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Virginia Signs Sweeping Gun Control Legislation Into Law
April 29, 2020 / Comments (9)
Gun Rights Emerging Threats Firearms
Have you heard about the Virginia gun control laws? Today, let's take a deep dive into what these laws state. After all, ignorance is not an excuse!
1 Virginia Gun Control Laws | What You Should Know About Them
1.1 SB70/HB2
1.2 SB240/HB674
1.3 SB69/HB812
1.4 HB9
1.5 HB1083
Virginia Gun Control Laws | What You Should Know About Them
This month in Virginia, Governor Ralph Northam signed multiple gun control measures into law. The laws were proposed in the wake of the mass shooting at Virginia Beach in May 2019 that killed 12 people and injured 4 others.
Governor Northam calls the legislation "common sense laws" that will make communities safer and save lives. Northam has consistently fought for increased gun control measures during his time as governor.
Five bills were signed into law and carry penalties ranging from a Class 1 misdemeanor to a Class 4 felony.
SB70/HB2
SB70 is identical to HB2 and makes background checks a requirement for all firearm purchases and transfers.
This includes firearms purchased at shows and those transferred privately between two citizens. Background checks are permitted to take up to three days to complete.
Selling or transferring a firearm without a background check will now be a Class 1 misdemeanor, which can result in up to 12 months in jail and a fine of up to $2,500.
SB240/HB674
This bill creates a procedure that can separate an individual from their firearms for up to 180 days using the terminology, "a person who poses a substantial risk of injury to himself or others."
An Emergency Substantial Risk Order can be issued in general district court, circuit court, or juvenile and domestic relations district court.
The initial Emergency Substantial Risk Order will last for 14 days, but extensions can be applied for up to 180 days.
During this time, the person who has had their firearms seized by law enforcement cannot purchase, possess, or transport a firearm. They are disqualified from having a concealed handgun permit and cannot be employed by a firearms dealer.
Anyone who supplies a firearm to a person with a warrant or who is the subject of a substantial risk order is guilty of a Class 4 felony. Class 4 felonies in Virginia come with a prison sentence of 2-10 years and a fine of up to $100,000.
This bill also creates a registry to record all prior substantial risk orders issued.
SB69/HB812
Purchasing more than one handgun in a 30-day period is now a Class 1 misdemeanor in Virginia. There are still exceptions; those include:
People with an enhanced background check that have been issued a certificate by the Department of State Police
Law enforcement agencies and officers
Licensed firearms dealers
State and local correctional facilities
Licensed private security companies
Those in possession of a valid VA concealed handgun permit
Those whose handgun has been lost or stolen, or someone trading in a handgun
Purchases of handguns in private sales, or antique firearms
HB9 requires reporting of a lost or stolen firearm within 48 hours of discovering it lost or stolen. The report must be made to the Department of State Police, who will then report to the National Crime Information Center.
Failure to report can result in a fine of $250.
This law increases the penalty for recklessly leaving a loaded, unsecured firearm in the presence of a child under the age of 14 years old. Previously a Class 3 misdemeanor carrying a fine of up to $500, the penalty is now increased to a Class 1 misdemeanor.
In 2019, Virginia ranked #31 on Guns and Ammo's Best States for Gun Owners list. Major legislation was defeated last year prior to the Virginia Beach shooting. Governor Northam immediately ramped up gun control efforts after the shooting on May 31, 2019.
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willis fath says:
By constitutional law his laws are void/ bougs! shall not infringe! which he has done multiple times now. Virginiaians should twll this jackass were to get off at! and the police shouldn't enforce unconstitutional laws either! they took the oath to uphold the constitution when they we're sworn in to the job.
You get what you vote for, Virginians deserve every law the libs pass. Maybe the rest of the states will wake up. { I doubt it }
Linda Nilsson-Apolzer says:
I'm in Tennessee. I would rather heart about our laws..not another state.
WTPOTUS says:
Listen chuckle – not everyone voted for this jackass Democrat – nor to have him boot lick Bloomberg to get his $$ – DONT put us all in the same vote – it's not even your home state 🤨
Robert Seay says:
The problem is that it is like cancer. Some other blue states are going to try it! If successful, then the Federallies will be ready to take away our protection from them. Instead of voter ID's, we need voter IQ's. Dumbasses send these assholes to govern the people that know how to take care of themselves.
About 99.9% of VA is not supportive of these laws and have openly defied the state. Law enforcement has stood up for the Constitution, rejecting any laws which violate the Constitutional rights of the citizenry.
Tomme-Liam Bradaigh says:
Well if, as you state, "…99.9% of VA is not supportive of these laws…," please then explain how these so-called Progressive Democrats ever got elected to pass these so-called "gun safety" laws…???
gil mojica says:
"What country can preserve its liberties if its rulers are not warned from time to time that their people preserve the spirit of resistance? Let them take arms." Thomas Jefferson
www.voucherplace.co.uk says:
The introduction of computers as well as the net redefines the manner
in which you perform and acquiring their activity.


