text:
Harpy eagle
Title: Harpy eagle
Subject: Eagle, Philippine eagle, Buteoninae, Manuel Córdova-Rios, Haast's eagle
Collection: Animals Described in 1758, Birds of Argentina, Birds of Brazil, Birds of Central America, Birds of Colombia, Birds of Mexico, Birds of Panama, Birds of South America, Birds of the Amazon Basin, Birds of the Guianas, Birds of Venezuela, Buteoninae, Eagles, Monotypic Bird Genera, National Symbols of Panama
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Harpia
Vieillot, 1816
Species: H. harpyja
Binomial name
Harpia harpyja
The harpy eagle is rare throughout its range, which extends from Mexico to Brazil (in throughout their territory)[2] and Argentina (Only the north).
The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a neotropical species of eagle.
It is sometimes known as the American harpy eagle to distinguish it from the Papuan eagle, which is sometimes known as the New Guinea harpy eagle or Papuan harpy eagle.[3] It is the largest and most powerful raptor found in the Americas,[4] and among the largest extant species of eagles in the world. It usually inhabits tropical lowland rainforests in the upper (emergent) canopy layer. Destruction of its natural habitat has caused it to vanish from many parts of its former range, and it is nearly extirpated in Central America. In Brazil, the harpy eagle is also known as royal-hawk (in Portuguese: gavião-real).[5]
Distribution and habitat 3
Feeding 4.1
Breeding 4.2
Status and conservation 5
National initiatives 5.1
Popular culture 6
The harpy eagle was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Vultur harpyja,[6] after the mythological beast harpy. The only member of the genus Harpia, the harpy eagle is most closely related to the crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis) and the New Guinea harpy eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae), the three composing the subfamily Harpiinae within the large family Accipitridae. Previously thought to be related, the Philippine eagle has been shown by DNA analysis to belong elsewhere in the raptor family, as it is related to the Circaetinae.[7]
Its name refers to the Harpies of Ancient Greek mythology. These were wind spirits that took the dead to Hades, and were said to have a body like an eagle and the face of a human.[8]
The upper side of the harpy eagle is covered with slate-black feathers, and the underside is mostly white, except for the feathered tarsi, which are striped black. A broad black band across the upper breast separates the gray head from the white belly. The head is pale grey, and is crowned with a double crest. The upper side of the tail is black with three gray bands, while the underside of it is black with three white bands. The iris is gray or brown or red, the cere and bill are black or blackish and the tarsi and toes are yellow. The plumage of males and females are identical. The tarsus is up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long.[9][10]
Female harpy eagles typically weigh 6 to 9 kg (13 to 20 lb).[9][11] One source states that adult females can weigh up to 10 kg (22 lb).[12] An exceptionally large captive female, "Jezebel", weighed 12.3 kg (27 lb).[13] Being captive, this large female may not be representative of the weight possible in wild harpy eagles due to differences in the food availability.[14][15] The male, in comparison, is much smaller and weighs only about 4 to 4.8 kg (8.8 to 10.6 lb).[9][11] Harpy eagles are 86.5–107 cm (2 ft 10 in–3 ft 6 in) long[10][11] and have a wingspan of 176 to 224 cm (5 ft 9 in to 7 ft 4 in).[9][10] Among the standard measurements, the wing chord measures 54–63 cm (1 ft 9 in–2 ft 1 in), the tail measures 37–42 cm (1 ft 3 in–1 ft 5 in), the tarsus is 11.4–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) long, and the exposed culmen from the cere is 4.2 to 6.5 cm (1.7 to 2.6 in).[9][16][17]
Upper body of an adult in captivity
It is sometimes cited as the largest eagle alongside the Philippine eagle, that is somewhat longer on average and the Steller's sea eagle, that is slightly heavier on average.[8] The wingspan of the harpy eagle is relatively small, an adaptation that increases maneuverability in forested habitats and is shared by other raptors in similar habitats. The wingspan of the harpy eagle is surpassed by several large eagles who live in more open habitats, such as those in the Haliaeetus and Aquila genera.[9] The extinct Haast's eagle was significantly larger than all extant eagles, including the harpy.[18]
This species is largely silent away from the nest. There, the adults give a penetrating, weak, melancholy scream, with the incubating males' call described as "whispy screaming or wailing".[19] The females' calls while incubating are similar, but are lower-pitched. While approaching the nest with food, the male calls out "rapid chirps, goose-like calls, and occasional sharp screams". Vocalization in both parents decreases as the nestlings age, while the nestlings become more vocal. The nestlings call chi-chi-chi...chi-chi-chi-chi, seemingly in alarm in response to rain or direct sunlight. When humans approach the nest, the nestlings have been described as uttering croaks, quacks, and whistles.[20]
Distribution and habitat
Rare throughout its range, the harpy eagle is found from Mexico (almost extinct), through Central America and into South America to as far south as Argentina. The eagle is most common in Brazil, where it is found across the entire national territory.[21] With the exception of some areas of Panama, the species is almost extinct in Central America, subsequent to the logging of much of the rainforest there.[22] The harpy eagle inhabits tropical lowland rainforests and may occur within such areas from the canopy to the emergent vegetation. They typically occur below an elevation of 900 m (3,000 ft), but have been recorded at elevations up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[1] Within the rainforest, they hunt in the canopy or sometimes on the ground, and perch on emergent trees looking for prey. They do not generally occur in disturbed areas, but regularly visit semiopen forest/pasture mosaic, mainly in hunting forays.[23] Harpies, however, can be found flying over forest borders in a variety of habitats, such as cerrados, caatingas, buriti palm stands, cultivated fields, and cities.[24] They have been found in areas where high-grade forestry is practiced.
Feeding at Zoo Miami, USA
The harpy eagle is an actively hunting [34][35] Red brocket deer, a species commonly weighing over 30 kg (66 lb), have been reportedly taken and, in such cases, the eagle may have to tear it into pieces or feed on it at the killing site rather than fly with it, as it would be too heavy.[36] The harpy has been recorded as taking domestic livestock, including chickens, lambs, goats, and young pigs, but this is extremely rare under normal circumstances.[9] They control the population of mesopredators such as capuchin monkeys which prey extensively on bird's eggs and which (if not naturally controlled) may cause local extinctions of sensitive species.[37]
Harpy eagle in flight
Harpy eagles routinely take prey weighing more than 7 kg (15 lb).[9] They possess the largest [34][39] Prey items taken to the nest by the parents are normally medium-sized, having been recorded from 1 to 4 kg (2.2 to 8.8 lb).[9] The prey brought to the nest by males averaged 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), while the prey brought to the nest by females averaged 3.2 kg (7.1 lb).[20]
Sometimes, harpy eagles are "sit-and-wait" predators (common in forest-dwelling raptors).[9] In harpies, this consists of perching and watching for long times from a high perch near an opening, a river, or a salt-lick (where many mammals go to feed for nutrients).[9] The more common hunting technique of the species is perch-hunting, which consists of scanning around for prey activity while briefly perched between short flights from tree to tree.[9] When prey is spotted, the eagle quickly dives and grabs the prey.[9] On occasion, they may also hunt by flying within or above the canopy.[9] They have also been observed tail-chasing, a predation style common to hawks that hunt birds, the genus Accipiter.[9] This comprises the eagle pursuing another bird in flight, rapidly dodging among trees and branches.[9]
In ideal habitats, nests would be fairly close together. In some parts of Panama and Guyana, active nests were located 3 km (1.9 mi) away from one another, while they are within 5 km (3.1 mi) of each other in Venezuela. In Peru, the average distance between nests was 7.4 km (4.6 mi) and the average area occupied by each breeding pairs was estimated at 4,300 ha (11,000 acres). In less ideal areas, with fragmented forest, breeding territories were estimated at 25 km (16 mi).[33] The female harpy eagle lays two white eggs in a large stick nest, which commonly measures 1.2 m (3.9 ft) deep and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across and may be used over several years. Nests are located high up in a tree, usually in the main fork, at 16 to 43 m (52 to 141 ft), depending on the stature of the local trees. The harpy often builds its nest in the crown of the kapok tree, one of the tallest trees in South America. In many South American cultures, it is considered bad luck to cut down the kapok tree, which may help safeguard the habitat of this stately eagle.[40] The bird also uses other huge trees on which to build its nest, such as the Brazil nut tree.[41] A nesting site found in the Brazilian Pantanal was built on a cambará tree (Vochysia divergens).[42]
No display is known between pairs of eagles, and they are believed to mate for life. A pair of harpy eagles usually only raises one chick every 2–3 years. After the first chick hatches, the second egg is ignored and normally fails to hatch unless the first egg perishes. The egg is incubated around 56 days. When the chick is 36 days old, it can stand and walk awkwardly. The chick fledges at the age of 6 months, but the parents continue to feed it for another 6 to 10 months. The male captures much of the food for the incubating female and later the eaglet, but also takes an incubating shift while the female forages and also brings prey back to the nest. Breeding maturity is not reached until birds are 4 to 6 years of age.[9][20][23] Adults can be aggressive toward humans who disturb the nesting site or appear to be a threat to its young.[43]
Status and conservation
Subadult, "Panama", in Belize Zoo
Although the harpy eagle still occurs over a considerable range, its distribution and populations have dwindled considerably. It is threatened primarily by habitat loss due to the expansion of logging, cattle ranching, agriculture, and prospecting. Secondarily, it is threatened by being hunted as an actual threat to livestock and/or a supposed one to human life, due to its great size.[44] Although not actually known to prey on humans and only rarely on domestic stock, the species' large size and nearly fearless behavior around humans reportedly make it an "irresistible target" for hunters.[33] Such threats apply throughout its range, in large parts of which the bird has become a transient sight only; in Brazil, it was all but wiped out from the Atlantic rainforest and is only found in appreciable numbers in the most remote parts of the Amazon basin; a Brazilian journalistic account of the mid-1990s already complained that at the time it was only found in significant numbers in Brazilian territory on the northern side of the Equator.[45] Scientific 1990s records, however, suggest that the harpy Atlantic Forest population may be migratory.[46] Subsequent research in Brazil has established that, as of 2009, the harpy eagle, outside the Brazilian Amazon, is critically endangered in Espírito Santo,[47] São Paulo and Paraná, endangered in Rio de Janeiro, and probably extirpated in Rio Grande do Sul (where there is a recent (March 2015) record for the Parque Estadual do Turvo)[1] and Minas Gerais[48] – the actual size of their total population in Brazil is unknown.[49]
Globally, the harpy eagle is considered Near Threatened by IUCN[1] and threatened with extinction by CITES (appendix I). The Peregrine Fund until recently considered it a "conservation-dependent species", meaning it depends on a dedicated effort for captive breeding and release to the wild, as well as habitat protection, to prevent it from reaching endangered status, but now has accepted the Near Threatened status. The harpy eagle is considered critically endangered in Mexico and Central America, where it has been extirpated in most of its former range; in Mexico, it used to be found as far north as Veracruz, but today probably occurs only in Chiapas in the Selva Zoque. It is considered as Near Threatened or Vulnerable in most of the South American portion of its range; at the southern extreme of its range, in Argentina, it is found only in the Parana Valley forests at the province of Misiones.[50][51] It has disappeared from El Salvador, and almost so from Costa Rica.[22]
Adult at São Paulo Zoo, Brazil
Various initiatives for restoration of the species are in place in various countries. Since 2002, Peregrine Fund initiated a conservation and research program for the harpy eagle in the Darién Province.[52] A similar—and grander, given the dimensions of the countries involved—research project is occurring in Brazil, at the National Institute of Amazonian Research, through which 45 known nesting locations (updated to 62, only three outside the Amazonian basin and all three inactive) are being monitored by researchers and volunteers from local communities. A harpy eagle chick has been fitted with a radio transmitter that allows it to be tracked for more than three years via a satellite signal sent to the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research.[53] Also, a photographic recording of a nest site in the Carajás National Forest is being made by the photographer for the Brazilian edition of National Geographic Magazine, João Marcos Rosa.[54]
Adult in Belize
In Belize, the Belize Harpy Eagle Restoration Project began in 2003 with the collaboration of Sharon Matola, founder and director of the Belize Zoo and the Peregrine Fund. The goal of this project was the re-establishment of the harpy eagle within Belize. The population of the eagle declined as a result of forest fragmentation, shooting, and nest destruction, resulting in near extirpation of the species. Captive-bred harpy eagles were released in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize, chosen for its quality forest habitat and linkages with Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat linkage with Guatemala and Mexico were important for conservation of quality habitat and the harpy eagle on a regional level. As of November 2009, 14 harpy eagles have been released and are monitored by the Peregrine Fund, through satellite telemetry.[55]
In January 2009, a chick from the all-but-extirpated population in the Brazilian state of Paraná was hatched in captivity at the preserve kept in the vicinity of the Itaipu Dam by the Brazilian/Paraguayan state-owned company Itaipu Binacional.[56] In September 2009, an adult female, after being kept captive for 12 years in a private reservation, was fitted with a radio transmitter before being restored to the wild in the vicinity of the Pau Brasil National Park (formerly Monte Pascoal NP), in the state of Bahia.[57]
In December 2009, a 15th harpy eagle was released into the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize. The release was set to tie in with the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, in Copenhagen. The 15th eagle, nicknamed "Hope" by the Peregrine officials in Panama, was the "poster child" for forest conservation in Belize, a developing country, and the importance of these activities in relation to climate change. The event received coverage from Belize's major media entities, and was supported and attended by the U.S. Ambassador to Belize, Vinai Thummalapally, and British High Commissioner to Belize, Pat Ashworth.[58]
In Colombia, as of 2007, an adult male and a subadult female confiscated from wildlife trafficking were restored to the wild and monitored in Paramillo National Park in Córdoba, and another couple was being kept in captivity at a research center for breeding and eventual release.[59] A monitoring effort with the help of volunteers from local Native American communities is also being made in Ecuador, including the joint sponsorship of various Spanish universities[60]—this effort being similar to another one going on since 1996 in Peru, centered around a native community in the Tambopata Province, Madre de Dios Region.[61] Another monitoring project, begun in 1992, was operating as of 2005 in the state of Bolívar, Venezuela.[62]
The harpy eagle is sought by avid birder Anders Eckman in Ann Patchett's novel State of Wonder; the eagle becomes symbolically loaded because of Eckman's liminal state between life and death.
The harpy eagle is the national bird of Panama and is depicted on the coat of arms of Panama.[63]
The harpy eagle was the inspiration behind the design of Fawkes the Phoenix in the Harry Potter film series.[64]
A live harpy eagle was used to portray the now-extinct Haast's eagle in BBC's Monsters We Met.[65]
^ a b c
^ a b
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
^ a b c Thiollay, J. M. (1994). Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja). p. 191 in: del Hoy, J, A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal, eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-15-6
^ Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
^ O'Connor, R. J. (1984). The Growth and Development of Birds, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-90345-0
^ Arent, L. A. (2007). Raptors in Captivity. Hancock House, Washington. ISBN 978-0-88839-613-6
^ Sagip Eagle. Gbgm-umc.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ Smithsonian miscellaneous collections (1862). Archive.org. Retrieved on 2013-03-09.
^ Museum of New Zealand (1998). Giant eagle (Aquila moorei), Haast's eagle, or Pouakai. Accessed 4 June 2011
^ a b Rettig, N., K. Hayes (1995). Remote world of the harpy eagle. National Geographic, 187(2): 40–49.
^ Sigrist, Tomas (2013) Ornitologia Brasileira. Vinhedo: Avis Brasilis. ISBN 978-85-60120-25-3. p. 192
^ Santos, D. W. (2011). WA548962, Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus, 1758). Wiki Aves – A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil.. Retrieved August 30, 2013
^ Izor, R. J. (1985). "Sloths and other mammalian prey of the Harpy Eagle". pp. 343–346 in G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
^ Muñiz-López, R., O. Criollo, and A. Mendúa. 2007. Results of five years of the "Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) Research Program" in the Ecuadorian tropical forest. pp. 23–32 in K. L Bildstein, D. R. Barber, and A. Zimmerman (eds.), Neotropical raptors. Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Orwigsburg, PA.
^ )Harpia harpyjaAves de Rapina BR | Gavião-Real (. Avesderapinabrasil.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ Aguiar-Silva (2007). "Dieta do gavião-real Harpia harpyja (Aves: Accipitridae) em florestas de terra firme de Parintins, Amazonas, Brasil". Thesis
^ a b c Bierregaard, R. O. 1994. "Harpy Eagle". Page 191 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (editors). Handbook of birds of the world. Volume 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
^ a b San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Harpy Eagle. Sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ Capybara. akronzoo.org
^ Mazama americana (Red Brocket). Iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ Shaner, K. 2011. "Harpia harpyja" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed August 21, 2012
^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
^ Harpia (gavião-real). Avesderapinabrasil.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ Talia Salanotti, researcher for the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research, cf. O Globo, May the 13th. 2009; abridgement available at Maior águia das Américas, gavião-real sofre com destruição das florestas; on the random killing of harpies in frontier regions, see Cristiano Trapé Trinca, Stephen F. Ferrari and Alexander C. Lees on an agricultural frontier in southern Brazilian AmazoniaHarpia harpyjaCuriosity killed the bird: arbitrary hunting of Harpy Eagles . Cotinga 30 (2008): 12–15
^ "Senhora dos ares", Globo Rural, ISSN 0102-6178, 11:129, July 1996, pp. 40 and 42
^ Alluvion of the Lower Schwalm near Borken. Birdlife.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ Where an adult male was observed in August 2005 at the preserve kept by mining corporation Vale do Rio Doce at Linhares: cf.
^ Nevertheless, in 2006, an adult female – probably during migration – was seen and photographed at the vicinity of Tapira, in the Minas Gerais cerrado: cf.
^ The Misiones Green Corridor. Redyaguarete.org.ar. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ For a map of the species historical and current range, see Fig. 1 in
^ Harpia harpyjaHarpy Eagle . Globalraptors.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ Projecto Gavião-real INPA; Globo Rural, 25:288, page 62
^ João Marcos Rosa (2011-06-22). Mirada alemã: um olhar crítico sobre o seu próprio trabalho. abril.com.br
^ THE BELIZE HARPY EAGLE RESTORATION PROGRAM (BHERP). belizezoo.org
^ G1 > Brasil – NOTÍCIAS – Ave rara no Brasil nasce no Refúgio Biológico de Itaipu. G1.globo.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ Revista Globo Rural, 24:287, September 2009, 20
^ Márquez C., Gast-Harders F., Vanegas V. H., Bechard M. (2006). (L., 1758)Harpia harpyja. siac.net.co
^ Piana, Renzo P. ) in the Infierno Native Community"Harpia harpyja"The Harpy Eagle (. inkaways.com
^ (Spanish) Programa de conservación del águila arpía. Ecoportal.net (2005-12-15). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
Harpy eagle Facts and Pictures on AnimalSpot.net
Harpy eagle videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
San Diego Zoo info about the harpy eagle
Peregrine Fund info about the harpy eagle
Harpy eagle information and photo
Subfamily: Buteoninae
Species (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
Geranoaetus
Black-chested buzzard-eagle
Variable hawk
White-tailed hawk
Common buzzard
Long-legged buzzard
Rough-legged buzzard
Ferruginous hawk
Broad-winged hawk
Swainson's hawk
White-rumped hawk
Short-tailed hawk
White-throated hawk
Galápagos hawk
Gray hawk
Zone-tailed hawk
Hawaiian hawk
Rufous-tailed hawk
Mountain buzzard
Madagascar buzzard
Upland buzzard
Red-necked buzzard
Jackal buzzard
Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk
Rupornis
Roadside hawk
Parabuteo
Harris's hawk
Buteogallus
Rufous crab hawk
Common black hawk
Cuban black hawk
Great black hawk
Savanna hawk
Busarellus
Black-collared hawk
Leucopternis
White-browed hawk
White-necked hawk
Black-faced hawk
Plumbeous hawk
Barred hawk
Slate-coloured hawk
Semiplumbeous hawk
Pseudastur
Grey-backed hawk
Mantled hawk
Kaupifalco
Lizard buzzard
Butastur
Rufous-winged buzzard
Grasshopper buzzard
White-eyed buzzard
Grey-faced buzzard
Harpyhaliaetus
Crowned solitary eagle
Montane solitary eagle
Morphnus
Harpia
Pithecophaga
Philippine eagle
Harpyopsis
New Guinea harpy eagle
Spizaetus
Black hawk-eagle
Black-and-white hawk-eagle
Ornate hawk-eagle
Black-and-chestnut eagle
Nisaetus
Crested hawk-eagle
Mountain hawk-eagle
Blyth's hawk-eagle
Javan hawk-eagle
Sulawesi hawk-eagle
Philippine hawk-eagle
Wallace's hawk-eagle
Lophaetus
Long-crested eagle
Stephanoaetus
Crowned eagle
Malagasy crowned eagle†
Polemaetus
Martial eagle
Hieraaetus
Wahlberg's eagle
Ayres's hawk-eagle
Booted eagle
Pygmy eagle
Bonelli's eagle
African hawk-eagle
Rufous-bellied eagle
Eastern imperial eagle
Spanish imperial eagle
Steppe eagle
Tawny eagle
Verreaux's eagle
Gurney's eagle
Clanga
Greater spotted eagle
Lesser spotted eagle
Indian spotted eagle
Ictinaetus
Haliaeetus
White-bellied sea eagle
Sanford's sea eagle
Madagascar fish eagle
Pallas's fish eagle
Steller's sea eagle
Ichthyophaga
Lesser fish eagle
Grey-headed fish eagle
Harpagornis
Haast's eagle†
IUCN Red List near threatened species
Articles containing Portuguese-language text
Articles needing cleanup from November 2014
WorldHeritage list cleanup from November 2014
Articles with Spanish-language external links
Animals described in 1758
Birds of Brazil
Birds of Argentina
Birds of Central America
Birds of Colombia
Birds of Mexico
Birds of Panama
Birds of South America
Birds of the Amazon Basin
Birds of the Guianas
Birds of Venezuela
Buteoninae
Monotypic bird genera
National symbols of Panama
Argentina, Mexico, India, Venezuela, Russia
Uruguay, Brazil, Buenos Aires, Venezuela, Mexico
Buteoninae, Aquila (genus), Circaetinae, Golden eagle, Spizaetus
Muse, Helios, Heracles, Trojan War, Zeus
Buteoninae, Antarctica, Accipitriformes, Eagle, Buteo
Philippines, Samar, Harpy eagle, Eagle, Manila
Species, Buzzard, Geranoaetus, Buteo, Parabuteo
Manuel Córdova-Rios
Iquitos, Manaus, Ayahuasca, Andes, Jaguar
Haast's eagle
Extinction, Accipitriformes, Eagle, Moa, Devonian


