. sativa. In previous studies, it has been proved that this active ingredient is responsible for it antidiabetic effects.[33] Thymoquinone has found to increase the insulin receptor sensitivity and regeneration of beta islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.[54] However, N. sativa is very rich in the chemical constituents which are very rich in the antioxidant effects, and antioxidants also help reduce the oxidative stress with resultant decrease in insulin resistance.[55]
The chemical constituents of ginger (Z. officinale) aqueous extract include polyphenols, vitamin C, β carotene, flavonoids, and tannins.[39] In the current study, ginger has shown significant antihyperglycemic effects with the decrease in serum glucose levels and regeneration of beta cells in glucose along with improvement in beta islet cell function.
However, which of the abovementioned constituents is responsible for these actions will become clear when further immunohistochemical effects, effects on insulin receptors and glucose transporters, will be observed.
In metformin group, no regeneration of cells was observed, but the cells damaged by the effect of STZ showed improvement in function and cell morphology/structure, which indicates that decrease in insulin resistance also leads to improvement in islets function and structure. Serum analysis results were almost equal in all the groups with little variation. The herbals used in the study were found effective in decreasing the serum glucose levels. N. sativa and ginger caused regeneration of cells also. It is suggested that immunohistochemistry for cells secreting insulin to be done for verification of beta cells for functional improvement. N. sativa and ginger active ingredients should be used in the further studies and clinical trials. These substances possess potential to cure both types of DM.
The research project was approved and funded by Deanship of Scientific Research, Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia; Grant No. 6905-PHM-2017-1-7-F.
Iso H, Date C, Wakai K, Fukui M, Tamakoshi A; JACC Study Group, et al. The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:554-62.
Ahmed N, Babaei-Jadidi R, Howell SK, Thornalley PJ, Beisswenger PJ. Glycated and oxidized protein degradation products are indicators of fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2465-71.
Marles RJ, Farnsworth R. Economic and med plant research. Bokus 1994;6:149-54.
Ozougwu JC, Obimba KC, Belonwu CD, Unakalamba CB. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Physiol Pathophysiol 2013;4:46-57.
Defronzo RA, Lily, Ferrannini E. Lecture 1987, the triumvirate: beta cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes 1988;37:667-87.
Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biomed Sci 2008;4:89-96.
Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A review on the role of antioxidants in the management of diabetes and its complications. Biomed Pharmacother 2005;59:365-73.
Vincent AM, Russell JW, Low P, Feldman EL. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Endocr Rev 2004;25:612-28.
Pari L, Latha M. Antidiabetic effect of Scoparia dulcis : Effect on lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin diabetes. Gen Physiol Biophys 2005;24:13-26.
Dröge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 2002;82:47-95.
Fridovich I. Fundamental aspects of reactive oxygen species, or what's the matter with oxygen? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;893:13-8.
Weseler AR, Bast A. Oxidative stress and vascular function: Implications for pharmacologic treatments. Curr Hypertens Rep 2010;12:154-61.
Asmat U, Abad K, Ismail K. Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress – A concise review. Saudi Pharm J 2016;24:547-53.
Rena G, Pearson ER, Sakamoto K. Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: Old or new insights? Diabetologia 2013;56:1898-906.
Towler MC, Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase in metabolic control and insulin signaling. Circ Res 2007;100:328-41.
Ajith TA, Janardhanan KK. Indian medicinal mushrooms as a source of antioxidant and antitumor agents. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2007;40:157-62.
Helano SA, Barros L, Martins A, Queiroz P, Santos-Buelga C; Ferreira ICFR. Fruiting body, spores and in vitro produced mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum from Northeast Portugal: A comparative study of the antioxidant potential of phenolic and polysaccharidic extracts. Food Res Int 2012;46:135-40.
Kwon AH, Qiu Z, Hashimoto M, Yamamoto K, Kimura T. Effects of medicinal mushroom (Sparassis crispa ) on wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am J Surg 2009;197:503-9.
Ofodile LN, Uma NU, Kokubun T, Grayer RJ, Ogundipe OT, Simmonds MS, et al. Antimicrobial activity of some Ganoderma species from Nigeria. Phytother Res 2005;19:310-3.
Palacios I, Lozano M, Moro C, D'Arrigo M, Rostagno MA, Martínez JA, et al. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds occurring in edible mushrooms. Food Chem 2011;128:674-8.
Li H, Park S, Moon B, Yoo Y, Lee Y, Lee C. Targeted phenolic analysis in Hericium erinaceum and its antioxidant activities. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012;21:881-8.
Woldegiorgis AZ, Abate D, Haki GD, Ziegler GR. Antioxidant property of edible mushrooms collected from Ethiopia. Food Chem 2014;157:30-6.
Jose N, Ajith TA, Janardhanan KK. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor activities of culinary-medicinal mushroom Pleurotus pufmonanus (Fr.) Quel. (Agaricomycetidea). Int J Med Mushrooms 2002;4:329-35.
Yoshioka Y, Tabeta R, Saitô H, Uehara N, Fukuoka F. Antitumor polysaccharides from P. ostreatus (Fr.) quél.: Isolation and structure of a beta-glucan. Carbohydr Res 1985;140:93-100.
Chorváthová V, Bobek P, Ginter E, Klvanová J. Effect of the oyster fungus on glycaemia and cholesterolaemia in rats with insulin-dependent diabetes. Physiol Res 1993;42:175-9.
Alam N, Amin R, Khan A, Ara I, Shim MJ, Lee MW, et al. Nutritional analysis of cultivated mushrooms in Bangladesh – Pleurotus ostreatus , Pleurotus sajor-caju , Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica. Mycobiology 2008;36:228-32.
Hossain S, Hashimoto M, Choudhury EK, Alam N, Hussain S, Hasan M, et al. Dietary mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus ) ameliorates atherogenic lipid in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003;30:470-5.
Alarcón J, Aguila S, Arancibia-Avila P, Fuentes O, Zamorano-Ponce E, Hernández M, et al. Production and purification of statins from Pleurotus ostreatus (Basidiomycetes) strains. Z Naturforsch C 2003;58:62-4.
Rathee S, Rathee D, Rathee D, Kumar V, Rathee P. Mushrooms as therapeutic agents. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2012;22:459-74.
Trudell S, Ammirati J. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press; 2009. p. 134.
Ahmad A, Husain A, Mujeeb M, Khan SA, Najmi AK, Siddique NA, et al. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa : A miracle herb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013;3:337-52.
Gilani AH, Jabeen Q, Khan MA. A review of medicinal uses and pharmacological activities of Nigella sativa. Pak J Biol Sci 2004;7:441-5.
Sangi SM, Sulaiman MI, El-Wahab MF, Ahmedani EI, Ali SS. Antihyperglycemic effect of thymoquinone and oleuropein, on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in experimental animals. Pharmacogn Mag 2015;11:S251-7.
Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe): A review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:409-20.
Asha B, Krishnamurthy KH, Devaru S. Evaluation of anti hyperglycaemic activity of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) in albino rats. J Chem Pharm Res 2011;3:452-6.
Kazeem MI, Akanji MA, Yakubu MT. Amelioration of pancreatic and renal derangements in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by polyphenol extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale ) rhizome. Pathophysiology 2015;22:203-9.
Reis FS, Barros L, Martins A, Ferreira IC. Chemical composition and nutritional value of the most widely appreciated cultivated mushrooms: An inter-species comparative study. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50:191-7.
Forouzanfar F, Bazzaz BS, Hosseinzadeh H. Black cumin (Nigella sativa ) and its constituent (thymoquinone): A review on antimicrobial effects. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2014;17:929-38.
Shirin Adel PR, Prakash J. Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of ginger root (Zingiber officinale ). J Med Plants Res 2010;4:2674-9.
Alnaqeeb MA, Thomson M, Al-Qattan KK, Kamel F, Mustafa T, Ali M. Biochemical and histopathological toxicity of an aqueous extract of ginger in female rats. Kuwait J Sci Eng 2003;30:35-48.
Bensiameur-Touati K, Kacimi G, Haffaf EM, Berdja S, Aouichat-Bouguerra S. In vivo subacute toxicity and antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of Nigella sativa. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017;2017:8427034.
Alimohammadi S, Hobbenaghi R, Javanbakht J, Kheradmand D, Mortezaee R, Tavakoli M, et al. Protective and antidiabetic effects of extract from Nigella sativa on blood glucose concentrations against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic in rats: An experimental study with histopathological evaluation. Diagn Pathol 2013;8:137.
Ali Sangi SM, Abd Elwahab MF. Experimental evaluations of the nephroprotective properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale ), Cinnamomum verum and Nigella sativa in STZ induced diabetic rats. Int J Biol Pharm Allied Sci 2017;6:1195-209.
Simmons RA. Developmental origins of diabetes: The role of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2006;40:917-22.
Davies MJ, Tringham JR, Troughton J, Khunti KK. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A review of the evidence and its application in a UK setting. Diabet Med 2004;21:403-14.
Al Wafai RJ. Nigella sativa and thymoquinone suppress cyclooxygenase-2 and oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pancreas 2013;42:841-9.
Madkor HR, Mansour SW, Ramadan G. Modulatory effects of garlic, ginger, turmeric and their mixture on hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats. Br J Nutr 2011;105:1210-7.
Ravi B, Renitta RE, Prabha ML, Issac R, Naidu S. Evaluation of antidiabetic potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus ) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013;35:101-9.
Al-Amin ZM, Thomson M, Al-Qattan KK, Peltonen-Shalaby R, Ali M. Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale ) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Br J Nutr 2006;96:660-6.
Abdelmeguid NE, Fakhoury R, Kamal SM, Al Wafai RJ. Effects of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on biochemical and subcellular changes in pancreatic β-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes 2010;2:256-66.
Jayasuriya WJ, Wanigatunge CA, Fernando GH, Abeytunga DT, Suresh TS. Hypoglycaemic activity of culinary Pleurotus ostreatus and P. cystidiosus mushrooms in healthy volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients on diet control and the possible mechanisms of action. Phytother Res 2015;29:303-9.
Khan MA, Tania M. Nutritional and medicinal importance of Pleurotus mushrooms: An overview. Food Rev Int 2012;28:313-29.
Krishna S, Usha PT. Hypoglycaemic effect of a combination of Pleurotus ostreatus , Murraya koenigii and Aegle marmelos in diabetic rats. Indian J Anim Sci 2009;79:986-7.
Balbaa M, El-Zeftawy M, Ghareeb D, Taha N, Mandour AW. Nigella sativa relieves the altered insulin receptor signaling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed with a high-fat diet. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:2492107.
Dinagaran S, Sridhar S, Eganathan P. Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of black seed oil (Nigella sativa L). Int J Pharm Sci Res 2016;7:4473-9.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8]
[Table 1]
1 Nigella sativa (Black Seed) as a Natural Remedy against Viruses
Rasha Saleh Basurra, Seok Mui Wang, Mohammed Abdelfatah Alhoot
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 2021; 15(1): 29
2 Therapeutic potentials of Nigella sativa preparations and its constituents in the management of diabetes and its complications in experimental animals and patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review
Mohammad Reza Mahmoodi, Mehdi Mohammadizadeh
Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2020; 50: 102391
3 Ameliorative and Preventive Effects of Metformin, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum and Zingeber officinale on Bone Damage and Infections Caused by Diabetes mellitus in Animal Model
Nora Abdulaziz AL Jalaud
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 2019; 13(1): 465
Ali Sangi SM
Bawadekji A
Al Ali M
Zingiber officinale