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2010| April-June | Volume 35 | Issue 2
Online since July 29, 2010
A study to evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of central India
Sanjay Dixit, Harish Shukla, AK Bhagwat, Arpita Bindal, Abhilasha Goyal, Alia K Zaidi, Akansha Shrivastava
April-June 2010, 35(2):339-341
DOI:10.4103/0970-0218.66878 PMID:20922119
[FULL TEXT] [PDF] [Mobile Full text] [EPub] [CITATIONS] [PubMed]
Alcohol use and implications for public health: Patterns of use in four communities
N Girish, R Kavita, G Gururaj, Vivek Benegal
Background: Alcohol is one of the leading causes of death and disability globally and in India. Information on quantum and pattern of consumption is crucial to formulate intervention programs. Objectives: To identify the extent and pattern of alcohol use in urban, rural, town and slum populations using a uniform methodology. Materials and Methods: Door-to-door survey was undertaken and simple random sampling methodology was adopted; households were the primary sampling unit. One respondent in each alcohol-user household was randomly chosen for detailed interview. Results: Overall, 13% of males and females consumed alcohol. Proportion of users was greater in town (15.7%) and among 26-45 years (67.4%). Whisky (49%) and arrack (35%) were the preferred types and the preferences differed between rural (arrack) and urban (beer) areas. Nearly half (45%) of rural population were very frequent users (consuming daily or every alternate-days) as against users in town (23%) or slum (20%). Two-thirds were long-term users and the proportions were greater in the rural and town areas. While, overall 17% of the users were heavy-users, frequent-heavy-drinking was more in slum and rural areas. Nearly two-thirds consumed alcohol in liquor-shops, restaurants, bars and pubs. Habituation and peer-pressure were the key reasons for alcohol use. Conclusions: The study documented alcohol use and patterns of use in four different communities particularly in transitional areas using similar methodology. Many of the patterns identified are detrimental to health both immediate and over the long period of time.
Assessment of malnutrition among adolescents: Can BMI be replaced by MUAC
Aparajita Dasgupta, Arindam Butt, Tushar Kanti Saha, Gandhari Basu, Amitava Chattopadhyay, Anindya Mukherjee
Objectives: To find out the magnitude of malnutrition among the adolescents of an urban slum of Kolkata study population. To compare the middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) with that of body mass index (BMI) for determination of nutritional status of the study population. Materials and Methods: This was a school-based descriptive epidemiological study done among adolescent male students aged 10-19 years in the service area of Urban Health Centre, Chetla. The school is an all boy's government aided school and all the students reside in the Chetla slum, the largest slum of Kolkata. Anthropometric measurements of the students of one section selected from each class i.e. class V to XII were recorded. Results: Results showed 47.93% of study population as per BMI and 60.30% as per MUAC were malnourished. Evaluation of screening test showed MUAC as a marker was 94.6% sensitive and 71.2% specific. A correlation between measurements of MUAC and BMI was demonstrated (r=0.822; SE=0.035; 95% CI; P=0.000000; r2 =0.74).
Principles and Practice of Biostatistics by J V Dixit
Pramod K Gupta
Patterns of tobacco use across rural, urban, and urban-slum populations in a North Indian community
Vivek Gupta, Kapil Yadav, K Anand
Background: Tobacco is the leading cause of mortality globally and in India. The magnitude and the pattern of tobacco consumption are likely to be influenced by the geographical setting and with rapid urbanization in India there is a need to study this differential pattern. Aim: The aim was to study the rural, urban, and urban-slum differences in patterns of tobacco use. Settings: The study was conducted in Ballabgarh block, Faridabad district, Haryana, and was a community-based cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in years 2003-2004 using the WHO STEPS approach with 7891 participants, approximately equal number of males and females, selected using multistage sampling from urban, urban-slum, and rural strata. Statistical Analysis: The analysis was done using the SPSS 12.0 statistical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Direct standardization to the WHO world standard population was done to and chi-square and ANOVA tests were used for comparison across three study settings. Results: Self-reported tobacco use among males was as follows: urban 35.2%; urban-slums 48.3%; and rural 52.6% (P value <0.05). Self-reported tobacco use among females was as follows: Urban 3.5%; urban-slums 11.9%; and rural 17.7% (P value <0.05). More males reported daily bidi (tobacco wrapped in temburini leaf) smoking (urban 17.8%, urban-slums 36.7%, rural 44.6%) than cigarette use (urban 9.6%, urban-slums 6.3%, rural 2.9%). Females using smoked tobacco were almost exclusively using bidis (urban 1.7%, 7.9%, 11% in rural). Daily chewed tobacco use had urban, urban-slum, and rural gradients of 12%, 10.5%, and 6.8% in males respectively. Its use was low in females. Conclusion: The antitobacco policies of India need to focus on bidis in antitobacco campaigns. The program activities must find ways to reach the rural and urban-slum populations.
Relationship of personal hygiene with nutrition and morbidity profile: A study among primary school children in South Kolkata
Soumya Deb, Sinjita Dutta, Aparajita Dasgupta, Raghunath Misra
Background: Majority of the health problems affecting school children are preventable by promotion of hygienic practices through proper health education by the teachers, who are the first contacts. Objectives: The study was undertaken to find out the status of nutrition and personal hygiene among primary school children and their association with their varied morbidity profiles. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in a primary school situated in the largest slum of Kolkata. Results: The participants included 103 boys and 81 girls, with a mean age of 6.2 years. The mean personal hygiene score of the girls (4.15 ± 0.98) was significantly higher than that of boys (3.2 ± 1.4) [P<0.05]. Most of the boys (54.37%) and girls (74.07%) were normally nourished as per the CDC growth chart. Over 70% of the children were suffering from one or more morbidities, the most common morbidity in both the sexes being pallor, followed by worm infestation. Personal hygiene scores were significantly higher (P<0.05) among those children who were normally nourished as well as those who did not suffer from any morbidity in the last 15 days. Conclusions: Care should be taken to improve the pitiable state of personal hygiene and poor sanitary practices of these school children through coordinated and concerted health education measures by teachers as well as parents.
8,321 1,300 5
Arsenic contamination of ground water and its health impact on population of district of Nadia, West Bengal, India
Debendra Nath Guha Mazumder, Aloke Ghosh, Kunal Kanti Majumdar, Nilima Ghosh, Chandan Saha, Rathindra Nath Guha Mazumder
Background: The global health impact and disease burden due to chronic arsenic toxicity has not been well studied in West Bengal. Objective: To ascertain these, a scientific epidemiological study was carried out in a district of the state. Materials and Methods: Epidemiological study was carried out by house-to-house survey of arsenic affected villages in the district of Nadia. A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for this survey for the selection of the participants. A total number of 2297 households of 37 arsenic affected villages in all the 17 blocks were surveyed in the district. Result: Out of 10469 participants examined, prevalence rate of arsenicosis was found to be 15.43%. Out of 0.84 million people suspected to be exposed to arsenic, 0.14 million people are estimated to be suffering from arsenicosis in the district. Highest level of arsenic in drinking water sources was found to be 1362 μg/l, and in 23% cases it was above 100 μg/l. Majority of the population living in the arsenic affected villages were of low socio-economic condition, inadequate education and were farmers or doing physical labour. Chronic lung disease was found in 207 (12.81%) subjects among cases and 69 (0.78%) in controls. Peripheral neuropathy was found in 257 (15.9%) cases and 136 (1.5%) controls. Conclusion: Large number of people in the district of Nadia are showing arsenical skin lesion. However, insufficient education, poverty, lack of awareness and ineffective health care support are major factors causing immense plight to severely arsenic affected people.
Censoring in clinical trials: Review of survival analysis techniques
Shankar Prinja, Nidhi Gupta, Ramesh Verma
Estimation of the incidence of bacterial vaginosis and other vaginal infections and its consequences on maternal/fetal outcome in pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in a tertiary care hospital in North India
Indu Lata, Yashodhara Pradeep, Sujata , Amita Jain
Aims: This study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and other vaginal infections during pregnancy and its association with urinary tract infections (UTI) and its consequences on pregnancy outcome, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Settings and Design: Prospective cohort study. Materials and Methods: The present prospective cohort study was conducted on 200 women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) of a tertiary hospital. All pertinent obstetric and neonatal data covering antenatal events during the course of pregnancy, delivery, puerperium and condition of each newborn at the time of birth were collected. BV was detected by both Gram stain and gold standard clinical criteria (Amsel's composite criteria). Statistical analysis used: Data were analyzed using SPSS version 9. Fischer's exact test, chi square tests and Student's' test has been used for analysis. The probability of 5% was considered as significant for continuous variables such as age, period of gestation and birth weight. Odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) with 95% probability were determined. Results: The incidence of bacterial vaginosis was 41 in 200 patients. Adverse outcomes such as preterm labor, PROM and fetal complications were found more in pregnant women who had bacterial vaginosis (N=41), bacterial vaginosis with UTI (N=14) as compared to those without bacterial vaginosis (N=118). Conclusions: The incidence of poor pregnancy outcome was higher in bacterial vaginosis with UTI. Prevention of BV and UTI is cost effective to minimize the pregnancy-related complications and preterm labor to decrease in perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity. We recommend all antenatal patients should be screened for the presence of bacterial vaginosis, other infections and UTI.
Work-related musculoskeletal disorder: An occupational disorder of the goldsmiths in India
Tirthankar Ghosh, Banibrata Das, Somnath Gangopadhyay
Background: Gold ornament making industries are one of the widespread small-scale industries of India. These industries belong to the unorganized sector of the state. A large number of goldsmiths are working there for prolonged period in cross leg posture at semi-confined workstation. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify Occupational Disorder of the Goldsmiths in India. Materials and Methods: In the spresent study, 120 male goldsmiths were randomly selected from the Davangere district of Karnataka. A detailed questionnaire study on discomfort feeling was done by the modified Nordic questionnaire, which considering the information about work nature, job stress and discomfort feeling. The existing workstations were assessed by the measurement of work areas. Analysis of body posture by rapid upper limb assessment was done to evaluate the work stress during their job. Results: From the analysis, it was revealed that MSDs were the major problem of the goldsmiths. The activities of the goldsmiths were also highly repetitive. Moreover, the questionnaire study revealed that most of the workers were affected by occupational disorder like pain at neck (80%), shoulder (20%), wrist (45%), and low back (75%) and also eye problem like irritation (30%) and burning sensation (70%). They also perform their job in hazardous postures. It was recorded that the workstations were poorly illuminated (19 Lux) in respect to precision work. Accidents like cut and burn occurred frequently due to the unsafe condition of the workstation. Conclusions: From the observation and analysis of the result it was concluded that health of the goldsmiths were highly affected improper body posture and workload. Twisting, bending, and over-reaching are the resultant of poorly designed workstation. These actions force them into a non-neutral position that increases the overall discomfort and pain at the lower back, neck, and shoulders. Moreover, lack of proper illumination at work site also exerts an additional adverse effect on the health of the goldsmiths.
A study on domestic violence against adult and adolescent females in a rural area of West Bengal
Madhutandra Sarkar
Background: Globally, domestic violence against females is common across culture, religion, class and ethnicity. There are various reasons for domestic violence and it might have serious health outcomes. Objectives: The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, characteristics, reasons and the socio-demographic correlates of domestic violence, if any, and to find out the perceptions of the females to cope with the act of violence and to overcome the situation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was undertaken by interviewing 141 adult and adolescent females residing in a village of West Bengal, with the help of a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Data were analyzed statistically by simple proportions and tests of significance (Chi-square test). Results: Out of 141 respondents, 33 (23.4%) adult and adolescent females in this village were exposed to domestic violence in the past year. Among the demographic characteristics, statistically significant maximum prevalence was observed among 30-39 years age group, illiterate and unmarried females. For most of the females who were exposed to domestic violence, their husbands acted as the perpetrators (72.73%) and they reported slapping as the specific act of physical assault (72.73%). Majority of the respondents reported that opportunity of education (31.9%), being economically productive (31.9%) and better family income (23.4%) would help them to overcome the situation. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for justified female empowerment and this calls for multidisciplinary approach to develop public health measures, which would most effectively address the problem of domestic violence.
Tobacco use among adolescent students and the influence of role models
Rahul Sharma, Vijay L Grover, Sanjay Chaturvedi
Background: Seventy per cent of premature deaths among adults are due to behavioral patterns that emerge in adolescence, including smoking. Objective: The objective was to study the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescent students in South Delhi and its epidemiological correlates. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Setting: Three schools and two colleges of South Delhi were chosen. There were 550 adolescent students aged 14-19. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using proportions, the chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 88 (16.0%) students reported having ever tried cigarette or bidi smoking. The prevalence of current smoking was 7.1%. Exactly 10% (55) of the students reported having ever used smokeless forms of tobacco. The prevalence of tobacco use overall was found to be 20.9%, and was significantly higher (P=0.016) among the males than the females. Tobacco use was found to be significantly associated with having seen a brother/sister smoke (OR 5.15), best friend smoke (OR 2.92), and belonging to a nuclear family (OR 1.96). Conclusions: Tobacco use is still an important risk behavior among adolescent students. This study found a strong association of tobacco use by the adolescents with their having seen various role models ever smoking.
Awareness and perceptions of school children about female feticide in urban Ludhiana
Anurag Chaudhary, Mahesh Satija, Sarit Sharma, GPI Singh, RK Soni, RK Sachar
Background: Although the Indian girl child's position is precarious throughout the country, she remains the most vulnerable in Punjab. Objectives: To assess the awareness and perceptions of school children regarding female feticide. Study Design: Cross- sectional study. Materials and Methods: The study involved collection of information regarding knowledge and perception of school students about female feticide using multiple choice questionnaire. A total of 527 students between the age group of 11-18 years of various schools of district Ludhiana, Punjab were the study subjects. They had come to participate in the poster competition on organ donation (SAARC Transplant games), organized by Department of Community Medicine, D.M.C and H, Ludhiana. Results: Out of total 527 students, 97.9% were aware of female feticide. Main source of information was TV (56%), followed by newspaper (33%). Majority of the students (65.2 %) felt that discrimination between boys and girls is prevalent in the society. Regarding perception of school students for curbing this social evil, 37.8% school students were of the view that awareness among the masses is the solution to stop this practice, while 25% of the students responded that equal status to girls will stop this practice of female feticide. Conclusions: The school students had optimum level of awareness about female feticide and almost all of them strongly felt that this harmful practice should be stopped altogether.
Body image perception and attempts to change weight among female medical students at Mangalore
D Priya, KS Prasanna, S Sucharitha, Nafisa C Vaz
Background: Assessing body image self-perception has used BMI as an indicator of nutritional status. The visual analogue scale is a highly effective instrument for assessing people's level of dissatisfaction with their body weight while evaluating the perceptual component of body image. Objective: By knowing body mass index of female medical students, to find out their pattern of body image perception and any attempts done to change their weight. Materials and Methods: All the students residing in MBBS ladies hostel were included in this study and a questionnaire regarding body image perception, diet, physical activity and attempts to change weight was instituted. Their responses were collected, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. Results: Among 147 study subjects, according to BMI, 25(17%) were undernourished while 111(75.5%) and 11(7.5%) were normally nourished and overweight respectively. 35(23.8%) of the subjects felt they were lean, 95(64.6%) felt they were normal and 17(11.6%) felt they were overweight. Regarding image satisfaction, 98(66.7%) of them were satisfied with their image and out of 49 who were not satisfied 30 (20.4 %) wanted to reduce weight. Skipping meals was practiced by 42 (28.6%) of subjects. Conclusion: About 75.5% of the study group were having normal BMI. Most of them perceived their image correctly regarding to their weight. Most of the underweight and all overweight females were not satisfied. Underweight females preferred to gain weight and overweight females preferred to lose weight.
Epidemic investigation of the jaundice outbreak in Girdharnagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 2008
Naresh T Chauhan, Prakash Prajapati, Atul V Trivedi, A Bhagyalaxmi
