text:
Towards a national perioperative clinical quality registry: the diagnostic accuracy of administrative data in identifying major postoperative complications
Jennifer R. Reilly, Mark A. Shulman, Annie M. Gilbert, Bismi Jomon, Robin J. Thompson, Jonathon J. Nicholson, Justin A. Burke, Daragh N. Lehane, Chen Mai Liaw, Adam J. Mahoney, Peter A. Stark, Lise Hales, Paul S. Myles
Accurately measuring the incidence of major postoperative complications is essential for funding and reimbursement of healthcare providers, for internal and external benchmarking of hospital performance and for valid and reliable public reporting of outcomes. Actual or surrogate outcomes data are typically obtained by one of three methods: clinical quality registries, clinical audit, or administrative data. In 2017 a perioperative registry was developed at the Alfred Hospital and mapped to administrative and clinical data. This study investigated the statistical agreement between administrative data (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th edition) Australian Modification codes) and clinical audit by anaesthetists in identifying major postoperative complications. The study population included 482 high-risk surgical patients referred to the Alfred Hospital anaesthesia postoperative service over two years. Clinical audit was conducted to determine the presence of major complications and these data were compared to administrative data. The main outcome was statistical agreement between the two methods, as defined by Cohen's kappa statistic. Substantial agreement was observed for five major complications, moderate agreement for three, fair agreement for six and poor agreement for two. Sensitivity and positive predictive value ranged from 0 to 100%. Specificity was above 90% for all complications. There was important variation in inter-rater agreement. For four of the five complications with substantial agreement between administrative data and clinical audit, sensitivity was only moderate (61.5%–75%). Using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th edition) Australian Modification codes to identify postoperative complications at our hospital has high specificity but is likely to underestimate the incidence compared to clinical audit. Further, retrospective clinical audit itself is not a highly reliable method of identifying complications. We believe a perioperative clinical quality registry is necessary to validly and reliably measure major postoperative complications in Australia for benchmarking of hospital performance and before public reporting of outcomes should be considered.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X20905606
complications < anaesthesia
high-risk patients
perioperative anaesthesia < anaesthesia
quality assurance < anaesthesia
10.1177/0310057X20905606
Reilly, J. R., Shulman, M. A., Gilbert, A. M., Jomon, B., Thompson, R. J., Nicholson, J. J., Burke, J. A., Lehane, D. N., Liaw, C. M., Mahoney, A. J., Stark, P. A., Hales, L., & Myles, P. S. (2020). Towards a national perioperative clinical quality registry: the diagnostic accuracy of administrative data in identifying major postoperative complications. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 48(3), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X20905606
Reilly, Jennifer R. ; Shulman, Mark A. ; Gilbert, Annie M. ; Jomon, Bismi ; Thompson, Robin J. ; Nicholson, Jonathon J. ; Burke, Justin A. ; Lehane, Daragh N. ; Liaw, Chen Mai ; Mahoney, Adam J. ; Stark, Peter A. ; Hales, Lise ; Myles, Paul S. / Towards a national perioperative clinical quality registry : the diagnostic accuracy of administrative data in identifying major postoperative complications. In: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2020 ; Vol. 48, No. 3. pp. 203-212.
@article{bdc43478490a4524a176a385d7280444,
title = "Towards a national perioperative clinical quality registry: the diagnostic accuracy of administrative data in identifying major postoperative complications",
abstract = "Accurately measuring the incidence of major postoperative complications is essential for funding and reimbursement of healthcare providers, for internal and external benchmarking of hospital performance and for valid and reliable public reporting of outcomes. Actual or surrogate outcomes data are typically obtained by one of three methods: clinical quality registries, clinical audit, or administrative data. In 2017 a perioperative registry was developed at the Alfred Hospital and mapped to administrative and clinical data. This study investigated the statistical agreement between administrative data (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th edition) Australian Modification codes) and clinical audit by anaesthetists in identifying major postoperative complications. The study population included 482 high-risk surgical patients referred to the Alfred Hospital anaesthesia postoperative service over two years. Clinical audit was conducted to determine the presence of major complications and these data were compared to administrative data. The main outcome was statistical agreement between the two methods, as defined by Cohen{\textquoteright}s kappa statistic. Substantial agreement was observed for five major complications, moderate agreement for three, fair agreement for six and poor agreement for two. Sensitivity and positive predictive value ranged from 0 to 100%. Specificity was above 90% for all complications. There was important variation in inter-rater agreement. For four of the five complications with substantial agreement between administrative data and clinical audit, sensitivity was only moderate (61.5%–75%). Using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th edition) Australian Modification codes to identify postoperative complications at our hospital has high specificity but is likely to underestimate the incidence compared to clinical audit. Further, retrospective clinical audit itself is not a highly reliable method of identifying complications. We believe a perioperative clinical quality registry is necessary to validly and reliably measure major postoperative complications in Australia for benchmarking of hospital performance and before public reporting of outcomes should be considered.",
keywords = "administrative data, anaesthesia, complications < anaesthesia, high-risk patients, ICD-10, perioperative anaesthesia < anaesthesia, Postoperative complications, quality assurance < anaesthesia, surgery",
author = "Reilly, {Jennifer R.} and Shulman, {Mark A.} and Gilbert, {Annie M.} and Bismi Jomon and Thompson, {Robin J.} and Nicholson, {Jonathon J.} and Burke, {Justin A.} and Lehane, {Daragh N.} and Liaw, {Chen Mai} and Mahoney, {Adam J.} and Stark, {Peter A.} and Lise Hales and Myles, {Paul S.}",
doi = "10.1177/0310057X20905606",
journal = "Anaesthesia and Intensive Care",
publisher = "SAGE Publications Ltd",
Reilly, JR, Shulman, MA, Gilbert, AM, Jomon, B, Thompson, RJ, Nicholson, JJ, Burke, JA, Lehane, DN, Liaw, CM, Mahoney, AJ, Stark, PA, Hales, L & Myles, PS 2020, 'Towards a national perioperative clinical quality registry: the diagnostic accuracy of administrative data in identifying major postoperative complications', Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X20905606
Towards a national perioperative clinical quality registry : the diagnostic accuracy of administrative data in identifying major postoperative complications. / Reilly, Jennifer R.; Shulman, Mark A.; Gilbert, Annie M.; Jomon, Bismi; Thompson, Robin J.; Nicholson, Jonathon J.; Burke, Justin A.; Lehane, Daragh N.; Liaw, Chen Mai; Mahoney, Adam J.; Stark, Peter A.; Hales, Lise; Myles, Paul S.
In: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Vol. 48, No. 3, 05.2020, p. 203-212.
T1 - Towards a national perioperative clinical quality registry
T2 - the diagnostic accuracy of administrative data in identifying major postoperative complications
AU - Reilly, Jennifer R.
AU - Shulman, Mark A.
AU - Gilbert, Annie M.
AU - Jomon, Bismi
AU - Thompson, Robin J.
AU - Nicholson, Jonathon J.
AU - Burke, Justin A.
AU - Lehane, Daragh N.
AU - Liaw, Chen Mai
AU - Mahoney, Adam J.
AU - Stark, Peter A.
AU - Hales, Lise
AU - Myles, Paul S.
N2 - Accurately measuring the incidence of major postoperative complications is essential for funding and reimbursement of healthcare providers, for internal and external benchmarking of hospital performance and for valid and reliable public reporting of outcomes. Actual or surrogate outcomes data are typically obtained by one of three methods: clinical quality registries, clinical audit, or administrative data. In 2017 a perioperative registry was developed at the Alfred Hospital and mapped to administrative and clinical data. This study investigated the statistical agreement between administrative data (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th edition) Australian Modification codes) and clinical audit by anaesthetists in identifying major postoperative complications. The study population included 482 high-risk surgical patients referred to the Alfred Hospital anaesthesia postoperative service over two years. Clinical audit was conducted to determine the presence of major complications and these data were compared to administrative data. The main outcome was statistical agreement between the two methods, as defined by Cohen's kappa statistic. Substantial agreement was observed for five major complications, moderate agreement for three, fair agreement for six and poor agreement for two. Sensitivity and positive predictive value ranged from 0 to 100%. Specificity was above 90% for all complications. There was important variation in inter-rater agreement. For four of the five complications with substantial agreement between administrative data and clinical audit, sensitivity was only moderate (61.5%–75%). Using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th edition) Australian Modification codes to identify postoperative complications at our hospital has high specificity but is likely to underestimate the incidence compared to clinical audit. Further, retrospective clinical audit itself is not a highly reliable method of identifying complications. We believe a perioperative clinical quality registry is necessary to validly and reliably measure major postoperative complications in Australia for benchmarking of hospital performance and before public reporting of outcomes should be considered.
AB - Accurately measuring the incidence of major postoperative complications is essential for funding and reimbursement of healthcare providers, for internal and external benchmarking of hospital performance and for valid and reliable public reporting of outcomes. Actual or surrogate outcomes data are typically obtained by one of three methods: clinical quality registries, clinical audit, or administrative data. In 2017 a perioperative registry was developed at the Alfred Hospital and mapped to administrative and clinical data. This study investigated the statistical agreement between administrative data (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th edition) Australian Modification codes) and clinical audit by anaesthetists in identifying major postoperative complications. The study population included 482 high-risk surgical patients referred to the Alfred Hospital anaesthesia postoperative service over two years. Clinical audit was conducted to determine the presence of major complications and these data were compared to administrative data. The main outcome was statistical agreement between the two methods, as defined by Cohen's kappa statistic. Substantial agreement was observed for five major complications, moderate agreement for three, fair agreement for six and poor agreement for two. Sensitivity and positive predictive value ranged from 0 to 100%. Specificity was above 90% for all complications. There was important variation in inter-rater agreement. For four of the five complications with substantial agreement between administrative data and clinical audit, sensitivity was only moderate (61.5%–75%). Using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th edition) Australian Modification codes to identify postoperative complications at our hospital has high specificity but is likely to underestimate the incidence compared to clinical audit. Further, retrospective clinical audit itself is not a highly reliable method of identifying complications. We believe a perioperative clinical quality registry is necessary to validly and reliably measure major postoperative complications in Australia for benchmarking of hospital performance and before public reporting of outcomes should be considered.
KW - administrative data
KW - anaesthesia
KW - complications < anaesthesia
KW - high-risk patients
KW - ICD-10
KW - perioperative anaesthesia < anaesthesia
KW - quality assurance < anaesthesia
KW - surgery
U2 - 10.1177/0310057X20905606
DO - 10.1177/0310057X20905606
JO - Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
JF - Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
Reilly JR, Shulman MA, Gilbert AM, Jomon B, Thompson RJ, Nicholson JJ et al. Towards a national perioperative clinical quality registry: the diagnostic accuracy of administrative data in identifying major postoperative complications. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2020 May;48(3):203-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0310057X20905606


