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(Redirected from Marseille, France)
This article is about the Mediterranean city. For other uses, see Marseille (disambiguation).
"Massilia" and "Marsiglia" redirect here. For other uses, see Massilia (disambiguation) and Marsiglia (disambiguation).
Marseille (/mɑːrˈseɪ/, French: [maʁsɛj] ( listen), locally [mɑχˈsɛjə] ( listen); also spelled in English as Marseilles; Provençal: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, -ˈsijɔ]) is the second-largest city of France. The main city of the historical province of Provence, it is the prefecture of the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. It is located on the Mediterranean coast near the mouth of the Rhône. The city covers an area of 241 km2 (93 sq mi) and had a population of 852,516 in 2012.[1] Its metropolitan area, which extends over 3,173 km2 (1,225 sq mi) is the third-largest in France after Paris and Lyon, with a population of 1,831,500 as of 2010.[3]
Marselha (Occitan)
Prefecture and commune
From top to bottom, left to right: Bompard, Le Panier, Calanques National Park, Old Port and Notre-Dame de la Garde, Palais Longchamp and Marseille Cathedral
Motto(s):
Actibus immensis urbs fulget massiliensis
"The city of Marseille shines from its great achievements"
Location of Marseille
Show map of France
Show map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
12 cantons
Intercommunality
Aix-Marseille-Provence
• Mayor (since 1995)
Jean-Claude Gaudin (LR)
240.62 km2 (92.90 sq mi)
1,731.91 km2 (668.69 sq mi)
3,173.51 km2 (1,225.30 sq mi)
(Jan. 2016[1])
2nd in France
3,600/km2 (9,400/sq mi)
(Jan. 2011)
Marseillais (French)
Marselhés (Occitan)
Massiliot (ancient)
UTC+01:00 (CET)
UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
13055 /13001-13016
Dialling codes
marseille.fr
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia[4] (Greek: Μασσαλία, romanized: Massalía),[5][6] Marseille was an important European trading centre and remains the main commercial port of the French Republic. Marseille is now France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture in 2013 and European Capital of Sport in 2017; it hosted matches at the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2016. It is home to Aix-Marseille University.
View of the "Petit Nice" on Marseille's corniche (7th arrondissement) with the Frioul archipelago and the Château d'If in the background
Marseille is the second-largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjord-like inlets. Farther east still are the Sainte-Baume (a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees), the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; farther west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.[7]
The city's main thoroughfare (the wide boulevard called the Canebière) stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Farther out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château d'If, made famous by the Dumas novel The Count of Monte Cristo. The main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at Rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse (one of the city's main shopping malls). The centre of Marseille has several pedestrianised zones, most notably Rue St Ferréol, Cours Julien near the Music Conservatory, the Cours Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves off the Old Port and the area around the Hôtel de Ville. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the monumental fountain of Place Castellane, an important bus and metro interchange. To the south west are the hills of the 7th and 8th arrondissements, dominated by the basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde. Marseille's main railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement; it is linked by the Boulevard d'Athènes to the Canebière.[7]
Satellite viewEdit
Marseille and Calanques National Park from the ISS, February 2017
The city has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, mostly dry summers.[8] December, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C (54 °F) during the day and 4 °C (39 °F) at night. July and August are the hottest months, averaging temperatures of around 28–30 °C (82–86 °F) during the day and 19 °C (66 °F) at night in the Marignane airport (35 km (22 mi) from Marseille) but in the city near the sea the average high temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) in July.[9]
Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in country (is around 1,950 hours). It is also the driest major city with only 512 mm (20 in) of precipitation annually, especially thanks to the Mistral, a cold, dry wind originating in the Rhône Valley that occurs mostly in winter and spring and which generally brings clear skies and sunny weather to the region. Less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent; over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall.[citation needed]
The hottest temperature was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 26 July 1983 during a great heat wave, the lowest temperature was −14.3 °C (6.3 °F) on 13 February 1929 during a strong cold wave.[10]
Climate data for Marseille-Marignane (Marseille Provence Airport), elevation: 36 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1921–present[a]
Record high °C (°F)
(103.3) 39.7
Daily mean °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
−12.4
(9.7) −16.8
(21.6) −12.8
(0.96) 9.2
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
5.3 4.5 3.9 6.1 4.5 3.0 1.3 2.7 4.5 6.1 5.9 5.5 53.2
Source: Météo France[13] and Weather Atlas[14]
Climate data for Marseille (Longchamp observatory), elevation: 75 m, 1981–2003 averages, extremes 1868–2003[b]
(6.3) −7.0
Source #1: Météo France[10]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr[16]
Climate data for Marseille-Marignane (Marseille Provence Airport), elevation: 36 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
Mean maximum °C (°F)
Mean minimum °C (°F)
Average snowy days
Source #1: NOAA[12]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snow days)[11]
Main articles: History of Marseille and Timeline of Marseille
A silver drachma inscribed with MASSA[LIA] (ΜΑΣΣΑ[ΛΙΑ]), dated 375–200 BC, during the Hellenistic period of Marseille, bearing the head of the Greek goddess Artemis on the obverse and a lion on the reverse
Marseille was originally founded circa 600 BC as the Greek colony of Massalia and populated by settlers from Phocaea (modern Foça, Turkey). It became the preeminent Greek polis in the Hellenized region of southern Gaul. The city-state sided with the Roman Republic against Carthage during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), retaining its independence and commercial empire throughout the western Mediterranean even as Rome expanded into Western Europe and North Africa. However, the city lost its independence following the Roman Siege of Massilia in 49 BC, during Caesar's Civil War, in which Massalia sided with the exiled faction at war with Julius Caesar.
Marseille continued to prosper as a Roman city, becoming an early center of Christianity during the Western Roman Empire. The city maintained its position as a premier maritime trading hub even after its capture by the Visigoths in the 5th century AD, although the city went into decline following the sack of 739 AD by the forces of Charles Martel. It became part of the County of Provence during the 10th century, although its renewed prosperity was curtailed by the Black Death of the 14th century and sack of the city by the Crown of Aragon in 1423. The city's fortunes rebounded with the ambitious building projects of René of Anjou, Count of Provence, who strengthened the city's fortifications during the mid-15th century. During the 16th century the city hosted a naval fleet with the combined forces of the Franco-Ottoman alliance, which threatened the ports and navies of Genoa and the Holy Roman Empire.
Marseille lost a significant portion of its population during the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720, but the population had recovered by mid-century. In 1792 the city became a focal point of the French Revolution and was the birthplace of France's national anthem, La Marseillaise. The Industrial Revolution and establishment of the French Empire during the 19th century allowed for further expansion of the city, although it was occupied by the German Wehrmacht in November 1942 and subsequently heavily damaged during World War II. The city has since become a major center for immigrant communities from former French colonies, such as French Algeria.
EconomyEdit
Marseille is a major French centre for trade and industry, with excellent transportation infrastructure (roads, sea port and airport). Marseille Provence Airport is the fourth largest in France. In May 2005, the French financial magazine L'Expansion named Marseille the most dynamic of France's large cities, citing figures showing that 7,200 companies had been created in the city since 2000.[17] Marseille is also France's second largest research centre with 3,000 research scientists within Aix Marseille University.[citation needed] As of 2014[update], the Marseille metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $60.3 billion, or $36,127 per capita (purchasing power parity).[18]
PortEdit
See also: Marseille-Fos Port
The entrance to the Old Port, flanked by Fort Saint-Jean and Fort Saint-Nicolas
Historically, the economy of Marseille was dominated by its role as a port of the French Empire, linking the North African colonies of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia with Metropolitan France. The Old Port was replaced as the main port for trade by the Port de la Joliette during the Second Empire and now contains restaurants, offices, bars and hotels and functions mostly as a private marina. The majority of the port and docks, which experienced decline in the 1970s after the oil crisis, have been recently redeveloped with funds from the European Union. Fishing remains important in Marseille and the food economy of Marseille is fed by the local catch; a daily fish market is still held on the Quai des Belges of the Old Port.
The economy of Marseille and its region is still linked to its commercial port, the first French port and the fifth European port by cargo tonnage, which lies north of the Old Port and eastern in Fos-sur-Mer. Some 45,000 jobs are linked to the port activities and it represents 4 billion euros added value to the regional economy.[19] 100 million tons of freight pass annually through the port, 60% of which is petroleum, making it number one in France and the Mediterranean and number three in Europe. However, in the early 2000s, the growth in container traffic was being stifled by the constant strikes and social upheaval.[20] The port is among the 20th firsts in Europe for container traffic with 1,062,408 TEU and new infrastructures have already raised the capacity to 2M TEU.[21] Petroleum refining and shipbuilding are the principal industries, but chemicals, soap, glass, sugar, building materials, plastics, textiles, olive oil, and processed foods are also important products.[citation needed] Marseille is connected with the Rhône via a canal and thus has access to the extensive waterway network of France. Petroleum is shipped northward to the Paris basin by pipeline. The city also serves as France's leading centre of oil refining.