Boxer records most of the editor's preferences and settings in the Windows Registry. This includes all the options within the multi-page Preferences dialog, as well as window sizes and positions, screen colors, fonts, private clipboard content, recent files, search strings, user tools and much, much more.
If it becomes necessary to transfer Boxer from one PC to another, and you'd like to ensure that all of the settings are maintained in the new installation, the above files should be copied to the new installation directory.
• After copying the file to the destination PC use the Import Registry File command on the Registry menu to load the settings or double-click on the .REG file from within Explorer.
• After copying the file to the destination PC use the Restore command on the Registry menu to load the settings or double-click on the .REG file from within Explorer.
• After copying the file to the destination PC use the Import command on the File menu to load the settings or double-click on the .REG file from within Explorer.
In order to be sure the latest settings are stored in the Registry, make sure you exit Boxer before exporting the Registry information.
On a networked PC, it may be necessary to login at a higher level to get access to RegEdit. It may then be necessary to login under the normal user name so that the HKEY_CURRENT_USER entries will be visible.
Some versions of RegEdit have a bug. If RegEdit reports trouble reading back a .REG file that it has created, one Boxer user has suggested saving the file as a .HIVE file instead.


text:
describe "ruby -U" do
  it "sets Encoding.default_internal to UTF-8" do
     ruby_exe('print Encoding.default_internal.name',
              :options => '-U').should == 'UTF-8'
  end

  it "does nothing different if specified multiple times" do
     ruby_exe('print Encoding.default_internal.name',
              :options => '-U -U').should == 'UTF-8'
  end

  it "is overruled by Encoding.default_internal=" do
     ruby_exe('Encoding.default_internal="ascii"; print Encoding.default_internal.name',
              :options => '-U').should == 'US-ASCII'
  end

  it "does not affect the default external encoding" do
     ruby_exe('Encoding.default_external="ascii"; print Encoding.default_external.name',
              :options => '-U').should == 'US-ASCII'
  end

  it "does not affect the source encoding" do
     ruby_exe("print __ENCODING__.name",
              :options => '-U -KE').should == 'EUC-JP'
     ruby_exe("print __ENCODING__.name",
              :options => '-KE -U').should == 'EUC-JP'
  end

  # I assume IO redirection will break on Windows...
  it "raises a RuntimeError if used with -Eext:int" do
    ruby_exe("p 1",
             :options => '-U -Eascii:ascii',
             :args => '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
  end

