The method and device for fermentatively producing biogas with high methane rate, comprise dosingly supplying hydrogen-producing bacteria (6d), which are cultured in a hydrogen fermenter (3) and in a methane fermenter (4), dosingly introducing gaseous hydrogen into the methane fermenter, dosingly supplying specially prepared organic material (6e) into the methane fermenter, which microfinely distributes the hydrogen and/or contains metastably bonded form, ensuring stable microorganisms with high loading rates (OLR greater than 2.5 kg(TS) m -> 3>d -> 1>) using an intelligent process controller. The method and device for fermentatively producing biogas with high methane rate, comprise dosingly supplying hydrogen-producing bacteria (6d), which are cultured in a hydrogen fermenter (3), and in a methane fermenter (4), dosingly introducing gaseous hydrogen into the methane fermenter, dosingly supplying specially prepared organic material (6e) into the methane fermenter, which microfinely distributes the hydrogen and/or contains metastably bonded form, ensuring stable microorganisms with high loading rates (OLR greater than 2.5 kg(TS) m -> 3>d -> 1>) and high specific gasification rate (GPR greater than 0.5 m 3>/kg(TS)) using an intelligent process controller, adjusting the organic supply, microorganism supply, additive supply and hydrogen introduction in a coordinated manner and ensuring stable microbiological situation using an adaptive controller, and carrying out an anaerobic fermentation using a combined pack-agitated anaerobic special hydrogen fermenter. The control is carried out on the basis of adaptive algorithms such as a model reference process using a self-tuning-regulator. The regulator uses the organic supply, microorganism supply, additive supply and hydrogen introduction into the methane fermenter, hydrogen gas concentration in the hydrogen fermenter and methane gas concentration in the methane fermenter as input parameters. The actual value of temperature or gas pressure is used as additional input parameters. The regulator uses the methane concentration and the total gas quantity at the exit of the methane fermenter and/or a post-fermenter (8) as priority target parameter, and uses the quantity and time intervals of the organic supply and the hydrogen introduction as priority correcting variables. The additive supply into the fermenters is used as secondary correcting variable, which receives with a weighting factor of less than 1 in the error computation of the control deviation. A high specific biogas gasification rate (GPR s p e zgreater than 0.5 m 3>/kg o(TS)) is reached with a hybrid fermenter with simultaneous low retention time (HRT less than 20 d), high loading rate (OLR greater than 3.0 kg o(TS) m -> 3>d -> 1>) and stable microbiological situation indicated by the pH value of 7.2-7.7. The hydrogen-producing microorganisms are Escherichia coliand/or Lactobacilli-containing mixed culturesand Clostridia-containing mixed cultures, which are selected, enriched and/or concentrated by a special conditioning process, and is cultured in the special hydrogen fermenter. The hydrogen fermenter is disposed over a fluidized bed construction present in the lower half of a container and over paddle stirring blades. The fluidized bed construction is flowed through with gas from downside. The gas is introduced over an injection device. The paddle stirring blades are placed on a vertically arranged agitator axis. One of the paddle stirring blades is positioned above the fluidized bed. The hydrogen fermenter is disposed to an inlet present in the bottom area of the container. A substrate is supplied over the inlet, so that the fluidized bed flows through from downside. An outlet is present itself in the upper third of the container. The process is a wet fermentation process. The hydrogen fermenter and the methane fermenter are coupled with one another regarding the substrate flow. The combination of the hydrogen fermenter and the methane fermenter is indicated as the hybrid fermenter. Several hydrogen fermenters are switched in rows. The base materials of the bacteria and the organic material are completely or partially injected into the subsequent hydrogen fermenter. The different hydrogen fermenters are exposed with different operational parameters (adjusted pH value, temperature, OLR and HRT) over the regulator. The organic material added into the methane fermenter consists of a mixture of organic acids or pure carbonic acids such as acetic acid and lactic acid, and cellulose. The added organic acids are fermentatively produced, and are produced from plant raw and residual material by fermenting biomass. The introduced hydrogen is produced from renewable sources by fermenting biomass. The introduction of the hydrogen into the methane fermenter is carried out in liquid-phase bonded form or in the gaseous state. The microbiological process stability is controlled over a laser-optical infrared sensor for on-line measurement of organic acids and content of dry substances.
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur fermentativen Herstellung von methanreichem Biogas. The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the fermentative production of methane rich biogas.
Anlagen zur Erzeugung und Verwertung von Biogas (Methan) sind seit langem bekannt. Equipment for the production and utilization of biogas (methane) have long been known. Der Hauptgrund für Bau und Betrieb derartiger Anlagen ist die energetische Nutzung des Biogases. The main reason for the construction and operation of such plants is the energetic use of biogas. Biogasanlagen beruhen in den meisten Fällen auf der Vergärung von festen organischen Reststoffen, beispielsweise aus der Landwirtschaft und der Lebensmittelindustrie (sz B. Biogas plants based in most cases on the digestion of solid organic waste, for example, from agriculture and the food industry (see, eg, DE 19615551 C2 DE 19615551 C2 , . DE 3737870 C2 DE 3737870 C2 , . DE 3529461 C2 DE 3529461 C2 , . EP 0167696 EP 0167696 ). ). Bei der Nassvergärung werden die og festen organischen Reststoffe mit Hilfe einer geeigneten Vorrichtung in ein dickflüssiges, pumpfähiges Medium umgewandelt, unter Zumischung von Frisch- oder Prozesswasser. In the wet fermentation the above solid organic waste is converted with the aid of a suitable device in a thick, pumpable medium, with the addition of fresh water or process water. Die in der Biomasse enthaltenen polymeren, organischen Moleküle werden mit Hilfe von Mikroorganismen unter Sauerstoffabschluss (dh anaerob) abgebaut, wobei ua Methan gebildet werden kann, so dass auch von einer Biomethanisierung gesprochen wird. The polymeric organic molecules contained in the biomass to be degraded by microorganisms under anaerobic conditions (ie, anaerobic), and may be formed, inter alia, methane, so that also spoken by a biomethanation.
Biogasanlagen ermöglichen die nachhaltige Erzeugung von Strom und Wärme durch eine Vergärung organischer Reststoffe (Biotonne, industrielle Reststoffe) oder nachwachsender Rohstoffe. Biogas plants enable the sustainable production of electricity and heat by an anaerobic digestion of organic waste (compost bin, industrial residues) or renewable raw materials. Ein erwünschter Nebeneffekt ist die Düngewertverbesserung durch die Einsparung mineralischer Düngestoffe bei der Ausbringung des Gärrestes als organischer Stickstoffdünger, wie z. A desired side effect is the improvement fertilizing value by saving mineral fertilizer substances during application of the digestate as an organic nitrogen fertilizer such. B. in B. DE 3341027 C2 DE 3341027 C2 beschrieben. described.
Aus dem Stand der Technik bekannte Biogasanlagen umfassen als Hauptkomponenten eine Substratversorgung, Fermenter, optionale Nachgärer, Gas- und Substratleitungen, Pumpen, Ventile sowie eine Einrichtung zur Umwandlung der in dem Biogas enthaltenen Energie, wobei üblicherweise ein Blockheizkraftwerk (BHKW) mit einem Zündstrahlmotor bzw. einem Gasmotor eingesetzt wird. include from the prior art known biogas plants as main components, a substrate supply, fermenters, optional post-fermenter, gas and substrate lines, pumps, valves, and means for converting the energy contained in the biogas, usually a CHP (CHP) with a dual fuel engine or a gas engine is used. Das BHKW und die Anlagentechnik (Pumpen, Ventile, Wärmetauscher) werden bei Anlagen heutiger Bauart häufig in Standardcontainern vormontiert, wie beispielsweise in The CHP and the system equipment (pumps, valves, heat exchangers) are frequently pre-assembled in systems of current design in standard containers, such as in DE 102004 062993 A1 DE 102004 062993 A1 und and DE 199 58142 A1 DE 199 58142 A1 beschrieben. described. Sämtliche in Biogasanlagen ablaufenden Vorgänge werden üblicherweise durch eine zentrale Einheit überwacht und gesteuert. All running in a biogas plant operations are usually monitored by a central unit and controlled. Bestandteil dieser zentralen Einheit ist eine digitale Prozesssteuerung, die im Allgemeinen eine SPS (speicherprogrammierbare Steuerung) beinhaltet. Part of this central unit, a digital process controller which is generally a PLC (programmable logic controller) is included.
Unter Fachleuten gibt es Einigkeit, dass die Entwicklung und Umsetzung von modernen Regelungssystemen für die Prozessoptimierung ebenso wichtig sind wie Verbesserungen im Bereich der Mikrobiologie. Among experts, there is agreement that the development and implementation of modern control systems for process optimization are as important as improvements in the field of microbiology. Beide Themengebiete sollten miteinander verknüpft werden, um nachhaltige Verbesserungen zu erzielen (z. B. Both topics should be linked in order to achieve sustainable improvements (eg. B. ). ). Das Ziel der Prozessoptimierung sollen neben einer erhöhten Betriebsstabilität eine höhere spezifische Biogasbildungsrate sein. The goal of process optimization will be in addition to increased operational stability a higher specific biogas production rate. Letztere ist normalerweise verbunden mit einer reduzierten Verweildauer im Fermenter. The latter is usually associated with a reduced residence time in the fermenter.
Unter dem Begriff "Verweildauer" (HRT) wird die Zeit verstanden, die sich das Substrat durchschnittlich in dem Fermenter (Bioreaktor), in dem der Vergärungsprozess stattfindet, aufhält. Unter "Biogasbildungsrate" (GPR) wird die pro Zeiteinheit gebildete Menge Biogas verstanden. By the term "dwell time" (HRT), the time is to be understood that the substrate on average in the fermenter (Bioreactor), in which the fermentation process takes place, is staying. By "biogas formation rate" (GPR) is formed per unit time amount of biogas is understood. Die "volumetrische Biogasbildungsrate" ist die pro Zeiteinheit und Volumen vergorenen Substrats gebildete Menge Biogas. Bei der "spezifischen Biogasbildungsrate" wird die Biogasbildungsrate nicht auf das Volumen des durchgesetzten Substrats bezogen, sondern auf den Gehalt an organischem Material in dem Substrat, der beispielsweise als Masse organischer Trockensubstanz (oTS) angegeben wird. Die spezifische Biogasbildungsrate (spez. GPR) ist eine verrechnete Größe zur Gasbildung. Sie wird errechnet aus der Gasbildung je Volumeneinheit Substrat und Zeiteinheit, wobei der organische Trockensubstanzgehalt pro Volumeneinheit Substrat anstelle der Volumeneinheit eingesetzt wird. Die spezifische Biogasbildungsrate sagt direkt etwas über die Abbaurate aus und wird beispielsweise in m 3 gebildetem Biogas pro kg oTS des vergorenen Substrats angegeben. The "volumetric biogas formation rate" is formed per unit time and volume fermented substrate amount of biogas. The "specific biogas production rate" the biogas production rate is not based on the volume of the enforced substrate but on the content of organic material in the substrate, for example, as mass organic dry substance (oTS) is specified. the specific biogas production rate (esp. GPR) is a netted size to gas formation. It is calculated from the formation of gas per unit volume of substrate and unit time, wherein the organic dry matter content per unit volume of substrate is used instead of the unit of volume. the specific biogas production rate says directly about the degradation rate and, for example, in m 3 biogas formed per kg VS of the fermented substrate.
Der Methangehalt von NaWaRo-Biogasanlagen gemäß dem heutigen Stand der Technik liegt zwischen 52% und 57%. The methane content of NaWaRo biogas installations according to the state of the art lies between 52% and 57%. Die Verweildauer beträgt bei Mais-GPS (Ganzpflanzensilage) typisch 25 bis 45 Tage. The residence time is in corn-GPS (whole plant silage) is typically 25 to 45 days ago. Die spezifische Gasbildungsrate liegt beim Substrat Mais-GPS zwischen 0,4 und 0,8 m 3 /kg TS (Werte It. FNR, ATB, BayLFU). The specific gas formation rate is at substrate corn GPS between 0.4 and 0.8 m 3 / kg TS (value It. FNR, ATB, BayLfU). Die genauen Werte sind im Einzelfall abhängig von Beladungsrate (OLR), Verweilzeit (HRT), pH-Wert und mikrobiologischer Situation. The exact values are in a particular case depends on loading rate (OLR), retention time (HRT), pH and microbiological situation.
