Is your wedding going to place in the summer or winter? Do you want roses or irises or another type of flower? When you are planning a wedding these decisions are very important. Whether you're a bride or a bridesmaid, a groom or a groomsman, these tips will help you in planning the ideal wedding.
If you choose to take care of your own food serving at your wedding, try going to wholesale stores, such as Costco. If you're shopping wholesale, you are able to get a lot of food for less money than shopping retail. Try asking friends to split food costs.
Purchasing your wedding gown on the internet can be a budget saver, cutting down your costs by hundreds of dollars. Make sure to order early so you have time for alterations if any need to be made. However, you should figure in the cost of alterations when calculating your savings. Include this additional cost when you plan for your budget.
Wedding dresses are one of the most expensive things to be purchased when planning a wedding. Consider looking into dresses that are not designated as wedding dresses. You could try a bridesmaid dress, and it would be cheaper than an actual wedding dress. Even after some alterations to spruce it up, it can still prove a more affordable alternative to a dress that says wedding on the label.
When selecting a makeup artist for your wedding, be sure to see the makeup that they have done in the past. Ensure you like their style of makeup. Make sure that this is the style you desire. You don't need to be around an hour before the wedding stuck with a makeup artist that did a poor job.
While it's important to provide your wedding DJ with a list of songs you love and wish to be played at your reception, it's equally as important to let him know what you DON'T like. Perhaps this includes heavy rock, country music or a song that reminds you of an ex. Make sure to tell your husband-to-be what type of music won't be played.
A nice present to give to your wedding guests at a wedding in a different town is a gift basket full of vacation items that you can have sent to their room. Have items in them like disposable cameras, hats, sunglasses and tourist maps of the exciting places that they can visit. Also make sure you include a local restaurant guide that makes it simple for them to grab a bite to eat.
Have your wedding at a location owned by friends or family. This will help you save money on costs. Offer to pay people to come into the place ahead of time to do some cleaning and then after the event, and that will be the only costs.
Consider an ethnic or exotic flair for your reception dinner. Think outside the traditional choices of chicken or steak. Variety makes life exciting and will undoubtedly make your dinner unforgettable!
It is obvious that that most important aspect to think about in a marriage is the one whom you will marry. Don't rush this decision, as it alters your life like no other. You have to consider why you want to live with this person and work on the things that could be obstacles in a marriage.
If you are looking for some local assistance for your wedding, have a look on Craigslist. Make sure to meet them in person, with your groom for safety, before you give them any money.
Transportation is an important thing to think about. Try to get taxis and limos for people that can't get a ride so they can get back to where they're staying when the night ends. Also, this will get people who drank alcohol during your wedding home safe and sound.
Brides who want a look of luxury can embellish their wedding bouquets with something that sparkles, like rhinestones, Swarovski crystals, or even a tiny bit of diamonds. Crystals come in adhesive and heat-fixed varieties, or brides may choose to add pieces of costume jewelry or heirloom pieces to their bouquets. To make sure it goes with your ensemble, remain consistent with the cut, size and colors of the sparkles.
Your guests shouldn't be kept waiting during your lengthy photo sessions. The pictures with the groom's and bride's parties should be shot ahead of time. Even pictures with parents can be shot in advance, reducing the time that guests must wait for you to arrive at your reception.
If you have children involved in your ceremony, be sure to outfit them in comfortable clothes. Choose fabrics that are softer and loose-fitting, in order to maintain a high comfort level. You also need to give children a chance to get used to new shoes. Whether shoes are old or new, your children need to be comfortable in them during the wedding. Taking care of these small details will allow children to focus on participation in the wedding instead of fussing with their attire.
The lighting at the venue hosting your wedding's reception should be able to be dimmed. You will want to have the option to dim the lights during dances or have bright lighting during the ceremony. Before committing to the venue, ask them about this.
Inform your caterer if you're going to be having your wedding reception outdoors. The food you serve will need to be kept at certain temperatures to be safe, or will need to be shielded from wind and flying debris. It might be possible to cover the dishes. Another consideration is to have a refrigerator available to keep beverages at their desired temperature.
If it is within your budget, you might want to take a wedding cruise with just your closest friends and family. This will allow you to get your honeymoon started when you're done with the ceremony. You may even get a great wedding deal.
Hire a photographer that will help make your wedding a memorable one and not just a pile of pictures. When scouting out photographers, always check out their prior work and their references. Find out how they plan out his work during the wedding. It is important to know what their style is and how it will impact your wishes for the events of the day.
The arrangements should stand out quite a bit adding to the atmosphere. You can do this by adding flowers of varying heights or floral containers that are similar in appearance yet not identical. Use long-stemmed flowers with tall vases. Surround the tall flowers with short, stocky flowers. The shorter and smaller flowers should be paler than the main flowers.
Be sure to get some practice dancing while wearing a long skirt to present the most graceful silhouette at your wedding dance. While you may be accustomed to dancing in a full skirt, chances are your soon-to-be spouse is not used to working around one. This will help prevent any awkwardness your partner might experiences from maneuvering around a large, full dress.
The groom must always make sure, prior to the wedding, that he has a tuxedo that fits properly. Seek out opinions of friends and family before choosing the right tuxedo. Getting a tux that fits well and looks good is also important for ensuring that your wedding pictures turn out well.
To aid in preparation for the first dance as a married couple, practice dancing together while you are wearing a long skirt or dress. Though you may have warmed up to your ability to move about in your skirt, it may be a bit cumbersome for your groom, so put on some music and dance together. This can get your soon-to be-husband used to any awkwardness he might feel, which can really happen with full-skirted dresses.
Create personalized wedding vows. It is pretty easy to copy directly from a source, but you are the one who knows your betrothed the best. Writing your vows will make your future spouse feel more special and will make your wedding more meaningful and romantic. You can draw inspiration from many places, but making it your own will add a special touch.
Families are all too willing to push family traditions on you for your wedding, but gently remind them this is your wedding and try to compromise. You should just thank them but make sure they know that you are your spouse are calling the shots. That way, you could look back at the day of your wedding without any regrets.
Look at all of the options that you have in regards to flower arrangements. Rather than a floral wreath for the flower girl, try using ribbons for an elegant but simple look. Beautiful your ceremony by using silk flowers in place of the typical fresh ones. Not only are silk flowers more cost effective, but they will last forever. You will also be able to move the flowers to different places.
Consider a buffet or having delicious bite size foods for your guests if a traditional dinner is too expensive or elaborate. This is especially true if a lot of people will be attending your wedding. One way to definitely shave costs is by serving a smaller meal at the reception. If you don't feel that's a viable option, then your guest list might have to be reduced.
Realize that rain may become a factor at your wedding. Know in advance what your plan is in the case of inclement weather. Even if you think that the likelihood of bad weather is very small, you never know what can happen; be prepared and have an alternate site ready to go for you and your guests.
Given the rising price of gold, it may make sense to have wedding bands made of an alternative metal. You can choose a titanium, silver, or other metal finish ring. These can be just as attractive and much cheaper for you to use at your wedding. You can do something a bit different.


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Star Wars: Episode 9 Cast Announced
EntertainmentSteven Vargas July 30, 2018 1
Star Wars: Episode IX will begin filming at London's Pinewood Studios on August 1, 2018. J.J. Abrams returns to direct the final installment of the Skywalker saga–read that again, final installment of the Skywalker saga–which he co-wrote with Chris Terrio. But the bigger story here is the new and returning cast, which not only includes the ever-cool Billy Dee Williams as the iconic Lando Calrissian, but also returning veterans Mark Hamill, Anthony Daniels, and the late Carrie Fisher. More on those additions in a moment.
Other returning cast members include Daisy Ridley, Adam Driver, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Kelly Marie Tran, Joonas Suotamo, and Billie Lourd. Also joining the cast of Episode IX are Naomi Ackie, Richard E. Grant and Keri Russell, the latter of whom will indeed be joining the film as her deal just closed. Composer John Williams, who has scored every chapter in the Star Wars saga since 1977's Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope, will return to a galaxy far, far away with Episode IX.
Here's what Abrams had to say about bringing Fisher back in a posthumous performance of Leia Organa using previously unreleased footage shot for Star Wars: The Force Awakens:
"We desperately loved Carrie Fisher. Finding a truly satisfying conclusion to the Skywalker saga without her eluded us. We were never going to recast, or use a CG character. With the support and blessing from her daughter, Billie, we have found a way to honor Carrie's legacy and role as Leia in Episode IX by using unseen footage we shot together in Episode VII."
Star Wars: Episode IX will be produced by Kathleen Kennedy, J.J. Abrams, and Michelle Rejwan, and executive produced by Callum Greene and Jason McGatlin. The crew includes Dan Mindel (Director of Photography), Rick Carter and Kevin Jenkins (Co-Production Designers), Michael Kaplan (Costume Designer), Neal Scanlan (Creature and Droid FX), Maryann Brandon and Stefan Grube (Editors), Roger Guyett (VFX Supervisor), Tommy Gormley (1st AD), and Victoria Mahoney (2nd Unit Director).
Posted in Entertainment, NewsTagged carrie fisher, Cast, episode 9, jj abrams, star wars
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How to access device management?
The Management Console can be accessed via a web browser. Enter your Brain URL into the designated URL bar and hit enter.
Select Spots (if this is not selected yet) in the top navigation bar to open the device management console. A list with all Smartspot devices that have been configured for your Brain will appear here.
Note: If the list is empty, you bought a Smartspot and this is the first time you Login, you may need to connect the Smartspot with Ethernet first, so it can receive configuration and connect with Brain. Also you may need to refresh your screen for new Smartspots to appear. See Smartspot getting started for more information about connecting a Smartspot to a Brain.
The figure below shows an example of the device management user interface. This list shows you information and the current status of these devices such as serial number, connection state, firmware version and IP address.
Each column has an option to set a filter. This changes the results in the list based on your selection. This can be useful, for example, to get an overview of all devices that are connected/disconnected to the Brain.
If the device list is too long to fit in a single page, pagination buttons will apear at the bottom. Changing pages is possible via the selection buttons at the bottom left of your screen. To change the maximum number of devices displayed per page you may change the setting at the bottom right from 15 (default) to 50 or even 1000.
Each Smartspot configuration can be accessed via the Gear button located at the right side of the device in the list.
To remove a Smartspot from your Brain it first needs to be disconnected from the Brain. A delete button will appear at the right side. Clicking this button will open a dialog to confirm removal. After confirmation the Smartspot device will be removed from your Brain.
The figure below shows an example of the Device Configuration web interface.
This section doesn't contain any settings that can be changed. The device hostname may be retrieved by your router, DHCP server or network switch and makes it easy to identify the device inside your network.
The configuration interface doesn't allow you to change the IP address of the Smartspot. Smartspot devices are default configured to use DHCP to acquire IP addresses from the DHCP server. DHCP makes it easy to exchange Smartspots between networks without the hassle of changing static IP addresses.
Basic settings such as antenna power for RFID and item hold time can be configured in this section. Some Smartspot types such as the Smartspot Focus may show a list of setting profiles. Configuring one of these profiles will setup the Smartspot device for the selected scenario. The image below shows the interface for a configuration profile.
These settings change the events that are sent between Smartspot and Brain. Enable Antenna Presences if you want to assign two or more Locations to this device. Disable if all antennas are assigned to one location. See Location editor for more information about Single location and Multiple location modes. Switching modes using the Location editor automatically updates this setting.
Note: After changing this setting you probably need to update the Location assignment. See Location editor for more information.
Antenna Reports gives the Location Engine more data and information about the Item presence and may be enabled to improve Item Location accuracy.
This section allows you to change more advanced UHF RFID settings. Set channel (if Region is set to Europe) to prevent nearby Smartspots to receive RFID signals of inventories that they did not start.
When the Smartspot should report an UHF RFID Items proximity as Immediate, Near or Far can be controlled with these sliders. The hysteresis level can be increased in case that the proximity is switching too often / not stable. The Moving Average filter can be set to stabilize the RSSI, but requires a high sample rate and may delay any responses.
This section allows you to change more advanced Bluetooth Smart settings. It is also possible to disable receiving Bluetooth Item signals.
When the Smartspot should report a Bluetooth Items proximity as Immediate, Near or Far can be controlled with sliders. The hysteresis level can be increased in case that the proximity is switching too often / not stable. The Moving Average filter can be set to stabilize the RSSI, but requires a high sample rate and may delay any responses.