Companies, services and high technologiesEdit
From left to right: La Joliette neighbourhood (old docks), ferry ship docks, new port, Euroméditerranée business district (CMA CGM Tower) and surrounding areas
In recent years, the city has also experienced a large growth in service sector employment and a switch from light manufacturing to a cultural, high-tech economy.[citation needed] The Marseille region is home to thousands of companies, 90% of which are small and medium enterprises with less than 500 employees.[22][full citation needed] Among the most famous ones are CMA CGM, container-shipping giant; Compagnie maritime d'expertises (Comex), world leader in sub-sea engineering and hydraulic systems; Airbus Helicopters, an Airbus division; Azur Promotel, an active real estate development company; La Provence, the local daily newspaper; RTM, Marseille's public transport company; and Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée (SNCM), a major operator in passenger, vehicle and freight transportation in the Western Mediterranean. The urban operation Euroméditerranée has developed a large offer of offices and thus Marseille hosts one of the main business district in France.
Marseille is the home of three main technopoles: Château-Gombert (technological innovations), Luminy (biotechnology) and La Belle de Mai (17,000 sq.m. of offices dedicated to multimedia activities).[23][24]
Tourism and attractionsEdit
Pointe Rouge Beach
Palais du Pharo
The port is also an important arrival base for millions of people each year, with 2.4 million including 890,100 from cruise ships.[19] With its beaches, history, architecture and culture (24 museums and 42 theatres), Marseille is one of the most visited cities in France, with 4.1 million visitors in 2012.[25] Marseille is ranked 86th in the world for business tourism and events, advancing from the 150th spot one year before.[citation needed] The number of congress days hosted on its territory increased from 109,000 in 1996 to almost 300,000 in 2011.[citation needed]
They take place in three main sites, the Palais du Pharo, Palais des Congrès et des Expositions (Parc Chanot) and World Trade Center.[26] In 2012 Marseille hosted the World Water Forum. Several urban projects have been developed to make Marseille attractive. Thus new parks, museums, public spaces and real estate projects aim to improve the city's quality of life (Parc du 26e Centenaire, Old Port of Marseille,[27] numerous places in Euroméditerranée) to attract firms and people. Marseille municipality acts to develop Marseille as a regional nexus for entertainment in the south of France with high concentration of museums, cinemas, theatres, clubs, bars, restaurants, fashion shops, hotels, and art galleries.
EmploymentEdit
Unemployment in the economy fell from 20% in 1995 to 14% in 2004.[28] However, Marseille unemployment rate remains higher than the national average. In some parts of Marseille, youth unemployment is reported to be as high as 40%.[29]
AdministrationEdit
Main articles: Arrondissements of Marseille and Cantons of Marseille
The sectors and arrondissements of Marseille
Political majority in each sector since 2014
The city of Marseille is divided into 16 municipal arrondissements, which are themselves informally divided into 111 neighbourhoods (French: quartiers). The arrondissements are regrouped in pairs, into 8 sectors, each with a mayor and council (like the arrondissements in Paris and Lyon).[30] Municipal elections are held every six years and are carried out by sector. There are 303 councilmembers in total, two-thirds sitting in the sector councils and one third in the city council.
The 9th arrondissement of Marseille is the largest in terms of area because it comprises parts of Calanques National Park. With a population of 89,316 (2007), the 13th arrondissement of Marseille is the most populous one.
From 1950 to the mid-1990s, Marseille was a Socialist (PS) and Communist (PCF) stronghold. Gaston Defferre (PS) was consecutively reelected six times as Mayor of Marseille from 1953 until his death in 1986. He was succeeded by Robert Vigouroux of the European Democratic and Social Rally (RDSE). Jean-Claude Gaudin of the right-wing UMP was elected Mayor of Marseille in 1995. Gaudin was reelected in 2001, 2008 and 2014.
In recent years, the Communist Party has lost most of its strength in the northern boroughs of the city, whereas the National Front has received significant support. At the last municipal election in 2014, Marseille was divided between the northern arrondissements dominated by the left (PS) and far-right (FN) and the southern part of town dominated by the right-wing (UMP). Marseille is also divided in twelve cantons, each of them sending two members to the Departmental Council of the Bouches-du-Rhône department.
List of Mayors of Marseille since the beginning of the 20th centuryEdit
Gaston Defferre served as Mayor of Marseille from 1953 to 1986.
Jean-Claude Gaudin has been Mayor of Marseille since 1995.
Term start
Term end
Siméon Flaissières [fr] 1895 1901 Socialist
Marius-Justin-Albin-Hector Curet 1901 1902 Independent
Jean-Baptiste-Amable Chanot [fr] 1902 1908 Progressive Republican
Emmanuel Allard 1908 1910 Progressive Republican
Clément Lévy [fr] 1910 1910 Independent
Bernard Cadenat 1910 1912 SFIO
Eugène Pierre [fr] 1914 1919 Republican Independents
Siméon Flaissières [fr] 1919 1931 SFIO
Simon Sabiani 1931 1931 Republican Independents
Georges Ribot [fr] 1931 1935 Radical
Henri Tasso 1931 1939 SFIO
Nominated administrators 1939 1944
Gaston Defferre 1944 1946 SFIO
Marcel Renault 1946 1946 Independent
Jean Cristofol 1946 1947 PCF
Michel Carlini 1947 1953 RPF
Gaston Defferre 1953 1986 SFIO, PS
Jean-Victor Cordonnier [fr] 1986 1986 PS
Robert Vigouroux 1986 1995 DVG
Jean-Claude Gaudin 1995 incumbent DL, UMP
PopulationEdit
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±% p.a.
111,100 —
195,350 +1.14%
874,436 −0.55%
ImmigrationEdit
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017)
Because of its pre-eminence as a Mediterranean port, Marseille has always been one of the main gateways into France. This has attracted many immigrants and made Marseille a cosmopolitan melting pot. By the end of the 18th century about half the population originated from elsewhere in Provence mostly and also from southern France.[31][32][page needed]
Economic conditions and political unrest in Europe and the rest of the world brought several other waves of immigrants during the 20th century: Greeks and Italians started arriving at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, up to 40% of the city's population was of Italian origin;[33] Russians in 1917; Armenians in 1915 and 1923; Vietnamese in the 1920s, 1954 and after 1975;[34] Corsicans during the 1920s and 1930s; Spanish after 1936; North Africans (both Arab and Berber) in the inter-war period; Sub-Saharan Africans after 1945; the pieds-noirs from the former French Algeria in 1962; and then from Comoros. In 2006, it was reported that 70,000 city residents were considered to be of Maghrebi origin, mostly from Algeria. The second largest group in Marseille in terms of single nationalities were from the Comoros, amounting to some 45,000 people.[33]
Currently, over one third of the population of Marseille can trace their roots back to Italy.[35] Marseille also has the second-largest Corsican and Armenian populations of France. Other significant communities include Maghrebis, Turks, Comorians, Chinese, and Vietnamese.[36]
In 1999, in several arrondissements, about 40% of the young people under 18 were of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent).[37]
Since 2013 immigrants from Eastern Europe travel to work in the city of Marseille, attracted by better job opportunities and the good climate of this Mediterranean city. The main nationalities of the immigrants are Romanians and Poles.[38]
Largest groups of foreign residents
Population (2011)[39]
Algeria 37,673
Tunisia 32,800
Morocco 30,000
Turkey 12,283
Italy 9,094
Poland 8,227
Romania 7,134
Portugal 6,988
Spain 5,002
Bulgaria 4,902
Place of birth of residents of the city proper of Marseille in 1999
Born in Metropolitan France Born outside Metropolitan France
Overseas France Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth1 EU-15 immigrants2 Non-EU-15 immigrants
0.9% 8.8% 2.1% 9.3%
Place of birth of residents of the metropolitan area of Marseille in 1999
0.7% N/A% N/A% N/A%
1This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), and to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. Note that a foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics.
2An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
According to data from 2010, major religious communities in Marseille include:
Roman Catholic (620,000)
Muslim (174,000)
Armenian Apostolic (80,000)
Jewish (52,000)
Protestant (20,000)
Eastern Orthodox (15,000)
Hindu (4,000)
Buddhist (3,000).[40]
CultureEdit
Paul Cézanne's The Bay of Marseille, Seen from L'Estaque
Bastille Day military parade in Marseille, 2012
Marseille is a city that has its own unique culture and is proud of its differences from the rest of France.[41] Today it is a regional centre for culture and entertainment with an important opera house, historical and maritime museums, five art galleries and numerous cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants.
Marseille has a large number of theatres, including La Criée, Le Gymnase and the Théâtre Toursky. There is also an extensive arts centre in La Friche, a former match factory behind the Saint-Charles station. The Alcazar, until the 1960s a well known music hall and variety theatre, has recently been completely remodelled behind its original façade and now houses the central municipal library.[42] Other music venues in Marseille include Le Silo (also a theatre) and GRIM.
Marseille has also been important in the arts. It has been the birthplace and home of many French writers and poets, including Victor Gélu [fr], Valère Bernard [fr], Pierre Bertas,[43] Edmond Rostand and André Roussin. The small port of l'Estaque on the far end of the Bay of Marseille became a favourite haunt for artists, including Auguste Renoir, Paul Cézanne (who frequently visited from his home in Aix), Georges Braque and Raoul Dufy.