Typische Eingangsgrößen für die Regelung des Bioprozesses in einem Fermenter sind pH-Wert, der Methangehalt im Biogas und die spezifische Biogasbildungsrate. Typical input parameters for the regulation of the bioprocess in a fermenter are pH, the content of methane in the biogas and the specific biogas production rate. Die wichtigste Ausgangsvariable für einen klassischen Biogasprozess ist die Organikzufuhr in den Fermenter hinein. The most important output variable for a classic biogas process is the Organikzufuhr into the fermenter into it. Diese auch als Beladungsrate (OLR = organic loading rate) bezeichnete Prozessgröße beschreibt die Zufuhr von organischem Material; This as loading rate (OLR = organic loading rate) designated process variable describes the supply of organic material; häufig verwendete Einheiten sind kg oTS m –3 d –1 oder t TS m –3 d –1 . units are frequently used oTS kg m -3 d -1 or t TS m -3 d -1. Typische Werte für die Beladungsrate liegen bei NaWaRo-Biogasanlagen zwischen 1,2 und 2,5 kg oTS m –3 d –1 OLR-Werte > 2,5 kg oTS m –3 d –1 führen häufig zu einer Überlastungssituation und einem mikrobiologischen Absturz des Fermenters. Typical values for the loading rate will be NaWaRo biogas plants from 1.2 to 2.5 kg VS m -3 d -1 OLR values> 2,5 kg oDS m -3 d -1 often result in an overload situation and a microbiological crash the fermenter. Durch leistungsfähige Regelungsverfahren versucht man heute, derartige Überlastungen zu vermeiden. By powerful regulatory procedure is now trying to avoid such overloads.
In In DE 10 2004 037 798 A1 DE 10 2004 037 798 A1 wird beispielsweise eine Fuzzy-Regelung beschrieben, bei der die drei Parameter pH-Wert im Reaktor, Methangehalt im Biogas und spezifische Biogasbildungsrate (als oTS·l –1 ·d –1 ) als Eingangsgrößen für die Regelung verwendet werden. a fuzzy control is described, for example, in which the three parameters of pH in the reactor, methane content in biogas and specific biogas production rate (as oTS · l -1 · d -1) are used as input variables for the control. Ausgangsvariable und Stellgröße ist die Organikzufuhr in den Bioreaktor, dh die OLR. Output variable and control variable is the Organikzufuhr into the bioreactor, ie the OLR. Durch diese Fuzzy-Regelung soll bei geeignetem, schnell abbaubaren Substrat (Rübenmuß) die Gasrate um bis zu 300% gesteigert werden. By this fuzzy control (Rübenmuß) to the gas rate be increased by up to 300% at a suitable, rapidly degradable substrate.
Weitere Verfahren, insbesondere biophysikalische Verfahren, zur Steigerung der Umsatzrate (Organik bzw. Biomasse) und Gasrate sind aus Other methods, in particular biophysical methods for increasing the conversion rate (organic or biomass) and gas rate are of DE 100 11728 B4 DE 100 11728 B4 und and DE 100 34750 A1 DE 100 34750 A1 bekannt. known. In In DE 100 11728 64 DE 100 11728 64 wird ein Verfahren zur Leistungssteigerung mikrobiologischer Systeme beschrieben, das im Kläranlagenbereich erfolgreich erprobt wurde. a method to increase performance of microbiological systems is described, which has been successfully tested in the field of wastewater treatment. Das dabei auftretende Phänomen der "biologischen Resonanz" beruht auf einer periodischen Stimulation des Überschwingverhaltens der Enzymkonzentration während der Induktionsphase der Proteinsynthese mit der Eigenfrequenz des mikrobiellen Systems. Dieses Phänomen charakterisiert sich durch eine deutliche Zunahme der spezifischen Enzymsyntheserate in Abhängigkeit von äußeren Prozessparametem (z. B. Intervalldauer iterativer Substratbeschickung). Das in The thereby occurring phenomenon of "biological response" is based on a periodic stimulation of the overshoot behavior of the enzyme concentration during the induction phase of protein synthesis with the natural frequency of the microbial system. This phenomenon is characterized by a marked increase in the specific enzyme synthesis rate in dependence on external process parameters (eg. B . interval duration iterative substrate feed). The in DE 100 34750 DE 100 34750 vorgestellte BMSR-Verfahren verwendet elektromagnetische Schwebungsresonanzfelder zur biophysikalischen Stimulation. Automatic presented method uses electromagnetic fields for beat resonance biophysical stimulation. Das BMSR-Verfahren bewirkt eine Wachstums- bzw. Stoffwechselsteigerung bei den Mikroorganismen und eine entsprechend erhöhte Gasproduktion. The Automatic method causes a growth or metabolic increase in the microorganisms and a correspondingly increased gas production.
Heutige Biogasanlagen beschränken sich in vielen Fallen auf eine einfache Temperaturregelung der Fermenterheizung, wie z. Today's biogas plants are limited in many cases to a simple temperature control of the fermenter heating such. B. in B. DE 19937876 C2 DE 19937876 C2 beschrieben. described. Leistungsfähigere Verfahren beziehen den pH-Wert als zentrale Regelgröße ein, wie z. More efficient methods involve the pH value as the central controlled variable such. B. in B. DE 10 2004 037 798 A1 DE 10 2004 037 798 A1 und in and in DE 10316680 A1 DE 10316680 A1 beschrieben. described. Die Gärtemperatur und der pH-Wert haben wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Gärprozess. The fermentation temperature and pH have a significant impact on the fermentation process. In Bezug auf die Gärtemperatur wird zwischen mesophiler und thermophiler Betriebsweise unterschieden. With respect to the fermentation temperature is a distinction between mesophilic and thermophilic operation. Im Temperaturbereich von etwa 25–40°C spricht man von mesophiler Betriebsweise, bei Temperaturen im Bereich von etwa 41–60°C von thermophiler Betriebsweise. In the temperature range of about 25-40 ° C is referred to as mesophilic operation, at temperatures in the range of about 41-60 ° C of thermophilic operation. Die Organikzufuhr erfolgt in den meisten heutigen Biogasanlagen nur gesteuert (dh ohne Regelrückkopplung). The Organikzufuhr takes place in most of today's biogas plants only controlled (ie without control feedback).
Moderne regelungstechnische Verfahren wie Zustandsregler mit Beobachter, Kalmanfilter, Neuronale Netze oder Fuzzy-Control benötigen erheblich mehr Rechenleistung (instructions per second), als auf einer typischen SPS zur Verfügung stehen. Modern control engineering processes such as state controller with observer, Kalman filters, neural networks or fuzzy control require significantly more processing power (instructions per second) when standing on a typical PLC. Daher können solche Verfahren gegenwärtig nur auf einem DSP oder einer PC-Plattform als Kontrollmodul (z. B. einer Soft-SPS) implementiert werden. Therefore, such methods can only be implemented on a DSP or a PC platform as a control module (z. B. a soft-PLC) present. Klassische regelungstechnische Verfahren wie PID-Controller stoßen im Biogasbereich schnell an ihre Grenzen, da sich ein Fermenter nicht wie ein lineares und zeitinvariantes System verhält. Classic technical control methods such as PID controller in the biogas discharged area quickly reaches its limits, since a fermenter does not behave as a linear and time-invariant system. Bei biotechnischen Prozessen, insbesondere bei solchen mit hohen Beladungsraten und Zelldichten, ist immer wieder zu beobachten, dass sich das dynamische Verhalten der Reglerstrecke auf unbekannte Weise zeitlich ändert. In biotechnical processes, especially those with high loading rates and cell densities can be observed again and again that the dynamic behavior of the controlled system changes over time unknown means. In diesem Fall existiert keine definierte Übertragungsfunktion. In this case, no defined transfer function exists. Somit können linear-zeitinvariante Standardregler (PI, PID) nicht verwendet werden. Thus can not be used linear time-invariant standard controller (PI, PID). Ähnliche Schwierigkeiten sind aus der chemischen Verfahrenstechnik bekannt, wo z. Similar difficulties are known in chemical engineering where z. B. für die Regelung elektrochemischer Prozesse Neuronale Netze vorgeschlagen werden, wie in As for the control of electrochemical processes neural networks are proposed, as in USP 6609119 USP 6609119 beschrieben (feedforward neural network). described (feed forward neural network).
Sowohl die Verwendung neuronaler Netze und als auch von Fuzzy-Regelungsverfahren haben ihre Leistungsgrenzen, insbesondere bei der Regelung mehrerer Zustandsgrößen und nichtlinearen Regelsystemen. Both the use of neural networks, and as well as fuzzy control methods have their limits, particularly in the control of several state variables and non-linear control systems. Ein bekanntes Verfahren, um solche komplexeren Regelungen zur realisieren, ist die modellgestützte Zustandsschätzung mit Beobachtern (indirekte Messung nicht direkt messbarer Zustandsgrößen). A known method in order to realize such more complex schemes, the model-based state estimation observers (indirect measurement not directly measurable state variables). Dieses Verfahren der Zustandsschätzung mit Beobachtern wird in This method of estimation with state observers in DE 10106505 A1 DE 10106505 A1 und in and in EP 1052558 EP 1052558 angewendet. applied. Eine Alternative zu der mathematisch sehr abstrakten Methodik der Zustandsraummodellierung ist die automatische Anpassung der Reglerparameter durch das Regelungsverfahren selbst. An alternative to the mathematically very abstract methodology of state space modeling is the automatic adjustment of the control parameters through the regulatory process itself.
Die Dimensionierung von Regelungssystemen basiert ganz allgemein auf mathematischen Zusammenhängen, die zur Erfassung und Simulation der Leistungsanforderungen eines Systems dienen. The dimensioning of control systems based generally on mathematical relationships which are used to capture and simulation of the performance requirements of a system. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden bislang linear-quadratische Regelungen (LQ-Regelungen) und linear-quadratische Gaußsche Regelungen (LQG-Regelungen) entwickelt und verbreitet eingesetzt. In this context, linear-quadratic arrangements so far have been used (LQ regulations) and linear-quadratic Gaussian regulations (LQG regulations) developed and disseminated. Sie basieren auf einem System von Differenz- oder Differentialgleichungen, deren geeignete Formulierung zur Optimierung der gewünschten Eigenschaften führt. They are based on a system of differential or differential equations whose suitable formulation to optimize the desired properties. In der Praxis repräsentiert eine mathematische Funktion die Differenz zwischen den tatsächlichen (dh gemessenen) Werten und den gewünschten Werten des geregelten Systems, und diese Differenz gilt es zu minimieren. In practice, a mathematical function representing the difference between the actual (measured ie) values and the desired values of the controlled system, and this difference is considered to be minimized. Gegenwärtig werden in fortschrittlichen Regelungssystemen verschiedene andere Techniken wie z. Currently in advanced control systems, various other techniques such be. B. das Prinzip der adaptiven Regelung zum Optimieren des Regelungsverhaltens angewandt. As applied to the principle of adaptive control for optimizing the control behavior.
Bei einer adaptiven Regelung passen sich die Reglereigenschaften (Struktur und Parameter) dem zeitvarianten oder unbekannten Regelstreckenverhalten an. In an adaptive control, the controller fit properties (structure and parameters) to the time-variant or unknown controlled system behavior. Eine adaptive Regelung wird vorzugsweise dort eingesetzt, wo eine normale Regelung nur unzureichend die Änderungen in der Prozess-Dynamik ausgleichen kann. An adaptive control is preferably used where a normal control can not adequately compensate for the changes in the process dynamics. Dabei wird dem Grundregelkreis ein adaptives System (Anpassungssystem) überlagert. In this case, an adaptive system (alignment system) is superimposed on the basic control loop. Typisch für den Ablauf der Adaption sind dabei die Identifikation, die indirekt oder direkt erfolgen kann, und der Entscheidungsprozess, der über eine Modifikationsstufe die einstellbaren Parameter (und ggf. die Struktur des Reglers) während des Prozessablaufs verändert. Typical of the sequence of the adaptation are the identification, which can be done directly or indirectly, and the decision process (if the structure of the controller and) changed during the process flow through a modification level, the adjustable parameters.