Let's talk about rich people thinking that they deserve things. In America, we're trained to believe that if you work hard enough, you can achieve anything, no dream is too grand, no mountain too high. And of course there are always examples to point to, the exceptions. "Look at this guy, born into poverty, first a janitor, then a door to door salesman, and now a CEO." Well, unfortunately, this isn't the path taken by everyone born into an unfavorable circumstance. But why? If all you have to do is turn on that motivational switch and pursue a dream, why don't we see a more impressive number of people overcoming their circumstance and achieving economic success?
Well, we know that little girls and boys born into Catholicism are 98% likely to be Catholic when they turn 18. Was this a choice? Certainly not when we consider that children who are raised agnostic and given the opportunity to think for themselves are less than 1% likely to choose Catholicism by the time they turn 18. And I'd argue that similar numbers apply to qualities like motivation. If someone is born into an ignorant family that teaches bad habits, we can expect that around 98% will struggle or fail to discover motivation on their own. This is a sad human condition, and painful for most of us to admit. We'd prefer to think of ourselves as wolves rather than sheep, able to lead the pack and chart our own destiny regardless of terrain. But these numbers show quite the opposite- that most of us are actually imprisoned by the world we're born into, and have little chance of freeing ourselves. Of course there are beautiful aberrations. The Einsteins, the free thinkers, the people who escape their circumstance and become who they are despite of their upbringing as opposed to because of it. But I would argue that even these role models, the small handful of those we consider perhaps most deserving of all, don't warrant as much credit as we think they do. They were exceptionally lucky, typically genetically.
Each person comes equipped with an extremely specific set of genetics paired with an equally specific set of life circumstances, blended together to create exactly who we are, how we think, and how we respond to outside influence. Every decision we make is a product of this human combination which we unfortunately have little control over. Did Einstein have control over his intelligence, or did his genetic makeup mandate it? How about his motivation to explore this intelligence? When we muse over this, we realize that perhaps intellect and motivation are as lucky as physical beauty. And perhaps those who are able to turn on that motivational switch, actually just had it in them, somewhere deep down, and what may have felt like a choice to act on something was more a natural inclination.
This is not to say that motivation and intelligence are impossible to cultivate and nurture over time for those who might not experience them more innately, but in an adverse environment, on an arduous path with obstacles like drugs and violence looming at every bend, what drives people to want to cultivate them? How would they even know where to start?
And there's another problem. What about all those who do have motivation that goes unrewarded? The energy a CEO expends in his office each day is no greater, and often far less, than the energy expended by laborers at the bottom of the economic ladder, the ones who are motivated enough to work two jobs yet find themselves still struggling to provide enough food for their families over the course of a whopping 50 years. These people often work diligently, which means it's not all about hard work, but the type of work our society rewards, the type of work that is more specialized. People who are born into an unfavorable circumstance, or who have unfavorable genetics, or both, may have motivation but lack the tools to channel that motivation in a way that's truly effective. Perhaps they weren't born with the voice of a songbird, the coordination to throw a ball though a hoop, or the intellectual curiosity to read hundreds of books, and perhaps they weren't gifted the opportunity to develop these skills and desires as a child. So now they clean toilets, or wash cars or do back breaking labor. Was this a choice?
I guess my point is, even if you've worked hard for your wealth and believe you deserve it, along with all the silly, fancy things that seem to accompany it, it's important to acknowledge the complex blend of opportunity, life-events and genetics that made you you. And it's important to acknowledge that others were handed something entirely different.
This is so true, I love your writing, just waiting for you to write another book.
Ilene, thank you for your kind words and motivation. I can't wait to finish my next novel for you.


text:
Q: What is the simplest way, using JavaScript, of fetching the latest post from a public Facebook page? I want to fetch the text of the latest Facebook post from a client's public Facebook page.
Am I being dense, or is this ludicrously difficult?
From what I understand, I need to create an app, use the app ID and the secret to generate an access key... but the access key is only temporary, so I have to do something to create a permanent access key... which itself is not guaranteed to be permanent, and which anyone viewing my JavaScript code could copy anyway. It all seems so incredibly convoluted!
I don't want to have to create a dummy Facebook application, then go through the hassle of a full scale implementation simply to grab text which is publicly available to anyone with a web browser.
The same argument was made for Twitter auth and resulted in the development of the wonderful TwitterFetcher.
So, is there a very simple way I can grab the text of the latest public post from a public Facebook page?

A: You have two options.
First: You may use Facebooks Page Plugin (Docu)
Second: You could implement the logic server side to fetch the post. This can be done without additional user token, due to the privacy of the post (public).
(Docu)

A: It turns out that there is no public feed functionality as there was several years ago in older API versions. Every request needs an access token, even requests for totally public resources. This means that you do need to set up a Facebook app, even if it's a usless one.
Once you have the app's ID and secret, you can make graph requests, passing appid|secret as the access_token parameter instead of actually getting an access token.
This should only be done server-side, because client-side it will publish your secret.
So to answer my own question, the below will return a JSON object with the latest post's data, without the hassle of generating access tokens:
https://graph.facebook.com/[your_username]/feed?access_token=[your_app_id]|[your_secret]&limit=1
Note that the app_id and secret don't have to be generated by the same user whose public profile you're trying to access. So the following will also work to fetch Coca Cola's latest post:
https://graph.facebook.com/cocacola/feed?access_token=[your_app_id]|[your_secret]&limit=1
Thanks to this answer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


For the best user experience, WCS added an intuitive touch screen operation.
This technology is similar to smart devices such as your phone and tablet. Users can more quickly and efficiently operate the KS98-2 controller with a full touch screen.
process parameters long term. A dedicated utility can upload the data to compile that information into reports. With this addition, the KS98-2 multi-function controller allows users to gain detailed information about the performance of their process and to provide reports when requested.
PMA also included Profinet support in the KS98-2 Firmware upgrade. This addition ensures the KS98-2's interoperability with Profinet industrial Ethernet communication networks. The efficiency provided by Profinet networks ensures the user's available resources are optimized to increase productivity of the entire system.
For existing devices, Firmware can be updated using PMA BlueFlasher. This utility allows existing devices to benefit from new features or performance enhancements developed after they are installed in the field.
The KS 98-2 is designed for applications that require PID (Proportional- Integral-Derivative) control, process monitoring, sequence control, data logging and alarms. The KS98-2 is a complete solution in a single unit. It offers hardware flexibility, easy creation of applications and programmable functionality.