Multi-Cultural InfluencesEdit
Marseille is a city where both rich and poor neighborhoods exist, side-by-side. Although the city is not without crime, Marseille has a larger degree of multicultural tolerance. Urban geographers [44] say the city's geography, being surrounded by mountains, helps explain why Marseille does not have the same problems as Paris. In Paris, ethnic areas are segregated and concentrated in the periphery of the city. Residents of Marseille are of diverse origins, yet appear to share a similar particular identity.[45] An example of shared identity is seen at the public beaches, where ethnic groups sit on the sand together.[46] Another example is how Marseille responded in 2005, when ethnic populations living in other French cities' suburbs rioted, but Marseille remained relatively calm.[47]
Marseille served as the European Capital of Culture for 2013 along with Košice.[43] It was chosen to give a 'human face' to the European Union to celebrate cultural diversity and to increase understanding between Europeans.[48] One of the intentions of highlighting culture is to help reposition Marseille internationally, stimulate the economy, and help to build better interconnection between groups.[49] Marseille-Provence 2013 (MP2013) featured more than 900 cultural events held throughout Marseille and the surrounding communities. These cultural events generated more than 11 million visits.[44] The European Capital of Culture was also the occasion to unveil more than 600 million euros in new cultural infrastructure in Marseille and its environs, including the iconic MuCEM designed by Rudy Ricciotti.
Early on, immigrants came to Marseille locally from the surrounding Provence region. By the 1890's immigrants came from other regions of France as well as Italy.[50] Marseille became one of Europe's busiest port by 1900.[46] Marseille has served as a major port where immigrants from around the Mediterranean arrive.[50] Marseille continued to be multicultural. Armenians from the Ottoman empire began arriving in 1913. In the 1930s, Italians settled in Marseille. After World War II, a wave of Jewish immigrants from North Africa arrived. In 1962, a number of French colonies gained their independence, and the French citizens from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia arrived in Marseille.[51] The city had an economic downturn and lost many jobs. Those who could afford to move left and the poorest remained. For a while, the mafia appeared to run the city, and for a period of time the communist party was prominent.[51]
Multi-cultural Marseille can be observed by a visitor at the market at Noailles, also called Marché des Capucins, in old town near the Old Port. There, Lebanese bakeries, an African spice market, Chinese and Vietnamese groceries, fresh vegetables and fruit, shops selling couscous, shops selling Caribbean food are side by side with stalls selling shoes and clothing from around the Mediterranean. Nearby, people sell fresh fish and men from Tunisia drink tea.[51]
Tarot de MarseilleEdit
Marseille tarot card
The most commonly used tarot deck takes its name from the city; it has been called the Tarot de Marseille since the 1930s—a name coined for commercial use by the French cardmaker and cartomancer Paul Marteau, owner of B–P Grimaud. Previously this deck was called Tarot italien (Italian Tarot) and even earlier it was simply called Tarot. Before being de Marseille, it was used to play the local variant of tarocchi before it became used in cartomancy at the end of the 18th century, following the trend set by Antoine Court de Gébelin. The name Tarot de Marseille (Marteau used the name ancien Tarot de Marseille) was used by contrast to other types of Tarots such as Tarot de Besançon; those names were simply associated with cities where there were many cardmakers in the 18th century (previously several cities in France were involved in cardmaking).[52]
Another local tradition is the making of santons, small hand-crafted figurines for the traditional Provençal Christmas creche. Since 1803, starting on the last Sunday of November, there has been a Santon Fair in Marseille; it is currently held in the Cours d'Estienne d'Orves, a large square off the Vieux-Port.
OperaEdit
The Opéra de Marseille
Marseille's main cultural attraction was, since its creation at the end of the 18th century and until the late 1970s, the Opéra. Located near the Old Port and the Canebière, at the very heart of the city, its architectural style was comparable to the classical trend found in other opera houses built at the same time in Lyon and Bordeaux. In 1919, a fire almost completely destroyed the house, leaving only the stone colonnade and peristyle from the original façade.[53][54] The classical façade was restored and the opera house reconstructed in a predominantly Art Deco style, as the result of a major competition. Currently the Opéra de Marseille stages six or seven operas each year.[55]
Since 1972, the Ballet national de Marseille has performed at the opera house; its director from its foundation to 1998 was Roland Petit.
Popular events and festivalsEdit
There are several popular festivals in different neighborhoods, with concerts, animations, and outdoor bars, like the Fête du Panier in June. On 21 June, there are dozens of free concerts in the city as part of France's Fête de la Musique, featuring music from all over the world. Being free events, many Marseille residents attend.
Marseille hosts a Gay Pride event in early July. In 2013, Marseille hosted Europride, an international LGBT event, 10 July–20.[56] At the beginning of July, there is the International Documentary Festival.[57] At the end of September, the electronic music festival Marsatac takes place. In October, the Fiesta des Suds offers many concerts of world music.[58]
Hip hop musicEdit
Marseille is also well known in France for its hip hop music.[59] Bands like IAM originated from Marseille and initiated the rap phenomenon in France. Other known groups include Fonky Family, Psy 4 de la Rime (including rappers Soprano and Alonzo), and Keny Arkana. In a slightly different way, ragga music is represented by Massilia Sound System.
FoodEdit
Traditional Marseille bouillabaisse
Swordfish in olive oil with ratatouille and saffron rice
Pieds paquets
Bouillabaisse is the most famous seafood dish of Marseille. It is a fish stew containing at least three varieties of very fresh local fish: typically red rascasse (Scorpaena scrofa); sea robin (fr: grondin); and European conger (fr: congre).[60] It can include gilt-head bream (fr: dorade); turbot; monkfish (fr: lotte or baudroie); mullet; or silver hake (fr: merlan), and it usually includes shellfish and other seafood such as sea urchins (fr: oursins), mussels (fr: moules); velvet crabs (fr: étrilles); spider crab (fr: araignées de mer), plus potatoes and vegetables. In the traditional version, the fish is served on a platter separate from the broth.[61] The broth is served with rouille, a mayonnaise made with egg yolk, olive oil, red bell pepper, saffron, and garlic, spread on pieces of toasted bread, or croûtes.[62][63] In Marseille, bouillabaisse is rarely made for fewer than ten people; the more people who share the meal, and the more different fish that are included, the better the bouillabaisse.[64]
Aïoli is a sauce made from raw garlic, lemon juice, eggs and olive oil, served with boiled fish, hard boiled eggs and cooked vegetables.[62]
Anchoïade [fr] is a paste made from anchovies, garlic, and olive oil, spread on bread or served with raw vegetables.[62]
Bourride [fr] is a soup made with white fish (monkfish, European sea bass, whiting, etc.) and aïoli.[65]
Fougasse is a flat Provençal bread, similar to the Italian focaccia. It is traditionally baked in a wood oven and sometimes filled with olives, cheese or anchovies.[citation needed]
Navette de Marseille [fr] are, in the words of food writer M. F. K. Fisher, "little boat-shaped cookies, tough dough tasting vaguely of orange peel, smelling better than they are."[66]
Farinata#French variations is chickpea flour boiled into a thick mush, allowed to firm up, then cut into blocks and fried.[67]
Pastis is an alcoholic beverage made with aniseed and spice. It is extremely popular in the region.[68]
Pieds paquets is a dish prepared from sheep's feet and offal.[65]
Pistou is a combination of crushed fresh basil and garlic with olive oil, similar to the Italian pesto. The "soupe au pistou" combines pistou in a broth with pasta and vegetables.[62]
Tapenade is a paste made from chopped olives, capers, and olive oil (sometimes anchovies may be added).[69]
Films set in MarseilleEdit
Main article: List of films set in Marseille
Marseille has been the setting for many films.
Marseille in televisionEdit
The French television series Plus belle la vie is set in an imaginary quarter, Le Mistral, of Marseille. It is filmed in the Panier quarter of Marseille. Fun fact: Very few characters in the series speak with the accent of Marseille. Most of them speak with the accent of Paris or Tours.
The Netflix series Marseille is set in the city in the 2010s.
Main sightsEdit
Marseille is listed as a major centre of art and history. The city has many museums and galleries and there are many ancient buildings and churches of historical interest.
Central MarseilleEdit
Le Panier quarter with the Hotel de Ville and the church of Notre-Dame des Accoules
The Abbey of St. Victor and the basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde
Most of the attractions of Marseille (including shopping areas) are located in the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th arrondissements. These include:[70][71]
The Old Port or Vieux-Port, the main harbour and marina of the city. It is guarded by two massive forts (Fort Saint-Nicolas and Fort Saint-Jean) and is one of the main places to eat in the city. Dozens of cafés line the waterfront. The Quai des Belges at the end of the harbour is the site of the daily fish market. Much of the northern quayside area was rebuilt by the architect Fernand Pouillon after its destruction by the Nazis in 1943.
The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall), a baroque building dating from the 17th century.
The Centre Bourse and the adjacent Rue St Ferreol district (including Rue de Rome and Rue Paradis), the main shopping area in central Marseille.
The Porte d'Aix, a triumphal arch commemorating French victories in the Spanish Expedition.
The Hôtel-Dieu, a former hospital in Le Panier, transformed into an InterContinental hotel in 2013.
La Vieille Charité in Le Panier, an architecturally significant building designed by the Puget brothers. The central baroque chapel is situated in a courtyard lined with arcaded galleries. Originally built as an alms house, it is now home to an archeological museum and a gallery of African and Asian art, as well as bookshops and a café. It also houses the Marseille International Poetry Centre.[72]
The Cathedral of Sainte-Marie-Majeure or La Major, founded in the 4th century, enlarged in the 11th century and completely rebuilt in the second half of the 19th century by the architects Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérandieu. The present day cathedral is a gigantic edifice in Romano-Byzantine style. A romanesque transept, choir and altar survive from the older medieval cathedral, spared from complete destruction only as a result of public protests at the time.