  it "raises a RuntimeError if used with -E:int" do
    ruby_exe("p 1",
             :options => '-U -E:ascii',
             :args => '2>&1').should =~ /RuntimeError/
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
all A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Ó P Q R S T U V W Z
Compact Disc Vinyls
WAR DOGS [Heavy Metal]
[black] Die By My Sword (2020) [12" LP]
Vinyl version on black wax limited to 150 copies of the debut album by this spanish band where US Epic Heavy Metal influences by bands such as MANILLA ROAD, VISIGOTH, OMEN, ETERNAL CHAMPION, are mixed with classic elements of bands like IRON MAIDEN, JUDAS PRIEST or MERCYFUL FATE.
+ Info Add to Cart
[splatter] Die By My Sword (2020) [12" LP]
Limited vinyl edition to 100 copies only available on the Xtreem Music mailorder on black wax with gold splatter of the debut album by this spanish band where US Epic Heavy Metal influences by bands such as MANILLA ROAD, VISIGOTH, OMEN, ETERNAL CHAMPION, are mixed with classic elements of bands like IRON MAIDEN, JUDAS PRIEST or MERCYFUL FATE.
WARDANCE [Thrash Metal]
Heaven is For Sale (1990) [12" LP]
Vinyl re-issue of the of the only album from '90 by this german Speed Metal band with female vocalist in the vein of bands like ACID, LIVING DEATH, MANIAC, SCANNER, ZNÖWHITE...
WARLORD UK [Death Metal]
We Die As One [Black] (2014) [12" LP]
Vinyl version on black wax of the 3rd album by this legendary Death Metal machine from the UK. A magnific opus of epic and heavy Death Metal for this band that completes the british triarchy with two other legends from the same league such as BOLT THROWER & BENEDICTION.
We Die As One [Ltd. Splatter] (2014) [12" LP]
Vinyl version on clear electric-blue wax splattered in White limited to 100 copies only available at Xtreem Music's mailorder of the 3rd album by this legendary Death Metal machine from the UK. A magnific opus of epic and heavy Death Metal for this band that completes the british triarchy with two other legends from the same league such as BOLT THROWER & BENEDICTION.
WEAK ASIDE [Death Metal]
Forward Into Darkness (2018) [12" LP]
Vinyl version of the 3rd album from '18 by this german band of pure old school Death Metal influenced by bands like UNLEASHED, HYPOCRISY, GOREFEST, BOLT THROWER, ASPHYX, MORGOTH...
WITCH BLADE [Heavy Metal]
Oskuldernas Eld (2015) [12" LP]
Vinyl version of the 1st album form '15 by this swedish band that plays a traditional Heavy Metal with influences from bands like ACCEPT, IRON MAIDEN, SAXON...
WITCHCRAFT (swe) [Stoner/Sludge] [Heavy Metal]
Firewood (2005) [12" LP]
Vinyl verison of the 2nd album from '05 by this swedish band of Psychedelic Hard Rock/ Doom with influences in the vein of BLACK SABBATH, PENTAGRAM...
WIZARDS, THE [Heavy Metal]
[black-hhr] Full Moon in Scorpio (2017) [12" LP]
Vinyl version released by High Roller Rec. on black wax of the 2nd album by this 70's Hard & Heavy Rock band from Spain influenced by acts like BLACK SABBATH, DANZIG, THE CULT, BLUE OYSTER CULT, PENTAGRAM, DEEP PURPLE, DIO, HORISONT, ELECTRIC WIZARD...
[black] Full Moon in Scorpio (2017) [12" LP]
Vinyl version in black wax of the 2nd album by this 70's Hard & Heavy Rock band from Spain influenced by acts like BLACK SABBATH, DANZIG, THE CULT, BLUE OYSTER CULT, PENTAGRAM, DEEP PURPLE, DIO, HORISONT, ELECTRIC WIZARD...
[magenta] Full Moon in Scorpio (2017) [12" LP]
Vinyl version released by High Roller Rec. on neon magenta wax of the 2nd album by this 70's Hard & Heavy Rock band from Spain influenced by acts like BLACK SABBATH, DANZIG, THE CULT, BLUE OYSTER CULT, PENTAGRAM, DEEP PURPLE, DIO, HORISONT, ELECTRIC WIZARD...
[silver] Full Moon in Scorpio (2017) [12" LP]
Vinyl version released by High Roller Rec. on silver wax of the 2nd album by this 70's Hard & Heavy Rock band from Spain influenced by acts like BLACK SABBATH, DANZIG, THE CULT, BLUE OYSTER CULT, PENTAGRAM, DEEP PURPLE, DIO, HORISONT, ELECTRIC WIZARD...
WOUND [Death Metal]
Engrained (2017) [12" LP]
Vinyl version with gatefold cover of the 2nd album from '17 by this german band that plays a Death Metal of swedish sound, but not limited to lame plagiarism, but takes influences from the different styles emerged in that country from bands like AT THE GATES, ENTOMBED, DISSECTION, DISMEMBER...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Short clips from the 2008 IJA DVD.
Short clips from the 2008 IJA DVD's.
The Aether Arts submission for the Hogmanay Showdown on contactjuggling.org/nPerformed by: Sennyo, Sir Riel, Mark Conigliaro and Bri Maneely Music arranged by: Sir Riel Makeup and Styling by: Ao (aoarts.com)/nSpecial Thanks to Ao for making us cool. To Briney for not suing us [thus far] for hijacking his voice- And Peter LoVerso for being the phone tech operator.


text:
(Stills by Angus Young)
TV Pilot "Wok"
BA Film and Broadcast Production alumnus Chris Chung has directed and co-produced a new TV pilot called "Wok".
BA Film and Broadcast Production alumnus Chris Chung has directed and co-produced a new TV pilot called "Wok". Set in the heart of modern-day east London, the show follows the eccentric Li family through their trials and tribulations of running an authentic take-away business.
Lead actor Bruce Chong had worked with Chris on his short film "Handuken" and approached Chris a year later with the concept for "Wok". Although under a different name and of a very different style at the time, together they collaborated and shaped the script to where it is now.
Chris and his team are looking to screen the pilot to industry peers and supporters in early March, in hopes of getting commissioning or some form of future progression for the concept.
Since graduating from The Cass Chris has been commissioned by several companies, created a spot for Sony Playstation and created TV commercials for Adidas, Campbell's Soup and AT&T. Chris' short film "Handuken" was a finalist in the "Virgin Media Shorts". In 2013 the film was distributed in cinemas nationwide and screened in the prestigious BFI IMAX.
Recent news from The Cass