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Square CEO Jack Dorsey says Bitcoin holds the keys to security
The Oslo Freedom Forum, an event-based entity below the wing of the Human Rights Foundation, or HRF, digitally hosted Square CEO Jack Dorsey for a fast interview on YouTube. During the engagement, the CEO spoke positively of crypto's largest asset, Bitcoin (BTC).
"The whole spirit of Bitcoin, for instance, is to provide a trusted system in a distrusted environment, which is the internet," Dorsey informed host and HRF president Thor Halvorssen in an interview, printed on Sept. 25.
Dorsey's remark got here in the midst of a dialogue on security and strategies for defense in opposition to nefarious events. "I fundamentally believe that security is not something that can ever be perfected," he mentioned. "It's a constant push to be 10 steps ahead of your attackers."
With regard to Twitter, a platform that Dorsey additionally leads, he named a number of useful avenues in maintaining an edge over attackers, together with firm's sustaining a way of inner self-awareness about their very own security and numerous exterior insights. He additionally talked about selecting correct firm frameworks — "Making sure that we're building the right secure systems within our platform so that we can have trust in untrusted environment," as he put it.
Enter Bitcoin. Dorsey used the asset and its expertise for example of recent technological improvements paving the means for better security, making belief a much less essential element. He additionally talked about the idea and significance of people having the ability to maintain their very own entry capabilities and keys, as seen in Bitcoin.
Later in the interview, Dorsey additionally described blockchain and decentralization as altering the panorama of on-line content material, hosted by quite a few events as a substitute of centralized entities. "Blockchain and Bitcoin point to a future, and point to a world, where content exists forever, where it's permanent, where it doesn't go away, where it exists forever on every single node that's connected to it," he defined.
Dorsey has additionally spoken positively on Bitcoin in the previous, typically describing the asset's potential.


The Shanghai Composite Index rose toward a bull market as government support underpins a rebound from China's $5 trillion stock rout.
Asian emerging-market currencies slipped against the dollar and Australian bonds dropped as Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen signaled a possible interest rates increase next month.
The Shanghai gauge was set to close more than 20 percent above its Aug. 26 low, meeting some investors' definition of a bull market.
South Korea's won and Malaysia's ringgit led declines as the Dollar Spot Index traded near its highest levels since March. Australian 10-year yields rose for a sixth day Thursday, tracking global bond losses.


A special orchestral performance played from memory will form the centrepiece of a one-day celebration of Music & Memory hosted by the Duke of Buccleuch at his Northamptonshire home this summer.
Boughton House will welcome the celebrated Aurora Orchestra to the ticketed event on Saturday 30th June for a presentation of Mozart's 40th Symphony in the iconic stately home's Great Hall.
In recent years, Aurora Orchestra has pioneered memorised performance (without the use of printed sheet music), and is thought to be the first orchestra worldwide to perform whole symphonies in this unique way.
Distinguished speakers include author Robert McCrum, who will talk on Shakespeare, identity, memory and consciousness, and Jeremy Hughes, CEO of the Alzheimer's Society, who will explore Changing lives of people with dementia through music.
In addition, attendees will have the opportunity to enjoy a preview of the House's upcoming MEMORY exhibition – which opens to the public in August – inspired by the fabled collections of the Dukes of Buccleuch, the centuries of family heritage, and with music as a guiding thread.
The Duke of Buccleuch said: "Aurora Orchestra is a formidable force in classical music, continually exploring new and exciting ways of getting under the skin of the greatest musical works. We are honoured to be hosting the orchestra here at Boughton House for this special day, as we are our speakers.
Tickets for Music & Memory at Boughton House are on sale now priced at £75, with concert-only tickets available from £50.
The event starts at 11.00am Saturday 30th June with an introduction from the Duke of Buccleuch and Paul Boucher, followed by panel discussions and lunch. Musical performances, exhibition previews and house tours will take place in the afternoon. Find out more at: www.boughtonhouse.co.uk/events/music-memory and book your tickets here.
Boughton House and Gardens will open to the public again throughout August. Guided House tours will begin at 1pm, with the last tour at 3.30pm daily. Groups are welcome to visit by prior arrangement throughout the year.
During the summer opening, The Great Hall Tour, plus entry to the Gardens, Armoury and special exhibition costs £10 for adults, £8 for children and £30 for families (two adults and two children). Children under five go free. The State Rooms tour is available for an extra £2.00 per person, while the Books, Beds and Beyond Tour is an additional £10 per person.
The Gardens will open throughout August between 12pm-5pm, with last entry at 4pm. Tickets cost £6 for adults, £3 for children and £14 for families (two adults and two children). As an added bonus, Gardens tickets holders will also gain access to the Armoury and the special exhibition.
To find out more, contact Boughton House on 01536 515 731 or email info@boughtonhouse.co.uk.


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Home » Mexico » Arturo Azuela » Manifestación de Silencios (Shadows of Silence)
Arturo Azuela: Manifestación de Silencios (Shadows of Silence)
Azuela's best novel is set around the political upheavals of the 1960s/1970s in Mexico, with their repression, arbitrary arrests and torture. It follows – more or less – the story of José Augusto Banderas, a left-wing journalist. At the start of the novel, he has just killed a man. According to the police, the man was killed by a ruthless band of armed terrorists. Actually, what happened is that there was an argument about Laura, Banderas' ex-girlfriend, who was now with this man. The man attacked Banderas with his fists. Banderas pulled out a gun and killed him. But we don't learn this till later. Clearly influenced by Cortázar, Azuela jumps around in time, at least in the early part of the book, telling the tale not just of Banderas but of all his friends and associates including, of course, Laura, both before and after the killing. Azuela is intent on showing the results of the political situation in Mexico. It hovers around in the background, in the discussions, in how the characters see their surroundings. It also comes to the fore, not least in what happens to Banderas. But Azuela, a highly accomplished novelist, also has two other important themes. The first is the effect that Banderas has on the other characters. They talk to him and about him. He affects their lives, directly and indirectly, even when he has been absent a long time. However, there is one key character that he does not affect and that is Mexico. For this is also a city novel, with Mexico City playing an important role for the characters, both in its appearance and in its psychogeography, a term which did not exist when the novel was written. We track them around the city and they react to it.
There is a plot, which is what happens to Banderas after the killing. (He manages to escape Mexico and travels around Europe and South America, working for left-wing causes, but finally gets caught, in Edinburgh of all places.) But Azuela does not attach much importance to the plot, seeming to forget it now and then and only slipping it in when he remembers. He is concerned much more with creating an impression of the city, of Banderas and his effect on the people around him and of the effect on them all of the political situation in Mexico at the time. It really is an excellent novel and deserves to be better known .
First published by Joaquín Mortiz in 1979
First published in English in 1985 by University of Notre Dame Press
Translated by Elena C. Murray