text:
'COMMENSALIS'
'Commensalis' is a group of artists and performers from England, Sweden and Wales who have joined together to present a programme of visual art, music, poetry and storytelling at the historic Walcot Chapel in Bath.
The word 'Commensalis' comes from Medieval Latin and it reflects a commensal relationship, that can involve one organism using another for housing, or utilising something created after its death. We, the artists, are inhabiting a chapel created for the departed. We are using this house of the dead to house our work. Our relationship towards each other is symbiotic. The spirit of 'Commensalis' is reflected in the work we choose to place and perform in this chapel that once housed the dead.
THE VISUAL ARTISTS
Kara is a printmaker and illustrator, primarily interested in animals and their interactions with their environments, the humans that surround them and one another. "I love how animals seem to have great characters, and seem very telling in their actions and looks. I am interested in myths and histories that surround many creatures."
Kara works mainly with collagraphs or watercolour and ink, each piece the result of painstaking and meticulous process, producing atmospheric, sometimes whimsical, pieces that explore the stories animals might tell of their interactions with the human world.
Artist / mathematician Melanie is presenting 'Self [other']from a series that seeks to challenge the photograph as a still image through an exploration of the 'Self'. According to Melanie, "The self is not the face or the body but is an abstraction of the mind. The self is an unknown; a constantly evolving abstract based on a collection of shared experiences and flawed memories." Recreating her own previously unpublished and personal pinhole photographs as enormous collages using plywood and paper, Melanie often takes a month to rebuild each image, which emphasise that "The flawed mind does not help in fixing the stillness of a photographic moment in order to represent the self."
Owen is a Swansea-based artist, interested in photographing various political, cultural and environmental issues, "I try to take photographs that don't obviously show what they are about." Owen uses a lot of digital technology to make his work; digital cameras, scanners and printers, computer software along with online sharing and editing tools are pushed to their limits in order to exploit the effects of digital technology, such as digital noise when using high ISOs. "I am interested in using digital technology to create images that look different rather than trying to emulate photographs on film."
Rhys' current work involves research examining the connections between art and neuroscience, offering some non-scientific accounts of the mysteries of conditions on the autism spectrum. Rhys says, "It is like a journey through a labyrinth both of art and of the mind. On any journey of significance, one needs to make notes of activities and record where one has been."
Like the Victorians, Rhys often uses the medium of postcards. Although addressed to someone, one never knows exactly who has read it and even if the recipient has received it. "I have an interest in gaining an insight and to understand further what may be happening in our minds and bodies when we engage in an artistic activity when performing other daily routines." Rhys experiments with different types of photographic devices from different periods of time, each bringing its own quality to the resulting image.
Welsh artist Rose is presenting 'Bodies / Ghosts', a series of unique monotypes in the long European tradition of the figurative nude. "My work unashamedly centres on drawing from life, exploring the exquisite diversity of the human body, interpreted through intense personal and cultural influences of the past three decades. In an age where many seek to alter their looks artificially, wiping the hard-won marks of their lifelong endeavours from their faces and bodies, I revel in scrutinising the human figure and reflecting the experiences written all over it."
With a modern take on a traditional printmaking technique beloved by Degas and Monet, the process produces two images, one a ghostly version of the other, full-bodied, original, reflecting in their way the history and purpose of Walcot Chapel.
A graduate in Latin, currently a Masters student at the University of West of England's Department of Creative Industries, Zara concentrates her attention on photographic practice using a methodical approach to explore and highlight what tends to pass unnoticed. Unexpected combinations and correlations of recurring visual or 'grammatical' elements that hint at transience, emerge and make sense of a chaotic world. Celebrating happenstance and a lack of artifice, the viewer is thus offered the chance to re-interpret what seems mundane and unimportant and engage in contemplating the selected images that resonate with the space of Walcot Chapel and with the notions implied by 'Commensalis'.
THE PERFORMERS
Amanda Rackstraw
Originally from The West Country, poet and storyteller Amanda trained at RADA and worked as an actor, appearing with the Royal Shakespeare Company, playing leading roles in regional theatres and London fringe shows. After moving to Wales to bring up her family, she returned to study at Cardiff University, gaining an MA in Cultural Politics. She now spreads her time between her work as a creative writing tutor and writing and performing her own work, which encompasses poetry and short stories, along with performances as a storyteller and spoken word artist.
Anna Eriksson & Andreas Noren
Singer / guitarist Anna and keyboardist Andreas are a songwriting duo based in Stockholm, Sweden. They have been collaborating for more than 10 years and will be playing The Walcot Chapel during their UK tour in July. Anna and Andreas will bring to the Chapel their own original music, mixing Swedish Folk, Jazz and Latin to provide listeners with a sense of beautiful melancholy and solitude, emphasising longing but always with a strong hope and evoking the atmosphere of the chapel and its history.
Phillip Mellor
Born and based in Leeds, Phillip has been writing poetry since 1998. After a series of privately published collections, Phillip released his first fully realised collection of poetry, 'Still Growing' in 2007. He has since released three more collections and been published widely through fanzines and regional press. Phillip develops his work with a number of visual artists, harking back to earlier traditions of illustrated literature, including a highly successful collaborative exhibition with Kara Seaman in 2011. He has performed his poetry in many and varied venues, including the influential Framework Collective.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The following Model T Ford Specifications were gathered from the "1911 Model T Ford Owner's Manual," and other sources.
The Engine in the Model T is a 4 cylinder, 4 cycle with 3-3/4 inch bore, 4 inch stroke and rated as 20 horsepower. Rated in accordance with the now generally accepted formula for determining horsepower, d2 x n / 2-1/2, or the square of the diameter of one cylinder multiplied by the number of cylinders and the result divided by 2-1/2, the horsepower of the Model T is 22-1/2. Cylinders are cast in one block and with water jackets and upper half of crank case integral. The water jacketed cylinder head is detachable, rendering easily accessible all pistons, cylinders and valves.
The tower half of the crank case is of pressed steel and extended so as to form the bottom housing for the magneto, flywheel, transmission and universal joint.
The flywheel is back of the transmission and in addition to performing its functions, it serves as a support and rotor for the gears, and likewise supports and revolves the magnets, all of which gears and magnets are included in the weight of the flywheel, thereby materially reducing the weight of the car.
Crank and cam shafts are each made from a single piece of non-welded, drop-forged Vanadium steel, specially heat treated in our own plant.
Pistons are each carefully built to perfect accuracy, with rings of the desired fitness to produce the highest lubrication and compression results. Commutator is in front. Cooling is by thermo-siphon system.
Lubrication is by a combination of splash and gravity that is simple and effective.
The Ford Model T engine is a side-valve design with three main bearings. The cylinders are cast in one block for a displacement of 177 cubic inches, or 2896 cc. Plug firing order is 1-2-4-3. The transmission is joined directly with the engine and shares the same lubrication. The transmission is controlled by three pedals on the floor, labeled C (clutch), R (reverse) and B (brake).
Ford magneto generator, low tension, direct connected to engine drive.
Float feed automatic with dash adjustment.
Ford spur planetary, bathed in oil, – all gears from heat treated Vanadium steel, silent and easy in action.
Combination splash and gravity system-simple and sure. Insures against insufficient or excessive lubrication.
Multiple steel discs, operating in oil. All forward speeds are controlled by foot pedal. Reverse by hand lever. Spark and throttle under steering wheel.
By carbon shaft with single universal joint to bevel drive gears in live rear axle. Ford three point system (patented in all countries) with all moving parts enclosed in dust proof casing, running in oil. Vanadium steel throughout.
One piece drop forging in I-beam section, specially treated, Vanadium steel.
By Ford reduction gear system; irreversible.
Two sets: (a) Service band brake operates on the transmission and is controlled by a foot pedal; (b) Emergency brake is controlled by hand lever at side of car acting on the drums of rear wheels.
Artillery wood type. Hubs extra long.
Pneumatic; front 30×3 inches (US Cars), rear 30 x 3-1/2 inches. Standard makes. Best quality. Larger tires than ordinarily used for weight of the car, which means longest service and greatest comfort. Note: Canadian Fords use 30 x 3-1/2 tires for both front and rear wheels.
Front and rear, semi-elliptical transverse, all Vanadium.
100 in., tread 56 in.; 60 in. for Southern roads where ordered.
10 gallons. Cylindrical gasoline tank mounted directly on frame.
The Touring Car, Torpedo Runabout, Open Runabout and Roadster include at the fully equipped prices, a top, automatic brass windshield, speedometer, two gas lamps and generator, three oil lamps, tubular horn and a kit of tools. The Town Car and Coupe equipment include three oil lamps, tubular horn and tools only.
Upper half integral with cylinder casting. Lower half of pressed steel and extended to form lower housing for magneto and transmission.
Three foot pedals. By pressing the first pedal "C" the slow speed is applied; by releasing, it is in the high speed. The center pedal "R" is for reversing the car. The third pedal "B" is the brake.
The FORD Model T can be entirely manipulated either by use of the pedals or by the controlling lever at the side of the car. The carburetor lever and throttle just under the steering wheel will regulate the speed of the car from a walk to 40 miles an hour, without shifting a lever or applying the foot pedals.
Crank and cam, non-welded, drop-forged, heat-treated FORD Vanadium steel, with all surfaces ground to absolute accuracy.
The illustration above shows the main functional components of the Ford Model T. They are discussed in more detail below. Much of this information has been adapted from the Ford Model T owner's manual.
The Ford motive power is derived from what is known as an L block, four-cycle and four-cylinder, poppet valve motor (or engine). Its stationary parts are, (1) the cylinders, (2) the crank case. The working parts are, (1) the pistons, (2) the connecting rods, (3) the crank shaft, (4) the flywheel, (5) the valves, cam shaft and time gears.
The word "cycle" as it is applied to a gas motor refers to a series of events which are repeated in regular order—and applies to the ideal type of automobile motor. In the Ford motor, four operations are required to complete the series. These operations are, (1) suction, (2) compression, (3) explosion, (4) exhaust. These are repeated in regular order in each of the four cylinders. The piston moves downward during the explosion and intake strokes; it moves upward during the compression and again during the exhaust. The piston receives an impulse (i. e., force of an explosion) once in every two revolutions.
On the downward stroke the suction of the piston draws the fresh gas from the carburetor, through the inlet pipe and valve, into the cylinder. The upward movement of the piston compresses the gas into a very small space, between the top of the piston and the depression in the cylinder head, known as the "combustion chamber." (The compressed gases exert a pressure of approximately 60 pounds per square inch.) At this point the electric spark, generated by the magneto, explodes the gases—driving the piston downward—thus producing the power which turns the crank shaft. On the next stroke upward the piston drives the exploded gas out through the exhaust valve and pipe to the muffler. The accompanying cut shows clearly the relative positions of the pistons and valves during the different strokes.
The Cooling System of the Model T motor is known as the Thermo-Syphon or Gravity system, and acts on the principle that hot water seeks a higher level than cold water, consequently when the water reaches a certain heat, approximately 180 degrees, circulation commences and the water flows from the lower radiator outlet pipe up through the water jackets into the upper radiator water tank, and down through the tubes to the lower tank to repeat the process. During the time that it is passing from the upper to the lower radiator tank it becomes cooled by the air which comes in contact with the fins and tubes of the radiator and which is sucked in by the fan. The rapidity of circulation is governed by the heat of the motor, and not by the speed.
The source from which the ignition current is obtained is a low tension magneto of the inductor type, which contains but two parts, a stationary armature consisting of a number of coils, which are attached to the cylinder casting, and a set of permanent field magnets of the horseshoe type, which are secured to the flywheel, the whole being incorporated in and a part of the motor. The magnets revolve with the flywheel at a distance of 1/32" from the coils, which collect the current from the magnetic field and shunt it into the spark coil, where it is transformed from low to high tension, and sent to the spark plugs to perform its function of igniting the charge.
clean and well oiled at all times.
This illustration shows the intake and exhaust manifolds. Attached to the intake manifold is the carburetor. The carburetor is the device in which the gasoline and air are combined into a vapor or mixture" in proper proportions to form the "charge," which is sucked into the engine and there exploded by an electric spark. The carburetor is so constructed as to allow for the varying of the proportions of the air and gasoline, to meet conditions. These proportions are usually about one part gasoline to twelve or fourteen parts air—although the proportion varies according to the conditions of the atmosphere, the speed of the car and the quality of the gasoline.
The carburetor is of the automatic float feed type, having but one adjustment—the gasoline needle valve. The cross section diagram of carburetor (Cut No. 14) is not a detail drawing but simply shows how the gasoline enters the carburetor, is vaporized by a current of air, and passes through the inlet pipe to the engine in the form of an explosive mixture. The gasoline, entering the bowl of the carburetor, gradually raises the float to a point where the inlet needle lowers into its seat, thus cutting off the flow of gasoline. As the gasoline in the bowl recedes, the float lowers and lifts the needle from its seat and the flow of gasoline is resumed. It is plain to see that a constant level of gasoline is maintained in the carburetor by the automatic action of float and needle. The quantity of gasoline entering into the mixture is governed by the needle valve. The volume of gas mixture entering the intake pipe is controlled by opening and closing the throttle' according to the speed desired by the driver.
The Ford Model T transmission is of the planetary type. A planetary transmission uses groups of gears that always remain in mesh and revolve around a main axis. The different sets of gears are brought into action by stopping the revolution of the parts which support the gears. By means of bands (similar to brake bands) the rotation of the different parts is stopped.
The clutch is controlled by the left pedal at the driver's feet (see below). If the clutch pedal, when pushed forward into slow speed, has a tendency to stick and not to come back readily into high, tighten up the slow speed band. Should the machine have an inclination to creep forward when cranking, it indicates that the clutch lever screw which bears on the clutch lever cam has worn, and requires an extra turn to hold the clutch in neutral position.
The illustration to the right shows the Ford Model T front axle and spindle bodies.
The wheel hubs are placed onto the spindle ends along with bearings.
The rear axle uses a "3-point drive" system, unique to Ford. This type of construction necessitates the use of only a single universal joint and permits of the housing of the entire driving mechanism in a dust proof, oil tight case. If plenty of oil is supplied to these parts there should be no trouble during the natural life of the gears, made as they are of the best special alloy steel obtainable, carefully cut and case hardened. The rear axle runs on Hyatt roller bearings. End thrust tendencies of the large bevel gear are taken by fiber discs between hardened and ground steel discs—the best possible construction for this service. The propeller shaft runs in babbitt bearings at both ends.
The entire axle is lubricated by a copper tube which leads from the oiler and enters at the ball joint. The oil flows down through the tubular torsion tube to the gears and finally to the Hyatt roller axle-bearings. These bearings are spiral rollers and each alternate spiral is reversed so that they distribute the oilModel T Ford Differential automatically over all parts of the bearing surface. Dope cups are installed on each drive shaft bearing and the four rear axle bearings to assist lubrication, as dope will be retained longer and therefore gives better results than oil. Note: The rear hub brakes are intended to perform the function of emergency brakes as their name implies and consequently they take hold severely. Used only in emergency they should outlive the rest of the car. Many theories to the contrary notwithstanding, the transmission brake is not injurious to the driving gears if used judiciously, as every other part of the car should be used. And inasmuch as this brake equalizes the forces between the two rear wheels uniformly, is more easily lubricated, inspected and adjusted, it is better practice to use it for service than the hub brakes.
The following table shows engine serial numbers for the Ford Model T, gleaned from production records at the Ford Motor Company. These numbers represent calendar year production, not model year.