text:
Eurelus soleatus är en mångfotingart som beskrevs av Cook 1911. Eurelus soleatus ingår i släktet Eurelus och familjen Atopetholidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Slitsdubbelfotingar
soleatus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
J.L. Wilkinson
May 17, 2012 /in BioProject - Person Hall of Fame Executives, Negro Leaguers 1942 Kansas City Monarchs /by admin
This article was written by Bill Young - Charles F. Faber
J. Leslie Wilkinson (1878-1964) was one of the most respected and influential figures in the history of Black baseball. His trailblazing role in helping to found the Negro National League in 1920, in addition to his establishing and operating the renowned Kansas City Monarchs for many years, earned him a plaque in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.
Wilkinson was born on May 14, 1878, in Algona, Iowa. He was the oldest child of Myrta "Mertie" Harper and John J. "J.J." Wilkinson. His father was a teacher and superintendent of schools in Algona and participated in local politics. J.J. also served as president of Northern Iowa Normal School in Algona before moving his family to Omaha, Nebraska, and then to Des Moines, Iowa, where he became a manager in the Iowa National Life Insurance Company.1
Young J.L. learned the basics of baseball on the sandlots of Algona. He became an accomplished pitcher on an Omaha high-school team and later attended Highland Park Normal College in Des Moines, where he was one of the school's leading pitchers.
Beginning in 1895, Wilkinson played semipro baseball for more than a decade, at first using the pseudonym "Joe Green" to protect his amateur standing. In the 1900 census J.L. was listed as a clerk at Chase Brothers, a leading Des Moines grocery store, although his real job was probably pitching for the store's outstanding semipro baseball team. Des Moines newspapers hailed his skills on the mound. But in 1900 a broken wrist brought his dreams of a professional pitching career to a sudden halt.
In 1904 Wilkinson joined a new semipro team organized by Hopkins Brothers Sporting Goods in Des Moines. The club traveled throughout Iowa, beating almost all comers and, at one point, winning 17 of 18 games. Although he no longer pitched, Wilkinson played a fair game at shortstop.
The Hopkins team closed its 1904 season with a doubleheader against the all-Black Buxton Wonders. Buxton was a thriving coal-mining community in southeastern Iowa with a population of 2,700 Blacks and 2,000 whites. Wilkinson undoubtedly took note of the racial harmony in Buxton, which was evident in the large, integrated crowd at the games. Hopkins Brothers won the first contest, and the Wonders (augmented by several Black players from Chicago) took the second.
Wilkinson became the Hopkins captain and manager in 1905. The decision to go into management may have been made after a Des Moines sportswriter opined that he was a good defensive shortstop and played with his head but that he fell short as a hitter.
Wilkinson's promotional acumen was soon evident. He took his Hopkins teammates on the road throughout Iowa, Minnesota, and the Dakotas, booking games against local teams in small towns. To increase attendance, Wilkinson came up with a new gimmick in 1907. He scheduled games that coincided with fairs, carnivals, festivals, and reunions. When people came to the games, they saw a juggernaut. In one stretch in 1908, the Hopkins team won 31 of 33 games.
Wilkinson was married in 1908. According to his daughter, Gladys, the parents of his wife, Bessie, were not pleased that she had taken up with a "baseball man." They were devout Methodists who considered baseball players to be ruffians. However, Bessie grew to love the game and traveled with her husband on barnstorming tours. In addition to Gladys, J.L. and Bessie had a son, Richard.
At the end of the 1908 season, Wilkinson disbanded the Hopkins men's team and created a barnstorming club of "Bloomer Girls" named the Hopkins Brothers Champion Lady Baseball Club. He recruited the best female baseball players he could find, including a superstar from the Boston Bloomer Girls, who played under the name Carrie Nation, the famous ax-wielding temperance activist and suffragette. Wilkinson augmented the team with at least three male players, including a catcher who was also a wrestler and who was willing to take on all comers in the small towns in which they played. Beginning in June 1909, the club traveled in style when Wilkinson leased a Pullman Palace railroad car for their barnstorming tours. In addition to the players and a bulldog mascot, he took along a portable ballpark, consisting of a canvas fence 14 feet high and 1,200 feet long, and a canopy-covered grandstand that could seat 2,000 fans. The next year he added a lighting system for use in night games. It would not be the last time he experimented with lights.
Wilkinson continued to be a baseball innovator. Although ethnic teams, such as African American clubs, were popular in the early 1900s, no one had ever fielded a team made up of different nationalities and ethnic groups. Wilkinson recruited Native Americans, African Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiians, Frenchmen, Cubans, Filipinos, Scotsmen, Germans, and Caucasian American players. Fittingly, he called his new team All Nations. Beginning in May 1912, All Nations toured the country all the way to the West Coast and back to Iowa. In 1913 the team won 119 games and lost 17. After the 1915 season Wilkinson moved the All Nations operation to Kansas City. The club flourished there in 1916 but was disbanded in 1918 because some of the players had been drafted to serve in World War I.
After the war Wilkinson, who was now living with his family in Kansas City, revived the All Nations club. During its tenure All Nations featured several players of major-league caliber. Among them were African Americans John Donaldson and Frank Blattner, as well as Cubans Jose Mendez and Cristóbal Torriente.
Donaldson was a left-handed pitcher with a good fastball and changeup, outstanding control, and a hard, sharp-breaking curve. In 1916-17 Donaldson pitched in 10 games with All Nations, striking out 64. Wilkinson told reporters that Donaldson was one of the greatest pitchers who ever lived, White or Black. Mendez, known as the "The Black Diamond," was one of the first internationally known Cuban players. He had a blazing fastball and a sharp curve. Mendez was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame with Wilkinson in 2006. Torriente was perhaps the most famous Cuban player of his era. He was a left-handed power hitter who was also an effective basestealer, and an outstanding center fielder with excellent range and a strong, accurate arm. He was also inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. In an effort to make the All Nations team appear more diverse, Blattner played under the name "Blukoi" and often claimed he was Hawaiian. At other times Blattner was introduced as a full-blooded American Indian.
Another All Nations player of note was Goro Mikami, an outfielder, who joined the team in 1912, as the first-ever Japanese professional baseball player. Other All Nations players who excelled were two right-handed pitchers, Bill "Plunk" Drake and Wilber "Bullet Joe" Rogan. Rogan, considered by many baseball historians to be one of the best pitchers of all time, was inducted into Cooperstown in 1998.
The All Nations team showed that Wilkinson was well ahead of his times as a baseball promoter and advocate of racial integration. In an era when the racist movie The Birth of a Nation was so popular that it was shown by President Woodrow Wilson in the White House, and three decades before the breaking of the color barrier in the White major leagues, Wilkinson's All Nations proved that an interracial team could not only succeed but flourish.2
In 1920 another opportunity presented itself to Wilkinson when Rube Foster took the lead in organizing the Negro National League. The organizational meeting was held at the Paseo YMCA in Kansas City in February 1920, and the first games were played in May. Wilkinson, joined by a Kansas City, Kansas, businessman, Thomas "T.Y." Baird (who played a largely behind-the-scenes role), formed a club called the Kansas City Monarchs and applied for membership in the new league. At first Foster was reluctant to accept White ownership of a club in his circuit, but he relented because of Wilkinson's reputation for integrity and fairness. In fact, Wilkinson earned such respect from his fellow owners that he was named the league's secretary. Together, he and Foster led the new league into a decade of success and prosperity. Wilkinson also tapped two African American leaders to represent the team in Kansas City's Black community: Quincy Gilmore (who served as the team's traveling secretary and publicist) and Dr. Howard Smith, a physician and superintendent of Kansas City's Black hospital. Serendipitously, the year before the Monarchs were founded, an African American weekly, the Kansas City Call, began publication. The Call provided coverage of the Monarchs and other Negro Leagues teams, while dailies like the Kansas City Star largely ignored them.
Wilkinson took some of the best players from his All Nations team to fill his new club's roster, including Donaldson, Mendez, and Blattner. (Torriente went to the rival Chicago American Giants but joined the Monarchs in 1926.) Acting on a tip from a friend, Kansas City native Casey Stengel, Wilkinson added some players from the 25th Infantry Wreckers, an all-Black US Army team. Included in this group were Rogan, power-hitting outfielder Oscar "Heavy" Johnson, talented first baseman Lemuel "Hawk" Hawkins, crafty southpaw Andy Cooper (who was inducted with Wilkinson into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006), and shortstop Dobie Moore. Moore, known as The Black Cat, won the NNL batting title in 1924 with a .453 average and was considered the top shortstop in the league for six years until his career was cut short early in the 1926 season. At a celebration after a ladies day game on May 17, Moore was shot in the leg by a woman who claimed he had assaulted her. Moore then broke his leg jumping from a window to escape from her.
Wilkinson, affectionately called "Wilkie" by his players, fans, and fellow executives, built the Monarchs into the most successful NNL club of the 1920s. The team won the league pennant four times in the decade — 1923, 1924, 1925, and 1929. In 1924 the Monarchs played the Eastern Colored League champion Hilldale club in the first Colored World Series. With the hard-fought best-of-nine series tied at four games, José Mendez, told by doctors he was too ill to play, pitched a three-hit shutout and Kansas City captured the title. In 1925 the league played a split season and the Monarchs defeated the St. Louis Stars for the championship. The Monarchs lost the 1925 World Series to Hilldale, partly because ace pitcher Bullet Joe Rogan was sidelined by a freak accident. In 1926 Wilkinson purchased the first of a number of buses, touring cars, and trailers (with portable kitchens) that the Monarchs used on their barnstorming tours. With these vehicles, Wilkinson was able to schedule games in towns without rail connections. The players also slept in the buses when, often because of Jim Crow restrictions, other accommodations were not available.
Wilkinson tapped Mendez to manage the Monarchs their first two seasons. Another pitcher, Sam Crawford, was the skipper for a portion of the 1921 season and the 1922 and 1923 campaigns. Mendez resumed the helm during the 1923 season and continued as skipper through the 1925 season. Rogan was Monarchs manager for the rest of the seasons of the decade. Among the not-yet-mentioned stalwart players Wilkinson signed for the Monarchs during the 1920s were Roy "Bubba" Johnson, Carroll "Dink" Mothell, Hurley McNair, Otto "Jaybird" Ray, Zack "Hooks" Foreman, George "Tank" Carr, Clifford "Cliff" Bell, William Bell, Newton "Newt" Allen, Walter "Newt" Joseph, Bartolo Portuando, Frank Duncan, Alfred "Army" Cooper, Rube Currie, Chet Brewer, and Eddie "Pee Wee" Dwight.
As early as 1921 Wilkinson booked the first of what would become many games between the Monarchs and all-star teams of major leaguers that featured legends such as Babe Ruth, Dizzy Dean, Stan Musial, and Bob Feller. The Monarchs won the majority of these interracial contests, but the substantial sums taken in at the gates were what counted most.
