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Prehistoric African Wildlife: A Complete Guide
When considering prehistoric animals, everyone immediately thinks of dinosaurs. Although they are an important part of prehistoric times, they were not the only animals to have lived during that time.
Because of their size, dinosaurs are the animals most remembered for this era, but smaller animals co-existed alongside these colossal giants, and they were just as important to nature. Not all prehistoric animals lived on land, and there are a few underwater creatures from that time.
Keep reading to find out more about the different prehistoric wildlife found in Africa with this complete guide:
1. Sarcosuchus
Scientists believe that this mega crocodile lived in the time of the dinosaurs. Although it wasn't a dinosaur itself, it preyed on them for food.
The animal was huge compared to modern-day crocodiles and had a bite that could scare a T-Rex. They were not very fast with a big and bulky build but could take down larger mammals and fish with ease.
For more on land-dwelling dinosaurs like the Sarcosuchus, continue reading this blog.
2. Terebratula
This animal resembled the modern-day clam and was found in oceans worldwide. Latching onto rocks under the water, they would slightly open their two halves so that food could float into their open shells.
It is called suspension feeding, where the mollusk draws food particles from the surrounding water. Being stationary animals, they would attach themselves to a rock and stay there, just feeding for the rest of its life.
3. Discinisca
Mussel resembling shellfish like the Discinisca lives and feeds similarly to the Terebratula. One of their main features would be little pockets of silica that they gather on their shells.
Like the Terebratula, the Discinisca was also found in oceans worldwide, including the African coastline.
4. Linthia
Another mollusk found in the waters around Africa was the Linthia. It was very similar to the pansy shells that can still be collected on some African beaches.
Also, being a mollusk, they would attach to rocks deep underwater and slightly further away from the coastline and use the suspension-feeding method just like the previous two mentioned here.
5. Trechnotheria
This group of mammals is from the Mesozoic Era and has always been endemic to Africa and some Asian countries.
One of the classes of animals in this group is mammals. Different kinds of mammals are still alive today, proving that they have been around for thousands of years.
6. Neithea
Another clam-like sea creature that had a rather special feature, their valves were rounded on one side but flatter on the other. Scientists call them bivalve mollusks because of this unique feature.
7. Glyphea
Like the mollusks, these glypheoid crustaceans live underwater and have a shrimp or crayfish-like appearance. These animals are bottom feeders that would skirmish for food at the bottom of the ocean close to the ocean floor.
8. Oxytoma
Another bivalve mollusk that was once found in the waters around the African shores is now extinct. With similar features to the Neithea and both being stationary animals, both use the suspension-feeding method.
9. Dipsacaster
Some of the most beautiful sea creatures still found today are starfish. The Dipsacaster is an extinct version of this gorgeous animal.
The species found around Africa was D. Africanus, while other species were found around France and Morocco and were called D. jadeite.
10. Prosictodon
It was one of the many species of dinosaur that lived in the Karoo Basin in South Africa. Like all the other dinosaurs, this one is also extinct.
Scientists have studied partial remains found by archeologists and believe that the animal was a herbivore. With a beak-like structured mouth, they assumed that it would have resembled the rhinoceros in those early years.
11. Volutospina
The Volutospina had cone-shaped shells beautifully with blunt spikes. This mollusk still has living relatives across the world's oceans that are equally pretty with their various-shaped shells.
12. Steneosaurus
Another crocodile-like dinosaur with a longer snout and slightly smaller than the Sarcosuchus, the remains found in Africa were only partial with an almost complete skull.
From the skull the scientists found, they could see the elongated snout, and there were cavities for its many teeth that it most likely used to catch fish as a food source.
Prehistoric animals are fascinating, especially the dinosaurs that lived during that time, but the ecosystem did not only exist out of dinosaurs. Sea creatures and land-dwelling mammals that have ancestors in today's modern life were also part of the animal kingdom back then.
There are so much more the scientists are yet to discover about the dinosaurs, so keep your eyes open for new information they may share.
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If you are looking to make it in life as a model, Nairobi is the ideal place to be. As one of the region's most prominent fashion capitals, the city has a significant influence on international fashions trends. It's home to several of the best fashion events, designers, garment manufacturers, fashion colleges, and, of course, modelling agencies!
No matter how much (or how little!) adventure you have as a model, you can find your perfect agency in Nairobi. Just remember that modelling is not a one-size-fits-all enterprise and that it's not always best to go after the biggest and most famous agencies.
The more prominent and more well-known modelling agencies do have remarkable track records, but smaller boutique agencies are usually better for new models, as they can give you the individualised attention you need to further your career. Here are 10 of the top modelling agencies in Kenya worth checking out.
They offer modelling opportunities for several age groups. Found in Phoenix House along Kenyatta Avenue, they give modelling and acting opportunities for those seeking a career in modelling. This top modelling agency has a network of different clienteles that are big players in the advertising of different products. They also present actors, main principals, and extras for advertisements and films.
It is Africa's first international modelling agency and was established by the City Model Paris and the possibly arguably Kenya's most popular model, Ajuma Nasenyana. They offer world-class training and adding to their models which guarantee that they provide their customers with a highly professional services range. They are found along Apple Cross Road in Nairobi and give their models a direct opportunity to ' Catwalk to Paris' international feature.
It is presently one of the leading Kenyan modelling brands in the coast region. The agency provides a wide range of talent in various ages. Eyez Modelling launched in 2011, and they have been holding mentored over 150 models in Television, Runway, Print and Film categories. They have presented models for various commercials in Kenya.
Founded in 1987, it's one of the country's leading pioneers in the model industry. It has after then been bridging its models to different international opportunities notable among them being Eva Ndachi, Tess Njuhi, and even Ajuma Nasenyana. It gives models and actors spots and opportunities in branding and various commercials. The agency has been documented in several international documentaries such as the National Geographic for their exceptional work.
Placed in Thika, Tausi is a top agency that gives its models a grand opportunity to showcase by bringing out the very best in them. Providing high-quality coaching opportunities and mentoring for prospective models, it provides them with numerous chances and outlooks into making a career out of their skills. Their clients mainly consist of print media, TV commercials, and other adverts.
It had branches in both Mombasa and Nairobi and was established in 2011. The agency has been a solutions provider in the Kenyan modelling industry since then, offering competitive coaching and mentoring solution to ambitious models and top-notch services for its customers. It recruits models for print, TV commercials, and acting positions in product adverts.
They are a marketing company that operates in the East African region as a whole. This gives its models a broad scope of opportunities to expand and grow their talents since it provides a glimpse of how they can compete at a regional level. It guides models to work in several fields including catwalks and advertising.
Situated in both Nairobi and Mombasa, Bicfest is one of the top modelling companies in Kenya that gives personalised modelling services. The agency recruits and provides models of different ages reaching from the young and even to the elderly models. It has a full booking service that gives a range of solutions depending on the customer's needs. Their clientele includes the advertisement and entertainment industry.
Found in Nanyuki, Tiana Models is an agency that has set itself apart from the rest in the industry. Using beauty with a key slogan as it's motivating force, it has managed to use this uniqueness to reach out as a top Kenyan modelling agency. It's deeply rooted in environmental causes and inspires this into its models. It offers various services including all-around functions management and giving highly skilled models for diverse clientele needs.
Having over ten years experience in the modelling scene, Aftermath agency has become a top name in the fashion business. They offer a mature range on how to effectively operate through modelling as a career for their models and presents their clients with a top of the range of services to meet their needs. Well, there you go. Choose one of these top modelling agencies in Kenya to kick-start your modelling career. When summoned for auditions, take into account what to wear to a modelling audition for higher probabilities of approval. Good luck!