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Home Stories At 54, Donna Mills became a single mom and took an 18-year break from acting to date a "M*A*S*H" star
At 54, Donna Mills became a single mom and took an 18-year break from acting to date a "M*A*S*H" star
Hollywood has always looked up to Donna Mills. The actress has amassed an excellent body of work over the course of the last half century. The 1960s marked the beginning of her career on television. The rising star has already made appearances in a number of popular television shows, including "The Secret Storm" and "Love Is a Many Splendored Thing." In 1967, Mills made her debut in the film "The Incident," which also featured Martin Sheen, Beau Bridges, Ed McMahon, and Thelma Ritter. Mills made her debut with these actors.
Over the course of many decades, the growing celebrity played the role of the "damsel in distress." On the other hand, her desire to get away from all of this ultimately led to her playing the most iconic role of her career. Currently, the actress who has won several awards is most well-known for her portrayal as Abby Cunningham on the daytime television serial opera "The phrase "Knots Landing"
Between the years 1980 and 1989, Mills portrayed the lead role in the series. Because of her outstanding performance as the scheming and deceitful Cunningham, Mills was granted the Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Villainess not once, but three times. Mills was also recognized by Everythingzoomer as one of the "5 Prime Time Soap Opera Villains We Love to Hate."
Following the success of her first performance, Mills went on to feature in a variety of films and television productions. After she left the show "Knots Landing," she focused more on film acting, appearing in television movies such as "In My Daughter's Name" and "My Name Is Kate." The native of Chicago has a total of 102 acting credits to her name, and her estimated net worth is over $9 million.
Mills, on the other hand, departed Hollywood at the peak of her career because she had the impression that she was missing something. Mills stopped performing in 1994 in order to concentrate on being a mother, which was something she had always wanted to do but never had the opportunity to accomplish.
Mills had spent the better part of her life concentrating on her work, but as she reached her 50s, she had an epiphany about her priorities in life. Mills discussed the fact that she was lacking a sense of fulfillment in her life at the time, which is what prompted her to think about the possibility of adopting a child in an interview with People.
She said, "At one time in my life, I was extremely focused on my job, but at another moment in my life, I recognized there was something lacking, and that was a kid." "So I went after it. When she was just four days old, I adopted her into my family."
Mills went on to say that many people believed that she was too old to be a mother to an infant kid since she was 54 years old. They were also concerned that she wouldn't have the stamina to enter parenthood in her 50s. Despite this, the actress who had won a Daytime Emmy for her work thought that her age was nothing more than a number.
"At that point in time, I was 54 years old, and people said things to the effect of, "You're going to be so old (to) have a little baby running about." I never had that impression, "she was able to recollect. "I never felt as elderly as the other moms, even though they were probably in their 20s," she said.
Mills said in an interview with People that she had so much fun being a mother later in her life that she would advise other women to follow in her footsteps, particularly women who want to have a great profession and a family at the same time.
According to what she said to the publication, "if you want to devote to your work, I suggest having a kid later in life is preferable than having a child early in life."
Following the adoption of her daughter, Mills came to the conclusion that she would have to put her professional ambitions on hold — at least for the time being.
Mills said that she became a mother for a purpose and that she was not going to miss raising her kid despite the fact that she admitted that parenthood was a full-time job for her.
"I skipped out on 18 years. I didn't work, "she divulged to the People. "To tell the truth, I did have a job for the first couple of years. I was able to take her with me wherever I went, so I used it to my advantage and made some movies and other things for television. But once daughter entered kindergarten, I decided that I couldn't leave town for more than a couple of months at a time. And I didn't decide to have a child with the intention of handing her off to a babysitter."
Even though Chloe is 27 years old today, her mother and she have a very strong connection with one another. Mills disclosed to the newspaper that she and her daughter are in continuous contact with one another through text message throughout the day and even schedule time once a week to meet in person.
Chloe, meantime, has developed into a beautiful young lady and is now a model as well as a social media influencer. She has more than 16,700 followers on Instagram. Alongside her mother, she walked the red carpet for the debut of her film "Nope" in July 2022. The film was directed by Jordan Peele and starred Keke Palmer, Daniel Kaluuya, and Steven Yuen. Mills wore a timeless white pantsuit, and her daughter wore a garment made of emerald-green satin that made her seem just lovely. After some time, Mills published on her Instagram account photographs of herself and her daughter attending the event, along with the caption:
"A night to which I could never, ever say NOPE! Thank you, London, for the wonderful reception, and thank you, Jordan Peele, for the fantastic job you did and for incorporating me in your masterpiece, @nopemovie… Oh, and a big thank you to my sweetheart, @chloenicolemills, for being my date.
Mills not only became a mother but also fell in love over the 18 years that she took off from performing to focus on her family. In 2001, the television actress started a relationship with the versatile Hollywood actor and producer Larry Gilman, who was nine years her younger. The roles that Gilman played in "Final Destination," "Cool Runnings," and "M*A*S*H" helped him establish his reputation. The native of New York is also employed by CommCore Inc. as a communications consultant, as stated by Sportskeeda. In addition to his work in television and film, he has acted on Broadway, off Broadway, and in regional theater, and he has also directed shows in New York and Los Angeles. He has also played in both cities.
Despite the fact that they were never married, the pair has maintained a strong affection for one another. In an interview with Closer, Mills revealed a snippet of the love narrative she and Gilman have been writing together by telling the publication about the huge romantic gestures that Gilman has made to show his love for Mills.
Mills disclosed to the newspaper that the previous year, Larry had planted a vineyard as a gift for him. "He is really one of the nicest people I've ever met."
Even the television celebrity who has a beautiful English-style house in Brentwood, California, divulged information about the vineyard that she has planted behind her home.
She said, "It's just a year old, so although we do have grapes, we don't yet have any wine grapes." "It's only a year old." "But give us about another year and we'll get there.
Mills told Gilman and her about their common desire of making their own wine from the grapes they grow on their property and bottling it themselves. Mills revealed the name of her wine that is in the process of being bottled by saying, "It's called Ethereal."
Mills took a photo of herself on June 10, 2022, sipping some of her wine, and she uploaded it on Instagram with the message, "Went out to the winery, The Village Winery, yesterday to try our 2020 vintage. It went really well! In the month of July, we are going to bottle it!"


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Tron: Legacy är en amerikansk film från 2010 i regi av Joseph Kosinski och producerad av Walt Disney Pictures. Filmen hade världspremiär 17 december 2010 och är en uppföljare till filmen Tron från 1982. På Oscarsgalan 2011 nominerades filmen för Bästa ljudredigering men förlorade mot Christopher Nolans film Inception.

Handling
Berättelsen börjar år 1989 - sju år efter händelserna i Tron. Kevin Flynn (Jeff Bridges), världens störste spelskapare, försvinner helt mystiskt. 20 år senare får Alan Bradley (Bruce Boxleitner), Flynns kollega, en hemlig signal från en dold digital värld kallad Nätet. Bradley tror att det kan vara Flynn som har skickat signalen och säger det till Flynns son Sam (Garrett Hedlund). När Sam upptäcker sin fars hemliga rum i hans gamla och övergivna spelhall råkar Sam aktivera en laser som för honom ut i cyberrymden. Där upptäcker Sam att alla program är i fara. Sam lyckas med hjälp av den skickliga krigaren Quorra (Olivia Wilde) hitta Flynn i en grotta. Nu måste far och son hitta ett sätt att ta sig ut ur Nätet och sätta stopp för den ondskefulle Clu (Jeff Bridges), Flynns eget skapade program som liknar honom själv, innan han förslavar alla program och tar över cyberrymden och den riktiga världen.

I filmen finns en figur som heter Zuse. Han är namngiven efter Konrad Zuse som anses vara den som byggde världens första dator.

Rollista
 Garrett Hedlund – Sam Flynn
 Jeff Bridges – Kevin Flynn / Clu
 Olivia Wilde – Quorra
 Bruce Boxleitner – Alan Bradley / Tron / Rinzlers röst
 James Frain – Jarvis
 Beau Garrett – Gem
 Michael Sheen – Castor/Zuse
 Anis Cheurfa – Rinzler
 Jeffrey Nordling – Richard Mackey
 Cillian Murphy – Edward Dillinger, Jr.

Soundtrack
Filmens soundtrack producerades av den franska house-duon Daft Punk och gavs senare ut på albumet Tron: Legacy samt på remixalbumet Tron: Legacy Reconfigured.

Externa länkar

Amerikanska science fiction-filmer
Amerikanska filmer 2010
Delvis animerade spelfilmer
Filmer om datorspel
1989 på film
2009 på film
Disneys långfilmer
Engelskspråkiga filmer
IMAX-filmer
3D-filmer
Filmer från Walt Disney Pictures
Filmer inspelade i British Columbia
Filmer i regi av Joseph Kosinski

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


European Auto Clinic is a full-service preventive maintenance and automotive repair center. We perform high quality, guaranteed service you can trust at a fair price. We are your best choice for scheduled maintenance of your car.
We use the latest diagnostic equipment to guarantee your vehicle is serviced correctly while maintaining your manufacturer's warranty. We only use original replacement parts, and our technicians are factory trained.
Please feel free to call or stop by anytime to schedule a service or just to ask questions, we are here to help.