The Great Depression of the 1930s wreaked havoc upon baseball in general and Black baseball in particular. The Eastern Colored League had folded in 1928. The Monarchs withdrew from the NNL after the 1930 season and the league disbanded in 1931. The Monarchs survived because of Wilkinson's vision and ingenuity. In 1929 he commissioned an Omaha company to design a portable lighting system for night games. Wilkinson had experimented with baseball under the lights before, but this system was far better. Powered by a 250-horsepower motor and a 100-kilowatt generator, the equipment illuminated lights atop telescoping poles extending 40 feet above the field. With the support of his wife, Bessie, Wilkinson mortgaged everything he owned to purchase the system, and his gamble paid off. Wilkinson believed that just as talkies saved the movies, lights would save baseball, and he was right. The Monarchs' first night game was played in Enid, Oklahoma, on April 28, 1930. Within a few months, night games proved to be a huge success and Wilkinson quickly recouped his initial investment.
From 1931 through 1936 the Monarchs were an exclusively barnstorming team. They often played in daylight and after dark on the same day and became the most popular touring team in the nation. Frequently they were accompanied by the bearded House of David, another hugely successful barnstorming club. In order to enhance revenue, the Monarchs sometimes rented the lighting equipment to their friendly rivals. Among the standout players for the Monarchs during these barnstorming seasons were Bullet Joe Rogan (who managed the team in 1931, 1933, and 1934), Dink Mothell (manager in a portion of the 1930 season and 1932), Newt Allen, Newt Joseph, John Donaldson, Norman "Turkey" Stearnes, Frank Duncan, Chet Brewer, Army Cooper, Andy Cooper (who was skipper during the 1936 and 1937 seasons), Willie Foster, George Giles, Willie Wells, James "Cool Papa" Bell, Quincy Trouppe, Rube Currie, Frank Duncan, Pee Wee Dwight, Eldridge "Ed Chill" Mayweather, and Willard Brown. Sam Crawford was manager in 1935. In addition to Rogan and Andy Cooper, National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees from this group were Bell (1974), Foster (1996), Wells (1997), Stearnes (2000), and Brown (2006).
In 1933 the Negro National League was revived, but it was no longer under the leadership of Wilkinson or Foster, who had died in 1930. In 1937 Wilkie helped form a new circuit, the Negro American League and served as the league's first treasurer. His Kansas City Monarchs continued to be a power in the new circuit. They won the NAL pennant in 1937, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1946. In 1942 they swept the Homestead Grays in four games in the first Colored World Series since 1927. The 1942 Series featured an encounter between two of the legends of the game, Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson. In an example of his generosity and in one of the early instances of revenue-sharing, Wilkinson divided the Monarchs' portion of the Series gate among the players. The Monarchs lost the 1946 World Series to the Newark Eagles in seven games.
Between 1937 and 1948 (the last year Wilkinson owned the Monarchs), prominent players included Andy Cooper (also manager, 1937-40), Ed Mayweather, Newt Allen (skipper during the 1941 season), Willard Brown, Byron "Mex" Johnson, Pee Wee Dwight, Bullet Joe Rogan, Hilton Smith, John Markham, John "Buck" O'Neil (manager in 1948), T.R. "Ted" Strong, Turkey Stearnes, Frank Duncan (at the helm, 1942-47), Leroy "Satchel" Paige (inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1971), Chet Brewer, Clifford "Connie" Johnson, Jack Matchett, Booker McDaniel, William "Bonnie" Serrell, Jesse Williams, Henry "Hank" Thompson, Ted Alexander, James "Lefty" LaMarque, Jackie Robinson (the first African American inductee at Cooperstown, in 1962), Elston Howard, and Earl Taborn.
The Monarchs were so dominant in the late 1930s and early to mid-1940s that they became known approvingly as the Negro Leagues' version of the New York Yankees. The best players wanted to play on a winning team. Also helpful were Wilkinson's reputation for fairness and integrity and his efforts to secure proper accommodations for his players during the Jim Crow era. A mutual respect developed between the players and the ownership of the Monarchs. Wilkinson also expected his players to be wholesome ambassadors for the Monarchs and Black baseball. He bought suits for ballplayers and expected them to wear them in the community. In addition, he often took care of their medical needs. Monarchs players were treated as celebrities, particularly in the area around 18th and Vine in Kansas City (where the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum is now located), and they could often be seen in venues such as the famed Rose Room of the Streets Hotel alongside stars like Count Basie.
Two of Wilkinson's stellar achievements during this period were the resurrection of the career of Satchel Paige and the signing of Jackie Robinson. The two players were quite different in background and temperament, but they shared one attribute: tremendous talent. Paige had been an outstanding pitcher for many years, and Wilkinson had "rented" the lanky right-handed hurler to play in exhibition games with the Monarchs on a number of occasions. Wilkie and Satchel got along well despite Paige's reputation for being hard to manage. In 1938 Paige was banned for life from the Negro National League for contract-jumping. He joined the Mexican League, where he suffered his first sore arm in 12 years. Wilkinson was the only Negro Leagues executive willing to take a chance on Paige. He signed the wounded veteran to a team that he christened Satchel Paige's All-Stars and sent them on a wildly successful barnstorming tour through the Northwest and Canada. By 1939 Paige's arm had healed and, with Hilton Smith, he became the leading pitcher for the Monarchs in the NAL. Paige and Wilkinson developed a close bond. In commenting on how Wilkinson treated him, Paige said, "[T]hat's how Mr. Wilkinson was. If you were down and needed a hand, he'd give you one."3 Paige remained with the Monarchs until Bill Veeck signed him to a major-league contract with the Cleveland Indians in 1948.
Jackie Robinson had starred in baseball, basketball, track, and football at UCLA, earning a reputation as one of the best all-around athletes in the country. While serving in the Army and stationed at Camp Hood (now Fort Hood) in Texas, Robinson had the opportunity to play some baseball, and was spotted by Hilton Smith, who recommended him to Wilkinson. After his discharge from the Army, Robinson joined the Monarchs for the 1945 season, but he was with Wilkie's team for only a few months. As is well known, Branch Rickey signed Robinson to break Organized Baseball's color barrier on August 28, 1945. Rickey claimed that Robinson did not have a legitimate contract and paid nothing to the Monarchs for signing him to the Brooklyn Dodgers organization. Wilkinson graciously responded, saying: "Although I feel the Brooklyn club … owes us some kind of compensation for Robinson, we will not protest to Commissioner [Happy] Chandler. I am very glad to see Jackie get this chance and I'm sure he'll make good. He's a wonderful ballplayer. If and when he gets into the major leagues he will have a wonderful career."4
Nearly blind and suffering from other ailments in 1948, Wilkie sold his interest in the Monarchs to his longtime business partner, Tom Baird, and retired from baseball. Wilkinson, however, had not lost his good business sense, and he arranged to receive a portion of any amount Baird received for selling a Monarchs player to the major or minor leagues if that player had been with the team while Wilkinson was still an owner. J.L. "Wilkie" Wilkinson died in a Kansas City nursing home on August 21, 1964. His remains rest in the Garden Mausoleum at the Mount Moriah Cemetery in Kansas City, Missouri. Many of the old Monarchs attended his funeral.
Years later Buck O'Neil, who had been his close friend since signing with the Monarchs in 1938, paid this tribute to Wilkinson: "[H]e "didn't have a prejudiced bone in him. … While Wilkinson could have been lynched just for owning a Black ball baseball team, he never allowed the ugly racial prejudice of his day to keep him from doing what he loved and believed — Black baseball at its highest. J.L. Wilkinson, he looked down on no one and he brought out the best in everyone. That's J.L. Wilkinson. … I love that man."5
In addition to Robinson and Paige, a number of Monarchs who had played under Wilkie's management of the team went into Organized Baseball, including Elston Howard, the first African American to play for the New York Yankees. Thirteen Monarchs players are in the National Baseball Hall of Fame: Ernie Banks, Cool Papa Bell, Willard Brown, Andy Cooper, Bill Foster, Jose Mendez, Satchel Paige, Jackie Robinson, Bullet Joe Rogan, Hilton Smith, Turkey Stearnes, Cristobal Torriente, and Willie Wells. Wilkinson joined them when he was inducted posthumously in 2006, His plaque at Cooperstown is inscribed as follows:6
LESLIE WILKINSON
"J.L." "WILKIE"
KANSAS CITY MONARCHS, 1920-1948
AN INNOVATIVE AND GENEROUS OWNER WHO FOUNDED AND OPERATED THE KANSAS CITY MONARCHS FROM 1920-1948. RESPECTED FOR HONESTY AND FAIRNESS WITH HIS PLAYERS. HIS MONARCHS DOMINATED BLACK BASEBALL, WINNING THE MOST LEAGUE TITLES AND TWO NEGRO LEAGUE WORLD SERIES CHAMPIONSHIPS. CREATED MULTI-RACIAL ALL-NATIONS BARNSTORMING TEAM THAT FLOURISHED FROM 1912-1918, THEN HELPED FOUND THE NEGRO NATIONAL LEAGUE IN 1920. DEVISED PORTABLE LIGHTING SYSTEM WHICH ALLOWED TEAMS TO PLAY NIGHT GAMES AND SURVIVE THE GREAT DEPRESSION. SENT MORE PLAYERS, INCLUDING JACKIE ROBINSON, TO MAJOR LEAGUES THAN ANY OTHER NEGRO LEAGUES OWNER.
In addition to the following sources listed below and cited in the Notes, the authors also consulted a number of web sites, including Ancestry.com, Baseball-Reference.com, www.baseballhall.org, www.entertainment, howstuffworks.com, www.iptv.org, and seamheads.com.
Clark, Dick and Larry Lester, eds. The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994).
Heaphy, Leslie A. The Negro Leagues: 1869-1960 (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2003).
Heaphy, Leslie A. Satchel Paige and Company: Essays on the Kansas City Monarchs, Their Greatest Star and the Negro Leagues (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2007).
Hogan, Lawrence. Shades of Glory: The Negro Leagues and the Story of African American Baseball (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2006).
Johnson, Lloyd, Steve Garlick, and Jeff Magaliff, eds. Unions to Royals: The Story of Professional Baseball in Kansas City (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1996).
Peterson, Robert. Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970).
Riley, James. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1994).
Tygiel, Jules. "Black Ball," in John Thorn et al., eds., Total Baseball: The Ultimate Baseball Encyclopedia (Wilmington, Delaware: Sport Media, 2004).
Young, William A. J.L. Wilkinson and the Kansas City Monarchs: Trailblazers in Black Baseball (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2016).
1 Ralph J. Christian, "Wilkie: James [sic] Leslie Wilkinson and the Iowa Years," Iowa Heritage Illustrated (Spring 2006). This is by far the most thorough account of Wilkinson's early life and start in baseball.
2 Timothy Gay, Satchel, Dizzy and Rapid Robert: The Wild Saga of Interracial Baseball Before Jackie Robinson (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010), 25-26.
3 Leroy "Satchel" Paige, as told to David Lipman, Maybe I'll Pitch Forever; A Great Baseball Player Tells the Hilarious Story Behind the Legend (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993 [1962]), 123-31.
4 Janet Bruce, The Kansas City Monarchs: Champions of Black Baseball (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1985), 112. This is the first comprehensive survey of the Monarchs, drawing on interviews with players and their families as well as the families of J.L. Wilkinson and Tom Baird.
5 Sam Mellinger, "J.L. Wilkinson: He Was a Man Apart," Kansas City Star, July 30, 2006: C1, C12.
6 http://baseballhall.org/hof/wilkinson-jl.
James Leslie Wilkinson
May 14, 1878 at Algona, IA (US)
August 21, 1964 at Kansas City, MO (US)
Hall of Fame · Executives · Negro Leaguers · 1942 Kansas City Monarchs
http://dev.sabr.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/WilkinsonJL.jpg 600 800 admin /wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sabr_logo.png admin2012-05-17 14:10:382021-09-17 01:07:17J.L. Wilkinson