All too often trade show booth staff don't know how to engage attendees as they come down the aisle. They watch attendees walk by their trade show display, afraid to approach them because they are unsure of what to say or fear bothering them. While some attendees will stop, what about the ones that don't? You're there to meet with attendees, so you need to get the conversation ball rolling.
First recognize that no one wants to interrupt trade show staff on their phone or huddled together chatting with one another. They will think you're too busy to talk with them and continue on down the aisle. Be present and make yourself available so visitors will feel welcome. Adopt a relaxed stance, smile and yes, by all means, step out into the aisle.
Next, you need to know what you're going to say to kick off the conversation. "Hi there, can I help you with something?" or "Enjoying the show?" are uninspiring at best. The most predictable response is likely to be "no thanks, I'm just looking." End of conversation. You need more engaging conversation starters, to get them involved immediately.
The best openers are often to offer something – a free sample, the opportunity to participate in an activity, or win a prize. Formulate open ended questions that cannot be answered with a simply yes or no. Think of questions that use who, what, where, when and how vs questions that use are, can, do, have, or will. For example, "If you win the iPad we're giving away today, who would you give it to?". Start off the conversation focusing on them, rather than the other way around. Your opener should get them thinking, and regardless of what the answer is, it should draw them into a conversation about their needs, provide an opportunity for you to explain what you do, and determine whether you can help them.
It's important, of course, not to get discouraged. No matter how great your openers are, not every person that walks by has a need for your product or service. Keep in mind that if you're friendly, approachable, and have a great conversation starter, your chances for generating more leads will be greatly increased.
For more tips on successful exhibiting techniques, request a copy of our guidebook.