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My fiction bookshelf
Since I can't apparently can't keep this page up to date with my current reading list, I figured I'll just toss a bunch of the books that are on my bookshelf that I like a lot and want to comment on. I have most of the standards so I'll only comment on the more unorthodox authors, a list of which is put here so you can skip straight to one if desired.
Po Bronson
John DeChancie
Penn and Teller
There are other authors I own a bunch of books from, but I don't really have anything to say about them, such as A.A. Attanasio, Wilhelmina Baird, James Crumley, Raymond Feist, C.S. Friedman, Robert Heinlein, Mickey Zucker Reichert. Suffice it to say that I like those authors and if you want to know more about them, go read a book.
Imajica, by Clive Barker
While Clive Barker is primarily known for his horror work (Hellraiser, Hellbound, Books of Blood), he has also written a few fantasy novels. Imajica is the best of them that I've read, an epic novel detailing a search through an alternate world. Barker has a great talent for creating characters that seem real, and that the reader cares about. I highly recommend this book in particular, with the caveat that Barker writes for adult readers - the easily offended should probably stay away. Other Clive Barker fantasy novels include The Great and Secret Show, Everville and Sacrament.
Patton's Spaceship and Washington's Dirigible, by John Barnes
Amusing alternate history novels by John Barnes who's written some other good books. Again, these are mostly brain fluff but entertaining. Barnes has written some other pretty good novels; I liked Mother of Storms and Orbital Resonance in particular.
4-23-00 - I just re-read Orbital Resonance, Kaleidoscope Century and A Million Open Doors, and was reminded by how much I like John Barnes - I care about his characters, and his worlds are always thought-provoking.
Earth Made of Glass, by John Barnes
The most recent book by John Barnes was a sequel to A Million Open Doors, which I had re-read recently. The new book wasn't too thrilling - competent, interesting SF, but nothing earth-shattering in my opinion. Mostly notable for including a Tamil culture in its conception of the future - this is interesting to me because a good friend and co-worker, Luckshman, is Tamil.
Ficciones, by Jorge Luis Borges
Many of the authors I like refer to the work of Borges, so when I saw a collection of his short stories in a used bookstore I picked it up. I was especially interested because this collection had The Library of Babel and The Garden of Forking Paths, among his most-referred-to works. Having read this collection, I think he's outstanding. He's got more interesting ideas packed in a ten page short story than many modern novels. The narrow line between reality and dream is explored in several stories, as well as the idea that reality is not nearly as stable as some would believe. I have also read Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco, and the influence of Borges on his work is unmistakable. The Library of Babel is referred to almost directly in The Name of the Rose, as well. Highly, highly recommended.
Bombardiers, and The First $20 Million is always the hardest, by Po Bronson
Bombardiers is a dark satire about the high-stakes financial world of Wall Street junk bonds. The best description I've come up with for it is Catch-22-esque. The First $20 Million is a more light-hearted novel about the perils of running a Silicon Valley startup - this was especially fun for me since I recognized most of the places mentioned in this novel. I also read The Nudist on the Late Shift, Bronson's non-fiction paean to Silicon Valley.
Shockwave Rider and Stand on Zanzibar, by John Brunner
These are classic sci-fi novels. Shockwave Rider was cyberpunk 10 or 15 years before cyberpunk coined. Stand on Zanzibar is a great novel that uses the realm of science fiction to make some harsh yet accurate indictments of our society.
Jhereg series, by Steven Brust
Actually I read these at MIT when Beemer recommended them to me as being good brain candy. But recently, I bought a good portion of them and re-read them and enjoyed them. Vlad Taltos is a human assassin trying to make it in the world of Dragaeran crime with the help of a wise-cracking reptile buddy, powerful sorcerors, etc.
The Vorkosigan series, by Lois McMaster Bujold
These could be called space opera, but, if so, it's very thoughtful, well done space opera. Two or three books in this series have won Hugos, for good reason if you ask me. They tell the life story of Miles Vorkosigan, a short, physically challenged, brilliant son of one of the most powerful men on the planet, and his outlandish adventures as he tries to establish a reputation for himself. The most recent one, Komarr, just came out in paperback, and I re-read it (I read the hardcover while sitting in a bookstore) and loved it.
Ender's Game/Speaker for the Dead/Xenocide, by Orson Scott Card
Classics. Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead are two of my favorite books ever. Xenocide isn't as good, but it resolves some of the issues left over from the first two books. Card just takes a powerful look at what motivates us, and why we think/feel the way we do. I also highly recommend his short stories, available in hardcover as Maps in a Mirror, or in paperback as 4 volumes - Flux/Cruel Miracles/ Monkey Sonatas/The Hanged Man.
Castle Perilous, by John DeChancie
This series is pretty amusing, but basically brain candy. Read the back cover of any of these to get an idea of the premise.
The Preacher series, by Garth Ennis
This is a comic book series that I ended up collecting in graphic novel form. Ennis constructs a slightly twisted reflection of our world, where the Christian God is a very real presence in the world. Jesse Custer, a preacher in a small town in Texas, ends up with the power of the Word of God, the power to make people do what he tells them to. And, being a good ol' Southern gentleman, he decides to right what wrongs that he can. It sounds ridiculous, but it's incredibly well done. If you can handle the cussing, the violence, and other craziness, it's a great read.
The Dream Hunters, by Neil Gaiman and Yoshitaka Amano
A new Sandman story, in storybook format, based on an old Japanese fable, and illustrated by Amano. Inspired by Gaiman's work on the movie Princess Mononoke.
Stardust, and Smoke and Mirrors, by Neil Gaiman
Gaiman is best known as the creator of the Sandman comic books, which are masterpieces. He has since moved on to other arenas, represented by these books. Stardust is an adult fairy tale, pure and simple. An imaginative, interesting fairy tale, but not of great substance. Smoke and Mirrors is a collection of short stories. I was not as impressed by these as I had hoped. Some of them were outstanding, where you wonder at the imagination it takes to create these worlds. Others left me saying, "Um, yeah, whatever."
American Gods, by Neil Gaiman
(Jan 2002) This book demonstrates once again the sheer enormity of Gaiman's imagination. Gaiman wonders what happens to the gods whose followers come to America, and gradually abandon them for the American pursuits of money, greed and looking out for number one. It's an enormous book (480 pages in hardcover), and I finished it in less than 24 hours (it helped that I was traveling at the time). Lots of cool details in it, and tidbits of mythology that Gaiman drops into all of his works.
A Drink Before the War
Darkness, Take My Hand
Prayers for Rain, by Dennis Lehane
This series of books, featuring Boston PI's Patrick Kenzie and Angela Gennaro, are really good. I was initially attracted to the series because they were hard-boiled mysteries set in Boston, but after reading one, I knew I had to read them all. Kenzie and Gennaro are three-dimensional characters - they have faults and blindnesses just like the rest of us. Except that they move in a much rougher world than we do. Very good stuff - I highly recommend these.
A Clash of Kings, by George R.R. Martin
This is the second book in Martin's "Song of Ice and Fire" series. The first one, A Game of Thrones, was excellent, and drove me to break down and buy this in hardcover. A Clash of Kings suffers some from middle-book syndrome, where you know nothing permanent can get resolved because this isn't the last book, and it tends to get a little bit too spread out, but I forgive it all of that, because it's still light years ahead of most allegedly heroic fantasy. It's interesting, it's intelligent, and it's got believably human characters. For fantasy these days, that's enough to make it an instant classic.
I should note that George R.R. Martin is the editor of one of my childhood (okay, high school) favorite shared world series, the Wild Card series. The first few books of these series were wonderful.
Another good book by Martin is The Armageddon Rag, which is a psychedelic reflection on the sixties and rock music. I'd also recommend the short story Sandkings, which is one of the most gripping horror stories I have ever read. Its details are still imprinted on my brain despite having read it several years ago.
The Deed of Paksenarrion
Surrender None: The Legacy of Gird
Liar's Oath, by Elizabeth Moon
Borrowed Deed of Paksenarrion from a friend, as one of those big fantasy trilogies that I had never gotten around to reading. Quite good stuff, with a good story, and characters you grow to care about. It impressed me enough that I went out and bought two books set in the same universe. I wasn't nearly as enthralled by them, though.
Penn and Teller's How to Play with your Food
Penn and Teller are these really goof magician dudes who are just incredibly cool. They're the ones with attitude, they mock David Copperfield, and a good portion of the time, they reveal how other people do tricks just to annoy them. In case you haven't figured it out yet, I pretty much worship them. I finally got their book on how to play with food when I saw it on mega-sale at Barnes and Noble. 49 different tricks to play with your food, including all sorts of sick things like sticking a fork in your eye, and making a bleeding heart Jello(tm) dessert.
The Matador series, by Steve Perry
More fluff. Future dictatorship brought down by courageous rebels, yadda, yadda yadda.
Simmons is a phenomenal writer whose works have encompassed straight fiction, sci-fi and horror. Harlan Ellison, in a foreword to a Simmons book, worries that he will be more famous for having "discovered" Simmons than for any of his own work. Again, like Clive Barker, Simmons has a talent for creating believable characters that engage our interest. Some of his better known works are Hyperion, Carrion Comfort, and Prayers to Broken Stones.
Bug Jack Barron, by Norman Spinrad
As a good friend of mine (Brad Rhodes) has said before, "Image is everything." And this book proves it. I recently re-read this book upon finding it in a used book store, and it amazes me how accurately Spinrad portrays his world. Jack Barron is a TV call-in show host, with an estimated audience of 100 million viewers, who quickly finds himself over his head in circles of "real" power. But what everybody in the book underestimates is the power image can have, especially when broadcast to 100 million people. Spinrad's prose is, as always, amazing. His stream-of-consciousness-esque word-splatter of images creates moods really well. Wow. read it. Other good books by Spinrad are The Void Captain's Tale, and Little Heroes.
Snow Crash, by Neal Stephenson
Last year, a friend of mine recommended this book as we were wandering through Waterstone's. I bought it on his recommendation, and absolutely loved it. It's been described as cyberpunk, but it's more than that. It's funny, it's hip, and yet it's serious as it extrapolates today's world just a few years into the future, and how strange it could get. Incidentally, after I bought and read it, several other people at TEP borrowed my copy, read it, and then went and bought their own copy because they loved it so much. Get it. Stephenson has since come out with The Diamond Age, under his own name, and co-authored Interface, under the pen name, Stephen Bury. I have not yet read Diamond Age, but I did read Interface over Christmas break - very interesting book with lots of brutal commentary about America's political system. Good stuff. (6/25/95) Bury has since published The Cobweb, a thriller centered around Desert Storm and the machinations Iraq was attempting in order to acquire biological weapons. I didn't like it quite as much as Interface but it was still very good.(1/24/97)
The Great Shark Hunt, by Hunter S. Thompson
This isn't really fiction, but it sure isn't "serious", so I'm putting it here anyway. I don't know much about Hunter S. Thompson other than he is/was an underground journalist. But the first couple columns/stories in this book were fairly interesting, so I picked this up for my plane ride home.
(10/16/95) Over the summer, I devoured nearly everything Hunter Thompson has published in book form and truly enjoyed it. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is one of the funniest books I've ever read, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail, '72, and Better than Sex... provide insightful but brutal glimpses into the American political process, and his other books have many amusing, yet piercingly accurate, vignettes of life as Dr. Thompson pursues his Grail of Gonzo Journalism...
"The Proud Highway, letters of Hunter S. Thompson" is fascinating - HST was convinced he would be a celebrity someday, and apparently kept carbon copies of every single letter he ever wrote in anticipation of the day. And since he apparently wrote several a day for the past 40 years, that's a LOT of letters. The letters themselves are also interesting - even at the tender age of 18, his writing is already recognizable, and the foundation for the future Dr. Gonzo is evident.
Vachss is a lawyer who represents children in child abuse cases. Living in the world he does, he sees the depravity and pure evil that dwells within people that most of us would like to ignore. At one point, he started writing fiction as a means of "addressing a bigger jury than I'd ever find in any courthouse." Most of his books revolve around Burke, a private investigator who has a "soft spot" for child abusers and finds ways to make them stop doing it...forever. His prose is extremely distinctive - as the Chicago Sun-Times put it, "Andrew Vachss...writes a hypnotically violent prose made up of equal parts of broken concrete block and razor wire." For more information on Vachss or a list of what books he's written, see The Zero, the official home page for Vachss.
True Names, by Vernor Vinge
I just really liked this novelette by Vinge. It was an interesting look at the consequences of a society where one's computer persona could be completely divorced from one's real life persona. Obviously, one's "true name" becomes vitally important to keep secret in such a case - with the power of the name being similar to the days of sorcery and witchcraft when one's true name was considered the key to one's power. Vinge's novel A Fire upon the Deep is also very good.
A Deepness in the Sky, by Vernor Vinge
This prequel of sorts to A Fire upon the Deep gave me sort of the same feeling as that book did. It's a good read with some interesting ideas, but there's nothing there that really sticks with me. Not the way his novella, True Names did.
The Illuminatus Trilogy, by Robert A. Wilson
Well after finding the Hyperdiscordia web page, I got re-interested in Discordianism, so when I happened upon a copy of Illuminatus, this past weekend, I picked it up, due to its many references to Discordia. It's pretty cool. It is actually mind-blowing in a way, because so much stuff, so many images and ideas are thrown in a non-intuitive or non-connected way at your brain, that your brain overloads trying to deal and you just end up saying, wow. I liked many of the ideas and philosophies that were discussed in the book...and the book just confirms that it's a crazy world we live in.
Back to the Eric Nehrlich, bookworm page.