Viatscheslav Iatsko, PhiN 18/2001: 33–46.
Summarization comprises transformation operations (elimination, modification, transposition, etc.) applied by an abstractor in creating a secondary source (summary) reflecting the main content of a primary source (original text). Methodologies of summarization aimed at identifying the most essential information contained in the primary source are outlined. Symmetric extraction methodology involves calculating functional weight of sentences so as to select and include in the summary those having high functional weight; marking extraction involves selecting sentences by means of the dictionary of markers and connectors. Procedures for summarizing scientific texts and works of fiction that can be applied to teaching a foreign language are described.
From the linguistic point of view the process of summarization comprises three main constituents: the abstractor, a person who does summarization; a primary source, i.e. a text which is summarized; and a secondary source, i.e. a summary or an abstract, the result of summarization.
methods by which the linguistic structure of the primary source is transformed so as to create a secondary source.
The specific feature of summarization methods is that they are aimed at identifying the most essential information contained in the primary source and reproducing this information in a compressed form in the secondary source. Identification and retrieval of the most essential information contained in the primary source is one of the main problems of summarization.
This paper is aimed at describing existing linguistic methodologies of summarization outlining specific features of the linguistic structure of the primary and the secondary source and suggesting methodologies that can be applied to teaching foreign languages.
Existing linguistic methodologies of summarization involve extracting some sentences from the original so as to make up its summary. Being selected according to some linguistic criteria indicated in a dictionary such sentences are considered to represent the main content of the original text.
According to the traditional approach the information that abstracts must reflect is contained in different parts of the original text, such as methods, theoretical principles, results, conclusions, etc. (Maizell and Smith (1971), Trawinsky (1989)).
One of the best-developed techniques of summarization within this approach (Blumenau (1982), Leonov (1986)) is based on the assumption that the author of the primary source points out sentences that he considers important, using special words and expressions (markers). With the help of a dictionary of such markers the abstractor selects sentences in the primary source to make up the abstract. The dictionary must include lexical units that must meet the following requirements.
They must not belong to any specific subject field, that is must not include speciality words.
The process of summarization consists of looking through the text of the original and writing out sentences with markers. If a selected sentence has lexical units such as next, following indicating its connections with the next sentence or sentences the next sentence or sentences are written out. If a selected sentence has lexical units such as demonstrative, personal pronouns, co-referent terms the previous sentence is written out. Only close connections between sentences are taken into account. Distant connections indicated by such lexical manifestations as above are not taken into account. Lexical units denoting close connections between sentences are referred to as connectors.
Table 1 (see Appendix) demonstrates the application of these procedures using Caudery's (1998) paper. The total number of sentences in the original text is 217. The number of selected sentences is 10.
It is important to notice that subject headings do not necessarily correspond to headings of sections in the primary source. Caudery's paper has the section "Conclusions", but in this section there are only two sentences, one of which (216) was selected under the subject heading ENMPS, but not R.
The advantage of this methodology of summarization is that it doesn't require the knowledge of a particular subject field and can be applied to any scientific paper or monograph in any subject field. It allows changing the size of abstract. To make it smaller, reduce the use of subject headings such as EMPS and EEMPS.
Another approach developed in the works of Luhn (1958), Skorokhodko (1983) is based on the assumption that in the primary source the most essential information is contained in separate sentences that have a higher functional weight than the other sentences. In the process of summarization the functional weight of sentences in the original text is calculated and the sentences having a higher functional weight are included in the summary. The functional weight of a sentence is understood as a number of connections between a given sentence and the other sentences in a given text. Each connection is a repetition of a noun, verb, participle, adjective, or adverb belonging to a given subject field. Here follows our interpretation of this approach that can be called symmetric extraction.
Consider example 1, which is a paragraph from the scientific paper (Murray (2000)) consisting of four sentences.
1. (1) The basis for Western literacy was the invention of alphabetic writing by the Greeks. (2) Around 1100 B.C. the Phoenicians invented a syllabary, a writing system representing spoken syllables. (3) It is conjectured that the impetus for the Phoenician invention was probably commerce. (4) The Greeks, building on the syllabary, developed alphabetic writing where the written symbols represent meaningful sounds (phonemes) of the language.
The italic indicates repeated words that don't belong to this subject field and that should be ignored. The underline indicates repeated words belonging to the subject field. These words should be taken into account during summarization. It is important to understand that left-hand as well as right-hand connections are taken into account. For example the word writing in the first sentence is repeated in the second sentence, and, taking into account right-hand connections, we can say that sentence (1) has one connection with sentence (2) through the repetition of the word writing; taking into account left-hand connections we can say that sentence (2) also has one connection with sentence (1) through the repetition of the same word. Writing is also twice repeated in the fourth sentence: first as writing and then as written.
Writing and written are considered to be one word as they have the same root morpheme. Thus the 1st sentence has 2 connections with the 4th sentence through the repetition of writing. On the other hand the 4th sentence also has two connections with the 1st one through the repetition of the same word. Thus the principle on which this methodology works is that of symmetric relationship: if a sentence Z has 4 connections with a sentence Y then a sentence Y has 4 connections with a sentence Z. Another principle is that not only the repetition of whole words but also the repetition of components of their morphological structure (usually root and prefix morphemes) is taken into account. Following these principles we can state the number of connections for each sentence so that to see that sentence 4 has the highest number of connections and the highest functional weight while sentence 3 – the lowest one. Accordingly sentence 3 is sure not to be selected during summarization.
The methodology of symmetric extraction has the following advantages.
It is relatively easy to automate on condition that the computer has a dictionary of terms belonging to a given subject field. In this case the computer looks through the text selecting sentences with repeated words and calculating the number of connections.
You can easily change the size of summary setting the computer the assignment to select only sentences with 6 connections, with 5 connections, etc., in the latter case the size of the summary being bigger and in the former case – smaller.
It's easy to change retrieval characteristics. For example, we can take into account only the repetition of nouns ignoring other repetitions thus getting a different distribution of connections.
(1) The basis for Western literacy was the invention of alphabetic writing by the Greeks. (2) Around 1100 B.C. the Phoenicians invented a syllabary, a writing system representing spoken syllables. (3) It is conjectured that the impetus for the Phoenician invention was probably commerce. (4) The Greeks, building on the syllabary, developed alphabetic writing where the written symbols represent meaningful sounds (phonemes) of the language.
We can take into account only left-hand connections, i.e. connections with the preceding text, ignoring right-hand connections. In this case the relationship between sentences becomes non-symmetric.
It is interesting to notice that in all these variants the 4th sentence has the highest functional weight, which means that this sentence is really important for the structure and the content of the text.
Extraction methodologies meet with one big problem: incoherence and incomprehensibility of resulting texts (extracts). Extracts are incoherent as sentences are extracted from the primary source without being transformed. Extraction can be considered only a stage of summarization.