1) Beim Modellreferenzverfahren (engl. model reference adaptive control = MRAC bzw. model reference adaptive systems = MRAS) wird für das gewünschte Verhalten des geschlossenen Regelkreises ein Referenzmodell vorgegeben. 1) (In the model reference method engl. Model reference adaptive control = MRAC or model reference adaptive systems = MRAS) is specified, a reference model for the desired behavior of the closed loop. Eine Darstellung des Verfahrens als Blockschaltbild ist in A representation of the method as a block diagram in 4 4 zu sehen. to see. Die Regelung besteht aus einem inneren Kreis (eigentlicher Regelkreis aus Strecke und Regler) und einem äußeren Kreis zur Adaption der Reglerparameter. The control unit comprises an inner circle (actual loop of track and controller) and an outer circle for the adaptation of the controller parameters.
2) Der selbsteinstellende Regler (engl. self tuning regulator/controller = STR/STC) hat einen zweischleifigen Aufbau ähnlich wie beim Modellreferenzverfahren. 2) The self-tuning controller (engl. Self tuning regulator / controller = STR / STC) has a two-loop structure similar to the model reference method. Die Parameter der Regelstrecke werden durch Beobachtung der Eingangs- und Ausgangsgrößen identifiziert. The parameters of the process are identified by monitoring the input and output variables. Die Identifikation der Streckenparameter und Anpassung des Reglers erfolgen im Unterschied zur MRAC unabhängig voneinander. The identification of the system parameters and customization, the regulator, unlike the MRAC independently. Der STR wird vor allem für die Regelung nichtlinearer Prozessdynamiken eingesetzt. The STR is mainly used for the control of non-linear process dynamics. Eine Darstellung des Verfahrens als Blockschaltbild ist in A representation of the method as a block diagram in 5 5 zu sehen. to see.
3) Bei der geregelten Adaption ohne Vergleichsmodell werden Änderungen im Regelkreis durch eine Identifikationsstufe erkannt und die Regelparameter auf Grundlage eines Gütekriteriums angepasst. 3) In the comparative model regulated adaptation without changes in the control circuit are detected by an identification stage and the control parameters adjusted on the basis of a quality criterion. Eine vor allem in früheren Jahren häufig angewendete Ausführungsform ist das Gain Scheduling (GS). A frequently used especially in earlier years embodiment, the gain scheduling (GS). Beim Gain Scheduling werden zusätzliche Prozessgrößen verwendet, um Änderungen in der Dynamik des Prozesses zu detektieren. When Gain Scheduling additional process variables are used to detect changes in the dynamics of the process. Das Gain Scheduling hat wegen des Open-Loop Adaptionsschemas mehr den Charakter einer Steuerung. The gain scheduling has because of the open loop adaptation scheme more the character of a controller.
Bei einer adaptiven Regelung wird das aktuelle Verhalten einer Prozessgröße ausgewertet und mit dem gewünschten Verhalten verglichen. In an adaptive control the current behavior of a process variable is evaluated and compared with the desired behavior. In Abhängigkeit vom Ergebnis dieses Vergleichs wird eine Entscheidung hinsichtlich der Änderungen oder Modifikationen getroffen, die zur Optimierung des Regelungssystems notwendig sind. Depending on the result of this comparison, a decision is made regarding the changes or modifications that are necessary for the optimization of the control system. Ein Beispiel hierfür sind die Lastwechselsituationen bei Automatikgetrieben, wie in An example of this are the load change situations in automatic transmissions, as in DE 19822482 A1 DE 19822482 A1 dargelegt. explained. Weitere Anwendungen von adaptiven Regelungsverfahren im Bereich der Antriebstechnik (Drehmonentwandler, Drosselungsregelung) sind in Further applications of adaptive control method in the field of drive systems (Drehmonentwandler, throttling control) are in DE 19640160 A1 DE 19640160 A1 und and DE 19743042 A1 DE 19743042 A1 beschrieben. described. Ebenso kann es bei Prozessen durch Delay und Störungen hilfreich sein, wenn sich der Regler anpasst. it can be helpful as well in processes by delay and disruption, when the controller adjusts. Letztere Situation ist im Biotechnologiebereich gegeben. The latter situation exists in the biotechnology area. Die Anwendung von adaptiven Regelungen ist gegenwärtig für Fermentationsprozesse und Biogastechnologien noch nicht bekannt. The use of adaptive control is not yet known at present for fermentation processes and biogas technologies.
• Erhöhung der Betriebsstabilität der Fermenter und damit Erhöhung der Volllastbetriebsstunden pro Jahr. • increasing the operational stability of the fermenter, thereby increasing the full-load hours per year.
Die Leistungs- und Effizienzsteigerung der Methanproduktion wird durch eine Kombination mehrerer verfahrenstechnischer Maßnahmen erreicht, die über eine intelligente Regelung aufeinander abgestimmt werden. The performance and efficiency of the methane production is achieved by a combination of procedural steps which are coordinated by an intelligent control each other. Bei diesem als Hybridfermenter bezeichneten erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist eine adaptive Regelung vorgesehen, die einen stabilen Betrieb der Fermenter bei hohen Beladungsraten ermöglicht und hohe Biogasausbeuten erzielt. In this method, referred to as hybrid fermenter according to the invention an adaptive control is provided which enables stable operation of the fermentor at high loading rates and achieves high biogas yields. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des Hybridfermenter-Systems ist ein mesophiler Wasserstoff-Fermenter, dessen Volumen an die Baugröße des Methanfermenters angepasst wird. An essential component of the hybrid fermenter system is the volume of which is adapted to the size of the methane fermenter a hydrogen mesophilic fermentor. Das Volumen des Wasserstofffermenters beträgt etwa 0,5% (bzw. 1/200) von dem des Methanfermenters. The volume of hydrogen fermenter is about 0.5% (or 1/200) of that of the methane fermenter.
Für die Effizienz- und Leistungssteigerung von Biogasanlagen nach heutigem Stand der Technik wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren der Wasserstoff hybridfermentation eingesetzt. the method according to the invention, the hydrogen is used for the hybrid fermentation efficiency and performance of biogas plants according to the current state of the art. Dazu wird zusätzlich an den normalen Methan-Fermenter (typ. 1000 m 3 Volumen) eine kleine wasserstoffproduzierende Anlage (typ. 5 m 3 Fermentervolumen) angeschlossen, wie in For this purpose, in addition to the normal methane fermenter (typ. 1000 m 3 volume) a small hydrogen-producing facility (typ. M 3 fermenter volumes 5) is connected, as in 1 1 und and 2 2 schematisch dargestellt ist. is shown schematically. Der oder die Wasserstofffermenter ( The one or more hydrogen fermenter ( 3 3 ) werden mit Substrat ( ) Are (with substrate 5a 5a ) aus dem Methanfermenter ( ) (From the methane fermenter 4 4 ) gespeist oder über ein eigenständiges Aufbereitungs- und Zuführungssystem ( ) Or fed (with an independent processing and delivery system 2a 2a , . 2c 2c ) mit speziellem Substrat versorgt. ) Supplied with a special substrate.
Eine bautechnische Ausführung des Hybridfermenters ist in A constructional embodiment of the hybrid is in fermenter 6 6 – - 8 8th zu sehen. to see.
• Kontrollmodul ( • Control Module ( 10a 10a ) mit Software ( ) (With software 10b 10b ) zur adaptiven Regelung ( ) (For the adaptive control 10b 10b ); ); die Berechnung von Sollwerten für die optimierte Substratzufuhr ( the calculation of reference values for the optimized substrate feed ( 2b 2 B ) und Additivzuführung ( (), And additive feed 7b 7b ) in den Methanfermenter erfolgt im Kontrollmodul ( ) Takes place in the methane fermenter in the control module ( 10a 10a , . 10b 10b ). ). Diese berechneten Werte werden als Sollwertvorgabe über eine geeignete digitale Schnittstelle (z. B. Profibus) an die SPS der vorhandenen Biogasanlage übergeben. These calculated values are used as setpoint input via a suitable digital interface (z. B. Profibus) passed to the SPS existing biogas plant.
• 2...10 m 3 Gärrest in Form einer Mischung aus organischen Säuren, Cellulosen und anderen organischen Bestandteilen (flüssig). • 2 ... 10 m 3 digestate in the form of a mixture of organic acids, celluloses and other organic components (liquid).
Beide Bestandteile (Gärrest und Wasserstoff werden in regelungstechnisch dosierten Mischungsverhältnissen in den Methan-Fermenter eingespeist, wie in dem Fließschema ( Both components (digestate and hydrogen are fed in control engineering metered mixing ratios in the methane fermenter (as shown in the flow chart 2 2 ) zu sehen ist. ) you can see. Die Dosierung erfolgt über die adaptive Regelung ( Dosing is on the adaptive control ( 10a 10a , . 10b 10b ), die vorzugsweise als sog. selbsteinstellender Regler (STR, s. ), The so-called as preferably. Self-tuning controller (STR, s. 5 5 ) ausgeführt ist. ) Is executed.
Das Ziel des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens besteht darin durch verbesserte Substratausnutzung (Konversionsrate) die Methanrate zu erhöhen. The aim of the inventive method is improved by substrate utilization (conversion rate), to increase the methane rate. Diese erhöhte Konversionsrate ist ua deswegen möglich, weil die biologische Verfügbarkeit von Wasserstoff beim Methangärprozess eine entscheidende limitierende Größe darstellt. This increased conversion rate is therefore possible, among other things, because the biological availability of hydrogen at Methangärprozess is a critical limiting factor.
Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Biogasanlage entsprechend dem unabhängigem Patentanspruch 1 gelöst. The object is solved by the biogas plant according to the independent claim. 1 Weitere vorteilhafte Aspekte, Details und Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den abhängigen Ansprüchen und der Beschreibung. Further advantageous aspects, details and embodiments of the invention emerge from the dependent claims and the description.
Das erfindungsgemäße wasserstoffproduzierende Anlagenmodul kann als transportable Container-Einheit so gestaltet werden, dass sie direkt im Anschluss an einen Fermenter aufgestellt und angeschlossen werden kann. The hydrogen-producing system module according to the invention can be designed as a transportable container unit so that it can be placed directly following a fermenter and connected. Dazu ist die zum Fermenter gewandte Seite der Container-Einheit mit standardisierten Anschlüssen in einer bestimmten, standardisierten Anordnung versehen. For this purpose the facing to the fermenter side of the container unit is provided with standard connections in a certain, standardized arrangement. Bei der Neuausrüstung von Biogasanlagen findet sich die genannte, standardisierte Anordnung von Anschlüssen an einer Anschlussplatte am Fermenter wieder, so dass der Anschluss einer Container-Einheit an einem entsprechend vorbereiteten Fermenter mit geringem Aufwand vorgenommen werden kann. In the re-equipment of biogas plants, the said standardized arrangement of terminals on a terminal plate on the fermenter place again, so that the connection of a container unit can be carried out on an appropriately prepared fermenter with little effort.
Die transportablen Container-Module bieten bekannte Vorteile wie kostengünstige Serienfertigung im Werk, die Möglichkeit von Weiterverkauf, Leasing, Rückkauf, die Instandsetzung im Werk und vereinfachte baurechtliche Genehmigungsverfahren durch Standardpläne. The transportable container modules provide known benefits such as cost-effective mass production at the plant, the possibility of resale, leasing, repurchase, repairs at the factory and simplified planning permission procedure by standard plans.
Durch die Ausbildung der Container-Einheit in Form von Standardcontainern ist die Beförderung der Container-Einheit kein Problem. By forming the container unit in the form of standard containers transporting the container unit is not a problem. Ein flächendeckendes Netz an Transport- und Umschlagsmöglichkeiten für diese Container eröffnet einen weltweiten Vertriebsweg. An extensive network of transport and transshipment facilities for these containers opens up a worldwide distribution channel.