Background: Since 1976, seven outbreaks of hepatitis E occurred in Ahmedabad. Clusters of jaundice cases were reported on June 19, 2008, by a civic center, Girdharnagar ward, Ahmedabad. Objectives: The objectives were as follows: (1) to identify the etiological agent, source of outbreak, and mode of transmission; (2) to propose a control measure based on the outbreak investigation. Materials and Methods: We defined a case as an acute illness with (a) a discrete onset of symptoms and (b) jaundice or elevated serum aminotransferase levels, from March to September 2008 in the households of the Girdharnagar ward. We collected data through a door-to-door survey and hospital records. We described the outbreak in terms of time, place, and person. We collected laboratory investigation reports of case patients admitted to the civil hospital. To test our hypothesis we conducted a retrospective cohort study to find out the relative risk for hepatitis. We conducted environment investigation to find out the source of contamination of water supply. Results: A total 233 case patients of hepatitis were identified with the attack rate of 10.9/1000 population. Cases were reported in all the age groups with a higher attack rate in the age group of 20-29 years (18.5/1000). Out of 17 case patients, 16 were positive for the hepatitis E IgM antibody. The attack rate was two times more among those who were exposed to the leaking pipeline than the non-exposed (RR=2.3, 95% CI 1.76, 2.98). Environmental investigation also confirmed the sewage contamination of drinking water in the distribution system. Conclusion: The outbreak was due to hepatitis E virus. We recommended a temporary alternative water supply, repair of the leakages, and water quality surveillance.
Increased prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in male adults of sahariya tribe of India: A revised survey
PR Sharma, Sanjay Jain, RNK Bamezai, PK Tiwari
Background: A survey made in 1991-92, reported Sahariya, a primitive tribe of India (M. P.), having high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. No follow-up study was undertaken thereafter. Objective: The present study was aimed to know the current status of tuberculosis (TB) in Sahariya after more than a decade of the last survey of 1991-92, as compared to that in Bhil, another primitive tribe living in the same area but never investigated for TB incidence. Materials and Methods: A total of 763 random sputum smears from Sahariya and 169 sputum smears from Bhil were screened for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M..tb) in order to evaluate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in both the tribes. Chi square (c2 ) statistics was performed to study the correlation between age, sex on the one hand and with the prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary TB on the other hand, if any. Results: In Sahariya, the prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary TB was found increased significantly (P<0.005) to 0.454 as against 0.274 estimated in the earlier survey (1991-92). Males, particularly, appeared most affected (P<0.005; 0.382), especially adults (0.260). In contrast, among Bhil, the prevalence was very low. Conclusion: The observed increase in TB prevalence and its gender bias in Sahariya tribe indicate the high incidence rate and faster transmission of infection, especially in male sex.
Putting people first: A primary health care success in rural India
Carol Vlassoff, Marcel Tanner, Mitchell Weiss, Shobha Rao
Background: The World Health Report, 2008, contains a global review of primary health care on the 30th anniversary of the Declaration of Alma-Ata. The period covered by the study reported on here corresponds with that of the Report, allowing for a comparison of achievements and challenges in one primary health care centre vis-a-vis the WHO standards. Materials and Methods: This study uses qualitative and quantitative data from a rural primary care facility in Western Maharashtra, collected over three decades. It analyzes the four groups of reforms defined by WHO in the context of the achievements and challenges of the study facility. Results: According to the WHO Report, health systems in developing countries have not responded adequately to people's needs. However, our in-depth observations revealed substantial progress in several areas, including in family planning, safe deliveries, immunization and health promotion. Satisfaction with services in the study area was high. Conclusion: Adequate primary health care is possible, even when all recommended WHO reforms are not fully in place.
Where and how breastfeeding promotion initiatives should focus its attention? A study from rural Wardha
AR Dongre, PR Deshmukh, AP Rawool, BS Garg
Background: In India, the practice of breastfeeding is almost universal, but initiation of breastfeeding is generally quite late and colostrum is discarded. Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) strategy recommended systematic assessment of breastfeeding and emphasized counseling of the mother on proper positioning and attachment of infant to the breast. Objective: To assess breastfeeding among mothers of below six months children in rural Wardha. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was undertaken in surrounding 23 villages of Kasturba Rural Health Training Center (KRHTC), Anji. Two Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) trained in IMNCI paid house visits to 99 mothers during the study period and undertook the assessment of breastfeeding using IMNCI assessment form for young infants. Auxiliary Nurse Midwives observed and recorded the positioning and attachment of infant to the breast as per IMNCI guidelines. The data were entered and analyzed using Epi_Info (version 6.04d) software package. Results: Most of the deliveries 94 (94.9%) took place in the healthcare facilities. Majority 61 (61.6%) newborn babies had received breastfeeding within half an hour. About half of the mothers had any of the feeding problems like feeding less than eight times in 24 h, giving any other food or drinks or is low weight for age. Significantly more mothers with feeding problems had problems in positioning and attachment of infant to the breast as compared with those mothers who did not have any feeding problems. Conclusions: In the settings, where practice of institutional delivery is high, the staff of healthcare facility should ensure education of the mothers regarding position and attachment of infant to the breast before discharge from the healthcare facility. At the village level, Village Health Nutrition Day (VHND) can be utilized for health education of future mothers and support for the breastfeeding mothers. The IMNCI assessment form for young infant should also include assessment of positioning of infant.
HIV/AIDS vaccine: An update
Anita Nath
A study of gender differentials in the prevalence of tuberculosis based on NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 data
PP Sharma, Ashok Kumar, Padam Singh
Background: Worldwide, the case notification rate of tuberculosis has been reported to be higher for men than women. In India also, the prevalence of TB is higher among males as compared to females but it is important to study the trend of gender gap in the prevalence of tuberculosis over the years. Objective: To examine the trend in gender gap in the prevalence of TB over the years. Materials and Methods: The unit level data of NFHS-2 (1998-99) and NFHS-3 (2005-06) has been utilized. Gender gap in the prevalence of TB has been estimated for the two rounds of the surveys. The delta (D), the difference in gender gap in two surveys, has been estimated and decomposed by background characteristics such as place of residence(urban/rural), religion (Hindus/Muslims/others), caste(SC/ST/OBC/others) and standard of living(SLI) (low/medium/high) categories. Main Findings: Overall, the prevalence of TB has remained almost same in the two surveys [432/lakh in NFHS-2 and 418/lakh in NFHJS-3; Z=1.19, P0 =0.275. The gender gap has increased to 217/lakh in NFHS-3 in comparison to 145 per lakh in NFHS-2. The increase in gender gap is significantly higher in rural areas [of 98 per lakh;167/ lakh in NFHS-2 vs 265/lakh in NFHS-3; P<0.05] as compared to corresponding increase in urban areas [of 30 per lakh; 88/ lakh in NFHS-2 vs118/ lakh in NFHS-3, P>0.05]. The increase in delta (D) (difference in gender gap in two surveys) is accounted for as 88% by the rural areas and 12% by the urban areas. Conclusion: The increase in gender gap in the prevalence of TB is more in rural areas as compared to urban areas. The increase in rural areas is mainly contributed by Hindus, SC and ST and low and medium SLI categories and in urban areas, the contribution is mainly by Hindus, other castes and high SLI categories.
Knowledge and outcome measure of HbA1c testing in Asian Indian patients with type 2 diabetes from a tertiary care center
Deepa Manoharan, Vijay Viswanathan, Satyavani Kumpatla, Srikanth Medempudi
Aim: HbA1c test is considered to be the reliable measure for evaluating long-term glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether knowledge about HbA1c test is associated with a better glycemic control. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 480 (M:F; 287:193) adults with type 2 diabetes attending a tertiary care center during a period of four months. Baseline demographic and clinical data of all the subjects was obtained. Subject's knowledge about HbA1c test and their target goal was assessed using a questionnaire. Recent HbA1c results were obtained from medical records. Results: Seventy four per cent of the subjects had awareness about HbA1c test and about 43% of those who knew HbA1c test also knew their target goal. 33% remember their last HbA1c result. The mean A1C of Group A was significantly lower when compared with Group B (8.1 ± 1.7 vs 9.2 ± 1.9, P<0.0001). Group C had lower A1C levels compared to Group D (7.7 ± 1.4 vs 8.5 ± 1.9, p<0.0001). Patients who kept their HbA1c less than 7% were significantly higher in Group C than in Group D. (37.8 vs 12.7%, p<0.00001). Subjects had good glycemic control with increasing levels of awareness about HbA1c. Conclusion: Majority of the diabetic patients who attended the tertiary care center for diabetes care knew HbA1c test and half of them were aware about their target goal. Awareness about HbA1c had a positive impact on maintenance of better glycemic control.
Study of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding biomedical waste among paramedical workers
Mohd Shafee, NB Kasturwar, N Nirupama
Assessment of skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis in endemic fluoridated areas of Vidharbha Region, India: A survey
Sudhir Rawlani, Shobha Rawlani, Shivlal Rawlani
Objectives: To evaluate skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis in patients living at endemic fluoridated areas and also the morphological changes in red blood cells (R.B.C.'s). Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Vidharbha region of Maharashtra, India. An ethical clearance was obtained from the concerned authorities. Fifty families were screened and 204 subjects who had dental/skeletal fluorosis were included in the study. The aims and objectives were explained to the study subjects of the village and biochemical, hematological and radiological assessment was done. The main source of drinking water in this area was tube well. The concentrations of fluoride in two different areas of same village were 4 and 4.5 ppm. Results: Prevalence of skeletal fluorosis and non-skeletal fluorosis in male patients was 56.87% (116) and in female patients (88) it was 43.13%. RBC count in male patients was 5.03 ± 0.49 while in female patients it was 4.70 ± 0.47. With significant difference between male and female patients, P value was 0.003. Hb% in male patients was 12.44 ± 1.76 and in female patients it was 11.31± 1.34, showing significant difference between male and female patients P value 0.038. Alkaline phosphate level in male patients was 289.68 ± 149.09 and in female patients it was 276.68 ± 164.97. ESR count in male patients was found 11.41 ± 8.75 and in female patients it was 13.29 ±7.37. Radiological finding of fluorosis patients shows thickening of inner and outer tables of skull bone in 83.92% of patients and only 7.84% of the patients were suffering from barrowing of long bone.
Community-based monitoring: Key to success of national health programs
Suneela Garg, Ananya Ray Laskar
Analysis of birth weights of a rural hospital
Shyam V Ashtekar, Madhav B Kulkarni, Vaishali S Sadavarte, Ratna S Ashtekar
Background: Low birth weight remains a major reason behind childhood malnutrition. The NFHS findings show no dent in this problem. Objective: This study was undertaken to explore change in birth weights in a period from 1989 to 2007 and any associations thereof. Materials and Methods: All birth records of a private rural hospital spanning two decades (1989-2007) were analyzed for birth weight, age of mother, gender, birth order of the baby, proportion of pre-term babies and low birth weight babies. Results: No change was observed in the average birth weights (average 2.71 kg) over the period. Although the birth weight shows some expected variance with the age of mother, it was found to have no relation with the baby's birth order and gender. The low birth weight proportion is about 24% and shows little difference before and after the series midpoint of year 1998. Conclusion: The birth weights have hardly changed in this population in the two decades.
West nile virus: Do we need its surveillance and control program in Punjab State of India?
Tejbir Singh Sandhu, Dalbinder Singh Sidhu, Gursimrat Kaur Sandhu
A multi-sectoral approach to capture information on road traffic injuries
Geetha R Menon, G Gururaj, MP Tambe, B Shah
Background: Regularly available data is shown to be inadequate for developing, implementing, and evaluating injury prevention and control programs in India. The present study was undertaken in the hospitals of Bangalore and Pune, to examine the feasibility of gathering information on injuries using multiple sources. Materials and Methods: Stakeholders meeting and training programs were held for the hospital staff, police personnel, and traffic and transport staff, to identify their roles and responsibilities. Prospective data on morbidity and mortality due to injuries were collected by trained staff from Emergency Departments on a pre-tested questionnaire. The information gathered was cross-checked with the hospital and police records. Results: The stakeholders meeting and training programs were able to motivate the departments to provide the correct data. Data on 32188 patients could be extracted from hospital and police records during the study period. Injuries accounted for 16% of the emergency cases. Unintentional injuries were 64%, and 32% were intentional. Road traffic injuries accounted for 44% of all the injuries. One-third of the injured were children and young adults below 25 years. Among the injured, two wheeler riders were 29% and pedestrians were 23%. Conclusion: It was possible to improve the data on injuries by adequate training and a data linking mechanism between the Police, Hospital, and Transport Departments. The problem of road traffic injuries could be highlighted and addressed by a good data capture mechanism.
Patient's utilization and perception of the quality of curative care in community health centers of the fifth commune of Bamako
Seydou Fomba, Yang Yang, Huan Zhou, Qiaolan Liu, Pr Ma Xiao
Background: Community health centers are an important component of the health system in Mali. Despite the adhesion of the populations and the commitment of the authorities, many things must be done to improve the quality of care provided in those structures. Objectives: The study aimed to know the patients' utilization and perception of the curative care in the community health centers of Bamako and the physicians' satisfaction of their work condition and perspective in the community health sector. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine community health centers of Bamako in 2008. A total of 270 patients were interviewed through a face-to-face interview. Thirteen physicians took a self-administrated questionnaire relating to their material and financial conditions and their plan for the future. Results: The sample was characterized by the low literacy (32.6%) and socio-economic level (15.9% of steady income).139 patients claimed the nearness as the reason of the choice of the health center whereas only 51 claimed the health staff skill. The women felt more satisfied than men (P=0.005) and illiterates felt more satisfied than bachelors and beyond (p0=0.034). The patients claimed the reduction of waiting time, the improvement of information and the creation of news services. 30.80% of physicians were satisfied from their material and financial conditions, 38.46% were motivated and 76.92% planned to leave their health center. Conclusion: Although a high level of satisfaction regarding the provided service was observed, user reported some shortage in the quality of care and claimed a widening of CSCom capability.
Community ophthalmology: Revisited
R Jose, AS Rathore, Sandeep Sachdeva
Tackling diabetes through translation
Badrinarayan Mishra
Risk factor scenario in an industrial set-up: Need for an effective screening tool to assess the high-risk group
Uma Iyer, Garima Mathur, Nandini Panchanmiya, Swati Dhruv
Background: Industrial and technological revolution has resulted in nutrition transition. This calls for analyzing the risk factor scenario in the industrial population. Objective: The objective was to map the prevalence and assess the risk factors of industrial employees. Materials and Methods: The employees of a large petrochemical industry were enrolled (N=269) for the study. Risk factors were elicited through a structured questionnaire. Parameters monitored were fasting blood sugar and lipid profile. Relative risk was calculated to find out significant predictor variables. Results: The employees had high prevalence of overweight (27%), obesity (22%), central obesity (48.7%), prehypertension (43.2%), hypertension (36.6%), and dyslipidemia (41.4%). They had erroneous dietary habits such as low intake of fruits and vegetables and high fat intake. Most of the employees had low physical activity levels. The prevalence of smoking (13.5%), tobacco (28.2%), and alcohol use (22.2%) were also high with 15.1% having multiple habits. One-fifth of the employees had metabolic syndrome (MS). Seven predictor variables, namely, family history, BMI, WHR, blood pressure, physical inactivity, TG, and TG/H were identified and used to develop the risk score card to identify people at high risk of CVD and DM. Conclusion: Multiple risk factor scenario among the industrial population studied calls for effective intervention strategies and policy changes to combat the burden of non-communicable diseases. The risk score card can be used to screen the high-risk group in the industrial population.
Low birth weight of newborns: Magnitude of the problem seen in a 100 bed hospital of a rural area in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu (India)
Kavitha Balaji, Sathish Sankar, Balaji Nandagopal
Harassment among women at workplace: A cross-sectional study in coastal South India
B Unnikrishnan, T Rekha, Ganesh Kumar, B Reshmi, P Mithra, B Sanjeev
Avian flu: Examining role of ducks in Indian context
Rajan R Patil
A study on the perception of general practitioners of a locality in Kolkata regarding RNTCP and DOTS
Aparajita Dasgupta, Amitabha Chattopadhyay
Red tide phenomenon leading to panic attack and mass casualty among children in coastal Kerala
KE Elizabeth, H Gopakumar, Gibby Koshy
Proportion, pattern and need assessment of deformities among registered leprosy affected individuals in Chamrajanagar district
Gautham M Sukumar, NS Shivaraj, M Dayananada
Use of condoms: Clarifying the message
JP Majra
Risk factors among patients with acute coronary syndrome in rural Kerala
Abraham Samuel Babu, Mohammed Haneef, Anupama Naomi Joseph, Manjula Sukumari Noone
Potentially modifiable micro-environmental and co-morbid factors associated with severe wasting and stunting in children below 3 years of age in Aligarh district
Sandeep Sachdeva, Ali Amir, Mohd. Athar Ansari, Najam Khalique, Zulfia Khan, Seema Alam
Clinical course of development of alcohol and opioid dependence: What are the implications in prevention?
Sahoo Saddichha, Narayana Manjunatha, Christoday Raja Jayant Khess
Sharp disposal practices in urban dispensaries
Sandeep Sachdeva, Utsuk Datta
Assessment of the quality of service given by health care provider about tuberculosis in RNTCP
Rashmi , B Vijaykumar
Selecting the right toys for your child is not a child's play
Harshal T Pandve
The Hon Julia Gillard MP Deputy Prime Minister