text:
Q: Ubuntu : How to shutdown the system after 9 hours when it is started
*

*How to shut down the system after 9 hours from the system switched on time?
From the time system switched on to 9 hours it should be shut downed everyday...

*How to notify the system by specific time using cron?
20 14 * * * notify-send "Get your tea!"

I have a line like that in crontab but nothing pops up.

A: shutdown has an option for that:
shutdown -r +540

(9*60) but you will need to add it in minutes AND it does not survive a reboot.
The more useful method would be to use the at command (you will need to install it with sudo apt install at). Works like this:
echo "shutdown" > at now + 9 hours

have it execute in something like /etc/rc.local. This will survice a reboot but will add a 2nd shutdown when a reboot happens. You can list tasks set with at and even remove them.
cron does not understand 'now' so is not really the tool to use. But there was an addition made to cron where you can use @reboot. You can use the @reboot option and connect it to shutdown -r +540. That would be:
@reboot  /usr/sbin/shutdown -r +540

Mind that any method you use will kill any active process.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Remove "type" attribute from script tags in WordPress I am working on WordPress Site,these warnings are coming on every single page, Is there any method to resolve this.

Warning:The type attribute is unnecessary for JavaScript resources. <script type="text/javascript">

A: Add following code to your theme's functions.php
add_action( 'template_redirect', 'prefix_remove_template_redirect', 10, 2);

function prefix_remove_template_redirect(){
  ob_start( function( $buffer ){
    $buffer = str_replace( array(
        '<script type="text/javascript">',
        "<script type='text/javascript'>",
        "<script type='text/javascript' src=",
        '<script type="text/javascript" src=',
        '<style type="text/css">',
        "' type='text/css' media=",
        '<style type="text/css" media',
        "' type='text/css'>"
    ),
    array(
        '<script>',
        "<script>",
        "<script src=",
        '<script src=',
        '<style>',
        "' media=",
        '<style media',
        "' >"
    ), $buffer );

    return $buffer;
  });
};

This will change <script type="text/javascript"> to <script> And will change <style type="text/css"> to <style>. It can be done by script_loader_tag but its given theme check validation error.
Update:
From WordPress 5.3, You can use following.
function theme_name_setup() {

    add_theme_support( 'html5', array( 'script', 'style' ) );

}

add_action( 'after_setup_theme', 'theme_name_setup' );

A: As of WordPress 5.3 you can add 'style' and 'script' to add_theme_support for Html5 to remove the type attributes.
function register_html_support() {

    add_theme_support( 'html5', array( 'script', 'style' ) );

}

add_action( 'after_setup_theme', 'register_html_support' );

A: Add the below code to your theme's functions.php
add_filter('script_loader_tag', 'clean_script_tag');
  function clean_script_tag($input) {
  $input = str_replace("type='text/javascript' ", '', $input);
  return str_replace("'", '"', $input);
}

This will change <script type="text/javascript"> to <script> for the plugin loaded scripts.
And then change <script type="text/javascript"> to <script> in your theme's header an  footer php files.