The calendar has officially flipped to October, meaning postseason baseball has finally arrived.
We were fortunate to get a little extra playoff baseball this season after both the Dodgers and Rockies in the NL West and the Brewers and Cubs in the NL Central finished tied for the division lead, resulting in a tiebreaker game for each respective division title.
Los Angeles and Milwaukee came out of those games on top, leading to a Rockies vs. Cubs NL Wild Card showdown at Wrigley field, which had its fair share of excitement.
Over in the American League, the Yankees welcomed the Athletics to the Bronx for the AL Wild Card battle, which did not result in nearly as much drama as the NL's contest.
If the first few games of October have shown us anything, it's that we are in for an exciting month of playoff baseball! Let's get right in to the divisional series matchups.
While MLB would have certainly preferred a rematch between the Cubs and Brewers, the league will have to settle for this matchup instead.
These two clubs faced off seven times throughout the regular season, with the Brewers winning five of the seven.
Joining Arenado in the MVP discussion is Colorado shortstop Trevor Story, who finished the season with 37 home runs and 108 RBI. These two provide the Rockies with quite possibly the most talented left side of the infield in the league in all of baseball. The Rockies' third big bat in the lineup is that of center fielder Charlie Blackmon, whose 119 runs scored led the league.
Colorado has the arms to go with their big bats as well. The 25-year-old Freeland is coming off a strong season, going 17-7 with a 2.85 ERA, but his outing on short rest in the WC game could limit his availability in the NLDS. And although he gave up the tying run to the Cubs, reliever Adam Ottavino is one of the best in the game. He tossed 77 innings this season, earning a 2.43 ERA and 0.99 WHIP with 112 strikeouts.
Milwaukee comes into the NLDS with the best record in the NL, thanks to a combination of great hitting and pitching.
Outfielder Christian Yelich had an amazing season in his first campaign with the Brewers. The 26-year-old is one of the favorites to take home the NL MVP Award after hitting .326/.402/.598 with 36 home runs, 110 RBI and 118 runs scored.
Outfielder Lorenzo Cain put together quite the year himself, hitting .308 with 30 stolen bases in 141 games. And you can't forget about first baseman Jesus Aguilar, who had the best season of his career with 35 home runs and 108 RBI.
The Brewers have some great starting pitching, but it's their bullpen that really stands out. Josh Hader was likely the best reliever in all of baseball this season, earning a 2.43 ERA and 0.81 WHIP in 81.1 innings, while leading all MLB relievers with a whopping 140 strikeouts. He is joined in the bullpen by right-hander Jeremy Jeffress, who pitched to a 1.29 ERA and 0.99 WHIP in 76.2 innings. Jeffress, who was named to his first All-Star team this season, was not scored upon in 63 of his 73 regular season appearances.
Los Angeles outplayed the Braves in their season series, with the Dodgers taking five of seven games. But that doesn't matter now as the two prepare for an exciting NLDS matchup.
Atlanta is led by first baseman Freddie Freeman, who had himself quite the year, hitting .309 with 23 home runs and 98 RBI. Veteran outfielder Nick Markakis had one of his best seasons in years for the Braves, hitting .297 with 14 home runs and 93 RBI.
But possibly the most exciting player on Atlanta's roster is rookie outfielder Ronald Acuna Jr. In 111 games during his rookie campaign, the 20-year-old (you read that right, 20. YEARS. OLD.) hit .293 with 26 home runs and 64 RBI.
The Braves have quite the starting rotation between Anibal Sanchez, Mike Foltynewicz, Kevin Gausman, Sean Newcomb and Julio Teheran, which could cause the Dodgers some problems in this series.
The talent up and down the Dodgers roster is insane. From Justin Turner to Matt Kemp to Manny Machado and all the way down to Max Muncy and Cody Bellinger, there simply are no easy outs in this LA lineup.
Kemp's strong come-back season came out of nowhere, as the veteran was thought to be one of the last guys to make the team back in March. Yet the 34-year-old worked hard throughout the season, and wound up hitting an impressive .290 with 21 home runs and 85 RBI, providing the Dodgers with yet another big bat in their deep lineup.
Los Angeles' pitching is just as talented as its lineup. Led by Clayton Kershaw and Walker Buehler, their entire 2018 pitching staff earned a 3.38 ERA on the year while holding opponents to a .230 batting average.
The Braves will have to bring their A-game in this series to keep up with the depth of this Dodgers roster.
Is there anything more exciting than the Yankees and Red Sox taking each other on in the postseason?
Boston took the season series over the Yankees, but not by much, going 10-9 in their 19 regular season matchups. 2018 served as the first time both clubs finished with at least 100 wins, and it will also be the first time the two rival clubs battle each other in the playoffs since Boston's curse-breaking run to a World Series title back in 2004.
New York boasts quite the powerful lineup, as its 2018 squad set the MLB record for the most home runs hit by a team in a season with 267. The Bronx Bombers also made history by having 12 different players reach double digit home runs- quite the impressive feat.
Stanton led the Yankees with 38 home runs and 100 RBI, and combined that with a respectable .266 average in 158 games. Judge, Gregorius, Aaron Hicks and Miguel Andujar were next up on the team leaderboard, each having hit 27 home runs this season.
On the mound, New York doesn't have the strongest rotation, but they certainly have enough guys that can get the job done.
Severino leads the way with a 19-8 record, 3.39 ERA and 1.14 WHIP to go with his 220 strikeouts in 191.1 innings. Joining Severino in the rotation are veterans CC Sabathia and Masahiro Tanaka, who both enjoyed solid 2018 campaigns.
While New York's rotation may not be anything to write home about, the same cannot be said about the team's bullpen. The Yankees' bullpen pitched to a 3.38 ERA on the season, trailing the Athletics by .01 for the best in the American League.
On the other side, the Red Sox became just the 12th MLB team since 1900 to win as many as 108 games in a regular season.
Mookie Betts led the majors in hitting with a .346 average, becoming the first Red Sox player to achieve that accomplishment since Wade Boggs in 1988. But Betts may not have even been the best all-around hitter on his own team this season! That honor belongs to J.D. Martinez. The veteran outfielder hit a career-high .330 in 150 games, smacking 43 home runs and an incredible 130 RBI along with 37 doubles and 111 runs scored.
Boston's pitching staff is captained by none other than Chris Sale, who led the rotation with a 2.11 ERA, 0.86 WHIP and 237 strikeouts in 158.0 innings. The left-hander has logged just 17 innings after July 31 because of two separate stints on the DL, but appears to be healthy enough to take the ball for Game 1 of the ALDS.
The Indians will have their hands full in this matchup as they take on the reigning World Series Champion Houston Astros in the ALDS, with Houston winning the season series 4-3.
Cleveland has several big bats in the lineup that Houston's pitchers will have to watch out for, starting with 3x All-Star shortstop Francisco Lindor. Lindor hit 38 home runs and 92 RBI to go along with his 129 runs scored, all of which set new career-bests.
Third baseman Jose Ramirez led the club with 39 home runs and 106 RBI, but saw his average drop below .300 for the first time since he became a regular starter in 2016 (.272 batting average on the year). However his 34 stolen bases crushed his previous career-high of 22. Edwin Encarnacion is the third member of the Indians to cross the 30-HR threshold, smashing 32 long balls and 107 RBI.
Cleveland has an oustanding starting rotation, as Trevor Bauer, Corey Kluber, Mike Clevinger and Carlos Carrasco all finished with ERAs below 3.40 and over 205 strikeouts. Bauer led the way with a 2.21 ERA in 27 starts, which included 20 quality starts and a 12-6 record.
Kluber will be taking the mound for Game 1 of the series, which should come as no surprise after the 2x AL Cy Young Award winner went 20-7 with a 2.89 ERA and 0.99 WHIP in 33 starts, recording a quality start in 25 of his outings.
Houston finished with the second-best record in MLB this season with 103 wins, thanks in part to a deep lineup consisting of studs such as Jose Altuve, Alex Bregman and George Springer.
Altuve is a 6x All-Star and hit .315 in 137 games. Bregman had himself a breakout year. In 157 games, the 24-year-old third baseman out of LSU finished with career-highs in runs scored (105), hits (170), doubles (51), home runs (31), RBI (103), walks (96), batting average (.286), on-base percentage (.394) and slugging percentage (.532).
This ALDS matchup should feature some awesome pitching duels, as the Astros' have quite a strong rotation themselves with Justin Verlander, Gerrit Cole, Charlie Morton and Dallas Keuchel.
Verlander is the ace of the squad, going 16-9 with a 2.52 ERA, 0.90 WHIP and a jaw-dropping 290 strikeouts in 32 outings, 26 of which were quality starts.
Verlander vs. Kluber in Game 1… get ya popcorn ready!