Going back to the model of summarization we can say that the extraction methodologies give some insight into the structure of the primary source, but they give few insights into the activities of the abstractor and no insights into the structure of summaries. We still have no notion of transformation procedures applied by the abstractor in order to create a secondary source. How can we get this information making use of the results of extraction?
One of the possible solutions can be contrastive analysis of the linguistic structure of an extract and a summary of the same paper. In the Appendix an incoherent extract of Caudery's paper (1998) and a coherent summary of the same paper (compare Table 1 and Text 1) can be found. The summary was prepared after editing the extract manually. The sentences are numbered according to their sequential order in the primary source. Comparing two texts we have a good opportunity to see what was changed thus getting insight into the abstractor's activities. While comparing two texts we must ask two questions: What and Why – What did the abstractor change? Why did he change it?
The first thing that arrests our attention is that some phrases were eliminated from the text of extract.
Why were these phrases eliminated? This question can be given two different answers. The first six phrases were eliminated because they indicate connections between selected sentences and sentences that were not selected during extraction. Having eliminated manifestations of such connections the abstractor changed the communicative dimension of the text.
The last two phrases were eliminated because the abstractor, the author of the summary, is not the author of judgements expressed by sentences. The author of these judgements is the author of the primary source that is why summaries do not admit of the first person. Having eliminated the personal pronouns the speaker changed the modal dimension of text.
It should be noted that while the elimination of the parenthetical clause in sentence (189) doesn't present any difficulties, the elimination of the principal clause in (138) involves changing the semantic type and syntactic structure of the sentence, turning the object into the subject and introducing a new predicate.
Here elimination is accompanied by another procedure that can be called modification. Using modification the abstractor changed the semantic and syntactic dimension of text.
The abstractor also changed the order of sentences placing (72a) before (40a) because this order of the sentences is logical. So there are some logical relations between judgements expressed by sentences, and the abstractor changed relational dimension of text using this procedure that can be called transposition.
Comparing two texts we have found out about three procedures applied by the abstractor and besides we have got additional information about the structure of the primary source. It comprises, along with lexical dimension, at least four more dimensions: communicative, modal, semantic and syntactic, and relational.
Using traditional terminology we may call sentences of these types indicative and informative. Summaries consisting of indicative sentences can be called indicative, summaries consisting of informative sentences can be called informative, and summaries consisting of some combinations of these two types can be called indicative-informative.
This knowledge has practical applications to teaching foreign languages.
Extraction methodologies can be applied in teaching foreign languages at an advanced level since they involve such linguistic skills as memorizing and correctly using a number of lexical units, transforming syntactic structures and defining connections between sentences. While the application of symmetric extraction seems problematic, as it is difficult to calculate connections manually, marking extraction can be successfully applied to summarizing scientific texts in classroom environment.
The specific summarization procedures follow.
Compile a dictionary of lexical units (markers). A concise dictionary of markers is given in the Appendix. This dictionary includes names of subject headings, key words referring to subject headings, and key word adjuncts divided into three groups – nouns, verbs, and attributes. Students should be able to make up and recognize in a text word combinations consisting of key words and adjuncts, e.g. The paper is aimed at …, The aim of the paper is …The dictionary can be completed by adding more markers, which can be found by students on their own. This assignment can be given for a term paper.
Look through the text of the original and write out sentences with markers and connectors.
Transform the structure of selected sentences so that to make up indicative and/or informative sentences and to establish connections between them. At this stage the students are supposed to use transformation procedures some of which has been described above.
Eliminate adverbs and parentheses, which indicate distant connections between selected sentences and sentences in the primary source that were not selected during abstracting. If necessary introduce parentheses and pronouns to make the text of abstract more coherent. It is important for the abstractor to have a list of parentheses and to be aware of logical relations, which parentheses express. For example, the relation of addition can be expressed by apart from that, besides, in addition, etc., relation of reason – by consequently, thus, as a result, etc. For a list of parenthesis see Iatsko (1998).
Eliminate subjects and predicates of sentences if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun in the first person indicating the author of the primary source as the speaker.
If necessary change order of the sentences in the abstract. Usually in primary source, as well as in the abstract, the first aim of the research is expressed and then a new method of problem solving is described. Therefore, it was more logical to place sentence (40) after sentence (72).
Divide the abstract into paragraphs according to different topics.
Application of these procedures can be exemplified by text 1 (see Appendix).
The list of these procedures is in no sense complete and must be further specified by comparing linguistic structures of extracts and summaries. It would be interesting to compare these procedures with those used in generative grammar (movement, insertion, deletion).
Students can use this methodology to abstract larger texts. It requires knowledge and linguistic skills in the fields of communicative syntax and systemic syntax. Students need to be aware of such notions as topic, focus, and different types of connections between sentences, and different ways of transforming the syntactic structure of sentence. Consequently, this methodology is most appropriately applied at the college or university level.
There are, of course, essential differences between scientific papers and fiction, which must be taken into account when summarizing fiction. In fiction the most essential information is the connection between the main characters and events in the plot. The following methodology can be used. It is based on memorizing lexical clichés giving information about the author, characters, and the plot of a short story or another piece of fiction. The clichés are arranged in the following plan for both written and verbal presentation.
The students are required to complete the sentence giving the title of the story.
The students complete the sentence giving the name of the author. They must memorize synonyms and display erudition defining the author's nationality and literary specialization. It should be pointed out to the students that one and the same author could have several literary specializations. For example, O. Wilde was a novelist, a poet, and a dramatist. Sometimes it's possible to indicate genre of literature; speaking about I. Asimov or H. Wells it would be natural to characterize them as science fiction writers. If the author is very famous, the students can give additional information stating his period of life, naming main works, and specific features of literary style.
The teacher should draw attention to the use of article with the personal name in apposition: if the author is very famous the definite article must be used. It is natural to use the definite article while referring to such writers as G. B. Shaw, Ch. Dickens, J. London, and the indefinite article with a reference to P. Abrahams or A. Cronin.
Special attention should be paid to correct pronunciation of the authors' personal names. Experience shows that students make mistakes in the pronunciation of the first as well as the last names under the influence of their native tongue, e.g. Isaac is pronounced [I'sa:k], in the same way as in Russian. The teacher can give the students a transcribed list of the names or ask them to transcribe the names on their own using different reference sources.
The students specify time and/or the place of action using information given in the text.
The students give names of personages. Usually it isn't difficult for them to distinguish between main and secondary characters, especially in a short story or a separate chapter in a book. Students at advanced levels can give additional information about main characters, naming their occupation (doctor, teacher, businessman, etc.) and relations between them (love, hate, friendship, etc). For example, Main characters of the text are Andrew Manson, a doctor, and Ms. Barlow, a schoolteacher. They love each other. It is a good opportunity for students to memorize lexical units denoting different occupations, professions and human feelings.
5. The text can be divided into ... logical parts.