The 12th-century parish church of Saint-Laurent and adjoining 17th-century chapel of Sainte-Catherine, on the quayside near the Cathedral.
The Abbey of Saint-Victor, one of the oldest places of Christian worship in Europe. Its 5th-century crypt and catacombs occupy the site of a Hellenic burial ground, later used for Christian martyrs and venerated ever since. Continuing a medieval tradition,[73] every year at Candlemas a Black Madonna from the crypt is carried in procession along Rue Sainte for a blessing from the archbishop, followed by a mass and the distribution of "navettes" and green votive candles.
MuseumsEdit
In addition to the two in the Centre de la Vieille Charité, described above, the main museums are:[74]
The Musée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée (MuCEM) and the Villa Méditerranée were inaugurated in 2013. The MuCEM is devoted to the history and culture of European and Mediterranean civilisations. The adjacent Villa Méditerranée, an international centre for cultural and artistic interchange, is partially constructed underwater. The site is linked by footbridges to the Fort Saint-Jean and to the Panier.[75][76]
The Musée Regards de Provence, opened in 2013, is located between the Cathedral of Notre Dame de la Majeur and the Fort Saint-Jean. It occupies a converted port building constructed in 1945 to monitor and control potential sea-borne health hazards, in particular epidemics. It now houses a permanent collection of historical artworks from Provence as well as temporary exhibitions.[77]
The Musée du Vieux Marseille, housed in the 16th-century Maison Diamantée, describing everyday life in Marseille from the 18th century onwards.
The Musée des Docks Romains preserves in situ the remains of Roman commercial warehouses, and has a small collection of objects, dating from the Greek period to the Middle Ages, that were uncovered on the site or retrieved from shipwrecks.
The Marseille History Museum (Musée d'Histoire de Marseille), devoted to the history of the town, located in the Centre Bourse. It contains remains of the Greek, and Roman history of Marseille as well as the best preserved hull of a 6th-century boat in the world. Ancient remains from the Hellenic port are displayed in the adjacent archeological gardens, the Jardin des Vestiges.
The Musée Cantini, a museum of modern art near the Palais de Justice. It houses artworks associated with Marseille as well as several works by Picasso.
The Musée Grobet-Labadié, opposite the Palais Longchamp, houses an exceptional collection of European objets d'art and old musical instruments.
The 19th-century Palais Longchamp, designed by Esperandieu, is located in the Parc Longchamp. Built on a grand scale, this italianate colonnaded building rises up behind a vast monumental fountain with cascading waterfalls. The jeux d'eau marks and masks the entry point of the Canal de Provence into Marseille. Its two wings house the Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille (a fine arts museum), and the Natural History Museum (Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille).
The Château Borély is located in the Parc Borély, a park off the Bay of Marseille with the Jardin botanique E.M. Heckel, a botanical garden. The Museum of the Decorative Arts, Fashion and Ceramics [fr] opened in the renovated château in June 2013.[78]
The Musée d'Art Contemporain de Marseille [fr] (MAC), a museum of contemporary art, opened in 1994. It is devoted to American and European art from the 1960s to the present day.[79]
The Musée du Terroir Marseillais [fr] in Château-Gombert, devoted to Provençal crafts and traditions.[80]
The MuCEM, Musée Regards de Provence and Villa Mediterannée, with Notre Dame de la Majeur on the right
The sixteenth century Maison Diamantée which houses the Musée du Vieux Marseille
The music room in the Grobet-Labadié museum
The Palais Longchamp with its monumental fountain
Outside central MarseilleEdit
The Calanque of Sugiton in the 9th arrondissement of Marseille
The Château d'If
Hollywood-style "Marseille" sign
The main attractions outside the city centre include:[71]
The 19th-century Basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde, an enormous Romano-Byzantine basilica built by architect Espérandieu in the hills to the south of the Old Port. The terrace offers views of Marseille and its surroundings.[81]
The Stade Vélodrome, the home stadium of the city's main football team, Olympique de Marseille.
The Unité d'Habitation, an influential and iconic modernist building designed by the Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1952. On the third floor is the gastronomic restaurant, Le Ventre de l'Architecte. On the roof is the contemporary gallery MaMo opened in 2013.
The Docks de Marseille, a 19th-century warehouse transformed into offices.[82]
The Pharo Gardens, a park with views of the Mediterranean and the Old Port.[83]
The Corniche, a waterfront road between the Old Port and the Bay of Marseille.[83]
The beaches at the Prado, Pointe Rouge, Les Goudes, Callelongue and Le Prophète.[84]
The Calanques, a mountainous coastal area, is home to Calanques National Park which became France's tenth national park in 2012.[85][86]
The islands of the Frioul archipelago in the Bay of Marseille, accessible by ferry from the Old Port. The prison of Château d'If was one of the settings for The Count of Monte Cristo, the novel by Alexandre Dumas.[87] The neighbouring islands of Ratonneau and Pomègues are joined by a man-made breakwater. The site of a former garrison and quarantine hospital, these islands are also of interest for their marine wildlife.
Education and researchEdit
A number of the faculties of the three universities that comprise Aix-Marseille University are located in Marseille:
Université de Provence Aix-Marseille I
Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille II
Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III
In addition Marseille has four grandes écoles:
Ecole Centrale de Marseille part of Centrale Graduate School
École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
The main French research bodies including the CNRS, INSERM and INRA are all well represented in Marseille. Scientific research is concentrated at several sites across the city, including Luminy, where there are institutes in developmental biology (the IBDML), immunology (CIML), marine sciences and neurobiology (INMED), at the CNRS Joseph Aiguier campus (a world-renowned institute of molecular and environmental microbiology) and at the Timone hospital site (known for work in medical microbiology). Marseille is also home to the headquarters of the IRD, which promotes research into questions affecting developing countries.[citation needed]
Motorways around Marseille
International and regional transportEdit
Marseille Provence Airport, the fifth busiest in France.
The city is served by an international airport, Marseille Provence Airport, located in Marignane. The airport is the fifth busiest French airport, and known the 4th most important European traffic growth in 2012.[88] An extensive network of motorways connects Marseille to the north and west (A7), Aix-en-Provence in the north (A51), Toulon (A50) and the French Riviera (A8) to the east.
Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles is Marseille's main railway station. It operates direct regional services to Aix-en-Provence, Briançon, Toulon, Avignon, Nice, Montpellier, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nantes, etc. Gare Saint-Charles is also one of the main terminal stations for the TGV in the south of France making Marseille reachable in three hours from Paris (a distance of over 750 km) and just over one and a half hours from Lyon. There are also direct TGV lines to Lille, Brussels, Nantes, Geneva, Strasbourg and Frankfurt as well as Eurostar services to London. In addition, the night train (Intercités de Nuit) from Luxembourg and Strasbourg stops here on its way to Nice, whereas the night train from Paris to Nice serves the Gare de Marseille-Blancarde.
There is a new long distance bus station adjacent to new modern extension to the Gare Saint-Charles with destinations mostly to other Bouches-du-Rhône towns, including buses to Aix-en-Provence, Cassis, La Ciotat and Aubagne. The city is also served with 11 other regional trains stations in the east and the north of the city.
Marseille has a large ferry terminal, the Gare Maritime, with services to Corsica, Sardinia, Algeria and Tunisia.
Public transportEdit
See also: Transportation in Marseille
Metro and tramway network
Marseille is connected by the Marseille Métro train system operated by the Régie des transports de Marseille (RTM). It consists of two lines: Line 1 (blue) between Castellane and La Rose opened in 1977 and Line 2 (red) between Sainte-Marguerite-Dromel and Bougainville opened between 1984 and 1987. An extension of the Line 1 from Castellane to La Timone was completed in 1992, another extension from La Timone to La Fourragère (2.5 km (1.6 mi) and 4 new stations) was opened in May 2010. The Métro system operates on a turnstile system, with tickets purchased at the nearby adjacent automated booths. Both lines of the Métro intersect at Gare Saint-Charles and Castellane. Three bus rapid transit lines are under construction to better connect the Métro to farther places (Castellane -> Luminy; Capitaine Gèze – La Cabucelle -> Vallon des Tuves; La Rose -> Château Gombert – Saint Jérome).
The new tramway
An extensive bus network serves the city and suburbs of Marseille, with 104 lines and 633 buses. The three lines of the tramway,[89] opened in 2007, go from the CMA CGM Tower towards Les Caillols.
As in many other French cities, a bike-sharing service nicknamed "Le vélo", free for trips of less than half an hour, was introduced by the city council in 2007.[90]
A free ferry service operates between the two opposite quays of the Old Port. From 2011 ferry shuttle services operate between the Old Port and Pointe Rouge; in spring 2013 it will also run to l'Estaque.[91] There are also ferry services and boat trips available from the Old Port to Frioul, the Calanques and Cassis.
SportEdit
The Stade Vélodrome, home of Olympique de Marseille
The city boasts a wide variety of sports facilities and teams. The most popular team is the city's football club, Olympique de Marseille, which was the finalist of the UEFA Champions League in 1991, before winning the competition in 1993. The club also became finalists of the UEFA Europa League in 1999, 2004 and 2018. The club had a history of success under then-owner Bernard Tapie. The club's home, the Stade Vélodrome, which can seat around 67,000 people, also functions for other local sports, as well as the national rugby team. Stade Velodrome hosted a number of games during the 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2007 Rugby World Cup, and UEFA Euro 2016. The local rugby teams are Marseille XIII and Marseille Vitrolles Rugby.[citation needed] Marseille is famous for its important pétanque activity, it is even renowned as the pétanque capitale.[92] In 2012 Marseille hosted the Pétanque World Championship and the city hosts every year the Mondial la Marseillaise de pétanque, the main pétanque competition.