A: i added two things. This works for me:
#one for JS mime-type
add_action( 'template_redirect', function(){
  ob_start( function( $buffer ){
       $buffer = str_replace( array( 'type="text/javascript"', "type='text/javascript'" ), '', $buffer );
       return $buffer;
    });
});
#one for CSS-Mime-Type
add_action( 'template_redirect', function(){
    ob_start( function( $buffer ){
        $buffer = str_replace( array( 'type="text/css"', "type='text/css'" ), '', $buffer );
        return $buffer;
    });
});

I know you can do both in one function, but here can you decide for oneself what you want (JS or CSS or both)


text:
11. Beyond Belief – Jenna Miscavige Hill
Story – The true story of Jenna and how she was raised in the church of Scientology, and then how she ultimately drew away from the Church and left.
Thoughts – This book was crazy. I mean, it was about crazy people in a crazy organisation that I cannot believe exists and functions as it does. Jenna was raised almost completely separated from her parents, being forced to function as a miniature adult from very young childhood. Even when he parents left Jenna clung to the security of the church, but as she discovered when she began to rebel, that security came at a pretty heavy price. This book goes in depth into Scientology beliefs and practices, and it's fascinating to try and comprehend how people really believe it.
10. Maybe Baby – Tenaya Darlington
Story – A couple (whose name I can't remember) are shocked when their daughter announces not only that she is pregnant, but that she and her partner plan to raise the baby as genderless, with no one but them knowing the biological sex.
Thoughts – I really thought this book would be good, because I find the whole idea of the 'genderless baby' so fascinating. So, I was pretty disappointed with this, which was just about a completely dysfunctional family and really didn't seem to address the issues in any way that made me think, or even want to keep reading. I finished it because I kept hoping that something interesting would happen, but it really came up with nothing.
9. Hindsight – Melanie Casey
Story – Cas Lehman has a gift. A terrifying gift whereby she experiences the moments leading up to someone's death. After having been a recluse for many years in an effort to avoid the distressing phenomenon, Cas ventures out one day only to find herself caught up in assisting a murder investigation.
Thoughts – This wasn't bad. It was Australian, which was a refreshing change and both Cas and Ed (the policeman) were good characters beyond the murder mystery. It's the start of a series though, and although I'll try any other books from it that I come across I'm not sure if the psychic angle is going to make them all too similar.
8. The Martian – Andy Weir
Story – A freak accident, and Mark Watney finds himself alone on Mars, stranded without enough food or water, and only a tiny chance of rescue.
Thoughts – I ended up liking this a lot. Mark was a great character caught in crazy circumstances – I cannot imagine the sheer isolation. There were lots of science bits in this book that I didn't really understand, so I have no idea if a more science savvy person would find it ridiculous, but it all seemed quite plausible and made for easy suspension of disbelief.
7. Ten Thousand Truths – Susan White
Story – Rachel is a foster child, moved from home to home since the death of her mother and brother in a car accident. At thirteen Rachel is sent to a last resort home, a house kept by a woman named Amelia who has her own problems but still manages to be just what Rachel needs.
Thoughts – This was a nice book. That's really about all that can be said about it – it was a nice book with nice characters. I liked the premise, but I found the actual execution of it to be a little boring. There just wasn't enough emotion or action in it. Basically Rachel moved to the island and everything just got gradually better.
6. Stillwater Rising – Steena Holmes
Story – Stillwater Bay is a town still reeling after a deadly school shooting incident. Jenn is a mother who has lost her son, Charlotte is the mayor of the town and married to the school principal, and Julia is also a mother to a dead boy, but her boy was the one who carried the gun.
Thoughts – I was disappointed in this one. School shootings are such an emotive topic, and I really thought that the different perspectives of the women would make for an emotional, gripping read. But it didn't. It was, quite frankly, pretty boring and I didn't particularly feel for any of the women involved. Not to mention that I discovered at the end of the book that it was the first one in a series, so the boredom is going to be spread out over more books.
5. Warm Bodies – Isaac Marion
Story – R is a zombie. He spends most of his time hanging out at an airport with his fellow undead, occasionally going in to town in search of some food. It's on one of these journeys that R finds Julie and, for whatever reason, brings her back to his aeroplane home. Now he has to find a way to keep her alive, even as he eats the brains and memories of her boyfriend Perry.
Thoughts – I don't know what's with all the zombies. I would not have thought it was a genre I would get in to, but here I am with at least a bit of interest in it. I really liked the start of this one, R was a great character and the zombie point of view was interesting, but by the end of it I was a little less enamoured. I found the ending just too vague and airy fairy, but overall it was still an okay book.
4. Maternity Leave – Julie Halpern
Story – Annie is a middle school teacher who just had a baby, Sam. This is the story of her maternity leave, from the day she gave birth until the day she has to leave him at daycare and return to work.
Thoughts– This was pretty good. Annie had a really clear voice and it very accurately described the insane way a first baby takes over your life. Brought back some memories! I found the supporting cast of friends really one-dimensional, and I couldn't believe how much money she spent on takeaway and television shopping. Which doesn't really have anything to do with the story, but it made me twitchy!
3. It's Nice Outside – Jim Kokoris
Story – A dysfunctional family on a roadtrip – what could be better? The story begins with Jim taking his nineteen year old son Ethan on a roadtrip to go to his oldest daughter's wedding, and things just get more complicated from there.
Thoughts – I liked this book. I liked Jim, and the portrayal of Ethan, an autistic adult with a genetic disorder. The other characters were good, and I really felt for the tough decisions that the family faced and loved the way the story explored that.
2. Golden Boys – Sonya Hartnett
Story – The new family in the suburb seems perfect. Friendly and welcoming to the neighbourhood kids, the house seems like the perfect playground. But a seam of darkness runs underneath the golden summer.
Thoughts – I love the way Sonya Harnett writes. "Disquieting" was a word used on a review, and that really sums it up. She is wonderfully capable of creating an atmosphere of crawling dread, where you know the bad thing is coming and you wish it wasn't but there's no way to avoid that. Having said that, I didn't really get much out of the plot of this book. It was depressing, and in the end I found it unsatisfying.
1. The Way we Were – Sinead Moriarty
Story – Ben and Alice are both doctors, married and living a comfortable life with their two daughters. But Ben was restless, and unexpectedly takes a temporary job in Eritrea. While he was there he was caught up in a landmine explosion and killed. Alice and her two daughters endure the unimaginable grief off his loss and the excruciating climb to put their lives back together, only to have Ben turn up alive three years later…
Thoughts – I thought the plot of this one was interesting, but it just didn't work in execution. I think it's the writing style – I've read some of this author's work before and it just doesn't resonate with me. I didn't get emotionally involved. In fact Alice was just dreary (okay, her husband was dead, but still), and her daughter Jools was a brat – who lets their kid talk like that to their little sister? Although I do have to say that I found the relationship between Ben and Declan (who was with him in Eritrea) to be a compelling part of the book, and that was done well. Not a great start to my reading year though!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: How to edit events in google calendar (API) that are shared across domain? My organization has some domain wide calendar resources (to depict meeting rooms). I need to be able to edit the resource's calendar. What permissions would I need for it?
A reference (under heading - Permission Settings) on Google Workspace Admin says that with Make changes to events privilege, users can see event details and modify any event, but the option is available only when the resource is shared with specific people, not the entire organization.
So, if the resource is shared with whole organization I have no choice. But isn't there some admin role (except super admin) or privilege that can enable me to edit domain wide resources?

A: I understand that your organization has one particular resource, whose calendar has some events that you want to edit. In that case in particular the resource is shared with the entire organization. If that is correct then, as you accurately pointed out, only the superadmin can edit that calendar events. As an alternative you could create a service account with edit privileges over the resources and grant it domain-wide delegation to edit those events as if the superadmin were doing so. Then you could use that service account to call the Calendar API as needed, per example the Events.update method.