text:
using System;

namespace Hanselman.Portable
{
	public class BaseModel
	{
		public BaseModel ()
		{
		}

		public string Title {get;set;}
		public string Details { get; set; }
		public int Id { get; set; }

	}
}


text:
Q: Eclipse - is it possible to jump to a particular package? Say i'm looking at some file, and i'd like to see if there are similar files in a different package. I don't really know what the different files might be called - they were coded by different people, so could well be named differently.
I do know they're probably in a package of roughly the same name - for example, if i'm looking at a file in the com.sandwiches.ham.artisan package, and i think there should be a similar (although, in this case, sadly unrelated) file in the com.sandwiches.avocado.artisan package, what is the fastest way to jump to said package and check it out?
I'm fed up of scrolling through reams of artisan sanwiches, its making me hungry.

A: Well, no matter what, you are going to have to do some typing. There is a Go-to navigation item for packages, its just not bound to any quick keys. To bind it to a key combination of your choice, do the following:
Eclipse->Preferences, and type in Keys as your filter.

Search for the Go To Package command, click on the Binding entry field, and type whatever keys you want to use for the keybindings (in my screenshot I have it set to Command-Shift-0). Then click OK to save and close the preferences dialog.
After that, typing your chosen key bindings will bring up a package explorer that lets you type in whatever package you want and navigate to it.

A: From the Breadcrumb (press Alt+Shift+B to open it) it is quite quick to navigate your way through the sandwich menu ehm I meant packages structure...

A: Ctrl + Shift + R its a good shortcut to find files in every package in your proyects, i use it everytime... hope it help...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Be alerted when Willie Nelson - Last Man Standing (Vinyl LP) is back in stock.
A notification will be sent to when the Willie Nelson - Last Man Standing (Vinyl LP) is back in stock.
First Album of All Willie Nelson Originals in 22 Years!
Arriving just in time for Willie Nelson's 85th birthday, Last Man Standing, comprised entirely of songs newly-penned by Willie (and longtime collaborator and producer Buddy Cannon), is the worthy successor to 2017's God's Problem Child, which showcased seven Nelson-Cannon compositions and debuted at No. 1 on the Country charts. Willie and Buddy have been working together since 2008 with Cannon producing more than a dozen of the music legend's albums.
The songwriting duo deploys a unique strategy of shared composition, beginning with back-and-forth text messaging of lyrics with the melodies. On Last Man Standing, Nelson and Cannon's unorthodox approach generated 11 original songs, "Willie's a jazz singer and jazz player. He's an improvisational musician. It's different every time. Get a good take and go with it," says Cannon. With Last Man Standing, Nelson has added 11 essential new songs to his classic catalog. One of Willie's most personal and introspective albums to-date, Last Man Standing reveals the emotional range of Willie's concerns, from the deeply reflective ("Something You Get Through," to the rollicking and playful ("Me and You," "Ready to Roar").