Zum Betrieb werden zumindest ein Methan-Fermenter und ein Wasserstoff-Fermenter miteinander gekoppelt, wobei im Wesentlichen die Rohrverbindung zur Substratleitung hergestellt werden muss. at least a methane fermenter and a hydrogen fermenter are coupled together for operation, wherein substantially the pipe connection has to be made to the substrate line. Das im Wasserstofffermenter produzierte Bio-Wasserstoffgas kann auch anderen Verwendungen zugeführt werden, z. The produced in the hydrogen fermenter Bio-hydrogen gas can be supplied to other uses such. B. der energetischen Nutzung in einer Brennstoffzelle ( As the energy use in a fuel cell ( 10 10 ), wie in ), as in 1 1 und and 2 2 zu sehen ist. you can see. Das im Wasserstofffermenter produzierte Bio-Wasserstoffgas besteht lediglich aus Wasserstoff (60...70%), aus Kohlendioxid (25...35%) und Wasserdampf (5...10%). The produced in the hydrogen fermenter organic hydrogen gas consists only of hydrogen (60 ... 70%), carbon dioxide (25 ... 35%) and water vapor (5 ... 10%). Aufgrund dieser relativen Reinheit kann das Bio-Wasserstoffgas direkt in einer CO 2 -toleranten Brennstoffzelle genutzt werden, z. Due to this relative purity, the organic hydrogen gas can be used directly in a CO 2 -tolerant fuel cell, z. B. einer MFC. As an MFC. Die Gasaufbereitung zu reinem Wasserstoff (> 98% H 2 -Gehalt) ist mit Membrantrennverfahren (z. B. Druckwechselabsorption) technisch leicht möglich, weil die Molekülgrößen und Molekülgeschwindigkeiten von H 2 und CO 2 deutlich von einander abweichen. The gas conditioning to pure hydrogen (> 98% H 2 content) with membrane separation processes (for. Example, pressure swing absorption) commercially readily possible because the molecular size and molecular rates of H 2 and CO 2 differ from each other.
Bei diesem als Hybridfermenter bezeichneten erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist eine adaptive Regelung ( In this method, referred to as hybrid fermenter according to the invention is an adaptive control ( 10a 10a , . 10b 10b ) vorgesehen, die einen stabilen Betrieb der Fermenter ( ) Are provided which (a stable operation of the fermenter 3 3 , . 4 4 , . 8 8th ) bei hohen Beladungsraten ermöglicht und hohe Biogasausbeuten erzielt. ) Allows at high loading rates, and achieves high biogas yield. Mit dem Hybridfermenter kann die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Biogasanlagen heutiger Bauart erheblich verbessert werden. With the hybrid fermenter the economics of biogas plants of current design can be greatly improved.
Bei der adaptiven Regelung des Hybridfermenters findet in diesem Sinne eine Anpassung der Reglerparameter wie Substrat- und Additivzugabe an die sich ändernde Dynamik der mikrobiologischen Zustände im Fermenter statt. In the adaptive control of the hybrid fermenter an adjustment of the control parameters such as substrate and addition of additives to the changing dynamics of microbiological conditions in the fermenter takes place in this sense. Die gekoppelten Fermenter ( The coupled fermenter ( 3 3 ) und ( ) and ( 4 4 ) werden dabei als biologisches Gesamtsystem behandelt, das durch mehrere Prozess- und Hilfsgrößen mathematisch modelliert werden kann. ) Are treated as a biological system as a whole, which can be mathematically modeled by a plurality of process and auxiliary variables. Die Ausführungsform der adaptiven Regelung als sog. "Model Reference Adaptive System" (MRAS) ist als Blockschaltbild in The embodiment of the adaptive control as a so-called. "Model Reference Adaptive System" (MRAS) is a block diagram in 4 4 dargestellt. shown. Die Ausführungsform der adaptiven Regelung als sog. "Self Tuning Regulator" (STR) ist als Blockschaltbild in The embodiment of the adaptive control as a so-called. "Self Tuning Regulator" (STR) is a block diagram in 5 5 zu sehen. to see.
Damit ist auch bei hohen Beladungsraten (OLR > 2,5 kg TS m –3 d –1 ) ein langfristig stabiler Betrieb der Biogasanlage möglich. For a long-term stable operation of the biogas plant is possible even at high loading rates (OLR> 2,5 kg DM m -3 d -1). In dem Kontrollmodul ( In the control module ( 10a 10a ) werden unabhängig von der Prozesssteuerung einer klassischen Biogasanlage komplexe Berechnungen mit einer speziellen Software ( ) Are (independently of the process control of a conventional biogas plant complex calculations using special software 10b 10b ) durchgeführt. ) carried out. Hauptbestandteile der Prozesssteuerung sind Algorithmen ( Main components of the process control are algorithms ( 10b 10b ) zur adaptiven Regelung, wie in ) For adaptive control, as shown in 4 4 und and 5 5 dargestellt (MRAS/MRAC, STR/STC). shown (MRAS / MRAC, STR / STC). Von dem Kontrollmodul ( (Of the control module 10a 10a ) werden als Ausgangsgrößen neue Sollwerte an die Anlagensteuerung (SPS) der Biogasanlage übergeben. ) Are (as output quantities new setpoints to the plant control PLC) passed the biogas plant.
Die Adaptive Regelung wird beim Hybridfermenter in zwei Ausprägungen eingesetzt, zum einen als Modellreferenzverfahren (MRAS, MRAC) und zum anderen als selbsteinstellende Regler (STC, STR). Adaptive control is used in the hybrid fermenter in two versions, on the one hand as a model reference method (MRAS, MRAC) and the other as a self-tuning controller (STC, STR). Bei dem in In the in 4 4 dargestellten Modellreferenzverfahren werden aus den Abweichungen der Prozessausgangsgröße y P zur Modellausgangsgröße y M die Reglerparameter r P so berechnet, das der Fehler e (t) = y P (t) – y M (t) minimal wird. model reference methods illustrated are the control parameters r P as calculated from the deviations of the process output y P to the model output variable y M, the error e (t) = y P (t) - is y M (t) is minimal.
Bei dem in In the in 5 5 dargestellten selbsteinstellenden Regler erfolgt der Reglerentwurf anhand der geschätzten Streckenparameter als seien diese die tatsächlichen Parameter. illustrated self-tuning regulator is done the controller design based on the estimated system parameters as if they were the actual parameters. Die Schätzung der Streckenparameter ist schwieriger (rechenzeitaufwändiger) als die Fehlerminimierung beim Modellreferenzverfahren. The estimation of the system parameters is more difficult (computationally time consuming) than the error minimization in the model reference method. Ursache dafür sind im Wesentlichen die nichtlinearen Zusammenhänge zwischen identifizierten Streckenparametern und Reglerparametern. The reason for this are primarily the non-linear relationships between the identified route parameters and control parameters.
Bei kleineren Biogasanlagen (bis etwa 350 kW elektrischer Leistung), die im Wesentlichen aus einem Grubenfermenter und der notwendigen Technik bestehen, ist eine teilmobile und modulare Bauweise von besonderem Vorteil. For smaller biogas plants (up to about 350 kW of electric power), which essentially consist of a pit fermenter and the necessary technology is a partially mobile and modular construction is particularly advantageous. Die Gesamtkosten der Anlage werden nämlich durch die Einsparungen bei Planung, Genehmigung und Montage prozentual besonders stark vermindert. The total cost of the system are in fact very much reduced as a percentage of the savings in design, approval and installation.
Die großvolumigen Fermenter werden üblicherweise durch fachlich qualifizierte Bauunternehmen vor Ort aufgebaut. The large-volume fermenters are usually constructed by skilled contractors on site. Gängige Fermenterbauweisen, die bevorzugte Ausführungsformen der vorliegenden Erfindung darstellen, sind liegende Durchflussfermenter mit rundem oder rechteckigem Querschnitt, stehende Durchflussfermenter mit rundem Querschnitt und Grubenfermenter mit rundem Querschnitt. Continuous fermentor designs which illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention are lying flow fermenter with a round or rectangular cross-sectional properties of flow fermenter with a round cross-section, and pit fermenter with a round cross-section.
Die nachfolgende detaillierte Beschreibung der Erfindung soll daher am Beispiel einer solchen 500 kW-Biogasanlage mit liegendem Durchflussfermenter erfolgen, wodurch der Umfang der vorliegenden Erfindung selbstverständlich nicht beschränkt werden soll. The following detailed description of the invention should therefore be carried out using the example of such a 500 kW biogas plant with a horizontal flow fermentor, whereby the scope of the present invention should not be limited of course.
Als Fermenter kann beispielsweise ein liegender Durchflussfermenter mit 14 m bis 18 m Länge verwendet werden, wie in As a fermenter lying flow fermenter with 14 m can be used up to 18 m length, for example, as shown in 6 6 zu sehen ist. you can see. Der Fermenter umfasst ein integriertes Rührwerk, bevorzugt ein Paddelrührwerk und ist durch eine Trapezblechwand thermisch isoliert. The fermenter comprises an integrated mixer, preferably a paddle agitator, and is thermally insulated by a trapezoidal sheet metal wall. Der Nachgärer weist einen Foliengasspeicher mit integrierten Bewuchsflächen zur biologischen Entschwefelung auf. The secondary digester has a film with integrated gas storage fouling surfaces for the biological desulfurization. Erfindungsgemäß ist eine Anschlusseinheit am Fermenter bzw. am sog. Technikcontainer mit einer Mehrzahl von Anschlusselementen zum einfachen Anschluss der transportablen Container-Einheit vorgesehen. According to the invention a connection unit on the fermenter and at the so-called. Technique container is provided with a plurality of connecting elements for easy connection of the transportable container unit.
Die der Wassserstofffermenter-Container-Einheit zugewandten Anschlüsse umfassen Heizungsleitungen, Zu- und Ableitung zur zentralen Substratverteilung, eine beispielsweise im Dach der Container-Einheit untergebrachte Gasleitung, eine Luftleitung für die biologische Entschwefelung und eine Druckluftleitung für pneumatische Anlagen. The side facing the Wassserstofffermenter container unit terminals comprise heating pipes, inlet and outlet to the central substrate distribution, housed for example in the roof of the container unit gas line, an air line for the biological desulfurization and a compressed air line for pneumatic systems.
Führungsgröße, als Eingangsvektor r für das Referenzmodell Reference variable as an input vector r is the reference model 65a 65a und für den Regler and for the controller 62a 62a . , Der Eingangsvektor r enthält Sensordaten des realen Hybrid-Fermenter-Systems. The input vector r contains sensor data in real hybrid digester system.
Führungsgröße, als Eingangsvektor r für das Referenzmodell Reference variable as an input vector r is the reference model 75a 75a und für den Regler and for the controller 72a 72a . , Der Eingangsvektor r enthält die Sensordaten des realen Hybrid-Fermenter-Systems. The input vector r containing the sensor data in real hybrid digester system.
Referenzmodell M liefert die Modellausgangsgröße y m ??? Reference model M provides the model output y m ???
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Biogas mit erhöhter Methanrate (Hybridfermentation), durch: a) Dosierte Zugabe von Wasserstoff-produzierenden Bakterien ( Method and device for producing biogas with increased methane rate (Hybrid fermentation), by: a) metered addition of hydrogen-producing bacteria ( 6d 6d ) in den Methanfermenter ( ) (In the methane fermenter 4 4 ), die im Wasserstofffermenter ( ) Which (in the hydrogen fermenter 3 3 ) gezüchtet werden, siehe are grown), see 1 1 + + 2 2 , b) Dosierte Einleitung von gasförmigem Wasserstoff ( B) dosed introduction of gaseous hydrogen ( 6b 6b ) in den Methanfermenter ( ) (In the methane fermenter 4 4 ), siehe ), please refer 1 1 + + 2 2 , c) Dosierte Zugabe von speziell aufbereitetem organischem Material ( C) metered addition of specially treated organic material ( 6e 6e ) in den Methanfermenter ( ) (In the methane fermenter 4 4 ), das Wasserstoff in mikrofein verteilter und/oder metastabil gebundener Form ( ), The hydrogen in the microporous finely divided and / or meta-stable bound form ( 6c 6c ) enthält (siehe ) Includes (see 1 1 + + 2 2 ), d) Einsatz einer intelligenten Prozessregelung ( ), D) use of a smart process control ( 9 9 , . 10a 10a – - 10f 10f ), wie in ), as in 3 3 dargestellt, die auch bei hohen Beladungsraten (OLR > 2,5 kg TS m –3 d –1 ) eine stabile Mikrobiologie und damit eine hohe spezifische Gasbildungsrate (GPR > 0,5 m 3 /kg TS ) ermöglicht, e) Einsatz einer intelligenten Prozessregelung ( illustrated, the (> 2.5 kg TS m -3 d -1 OLR) a stable Microbiology and thus a high specific gas forming rate allows (GPR> 0.5 m 3 / kg TS) even at high loading rates, e) use of a smart process control ( 10a 10a – - 10f 10f ), vorzugsweise einer adaptiven Regelung wie in ), Preferably an adaptive control as in 4 4 und and 5 5 dargestellt, die Organikzufuhr ( illustrated, the Organikzufuhr ( 2a 2a , . 2b 2 B , . 2c 2c , . 5a 5a , . 5b 5b , . 6e 6e ), Mikroorganismenzuführung ( (), Micro-organisms feeding 6d 6d ), Additivzufuhr ( () Additive supply 7a 7a , . 7b 7b ) und Wasserstoffeinleitung ( () And hydrogen feed 6b 6b , . 6c 6c ) aufeinander abstimmt und damit eine stabile mikrobiologische Situation gewährleistet, f) Einsatz eines kombinierten gepackt-gerührten anaeroben Spezialwasserstofffermenters zur anaeroben Vergärung (siehe ) Tunes to each other, thus ensuring a stable microbiological situation, f) use of a combined-packed stirred anaerobic special hydrogen fermenter for the anaerobic fermentation (see 9 9 ). ).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1–2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Regelung als Eingangsgrößen die Messwerte (Ist-Werte) von pH ( A method according to any one of claims 1-2, characterized in that the control as input variables (the measuring values (actual values) of pH 53b 53b , . 54b 54b , . 55b 55b ), Organikzufuhr ( () Organikzufuhr 2a 2a , . 5a 5a , . 5b 5b , . 2c 2c , . 6e 6e ), H 2 -Gaseinleitung ( ), H 2 -Gaseinleitung ( 6b 6b , . 6d 6d ) in den Methanfermenter ( ) (In the methane fermenter 4 4 ), H 2 -Gaskonzentration ( ), H 2 gas concentration ( 53d 53d ) im Wasserstofffermenter ( ) (In the hydrogen fermenter 3 3 ) und CH 4 -Gaskonzentration ( ) And CH 4 gas concentration ( 54d 54d ) im Methanfermenter ( ) (In the methane fermenter 4 4 ) verwendet. ) Was used.
Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als zusätzliche Eingangsgrößen die Messwerte (Ist-Werte) von Temperatur ( The method of claim 3, characterized in that as additional input variables are the measured values (actual values) (of temperature 53a 53a , . 54a 54a , . 55a 55a ) oder Gasdruck ( () Or gas pressure 53c 53c , . 54c 54c , . 55c 55c ) verwendet werden. ) be used.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1–4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Regelung als vorrangige Zielgröße die Methankonzentration ( A method according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that the control (primary target size, the methane concentration 54d 54d ) und die Gesamtgasmenge ( ) And the total amount of gas ( 54e 54e ) am Ausgang des Methanfermenters ( ) (At the output of the methane fermenter 4 4 ) bzw. des Nachgärerers ( ) Or the Nachgärerers ( 8 8th ) verwendet. ) Was used.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1–5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Regelung als vorrangige Stellgrößen die Menge und Zeitintervalle der Organikzuführung ( A method according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that the control as priority control variables (the amount and time intervals of the Organikzuführung 2a 2a , . 2b 2 B , . 2c 2c , . 5a 5a , . 5b 5b , . 5c 5c , . 6e 6e ) und der H 2 -Einleitung ( ) And the H 2 introduction ( 6b 6b , . 6c 6c ) verwendet. ) Was used. Die Zuführung von Additiven ( The feed of additives ( 7a 7a , . 7b 7b ) in die Fermenter ( ) (In the fermenter 3 3 ) und ( ) and ( 4 4 ) wird als nachgeordnete (sekundäre) Stellgröße verwendet, die mit einem Gewichtungsfaktor < 1 in die Fehlerberechnung der Regelabweichung eingeht. ) Is used as downstream (secondary) manipulated variable, which is received by a weighting factor <1 in the error calculation of the deviation.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1–6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mit dem Hybrid-Fermenter eine hohe spezifische Biogasbildungsrate GPR spez erreicht wird bei gleichzeitig niedriger Verweilzeit HRT, hoher Beladungsrate OLR und stabiler mikrobiologischer Situation indiziert durch den pH-Wert, der zwischen 7,0 und 8,0 liegt. The method of any of claims 1-6, characterized in that with the hybrid fermenter a high specific biogas production rate GPR high loading rate OLR and more stable microbiological situation is specific achieved in conjunction with low residence time HRT, indicated by the pH value between 7 0 and 8.0. Vorzugsweise kann der pH-Wert zwischen 7,2 und 7,7 liegen. Preferably, the pH-value 7.2 to 7.7 may be. Für Mais-GPS liegen die zuvor genannten Werte bei GPR spez > 0,45 m 3 /kg oTS , HRT < 25 d (Summe Fermenter ( For corn GPS the values specified above for GPR are spec> 0.45 m 3 / kg VS, HRT <25 d (total fermenter ( 4 4 ) und Nachgärer ( (), And post-fermenter 8 8th )) und OLR > 2,5 kg oTS m –3 d –1 , vorzugsweise bei GPR spez > 0,5 m 3 /kg oTS , HRT < 20 d (Summe Fermenter ( )), And OLR> 2,5 kg oDS m -3 d -1, preferably at GPR spec> 0.5 m 3 / kg VS, HRT <20 d (sum fermenter ( 4 4 ) und Nachgärer ( (), And post-fermenter 8 8th )) und OLR > 3,0 kg oTS m –3 d –1 . )), And OLR> 3.0 kg VS m -3 d -1.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1–7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Wasserstoff-produzierende Mikroorganismen bevorzugt E. Coli und/oder Lactobacilli-haltige Mischkulturen verwendet werden, die durch spezielle Konditionierungsverfahren selektiert, angereichert bzw. aufkonzentriert werden. A method according to any of claims 1-7, characterized in that, preferably as a hydrogen-producing microorganisms E. coli and / or lactobacilli containing mixed cultures are used to enriched or concentrated by the selected special conditioning process.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1–7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Wasserstoff-produzierende Mikroorganismen bevorzugt Chlostridienhaltige Mischkulturen verwendet werden, die durch spezielle Konditionierungsverfahren selektiert, angereichert bzw. aufkonzentriert werden. The method of any of claims 1-7, characterized in that are used as the hydrogen-producing microorganisms preferably Chlostridienhaltige mixed cultures are enriched or concentrated by the selected special conditioning process.
Verfahren und Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1–9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die H 2 -produzierenden Mikroorganismen in einem speziellen Wasserstoff-Fermenter (siehe Method and apparatus according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that the H 2 -producing microorganisms (in particular a hydrogen fermenter see 2 2 ( ( 3 3 ) bzw. ) or. 9 9 ( ( 81 81 – - 89 89 )) gezüchtet werden. )) Are grown.
Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der erfindungsgemäße Wasserstoff-Fermenter ( Device according to claim 10, characterized in that the hydrogen fermenter according to the invention ( 9 9 ) über eine in der unteren Behälterhälfte befindliche Fließbettkonstruktion ( ) (A located in the lower container half fluidized bed construction 87 87 ) verfügt, die von unten mit Gas durchströmt werden kann, das über eine Einbiasvorrichtung ( ) Features, which can be flowed through from below with gas (via a Einbiasvorrichtung 88 88 ) eingeleitet wird. ) Is initiated. Zusätzlich verfügt der Wasserstoff-Fernenter über ein oder mehrere Paddelrührwerksblätter ( In addition, the hydrogen remote Enter has one or more Paddelrührwerksblätter ( 83a 83a , . 83b 83b ), die auf einer vertikal angeordneten Rührwerksachse ( ), Which (on a vertically arranged Rührwerksachse 82b 82b ) sitzen. ) sit. Mindestens eines der Rührwerkspaddel ( At least one of Rührwerkspaddel ( 83a 83a , . 83b 83b ) ist oberhalb des Fließbettes ( ) Is (above the fluidized bed 87 87 ) angebracht. ) appropriate.
Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 10 oder 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der erfindungsgemäße Wasserstoff-Fermenter ( Device according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the hydrogen fermenter according to the invention ( 9 9 ) einen im Bodenbereich des Behälters befindlichen Zulauf ( ) An inlet located in the bottom region of the container ( 85a 85a ) verfügt, über den das Substrat zugeführt wird und so das Fließbett ( ) Has, over which the substrate is fed and as the fluidized bed ( 87 87 ) von unten durchströmt. ) Flows from the bottom. Der Ablauf befindet sich entsprechend im oberen Drittel des Behälters ( The procedure is in accordance with the upper third of the container ( 81 81 ). ).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es sich um ein Nassvergärungsverfahren handelt. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that it is a wet digestion method.
Nassvergärungsverfahren nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der H 2 -Fermenter ( Wet digestion method according to claim 13, characterized in that the H (2 fermentor 3 3 ) und der Methanfermenter ( ) And the methane fermenter ( 4 4 ) hinsichtlich der Substratströme miteinander gekoppelt werden; ) Are coupled to each other with respect to the substrate flows; diese Kombination wird als Hybridfermenter bezeichnet (siehe this combination is called hybrid fermenter (hereinafter see 1 1 + + 2 2 ). ).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mehrere Wasserstofffermenter ( A method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that more hydrogen fermenter ( 3 3 ) in Reihe geschaltet werden, wobei die Ausgangsstoffe ( ) Are connected in series, wherein the starting materials ( 6d 6d ) und ( ) and ( 6e 6e ) ganz oder zum Teil in den nachfolgenden Wasserstofffermenter eingeleitet werden. ) Be wholly or partially initiated in subsequent hydrogen fermenter.
Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die unterschiedlichen Wasserstofffermenter mit unterschiedlichen Betriebsparametem (eingestellter pH-Wert, Temperatur, OLR, HRT) über die Regelung ( A method according to claim 13, characterized in that the different hydrogen fermenter (with different operating parameters (set pH, temperature, OLR, HRT) on the arrangements 10b 10b ) gefahren werden. be driven).
Trockenvergärungsverfahren mit Perkulat nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der H 2 -Fermenter ( Dry digestion procedure with Perkulat according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the H (2 fermentor 3 3 ) und der Methanfermenter ( ) And the methane fermenter ( 4 4 ) gekoppelt werden. ) Are coupled. Diese Kombination wird als Hybridtrockenfermenter bezeichnet (siehe This combination is a hybrid dry fermenters (hereafter see 1 1 + + 2 2 ). ).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das in den Methanfermenter ( Method according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the (in the methane fermenter 4 4 ) zugegebene organische Material ( ) Added organic material ( 6e 6e ) aus einer Mischung von organischen Säuren oder reinen Carbonsäuren – wie Essigsäure und Milchsäure – besteht. ) Of a mixture of organic acids or pure carboxylic acids - is - such as acetic acid and lactic acid.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zugegebenen organischen Säuren fermentativ erzeugt werden. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the added organic acids are produced by fermentation.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 19, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das zugegebene organische Material ( A method according to any one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that the added organic material ( 6e 6e ) aus einer Mischung von organischen Säuren und Cellulosen besteht (letztere liegen vorzugsweise in flüssigphasengebundener Form vor). ) Of a mixture of organic acids and celluloses is (the latter are preferably in liquid phase bound form).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 20, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zugegebenen organischen Säuren aus pflanzlichen Roh- und Reststoffen erzeugt werden, z. Method according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that the added organic acids are produced from vegetable raw materials and residues, eg. B. durch Fermentation von Biomasse. For example, by fermentation of biomass.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der eingeleitete Wasserstoff aus regenerativen Quellen erzeugt wird, z. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that the introduced hydrogen is generated from renewable sources, such. B. durch Fermentation von Biomasse. For example, by fermentation of biomass.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Einleitung des Wasserstoffs in die Methanfermentation ( A method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the introduction of hydrogen (in the methane fermentation 4 4 ) in flüssigphasengebundener Form ( ) (In liquid-phase-bound form 6c 6c ) erfolgen kann. can be done).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Einleitung des Wasserstoffs in die Methanfermentation ( A method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the introduction of hydrogen (in the methane fermentation 4 4 ) im gasförmigen Zustand ( ) (In the gaseous state 6b 6b ) erfolgen kann. can be done).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 24, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die mikrobiologischen Prozeßstabilität über einen laseroptischen IR-Sensor zur online-Messung von organischen Säuren und Trockensubstanzgehalt (TS-Wert) kontrolliert wird. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that the microbiological process stability is controlled by a laser-optical IR sensor for the online measurement of organic acids and dry matter content (TS) value.
ITTO20130227A1 (en) * 2013-03-21 2014-09-22 Consiglio Per La Ricerca E La Speri Mentazione In Process and plant for the production of hydrogen (h2) and methane (ch4) from manure.
Kleerebezem et al. 2015 Anaerobic digestion without biogas?