This is a delightful disc, not just through the warmth and fun of the five works by five composers, but through the magic of the great clarinettist Michael Collins. I remember first hearing him when he was still a teenage student and already that magic was clear in the individual subtlety with which he shaded phrases and dynamics, even rivalling the artistry of his teacher, Thea King.
It is good that he is being given the freedom to choose his repertory imaginatively as here. Malcolm Arnold's Sonatina, an early work, is characteristic in the jazzy energy of the outer movements and the heart-easing lyricism of the central slow movement. Arnold Cooke's Sonata is on a much larger scale, in four movements, with the first and third warmly lyrical if not very memorably so, and attractive syncopations in the second and fourth, with delicious repeated notes in the jaunty finale.
Tributes by Edward Gregson consists of five charming, well-contrasted miniatures, ending with a chirpy finale which again gives Collins the chance to demonstrate his agility in playing rapidly repeated notes. Arthur Benjamin's Le tombeau de Ravel is a substantial single movement described as 'valse-caprices', starting with fluttering figures and ending with an unashamed echo of the climax of La valse.
Lastly, rounding the sequence off brilliantly, comes the Sonatina of Joseph Horovitz, beautifully written for the instrument. The slow movement inspires Collins to play with the widest range of tone and dynamic, while the finale erupts in pure jollity, perfect fun music with Collins and his fine pianist, Michael McHale, enjoying themselves hugely. Excellent, well-balanced sound recorded in the helpful acoustic of Potton Hall, Suffolk.