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Compare Fields from Different Indexes and display only the duplicates.
How to combine both these queries to display only the hosts which have that particular EventCode and Type and also in the IIS index.
The above query is displaying the hosts which is either in index=windows or index=iis. I am looking for a list of only the hosts which are present in both the indexes.
Splunk Add-on for Microsoft IIS: IIS logs are a complete mess. Is this due to user error or the way Splunk is indexing the data?


We are now accepting proposals for the British Science Festival 2019, hosted by the University of Warwick.
We will be accepting event proposals for the British Science Festival 2019 in Coventry shortly. Please find further details below.
We're looking for proposals from across the scientific spectrum and beyond. Festival content should be aimed at non-specialist adults (i.e. aged 16+) with a broad interest in science. We welcome and encourage creative formats and drop-in activities. We are no longer accepting proposals.
Further information on submitting an event proposal for the British Science Festival can be found in the FAQs. If you have any queries please direct them here.
Proposal deadline: The deadline has now passed. We will notify people of whether they have been successful by the end of April 2019.
Award Lectures - are you, or do you know, a promising early career researcher?
Every year we ask for nominations for the seven Award Lectureships available to promising early career academics, skilled at engaging people with their research. These Award Lectures aim to promote open and informed discussion of science and related disciplines. The selected candidates will have the opportunity to present their winning Award Lecture at the 2019 Festival.
More information, including the application process can be found here.
Nomination deadline: Nominations have now closed.
The BSA is providing grants of £500 to community groups/organisations in Coventry that work directly with audiences who are traditionally underrepresented and currently not engaged in science activity. We want to empower and support community groups to run their own science activities as part of the British Science Festival, enabling new local audiences to engage with science.
Applications will open in Spring 2019.
For information on the sponsorship packages available for the British Science Festival, please contact Amy MacLaren, Director of Development & Communications at the British Science Association.
Connect with us on social media to stay up to date with the latest news from the British Science Festival.