text:
O'Connor–Parkview
Title: O'Connor–Parkview
Subject: List of neighbourhoods in Toronto
O'Connor-Parkview
Houses in Topham Park
The three neighbourhoods of the area
Coordinates: 43°42′20″N 79°18′46″W / 43.70556°N 79.31278°W / 43.70556; -79.31278Coordinates: 43°42′20″N 79°18′46″W / 43.70556°N 79.31278°W / 43.70556; -79.31278
Toronto & East York
Changed Municipality
1924 East York from York
1998 Toronto fromEast York
• MP
Matthew Kellway (Beaches-East York)
• MPP
Michael Prue (Beaches-East York)
• Councillor
Janet Davis (Ward 31 Beaches-East York)
O'Connor–Parkview is a neighbourhood in the East York area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. While the name is taken from the definition used by the city of Toronto, local residents are more familiar with the niche areas that define the larger neighbourhood. It is a very diverse neighbourhood that includes English and Greeks in the west to the Tamil speakers in the east. It includes low-income highrises, to huge property lots. The smaller areas included inside the neighbourhood are Topham Park, Woodbine Gardens and Parkview Hills.
Located southeast of the Don Valley, the neighbourhood is bordered on the South by Taylor-Massey Creek (which flows west into the Don), to the east by Victoria Park Avenue and to the north by Holland Avenue.
Neighborhood sections
Topham Park represents the upper East side of this neighbourhood and could well be described as quaint. A quick trip through the neighbourhood (which is all it takes) and you will see Topham Park, many residents enjoying their front parks and a very consistent feel. The rising tide in Toronto real estate fortunes over the years does not seem to have affected the style of this neighbourhood.
Woodbine Gardens, located south of Topham Park (they border on St.Clair) is bordered to the south by Taylor-Massey Creek (Don). The houses range from bungalows, two story houses all the way to high-rise affordable housing units. The high rise units which oversee the former golf course give onlookers a view at the relatively large properties in the area.
Parkview Hills, while significantly north of the Danforth, boasts a large Greek styled community. Parkview Hills, like most of O'Connor Parkview, has a large mix of ethnicity, income levels and housing types. The property values in this niche area continue to far surpass (on average) those in the rest of the neighbourhood. Again, property sizes are quite large and more recent work on these homes have boosted their value over the past 10 years. This area is considered the "Rosedale" of the former borough of East York.
Crescent Town Elementary School - An elementary public school located at 4 Massey Square. The school was established in 1973. Notable alumni of the school include Kiefer Sutherland.
Presteign Heights Elementary School- An elementary public school located at 2570 St.Clair Ave E. The school was established in 1951.
Toronto information
Old East York Clairlea (Scarborough)
Neighbourhoods in Toronto
Bloor West Village
Bloordale Village
Bracondale Hill
Brockton Village
Carleton Village
Chaplin Estates
Church and Wellesley
Davisville Village
Discovery District
Dovercourt Park
Earlscourt
East Bayfront District
East Danforth
Harbord Village
High Park North
Junction Triangle
Lytton Park
Playter Estates
Port Lands
Queen Street West
Railway Lands
St. James Town
Seaton Village
Trinity–Bellwoods
Upper Beaches
Uptown Toronto
West Don Lands
Wychwood Park
Bayview Woods – Steeles
Clanton Park
Humbermede
Jane and Finch
North York Centre
Parkway Forest
Pelmo Park – Humberlea
Victoria Village
Westminster–Branson
York University Heights
Bendale
Brown's Corners
Clairlea
Cliffcrest
Dorset Park
Guildwood
Highland Creek
Ionview
L'Amoreaux
Port Union
Scarborough City Centre
Scarborough Junction
Scarborough Village
Steeles
Tam O'Shanter – Sullivan
West Hill
West Rouge
Edenbridge–Humber Valley
The Elms
Eringate – Centennial – West Deane
Humber Heights – Westmount
Islington-City Centre West
Humberwood
Kingsview Village–The Westway
Markland Wood
New Toronto
Princess–Rosethorn
Rexdale
Richview
The Queensway – Humber Bay
Thistletown
Baby Point
Humewood–Cedarvale
Little Jamaica
Mount Dennis
Oakwood Village
Rockcliffe–Smythe
Tichester
Governor's Bridge
Leaside
Old East York
Pape Village
Thorncliffe Park
Italics indicate neighbourhoods now defunct. For information on the evolution of each neighbourhood in general, see History of neighbourhoods in Toronto.
Toronto, Metropolitan Toronto, York, Toronto, North York, Etobicoke
Ontario, Canada, New York City, Greater Toronto Area, Atlanta
York, Ontario
Toronto, Canada, Latin, Ontario, North York
Senate of Canada, Canada, House of Commons of Canada, Ontario, New Brunswick
Delhi, India, Puducherry, New South Wales, Western Australia


text:
Why France isn't part of Britain
Mike@bitaboutbritain 16th March 2016 20th May 2019 History
Last Updated on 20th May 2019
Problems with close neighbours
You may have noticed that France isn't part of Britain. But at one time the Kings of England ruled enormous chunks of what is now France. The French Connection all began when Duke William of Normandy became King William I of England in 1066. Under his great-grandson, Henry II (1133-1189), the so-called 'Angevin Empire' stretched from Scotland to the Pyrenees and included Normandy, Maine, Brittany, Anjou, Touraine, Aquitaine, Gascony and Toulouse.
Neighbours occasionally fall out (one of ours causes no end of trouble) and by the 14th century, the King of England's lands across the Channel had been reduced to just Gascony. In 1337, King Philip VI of France seized parts of Gascony, which belonged to the English crown by inheritance. Edward III of England, who was also irritated by French support for Scottish raids and piracy against English ships, responded by pressing his own claim to the throne of France – which some argued was better than Philip's (Philip was cousin to the previous king, Charles IV, and Edward was Charles' nephew on his mother's side – but French law did not accept succession through the female line). Thus began what history knows as 'The Hundred Years War' – which actually spanned 116 years.
So Edward invaded France in 1346, winning a resounding victory against superior odds at the Battle of Crécy. Crécy is considered a military milestone because the French cavalry was overwhelmed by English and Welsh archers; nobility was defeated by a largely peasant army that fought on foot. One of France's allies at the battle was blind King John of Bohemia who, possibly unsurprisingly, was slain during the fighting. Legend has it that the 16 year old Prince of Wales, Edward of Woodstock, was so moved by this sacrifice that he plucked the dead king's three ostrich feathers from the battlefield and adopted them and the motto, Ich dien ('I serve') as his heraldic device. The legend is somewhat dodgy, but it's a good story and the badge of the Prince of Wales – three white ostrich feathers on a black background – definitely dates from this time. This particular Prince of Wales is also known to history as 'the Black Prince', possibly because he wore black armour; or, some say, because he allegedly had a brutal temper and reputation, which included the (disputed) slaughter of 3,000 citizens of Limoges.
After Crécy, King Edward laid siege to Calais for eleven months. At the end of this, the townsfolk were starving and another story can be added to the annals of Anglo-French history. It goes that six burghers (officials) came to Edward, offering their lives if he would spare their fellow citizens. The King's wife, Philippa of Hainault (in what is now northern France), pleaded for the men's lives and the King graciously gave in. Anyway, Calais was taken and remained English for the next 200 years.
The Prince of Wales, Edward of Woodstock (he was never known as the Black Prince in his lifetime), invaded France again in 1356, winning another famous victory that year at the Battle of Poitiers. During the battle, the French King, John II, was taken prisoner and subsequently held captive in the Tower of London, as well as in the sumptuous Savoy Palace – which used to stand on the site of the famous hotel, on London's Strand. The French King joined the King of Scotland, David II, in captivity. (David had been captured by the English at the Battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham, in 1346.) Eventually, an enormous ransom was settled for John's return to France – although he died before he could be released – and both sides agreed territorial concessions. However, in 1369, the French got a new, vigorous, king, Charles V. The English were driven back and the French threatened the English coast – for example, attacking Portsmouth in 1369, 1377 and 1380.
French resurgence introduced a period of relative calm in Anglo-French affairs. Edward III was ill and died in 1377. His heir, Edward of Woodstock, had died in 1376, leaving the throne of England to the King's ten year old grandson, Richard II. The young King Richard had to contend with revolting peasants (the Peasants' Revolt of 1381) and, eventually, being overthrown by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, who became Henry IV and probably had poor Richard starved to death in Pontefract Castle. Henry, in turn, was also preoccupied with rebellion at home and war in Wales and it was his son, Prince Hal, who as Henry V decided to revisit the English King's claim to the throne of France.
Henry V set sail for France in August 1415 with an army of about 10,000 men. Incidentally, this venture was partly financed by one Richard (Dick) Whittington – not a pantomime figure, but a real person who really was mayor of London. Anyway, landing in Normandy, Henry laid siege to Harfleur, which surrendered after about a month. His forces depleted by illness, Henry was forced to abandon a planned march on Paris and instead headed north to Calais. He found his way barred near the village of Azincourt by a French army which outnumbered the by now very hungry English by about four to one. However, though estimates of precise numbers vary considerably, the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415 was another triumphant victory for the English. It is said that the cream of French nobility perished in the bloody mud of Agincourt – and, controversially, many prisoners were also murdered on Henry's orders. Supported by the Duke of Burgundy, Henry went on to reconquer Normandy. Finally, the French gave in. In 1420, the Treaty of Troyes agreed that Henry's heirs would be kings of France and he married Catherine of Valois, daughter of the French King, Charles the Mad.
But, after ten years on the throne, Henry died of dysentery in 1422 leaving the kingdom of England in the care of regents for his 9-month old son, Henry VI. In 1429, events turned again. Joan of Arc, allegedly motivated by visions from God to drive out 'les Roastbeefs', began the French recovery by inspiring the recapture of Orléans. She was later burnt at the stake by the English. Despite Henry VI being crowned King of France at Notre-Dame in 1431, the French gradually regained most of the captured territory. Maine and Anjou were handed over as part of the Treaty of Tours, an agreement for a 20-year peace which included Henry's marriage to Margaret of Anjou in 1445. The peace was soon broken. The decisive French victory at Castillon in 1453 is generally thought to mark the end of the war. The English still had Calais, but the loss of territory was hugely unpopular and is often cited as one of the reasons for dissatisfaction with the reign of Henry VI and the Lancastrian party, leading to the terrible English civil war, the Wars of the Roses.
The battles of the Hundred Years War were dominated by the fearsome English (and Welsh) terror weapon, the longbow, and by the emerging use of cannon. Whether England could ever have won the war is doubtful; armies operated far from home, with long supply-lines, often in hostile territory and were habitually decimated by hunger and disease, notably dysentery. At times, English soldiers were reduced to violent banditry.
Essentially, the Hundred Years War was an inter-dynastic conflict, which had been off and on since 1066, over who ruled in France – and which the King of France ultimately won. King Edward III of England was as much French as English, and French was still the official language of the law in England at the time. Many modern legal terms – for example 'attorney', 'bailiff' and 'defendant' – are derived from French. Though 'nations' did not exist in the way we understand them, the Hundred Years War did help develop separate national identities on both sides of the Channel. Henry V was actually the first King of England to communicate primarily in English, the language of his people.
As a footnote, the English monarch's claim to the French throne was only given up in 1801.
← Whatever happened to Wales?
When death walked the land →
Uffington's White Horse – etc
I'd tell you a tale of a battle fought and won, a […]
Castle of the Pendragon?
The River Eden begins life high on the moors above the […]
Days out can be expensive. But there are thousands of […]
Molly visits Pevensey Castle, a Very Important Place
We bowled up to Pevensey Castle on a blue-sky day in […]
Berry Pomeroy Castle
Is Berry Pomeroy one of the most haunted castles in […]
Ferry to Howtown
Here is your mission today, should you choose to […]
A Christmas Carol – a ghost story of Christmas
"I have endeavoured in this Ghostly little book, to […]
Lawrence of Arabia's bolt-hole
A tiny cottage, close to the Dorset HQ of the Royal […]
London's Temple Bar
Mention the Temple Bar and my thoughts inevitably turn […]
Have a brief encounter at a railway station
You can have a cup of tea ("the sugar's in the […]
St JOHN'S COLLEGE, Cambridge
CENTRE of SCOTLAND
CONWY CASTLE
MELLERSTAIN HOUSE
CAIRNGORMS (The)
TOWER of LONDON (The)
VICTORIA and ALBERT MUSEUM (The)