Slow Cooker Gluten Free Chicken and Dumplings | Great gluten free recipes for every occasion.
When I asked my 9 year-old daughter, whose hands you see above, to hold this bowl of gluten free chicken and dumplings for a photo the other week, she couldn't believe that I hadn't yet posted this recipe on the blog. "You've already made it so many times, Mom." She's right. I've really been getting into a groove with the slow cooker—enough that I'm thinking maybe I should add a "slow cooker" recipe category.* So even though we've already made easy gluten free chicken and dumplings using my recipe for gluten free cream of chicken soup, I couldn't help trying to see if I could make it even easier in the slow cooker. And for me, a slow cooker recipe just isn't right if it calls for all sorts of stovetop prep ahead of time. At that point, I'd rather just make the whole thing on the stovetop, you know?
Well, judging from how many times I've made this for my family (nearly a dozen over as many weeks), you can surely guess that it works perfectly in the slow cooker. And (bonus!) it makes perfect use once again of those gluten free biscuits from GFOAS Bakes Bread (or from the blog!) that I always have chilling in my kitchen.
*Update: I added that Gluten Free Slow Cooker Recipe category! What in the world was I waiting for?!
I like to puree the soup after it's finished cooking as not all of the members of my family enjoy staring directly at their vegetables while they eat them. They love the taste of the soup, but especially for my cooked-vegetable-hating 12-year-old, they enjoy it that much more when it's pureed.
Don't skip the biscuits! The dumplings cook perfectly in the soup when you remove the cooked chicken, turn the slow cooker to high and add them at the end.
Mine pretty consistently cook in about 30 minutes, but if your slow cooker runs a bit cooler (one of mine runs a bit on the hot side) it could take closer to 45 minutes or an hour. And dinner is served. You just can't beat cooking in the crockpot.
Oh, and if you're looking for a spicier chicken dish that you can still make in the slow cooker, this slow cooker butter chicken from Jacqui at Dishing Delish looks amazing!
Using a sharp knife, slice each chilled biscuit round into 8 wedges. Place the wedges on a baking sheet and place in the freezer while the soup cooks.
Grease the liner of a 6-quart slow cooker with the olive oil. Add the chicken stock, milk, carrots, celery, onion, potatoes, garlic, salt, pepper and garlic powder, and mix to combine. Add the chicken breasts, and stir to separate the breasts from one another. Into a measuring cup with at least a 2-cup capacity (or another similarly-sized container with a pour spout), pour the evaporated milk. Add the flour blend and whisk until the flour is fully dissolved and the mixture is smooth. Add the herbs de Provence, and whisk again to combine. Pour the evaporated milk mixture into the slow cooker liner, and mix to combine.
Cover the slow cooker and set to low. Allow to cook for 5 to 6 hours, or until the chicken is cooked all the way through and the vegetables are very tender. Remove the chicken from the slow cooker and, while it still warm, shred it with two forks. Cover the chicken and set it aside. Using an immersion blender, puree the rest of the ingredients in the slow cooker (alternatively, you can blend the mixture in a blender, taking care not to overfill the blender as you'll be blending hot liquids, or simply leave the ingredients whole).
Turn the slow cooker to "high" and add the frozen biscuit wedges to the soup. Mix gently to combine. Cover the slow cooker and allow to cook until the biscuits are cooked through (between 30 minutes and 1 hour on "high," depending upon your slow cooker). Serve the soup immediately, and top each bowl with an equal amount of the shredded chicken.
P.S. If you haven't yet, please pick up your copy of Gluten-Free on a Shoestring Bakes Bread! Your support means the world to me!
Could I use almond milk? My dairy free girl has been begging for chicken and dumplings!
How about finding an editior that will let you do another whole book, maybe say on a Slow-Cooking on a Shoestring…don't waste your talent, We love you sharing it.
Hi, Lynne! I'm so glad you're enjoying the slow cooker recipes, and I promise I will develop that (new) recipe category to its fullest here on the blog. But now I'm worried that I've given even the whisper of an impression that my editor Renée is anything but amazing! She is truly a treasure, who completely and totally "gets it." And gets me. And adds so much value that I'd follow her wherever she went, if she went anywhere at all. But the publishing world has its own rules!
I was wondering that as well! Are they frozen and they need to be thawed or do they need to be chilled from just made?
Sorry for the confusion! I fixed the language.
This looks great, Nicole! You know I am a fan of the slow cooker and I'm always ready to try something new.
Your Chicken and dumpling recipe sounds so good!
We use the slow cooker often!
Especially during the spring and summer months, when I'm working outdoors all day in the orchard. A slow cooker section would benefit our family and greatly appreciated.
Loving all the crockpot recipes! Thanks Nicole! Can't wait to try this out. Comfort food!


Warning you are entering a dance nerd zone!
For the next three months I will be living and working at Jacob's Pillow – the longest running dance festival in the USA and probably the most famous in the world. It is proving a pretty great experience so far with new artists and students arriving each week, as well as the huge team of interns, fellows, apprentices and staff.
At my new home – Blake's Barn, The Jacob's Pillow Archives.
A magical setting – The Jacob's Pillow Inside/Out Stage.
Here is a glimpse into some of the things I have been working on – an original poster for the Denishawn Company from 1926 and a costume for dancer Barton Mumaw from the 1930s.
Next postFinding the Ballets Russes in NYC – Part Two.


Licensing Program Analysts(LPAs) Myriam Saullo Luga and Karen Starks met with the facility director and conducted a case management deficiency visit that was generated as during the investigation visit for complaint # 30-CC-20170104155726 and review of children records, it was noted that seven children's records were incomplete. This was addressed with the facility director who indicated that she will ensure that all children's records are complete. Type B deficiency was cited accordingly. There were 20 children and 4 teachers/teacher aides present during the visit. An Exit interview was conducted and a copy of this report was provided to the facility.
101221(a) Child's Records. The licensee shall ensure that there are separate, complete and current records kept for each child attending the child care center.
The faciltiy director will ensure that all children's records are complete and current. The facility director will send proof of correction to the department by 1/26/2017.