text:
By Adrien R. Brown	 Last updated Dec 28, 2021
Brian Niccol, new CEO of Chipotle Mexican Grill, poses for a photo in this undated photo. Courtesy of Chipotle Mexican Grill / Document via REUTERS
NEW YORK, December 28 (Reuters) – When you order from Chipotle Mexican Grill, you probably don't think about the complex supply chain that has put your food in your hands.
This is the work of Brian Niccol.
As CEO and Chairman of Chipotle, responsibility rests with Niccol when it comes to all of this logistics. But Niccol wants you to take into account the land and laborers needed to make all of this happen, because without them you won't get this meal.
Niccol spoke to Reuters about the real and disturbing implications of the disappearance of farmers and farmland.
Q: Why do you think agriculture is in such a crisis?
A: A lot of farms are not transferred from generation to generation and a lot of farmland is lost for development. We are running a new campaign to educate people about this because we want to make sure that the land ends up in the hands of the farmers.
In the past decade alone, the United States has lost more than 20 million acres of farmland, and 400 million acres are expected to need new farmers in the years to come.
If young farmers can't find affordable land, that just won't happen. We want to make sure the government is aware of this, and people are aware of it because a lot of people do not even realize what is going on.
Q: The number of farmers has been declining for decades. What does this mean to you?
A: We like the idea of supporting small farmers. We want to remain committed to healthy eating, which means responsibly raised animals and organic products.
We need small farmers and we are committed to buying from them. We are also investing in them and giving them tools to deliver food on a large scale. It's constantly on our minds, and we hold ourselves accountable for it.
Q: How do you support them specifically?
A: One of the most important things is to create long term contracts. If you give them a three or four year contract it helps them tremendously because they know they have a buyer on the other end and can invest accordingly.
The other thing we are doing is providing grants to young farmers who are starting out and need the money to plant their first crop or buy their first animals.
Q: Everyone is talking about the supply chain nightmare. Does it give you constant headaches?
A: We have a lot of good partners and have been able to buy smart in advance where we need it, to keep stock on key items. But it doesn't get any easier, that's for sure. Between freight and labor issues, it's a daily discussion.
Q: Are there particular menu items that are more difficult to secure than others?
A: So many items are grown and bred here in the United States, and we have a long-standing relationship with these people. We knew what to expect and didn't encounter any real issues.
Lately, the biggest challenges have been associated with building restaurants – here you run into challenges such as accessing HVAC equipment and purchasing enough steel to make grills.
Q: How has the labor shortage affected you?
A: There is a real battle going on for the job. I've never seen it so tight. This is why it is really important to talk about goal.
Another part of this is that you need to have fair wages and the ability to increase those wages. We also offer perks that I really like, like debt free degrees and tuition reimbursement. We have always been a leader on the payroll and benefits front.
Q: What leadership lessons have you learned from the COVID era?
A: From a management perspective, you can't communicate enough in times of uncertainty. You can't be afraid to say "it works" or "it doesn't work".
You have to keep communication flowing. Be transparent about what you know and what you don't know, and then ask for feedback, as it cannot be a one-way communication.
Q: What's your favorite dish on the menu?
A: Barbacoa (beef). I love it. I get it in any way I can.
Editing by Lauren Young
Wokeness has a new address and it's in Gurugram
Sustainability remains a priority despite the pandemic
WaBa Grill extends into Kern County in central California
Ashford Castle launches Meet the makers series
Enjoy vacations at these Atlanta metro bars