Match Race France 2008
Sailing is a major sport in Marseille. The wind conditions allow regattas in the warm waters of the Mediterranean.[citation needed] Throughout most seasons of the year it can be windy while the sea remains smooth enough to allow sailing. Marseille has been the host of 8 (2010) Match Race France events which are part of the World Match Racing Tour. The event draws the world's best sailing teams to Marseille. The identical supplied boats (J Boats J-80 racing yachts) are raced two at a time in an on the water dogfight which tests the sailors and skippers to the limits of their physical abilities. Points accrued count towards the World Match Racing Tour and a place in the final event, with the overall winner taking the title ISAF World Match Racing Tour Champion. Match racing is an ideal sport for spectators in Marseille, as racing in close proximity to the shore provides excellent views. The city was also considered as a possible venue for 2007 America's Cup.[93]
Marseille is also a place for other water sports such as windsurfing and powerboating. Marseille has three golf courses. The city has dozens of gyms and several public swimming pools. Running is also popular in many of Marseille's parks such as Le Pharo and Le Jardin Pierre Puget. An annual footrace is held between the city and neighbouring Cassis: the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale.[citation needed]
Notable peopleEdit
See also: List of people from Marseille
Pytheas
Honoré Daumier: Sunday at the Museum
Edmond Rostand
Maurice Béjart
Marseille was the birthplace of:
Pytheas (fl. 4th century BC), Greek merchant, geographer and explorer
Petronius (fl. 1st century AD), Roman novelist and satirist
Pierre Demours (1702–1795), physician
Jean-Henri Gourgaud, aka. "Dugazon" (1746–1809), actor
Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès (1767–1846), geographer, author and translator
Désirée Clary (1777–1860), wife of King Carl XIV Johan of Sweden, and therefore Queen Desirée or Queen Desideria of Sweden
Sabin Berthelot (1794–1880), naturalist and ethnologist
Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877), first president of the Third Republic
Étienne Joseph Louis Garnier-Pages (1801–1841), politician
Honoré Daumier (1808–1879), caricaturist and painter
Joseph Autran (1813–1877), poet
Charles-Joseph-Eugene de Mazenod (1782–1861), bishop of Marseille and founder of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate.
Lucien Petipa (1815–1898), ballet dancer
Joseph Mascarel (1816–1899), mayor of Los Angeles
Marius Petipa (1818–1910), ballet dancer and choreographer
Ernest Reyer (1823–1909), opera composer and music critic
Olivier Émile Ollivier (1825–1913), statesman
Victor Maurel (1848–1923), operatic baritone
Joseph Pujol, aka. "Le Pétomane" (1857–1945), entertainer
Charles Fabry (1867–1945), physicist
Edmond Rostand (1868–1918), poet and dramatist
Pavlos Melas (1870–1904), Greek army officer
Louis Nattero, (1870–1915), painter
Vincent Scotto (1876–1952), guitarist, songwriter[94]
Charles Camoin (1879–1965), fauvist painter
Henri Fabre (1882–1984), aviator and inventor of the first seaplane
Frédéric Mariotti (1883–1971), actor
Darius Milhaud (1892–1974), composer and teacher[95][96]
Berty Albrecht (1893–1943), French Resistance, Croix de Guerre
Antonin Artaud (1897–1948), author
Henri Tomasi (1901–1971), composer and conductor
Zino Francescatti (1902–1991), violinist
Fernandel (1903–1971), actor
Marie-Madeleine Fourcade (1909–1989), French Resistance, Commander of the Légion d'honneur
Éliane Browne-Bartroli (Eliane Plewman, 1917–1944), French Resistance, Croix de Guerre
César Baldaccini (1921–1998), sculptor
Louis Jourdan (1921–2015), actor
Jean-Pierre Rampal (1922–2000), flautist
Alice Colonieu, (1924–2010), ceramist
Paul Mauriat (1925–2006), orchestra leader, composer
Maurice Béjart (1927–2007), ballet choreographer
Régine Crespin (1927–2007), opera singer
Ginette Garcin (1928–2010), actor
André di Fusco (1932–2001), known as André Pascal, songwriter, composer
Henry de Lumley (born 1934), archaeologist
Sacha Sosno (1937–2013), sculptor
Jean-Pierre Ricard (born 1944), cardinal, archbishop of Bordeaux
Georges Chappe (born 1944), cyclist
Jean-Claude Izzo (1945–2000), author
Denis Ranque (born 1952), businessman
Ariane Ascaride (born 1954), actress
Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi (born 1961), world champion slalom canoer
Eric Cantona (born 1966), Manchester United and French national team football player
Patrick Fiori (born 1969), singer
Marc Panther (born 1970), member of the popular Japanese rock band Globe
Zinedine Zidane (born 1972), professional football player and former captain of the France national football team
Romain Barnier (born 1976), freestyle swimmer
Sébastien Grosjean (born 1978), tennis player
Philippe Echaroux (born 1983), photographer
Mathieu Flamini (born 1984), football player
Rémy Di Gregorio (born 1985), cyclist
Jessica Fox (born 1994), French-born Australian slalom canoer[97]
Newsreel showing the assassination of King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou in Marseille (October 1934).
The following personalities died in Marseille:
Blessed Antoine Frédéric Ozanam, on 8 September 1853.
French poet Arthur Rimbaud, on 10 November 1891.
Brice Meuleman, 2nd Catholic Archbishop of Calcutta, on 15 July 1924.
King Alexander I of Yugoslavia was assassinated on 9 October 1934 in Marseille along with French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou.
International relationsEdit
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France
Sister citiesEdit
Marseille is currently officially twinned with 13 cities:[98], all of them being a port city, with the exception of Marrakech.
Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire[98]
Antwerp, Belgium[98]
Copenhagen, Denmark[98]
Dakar, Senegal[98]
Genoa, Italy[98]
Glasgow, United Kingdom[98]
Haifa, Israel[98]
Hamburg, Germany[98]
Kobe, Japan[98][99]
Marrakech, Morocco[98]
Odessa, Ukraine[98]
Piraeus, Greece[98][100]
Shanghai, China[98]
Tunis, Tunisia[98]
Partner citiesEdit
In addition, Marseille has signed various types of formal agreements of cooperation with 27 cities all over the world:[101]
Agadir, Morocco (2003)[101]
Alexandria, Egypt (1990)[101]
Algiers, Algeria (1980)[101]
Bamako, Mali (1991)[101]
Barcelona, Spain (1998)[101]
Beirut, Lebanon (2003)[101]
Casablanca, Morocco (1998)[101]
Gdańsk, Poland (1992)[101][102]
Istanbul, Turkey (2003)[101]
Jerusalem, Israel (2006)[101]
Limassol, Cyprus[103]
Lomé, Togo (1995)[101]
Meknes, Morocco (1998)[101]
Montevideo, Uruguay (1999)[101]
Nîmes, France
Rabat, Morocco (1989)[101]
Saint Petersburg, Russia (2013)[101]
Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina (2003)[101]
Thessaloniki, Greece[100]
Tirana, Albania (1991)[101][104]
Tripoli, Libya (1991)[101]
Tunis, Tunisia (1998)[101]
Valparaíso, Chile (2013)[101]
Varna, Bulgaria (2007)[101]
Yerevan, Armenia (1992)[101][105][106]
List of films set in Marseille
Marcel Pagnol
Marseille Marine Fire Battalion
Marseille soap
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^ see: Musée du Vieux-Marseille (2004), Cartes à jouer & tarots de Marseille: La donation Camoin, Alors Hors Du Temps, ISBN 2-9517932-7-8 , official catalogue of the permanent collection of playing cards from the museum of Vieux-Marseille, including a detailed history of Tarot de Marseille Depaulis, Thierry (1984), Tarot, jeu et magie, Bibliothèque nationale, ISBN 2-7177-1699-8
^ "Opera in Genoa, Nice, Marseille, Montpellier, Barcelona". Capsuropera.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
^ "Schmap Marseille Sights & Attractions – 6th arrond". Schmap.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
^ "Actualités". Opéra de Marseille (in French).
^ "Marseille 2013". EuroPride. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
^ "March 2013 Newsletter". FIDMarseille. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
^ "octobre, 2012 – Dock des Suds : festivals, concerts de musique et location de salles à Marseille" (in French). Dock des Suds. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
^ "In Marseille, Rap Helps Keep the Peace", Article in New York Times, December 2007 Cannon, Steve; Dauncey, Hugh (2003), Popular music in France from chanson to techno: culture, identity, and society, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 194–198, ISBN 0-7546-0849-2
^ "La bouillabaisse classique doit comporter les 'trois poissons': rascasse, grondin, congre." Michelin Guide Vert -Côte dAzur, 1990, page 31
^ [1]|History and traditional recipe of bouillabaisse on the site of the Marseille Tourism Office
^ a b c d David, Elizabeth (1999). French Provincial Cooking. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-118153-2.
^ Wright, Clifford (2002). "Real Stew". Harvard Common Press. ISBN 1-55832-199-3.