Students give the number of logical parts. As a rule different students will divide the same text into different numbers of parts. It's important to explain to them that there may be two main criteria for such division: according to the places of action and according to main events. Sometimes both criteria can be used. The teacher can suggest to the students dividing a text into parts using the two criteria so as to compare the two variants.
6. The first (second, third, etc.) part deals with (is concentrated upon, is focused upon, is devoted to) the description of ... (conversation between ..., smb.'s doing smth).
Students must describe contents of each part of the text. Three variants of the description can be suggested.
To formulate this point is usually difficult for students and requires much thinking. The teacher should explain to them that they must reveal the purpose of the author and answer the questions Why did the author write the story? What did he want to show to the reader?
8. I like (dislike) the text because it has an entertaining (a boring) plot and it is true (not true) to life.
The students must express and substantiate their personal attitude to the text. The use of clichés according to the plan can be exemplified by one of I. Asimov's (1989) short stories. The following is the story's summary, which is defined as indicative-informative.
The story under discussion is entitled "The Fun They Had". It is written by Isaac Asimov, a well-known contemporary American science fiction writer. The action takes place in 2157. Main characters are Margie, a girl at the age of 11, and her elder brother Tommy, who is 13. Secondary characters are their mother, the County Inspector, and the mechanical teacher.
The story can be divided into 4 logical parts. The first part deals with the description of an old book, which Tommy found in the attic of their house. The book was printed on paper, and it was unusual for the children because they were used to reading books on the television screen. Margie was surprised to find out that the book was about school because she hated school and her mechanical teacher.
The second part is devoted to the County Inspector's visit to Margie. She was doing her tests in geography worse and worse, and her mother sent for the County Inspector. He took her mechanical apart and slowed its geography sector.
The third part is concentrated upon the conversation between Margie and Tommy about the old kind of school described in the book. Margie asked Tommy why someone would write about school. Tommy told Margie that it was the old kind of school, in which teachers were men, and all the kids went to a special building and learned the same things. Margie wanted to read about those funny schools.
The fourth part is focused upon the lesson, which the mechanical teacher gave Margie. She reluctantly obeyed instructions given by the mechanical teacher dreaming of the old schools, in which children sat together in the schoolroom and could help one another on the homework and talk about it.
The main idea of the story is to show that mechanical teachers, notwithstanding the level of society's technological development, cannot replace human teachers. I like the story because it is true to life, and I sympathize with the main characters.
The advantage of text summarization according to such a plan is that it can be applied to any piece of fiction. When the plan is memorized the teacher can use it in oral exercises, suggesting to the students that they ask each other questions on the points of the plan, such as Who is the story under discussion written by? Into how many parts can the text be divided? Making up such questions is usually difficult for Russian speaking students because of essential differences between interrogative sentences in Russian and in English. Another exercise, which can be done in class, is giving incorrect statements, i.e. statements contradicting the content of the story. It would be a good opportunity to drill lexical units expressing disagreement, e.g. if the teacher gives the statement The action takes place in 1957 the students are supposed to answer I can't agree with you (nothing of the kind, on the contrary, etc.) the action takes place in 2157. At the next stage the pupils can make up and give each other incorrect statements themselves. Apart from this, the plan can be adjusted to fit students on different levels studying a foreign language. It can be simplified by excluding some points (e.g. Nos. 5, 6, 8) so that to make up a purely indicative summary, or on the contrary, complicated by adding some more points, e.g. by adding the analysis of stylistic devices used by the author to express the main idea.
Methodologies of text summarization developed within the scope of computer and information sciences can be successfully applied not only to developing information retrieval systems but also to teaching a foreign language. Moreover they can give important insights into the linguistic structure of summarization that comprises 1) the linguistic structure of the primary source, 2) the linguistic structure of the secondary source, and 3) the transformation operations applied by the abstractor.
The linguistic structure of the primary source comprises five dimensions: a lexical dimension consisting of subject field vocabulary; a communicative dimension including manifestations of connections between sentences; a semantic and syntactic dimension including semantic types of sentences; a modal dimension including different types of modi, and a relational dimension including different types of logical relations between judgements expressed by sentences. The abstractor's linguistic activities include such procedures as elimination, modification, transposition, substitution and others. The linguistic structure of a secondary source can be indicative, informative, and indicative-informative. Summarization process consists of three main stages: 1) compiling a dictionary. According to the types of dictionaries summarization methodologies can be corpus based or non-corpus based. Corpus based methodologies operate with dictionaries of subject field (speciality) terms; non-corpus based methodologies operate with dictionaries of non-subject field terms; 2) extracting sentences that reflect the most important information contained in the primary source; 3) editing.
Three methodologies of text summarization have been outlined in this paper: symmetric extraction, marking extraction, cliché summarization. Symmetric extraction is a corpus-based methodology that can be applied to summarizing scientific and newspaper texts in information retrieval systems. Marking extraction and cliché summarization are non-corpus based methodologies that can be applied correspondingly to summarizing scientific texts and works of fiction in the process of teaching a foreign language.
Asimov, Isaac (1989): The fun they had. A practical course of English for third year students. Moscow: Vysshaya Shcola, 146–149.
Blumenau, D. I. (1982): Problemy svertyvaniya nauchnoi informatsii. Leningrad: Nauka.
Iatsko, Viatscheslav A. (1998): Prakticheskaya grammatika angliiskogo iazyka. Abakan: Katanov State University of Khakasia Press.
Leonov, V. P. (1986): Referirovanie i annotirovanie nauchno-tekhnicheskoi literatury. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
Luhn, H. P. (1958): "The automatic creation of literature abstracts", in: The IBM journal, 159–165.
Maizell, Robert E. et al. (1971): Abstracting Scientific and Technical Literature. An Introductory Guide and Text for Scientists, Abstractors, and Management. New York; Chichester: Wiley-Interscience.
Skorokhodko, E. F. (1983): Semanticheskie seti i avtomaticheskaya obrabotka teksta. Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
Trawinsky, B. A. (1989): "A methodology for writing problem structured abstracts", in: Information processing and management 25, 693–702.
The main aim of this article is to draw attention to a type of learning task that combines the two types of activity – the reading and the writing of texts of different genres.
When students have an immediate need to work within one genre, a focus on that single genre may be an effective teaching method.
Text transformation engages the entire class in solving the same communicative problem. To see the advantages of this, consider an obvious alternative to text transformation in teaching genre, namely setting a freer writing exercise where all the students in a class are required to write a text within a particular genre, but without using any common source material. An advantage of giving the same communicative problem for everyone to solve is that it makes collaborative writing in pairs, or even threes, much more practicable. Another advantage of this type of exercise, and that is a very practical one for the teacher is that it is much easier to give individual written feedback when everyone in a class is tackling the same communicative problem.
For occasional use this type of exercise has few disadvantages, if any, for any group of students wishing to improve their writing skills. Possible drawbacks of text transformation tasks include the following: students are not required to express their own ideas; indeed, it might even be on occasion that they are required to express ideas with which they actively disagree. An objection to text transformation may be to the artificiality that can characterise some exercises. The drawbacks, practical and theoretical, will discourage teachers from using these tasks more frequently than is appropriate for a particular class.