RichFeel is a pioneer in Trichology. Present in 2 convenient locations in Kolkata, we provide one-stop solution to all your hair and scalp problems. Visit the nearest clinic from the below list or call on +91 7900082222 to book an appointment with our expert Trichologists.
Hair transplant is a process to regenerate hair with the help of patient's own follicular grafts. These hair follicles are taken from the back side of the patient's scalp which is known as the donor site. These follicular grafts are then transplanted in the balding region of the patient's scalp, which is known as the recipient site. These hair grafts are baldness resistant, and the best for hair transplantation. The implanted hair will grow for their entire lifecycle. Richfeel's clinics in Kolkata provide excellent services to all its customers experiencing hair loss by utilising a risk-free hair transplant technique - the 'Aesthetic Hair Implants- AHI,' which is a minimally invasive procedure for regrowth of hair.
The 'Aesthetic Hair Implants' technique available at Richfeel's clinics in Kolkata give outstanding results. This technique has redefined the hair transplant practice with its improvement in the extraction and implantation method. It can plant up to 3,000 to 5,000 hair in a single sitting; unlike the traditional Follicular Unit Extraction method which may require numerous sittings. The technique utilises a patented mechanised extractor, which punches tiny grafts of 0.5-0.8 mm diameter, which are much smaller than the conventional methods, leaving minimal to no scope of scarring.