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MRI Web Clinic — June 2013
Palmar Bursae and Flexor Tendon Sheaths of the Wrist and Hand
Chad Mann, M.D., Shareef Riad, M.D., Donald Resnick, M.D.
Clinical History: A 55-year-old man developed slowly progressive swelling of the right hand and wrist over the previous several months. Fat-suppressed T2-weighted axial image just proximal to the wrist (1a) and fat-suppressed T1-weighted post-contrast axial images at the levels of the metacarpal shafts (1b) and metacarpal heads (1c) are provided. What are the findings? What is the differential diagnosis?
Fat-suppressed T2-weighted axial image just proximal to the wrist (1a) and fat-suppressed T1-weighted post-contrast axial images at the levels of the metacarpal shafts (1b) and metacarpal heads (1c)
A fat-suppressed T2-weighted axial image at the level of the distal forearm reveals distension of the palmar bursae by complex material consisting of numerous low signal foci against a background of fluid signal intensity. The smaller radial bursa (short arrows) surrounds the flexor pollicis longus tendon (star). The larger ulnar bursa (long arrows) envelops the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons (dotted line). The flexor carpi radialis (asterisk) and flexor carpi ulnaris (arrowhead) tendons are extra-bursal in location.
A fat-suppressed T1-weighted post-contrast axial image at the level of the metacarpal shafts reveals avid synovial enhancement of the ulnar (long arrows) and radial (short arrows) bursae. Note that the low signal foci seen in (A) do not enhance. Observe the two-tiered arrangement of the flexor digitorum profundus tendons (above dotted line) and flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (below dotted line).
A fat-suppressed T1-weighted post-contrast axial image at the level of the metacarpal heads showing extension of synovitis into the digital flexor tendon sheaths of the thumb (1) and little finger (5). There is no involvement of the flexor tendon sheaths of the index, long, and ring fingers (2, 3, 4).
Classic 'horseshoe abscess' (in this case, related to atypical mycobacteria) that has spread through communicating synovial pathways, which include the ulnar and radial bursae proximally and the flexor tendon sheaths of the thumb and little finger distally. The differential diagnosis will be discussed in subsequent sections.
A variety of infectious and noninfectious diseases involve the synovial sheaths of the hand and wrist. On the flexor side, these synovial sheaths consist of the two palmar bursae-the ulnar bursa and the radial bursa-and the digital flexor tendon sheaths. To properly characterize such diseases, the radiologist should be familiar with the relevant anatomy and its implications on patterns of disease progression.
Flexor Tendons of the Wrist
In contrast to the extensor tendons of the wrist, which are segregated into six extensor compartments, the flexor tendons observe a simpler organizational scheme. Of the 12 flexor tendons normally found at the level of the wrist, only three do not traverse the carpal tunnel: (1) the palmaris longus tendon, superficial to the tunnel; (2) the flexor carpi radialis tendon, radial to the tunnel; and (3) the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, on the ulnar side of the tunnel. The other nine flexor tendons pass through the carpal tunnel, a fibro-osseous tunnel defined by the carpal bones dorsally and the flexor retinaculum volarly. In the axial plane, the carpus forms an arch that is concave on the palmar side.
A fat-suppressed T1-weighted axial image from an MR arthrogram of the wrist in a healthy 24-year-old man. The transverse carpal ligament (short arrows) extends from the hook of the hamate (long arrow) to the tubercle of the trapezium (arrowhead), forming the floor of the carpal tunnel. At the radial aspect of the carpal tunnel, the flexor digitorum tendons are arranged in two rows (separated by dotted line), the profundus tendons deep to the superficialis tendons. The flexor pollicis longus tendon (star) is positioned at the radial aspect of the tunnel, separated from the flexor carpi radialis tendon (curved arrow) by a ligamentous reflection of the transverse carpal ligament. The median nerve is indicated (asterisk).
This arch forms the dorsal margin of the carpal tunnel demarcated by four bony prominences: the pisiform and scaphoid tubercle proximally and the hook of the hamate and tubercle of the trapezium distally1. Tendons passing through the carpal tunnel are secured in place by the flexor retinaculum, which forms the volar margin of the carpal tunnel. The flexor retinaculum, which is generally considered synonymous with the transverse carpal ligament, extends in a proximal to distal direction from the distal radius to the base of the third metacarpal and attaches to the four bony prominences mentioned above. The flexor retinaculum thickens at the level of its attachments to the hamate and trapezium, which is also where the carpal tunnel is narrowest. The transverse diameter of the carpal tunnel averages 2 cm at this level, expanding to 2.5 cm at both its proximal and distal margins1. On MRI, this 'hourglass' configuration is depicted on coronal images through the carpal tunnel, becoming more conspicuous in the presence of bursitis (6a).
A T1-weighted coronal image through the carpal tunnel from the patient in the opening case shows the narrow waist of the carpal tunnel, accentuated by fluid in the palmar bursae.
The nine flexor tendons traversing the carpal tunnel consist of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon to the thumb along with four pairs of flexor digitorum tendons serving the index (FD2), long (FD3), ring (FD4), and little fingers (FD5), each pair consisting of a superficialis tendon and a profundus tendon. (Although the superficialis and profundus tendons originate from separate superficialis and profundus muscles in the forearm, the abbreviation 'FD' will be used for brevity to refer to both tendons as a pair, unless otherwise specified). The flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons-inserting respectively on the middle and distal phalanges-are located at the ulnar aspect of the canal and arranged in two rows, the profundus tendons dorsal to the superficialis tendons. On axial images through the carpal tunnel, the four superficialis tendons often show a U-shaped configuration with the superficialis tendons of FD3 and FD4 volar to the superficialis tendons of FD2 and FD5 (5a). The median nerve occupies a superficial position within the carpal tunnel, located just deep to the flexor retinaculum.
Palmar Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
The term 'tendon sheath' is broadly used to describe histologically distinct tissues. The classic two-layered tendon sheath is only found in certain tendons in locations of mechanical stress. The two layers consist of an outer fibrous sheath and an inner synovial sheath. The synovial sheath is composed of two sheets of synovial cells-a visceral sheet applied to the surface of the tendon and a parietal sheet applied to the inner aspect of the surrounding fibrous sheath-separated by a capillary layer of synovial fluid2,3.
Synovial tendon sheaths and bursae are fluid-filled sacs lined by a synovial membrane, acting to decrease friction between adjacent structures, allowing smooth, gliding movement. They are located throughout the body in locations where tendons are closely apposed to bones and rigid fibrous structures. The flexor tendons of the carpal tunnel are enveloped in two palmar bursae: the ulnar bursa and the radial bursa. The ulnar and radial bursae begin proximal to the carpal tunnel, usually near the distal margin of the pronator quadratus muscle, and they extend distally to the level of the mid-palm, allowing for longitudinal excursion of the tendons during normal wrist movement3. These bursae extend over a longer distance than the extensor tendon sheaths, a difference likely related to the greater range of wrist motion that takes place in flexion compared with extension4.
The smaller radial bursa surrounds the flexor pollicis longus tendon. The larger ulnar bursa surrounds the eight flexor digitorum tendons, doing so by means of three invaginations: a deep invagination between the carpal bones and the profundus tendons, a middle invagination between the profundus and superficialis tendons, and a superficial invagination between the superficialis tendons and the flexor retinaculum5. These invaginations arise from a common space at the ulnar side of the tendons adjacent to the FD5 tendon (7a). Although there are several anatomic variations in the communication patterns between the ulnar bursa, the radial bursa, and the digital flexor tendon sheaths6, a typical anatomic arrangement found in the majority of persons has been established through anatomic dissection as well as tenography in cadavers5,6,7,8.
Illustration depicting the relationship of the palmar bursae to the flexor tendons of the carpal tunnel.
Typical Patterns of Communication
Communication between the radial bursa and the FPL tendon sheath is the rule, reported in 100% of cases in both anatomic and imaging studies5,6. Communication between the ulnar bursa and the FD5 tendon sheath is slightly less common, occurring in approximately 80% of persons. Communication between the ulnar and radial bursae at the level of the carpal tunnel is common, occurring in 50%-100% of persons5,8. An 'intermediate bursa' consisting of accessory synovial sacs along the FD2 tendon has been identified as a site of communication between the radial and ulnar bursae5 (8a).
Cadaveric section through the carpal tunnel depicting communication of the radial bura (blue dotted lines) and the ulnar bursa (yellow dotted lines). Green gelatin, previously injected into the FPL tendon sheath at the level of the proximal phalanx, is seen within both the radial and ulnar bursae.
The ulnar bursa typically does not communicate with the digital flexor tendon sheaths of the index, long, and ring fingers, but rather it terminates via short digital projections at the level of the metacarpal bones, the precise level varying within and between persons (9a, 10a).
The typical anatomic relationship of the palmar bursae to the digital flexor tendon sheaths showing continuity of the radial bursa (RB) with the FPL tendon sheath (long arrow) and the ulnar bursa (UB) with the FD5 tendon sheath (short arrow). The tendon sheaths of FD2, FD3, and FD4 do not typically communicate with the ulnar bursa. The thenar and midpalmar concept of deep palmar spaces is also depicted with the thenar (T) and midpalmar (MP) spaces divided by a midpalmar septum and found deep to the flexor tendons and lumbrical muscles which have been partially resected. Some anatomic investigations do not support the existence of a midpalmar septum and instead combine the thenar and midpalmar spaces into a single 'central palmar space' (see text).
A fat-suppressed sagittal T2-weighted image from the same patient in the opening case demonstrates distension of the ulnar bursa with rice body formation secondary to atypical mycobacteria. Note the terminal digital projections of the ulnar bursa at the level of the metacarpal shaft (long arrow). The level of the carpal tunnel is denoted (short arrows).