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RTV Covers Vatican Sex Abuse Summit in Rome
Remnant TV was in Rome this past week covering the Vatican's clerical sexual abuse summit on the "protection of minors". It seemed a dismal assignment, to be sure, but the reason it was necessary for The Remnant to be in the Eternal City was so we could throw in with our traditional Catholic allies in Rome who'd organized an act of formal resistance to the Vatican sham summit.
Going in, we all knew that the ultimate goal of the summit was to establish child abuse—not rampant homosexuality in the priesthood—as the main cause of a crisis in the Catholic Church which now rivals that of the Protestant Revolt. (Remnant TV coverage of this event as well as the Vatican summit itself, can be found on The Remnant's YouTube channel, and for your convenience is laid out below:
The Good Cop Files (0)
God save the Pope from his enemies, as Cardinal Pell said. May he find a consistent vision to guide him as pastor of the Universal Church. Awake Francis/Peter! Be the man that Christ wants you to be!
(ROME) My good friend and colleague, Chris Ferrara, has rightly indicated that this is no time to mince words. We are reaping all of the final madness that logically had to emerge from the victory of the conscious cabal that took the Roman Catholic Church captive at the time of Second Vatican Council. No one can play semantic games with the horrible reality this has caused.
"Rocco's" at the Front (A View of the Situation Via Rome, London, and Oxford)
Written by John Rao, ROME
Dear Miss Erinyes
I'm just wondering what your opinion is. Do you think that Francis really is pope? I cannot imagine the real pope doing and saying the things that Francis is doing and saying.
Do you think that it is possible that the last conclave was rigged, making Francis' election illegitimate?
Fr. M
The truth is that I have no idea. I am not a canonist; I have no training in theology or Church history and have no special ability to discern between the various arguments now being commonly bruited about the internet. I can see that we have a very large problem, one in the person of Francis that seems to equal the horrifying problems in the world. He seems to me to be, indeed, an intrinsic part of those external problems, a product of them, one might even say.
It Just Doesn't Matter Anymore
Written by Megaera Erinyes
Sister Cristina Sings 'Like a Virgin'
When I first saw this quaint, old photograph of a Catholic nun, playfully teaching a couple of street urchins how to dance a jig, I was surprised by the tears that suddenly began to burn behind my eyes. It's certainly nothing profound but it says much about what we have lost. Catholic nuns, the old habits, innocent children playing in the street—it's all gone now, along with most everything else good, true and beautiful about the world in which we live.
If you don't understand why my tears somehow make sense then perhaps you never knew the old Catholic Church of which this photograph is a happy reminder. It wasn't a system of oppressive rules, abusive nuns and holy fools as we're constantly told it was. In fact, the reality of it bore little resemblance to the Catholic-bashing fairytale we see depicted in the movies and everywhere else with such intensity that even the history we ourselves lived through is in danger of being transformed in the image and likeness of a Godless modern age.
A Tale of Two Nuns, A Tale of Two Churches
Written by Michael J. Matt | Editor
The dispute between the Pharisees and Our Lord is being misrepresented. It was the Pharisees through their technical distortion of the meaning of the words of the law that were advocating a minimalist compliance with the natural and divine law. In fact, Our Lord came to demand a more rigorous application of the Law and the Prophets.
Perhaps you have experienced a similar ad hominem attack as I have when simply stating or defending the very simple dogma on marriage that has been held by Catholics everywhere and always (at least before the gnostic oracle of Cardinal Kasper came on the scene). Marriage is the union between one man and one woman which bond is broken only by the death of one of the spouses. Our grandparents would have considered inconceivable that such a simple and basic statement could become the source of ridicule and persecution by fellow Catholics. Yet, utter this truth today and you are likely to be confronted with something like the following: "You are being like the Pharisees. Christ came to bring mercy and the Pharisees stubbornly held on to the letter of the law rather than embracing Christ's new spirit of mercy. Like the Pharisees of old you obstinately are refusing the law of mercy Pope Francis seeks to promote."
Francis and Kasper: The Modern Pharisees
Written by Brian M. McCall
If we cannot depend upon the official documents, whether "final" or "working" from our bishops for an accurate iteration of Catholic teaching, then how are we to proceed at all?
So, those who are watching the incredible debacle the Synod on the Family is turning out to be – with the press office clamping down on the information on who is saying what in the Aula; issuing only vague and subjective "summaries" of the day's talks; blowing smoke whenever anyone asks a difficult question - should probably not be blamed for being thoroughly un-shocked by the contents of the now-notorious "Relatio".