text:
Q: Derivative of differential of time-dependent flow of a vector field I am reading the book "Morse Theory and Floer Homology" by Audin and Damian. And I am kind of stuck in understanding the last part of a proof in such book. Currently we are trying to prove

Proposition 5.4.5. If a critical point of $H$ is nondegenerate as a periodic solution of the Hamiltonian system, then it is nondegenerate as a critical point of the function $H$.
(Screenshot here)

So, part of the proof is here

Computed at the critical point $x$ of $H$, the first term is zero and the second one is exactly
$$
\left(d^{2} H\right)_{x}\left(X_{f}(x), Z(x)\right)=\left(d^{2} H\right)_{x}(Y, Z)
$$
We now suppose that $x$ is nondegenerate as a trajectory of $X_{H}$. This means that for every $Z \neq 0$, we have
$$
T_{x} \psi^{1}(Z)-Z \neq 0.
$$
(Screenshot here)

My main question is in page 138. So it says that $$\frac{d}{dt} T_x \psi^{t}(Z) = T_x \psi^{t} ([X_H, Z])$$
I do not understand where this equality comes from. I have been trying to see if this is a known property of time-dependent flows, but no success until now. Here $X_H$ denotes the time-dependent Hamiltonian vector field.
Here is the things I have tried until now:

*

*In the appendix of such book it is known that for time-dependent flows we have that $\frac{dY}{dt} = (dX_t)_{x(t)}Y$ iff $Y(t) = T_{x(t)}\psi^{t}(Y(0))$, where $X_t$ is any time-dependent vector field. So, we can apply this to our case where $X_t = X_H$, but after that I am not sure how to go from $(dX_H)_{x(t)}Y$ to $T_x \psi^{t}([X_H, Z])$.

*The other thing that I tried to imitate was the fact that for time-dependent vector fields we get a formula for $\frac{d}{dt} \psi^{*} Y_{t}$, where it is very similar with what I want, but at the end this formula is for the pullback of my flow $\psi$ and I want a formula for the push-forward.

Again, maybe this is a basic fact of time-dependent flows and it is easy to prove but if I could get any kind of hint or reference I could look to understand this I would be grateful.
Thanks in advance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Located in the matured region of Bukit Rimau, Gaya Resort Homes is formulated to offer the best of worlds in order to meet the needs and modern lifestyle of today's home seekers.
Aspiring to achieve quality living of the highest standards, Gaya Resort Homes is designed as flexible sanctuaries where its denizens are insulated from the bustling and hectic pressures of the city.
While insulated however, the community of Gaya Resort Homes is by no means isolated nor inconvenienced in any manner, as they are catered for by an array of resort facilities and amenities. From the daily basic needs, be it medical facilities, education or even the need for entertainment, the choices available are simply astounding.
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Gaya Resort Homes is the ideal living community for those who seek to live in a secure, comfortable and convenient environment at Bukit Rimau, Shah Alam.


Khaadi is a famous Pakistani fashion clothing brand that has launched its new Luxury and Midsummer three-piece collection which is available at its retail stores. This new luxury and midsummer collection by Khaadi is a beautiful blend of eastern grace with modern style that is according to the choice and taste of every woman.
This whole new collection is a blend of traditional and modern styles with bright colors in order to provide stylish and seasonally appropriate dresses for summer. The collection is made unique and lovely with the introduction of rich colors and superb embroidery.
Khaadi was introduced in 1998 and its initial offerings were kurtas and loose fabric. But now the brand is known very well not only in Pakistan but also on international level. Apart from providing beat quality products, the brand is also famous for its trust and care.
This midsummer luxury collection 2017 by Khaadi has been launched officially.


Please note I am not a professional reviewer. I'm just one of the many people out there that have a passion for books and love to pass the love for them to others. I mostly read New Adult books, and I have sort of put the young adult genre on the back burner. All books are purchased by me, unless otherwise stated.
** Ones I'm most on the hunt for; I'm in a huge new adult kick and have been for about a year now.
If your book falls outside this, you can e-mail me with a plot description in case (my e-mail can be found below under 'Contact Me').
I prefer to review my books in Hardcover or Paperback format, but I am willing to accept Kindle e-books. I will only accept e-books through Kindle.
I will give my honest and fair opinion of the book.
My reviews will be more than a paragraph long.
My ratings will be based on my star ratings.
I will post the plot summary first before I explain what I thought about the book. The plot summary will come from the dust jacket, back cover, Goodreads or wherever I can find one. If I can't find one, I will make one myself.
In addition to posting my reviews here on my blog, I will also post on Goodreads, Amazon.com, and NetGalley (if possible). I also share them through Twitter, Tumblr, and Facebook. If I'm receiving an ARC copy (before publication date), I will do my best to have my review posted a week to two weeks before the publication date (as long as I've received the book well in advance).
I will post my favorite (non-spoiler) quote(s).
**I will have my reviews as spoiler-free as possible. Unless the book is a continuation of a series, there might be spoilers of the previous book(s). I will state in the beginning of the review whether there will be spoilers or not.
If you feel that you want me to review your book, contact me at: bribookishconfessions@hotmail.com. Although, if the request does not fall under my genres listed above, I may ignore the request or state that I'm not interested in it seeing as it isn't a genre I read.


The groups of Gothia Cup 2018 are presented!
Written on June 13, 2018 . Posted in News.
In about a month the first group stage games of this years Gothia Cup will take place. And today we present the groups, so that you can see which one your team belongs to. Will you play against a team from another continent, a team you played against last summer or maybe a team that is joining the tournament for the first time? Take a look at all the groups here!
In Group 4, Boys 17E, we find FC Cavalier, the first Jamaican team to ever play in the Gothia Cup Tournament. And in Group 3, G13, we fins FC Minsk, the only team from Belarus joining the tournament. In addition to that we find over 1,700 other teams divided into 415 groups.
For teams in category A you find information about school hosting under My Team Info at the website or in the app.