Terahertz radiation – also known as submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, tremendously high frequency (THF), T-rays, T-waves, T-light, T-lux or THz – consists of electromagnetic waves within the ITU-designated band of frequencies from 0.1 to 30 terahertz (THz). One terahertz is 1012 Hz or 1000 GHz. Wavelengths of radiation in the terahertz band correspondingly range from 1 mm to 0.1 mm (or 100 μm). Because terahertz radiation begins at a wavelength of one millimeter and proceeds into shorter wavelengths, it is sometimes known as the submillimeter band, and its radiation as submillimeter waves, especially in astronomy.
In THz-TDS systems, since the time-domain version of the THz signal is available, the distortion effects of the diffraction can be suppressed.
Terahertz radiation falls in between infrared radiation and microwave radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum, and it shares some properties with each of these. Like infrared and microwave radiation, terahertz radiation travels in a line of sight and is non-ionizing. Like microwave radiation, terahertz radiation can penetrate a wide variety of non-conducting materials. Terahertz radiation can pass through clothing, paper, cardboard, wood, masonry, plastic and ceramics. The penetration depth is typically less than that of microwave radiation. Terahertz radiation has limited penetration through fog and clouds and cannot penetrate liquid water or metal. Terahertz radiation is not ionizing yet can penetrate some distance through body tissue, so it is of interest as a replacement for medical X-rays. Due to its longer wavelength, images made using terahertz waves have lower resolution than X-rays and need to be enhanced (see figure at right).
Terahertz radiation is emitted as part of the black-body radiation from anything with a temperature greater than about 2 Kelvin. While this thermal emission is very weak, observations at these frequencies are important for characterizing cold 10–20 K cosmic dust in interstellar clouds in the Milky Way galaxy, and in distant starburst galaxies.
Terahertz radiation can penetrate fabrics and plastics, so it can be used in surveillance, such as security screening, to uncover concealed weapons on a person, remotely. This is of particular interest because many materials of interest have unique spectral "fingerprints" in the terahertz range. This offers the possibility to combine spectral identification with imaging. In 2002 the European Space Agency (ESA) Star Tiger team, based at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (Oxfordshire, UK), produced the first passive terahertz image of a hand. By 2004, ThruVision Ltd, a spin-out from the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, had demonstrated the world's first compact THz camera for security screening applications. The prototype system successfully imaged guns and explosives concealed under clothing. Passive detection of terahertz signatures avoid the bodily privacy concerns of other detection by being targeted to a very specific range of materials and objects.
In January 2013, the NYPD announced plans to experiment with the new technology to detect concealed weapons, prompting Miami blogger and privacy activist Jonathan Corbett to file a lawsuit against the department in Manhattan federal court that same month, challenging such use: "For thousands of years, humans have used clothing to protect their modesty and have quite reasonably held the expectation of privacy for anything inside of their clothing, since no human is able to see through them." He sought a court order to prohibit using the technology without reasonable suspicion or probable cause. By early 2017, the department said it had no intention of ever using the sensors given to them by the federal government.
New types of particle accelerators that could achieve multi Giga-electron volts per metre (GeV/m) accelerating gradients are of utmost importance to reduce the size and cost of future generations of high energy colliders as well as provide a widespread availability of compact accelerator technology to smaller laboratories around the world. Gradients in the order of 100 MeV/m have been achieved by conventional techniques and are limited by RF-induced plasma breakdown. Beam driven dielectric wakefield accelerators (DWAs)  typically operate in the Terahertz frequency range, which pushes the plasma breakdown threshold for surface electric fields into the multi-GV/m range. DWA technique allows to accommodate a significant amount of charge per bunch, and gives an access to conventional fabrication techniques for the accelerating structures. To date 0.3 GeV/m accelerating and 1.3 GeV/m decelerating gradients  have been achieved using a dielectric lined waveguide with sub-millimetre transverse aperture.
An accelerating gradient larger than 1 GeV/m, can potentially be produced by the Cherenkov Smith-Purcell radiative mechanism  in a dielectric capillary with a variable inner radius. When an electron bunch propagates through the capillary, its self-field interacts with the dielectric material and produces wakefields that propagate inside the material at the Cherenkov angle. The wakefields are slowed down below the speed of light, as the relative dielectric permittivity of the material is larger than 1. The radiation is then reflected from the capillary's metallic boundary and diffracted back into the vacuum region, producing high accelerating fields on the capillary axis with a distinct frequency signature. In presence of a periodic boundary the Smith-Purcell radiation imposes frequency dispersion.
A preliminary study with corrugated capillaries has shown some modification to the spectral content and amplitude of the generated wakefields, but the possibility of using Smith-Purcell effect in DWA is still under consideration.
Many possible uses of terahertz sensing and imaging are proposed in manufacturing, quality control, and process monitoring. These in general exploit the traits of plastics and cardboard being transparent to terahertz radiation, making it possible to inspect packaged goods. The first imaging system based on optoelectronic terahertz time-domain spectroscopy were developed in 1995 by researchers from AT&T Bell Laboratories and was used for producing a transmission image of a packaged electronic chip. This system used pulsed laser beams with duration in range of picoseconds. Since then commonly used commercial/ research terahertz imaging systems have used pulsed lasers to generate terahertz images. The image can be developed based on either the attenuation or phase delay of the transmitted terahertz pulse.
Since the beam is scattered more at the edges and also different materials have different absorption coefficients, the images based on attenuation indicates edges and different materials inside of an objects. This approach is similar to X-ray transmission imaging, where images are developed based on attenuation of the transmitted beam.
In the second approach, terahertz images are developed based on the time delay of the received pulse. In this approach, thicker parts of the objects are well recognized as the thicker parts cause more time delay of the pulse. Energy of the laser spots are distributed by a Gaussian function. The geometry and behavior of Gaussian beam in the Fraunhofer region imply that the electromagnetic beams diverge more as the frequencies of the beams decrease and thus the resolution decreases. This implies that terahertz imaging systems have higher resolution than scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) but lower resolution than X-ray imaging systems. Although terahertz can be used for inspection of packaged objects, it suffers from low resolution for fine inspections. X-ray image and terahertz images of an electronic chip are brought in the figure on the right. Obviously the resolution of X-ray is higher than terahertz image, but X-ray is ionizing and can be impose harmful effects on certain objects such as semiconductors and live tissues.
To overcome low resolution of the terahertz systems near-field terahertz imaging systems are under development. In nearfield imaging the detector needs to be located very close to the surface of the plane and thus imaging of the thick packaged objects may not be feasible. In another attempt to increase the resolution, laser beams with frequencies higher than terahertz are used to excite the p-n junctions in semiconductor objects, the excited junctions generate terahertz radiation as a result as long as their contacts are unbroken and in this way damaged devices can be detected. In this approach, since the absorption increases exponentially with the frequency, again inspection of the thick packaged semiconductors may not be doable. Consequently, a tradeoff between the achievable resolution and the thickness of the penetration of the beam in the packaging material should be considered.
The terahertz region is between the radio frequency region and the optical region generally associated with lasers. Both the IEEE RF safety standard and the ANSI Laser safety standard have limits into the terahertz region, but both safety limits are based on extrapolation. It is expected that effects on tissues are thermal in nature and, therefore, predictable by conventional thermal models. Research is underway to collect data to populate this region of the spectrum and validate safety limits.
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An Auston switch (also known as a photoconductive switch) is an optically gated antenna that is commonly used in the generation and detection of pulsed terahertz radiation. It is named after the physicist David H. Auston who first developed the technology at Bell Labs in the 1960s.
The Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) was a 10.4-meter (34 ft) diameter submillimeter wavelength telescope situated alongside the 15-meter (49 ft) James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) at Mauna Kea Observatories. It was engaged in submillimetre astronomy, of the terahertz radiation band. The telescope closed on September 18, 2015. As of April 2019, the telescope is set to be dismantled and its site remediated in the near future as part of the Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan.
A comb generator is a signal generator that produces multiple harmonics of its input signal. The appearance of the output at the spectrum analyzer screen, resembling teeth of a comb, gave the device its name.
Comb generators find wide range of uses in microwave technology. E.g., synchronous signals in wide frequency bandwidth can be produced by a comb generator. The most common use is in broadband frequency synthesizers, where the high frequency signals act as stable references correlated to the lower energy references; the outputs can be used directly, or to synchronize phase-locked loop oscillators. It may be also used to generate a complete set of substitution channels for testing, each of which carries the same baseband audio and video signal.
Comb generators are also used in RFI testing of consumer electronics, where their output is used as a simulated RF emissions, as it is a stable broadband noise source with repeatable output. It is also used during compliance testing to various government requirements for products such as medical devices (FDA), military electronics (MIL-STD-461), commercial avionics (Federal Aviation Administration), digital electronics (Federal Communications Commission), in the USA.
An optical comb generator can be used as generators of terahertz radiation. Internally, it is a resonant electro-optic modulator, with the capability of generating hundreds of sidebands with total span of at least 3 terahertz (limited by the optical dispersion of the lithium niobate crystal) and frequency spacing of 17 GHz. Other construction can be based on erbium-doped fiber laser or Ti-sapphire laser often in combination with carrier envelope offset control.
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus. This frequency range is divided into separate bands, and the electromagnetic waves within each frequency band are called by different names; beginning at the low frequency (long wavelength) end of the spectrum these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays at the high-frequency (short wavelength) end. The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics, such as how they are produced, how they interact with matter, and their practical applications. The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length. Gamma rays, X-rays, and high ultraviolet are classified as ionizing radiation as their photons have enough energy to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions. Exposure to these rays can be a health hazard, causing radiation sickness, DNA damage and cancer. Radiation of visible light wavelengths and lower are called nonionizing radiation as they cannot cause these effects.
Indium antimonide (InSb) is a crystalline compound made from the elements indium (In) and antimony (Sb). It is a narrow-gap semiconductor material from the III-V group used in infrared detectors, including thermal imaging cameras, FLIR systems, infrared homing missile guidance systems, and in infrared astronomy. The indium antimonide detectors are sensitive between 1–5 µm wavelengths.
Indium antimonide was a very common detector in the old, single-detector mechanically-scanned thermal imaging systems. Another application is as a terahertz radiation source as it is a strong photo-Dember emitter.
Indium arsenide, InAs, or indium monoarsenide, is a semiconductor composed of indium and arsenic. It has the appearance of grey cubic crystals with a melting point of 942 °C.Indium arsenide is used for construction of infrared detectors, for the wavelength range of 1–3.8 µm. The detectors are usually photovoltaic photodiodes. Cryogenically cooled detectors have lower noise, but InAs detectors can be used in higher-power applications at room temperature as well. Indium arsenide is also used for making of diode lasers.
Indium arsenide is similar to gallium arsenide and is a direct bandgap material.
InAs is well known for its high electron mobility and narrow energy bandgap. It is widely used as terahertz radiation source as it is a strong photo-Dember emitter.
Quantum dots can be formed in a monolayer of indium arsenide on indium phosphide or gallium arsenide. The mismatches of lattice constants of the materials create tensions in the surface layer, which in turn leads to formation of the quantum dots. Quantum dots can also be formed in indium gallium arsenide, as indium arsenide dots sitting in the gallium arsenide matrix.
The National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (情報通信研究機構, Jōhō Tsūshin Kenkyū Kikō, NICT) is Japan's primary national research institute for information and communications. It is located at 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan.
NICT was established as an Independent Administrative Institution in 2004 when Japan's Communications Research Laboratory (established 1896) merged with the Telecommunications Advancement Organization. Today NICT's mission is to carry out research and development in the field of information and communications technology. It has a range of responsibilities including generating and disseminating Japan's national frequency and time standards; conducting type approval tests of radio equipment for the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) and marine radar based on Japan's Radio Law; and providing regular observations of the ionosphere and space weather. It also operates the JJY, a low frequency time signal.
In late August 2015, it was announced that a terahertz radiation scanner developed by the institute would be one of the instruments carried by the ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, currently due for launch in 2022.
Electro-optic rectification (EOR), also referred to as optical rectification, is a non-linear optical process that consists of the generation of a quasi-DC polarization in a non-linear medium at the passage of an intense optical beam. For typical intensities, optical rectification is a second-order phenomenon which is based on the inverse process of the electro-optic effect. It was reported for the first time in 1962, when radiation from a ruby laser was transmitted through potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and potassium dideuterium phosphate (KDdP) crystals.
Photomixing is the generation of continuous wave terahertz radiation from two lasers. The beams are mixed together and focused onto a photomixer device which generates the terahertz radiation.
It is technologically significant because there are few sources capable of providing radiation in this waveband, others include frequency multiplied electronic/microwave sources, quantum cascade laser and ultrashort pulsed lasers with photoconductive switches as used in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The advantages of this technique are that it is continuously tunable over the frequency range from 300 GHz to 3 THz (10 cm−1 to 100 cm−1) (1 mm to 0.1 mm), and spectral resolutions in the order of 1 MHz can be achieved. However, the achievable power is on the order of 10−8 W.
Picarin (Tsurupica) is a plastic used to make optics such as lenses for terahertz radiation.
The Sombrero Galaxy (also known as Messier Object 104, M104 or NGC 4594) is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Virgo found 9.55 Mpc (31,100,000 ly) from Earth. The galaxy has a diameter of approximately 15kpc (50,000 light-years), 30% the size of the Milky Way. It has a bright nucleus, an unusually large central bulge, and a prominent dust lane in its inclined disk. The dark dust lane and the bulge give this galaxy the appearance of a sombrero hat. Astronomers initially thought that the halo was small and light, indicative of a spiral galaxy, but the Spitzer Space Telescope found that the dust ring around the Sombrero Galaxy is larger and more massive than previously thought, indicative of a giant elliptical galaxy. The galaxy has an apparent magnitude of +8.0, making it easily visible with amateur telescopes, and it is considered by some authors to be the galaxy with the highest absolute magnitude within a radius of 10 megaparsecs of the Milky Way. Its large bulge, its central supermassive black hole, and its dust lane all attract the attention of professional astronomers.
Submillimetre astronomy or submillimeter astronomy (see spelling differences) is the branch of observational astronomy that is conducted at submillimetre wavelengths (i.e., terahertz radiation) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Astronomers place the submillimetre waveband between the far-infrared and microwave wavebands, typically taken to be between a few hundred micrometres and a millimetre. It is still common in submillimetre astronomy to quote wavelengths in 'microns', the old name for micrometre.
Using submillimetre observations, astronomers examine molecular clouds and dark cloud cores with a goal of clarifying the process of star formation from earliest collapse to stellar birth. Submillimetre observations of these dark clouds can be used to determine chemical abundances and cooling mechanisms for the molecules which comprise them. In addition, submillimetre observations give information on the mechanisms for the formation and evolution of galaxies.
Tera is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting multiplication by 1012 or 1000000000000 (one trillion short scale; one billion long scale). It has the symbol T. Tera is derived from Greek word τέρας teras, meaning "monster". The unit prefix was confirmed for use in the International System of Units (SI) in 1960.
terahertz radiation: electromagnetic waves within the band of frequencies from 0.3 to 3 THz. Visible light is around 500 THz.
terabit and terabyte, units used in data storage.
teragram: equal to 109 kg. The Great Pyramid of Giza has a mass of about 6 Tg.
teralitre: equal to 109 m3. Lake Zurich contains about 4 TL of water.
terawatt: used to measure total human energy consumption. In 2010 it was 16 TW (TJ/s).
terametre (= 1,000,000,000 km): Light travels 1.079 Tm in one hour.
TeraView Limited, or TeraView, is a company that designs terahertz imaging and spectroscopy instruments and equipment for measurement and evaluation of pharmaceutical tablets, nanomaterials, ceramics and composites, integrated circuit chips and more.TeraView was co-founded by Michael Pepper (CSO) and Dr Don Arnone (CEO) as a spin-out of Toshiba Research Europe in April 2001. The company was set up to exploit the intellectual property and expertise developed in sourcing and detecting terahertz radiation (1 THz= 33.3 cm−1), using semiconductor technologies. Leading industry proponents of the technology sit on its Advisory Board, and TeraView maintains close links with the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, which was one of the research universities which had an interest in Terahertz techniques. It is also where Professor Pepper, has held the position of Professor of Physics since 1987.
A terahertz metamaterial is a class of composite metamaterials designed to interact at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The terahertz frequency range used in materials research is usually defined as 0.1 to 10 THz.This bandwidth is also known as the terahertz gap because it is noticeably underutilized. This is because terahertz waves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than microwaves but lower than infrared radiation and visible light. These characteristics mean that it is difficult to influence terahertz radiation with conventional electronic components and devices. Electronics technology controls the flow of electrons, and is well developed for microwaves and radio frequencies. Likewise, the terahertz gap also borders optical or photonic wavelengths; the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet ranges (or spectrums), where well developed lens technologies also exist. However, the terahertz wavelength, or frequency range, appears to be useful for security screening, medical imaging, wireless communications systems, non-destructive evaluation, and chemical identification, as well as submillimeter astronomy. Finally, as a non-ionizing radiation it does not have the risks inherent in X-ray screening.
Terahertz nondestructive evaluation pertains to devices, and techniques of analysis occurring in the terahertz domain of electromagnetic radiation. These devices and techniques evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage.
In physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a spectroscopic technique in which the properties of matter are probed with short pulses of terahertz radiation. The generation and detection scheme is sensitive to the sample's effect on both the amplitude and the phase of the terahertz radiation. By measuring in the time-domain, the technique can provide more information than conventional Fourier-transform spectroscopy, which is only sensitive to the amplitude. Since the time-domain, and consequently the frequency-domain, of the THz signal is available, the distorting effect of the diffraction can be mitigated and the resolution of the THz images can be enhanced substantially. This resolution enhancement process is illustrated in the Figure to the right .
Terahertz tomography is a class of tomography where sectional imaging is done by terahertz radiation. Because terahertz radiation can "see" what visible light and IR can not see, unique information can be obtained by terahertz tomography. This is in a sense similar to X-ray except without all the hazardous effects of X-ray.