^ Jean-Louis André, Cuisines des pays de France, Éditions du Chêne, 2001
^ a b Trott 2007, pp. 104.
^ Fisher, M. F. K. (1978). A Considerable Town. New York: Knopf. p. 150. ISBN 0-394-42711-4.
^ Root, Waverley (1992) [Originally published 1958]. The Food of France. New York: Vintage Books. p. 333. ISBN 0-679-73897-5. panisso, made either of chick-pea or maize flour, boiled into a sort of mush, then allowed to cool and become more solid, when it is fried.
^ Redman, Chris (5 June 2003). "Pass the Pastis". France Today.
^ Olney, Richard (1994). Lulu's Provenc̜al Table: the exuberant food and wine from Domaine Tempier Vineyard. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 0-06-016922-2.
^ Trott 2007, pp. 251–253.
^ a b "The Highlights". Office de tourisme Marseille.
^ "Présentation du CiPM". Centre international de la Poèsie, Marseille (CiPM) (in French).
^ "Christmas Time". Office de tourisme Marseille.
^ "MuCEM and J4". Office de tourisme Marseille. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
^ "Between the sky and the sea". Villa Méditerranée. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
^ "Regards de Provence Museum". Musée Regards de Provence.
^ "Opening of the Château Borély, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, de la Faïence et de la Mode". Marseille-Provence 2013 European Capital of Culture. June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
^ "Musée d'Art Contemporain de Marseille". Saatchi Gallery. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
^ Trott 2007, p. 225.
^ "The Docks". Office de tourisme Marseille. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ "The Beaches". Office de tourisme Marseille. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ "Origins of the Calanques National Park". Parc National des Calanques. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ Trott 2007, pp. 267.
^ "Marseille-Provence bat tous les records avec 8,3 millions de passagers en 2012". Tourmag.com. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
^ "Official website of the Marseille tramway". Le-tram.fr. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
^ "Website for Le vélo" (in French). Levelo-mpm.fr. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
^ "Se déplacer – Navettes maritimes" (in French). Marseille.fr. 26 September 2004. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
^ "Boules : Marseille capitale mondiale de la pétanque en 2012". La Provence. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
^ Eric Pape (3 July 2006). "Sailing to Success". Newsweek. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
^ "Scotto Opérettes Marseillaises Accord 4762107; Classical CD Reviews – November 2006 MusicWeb-International". Musicweb-international.com. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
^ Jessula, Georges (2003). "Darius Milhaud, Compositeur de Musique". Revue Juive: 140–144. Since their marriage in 1892, Milhaud's parents lived in the Bras d'Or in Aix-en-Provence, where their son grew up; however he was delivered at the home of his maternal grandparents in Marseille.
^ Milhaud, Darius (1998). "Ma Vie heureuse". Zurfluh. ISBN 2-87750-083-7.
^ "Jewish Australian kayaker Jessica Fox takes silver medal". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Villes jumelées" (PDF). Site Officiel de la Ville de Marseille (in French). 20 July 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
^ "Kobe's Sister Cities". Kobe Trade Information Office. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
^ a b "Twinnings" (PDF). Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Accords de coopération" (PDF). Site Officiel de la Ville de Marseille (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2015.
^ "Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'" (in Polish and English). Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku. 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
^ "Limassol Twinned Cities". Limassol (Lemesos) Municipality. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ "Twinning Cities: International Relations" (PDF). Municipality of Tirana. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
^ "Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities". Yerevan Municipality Official Website. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
^ ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ [Yerevan expanding its international relations]. Yerevan Municipality Official Website (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
Palanque, J.R. (1990). "Ligures, Celtes et Grecs" [Ligures, Celts and Greeks]. In Baratier, Edouard (ed.). Histoire de la Provence [History of Provence]. Univers de la France (in French). Toulouse: Editions Privat. ISBN 2-7089-1649-1.
Abulafia, David, ed. (1999). The New Cambridge Medieval History. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
Duchêne, Roger; Contrucci, Jean (1998). Marseille, 2600 ans d'histoire [Marseille, 2600 Years of History] (in French). Paris: Editions Fayard. ISBN 2-213-60197-6.
Kitson, Simon (2014). Police and Politics in Marseille, 1936–1945. Amsterdam: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-24835-9.
Liauzu, Claude (1996). Histoire des migrations en Méditerranée occidentale [History of Migration in the Western Mediterranean] (in French). Brussels: Editions Complexe. ISBN 2-87027-608-7.
Trott, Victoria (2007). Cannon, Gwen; Watkins, Gaven (eds.). Provence. London: Michelin Apa Publications. ISBN 978-1-906261-29-0.
Cobb, Richard (2001). Marseille (in French). Paris: Allia. ISBN 978-2-84485-064-5.
Savitch, H.V.; Kantor, Paul (2002). "Cities in the International Market Place: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe". Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09159-5.
Peraldi, Michel; Samson, Michel (2006). "Gouverner Marseille : Enquête sur les mondes politiques marseillais". Editions La Découverte. ISBN 2-7071-4964-0.
Busquet, Raoul (1954). "Histoire de la Provence des origines à la révolution française". Éditions Jeanne Lafitte. ISBN 2-86276-319-5.
Attard-Marainchi, Marie-Françoise; Échinard, Pierre; Jordi, Jean-Jacques; Lopez, Renée; Sayad, Abdelmalek; Témime, Émile (2007). "Migrance – histoires des migrations à Marseille". Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. ISBN 978-2-86276-450-4. , single book comprising 4 separate volumes: La préhistoire de la migration (1482–1830); L'expansion marseillaise et «l'invasion italienne» (1830–1918); Le cosomopolitisme de l'entre-deux-guerres (1919–1945); Le choc de la décolonisation (1945–1990).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marseille.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Marseille.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marseille&oldid=906492827"


Jab Tak Hai Jaan, also known as JTHJ, is a 2012 Indian romantic drama film directed by Yash Chopra and written and produced by Aditya Chopra under their production banner Yash Raj Films.
The film features Shahrukh Khan, Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma in lead roles, making it the first film to pair Khan and Kaif and the second collaboration between Khan and Sharma after Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi. It was Yash Chopra's fourth film to feature Shahrukh Khan in the lead role, the former returning as a director after eight years post Veer-Zaara, which released in 2004.
Jab Tak Hai Jaan was Yash Chopra's last directorial venture before his death on 21 October 2012.
The background score and soundtrack were composed by A.R. Rahman, while the lyrics penned by Gulzar. The film released during the six-day Diwali weekend that began on 13 November 2012.
Jab Tak Hai Jaan received positive to mixed reviews from critics in India and positive reviews from critics overseas. It also opened well at the box office. Some sources have opined that the film might have drawn inspiration from the Graham Greene novel The End of the Affair. Box Office India declared the film a "hit" in India and a "blockbuster" overseas.
Jab Tak Hai Jaan has been widely appreciated for its direction, cinematography and the chemistry between the lead actors with Shahrukh Khan and Anushka Sharma receiving accolades for their performances, though criticism has been generated regarding its script and plot predictability. The film received several awards at popular award ceremonies including four Filmfare trophies.


Zoe Zamora advances to USA 17 under National team Camp. St Cloud Minnesota mid-July. Born and raised Las Vegas, NV. Zoe started playing hockey at age 8, now at age 15 she is a sophomore attending Shadow Ridge High School. She played AAA hockey in southern California all girls team. She is the first girl selected from the state of Nevada for ice hockey National Camp.


Making predictions for the Chinese Navy a decade in advance is difficult given the PLA's overall opacity.
China has begun construction of its sixth Type 055 destroyer at a shipyard in Dalian.
There are plenty of things we know about China under Xi Jinping -- what do we know we don't know?
A new domestically-produced warship was launched in Shanghai on June 28.
What does the People's Liberation Army Navy have in store for the Type 055?
Chinese shipbuilders are looking to international capital markets to fund their operations.


Giving a new angle to the triangular contest, two-time MLA from Dirba and sitting Congress in-charge of Amargarh segment Surjeet Dhiman has announced to contest the coming Lok Sabha election from Sangrur parliamentary seat, independently.
"Yes I have decided to contest the coming election from Sangrur as an independent candidate," Dhiman told Hindustan Times over phone, adding, "the decision has been taken on the demand of my supporters and family members, who insisted me to contest the coming election."
When asked about any pressure from any leader or political party, which persuaded him to contest the polls as his move may go in favour of SAD's Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa, he said, "In a democracy, it is the right of every citizen to contest polls, I have followed the directions of my supporters and family members. I will contest the elections against Dhindsa also."
"I had also contested the 2002 assembly polls independently. This time also, I will fight the election not to favour anybody, but on issues of unemployment and development of Sangrur," he added.
He, however, refused to say anything on which party he will support if he won the polls, saying "the decision will be taken after the results."
Though, Dhiman might be new for people of other parliamentary segments falling in the constituency, but his sudden decision is likely to affect poll prospects of the sitting Congress MP Vijay Inder Singla, who is facing tough contest from Dhindsa.
When contacted, Singla said, "Everybody knows about his political status and aspirations, but this time he has ditched the Congress party, which had given him party ticket during the last two assembly elections"
On whether Dhiman's candidature will impact his vote bank due to polarisation of Congress' votes, Singla said, "I am fighting the election on the issue of development projects, that I brought from the Centre, despite opposition of the SAD government, I don't think that anybody can divert votes against development."