We've Been Warned (Why the "Relatio" and the turmoil of the Synod should not surprise us)
Does the Catholic Church Still Believe in Mortal Sin? Hell? Damnation? Sins that Cry to Heaven for Vengeance? The Ten Commandments?
The New York Times, Time and The New Yorker are exuberant about the contents of the mid-Synod document on homosexuality. The Huffington Post calls it a "dramatic shift." Reuters says the document challenges the Church to "change its attitude" toward those who practice perversion, the sin of Sodom. These times are interesting indeed.
Synod Nods to Sin of Sodom
Written by Brian Charles
Even most Catholics today do not realize that a number of Fathers of the First Vatican Council actually submitted a papal petition for Columbus' canonization
Another Columbus Day has passed. The usual suspects in the secular, and now sadly even "Catholic" media have trotted out their yearly calumnies of the man whom America still, to her credit, honors with a National Holiday. There is still no better response to this yearly spectacle of hatred towards Columbus than the following statement of Rev. A. Knight from 1877, "The disapproval of the 'Infidel Press' is to Catholics a guarantee of the goodness of a cause second only to an autograph letter of the Holy Father."
Saint Christopher Columbus?
Written by Chris Jackson | Remnant Columnist
As if we didn't know it before, today we learned why the Secret Synod was conducted in secret, with the faithful not being permitted to see the texts of the participants' addresses or even to know which bishop or cardinal was advancing which position. The Secret Synod was conducted in secret because evil advances in shadows.
Many others, and not just traditionalists, have already expressed outrage over the disastrous "Relatio post disceptationem," which appeared on the Vatican website today, October 13. This is the anniversary of Pope Leo's vision of Satan's attack on the Church (leading to his composition of the Leonine prayer suddenly abandoned after Vatican II), the Miracle of the Sun at Fatima, and the derailing of the Second Vatican Council by Cardinal Liénart's violation of the procedural rules in seizing the microphone in order to demand new drafting committees for the conciliar documents.
The Secret Synod Does What We Expected: Evil
Written by Christopher A. Ferrara
There is an old political axiom that has apparently been totally lost on the people in charge of the Synod: how something looks is often more important than what it is. In our times, the question asked most often by smart political advisors is "How does this look?" Optics, and how to avoid other people manipulating it for you, is particularly now in the age of Twitter at the heart of modern political life, but also seems to be one thing the Vatican simply can't grasp.
But what outsiders need to remember is that this is a very common problem in Italian politics in general. For centuries, Italian rulers have just done whatever they wanted, and whoever didn't like it could just go jump. The Italian national characteristic most abhorred by the other races is certainly their arrogance and total disinterest in anyone who does not seem immediately useful. Anyone who has ever taken a walk in Rome and had to stop and specifically ask the Romans crowded around the outside of the coffee bar to please move over the three inches required to pass on the sidewalk - and received the cold, blank Roman stare in response - will be familiar. They will often simply treat other people as though they are not there, and will pretend to be surprised when a person magically appears out of nowhere asking them to get out of the way.
Blind Optics
WARNING: Mordant Commentary. Reader Discretion Advised.
A shockingly blunt title indeed. But as entirely predictable events unfold in the New Synod Hall—wherein, we are told, all things will be made new—why should we bother with nuance? After all, we have a Pope who is no friend of nuance and whose intentions could not have been more crudely expressed over the past eighteen months of astonishing insults and denigration of practically all the elements of apostolic and ecclesiastical tradition. Francis has clearly been preparing for this moment since the day of his election, if not before, and now it has arrived in all its inglorious splendor.
Let us call this Synod what it is: a secretive, manipulated, progressive-dominated cabal, led by septuagenarian and octogenarian diehards of the conciliar "renewal," who are rushing to finish their "work"—so rudely interrupted by Pope Benedict—lest death release the Church from their clutches before they are quite done.
The Secret Synod Freak Show, Brought to You by Pope Francis
Enforcing Sacrilege (What will the Church look like after the Kasper proposal?)
Deconstructing Modernism: Defending Pascendi in 1908: Part IV
Pardon, Not Forgiveness: "Cor mundum crea in me Deus et spiritum innova rectal visceribus Meis"
On the "Schism" of Archbishop Lefebvre (Evelyn Waugh's Son Got It Exactly Right)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.netbeans.lib.cvsclient.request;