I am, of course, pleased that John A. Garraty praised me in his Nov. 26 review of my new book, ''The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter,'' for having done ''a superb job'' with the ''more recent history'' of the Jews in America and for having written ''a useful and scrupulously fair account of what is a true American epic.'' Nonetheless, I am constrained to write to correct some impressions that he left at the end of the review.
The most important issue is the matter of the place of women in my account of American Jewish history. Mr. Garraty was very insistent in asserting that I mention only five. There are several times that number. He missed Hannah Arendt, Lucy Dawidowicz, Laura Z. Hobson, Emma Lazarus, Rachel Levy, Rosa Luxemburg and a number of others who are to be found in the index, even if one did not bother browsing beyond the letter ''L.'' More fundamentally, the very argument of my book turns on the issue of women. I argue, in Chapter 12, that American Jewish life was radically changed by the destruction of the authority of the immigrant father. Most of the fathers could not maintain their roles as heads of the family, because they failed as providers and because they could not transplant to America the traditional forms and obediences of the Jewish religious tradition. The Jewish mother, so I argue, became the figure of continuity - and often the source of guilt - for the children.
Mr. Garraty also suggested that I described the flight of Jews to the suburbs and the weakening of Jewish tradition in the 1950's ''in a historical vacuum,'' without reference to what was happening in other religions, to Roman Catholics and Protestants. On page 330 of my book he could have found a lengthy quotation from an essay by Langdon Gilkey, entitled ''Social and Intellectual Sources of Contemporary Protestant Theology in America,'' in which Mr. Gilkey described the American church as having little theological content but ''burgeoning with air-conditioned sanctuaries . . . and innumerable suppers and dances.'' After quoting Mr. Gilkey, I added the following: ''The main-line Protestant Church in decline, and the suburban synagogue on the rise, thus were mirror images of each other - temples of competing ethnics, bastions not of Judaism and Christianity but of Jewishness and Gentileness. Jews would feel more equal and even contentious in the next decade as their power grew and as they became less likely to think of the Protestant Church as everybody's host in America.'' These sentences are hardly the writing of someone who is unaware of what was happening to Jews in the context of American life as a whole.
Mr. Garraty's other points are of much lesser importance, and they make little difference. What needs to be corrected are his assertions that I almost ignored women and that I wrote about American Jews ''in a historical vacuum.'' He is wrong on both counts.


If you're like me, you don't need anything else to do. Being a kid's ministry leader is full-time work. The very idea that I might be asked to do something irrelevant, unimportant, or unproductive makes me angry. I have to admit, when I first started thinking about blogging, those were some of my feelings.
· Social networking has grown 93% since 2006?
· There are over 100 million Americans contributing to social media with 7 million being considered "heavy" contributors?
· 49% of all Americans over the age of 18 are on Twitter, Facebook, or Myspace.
I was surprised… Why hadn't I taken a closer look at this opportunity before? I started by dipping my toes into Facebook… it wasn't all that bad… as a matter of fact, I liked it. Next thing you know I'm twittering… nice to get brief updates on folks. And today I start a new chapter titled, Blogging!
This blog is not going to be about me, even though I will be the primary contributor. This blog is going to be about us: kid's ministry leaders working in the trenches to honor our calling by God to help boys and girls HEAR, KNOW, and DO God's Word by learning to apply it their everyday lives..
My thoughts and experiences on a variety of subjects.
A place we can share concerns and opinions about kid's ministry.
An opportunity for you to connect with other kid's ministry leaders.
Recommendations that will help you as a kid's leader.
Bottom line: I will (to the best of my ability) work to make this blog relevant, important, and productive by equipping, inspiring, and networking with you.
Calling all kid's ministry leaders… Is anyone out there?