It may be recalled here that Dhiman had begun his political career in 2002 by successfully contesting the Punjab assembly elections from Dhirba assembly seat, then in 2007 assembly elections, he again contested the polls from Dhirba on the Congress ticket and won.
But during the last assembly elections, the Congress again fielded him from Amargarh, as Dhirba seat was reserved for an SC candidate.


I understand now why critiquing is so important. I've been working on my WIP for close to 3 years and you can get so close that its impossible to see the little things and sometimes the big things too. I have to thank my critique partners at FFnP a chapter of RWA. They are invaluable and a really nice group of people. I've edited half the book, concentrating on POV. It's hard. I think its a stupid rule, done properly you should be able to have more than one POV in a scene but until I'm an established author, I have to follow the rules before I can break them.


text:
Secondary education in Japan
secondary education system in japan, secondary school education in japan
Secondary education in Japan is split into junior high schools 中学校 chūgakkō, which cover the seventh through ninth grade, and senior high schools 高等学校 kōtōgakkō, abbreviated to 高校 kōkō, which mostly cover grades ten through twelve
1 Junior high school
11 Instruction
12 Extracurricular activities
2 Senior high school
21 Daily Life
211 Extracurriculars
212 Free time
22 Curriculum
23 Types of schools
231 General program
232 Nontraditional schools
3 Education reforms
31 Junior high issues
32 Senior high issues
Junior high schooledit
The courtyard and classrooms wing of Onizuka Junior High School 鬼塚中学校 in Karatsu, Japan A typical Japanese classroom
Lower-secondary schools cover grades seven, eight, and nine Ages are roughly thirteen to fifteen with increased focus on academic studies Although it is possible to leave the formal education system after completing lower secondary school and find employment, fewer than 4% did so by the late 1980s
Like most elementary schools, most junior high schools in the 1980s were public schools and government funded; 5% were private schools Private schools cost about ¥558,592 US$3,989 per student in 1988, about four times more than the ¥130,828 US$934 that the ministry estimated as the cost for students enrolled in public junior high schoolscitation needed
The minimum number of school days in a year is 210 in Japan, compared to 180 in the United States However, students will typically attend school for 240 to 250 days a year A significant part of the school calendar is taken up by non-academic events such as sports days and school trips1
Teachers often majored in the subjects they taught Each class is assigned a homeroom teacher who doubles as counselor Unlike elementary students, junior high school students have different teachers for different subjects The subject teachers usually move to a new room for each 50-minute period Usually students' lunch is provided by the school itself
Instructionedit
A teachers' room at Onizuka Junior High School in Karatsu, Japan classes usually stay in one place and teachers move each period
Instruction tends to rely on the lecture methodcitation needed Teachers also use other media, such as television and radio, and there is some laboratory work By 1989 about 45% of all public lower-secondary schools had computers, including schools that used them only for administrative purposes Classroom organization is still based on small work groups, although no longer for reasons of discipline Students are expected to have mastered daily routines and acceptable behavior
All course contents are specified in the Course of Study for Lower-Secondary Schools Some subjects, such as Japanese language and mathematics, are coordinated with the elementary curriculum The curriculum covers Japanese language, English, social studies, mathematics, science, music, fine arts, industrial arts, homemaking, health, and physical education Moral education and special activities continue to receive attention2
Extracurricular activitiesedit
Many students participate in after-school clubs Sports clubs, such as baseball are especially popular among boys,34 while wind bands are the most popular club for girls4 Soccer football clubs are gaining popularity Judo clubs attract boys and girls They may be inspired by the many Japanese judo athletes who have won medals at the World Judo Championships and the Olympic Games Other popular sports clubs include tennis, basketball, gymnastics, and volleyball In every sport, many games are held between schools and at the regional level, so students have opportunities to compete
For cultural clubs, one that has gained popularity is the go club Go is a strategic board game played with black and white stones After a manga about the game was published Hikaru no Go, more schoolchildren started enjoying go Other options for students include choir and art clubs Brass band, tea ceremony, and flower arrangement clubs are popular3
Some junior high schools encourage students to take academic ability tests such as the STEP Eiken for English or the Kanji kentei for Japanese
Students in the highest grades of elementary, junior high, and senior high schools also take trips lasting up to several days to culturally important cities such as Kyoto and Nara, ski resorts, or other places3
Senior high schooledit
A high school class in 1963
Even though upper-secondary school is not compulsory in Japan, as of 2005 94% of all junior high school graduates entered high schools5 and over 95% of students graduated successfully from them compared to 89% of Americans6
To enter, students must take an entrance examination in Japanese, mathematics, science, social studies, and English,7 whether it is standardized for all public high schools in the prefecture or a test created by a private high school for that school alone7 All upper-secondary schools, public and private, are informally ranked based on their success in placing graduates in freshman classes of the most prestigious universitieswhich7 Success or failure on an entrance examination can influence a student's entire future, since the prospect of finding a good job depends on the school attendedcitation needed Thus, students experience the pressure of this examination system at a relatively early age7 Because of the importance of these exams in entering high school — even more than the scholastic record and performance evaluations from lower-secondary school — students are closely counselled in lower-secondary school so that they will be relatively assured of a place in the schools to which they apply
Daily Lifeedit
Students walk, ride bicycles, or take public transportation to school7 It is not uncommon for students to spend two or more hours each day on public transportation,7 taking time to sleep, study or socialize What they can do on the way to and from school — chewing gum, consuming snacks, reading books while walking — anything that might reflect badly on the reputation of the school7 is heavily regulated to protect that reputation7 Some schools even require students to leave seats open on buses and trains for other passengers "to demonstrate consideration"7 Each school has a unique uniform that makes its students easily identifiable to the public7
Every high school has a set of lockers for students to exchange their street shoes for a set of slippers, which in some schools are color-coded for gender7
High schools typically begin at 8:30,7 when teachers meet for a five-minute meeting, followed by homeroom8 Students assemble in their homerooms of an average of between 40 and 45 students each,7 with some schools having a weekly schoolwide assembly beforehand7 Homeroom teachers are in charge of morning and afternoon homeroom times, both about five minutes each,8 as well as a weekly one-hour long homeroom period9
The latter meeting "provides an opportunity for teachers to concentrate on student guidance Typical activities include helping students develop greater awareness of themselves as high school students, encouraging them to reflect on their summer vacations, or perhaps asking them to contemplate the forthcoming advancement from one grade to another These discussion topics are planned by teachers and scheduled in advance for the entire school year"8
During the daily homerooms the students themselves conduct what they call "toban" — taking attendance, making announcements, etc — that are shared on a rotating basis7 "Two class leaders, one male and one female are elected every trimester, and many students are assigned to specific task committees in their homeroom class9
Regular classes begin at 8:45 AM and there are four classes of 50 minutes each before lunch8 Students go to different classrooms for physical education, laboratory classes, or other specialized courses; otherwise, teachers change classrooms instead of the students for the entire day7 Students typically attend between ten and fourteen courses a year;10 however, "you don't have all of your classes every day The schedule rotates throughout the week, and in every classroom you enter you will find a schedule taped to the wall"9
Most schools do not have their own cafeteria,7 students eating in their homerooms instead,8 and unlike elementary and middle schools high schoolers do not have government-subsidized lunches9 Because of this many students bring a box lunch from home with foods such as rice, fish, eggs, vegetables, and pickles79
After lunch students have two more classes8 All students then participate in a fifteen-minute cleaning the school "osoji"79 The students work in assigned groups of between four and six students, known as han, to clean their classrooms, corridors, and school grounds9
After osoji and the afternoon homeroom meeting, or at 3:30 PM, students are free to attend extracurricular activities,78
Saturday schooling, when offered, ends at 1 PM after four courses8 As discussed below, Saturday courses were officially done away with in 2002 but many schools have either kept them or are trying to bring them back
Extracurricularsedit
In most schools, there are two types of extracurricular clubs:
sports clubs, such as baseball, football, judo, kendo, track, tennis, swimming, softball, volleyball, and rugby;
culture clubs, such as English, broadcasting, calligraphy, science, mathematics, and yearbook7
New students usually choose a club after the school year begins and only rarely change for the rest of their high school careers7 Clubs meet for two hours after school every day, many times even during school vacations7 Although there is a teacher assigned to each club as a sponsor, they often have very little input in the club's daily activities7 These clubs are an important chance for students to make friends and learn the social etiquette and relationships like the "senpai" senior/"kohai" junior dynamic that will be important in their adult lives7
However, most college bound students withdraw from club activities during their senior year to devote more time to preparation for university entrance examinations7 Homeroom teachers work with students and their parents at this time to discuss their admission prospects or career plans9
Free timeedit
Outside of school and cram schools, research done in the late 1990s showed students doing approximately two hours of homework on weekdays and about three hours of it on Sundays7 Every day students spent an average of two hours watching television, 30 minutes listening to the radio, an hour reading for fun, and less than half an hour hanging out with peers7 Parents and teachers strongly discourage teenage dating, and most young people do not begin to do so until after high school7 More recently, social media such as Line software are popular
Curriculumedit