C3 Teknologies offers a suite of cloud communication services that allow your customers to create customized solutions that provide the tools and processes to do business smarter, improve organizational efficiencies and the bottom line.
Your business is our business – we're committed to your success!
Our partners success is our priority! Our technical team has the knowledge and expertise to manage, identify, and proactively resolve issues when they arise allowing us to provide maximum network performance, quality of service, and a world-class customer care experience. Our partners have access to our systems engineers for sales support, setups, and live demos.
Your customers will benefit from our dedication to value, technology, and customer service, while you get industry-leading residual commissions paid on time for the life of your customer.
C3Tek offers the best-of-breed unified communications service which enables the user to collaborate in real-time with their peers from any PC or mobile communications device. Email, IM/chat, desktop sharing, and video conferencing are all integrated into one easy-to-use centralized application.


text:
Portland Food Tours
Tastes of Downtown
Downtown Brunch Walk
Arts District Tour
Chocolate City Tour
Food Carts & Food Halls
NW Portland Breweries Tour
Eat Vacations
England Tour
Spain Tour
Angie Johnson
My "ah-ha" moment came during a spontaneous trip to Vancouver B.C., when I realized the nine-five just wasn't going to cut it for my wanderlust nature. Three years later, and over 30 countries under my belt I'm still seeking new adventures, many of which curiously revolve around lunch. Since it seems this food-centric travel thing is in my blood for good, guiding fellow foodie adventurers through my fabulous Pacific Northwest backyard seems a perfect fit!
The best thing I ever ate: One of the things I love most about being a food tour guide in Portland is that I get to show-off some of my favorite spots. Having said this, it's extremely hard to nail-down one place that's better than the rest, in part because chef's are continuously changing their menus depending on what's in season, but also because I'm always trying out new places under the guise of "research". But, if you're going to make me choose just one meal that haunts my dreams, I once had this ricotta gnocchi dish with fried zucchini flowers and finished with a light honey drizzle that made me want to lick the bowl clean.
Pat Janowski
While I've called a lot of places home (Chicago, New York, California, France), I've lived in Portland for 27 years. During that time, I have enjoyed watching our food scene grow from a small, devoted coterie of chefs and foodies into the internationally known powerhouse it is today.
At home, I am an avid scratch cook. I especially love working with ingredients sourced from my backyard garden, and trying out my culinary experiments on unsuspecting friends and family.
Professionally, I put my science background to immediate use after graduate school, writing for many years on subjects ranging from particle physics to science policy for publications such as Discover and Scientific American. In the last decade I've turned my writing focus to creative nonfiction, while also growing my other careers as an actor and a musician.
What all these have in common is storytelling, and over the past seven years, I've been able to combine many of my passions as a Portland tour guide. That I can lead tours that also focus on food is the icing on the cake (nyuk nyuk). Let me show you around the town that I love, and feed you delicious food!
Paul Gerald
My dream has always been to go to interesting places, meet interesting people, have interesting experiences, and then tell people about it.
I have worked as a travel, outdoors and sports writer for almost 30 years, and one day I realized that my favorite way to write about a place was to describe eating breakfast there. Somehow, breakfast summed up everything I love about travel: food, community, and getting start on a whole new day full of who knows what. So I developed a "Breakfast in …" theme in my travel writing, and then it occurred to me to write a whole book about breakfast places in Portland.
That was Breakfast in Bridgetown: The Definitive Guide to Portland's Favorite Meal. To research the three editions I ate breakfast in more than 200 locations in and around the city over several years, and it confirmed everything I believed: You want to know a city, find out what and where it eats. And now I can't wait to tell people all about what and where Portland eats!
Donna Kay Yarborough
I was raised in coastal Texas by Louisiana-born parents, where food is the language of love. My fondest childhood memories involve crawfish, catfish, sausage, shrimp, oysters, okra, brisket, boudain, and my daddy's red beans and rice.
When I moved to Portland a decade ago, my change of location (and my changing digestion) led me to begin exploring all the culinary delights the area has to offer. I have become "spoilt" by the food diversity and attention to quality that exists on all levels here—from food carts to fine dining to happy hour to the grocery store shelves. Whether it's pretty or whether it's ugly, I love food that is made WITH love. There is ALWAYS something new to discover, and I hope you'll join me on that adventure...even if none of it beats my daddy's red beans and rice.
Outside of tours, I work as a medical actor, do children's musicals, perform improv, write original comedy music, and share my solo storytelling shows. People tell me I'm funny—I hope you think so, too.
Adam Sawyer
Growing up in the 70's, I was raised on microwaved, boxed, and canned meals. Moving to Portland was a culinary game changer for me. Arriving in one of the best growing regions anywhere at the same time that the Farm to Table movement was settling in turned me into a vegetable-loving locavore almost overnight.
In addition to being a PDX foodie guide, I spend my time as a food, drink, and outdoor writer and photographer. Online, I write for Eater PDX and in print, my work has appeared in Portland Monthly, 1859, Northwest Travel & Life, and Backpacker magazines. I am also the author of the guidebooks Hiking Waterfalls in Oregon, Best Outdoor Adventures Near Portland, 25 Hikes on Oregon's Tillamook Coast, and the forthcoming Unique Eats & Eateries: Portland.
From an early age I have been obsessed with food, but it wasn't until my epic round the world trip that I began to see how large a role it played in my daily life. I watched as the motivation for my travels slowly morphed from hitting major landmarks and sightseeing, to seeking out and sampling the very best food the various cultures and countries had to offer. This philosophy still holds true, and I often find my free time spent exploring the corners of Portland, checking out the endless restaurants and food carts this foodie city has to offer. I can't wait to show you some of my favorite spots.
info@eatadventures.com
Portland Tours
Our Tours In The News
Want Our Best Food Tour Deals?
We send out our best deals or happenings in a tasty newsletter. No spam, only value.
Eat Adventures ™ Monday 18th of January 2021 / Privacy
Due to COVID-19, we are unable to run food tours in Portland at this time.
We're looking forward to resuming our eating adventures, so please sign up here to receive an alert when tours resume.
– Your Eat Team