a congenital disable disable woman without arms.
Betty is widely known in Sierra Leone and outside the country for using her feet playing piano, eating, smoking, doing her hair and drawing/painting images.
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text:
U.S-North Korea summit is just around the corner
U.S-North Korea summit is just around the corner. January. 14, 2019 07:37. .
"We are making progresses in talks to reduce threats against American citizens. Our final goal is safety of our citizens," said U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo on Friday regarding the denuclearization talks with North Korea. "We need to reach complete and final denuclearization while reducing threats from North Korea."
His remarks are interpreted as that the priority of the U.S-North Korea negotiations is moving from complete denuclearization to disposing intercontinental missiles (ICBM), which is a threat to the U.S. Washington could agree upon ICBM disposal first, putting the nuclear list declaration on the back burner. South Korean President Moon Jae-in also said at his New Year's press conference Thursday that ICBM or IRBM(intermediate range ballistic missile) could be disposed" before nuclear declaration.
Prioritizing safety of American citizens does not necessarily mean that the U.S. is giving up the final goal of denuclearization. But there is a possibility of the U.S. opting out of negotiations or making no more efforts after eliminating long distance missile threats as the journey towards denuclearization is long and thorny.
The South Korean government is making a lot of effort to bring North Korea to the negotiation table. "We need to find a way to resolve the Kaesong Industrial Complex issue without cash inflow," said South Korean Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha on Friday. It is to receive an exemption from sanctions by finding a way to pay in kind such as rice to circumvent the UN's prohibition on bulk cash flow into the North.
A second U.S-North Korea summit is just around the corner. "We are not excluding the possibility of surprise announcements," said Kang. We should welcome the resumption of the U.S.-North Korea talks. But the focus should be on denuclearization. If South Korea and the U.S. talk about rewards or a change of priorities, it would only send out a wrong message to the North, which has not mentioned anything about denuclearization. We should not repeat the mistake that was made in Singapore.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Money & Jobs
Keeping Score: California Schools to Provide Free Period Products; Title X Gag Rule Reversed; Texas Abortion Ban Reinstated
10/12/2021 by Sophie Dorf-Kamienny
In every issue of Ms., we track research on our progress in the fight for equality, catalogue can't-miss quotes from feminist voices and keep tabs on the feminist movement's many milestones. We're Keeping Score online, too—in in this biweekly round-up.
Clockwise from left: Bretman Rock is first gay male cover star of Playboy (Instagram / Playboy); women's soccer players stand in solidarity with National Women's Soccer League members in light of abuse allegations (Twitter / Liverpool FC Women); a May 2018 protest in Chicago against Trump's imposition of the Title X gag rule. (Charles Edward Miller / Flickr).
"The people certainly don't have time to concern themselves with Washington process. They're just desperately in need of impact. And so we want to get this right, so we want to move thoughtfully and deliberately, but also with urgency. These investments are popular. These policies are popular because they're sorely needed by the people, and we have to meet the needs of the people and meet this moment.
—Rep. Ayanna Pressley (D-Mass.) on President Joe Biden's $3.5 trillion infrastructure bill intended to support pandemic recovery and equity amongst American workers.
"I have covered this country since 1986. I've never been the news but the only reason I've become the news is because I refuse to be stamped down, I refuse to stop doing my job the way I should. … The collapse of democracy starts with the breakdown of facts. And if you don't have facts you don't have the shared reality to find the right path. This is a global problem."
—Nobel Peace Prize winner and Philippine journalist Maria Ressa on how her reporting contributes to defending the rule of law.
Beyond proud that two brave journalists have won the Nobel Peace Prize. My former CNN colleague @mariaressa, and Dmitry Muratov. Courageously sacrificing their own freedom, risking their lives, to defend freedoms at home in the Philippines and Russia. I spoke to Maria in Jan: pic.twitter.com/t7LpZ1qq1B
— Christiane Amanpour (@camanpour) October 8, 2021
"After years of fighting back against the Trump administration's cruel gag rule, I'm so relieved that today it's finally gone. Now, our Title X family planning program can once again function in the way it's meant to—by providing patients with birth control, STI screenings, and cancer screenings that keep them healthy, and by informing them about all their options, including their right to abortion. …
"This is an important victory, but with reproductive rights under attack across the country and at the Supreme Court, our fight doesn't stop here. I'll keep doing everything I can to ensure that everyone—no matter their zip-code, their income, or where they get their care—can get the reproductive health care they need."
—Sen. Patty Murray (D-Wash.) on the reversal of former President Trump's Title X gag rule, which prohibited clinics from educating pregnant patients on abortion if they receive federal funding through Title X.
On Monday, HHS issued a final rule reversing the Trump administration's policy prohibiting healthcare providers who receive Title X funds from informing patients about the full range of reproductive healthcare options, including abortion. https://t.co/hYbPx80AWX
— Ms. Magazine (@MsMagazine) October 8, 2021
"The Cuomo brothers are a symptom of an industry that uses the red herring of objectivity to protect and enable abusers, while punishing women, survivors, journalists of color, and anyone else who disrupts or otherwise disturbs the narrative of power. Yet, reporters who come out as survivors, like the Washington Post's Felicia Sonmez, are treated as 'unreliable narrators'—an extension of how rape culture treats survivors writ large—while abusive men and their enablers lose nothing."
—Freelance journalist Lexi McMenamin on the silencing of sexual assault survivors in U.S. newsrooms.
+ A federal appeals court reinstated Texas's six-week abortion ban, just two days after a lower court blocked it in a case brought Merrick Garland's Justice Department. At least six local clinics had resumed post six-week abortions after the initial court ruling, but many never did in anticipation of a reversal.
🚨 Late last night, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals allowed #SB8 to go back into effect, reversing a lower court decision. Once again, reproductive freedom was ripped away under the cover of darkness—green-lighting the most extreme ban on abortion in the country.
— NARAL (@NARAL) October 9, 2021
+ R&B singer R Kelly was found guilty of racketeering and sex trafficking after a six-week trial in New York. Kelly's scheme sexually exploited mainly Black women and children in Chicago for decades. "To the victims in this case, your voices were heard and justice was finally served," acting U.S. attorney Jacquelyn Kasulis said of the verdict.
+ A Trump-era gag rule, which prohibited clinics that receive Title X funding from providing or referring abortions, was officially repealed by the Biden administration on Monday, Oct. 4. The change will take effect on Monday, Nov. 8, allowing abortion providers like Planned Parenthood to rejoin Title X.
+ National Women's Soccer League commissioner Lisa Baird stepped down on Friday, Oct. 1 following allegations of abuse and sexual coercion by male coaches. The league postponed all of the games scheduled for that weekend. "This was not an easy decision, as there is nothing we love more than playing for our fans," the players' union said in a statement. "… We also recognize, however, that mental health struggles are real."
Both sets of players show solidarity with players in the NWSL ahead of kick-off 📸👏 pic.twitter.com/3ecuhN2Cqd
— Liverpool FC Women (@LiverpoolFCW) October 9, 2021
"I trust U.S. Soccer as much as I trust U.S Gymnastics" @meghanmcpeak draws eerie comparison between the handling of the NWSL sexual abuse scandal and how U.S. Gymnastics mishandled reports of abuse by Larry Nassar
New episode of Bring It In live now: https://t.co/vCVcwKcKvx pic.twitter.com/tD9qtM12ti
— CBC Sports (@cbcsports) October 6, 2021
+ "School districts across the country have been cracking down on Black Lives Matter and Pride flags in a year that has seen escalating attacks on LGBTQ+ students," Ms. social media editor Oliver Haug reported in them. "Utah's Davis School District sent an email to teachers and administrators earlier this month claiming that banners in support of the Black and LGBTQ+ communities are banned under its official policies."
According to a Salt Lake City district spokesperson, the board deemed Black Lives Matter and pride flags too "politically charged." The ban was already in place, but was reemphasized at faculty trainings this fall.
+ Beauty influencer and MTV star Bretman Rock is the first gay man to land on the cover of a Playboy magazine. He is only the third male cover star in Playboy history, following in the footsteps of Bad Bunny and founder Hugh Hefner.
"For Playboy to have a male on the cover is a huge deal for the LGBT community, for my brown people community, and it's all so surreal," Rock said.
A post shared by Playboy (@playboy)
+ A three-year pilot program in California will record the sexual orientation and gender identity of those killed in violent crimes. The legislation is the first of its kind in the U.S., and will allow the state legislature to track and respond to the suicides and homicides of LGBTQ people.
Another bill signed into law by Gov. Gavin Newsom (D) on Thursday, Oct. 7—the "Silenced No More Act"—allows victims of workplace harassment to speak up even if they signed non-disclosure agreements.
A bill signed the next day requires public schools for grades six through 12, community colleges and the California State University System to provide free menstrual products in restrooms starting the next academic year.
+ As the pandemic slowly returns to pre-pandemic levels, burnout is disproportionately burdening women workers and managers. According to a report by McKinsey & Company, 7 percent more women than men are "often or almost always burned out" this year—an increase of 10 percent from last year. A third of the women surveyed have considered leaving the workplace or downshifting as of 2021.
This year, as COVID-19 wreaked havoc on schools, daycares and nursing homes, women's workforce participation hit a 33-year low. (Ketut Subiyanto / Pexels)
+ The child care industry is facing a crisis-level worker shortage, with 126,000 positions left empty in favor of higher paying jobs. As a result, many mothers have nowhere to turn when returning to work after pandemic shut-downs.
+ JP Morgan has contributed the most substantially to fossil fuel pollution of any bank, according to the 2021 Banking on Climate Chaos report. The bank financed $51.3 billion in just the last year, and $317 billion between 2016 and 2020.
+ "There are 22 public monuments that include mermaids but only two of congresswomen," the Washington Post reports. "Of the 50 historical figures most frequently honored with a monument, only three were women: Joan of Arc, Sacagawea and Harriet Tubman."
Half of the men included on the top 50 list owned slaves, and four were Confederate leaders. Only three were men of color. No one on the list was openly LGBTQ.
+ Four or more Black women and girls were killed everyday in the U.S. last year, according to statistics released by the FBI, Overall homicides drastically increased by 30 percent during the pandemic, and violence against Black women was no exception.
Rise in Pandemic Divorce Sounds Alarm to Address Gender Inequities at Home
Supreme Court Hears Arguments on Kentucky Abortion Ban: "The Right to Abortion Is Hanging by a Thread"
Texas Law Prohibiting Mailing Abortion Pills Won't Stop Texans Seeking Pills Online
Tagged: Anti-Abortion Laws, Biden Administration, Black Lives Matter, Black Women, Child Care, Climate Change, Congress, Coronavirus, Courts and Judges, Gender, Keeping Score, LGBTQ, Sex Trafficking, Sexual Assault, Sexual Harassment, Supreme Court, Texas, Title X, Trump administration, Women in Journalism, Women in Politics, Women in Sports, Women Workers
About Sophie Dorf-Kamienny
Sophie Dorf-Kamienny is a freshman at Tufts University. She was a Ms. editorial fellow, research fellow and assistant editor of social media. You can find her on Twitter at @sophie_dk_.