import org.netbeans.lib.cvsclient.util.BugLog;

/**
 * Implements the Root request
 * @author  Robert Greig
 */
public final class RootRequest extends AbstractRequest {

	// Fields =================================================================

	private final String cvsRoot;

	// Setup ==================================================================

	public RootRequest(String cvsRoot) {
		BugLog.getInstance().assertNotNull(cvsRoot);

		this.cvsRoot = cvsRoot;
	}

	// Implemented ============================================================

	/**
	 * Get the request String that will be passed to the server
	 * @return the request String
	 */
	@Override
        public String getRequestString() {
		return "Root " + cvsRoot + "\n";
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


732 Beauty is a makeup and hair business in Middletown, New Jersey. They are an on-site hair and makeup team that specializes in weddings. Their services stretch through New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania. 732 Beauty's artists customize makeup and hair to fit and enhance you. They have been creating flawless hair and makeup for brides for more than five years.
I had such a positive experience getting my hair and makeup done on my wedding day. Ali also did a great job doing the hair and makeup for my mom and two sisters. I highly recommend 732 Beauty.
I contacted Ali after my scheduled hair and makeup artist needed to cancel unexpectedly. It was a few weeks before my wedding, and I started to panic. I emailed Ali and she responded almost immediately. We scheduled a meeting, and she helped to ease my mind by reassuring that everything would be fine. Ali did a great job on my hair and makeup for my trial and wedding day. She also did hair and makeup for my mom and two sisters. We loved our looks! Thank you, Ali!!
Thank you so much for the glowing review, it was such a pleasure to be apart of your special day! Thank you for choosing 732 Beauty!
For over 10 bridal party/mothers' services (i.e. 6 others' hair and makeup OR 10 others' hair and 2 others' makeup OR 4 others' hair and 8 others' makeup, etc.) in addition to your hair and makeup (the bride), receive between 20% - 25% off of the regular rates for bridal party/mothers' services.


God has provided one way of eternal life, which is through his Son Jesus Christ. Eternal life is something that we begin to experience and enjoy even while we are living on earth. The Bible defines eternal life not merely as our current state of existence extended forever into the future, but a transformed existence that taps into the eternal, spiritual realm where God is. Eternal life is not only unending, it bears the characteristics of God for it is lived in the presence of God. We obtain this eternal life through Jesus Christ, God's Son. If we have the Son abiding within us, we have access to this eternal life and can begin living in a new way.
Lord, open this new way of eternal life for me. Let me live not merely materially, but spiritually. Let me walk in close fellowship with you day-by-day and moment-by-moment. Today, let me tap into the countless blessings of the eternal life you are ready to offer me.


Charles on 15-02-2019 | Reply Problem with this review?
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"The place is nice, nothing great. The massage was really nice - I like a lot of pressure so I made sure before hand that I called that out. Calming and relaxing place.
I phoned through a booking a few hours prior and there was no issue. The reception were nice.
I didnt have any of the issues that other people have mentioned here.
A on 01-08-2018 | Reply Problem with this review?
"I booked a massage online 2 days in advance for the Mont Kiara location for 11:45. I got a confirmation email and another reminder email today.
Gus on 07-06-2018 | Reply Problem with this review?
"I called the branch at Wisma UOA today (15 May 2018, approximately 2 pm) to make an appointment for a massage. The staff who answered the phone asked me if I wanted to massage the masseur or the masseur wants to massage me. I thought that was a very strange remark. I said I'm a customer, so I'll like to get a massage and I'll come in 15 minutes time.
Tai Ho on 15-05-2018 | Reply Problem with this review?
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Ahmed on 05-08-2017 | Reply Problem with this review?
"Had Josh as my masseuse. It was really good. Though when it was time to shower, I had to skip.
Albert on 03-06-2017 | Reply Problem with this review?


text:
Allodynerus dignotus is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae.

References

Potter wasps

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This Picnic marriage proposal was one of the most exciting we ever planned. At first, Ishaan wrote to us about his idea to pop the question to his girlfriend in Italy. In Particular, he thought about something like Kristine & Steve's session: somewhere in the countryside, in a small town or by a castle.
They were planning to stay in Florence, but at the same time, he wanted to capture the rolling hills and overall rustic feel of the area. For this reason, we immediately thought about Certaldo.
This little hamlet is just 40 minutes away from Florence. Moreover, we could shoot in a cozy medieval town and the most typical Tuscan countryside. Canonica Hill Park is just 5 minutes outside the village, and it's a wide space visited mainly by the locals.
We suggested this option to Ishaan during a Facetime call, and he looked, enthusiast. That was gonna be his first time to visit this region, and they were not considering to drive. For this reason, we shared the contact of Francesco at the Florence Limousine Service, who brought them directly to the park.
At this point, we needed an excuse to bring them there. So we inquired Eleonora and Erik at the Osteria del Vicario about the possibility to organize a picnic for our clients. Not only they provided a wonderful setting in the fields, but also offered a Romantic Dinner in their secret garden.
Here's the selection of our favorites. We hope you'll enjoy, and perhaps, will be inspired. If you're dreaming to create something like this, feel free to drop us a line, at the bottom of this page.


Did you know we currently follow the 2019 Alberta Dental Fee Guide in order to make dental care more affordable for our patients. In 2017, the Alberta Dental Association & College (ADA&C) produced an annual suggested fee guide for dentists, which accounted for about 8.5% reduction in fees than the previous year. Although dentists are not required to follow the guide, we have decided to follow it. We believe everyone should have access to quality dental care without financial concerns. Our top priority is to help you achieve your oral health goals and give you a smile to be proud of.