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text:
Q: Automatic reboot of server for no reason My server has restarted and I can't find a reason for this..
Installed on kvm virtualizor server.
I checked the logs but didn't see the reason for the restart.
last +x reboot
[root@localhost ~]# last +x reboot
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.27.2. Thu Sep 12 10:55 - 11:26  (00:31)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.27.2. Thu Sep 12 10:26 - 11:26  (00:59)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Thu Sep 12 06:35 - 11:26  (04:51)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Thu Sep 12 06:14 - 11:26  (05:11)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Thu Sep 12 03:32 - 11:26  (07:53)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Thu Sep 12 01:26 - 11:26  (10:00)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Thu Sep 12 01:06 - 11:26  (10:20)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Thu Sep 12 00:49 - 11:26  (10:36)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Wed Sep 11 17:48 - 11:26  (17:38)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Wed Sep 11 14:40 - 11:26  (20:45)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Wed Sep 11 09:34 - 11:26 (1+01:52)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 17:57 - 11:26 (2+17:29)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 16:49 - 11:26 (2+18:37)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 14:36 - 11:26 (2+20:49)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 14:13 - 11:26 (2+21:12)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 13:34 - 11:26 (2+21:51)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 12:15 - 11:26 (2+23:11)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 10:17 - 11:26 (3+01:09)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 04:07 - 11:26 (3+07:18)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 02:53 - 11:26 (3+08:32)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 02:23 - 11:26 (3+09:02)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 01:45 - 11:26 (3+09:40)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 01:25 - 11:26 (3+10:01)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Sep  9 00:34 - 11:26 (3+10:52)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Aug 26 23:08 - 11:26 (16+12:17)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Sun Aug 25 09:41 - 11:26 (18+01:44)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Thu Jul 25 21:47 - 11:26 (48+13:39)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Thu Jul 25 14:23 - 11:26 (48+21:03)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Jul 22 16:19 - 11:26 (51+19:07)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.21.3. Mon Jul 22 16:13 - 11:26 (51+19:12)
reboot   system boot  3.10.0-957.el7.x Mon Jul 22 15:53 - 16:12  (00:19)

grep -B20 -A10 "Linux version" /var/log/messages
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: microcode: microcode updated early to revision 0xae, date = 2019-02-14
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: Linux version 3.10.0-957.27.2.el7.x86_64 (mockbuild@kbuilder.bsys.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Mon Jul 29 17:46:05 UTC 2019
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.27.2.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/VG1-root ro crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=VG1/root rd.md.uuid=b44eee21:206396c1:2f2e93d7:0e19e420 rd.lvm.lv=VG1/swap nomodeset rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009d3ff] usable
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009d400-0x000000000009ffff] reserved
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000e0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x0000000033720fff] usable
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000033721000-0x0000000033721fff] ACPI NVS
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000033722000-0x0000000033722fff] reserved
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000033723000-0x000000003abb7fff] usable
Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000003abb8000-0x000000003b033fff] reserved
--
Sep 12 10:44:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 21 of user root.
Sep 12 10:45:02 localhost systemd: Started Session 22 of user root.
Sep 12 10:46:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 23 of user root.
Sep 12 10:47:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 24 of user root.
Sep 12 10:48:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 25 of user root.
Sep 12 10:48:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 26 of user root.
Sep 12 10:48:03 localhost libvirtd: 2019-09-12 06:18:03.635+0000: 3574: error : virNetSocketReadWire:1806 : End of file while reading data: Input/output error
Sep 12 10:48:07 localhost libvirtd: 2019-09-12 06:18:07.040+0000: 3574: error : virNetSocketReadWire:1806 : End of file while reading data: Input/output error
Sep 12 10:49:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 27 of user root.
Sep 12 10:50:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 28 of user root.
Sep 12 10:51:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 29 of user root.
Sep 12 10:52:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 30 of user root.
Sep 12 10:53:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 31 of user root.
Sep 12 10:54:01 localhost systemd: Started Session 32 of user root.
Sep 12 10:54:20 localhost dhcpd: DHCPINFORM from 178.63.197.203 via natbr8
Sep 12 10:54:20 localhost dhcpd: DHCPACK to 178.63.197.203 (00:16:3e:22:2c:83) via natbr8
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: microcode: microcode updated early to revision 0xae, date = 2019-02-14
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: Linux version 3.10.0-957.27.2.el7.x86_64 (mockbuild@kbuilder.bsys.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Mon Jul 29 17:46:05 UTC 2019
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.27.2.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/VG1-root ro crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=VG1/root rd.md.uuid=b44eee21:206396c1:2f2e93d7:0e19e420 rd.lvm.lv=VG1/swap nomodeset rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009d3ff] usable
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009d400-0x000000000009ffff] reserved
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000e0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x0000000033720fff] usable
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000033721000-0x0000000033721fff] ACPI NVS
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000033722000-0x0000000033722fff] reserved
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000033723000-0x000000003abb7fff] usable
Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000003abb8000-0x000000003b033fff] reserved