Aunque el sismo apenas se sintió en territorio hondureño continental, el presidente Juan Orlando Hernández pidió "mantener la calma, reportar cualquier emergencia y seguir todas las instrucciones".
Región epicentral del sismo registrado esta noche en Honduras.
Estruendos y temblores causan alarma en comunidades de Petén.
Lisandro Rosales, de la Comisión de Contingencia de Honduras, los daños materiales son mínimos y no se reportan fallecidoa hasta el momento.
La advertencia de tsunami quiere decir que pueden registrarse corrientes locales fuertes y peligrosas y que la población que vive en áreas costeras debe estar alerta.
Obviously, these things have combined over the last few years, I have had a great time over the last 2-3 years. He was not only the star of the day but also opened game for India when team was struggling for a wicket.
Lebanese news outlet Al Mayadeen was one of a few media sites that reported Israeli planes were in the area of the explosion. A military source said a BMW in the southern port city of Sidon "detonated, wounding Hamas official Mohammed Hamdan".
While Ryan praised a House GOP immigration bill that was released on Wednesday night , Democrats made clear it was unacceptable. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., another leader of the bipartisan group, and five other House and Senate lawmakers.
El sistema Sismológico Nacional da aviso del terremoto y resalta que se pervivió este movimiento telúrico en el Estado de Quintana Roo.
El foco sísmico estuvo localizado a 33 km de profundidad y el epicentro estuvo ubicado a 201 kilómetros al norte-noreste de Barra Patuca y a 247 kilómetros al norte de Puerto Lempira, activando las alertas de tsunami.
Justo después del temblor, el Servicio Meteorológico de EE.UU. emitió una alerta ante la posibilidad de tsunami para Cuba, Honduras, México, las Islas Caimán, Jamaica, Belice y también las Islas Vírgenes y Puerto Rico, territorios estadounidenses recientemente devastados por los huracanes Irma y María.
En Cozumel, se esperaban olas de hasta 1.3 metros de altura.
Tahithromos Llc increased its stake in Xilinx Inc (XLNX) by 14.75% based on its latest 2017Q3 regulatory filing with the SEC. Donaldson Management Ltd Liability Corporation holds 201,328 shares. 730,161 are owned by Los Angeles Mgmt & Equity Rech.
Allardyce added: "It was a very hard day for (new signing) Cenk Tosun on his debut today, a very hard day for us all in the end". Spurs were certainly on the front foot throughout against an Everton side who have now suffered four successive defeats.
America's allies see the accord as the best way to thwart Iran's nuclear ambitions and a victory for multilateral diplomacy. He said remaining in the pact will give Congress more time to come up with bipartisan legislation regarding Iran.
Dark Souls Remastered has been announced for Nintendo Switch in a new Nintendo Direct Mini livestream that is going on right now. The most recent entry in the Dark Souls franchise, Dark Souls 3 , came to consoles and PC in early 2016.
The 'I'm A Celebrity.' host has chose to part from his wife Lisa after 11 years of marriage. Ant McPartlin has filed for divorce from his wife Lisa Armstrong after 11 years of marriage.
Chelsea boss Antonio Conte refused to discuss Manchester United rival Jose Mourinho after their 0-0 draw with Leicester City . But with no real competition or back up to rescue Chelsea , Morata looks likely to continue his struggles in front of goal .
The financial services provider reported $0.48 EPS for the quarter, topping the Zacks' consensus estimate of $0.35 by $0.13. Analysts await Santander Consumer USA Holdings Inc. (NYSE:SC) earned "Neutral" rating by Susquehanna on Monday, January 23.
The Clippers' fourth straight win was accomplished without All-Star center DeAndre Jordan, who sprained his left ankle Thursday. He shot an efficient 3-of-5 from the field including knocking down both of his 3-pointers in the period for the half.
A statement from the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's office said the 87-year-old Montecito man was found inside of his home. Last night, the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office made a plea for information on any of the missing residents.
State-run Anadolu news agency said there was panic on board as the plane went out of control. The Boeing 737-800 plane had flown from Ankara to the northeastern city of Trabzon.
The industrial products company reported $0.63 EPS for the quarter, beating the Zacks' consensus estimate of $0.61 by $0.02. A number of other hedge funds and other institutional investors have also added to or reduced their stakes in the business.
It has always sparked fierce debates in the USA about whether to brand Trump as a racist and a xenophobe. He also reportedly suggested that the U.S. should bring in more people from countries like Norway .
Thomas went 0-for-11 with several attempts blocked before ending the drought with 7:22 left in the third quarter. Lowry is still a game-time decision for Saturday night after missing the past two games with a bruised tailbone.
And the over-the-range hood and lamp switch on automatically when the cooktop is in use. The oven can also send a notification to your smartphone when it requires cleaning.
Telsey Advisory Group maintained Lowe's Companies, Inc. (NYSE:LOW) earned "Neutral" rating by PiperJaffray on Monday, October 31. Hollifield Matthew V sold $614,857 worth of stock. $163,675 worth of stock was sold by Ramsay Paul D on Tuesday, September 19.
DACA protects hundreds of thousands of young undocumented immigrants brought to the United States as children from deportation. African nations and El Salvador -also said to have been targeted in Trump's comments on immigration - have had plenty to say.
Alpine Partners Vi Llc bought 344,494 shares as the company's stock declined 41.75% while stock markets rallied. Since August 15, 2017, it had 0 insider purchases, and 6 selling transactions for $2.49 million activity.
The agreement entered into force in November 2016. "And if we can't, that's fine", President Trump said in June 2017. The president emphasised that he is not going to let the Paris agreement to deny the US competitive edge.
Wayne Township's Ben Davis University High School graduated 100 percent of its seniors, the highest in Marion County. The state graduation rate and non-waiver rate both were down slightly from 2016, the department said.
Trump, who has previously called climate change a hoax, announced his intent to pull the US out of the deal past year . Standing alongside Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg, Mr.
Schwab Charles Mngmt holds 0.03% of its portfolio in McCormick & Company, Incorporated (NYSE:MKC) for 389,058 shares. Investors might also notice that two months ago the Buy recommendations (0) were less than Sell recommendations (0).
Several lawmakers say President Trump used a demeaning expletive to refer to Haiti and African nations during a meeting Thursday. In response, the White House defended Trump's position on immigration.
Do not retweet, requote anything I have said in order to reinforce your safe hating agenda. The Instagram post was that of a meme that had two photos of Winfrey posing with Weinsten.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.PythonTools.Interpreter;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.ComponentModelHost;