text:
Natalie Gumede Leaked Nude Video
Doctor Who Christmas Special 2014: Official TV Trailer - BBC One
Natalie Gumede
English actress who played Kristy Soames in the ITV1 soap opera Coronation Street and portrayed China in BBC Three's series Ideal from 2005 to 2011. She attended Pendle Hippodrome Youth Theatre and at age 11 was picked by BBC producers to help present the 1995 Northwest regional insert for Children in Need. She played the Heroine in the video game You're in the Movies in 2008. She was raised with her family in Colne. Her grandfather, Josiah Gumede, was the only President of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. She competed with dancer Artem Chigvintsev on the eleventh series of the show Strictly Come Dancing in 2013.
Birthday: March 21, 1984
Birth Sign: Aries
Other: Jenna Fischer, Julie Berman, Koena Mitra, Lacey Schwimmer, Morgane Dubled, Naima Mora, Olivia Williams, Peri Gilpin, Rachael Kathryn Bell, Rosamund Pike, Amanda Pogrell, Erin Hawksworth, Fajah Lourens, Fernanda Romero, Inga From Sweden, Irina Denisova,
Is Naked On The New Cover.
Naked. On Slut-Shaming.
Nude Full Frontal Behind Scenes.
Nude. #SEE
Résultats de la recherche.
Natalie Gumede icloud leak fappening nude picture! Natalie Gumede is one of the hottest women on the planet. Here are the leak nude photos of actress Natalie Gumede.
The new stars of Strictly Come Dancing may not stand a cha-cha-chance. As one of their rivals is a dancer. Former Coronation Street actress Natalie Gumede has been.
Natalie Gumede had manipulated me into becoming a Strictly Come Dancing addict. "ho would you rather have dinner with - Len, Bruno or Craig?"I asked in a text. Natalie Gumede slams sexy Strictly costumes. Corrie star Natalie Gumede has admitted that she has asked for material to be. Strictly Come Dancing in leak crisis. Design &aposleak&apos gets fans worried Football fans&apos crazy tattoos:. Strictly Come Dancing: Natalie Gumede already favourite to win Sep 03, 2013 13:54 By Daisy Buchanan.
Tom Bateman, Richard E Grant and Natalie Gumede for ITV&aposs Jekyll Hyde The ten-part series will begin filming in Sri Lanka later this month.
Moving On (TV Series 2009– ) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more.
Strictly Come Dancing&aposs Artem Chigvintsev has broken his nose in rehearsals for the show. The professional dancer was struck by partner Natalie Gumede&aposs elbow in a.
8 November 2013 Sarah Harding vs Natalie Gumede. Natalie Gumede wearing a black bikini top,. Natalie wasted that opening round and she knows it.
Natalie Gumede Sexy Clip
She's been involved in one of the most talked about storylines in Coronation Street history. But actress Natalie Gumede has revealed that she will be leaving the ITV soap after just 18 months, marking the end of Kirsty and Tyrone's destructive relationship.
You probably know Natalie Gumede from her time on Corrie's cobbles or waltzing around the Strictly Come Dancing ballroom. But the 30-year-old actress is about to crop up on the sun-soaked shores of Saint Marie. The 29-year-old, who played Kirsty Soames in ITV soap Coronation Street, has reportedly returned most of her outfits back to the Strictly designers and requested that more material is added to the daring hemlines.
September 19, 2014 by hellomagazine.com Coronation Street star Natalie Gumede is set to guest star in this year's Doctor Who Christmas special. Natalie Gumede, the former Coronation Street actress, will not perform in tonight's Strictly Come Dancing after fainting twice during rehearsals, a BBC spokesperson has confirmed. Natalie Gumede has confirmed that she will not be returning to Coronation Street, despite plans for her character Kirsty Soames to be released from prison. Kirsty left the soap last year after abusing her partner Tyrone Dobbs and being sent to jail. Natalie Gumede won't be appearing on tonight's episode of Strictly Come Dancing it has been confirmed by the BBC.
Despite her abundance of awards for her role, Natalie Gumede has revealed that she has no plans to return to Coronation Street! Gumede backed out of the long-running ITV soap last year as her character, Kirsty Soames, was sent to prison for the domestic . Well, I'm smitten again. This time with Corrie actress Natalie Gumede, who refused to visit 10 Downing Street with the rest of the Strictly Come Dancing semi-finalists because she disagrees profoundly with Tory policies.
Strictly Come Dancing Star Natalie Gumede has had her fair share of ups and downs since the show started, but despite the tough challenges, she is determined to triumph at this weekend's semi-final.


A handled TurnMaster tool complete with a tungsten carbide detail point cutter. The detail point cutter is perfect for line detailing and tungsten carbide is perfect for tough materials. Although designed as a throwaway cutter, this cutter can be sharpened using a ProEdge machine complete with the diamond belt.


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Because we stop the water before it actually ruins your carpet, we can quite often clean up the mess and get your carpets looking like new, saving you hundreds or countless dollars in brand-new carpet.


We were in ITU Telecom World from Nov.14 to Nov.17.
ITU Telecom World is the biggest telecom forum/exhibition held every 4 years under ITU, the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies, regarded as telecom Olympics due to its size and influence.
Considering that CEOs of global companies, Cabinet members in charge of telecom and professionals in telecom industry participate the exhibition, ITU Telecom World is very meaningful.
Especially, ITU Telecom World 2016 has become more special because of including not only exhibition but also global award.
17 government agencies and 250 exhibitors as well as approximately 4,000 attendees from 136 nations around the globe had participated in this exhibition and we could realize its reputation again. A lot of companies running a booth and a lot of visitors. There were also many people in the booth of ulalaLAB.
The solution of ulalaLAB, WimFactory, which can be applied easily just with our self-developed smart factory device WICON lowering the money and time to install smart factory and which provides a notification service about malfunctioning and saves the production cost using big data and machine learning technology.
We could find the positive reaction about this WimFactory! As ulalaLAB being ready to go to the Asia market passing China, these positive responses in ITU Telecom World held in Thailand were deeply appreciated. We go to global with confidence we've got in ITU.
On the last day, there was a closing ceremony and global SME Award. Fifteen global SME & startups had been selected after the first phase of thorough examination of documents. And after the second phase of presentation and Q&A in front of the panels from each field, the company that possessed the most innovative solution had been selected as the prize winning company.
Before the full-fledged Award, there was an interview for two startups selected after the presentation. UlalaLAB was chosen as one of them and got the chance to be interviewed.
We talked a lot from the reason why I choose the startup to what is the difficulty as startup.
Finally, ulalaLAB has been awarded the first prize on SME which is for the company that possessed the most innovative solution defeating the competitive rivals. It was an overwhelming moment to be awarded in such a great exhibition. We are very happy for WimFactory to be recognized with its technical skills again.
Is it thanks to members of ulalaLAB and many people supporting us~?
We will always do our best to meet your expectations. Riding this good flow, we are going to go to Global! Keep your eyes on us!