Once they exit the digital projections, the flexor tendons continue distally without a synovial sheath for a short distance (1 to 3 cm) until they become enveloped by their respective tendon sheaths beginning at the level of the metacarpal heads and extending to the distal phalanges.
Synovial sheaths provide tendons with greater freedom of movement. The thumb and little finger are distinguished by greater range of motion than the other fingers, which may explain why the FPL and FD5 tendons are typically invested in a continuous synovial sheath. Similarly, observing that the range of flexion at the fingers exceeds the range of extension, it is not surprising that synovial tendon sheaths are present only on the flexor side3.
Anatomic Variations
Several variant patterns of communication have been described in the literature. In a series of 367 cases, there was continuity of the ulnar bursa with the tendons sheaths of the index finger in 5.1%, long finger in 4.0%, and ring finger in 3.5%8. Other variations include FD2 and FD3 tendon sheaths arising from the radial bursa6 and a single FD2 tendon sheath extending from the carpal tunnel to the distal phalanx without evidence of bursal communication8.
Digital Flexor Tendon Sheaths & Deep Palmar Spaces
In the fingers, normal flexion is facilitated by close apposition of the flexor tendons and the phalanges via the thickenings in the outer fibrous sheath known as the pulley system (see MRI Web Clinic December 2005). This proximity also facilitates the direct extension of infection between the tendon sheath and the apposing bones and joints and explains the frequent association of infectious tenosynovitis with adjacent osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Infection may also spread by migrating within the confines of the tendon sheath, which is often readily apparent on MRI.
Any tenosynovial process-infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic-of the FPL or FD5 tendon sheaths, given typical anatomy, will have the potential to spread from one tendon sheath into the other tendon sheath via the palmar bursae. In cases of infection, this results in the classic horseshoe abscess, which, with MRI, can be demonstrated in its entirety in the coronal plane (11a) or inferred from sequential axial images (as in the opening case). Proximal extension into the forearm via the carpal tunnel may also occur.
A fat-suppressed T1-weighted post-contrast coronal image of the hand at the level of the carpal tunnel in a 58-year-old woman with horseshoe abscess due to tuberculosis. Note involvement of the the FPL (short arrow) and FD5 (long arrow) tendon sheaths. The digital flexor sheaths of FD2, FD3, and FD4 are spared (arrowheads).
Tenosynovitis of the FD2, FD3, and FD4 tendon sheaths is less likely to reach the level of the wrist given the typically discontinuous relationship of these tendon sheaths with the ulnar bursa. Instead, inflammatory processes can spill from the open proximal ends of these tendon sheaths into the deep palmar spaces. Suppurative infections reaching the deep palmar spaces threaten the intrinsic muscles of the hand; without expedient surgical drainage, compartment syndrome and tissue necrosis may result.
Sagittal illustration of digital flexor tendon sheath showing the relationship of the tendon sheath (arrow) to deep potential spaces of the hand (arrowheads), typical of the FD2, FD3, and FD4 tendon sheaths.
Of the deep spaces of the hand, the central palmar space is of particular interest with respect to the digital flexor tendon sheaths. This is a potential space deep to the flexor tendons and lumbrical muscles and superficial to the interossei muscles, bound radially by the thenar eminence and on the ulnar side by the hypothenar eminence. Based largely on the work of Kanavel9, this space has traditionally been divided into two separate spaces by a 'midpalmar septum', conceptualized as an effective barrier against the spread of infection from one space to the other. Thenar space designates the region radial to the midcarpal septum and contiguous with the FD2 tendon sheath, which is separate from the midpalmar space on the ulnar side of the septum, contiguous with the FD3 and FD4 tendon sheaths (10a). Although this model still predominates in the literature, it has been rejected by some subsequent investigations10 in favor of a single central palmar space with 7 intermediate septa, which partially divide the distal portion of the central palmar space into canals for the flexor tendons, lumbrical muscles, and neurovascular bundles.
While these models predict different patterns of spread of infection within the central palmar space, they define the same pathway for such spread from the flexor tendon sheaths into this potential deep space of the hand.
Flexor Tendons Outside The Carpal Tunnel
The palmaris longus tendon and the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon are not typically surrounded by synovial sheaths. The flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon, however, is invested in a synovial sheath as it travels adjacent to the carpal tunnel at its radial aspect, sequestered within its own fibro-osseous tunnel by a reflection of the flexor retinaculum. It then passes along the volar aspect of the scaphoid and trapezium, intimate with the overlying capsule of the triscaphe (scapho-trapezio-trapezoid) joint11, en route to its insertion on the base of the second metacarpal. An understanding of this anatomic relationship is important when evaluating the FCR tendon on MRI.
The synovial sheaths of the wrist and hand may be involved by infectious and non-infectious inflammatory disease and, less commonly, infiltrative tumor and tumor-like conditions.
General Discussion and MRI Findings
Tenosynovitis refers to inflammation of a synovial tendon sheath and may be focal or diffuse. MRI findings of tenosynovitis include increased fluid signal within the tendon sheath, tendon sheath distension, and synovial proliferation. If an intravenous contrast agent is administered, there is typically synovial enhancement, especially in cases of infectious tenosynovitis12. Synovial thickening may be a prominent feature, especially in chronic or indolent processes.
The etiology of tenosynovitis is often difficult to distinguish based solely on the MRI appearance and generally requires clinical correlation. If tenosynovitis is seen bilaterally, an inflammatory non-infectious origin should be favored13.
Stenosing tenosynovitis-distinct from typical tenosynovitis-is characterized by adhesion of a tendon to a tendon sheath with associated increased tenosynovial fluid. On MRI, these adhesions typically demonstrate a hypointense, irregular appearance13.
Bursitis represents inflammation of a bursa and has imaging features similar to tenosynovitis. When inflammatory synovial tissue is present within the radial or ulnar bursa of the carpal tunnel, the process should be termed bursitis, rather than tenosynovitis5. The term tenosynovitis should be applied only to an inflammatory process within a tendon sheath (e.g., flexor tendon sheaths). The radial bursa and ulnar bursa are not typically visible on MRI unless they are abnormally distended by fluid or synovial proliferation.
Rice bodies are small fibrinous bodies that develop in the setting of chronic synovial inflammation and which are often visible on MRI. Classic teaching commonly associates rice bodies with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, numerous chronic inflammatory conditions have been associated with rice body formation. Sarcoidosis can produce a similar appearance14.
Infectious Etiologies
Infectious flexor tenosynovitis and septic palmar bursitis are usually caused by direct implantation from puncture15 or bite wounds (13a, 14a). Less commonly, the cause is hematogenous spread-characteristic of Neisseria gonorrhea-or contiguous spread from an adjacent source of infection, including entities specific to the hand, such as a felon or paronychia16.
Infectious flexor tenosynovitis and septic palmar bursitis are most commonly caused by bacterial infections, with the most frequent microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and gram-negative rods18,19,20. Bacterial infections become symptomatic within hours to days from the time of insult. The four classic clinical signs of Infectious tenosynovitis described by Kanavel are: (1) tenderness to palpation, (2) fusiform swelling of the digit, (3) flexed resting position of the involved finger, and (4) severe pain with passive extension17. A detailed clinical history and diagnostic fluid sampling are key components in guiding treatment. Empiric antibiotic therapy is initiated quickly to prevent the complications of Infectious tenosynovitis, such as adhesion formation, tendon or tendon sheath necrosis, and debilitating alterations in tendon function. Early surgical intervention is often advocated20, with techniques ranging from open drainage to closed-catheter irrigation. Additional bacterial, mycobacterial, fungal, and parasitic agents have been implicated. Patient characteristics and exposure history may provide clues to a specific microorganism.
A short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sagittal image in a 19-year-old man who suffered a bite wound during an altercation demonstrates periarticular soft tissue edema at the extensor aspect of the 3rd MCP joint (arrow), with associated septic arthritis (arrowhead) and FD3 tenosynovitis(short arrows). Note the 3rd MCP joint held in flexion, one of Kanavel's classic signs of infectious tenosynovitis.
Mycobacterial Infections
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a variety of atypical mycobacteria have been implicated in infectious flexor tenosynovitis and septic palmar bursitis.
Although uncommon, cases of tuberculous tenosynovitis and bursitis are increasing in frequency, a phenomenon attributed to growing elderly and immunocompromised populations and rising drug resistance,18,21.
Atypical mycobacterial infections involving the musculoskeletal system are most frequently present within the wrist and hand20. This association may be related to the increased risk for infectious inoculation via penetrating injuries and the abundance of synovium in the hand14. Mycobacterium marinum is a common causative species, and was first isolated in 1926 from dead saltwater fish at the Philadelphia Aquarium19. The clinical history of exposure to contaminated water is critical to the accurate diagnosis of M. marinum infection.
Unlike pyogenic infections, mycobacterial infections have a more indolent course, typically presenting over weeks to months and often with less severe symptoms. Due to the indolent course, diagnosis is often delayed; therefore, imaging can play an important role in raising the possibility of mycobacterial infection21,22,23.
Reported data have suggested that increased synovial thickening and rice body formation are findings on MRI that suggest mycobacterial infection over other causative agents21,22,23. Proper clinical management requires a high index of suspicion as cultures are frequently negative. Empiric pharmacotherapy, often in conjunction with tenosynovectomy, is the accepted treatment20.