grep -iv ': starting\|kernel: .: Power Button\|watching system buttons\|Stopped Cleaning Up\|Started Crash recovery kernel' \
  /var/log/messages /var/log/syslog /var/log/apcupsd \
  | grep -iw 'recover[a-z]\|power[a-z]\|shut[a-z ]*down\|rsyslogd\|ups'
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [USBC] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V0PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V1PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V2PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [WRST] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN00] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN01] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN02] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN03] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN04] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [PIN] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:24 localhost kernel:  hash matches drivers/base/power/main.c:576
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:31 localhost systemd-fsck: /dev/sda2: recovering journal
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:33 localhost systemd: Started Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:39 localhost systemd: Started Logout off all iSCSI sessions on shutdown.
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:14:39 localhost rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="8.24.0-34.el7" x-pid="3541" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] start
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [USBC] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V0PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V1PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V2PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [WRST] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN00] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN01] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN02] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN03] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN04] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:13 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [PIN] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:21 localhost systemd-fsck: /dev/sda2: recovering journal
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:22 localhost systemd: Started Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:27 localhost systemd: Started Logout off all iSCSI sessions on shutdown.
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 06:35:27 localhost rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="8.24.0-34.el7" x-pid="3542" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] start
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 09:21:10 localhost systemd: Stopping Crash recovery kernel arming...
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 09:21:10 localhost systemd: Stopped Crash recovery kernel arming.
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 09:21:28 localhost dracut: *** Including module: shutdown ***
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 09:21:50 localhost dracut: *** Including module: shutdown ***
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [USBC] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V0PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V1PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V2PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [WRST] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN00] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN01] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN02] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN03] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN04] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:42 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [PIN] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:44 localhost systemd-fsck: /dev/mapper/VG1-root: recovering journal
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:50 localhost systemd-fsck: /dev/sda2: recovering journal
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:51 localhost systemd: Started Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:58 localhost systemd: Started Logout off all iSCSI sessions on shutdown.
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:26:58 localhost rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="8.24.0-34.el7" x-pid="3563" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] start
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:27:28 localhost dracut: *** Including module: shutdown ***
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [USBC] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V0PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V1PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [V2PR] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [WRST] (on)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN00] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN01] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN02] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN03] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [FN04] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:16 localhost kernel: ACPI: Power Resource [PIN] (off)
/var/log/messages:Sep 12 10:55:24 localhost systemd-fsck: /dev/sda2: recovering journal
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text:
Schalke-04
Inter Milan Section
Liverpool Section
Adam Johnson should be allowed to return to football after release says charity
Adam Johnson deserves a second chance at his football career, according to a charity for people with criminal convictions.
The former England international is believed to have been released from prison after serving three years for child sex offences.
It is expected that Johnson will find it very hard to find a route back into English football, while his conviction would make playing abroad difficult.
Adam Johnson is believed to have been released from HMP Moorland prison in Doncaster after serving half of a six-year sentence for engaging in sexual activity with a 15-year-old. pic.twitter.com/S0WrpsRNEu
— PA Dugout (@PAdugout) March 22, 2019
But Christopher Stacey, the co-director of Unlock, believes Johnson should not be prevented from returning to his job.
Stacey told Press Association Sport: "People leave prison every day and face difficulties with getting work. It's especially difficult for people convicted of sexual offences.
"The media fascination with Adam Johnson says less about him and his crime and more about us as a society. Do we want people to be punished forever?
Adam Johnson was sacked by Sunderland after pleading guilty to two charges (Richard Sellers/PA)
"All the evidence shows that re-offending is reduced where people have stable accommodation and sustainable employment. This shouldn't be about a 'disgraced footballer', it should be about making communities safer."
Johnson, a former winger for Sunderland, Manchester City and Middlesbrough, was sentenced to six years for engaging in sexual activity with a besotted 15-year-old fan in 2016.
Witnesses said Johnson's father, Dave Johnson, was seen driving a Mercedes people carrier with blacked-out rear windows out of HMP Moorland, near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, in the early hours of Friday morning.
Adam Johnson was being held at HMP Moorland in Doncaster, South Yorkshire (Danny Lawson/PA)
The vehicle was followed out of the prison complex by a police van.
The same car was later spotted arriving at Johnson's mansion in Castle Eden, County Durham.
Friday's release comes exactly halfway through the player's six-year sentence.
Johnson also played for Manchester City (Dave Thompson/PA)
Johnson admitted kissing the girl but denied her claim that he touched her inside her pants and that she then performed oral sex on him.
A jury found him guilty of sexual activity with a child in relation to "digital penetration" but cleared him of the same offence relating to the oral sex.
He had already admitted another charge of sexual activity with a child in relation to kissing and also of grooming the girl.
Adam Johnson's police mugshot (Durham Police/PA)
The judge said Johnson had lied repeatedly, referring to the controversy over whether he delayed his guilty pleas to enable him to continue his £60,000-a-week career with Sunderland.
As a sex offender, Johnson will have to register his address and bank details with police and inform officers of any intention to travel abroad.
The children's services department from the local council may also carry out risk assessments in relation to Johnson's daughter Ayla, and could prevent Johnson from spending time alone with his daughter.
Speaking briefly at Johnson's home, his father Dave agreed it was good to have him back.
Mr Johnson said his son may make a statement later and asked reporters to leave.
The father was seen driving off in a blacked-out people carrier minutes later, past photographers waiting at the top of the private lane.
Source link – https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/adam-johnson-should-be-allowed-return-football-after-release-says-charity
About the author: Anonymous
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High-Sugar Fueling: Longevity of the Ultra Endurance Athlete under threat?
Will all endurance athletes be able to deliver a performance like this, when they hit their 60s?
The rise of US triathlon race series in the '80s was largely bank-rolled by the beverage industry. The leading sports drink of the time ' Gatorade' and Bud-Light Beer were major players. At that time products like Gatorade were the go to training fuel for athletes in many sports. Within a short time, came many emulators, producing similar products under various '…ade' brands (amazing lack of brand innovation). By 2014, the leading producers were selling more than 20 billion liters of sports-drinks globally and in the US alone, almost 1 billion liters. In 2016, the leading US sports drink brand earned a cool $3.3 billion dollars revenue (Statistica).
The usage of sports-energy drinks has not only grown beyond consumption by athletes, but they have also evolved from a 'training-racing fueling product', to a general consumption drink. I'll save my comments on this issue for another day, but I do want to drill down on the pervasive-frequent use of sports-drinks by competitive endurance athletes – after all, they can be training (and drinking) upto and over 30 hours a week…hence the alarm bells.
B) the high-fat low carb group.
I won't go into the pro's and con's of each in this article, but suffice to say, the consumption of high-sugar refueling drinks are consumed by group A), and avoided by group B).
OK, so lets first put some context to hydration/fueling practices for your typical ultra endurance athlete.
In temperate/arid climates, fluid consumption in training is ~0.5-1.5 liters/Hour, depending on temperature.
So based on this training load and these typical fluid consumption patterns, its not inconceivable that an athlete could be consuming between 4 and 20 liters of fluid, per week, in training. Now if that was water, with some electrolytes and whole-foods for fueling there would be no concern…but for a vast majority of athletes, this is not the case.
A 500-600ml bottle of sports-drink delivers somewhere between 30-40 grams of sucrose, the equivalent of around 8-10 teaspoons of crystallized sugar. Therefore, an endurance athlete repeatedly fueling with these drinks could be consuming somewhere between 60 and several hundred teaspoons of sugar in a single week.
Maybe you're thinking, 'this isn't common', but from our perspective, we think you would be surprised just how common this is. Also remember we are only calculating the 'fluid' consumption of sugar here. The total sugar load is even higher, when you also add the sugar laden bars (30-40grams) and gels (25-30 grams) typically consumed with these drinks.
Now you could write a book, on the broad health implications of all this sugar, but I wanted to focus on some recent research, looking at the consumption of high sugar-drinks and its association with joint/muscle inflammation.
Published in the Journal of Nutrition and Diabetes last year, researchers found a strong association between joint (and gut) inflammation and arthritis. Prior research has linked the consumption of high-fructose corn syrup to arthritis, but there had not been research looking at the implications of soft drinks and fruit drinks (which generate excess free fructose) on joint/muscle inflammation.
It was found that young adults (20-30years of age) regularly consuming these drinks more than 5 times per week, were 3 times as likely to have arthritic symptoms, vs. non/low consumers.
Think about it for a moment, a 20-30 year old having arthritic symptoms – a condition historically akin to old age. The explanation behind this, was that the inflammation (from fructose/sugars) in the gut triggered the formation of pro-inflammatory 'advanced glycation end-products', which once absorbed, find their way to structural tissues (muscles and joints etc.) to heighten inflammatory symptoms (pain, swelling, reduced range of movement).
Now OK, you can't directly compare the outcomes of dietetic practices of non-athletes and assume the same outcomes would occur with active athletes. But as we went deeper into the research on this topic, and engaged ultra athletes, we repeatably heard about the gut issue (from high-sugar fueling) time and time again.
In fact, even if you put the joint-muscle inflammation issues aside for a moment, gut distress remains the number 1 reason behind DNFs in ultra racing … here's an article on that topic.
I had wondered about this 4 years back, when I made my fuel switch from carbs-sugars and began transitioning to a high-fat/ low-carb fueling approach. For my longer training runs of 5-8 hours, I would have to take ibuprofen during-after these sessions to deal with the muscle-joint aches and pain. Well now at 45, I use no anti-inflams in training, I can take on heavier and more consistent training volume. I am running faster than I have for 10 years, and without pain. At the time, I made no connection to sugar-energy-drinks and the gut formation of pro-inflammatory triggers.
So, coming back to the topic of 'Longevity' of the ultra endurance athlete. I'm going to put it out there, and that is, I believe the longevity of the ultra-endurance athletes lifestyle is being put at risk by, sugar – period, plain and simple.
I won't go into all the research on longevity that I have been delving into for the past few years (more comprehensive publication coming later). However, I will highlight, that in both model research organisms, multiple mammalian models, including human beings – there is a consistent thematic trend that high-calorie, free glucose diets are consistently associated with a shorter life-span. Conversely, calorie restriction, lower carb-sugar load, and physical exercise have shown to be associated with longer lifespans … that would be, longevity.
Now, as so many of us endurance athletes have come to know – this whole endurance thing is way deeper than a weekend recreational sport. It's a lifestyle, we value and cherish. The freedom of running, or swimming or biking through the mountains, or oceans with some degree of ease, is rewarding and satisfying on so many levels. The relief it brings to the stress of life is palpable, and at times fundamentally therapeutic. So having this 'part of who we are and how we live' taken away or shortened – due to pain, or aching muscles-joints and systemic inflammation – isn't a nice thought. But it's happening, and I think it's happening much more than everyone thinks. Many have fallen into the trap of blaming 'age' to shortening their physically active lifestyles. Our numerical age is just a number, and our lifestyle and health shouldn't be dictated by a number.
If you value the lifestyle and state of well-being that endurance sport provides, then be careful and conscious on your fueling practices. How you fuel yourself, in training and racing over the years may very well dictate the longevity of your ultra endurance lifestyle.
Go longer, go run and live like Carey!
All the best in the longevity of your ultra-lifestyle … Go-Longer.
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Our extensive American menu at Springville Sports Grill in Plover, WI features amazing Wisconsin cheese as an ingredient in many items including the pizzas and charbroiled burgers. We take pride in preparing our food using quality ingredients. We cook our food to order and it is definitely worth the wait.
Big stack of Onion rings, boneless wings, beer battered fries and cheese curds.
Fresh hot pork rinds served with a chipotle ranch dressing.
Premium beer battered onion rings drizzled with Stout dark beer stripes.
Hand breaded fresh chicken tenders. Served with choice of sauce.
Flour tortilla stuffed with cheddar and mozzarella, onions, green, yellow and orange peppers and your choice of beef or chicken.
Tortilla chips smothered with nacho cheddar cheese sauce, onions, lettuce, tomato, black olives. Your choice of beef and beans or chicken.
(1/2 lb) Lightly breaded chicken wing served with your choice of sauce.
(1/2 lb) Lightly breaded chicken wing without the hassle of the bone. Served with your choice of sauce.
Lettuce topped with pepperoni, mozzarella cheese & croutons.
Crisp lettuce, cheddar cheese, onion, black olives, tomato, and a choice of beef & beans or seasoned chicken.
Crisp lettuce topped with tomatoes, ripe olives, cheddar cheese, and your choice of grilled or crispy chicken.
Crisp lettuce, ham, turkey, mozzarella & cheddar cheese, boilded egg, tomato, served with a garlic breadstick.
All served with fries. Upgrade to beer battered fries optional.
Corned beef and sauerkraut on marble rye with Swiss cheese and reuben sauce.
Baked roll filled with ham, pepperoni, onion, peppers, mozzarella cheese and a tangy sauce.
Sliced meatballs topped with mozzarella cheese and a side of marinara sauce.
Turkey, ham, bacon, lettuce, tomato and mayo on wheat or white bread.
Ham and Swiss melted over a grilled chicken breast.
Grilled chicken breast topped with mozzarella cheese and served with a side of marinara.
Sliced beef on a toasted hoagie roll with swiss cheese, onion and a medley of bell peppers. Served with a side of au jus.
Sliced beef on a toasted hoagie roll. Served with a side of au jus.
Served with cheese on a toasted hoagie roll.
Beef patty topped with bacon, onion rings, BBQ sauce and cheddar cheese.
Beef patty topped with sliced jalapenos, sauteed onions, pepperjack cheese and finished with a jalapeno ranch sauce.
Beef patty topped with bacon and your choice of cheddar, Swiss or pepperjack.
Beef patty topped with a fried egg, cheddar & Swiss, bacon, ketchup, mayo, pickles and sauteed onions.
Beef patty topped with sauteed mushrooms and real Wisconsin Swiss.
Served with fries. Upgrade to beer battered fries optional.
Grilled chicken breast tossed in buffalo sauce and served with lettuce, tomato and blue cheese sauce.
Grilled chicken breast, bacon, lettuce, tomato and your choice of ranch or jalapeno ranch.
Sliced beef, Swiss cheese, lettuce, onion, and a medley of bell peppers.
Turkey, ham, and crispy bacon served with lettuce, tomato and mayo.
Italian sausage, pepperoni, onion, green peppers, and choice of mushrooms or olives (black or green).
Italian sausage, Andouille sausage, ground beef, ham and pepperoni.
Grilled chicken, ham, Swiss and mozzarella on an alfredo sauce base.
Seasoned beef and beans, onions, cheddar and mozzarella cheese. Topped with tortilla chips, lettuce and black olives.
Create your own pizza from the following toppings: Italian sausage, ground beef, ham, chicken, bacon, Andouille sausage, pepperoni, onions, green peppers, black olives, green olives, tomatoes, mushrooms, pineapple, shrimp, jalapenos, BBQ sauce, cheese combo.
Lots of rich onion beef broth topped with toasted croutons and mozzarella cheese.
Served with coleslaw, rye bread and choice of potato.
Lightly breaded shrimp fried and served with coleslaw, rye bread and choice of potato.
Baked cod with coleslaw, rye bread and choice of potato.
Deep fried cod and shrimp served with coleslaw, rye bread and choice of potato.
Deep fried with coleslaw, rye bread and choice of potato.
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text:
RBFF to Attend White House Briefing on America's Great Outdoors Initiative
Sportsmen and Sportswomen to Learn about Implementation of the Initiative
ALEXANDRIA, VA (June 7, 2011) – The Recreational Boating & Fishing Foundation (RBFF) today announced its president and CEO Frank Peterson has been invited to attend a White House policy briefing for sportsmen and sportswomen about implementing the America's Great Outdoors (AGO) Initiative. The briefing will take place on Monday, June 13.
"We're pleased to be part of this important briefing about conservation and recreation in America," said Peterson. "The future of boating and fishing, and conservation of our aquatic natural resources depends on participation. And the more we can engage in programs that address the future of how our nation supports conservation and outdoor recreation, the better."
AGO was established in April 2010 by President Obama to support and promote community-level conservation efforts and to reconnect Americans to the outdoors. It takes as its premise that lasting conservation solutions should rise from the American people – that the protection of our natural heritage is a non-partisan objective shared by all Americans. AGO turns to communities for local, grassroots conservation initiatives and calls for reworking inefficient policies and making the Federal Government a better partner with states, tribes and local communities.
For more information about RBFF and its programs and materials that help increase participation in recreational boating and fishing, visit RBFF.org.