namespace Microsoft.PythonTools.Profiling {
    /// <summary>
    /// Provides a view model for the StandaloneTarget class.
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class StandaloneTargetView : INotifyPropertyChanged {
        private ReadOnlyCollection<PythonInterpreterView> _availableInterpreters;
        private readonly PythonInterpreterView _customInterpreter;

        private PythonInterpreterView _interpreter;
        private string _interpreterPath;
        private bool _canSpecifyInterpreterPath;
        private string _workingDirectory;
        private string _scriptPath;
        private string _arguments;

        private bool _isValid;

        /// <summary>
        /// Create a StandaloneTargetView with default values.
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("An IServiceProvider should be provided")]
        public StandaloneTargetView()
            : this(PythonProfilingPackage.Instance) {
        }

        public StandaloneTargetView(IServiceProvider serviceProvider) {
            var componentService = (IComponentModel)(serviceProvider.GetService(typeof(SComponentModel)));
            var interpreterService = componentService.GetService<IInterpreterOptionsService>();

            var availableInterpreters = interpreterService.Interpreters.Select(factory => new PythonInterpreterView(factory)).ToList();

            _customInterpreter = new PythonInterpreterView("Other...", Guid.Empty, new Version(), null);
            availableInterpreters.Add(_customInterpreter);
            _availableInterpreters = new ReadOnlyCollection<PythonInterpreterView>(availableInterpreters);

            _interpreterPath = null;
            _canSpecifyInterpreterPath = false;
            _scriptPath = null;
            _workingDirectory = null;
            _arguments = null;

            _isValid = false;

            PropertyChanged += new PropertyChangedEventHandler(StandaloneTargetView_PropertyChanged);

            if (IsAnyAvailableInterpreters) {
                var defaultId = interpreterService.DefaultInterpreter.Id;
                var defaultVersion = interpreterService.DefaultInterpreter.Configuration.Version;
                Interpreter = AvailableInterpreters.FirstOrDefault(v => v.Id == defaultId && v.Version == defaultVersion);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Create a StandaloneTargetView with values taken from a template.
        /// </summary>
        public StandaloneTargetView(StandaloneTarget template)
            : this(PythonProfilingPackage.Instance, template) {
        }

        public StandaloneTargetView(IServiceProvider serviceProvider, StandaloneTarget template)
            : this(serviceProvider) {
            if (template.PythonInterpreter != null) {
                Version version;
                if (IsAnyAvailableInterpreters && Version.TryParse(template.PythonInterpreter.Version, out version)) {
                    Interpreter = AvailableInterpreters
                        .FirstOrDefault(v => v.Id == template.PythonInterpreter.Id && v.Version == version);
                } else {
                    Interpreter = _customInterpreter;
                }
            } else {
                InterpreterPath = template.InterpreterPath;
            }
            ScriptPath = template.Script;
            WorkingDirectory = template.WorkingDirectory;
            Arguments = template.Arguments;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a StandaloneTarget with values taken from the view model.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public StandaloneTarget GetTarget() {
            if (IsValid) {
                return new StandaloneTarget {
                    PythonInterpreter = CanSpecifyInterpreterPath ? null : Interpreter.GetInterpreter(),
                    InterpreterPath = CanSpecifyInterpreterPath ? InterpreterPath : null,
                    Script = ScriptPath ?? string.Empty,
                    WorkingDirectory = WorkingDirectory ?? string.Empty,
                    Arguments = Arguments ?? string.Empty
                };
            } else {
                return null;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The interpreters that may be selected.
        /// </summary>
        public ReadOnlyCollection<PythonInterpreterView> AvailableInterpreters {
            get {
                return _availableInterpreters;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if AvailableInterpreters has at least one item.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsAnyAvailableInterpreters {
            get {
                return _availableInterpreters.Count > 0;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The currently selected Python interpreter. Setting this to null will select a
        /// custom interpreter.
        /// </summary>
        public PythonInterpreterView Interpreter {
            get {
                return _interpreter;
            }
            set {
                if (_interpreter != value) {
                    _interpreter = value ?? _customInterpreter;
                    OnPropertyChanged("Interpreter");
                    CanSpecifyInterpreterPath = (_interpreter == _customInterpreter);
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The current interpreter path. This can be set regardless of the value of
        /// CanSpecifyInterpreterPath.
        /// </summary>
        public string InterpreterPath {
            get {
                return _interpreterPath;
            }
            set {
                if (_interpreterPath != value) {
                    _interpreterPath = value;
                    OnPropertyChanged("InterpreterPath");
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if InterpreterPath is valid; false if it will be ignored.
        /// </summary>
        public bool CanSpecifyInterpreterPath {
            get {
                return _canSpecifyInterpreterPath;
            }
            private set {
                if (_canSpecifyInterpreterPath != value) {
                    _canSpecifyInterpreterPath = value;
                    OnPropertyChanged("CanSpecifyInterpreterPath");
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The current script path.
        /// </summary>
        public string ScriptPath {
            get {
                return _scriptPath;
            }
            set {
                if (_scriptPath != value) {
                    _scriptPath = value;
                    OnPropertyChanged("ScriptPath");
                    //if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(WorkingDirectory)) {
                    //    WorkingDirectory = Path.GetDirectoryName(_scriptPath);
                    //}
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The current working directory.
        /// </summary>
        public string WorkingDirectory {
            get {
                return _workingDirectory;
            }
            set {
                if (_workingDirectory != value) {
                    _workingDirectory = value;
                    OnPropertyChanged("WorkingDirectory");
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The current set of arguments to pass to the script.
        /// </summary>
        public string Arguments {
            get {
                return _arguments;
            }
            set {
                if (_arguments != value) {
                    _arguments = value;
                    OnPropertyChanged("Arguments");
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Receives our own property change events to update IsValid.
        /// </summary>
        void StandaloneTargetView_PropertyChanged(object sender, PropertyChangedEventArgs e) {
            Debug.Assert(sender == this);

            if (e.PropertyName != "IsValid") {
                IsValid = File.Exists(ScriptPath) &&
                    Directory.Exists(WorkingDirectory) &&
                    (CanSpecifyInterpreterPath == false || File.Exists(InterpreterPath));
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// True if the settings are valid and all paths exist; otherwise, false.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsValid {
            get {
                return _isValid;
            }
            private set {
                if (_isValid != value) {
                    _isValid = value;
                    OnPropertyChanged("IsValid");
                }
            }
        }

        private void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName) {
            var evt = PropertyChanged;
            if (evt != null) {
                evt(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
            }
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Raised when the value of a property changes.
        /// </summary>
        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Chinese Actor Feilong Ji's Video Released at Time Square
— The "Chinese Celebrity" gains popularity in America
NEW YORK, LAS VEGAS and LOS ANGELES, January 26, 2015 /PRNewswire/ — The popular Chinese actor Feilong Ji has been in the U.S. on a one-month long cross-cultural communications trip since earlier this month. U.S. entertainment executives have accompanied Feilong Ji throughout the entire journey which stopped in Las Vegas, San Francisco and New York.
In recognition of Mr. Ji's noble artistic pursuits and his contributions to Sino-U.S. cultural communications, a short video starring the actor was shown on the huge screen overlooking Time Square in New York, helping to extend the actor's popularity well beyond the confines of his native China. In 2011, China's Information Office of the State Council released a national image film on the same Time Square screen, presenting American audiences with a more objective and realistic view of China's new national image.
Despite his modest origins, Feilong Ji is persistent and dauntless. Though the actor is hugely popular in China, his has never for a moment sat on his laurels or hesitated in his artistic pursuits; on the contrary, he keeps an open mind and continue to outdo himself with ever more artistic achievements. As a Sino-U.S. cultural go-between, Feilong Ji has helped to put the spotlight on Chinese filmography in Hollywood, much as his predecessors Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan have done, when he became the newest "Chinese Celebrity" among Hollywood's Chinese actors.
Between acting roles, Feilong Ji does much in public service, giving the public the impression of a tough guy with tender heart. He is the compassion ambassador for the China Foundation for Disabled Persons of Hainan Province. The deep involvement in public welfare reflects the actor's noble compassion for his home country and its people.
American mainstream media and the general public have paid unprecedented attention to the actor's trip. "Sino-U.S. cultural differences have led to huge differences in the way films are evaluated in the two countries. Actors and directors, as well as the films they produce or work in that are very popular in China, may get nothing more than a tepid response in the U.S., while the same is often true in reverse. A great artist should not be confined by his race or his country's borders nor be driven solely by fame and wealth. A great artist should strive for perfection and for the cultural expression of positive and authentic universal values. I came to the U.S. to express the China Dream and my film ambitions to the world," the actor said with a gentle smile on his manly face.
About Feilong Ji: Feilong Ji is a well-known Chinese actor born in 1980.
Photo – http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20150126/171204
To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chinese-actor-feilong-jis-video-released-at-time-square-300025331.html
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