A short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sagittal image of the long finger demonstrates synovial enhancement and proliferation (arrows) in the FD3 tendon sheath in a 28-year-old female with culture-proven Mycobacterium marinum.
Inflammatory, Non-infectious Etiologies
Manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis include tenosynovitis and palmar bursitis. The MRI findings of rheumatoid arthritis are nonspecific and include synovial proliferation, thickened enhancing synovium, and increased tenosynovial fluid volumes24 (15a,16a).
A fat-suppressed proton density axial image just proximal to the carpal tunnel demonstrates increased tenosynovial fluid (short arrows) and synovial proliferation (arrowheads) in the radial and ulnar bursae as well as multiple extensor tendon sheaths in this 45-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis.
A fat-suppressed T1-weighted post-contrast axial image at the level of the metacarpal shafts in the same patient demonstrates synovial thickening and avid enhancement (arrows).
Seronegative Arthropathies
The most commonly encountered disease processes in this group are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis. On MRI, nonspecific findings of tenosynovitis and bursitis generally do not allow differentiation of these entities based solely on imaging characteristics27.
Gout is caused by elevated serum urate levels, which leads to deposition of monosodium urate crystals (tophi) in and around joints. The MRI findings include a nonspecific tenosynovitis, with the most specific imaging features being an enhancing tophus adjacent to an osseous erosion, resulting in an overhanging edge of native eroded bone27,29.
Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition (CPPD) can occur in the flexor tendon sheaths. The resulting inflammatory process can present clinically as carpal tunnel syndrome30,31. CPPD crystal deposition disease typically demonstrates nonspecific tenosynovitis and variable enhancement following intravenous contrast administration. With MRI, detection of chrondrocalcinosis in the hand can be difficult; therefore, correlation with radiography can play an important role in accurate diagnosis.
Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease
Calcium hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease (HADD) is most commonly seen about the shoulder, but it can be present in or around any joint of the body. The flexor carpi ulnaris tendon is the most common site of involvement in the hand31,32. The typical MRI findings are calcific deposits regional to the flexor tendons that demonstrate decreased signal intensity on all imaging sequences. Tenosynovitis, bone marrow edema, and osseous erosions may be present.
Sarcoidosis is characterized by noncaseating granulomata. The musculoskeletal system is involved in approximately 1-13% of patients with this disease. MRI findings in sarcoidosis include tenosynovitis, tendinosis, bursitis, and rice bodies (17a,18a,19a). Often, a synovial or soft tissue biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis33.
A T2-weighted coronal image proximal to the carpal tunnel demonstrates numerous T2 hypointense foci, consistent with rice bodies within a markedly distended ulnar bursa (arrowheads).
A fat-suppressed T1-weighted axial image of the wrist proximal to the carpal tunnel demonstrates heterogeneous T1 signal intensity surrounding the flexor tendons.
A T2-weighted axial image of the wrist proximal to the carpal tunnel demonstrates rice body formation within a large amount of fluid in the radial and ulnar bursae (arrows). The rice bodies are not evident on the T1-weighted axial view.
Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) Tenosynovitis
The FCR tendon is invested with its own synovial sheath and generally remains isolated from disease of the palmar bursae. Rather, FCR tendinopathy is frequently associated with articular disease of the triscaphe joint, a consequence of their intimate anatomic relationship. Physical proximity makes the FCR tendon vulnerable to mechanical compression arising from triscaphe joint osteoarthritis; chronic attritional changes from encroaching osteophytes may manifest as tendinosis, tenosynovitis, or tearing of the FCR tendon (S,T). Furthermore, developmental or acquired communications between the triscaphe joint capsule and the FCR tendon sheath allow effusion, inflammation, or infection to extend from the joint into the tendon sheath11.
A fat-suppressed T2-weighted axial image from 60-year-old man demonstrates tenosynovitis and partial thickness tearing of the FCR tendon (arrow).
A fat-suppressed T2-weighted sagittal image from the same patient illustrates the relationship of the FCR tendon (arrowheads) to the osteoarthritic triscaphe joint. The scaphoid (s), trapezium (tm), and trapezoid (td) are noted.
Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions of the Synovial Sheaths
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS) and Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath (GCT)
PVNS and GCT are histologically identical benign synovial proliferative diseases. They can be categorized into four clinicopathologic subtypes based on morphology (focal or diffuse) and location (intra-articular or extra-articular)35. The familiar giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is the focal, extra-articular form of the disease, most often presenting as a nodular mass along the volar aspects of the fingers. Simple excision is usually curative. The diffuse, extra-articular form of the disease is less common and much more aggressive, widely infiltrating soft tissues and frequently recurring following excision. On MRI, diffuse-type GCT (also termed extra-articular PVNS) appears similar to conventional (intra-articular) PVNS (22a-22d) with lobulated margins, hemosiderin deposition, and contrast enhancement.
38-year-old woman with diffuse-type GCT (PVNS). T1-weighted sagittal (22a), fat-suppressed T1-weighted post-contrast sagittal (22a), T1-weighted coronal (22c), and fat-suppressed T1-weighted post-contrast axial (22d) images demonstrate the hourglass configuration of infiltrative, enhancing soft tissue within the palmar bursae. Scattered foci of low signal intensity are compatible with hemosiderin (arrows).
Tenosynovial and Bursal Chondromatosis
Tenosynovial and bursal chondromatosis is an uncommon benign neoplastic process that frequently affects the flexor tendon sheaths and palmar bursae and is histologically similar to intra-articular synovial chondromatosis. The typical MRI appearance consists of T1 intermediate and T2 hyperintense foci, which demonstrate mild enhancement with a peripheral and septal pattern after administration of intravenous contrast. Additional suggestive MRI features include a fusiform shape and location within a tendon sheath or bursa36.
The management of flexor tenosynovitis and palmar bursitis depends on the specific disease process. In cases of infection, fluid sampling is typically necessary to confirm the diagnosis and isolate a particular organism15. Prompt initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy is an important component of treatment, as failure to treat infectious tenosynovitis and septic bursitis in a rapid manner may result in tendon or tendon sheath necrosis, osteomyelitis, or septic arthritis, among other potential complications20,34.
The inflammatory arthropathies are treated with pharmacologic regimens tailored to the specific disease process (e.g., disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis in its earliest stages in an attempt to reduce morbidity)27. Tumors are typically treated with surgical resection, and tumor-like synovial processes are commonly treated with synovectomy.
Central to the imaging evaluation of the digital flexor sheaths and palmar bursae is an understanding of typical pathways of synovial communication and their implications on patterns of disease spread. A familiarity with the range of infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions that affect these structures, coupled with an understanding of the underlying anatomy, will benefit the radiologist in his or her practice.
1 Yugueros P, Berger RA. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (2007): 10-12; Jan 2007.
2 Khan KM, Cook JL, Bonar F, Harcourt P, Astrom M. Histopathology of common tendinopathies. Update and implications for clinical management. Sports Med. 1999 Jun;27(6):393-408.
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5 Aguiar RO, Gasparetto EL, Escuissato DL, Marchiori E, Trudell DJ, Haghighi P, Resnick D. Radial and ulnar bursae of the wrist: cadaveric investigation of regional anatomy with ultrasonographic-guided tenography and MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2006 Nov;35(11):828-32.
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12 Ragheb D, Stanley A, Gentili A, et. al. MR imaging of the Finger Tendons: Normal Anatomy and Commonly Encountered Pathology. European Journal of Radiology. 2005;56:296-306.
13 Chhabra, A. et al. Current Perspectives on 3T MR imaging of the wrist. Radiographics. 2012; 32:879-896.
14 Chau CLF, Griffith JF, Chan PT, et al. Rice-Body Formation in Atypical Mycobacterial Tenosynovitis and Bursitis: Findings on Sonography and MR Imaging. AJR Am J Roengeol. 2003;180:1455-1459.
15 Berquist TH. MRI of the Musculoskeletal System, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.
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22 Yao DC, Sartoris, DJ. Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis. Radiology Clinics of North America, 1995;33:679-689.
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24 McQueen FM, Stewart N, Crabbe J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis reveals a high prevalence of erosions at four months after symptom onset. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57:350-356.
25 Tehranzadeh J, Asikyan O, Anavium A, et al. Enhanced MR imaging of tenosynovitis of hand and wrist in inflammatory arthritis. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;25:814-822.
26 McGonagle D, Conaghan PG, O'Connor P, et al. The relationship between synovitis and bone changes in early untreated rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:1706-1711.
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Scapholunate Instability – An Update
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Common Peroneal Nerve Abnormalities
MR Imaging of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Trochlear Dysplasia
Wrist Ganglion Cysts
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"I stand in rows anonymous." Jorie Graham's poetry jumps into my mind as I dance between lines of mulch. There's the left lean to the ground with two gloved hands scooping, the black wood gathered up, and then the swing right for the drop in the rich line between planting rows.
I'm becoming a vegetable gardener and a flower gardener. I pat the ground around my seeds, like I did my babies' bottoms when I rocked them. These are like promises to me, future givers in tiniest form: the basil seeds before the joy of pesto and the helpless wrap of fingers in my hair as I nurse.
… Continue reading over at The High Calling.