text:
Fracture at the Nanoscale and the Limit of Grinding (English shop)
Catharina Knieke (Author)
Extract, Datei (150 KB)
Lamination of Cover glossy
Place of Dissertation Erlangen-Nürnberg
Departments Chemistry
Mechanical and process engineering
Besides chemical synthesis routes, nanoparticles can be produced in top-down processes nowadays. Stirred media mills are commonly used to break particles down to the nanometer range. Thereby, their stabilization against agglomeration plays a major role to obtain nanoparticle suspensions with the desired properties. Whereas different stabilization methods have been a subject of much research in the last few years, the breakage behavior of nanoparticles is not well understood for the time being. A discrepancy exists between the common state of the art that particles cannot be comminuted below the brittle-to-ductile transition size, which is in the range of a few µm for ceramic particles, and the experimental findings of particles sizes in the nanometer range. In this work, long term grinding experiments of different oxide and non-oxide inorganic materials were carried out to investigate the breakage behavior in the nanometer range. By means of X-ray diffraction analysis and TEM investigations, the evolution of the internal microstructure of the particles was followed during the grinding treatment. A strong correlation between the microstructure and the fracture ability was found. In addition, the existence of a true grinding limit, where no further fracture takes place, and the influence of process and environmental conditions was demonstrated. A physical explanation of the grinding limit originates from changes in the defect structure below a critical crystallite size.
Besides the breakage behavior of brittle ceramics, the grindability of graphite particles as a typical layered material was also investigated. The strong anisotropy of the bond forces in the crystal results in a selective size reduction during the grinding process. By adjusting the process conditions in a way that the acting forces overcome the attractive van der Waals forces between the graphene sheets without breaking them, the production of thinnest flakes with high aspect ratios is allowed. The size reduction was realized as a kind of peeling process. Various analysis techniques such as AFM, Raman spectroscopy, TEM or XPS were employed to characterize the delaminated sheets, especially to determine the exact number of layers. Furthermore, information about the yield of delaminated sheets was given and first examples of application are presented.