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Chasing Authenticity with Alec Phan
Derek Barham - October 23, 2021 0
I love the way The Bengsons kind of ignore the rules of Musical Theatre and chase the authenticity of their lived feelings with weird sounds and weirder poetry! I love how Time is confirmed to be totally subjective and how much sense that makes.
The Truth Inside with Royen Kent
Derek Barham - March 10, 2020 0
What we as a cast and crew want most for our audience is for them to feel comfortable leaning in and being baptized by the powerful message of this story. What's great is that this message is applicable to all our lives: we can choose to rebel against fear and death by giving love anyway.
Emilie Modaff: Be Afraid and Live Anyway
Derek Barham - March 2, 2020 0
It's such a thin line I'm walking playing Abigail. I want to honor her story and her voice but I don't want to imitate her, right? And the Bengsons don't want us to recreate their performances (pro tip: nobody can). They want us to tell the damn story and bring ourselves, our truths, our experiences to it. When I find myself thinking "Abigail sings this riff like this, she delivers this line with a different cadence," I hold onto what they told us. I feel deeply honored to play this part. I feel connected not only to the material but to the real Abigail Bengson. The intimidating responsibility I started out feeling has quickly shifted into a comforting blessing.
Believing in Love with Lucky Stiff
Derek Barham - February 17, 2020 0
Hundred Days uses musical storytelling in a concert style, and I tend to direct plays that feel like experiences more than direct narratives so it felt like a good fit. It's also a story (in the words of one of our performers) about "how punk it is to love someone knowing we're all going to eventually die," which is a fun way of saying it encourages us to radically believe in Love. And I work hard every day at believing that so it helps to know we're all going through it.
She Got the Beat: Making Music with Kyra Leigh
Derek Barham - September 5, 2019 0
The world of Arcadia is built on a BEAT -- the gorgeous pop/rock rhythms of The Go-Go's! The dynamic divas lent their songbook to Head Over Heels, making for a truly unique jukebox experience! Kyra Leigh, the music director of the Chicago premiere of Head Over Heels, tells us more...
More is More: Diving In with Elizabeth Swanson
Derek Barham - August 24, 2019 0
Kokandy Productions' HEAD OVER HEELS just extended through September 8th -- marking the end of a four month journey to Arcadia! Co-director Elizabeth Swanson takes a look back at the rehearsal process, the hit show, and all the quirks that made this artistic vacation so special...
Mad About Them: Queries with Parker Guidry
Parker Guidry (they/them) is currently starring in Kokandy Productions' smash-hit musical Head Over Heels, now playing through September 8th at Theater Wit. We gabbed with Parker about the show, the shoes, and all that goes into being a Vision of Nowness...
"Hollywood" from Grand Hotel Featuring Leryn Turlington
Jeff Meyer - May 17, 2018 0
[vimeo 270273236 w=940 h=529] Only two weeks left!
A message of gratitude from our 2017 artists!
Jeff Meyer - November 28, 2017 0
[vimeo 244774729 w=940 h=529] You can still be a part of #GivingTuesday:
Bonnie & Clyde Promo Video
Jeff Meyer - October 5, 2017 0


Mayra Mecca is her lovely name. She is turning 8th this year and her parents throw her a birthday party celebration at a Burger King outlet. The celebration fully of joy and fun. Happy 8th Birthday! Herewith Photoqueed touching her celebration in cool way.


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The green comet that will be visible for the first time in 50,000 years is going through an unusual phenomenon: its tail appears to be coming off
Sunday 22nd January 2023 03:21 PM
What Alexandra Stan Said About Tristan Tate, After Intimacy Pictures With Them Appeared. The Artist Doesn't Want To Hear From Her Ex-Boyfriend Anymore
Saturday 31st December 2022 11:28 PM


As a successful business leader, you probably have a big, inspiring vision for the future of your organization. WE Adams gives you the tools and guidance you need to turn those inspiring visions into concrete reality. I help you achieve your next level of business and professional success.
Inspiration is an exalting influence. Progress is movement toward a goal.
Together we will unify your key decision makers, leverage each unique perspective toward a common objective, march to the same drumbeat, and conquer the mountain as a team. I don't give you my opinions; I share with you "the best-of-the-best from the best" that I accumulated over many years of executive level management, consulting, and university level teaching.
Whether you are running a large corporate division or are a budding entrepreneur, together we can create value through planning strategically; organizing your business to deliver the plan; leading your organization through its fulfillment; and creating effective controls to keep you on track.
WE Adams positively transforms your organization and career by ensuring progress toward your big, inspiring vision. We do this together through a systematic process called Inspirational Progress™.
Engagements can include: traditional consulting; contract executive; group or individual coaching; seminars; or other customized programs.


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Diego Daniel Vera Méndez (; born January 5, 1985) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays as a striker for Curicó Unido in           the Chilean Primera División.

Career
Vera was born in Montevideo, and began his career playing with his hometown team Bella Vista. Later he played for several Uruguayan clubs such as Nacional, Defensor Sporting and Liverpool.

In January 2011, he was transferred to Chinese side Nanchang Hengyuan, where he scored 3 goals in 11 Chinese Super League appearances.

On 20 July 2011, he signed a new deal with Colombian side Deportivo Pereira. Unfortunately, his team was relegated to Categoría Primera B causing his return to Liverpool in early 2012.

On 30 June 2012, he signed for Mexican side Queretaro F.C.

On 16 July 2014, he signed for Estudiantes de La Plata.

Career statistics

Honours
Nacional
Liguilla: 2007, 2008

Notes

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Montevideo
Uruguayan footballers
Uruguayan expatriate footballers
Uruguay international footballers
C.A. Bella Vista players
Club Nacional de Football players
Defensor Sporting players
Liverpool F.C. (Montevideo) players
Shanghai Shenxin F.C. players
Deportivo Pereira footballers
Querétaro F.C. footballers
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Atlético de Rafaela footballers
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
Club Atlético Colón footballers
Club Atlético Tigre footballers
Curicó Unido footballers
Uruguayan Primera División players
Liga MX players
Argentine Primera División players
Chilean Primera División players
Chinese Super League players
Categoría Primera A players
Expatriate footballers in China
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in China
Expatriate footballers in Colombia
Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Expatriate footballers in Argentina
Expatriate footballers in Chile
Association football forwards

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Planning your journey to Connemara:
It is now very easy to get to Connemara as the roads, particularly Dublin – Galway have been upgraded beyond recognition. Also Knock Ireland West Airport has a regular and frequent flying schedule from the U.K. with Aer Lingus, Ryanair and Flybe. For families the simplest and most popular route is by car through Holyhead, Pembroke, Fishguard, Liverpool or Stranraer.
If you are driving from the south of England it is perhaps easier to sail from Fishguard or Pembroke to Rosslare, and then drive up through Dublin to Galway and then west to Connemara. Holyhead to Dublin or Dun Laoghaire is probably a better route for those traveling from more North and West.
Try the following links to get you started:
Directferries are a good place to start looking at ferry routes, times and prices. (http://www.directferries.co.uk/)
Ryanair need no Introduction and fly to Knock Ireland West from Bristol, East Midlands, Liverpool, Luton, Stanstead, Edinburgh and London City. (http://www.ryanair.com/en)
Flybe Fly to a surprisingly large number of destinations to Knock Ireland West including Manchester, Edinburgh, East Midlands, Exeter, Glasgow, Guernsey, Nice, Paris CDG, Norwich and Southhampton. (http://www.flybe.com/)
Aer Lingus flies to Birmingham and London Gatwick from Knock. (http://www.aerlingus.com)
All of these airlines and more fly from Dublin to numerous destinations in the U.K and Europe.
A list of airlines that fly to Dublin is available here.
Another destination that may be more convenient is Shannon Airport, which has flights to several U.K airports including Heathrow, it takes aproximately two hours to drive from Shannon to Clifden.
There are Trains to Galway from Dublin, and a coach Service from Dublin and the Airport to Clifden through Galway.
Car hire is in line with hiring a car in any other country in Europe and you can hire from Avis, Europcar, Hertz, Easycar and Budget-Ireland at Knock and Dublin Airports.
Plan your route using the AA route planner here.


That same scrappiness and mindfulness informs every aspect of the operations at Hogstone's Wood Oven and the forthcoming Ælder in Orcas Island, WA, where Blackinton is the chef-owner, butcher and resident farmer. But Blackinton isn't a vegan anymore—far from it.
"One day, I decided I was done with this vegan thing," says the chef, laughing. "I really wanted to start eating meat again, but to feel good about it, I needed to know how to do the deed myself." Before opening Hogstone's in 2013, Blackinton learned how to hunt and raise animals for food, mastering best practices for slaughtering and butchering that he now relies on almost daily.


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