As of the late 1990s Japanese students spent 240 days a year at school, 60 days more than their American counterparts7 even with the amount of time spent preparing for school festivals and events17 Traditionally Japanese students attended class on Saturdays;7 although education reforms from 2002 have made them no longer mandatory,6 many schools have begun to bring them back to have more time to cover the rigorous material required by the Ministry of Education
Schools have limited autonomy in developing their curriculum or choosing their textbooks Instead, although the latter are written and produced in the private sector,6 the Ministry of Education has the final say over any and all content and materials7 Typically students take three years each of mathematics, social studies, Japanese, science, and English, with additional courses including physical education, music, art, and moral studies6 In particular social studies in Japan is broken down into civics, geography, Japanese history, world history, sociology, and politics/economics6
Because the amount of mandatory courses, electives are few All the students in one grade level study the same subjects,7 although it is in upper-secondary school that differences in ability are first publicly acknowledged
Most upper-secondary teachers are university graduates Upper-secondary schools are organized into departments, and teachers specialize in their major fields although they teach a variety of courses within their disciplines Teaching depends largely on the lecture system, with the main goal of covering the very demanding curriculum in the time allotted Approach and subject coverage tends to be uniform, at least in the public schools
Types of schoolsedit
This section needs to be updated Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2014
General programedit
The most common type of upper-secondary schools has a full-time, general program that offered academic courses for students preparing for higher education
According to 2005 research, while almost 90% of Japanese students attend public schools from kindergarten through the ninth grade, over 29% of students go to private high schools6 A late-1980s study by the Ministry of Education had found that families paid about ¥300,000 US$2,142 a year for a public high school and about twice as much for a private high school; however, as the name suggests, the 2010 "Act on Free Tuition Fee at Public High Schools and High School Enrollment Support Fund" did away with all public high school tuition11
Besides being free to attend, public schools are more popular because many students and experts have found the quality of education to be much better than that at private schools12 Because of this entrance exams for public high schools are much more competitive among students than their private counterparts
Japanese vocational and technical programs include several hundred specialized courses, such as information processing, metal works, fish farming, business English, and automotive industry Business and industrial courses in particular accounted for 72% of all students in full-time vocational programs in 1989
The first-year programs for students in both academic and commercial courses are similar They include basic academic courses, such as Japanese language, English, mathematics, and science
Training of disabled students, particularly at the upper-secondary level, emphasizes vocational education to enable students to be as independent as possible within society Vocational training varies considerably depending on the student's disability, but the options are limited for some It is clear that the government is aware of the necessity of broadening the range of possibilities for these students Advancement to higher education is also a goal of the government, and it struggles to have institutions of higher learning accept more students with disabilities
Nontraditional schoolsedit
A small number of schools offer part-time classes, night school or correspondence education
Education reformsedit
International educational scores latest, 2007
8th graders average score, TIMSS
International Math and Science Study, 2007
sample Global
rank Maths Science
Rank Score Rank Score
Singapore 1 3 593 1 567
Taiwan 2 1 598 2 561
South Korea 3 2 597 4 553
Japan 4 5 570 3 554
Hong Kong 5 4 572 9 530
Hungary 6 6 517 6 539
England 7 7 513 5 542
Czech Republic 8 11 504 7 539
Russia 9 8 512 10 530
Slovenia 10 12 501 8 538
United States 11 9 508 11 520
Lithuania 12 10 506 12 519
Australia 13 14 496 13 515
Sweden 14 15 491 14 511
Armenia 15 13 499 17 488
Italy 18 19 480 16 495
Maths Highlights from TIMSS 2007
Science Highlights from TIMSS 2007
See also: Curriculum guideline and Yutori education
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology MEXT recognizes a need to improve the teaching of all foreign languages, especially English To improve instruction in spoken English, the government invites many young native speakers of English to Japan to serve as assistants to school boards and prefectures under its Japan Exchange and Teaching Program By 2005 participants numbered over 6,000 In the last few years, several school boards in Japan have relied on ALTs Assistant Language Teacher from private dispatch companies
As part of the movement to develop an integrated curriculum and the education reform movement of the late 1980s, the entire Course of Study for Lower-Secondary Schools was revised in 1989 and took effect in the 1992–93 school year A main aim of the reform is to equip students with the basic knowledge needed for citizenship In some measure, this means increased emphasis on Japanese history and culture, as well as understanding Japan as a nation and its relationships with other nations of the world The course of study also increased elective hours, recommending that electives be chosen in light of individual student differences and with an eye toward diversification
A further revision to the Fundamental Law of Education was carried out on 22 December 200613 The revised law leaves the structure of schooling basically the same but includes new emphases on respect for Japanese culture Article 25, school discipline Article 62, and parental responsibility Article 1014
Junior high issuesedit
Two problems of great concern to educators and citizens began to appear at the lower-secondary level in the 1980s: bullying, which remains a major problem, and the school-refusal syndrome toko kyohi; manifested by excessive absenteeism, which was on the rise15 In 2008, there were 42,754 incidents of problematic behavior in junior high schools, according to a government survey16
Experts disagreed over the specific causes of these phenomena, but there is general agreement that the system offers little individualized or specialized assistance, thus contributing to disaffection among those who can not conform to its demands or who are otherwise experiencing difficulties Another problem concerns Japanese children returning from abroad These students, particularly if they have been overseas for extended periods, often need help in reading and writing — and in adjusting to rigid classroom demands Even making the adjustment does not guarantee acceptance Besides having acquired a foreign language, many of these students have also acquired foreign customs of speech, dress, and behavior that mark them as different
Senior high issuesedit
The upper-secondary curriculum underwent thorough revision in 1989 That year a new Course of Study for Upper-Secondary Schools was announced that was to be phased in beginning with the tenth grade in 1994, followed by the eleventh grade in 1995 and the twelfth grade in 1996 Among noteworthy changes is the requirement that male and female students take a course in home economics The government is concerned with instilling in all students an awareness of the importance of family life, the roles and responsibilities of family members, the concept of cooperation within the family, and the role of the family in society The family continues to be an extremely important part of the social infrastructure, and the ministry clearly is interested in maintaining family stability within a changing society Another change of note was the division of the old social studies course into history-and-geography and civics courses
Reed, Steven R Japanese Prefectures and Policymaking University of Pittsburgh Press, July 15, 1986 ISBN 0822976412, 9780822976417
^ a b Shields, James J 31 May 2004 Japanese Schooling: Patterns of Socialization, Equality, and Political Control Penn State Press pp 82–84 ISBN 978-0-271-02340-3 Retrieved 16 November 2012
^ With a Mighty Hand, New Republic, March 19, 2011
^ a b c http://web-japanorg/kidsweb/explore/schools/indexhtml
^ a b Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools by David G Hebert Springer press, 2011
^ STATISTICAL ABSTRACT 2006 edition<http://wwwmextgojp/english/statist/indexhtm>
^ a b c d e f http://wwwuncedu/world/2006_K12Symp/Post-Program/Middle_Lesson_Planpdf
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Marcia, Johnson L and Jeffrey R Johnson "Daily Life in Japanese High Schools" ERIC Digest October 1996 ERIC Identifier: ED406301
^ a b c d e f g h http://memberstripodcom/h_javora/jed8htm
^ a b c d e f g h Japanese Education in the 21st Century, Miki Y Ishikida, June 2005, p 101
^ http://wwwmangatutorialscom/tut/jschool2php
^ 1
^ Reed, p 119
^ "MEXT : Basic Act on Education Provisional translation" The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Retrieved April 19, 2016
^ Comparison of old and current law on Japan Focus an Asian Pacific e-journal accessed at December 11, 2008
^ Free to Be by Miki Tanikawa, The New York Times January 12, 2002
^ Yomiuri Shimbun 2/12/2009
Benjamin, Gail Japanese Lessons: A Year in a Japanese School through the Eyes of an American Anthropologist and Her Children New York: New York University Press, 1998
DeCoker, Gary, editor National Standards and School Reform in Japan and the United States New York: Teachers College Press, 2002
Ellington, Lucien "Beyond the Rhetoric: Essential Questions about Japanese Education" Footnotes, December 2003 Foreign Policy Research Institute's website: http://wwwfpriorg
Eades, JS et al, editors The 'Big Bang' in Japanese Higher Education: The 2004 Reforms and the Dynamics of Change Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2005
Fukuzawa, Rebecca Erwin and Gerald K Letendre Intense Years: How Japanese Adolescents Balance School, Family, and Friends New York: Routledge Falmer, 2000
Goodman, Roger and David Phillips, editors Can the Japanese Change Their Education System Oxford: Symposium Books, 2003
Guo, Yugui Asia's Educational Edge: Current Achievements in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, and India New York: Lexington Books, 2005
Letendre, Gerald K Learning to Be Adolescent: Growing Up in US and Japanese Middle Schools New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000
Masalski, Kathleen 2001 "Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies" A Japan Digest produced by the National Clearinghouse for US-Japan Studies Full text at http://wwwindianaedu/~japan/Digests/textbookhtml
Rohlen, Thomas P JAPAN'S HIGH SCHOOLS Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983 ED 237 343
Seo, Kanehide THE LIFE OF A SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT Tokyo: International Society for Educational Information, 1986
Tomlinson, Tommy "Hard Work and High Expectations: Motivating Students to Learn" Issues in Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Washington, DC Report April 1992 ED 345 871
White, Merry THE MATERIAL CHILD: COMING OF AGE IN JAPAN AND AMERICA New York: The Free Press, 1993
Wray, Harry Japanese and American Education: Attitudes and Practices Westport, Conn: Bergin and Garvey, 1999
Education in Japan
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