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But I really like meat [usually bacon] or dairy [usually cheese].
Animals are here for humans to eat.
Humans have evolved to eat meat.
Vegans harm animals through farming vegetables.
How do you know plants don't suffer?
Human problems are more important.
The objections (at least in their common forms) are blatantly terrible for very simple reasons. They are obvious rationalizations—as evidenced by the fact that when they are easily dispensed with, few people actually change their behavior.
Roughly 1,000,000,000 creatures are killed each week because of how they taste. With a moral calamity that massive, it is depressing that I'm called on to convince people of its existence.
When it comes to causing immense suffering and death, the default should be not to do it. You don't need to justify not causing widespread suffering and death. So if a person proposes causing suffering and death, they are the ones who need to provide a good reason. This is another way of saying that vegans do not have the burden of proof. Arguments from tradition are bad arguments.
As a matter of social justice, I commit to being a better advocate. It is a basic practical reality that people must be convinced to become vegans, as screwed up as reality is. It is the only way forward.
However, as a matter of moral philosophy, I am done arguing.
Here is what I mean. There is a helpful concept in ethics called a 'decisive intuition'. A decisive intuition is an intuition that any moral theory must incorporate and explain. If a theory doesn't, the theory is therefore wrong. Decisive intuitions are the boxes that any theory must check.
For example, if someone proposes a moral theory according to which torturing children for fun is permissible, we know that the theory is wrong. Our theories don't need to explain that torturing children for fun is wrong. They only need to show how it is wrong. We aren't open to abandoning the intuition. We are as certain of it as any plausible foundational claim about moral value.
We have other sorts of intuitions too. There are some that we feel strongly about but would be willing to reject with a compelling enough theory. An example would be whether we have stronger obligations to the people close to us than those further away. In other words, why is your mother more valuable (to you) than a random person across the globe?
There are some intuitions that we are open about. Certain kinds of lying might be an example. Although there are situations in which the wrongness of lying is a decisive intuition, there are others in which it is genuinely difficult to know what to do. We then turn to a theory. If we have a theory that accounts for all the decisive intuitions reasonably well, perhaps it can guide us through tricky situations.
Hence, there is a spectrum. We are certain of some judgments (the decisive intuitions), pretty certain of others, and genuinely open about others. In this latter case we might say that we don't have an intuition at all.
Where does veganism stand? It is typically taken to be a nondecisive intuition. And since the status of an intuition is purely a function of common opinion, if people don't think obligatory veganism is a decisive intuition, then it isn't one. As a result, if a moral theory doesn't entail obligatory veganism, it doesn't tell us anything about the truth of the theory. The theory is supposed to give us guidance on the issue.
People typically recognize the moral significance of our treatment of nonhuman animals. Who among us can watch the ubiquitous videos of the torture that takes place in farms and not feel the tug of conscience? However, some people might feel so strongly about the superiority of human beings that the rejection of obligatory veganism is something close to a decisive intuition. For them, any theory that entails obligatory veganism must be wrong.
I will no longer debate the ethics of veganism. More precisely, I will take obligatory veganism as a datum of moral philosophy. It is a box that any theory must check. I hereby declare that, henceforth, I will consider obligatory veganism to be a decisive intuition.
What does this mean? It means that if a proposed moral theory does not entail obligatory veganism, it must therefore be wrong. I am as certain of the wrongness of using animals for purposes of taste as I am of any metaphysical claim about value. I am not going to argue that veganism is obligatory. I will only show how.
Notice that I am not claiming that obligatory veganism is a decisive intuition. I cannot do that. Decisive intuitions are a matter of common adherence. Rather, the fact that obligatory veganism isn't a decisive intuition is precisely the moral failure that I am attempting to confront. So treating it as an open question, in a certain respect, undermines the project. Some moral questions are so obvious that we shouldn't be expected to convince the people mired in prejudice. Some moral crises are so catastrophic that we need to get to work on solving the problem, not bicker about theories that rationalize the continued destruction of lives and the world. It is time to press forward. People need to get on board.
Other than the three listed above, there are a number of reasons to join me. The prominent approaches to ethics are not innocent of the suffering that human beings have inflicted on nonhumans. The bloody farms are a natural consequence of the anthropocentrism at the core of ethics. A similar story can be told about environmental devastation and the dangerously parochial approaches to technological development (particularly in artificial intelligence). It is time to stop building ad hoc inclusions for nonhumans or the environment into standard moral theories (what might be called 'pork barrel ethics'). Environmental ethicists have been sounding the alarm for two generations.
A major impediment to the growth of veganism is that people face no censure for eating animals. There are no social consequences. In fact, it is the vegans who are criticized as self-righteous, annoying, and effeminate. Gatherings can quickly become uncomfortable. Many people abandon veganism because of the social pressures.
It might be possible to develop sanctions by treating the morality of veganism as given. It takes seriously the idea that veganism should be the default. It rejects the framing of many standard ethical theories out of hand. Or at least, it forces them to place the wellbeing of nonhumans far closer to the center.
The very debate over the ethics of veganism assumes that the issue is open. We do not debate the ethics of torturing children for fun. We ought to approach veganism the same way. Let's start ethics with the idea that torturing and killing billions of creatures a month for taste is wrong. The assumption is as safe as any other.
Obligatory veganism takes the same form. When you pass a human, dog, cat, duck, pig, cow, etc. on the sidewalk, don't catch, torture, and kill it. And don't pay for others to do it on your behalf. Just don't do it. It shouldn't be hard. Unfortunately, we live in a world where living by the restriction often is hard. That's what we ought to change. Moral philosophy can do its part.
Help me bridge this gap. I'm not seeing it. How do you get to this assumption? Sheer intuition?
A. I am sufficiently similar to a human child that someone who is willing to torture a child is probably willing to torture me.
B. We need un-tortured children for the future state of reality that I would like to create and experience.
C. I don't get any benefit from torturing children to warrant the amount of effort required to go out of my way to torture children.
If all three of these conditions were to no longer apply, then why wouldn't I torture children? Help me see the light.
I am taking 'killing billions of creatures a month for taste is wrong' to be a decisive intuition. So yes, I get there with intuition, just like we get to the idea that torturing children for fun is wrong.
Then we move to explain how it is wrong. You give three reasons to explain the torturing children intuition. I don't really know if they are good reasons. They appear relevant to the children case but probably not the fundamental moral concerns. Regardless, I can know whether you're right by determining whether your principles entail obligatory veganism. If they don't, I know your principles, at some level, are wrong.
So, are you recommending rejecting fallibilism about such intuitions? Did you reason your way to this decisive intuition, and if so, are you committed to those reasons being decisive as well?
Perhaps an example. All your reasons seems to involve a reference to great death and suffering. Raising egg-laying hens (in certain environs) involves neither. Veganism requires not eating eggs. So, either veganism is not morally obligatory, or that obligation cannot be solely rooted in the moral wrongs of causing great death and suffering.
Is the above something you would reject out of hand? Etc.
Great points. A couple thoughts.
Do we reason our way to the intuition that torturing children for fun is wrong? Perhaps. However you slice it, I would probably do the same in the case of veganism. Though the analogy does suggest that what ultimately matters is the suffering, not what you consume.
However, a feature of my position is that veganism should be the default. If someone wants to keep egg-laying hens, they need to show that their actions are consistent with what we discovered in explaining how nonveganism is wrong. I do not argue for it here, but I think, for practical and psychological reasons, we should have high standards on this issue. Nonvegans tend to take any small exception or allowance that a vegan concedes and expand it into a rationalization for something that closely resembles the status quo. The "certain environs" you mention would be difficult to come by (or impossible, since on at least one level it would involve supporting the broader chicken industry).
So as long as we raise and kill animals in a way that causes them very little suffering . . .
I'm not trying to talk you out of veganism (you don't want to entertain that). What I'm am trying to highlight is a danger for the "I'm not going to entertain not-p" anymore. It's popping up all over philosophy – and it runs together the very obvious truth that there are some things that we shouldn't waste time discussing, with the idea that they themselves are thoroughly convinced that p, so not-p is one of those thing we needn't bother discussing.
For one, it lacks intellectual humility. Think of what you're suggesting. You have so completely examined the matter that it's not possible for you to come across a reason to move you off your position – despite the fact that you know lots of smart reflective people who hold different views. It may also involve a bit of intellectual laziness, for defending your position requires making sure your own ideas are clear. Shutting off discussion, for yourself, makes that unnecessary. And, the worry is that many of the views that, say, the APAblog editors find beyond the pale are really not that well thought out. And isn't the point of arguments from philosophers like Singer and Thomson that we need to challenge really basically held beliefs – even, "It's always wrong to kill innocent people".
Finally, think also of what your saying about the rest of society – the great (intellectually) unwashed masses who can't handle real philosophy. They need convincing, but not by argument (because you're not going to do that). So we use our rhetorical skills and whatever else out our disposal (our power in the profession perhaps) to get them on board with veganism. And so we get someone like Barnes suggesting that she can't engage with an argument of Singer's because those great unwashed might come to think things they shouldn't think – they not being in possession of her level of reason. Trott said virtually the same thing on her blog.
To say you're going to advocate for p, but not through argument, is to view your interlocutors with contempt.
You are shifting topics significantly here, which is fine (but see my article on philosophical gaslighting). It is difficult to tell to what extent you are objecting to me or some broader philosophical trend that may exist and of which I may be a part. I'd be curious to see other examples of this supposed trend. I would imagine that, if they are like my argument, they are embedded in a political project of institutional critique. Relatedly, I would imagine that they are more nuanced than you appear to be acknowledging. For instance, in discussing a social justice issue, values of "intellectual humility" and intellectual non-laziness, though certainly laudable in one respect, in the current context are often used as euphemisms for the detached patient centrism that allows massive injustices to continue. To the contrary, a great deal of intellectual humility is necessary for individuals in dominant groups to recognize the full scope of the harm they contribute to.
After your series of imperatives that I "think," think about the distinction between a) the practical realities of social justice and b) moral theorizing that I use to frame the whole piece. First, you appear to be attributing to me a hierarchy of the two—one that I ardently reject. Second, I am not at all opposed to supplying arguments in favor of veganism or spending time discussing it. My previous response included both (hopefully in a way that you didn't interpret as contempt). But importantly, I'm not doing the sort of work that Singer, Regan, Gary Francione, or Melanie Joy did with respect to speciesism. I'm suggesting that, as is the case with other prejudices and systems of dominance, the philosophical disputes offered by those claiming superior intellectual humility rightfully come to be seen as accessories to the crimes.
Hence, if I have contempt for anyone, it is for the philosopher who uses their skill to bury the suffering and death of hundreds of billions of creatures (along with the attendant environmental and health crises) under a façade of rational argumentation. And when they do so while claiming to exhibit superior intellectual virtue, I would tell them to think.
I did shift the discussion, but not for gaslighting purposes. My first comment trying to see how much of your commitment to veganism was a bedrock principle, while also hinting that it ought not to be (as opposed to being opposed to factory farming). The thing that interests me most about your post was not veganism, but the idea that you've found some philosophical principle that you're no longer going to argue for. The issue is about public philosophy, and what's an appropriate topic for discussion.
is the standard reply. That doesn't make it wrong, of course, but what are we to do with this. I'm happy to admit that I may, in some cases, lack appropriate humility and am intellectually lazy (aren't we all, some of the time!? – I'm not engaging in intellectual virtue-signalling here). If I admit this, can we then move on to the philosophical topic? Does my wanting to question a philosophical view, itself, constitute by lacking such humility – about what philosophical theses, as determined how and by whom? The "frame the discussion" idea is the one I want to challenge, though it's really a "frame whether we should have a discussion", issue. And, some might well say my wanting to challenge that just shows my privilege, lack of humility, etc, etc. Can we at least argue about whether, say, being open to non-veganism is to be party to a crime?
Perhaps I misread your claim about "not going to argue for". I had thought that this meant that, in your being a public advocate for veganism, you weren't going to take non-vegans with whom you engage as genuine intellectual peers, who need to be convinced by argument, and who might be able to convince you. That rather, they were just people to be moved, by whatever means, to the right position (veganism). That would be to hold them in contempt. But, if that's not your view, then I apologize (I certainly didn't think you were taking that view with me).
Again, I'm happy to discuss the ethics of veganism in non-academic contexts. My commitment to take obligatory veganism as a decisive intuition is relevant to the contexts in which decisive intuitions are discussed—namely, academic moral philosophy. Discussing veganism with moral philosophers is routinely excruciating. As I said, the piece is institutional critique of academic philosophy.
I don't really see the relevant connection between the piece you link and mine.
We may also disagree on what public philosophy should do and look like.
1. We *can* debate the ethics of veganism, but the terrain of the debate changes significantly. Nonvegans can no longer have the "change my mind" attitude.
2. When we see *why* veganism should be the default, the idea that obligatory veganism is a decisive intuition doesn't seem so strange.