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{Sec:introduction}
In visual recognition, deep neural networks (DNNs) are not robust against perturbations that are easily discounted by human perception---either adversarially constructed or naturally occurring~\cite{szegedy2013intriguing,GoodfellowEtAl2015Explaining,hendrycks2018benchmarking,EngstromEtAl2019Exploring,xiao2018spatially,WongEtAl2019Wasserstein,LaidlawFeizi2019Functional,HosseiniPoovendran2018Semantic,BhattadEtAl2019Big}. A popular way of finding an adversarial perturbation (a.k.a adversarial attack) is by solving the \emph{adversarial loss} formulation~\cite{madry2017towards}:
\begin{align}
\label{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS}
   \begin{split}
       & \max_{\mathbf x'} \ell\pqty{\mathbf y, f_{\mathbf \theta}(\mathbf x')}\\
   \text{s.t.\ \ \ }  \; \mathbf x' \in \Delta(\mathbf x) & = \{\mathbf x' \in [0, 1]^n: d\pqty{\mathbf x, \mathbf x'} \le \varepsilon\}
   \end{split}.
\end{align}
Here, $f_{\theta}$ is the DNN model, and $\Delta(\mathbf x)$
is an allowable perturbation set with radius $\varepsilon$ as measured by the metric $d$.
Early works assume $\Delta(\mathbf x)$ is the $\ell_p$ norm ball intersected with the natural image box, i.e., $\{\mathbf x' \in [0, 1]^n: \norm{\mathbf x- \mathbf x'}_p \le \varepsilon\}$, where $p= 1, 2, \infty$ are popular choices~\cite{madry2017towards,GoodfellowEtAl2015Explaining}. To capture visually realistic perturbations, recent works have also modeled nontrivial transformations using non-$\ell_p$ metrics~\cite{hendrycks2018benchmarking,EngstromEtAl2019Exploring,xiao2018spatially,WongEtAl2019Wasserstein,LaidlawFeizi2019Functional,HosseiniPoovendran2018Semantic,BhattadEtAl2019Big,laidlaw2021perceptual}. As for empirical robustness evaluation (RE), solutions of \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} lead to the worst-case perturbations to fool $f_{\mathbf \theta}$.

But solving \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} is not easy: the objective is non-concave for typical choices of loss $\ell$ and model $f_{\mathbf \theta}$; for non-$\ell_p$ metrics, $\Delta(\mathbf x)$ is often a complicated nonconvex set. In practice, there are two major lines of algorithms: \textbf{(a) direct numerical maximization} that takes differentiable $\ell$ and $f_{\mathbf \theta}$, and tries direct maximization, e.g., using gradient-based methods~\cite{madry2017towards,croce2020reliable}. This often only produces a suboptimal solution and can lead to overoptimistic RE;
\textbf{(b) upper-bound maximization} that constructs tractable upper bounds for the margin loss $\ell_{\mathrm{ML}} = \max_{i \ne y} f_{\mathbf \theta}^i (\mathbf x') - f_{\mathbf \theta}^y (\mathbf x')$, where $y$ is the true class of $\mathbf x$ and the boldface $\mathbf y$ is the one-hot encoding of $y$, and then optimizes against the upper bounds~\cite{SinghEtAl2018Fast}. Improving the tightness of upper bounding while maintaining tractability is still an active area of research.

Another formalism of robustness is the \emph{robustness radius} (or minimum distortion radius), defined as the minimal level of perturbation that causes $f_{\mathbf \theta}$ to change its predicted class:
\begin{align}
\label{eq:min_distort}
    \min_{\mathbf x' \in [0, 1]^n}\;  d\pqty{\mathbf x, \mathbf x'}  \quad \text{s.t.\ \ \ } \; \max_{i \ne y} f_{\mathbf \theta}^i (\mathbf x') \ge f_{\mathbf \theta}^y (\mathbf x').
\end{align}
Solving \cref{eq:min_distort} produces not only a minimal perturbation $\mathbf x'$, but also a robustness radius, making \cref{eq:min_distort} another popular choice for RE~\cite{CroceHein2020Minimally, croce2020reliable, PintorEtAl2021Fast}. In fact, \cite{CroceHein2020Minimally, ZhangEtAl2021Revisiting, PintorEtAl2021Fast} perform adversarial attacks by trying to solve \cref{eq:min_distort}.

In this paper, we focus on numerical optimization of \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS}. In particular, we \textbf{(I)} adapt the constrained-optimization solver \texttt{PyGRANSO} ~\cite{curtis2017bfgs,BuyunLiangSun2021NCVX} with a constraint-folding (PWCF) technique---crucial for making \texttt{PyGRANSO} solve \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} with reasonable speed and quality, and \textbf{(II)} show that PWCF can handle \emph{attacks other than the popular but unrealistic $\ell_1$, $\ell_2$, and $\ell_\infty$ ones}---beyond the reach of PGD-based methods. This can lead to considerably improved RE as PWCF \textbf{(I)} can serve as a \emph{reliable supplement} to the state-of-the-art (SOTA) RE packages on $\ell_1$, $\ell_2$, and $\ell_\infty$ attacks, e.g. \texttt{AutoAttack}~\cite{croce2020reliable}, and \textbf{(II)} opens up the possibility of RE over a much wider range of attack models, e.g., general $\ell_p$ attacks with any $p > 0$ and more complicated ones such as perceptual attacks~\cite{laidlaw2021perceptual}. We remark that PWCF is also general enough to solve \cref{eq:min_distort}, but due to the limited preliminary results currently at hand, we leave it as future work.

\section{Technical background}
\label{sec:background}
\cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} is often solved by the projected gradient descent (PGD)\footnote{It should be ``ascent" instead of ``descent" due to the maximization, but we follow the \texttt{AutoAttack} package.} method. The basic update reads $\mathbf x'_{new} = \mathcal P_{\Delta(\mathbf x)} (\mathbf x'_{old} + t \nabla \ell(\mathbf x'_{old}))$, where $\mathcal P_{\Delta(\mathbf x)}$ is the projection operator onto $\Delta(\mathbf x)$. When $\Delta(\mathbf x) = \{\mathbf x' \in [0, 1]^n: \norm{\mathbf x' - \mathbf x}_p \le \varepsilon\}$ with $p = 1, \infty$, $\mathcal P_{\Delta(\mathbf x)}$ takes simple forms. For $p=2$, sequential projection onto the box and then the norm ball at least finds a feasible solution. Hence, PGD is feasible for these cases. \emph{For other choices of $p$ and general non-$\ell_p$ metrics $d$ where analytical projection is hard to derive, PGD does not apply.} For practical PGD methods, previous works have shown that the solution quality is sensitive to the tuning of multiple hyperparameters, e.g., step-size schedule and iteration budget~\cite{mosbach2018logit,CarliniEtAl2019Evaluating,croce2020reliable}. The SOTA PGD variants, APGD-CE and APGD-DLR, try to make the tuning automatic by combining a heuristic adaptive step-size schedule and momentum acceleration under fixed iteration budget~\cite{croce2020reliable}---both are built into the popular \texttt{AutoAttack} package\footnote{\url{https://github.com/fra31/auto-attack}}.

\subsection{\texttt{PyGRANSO} for constrained optimization}

In principle, as an instance of general nonlinear optimization (NO) problems~\cite{Bertsekas2016Nonlinear}
\begin{align}  \label{eq:NO_form}
\begin{split}
        & \min_{\mathbf x}\; g(\mathbf x) \\
    \text{s.t.\ \ \ } \; c_i(\mathbf x) \le 0 \; \forall\; & i \in\mathcal I; \; h_j(\mathbf x) = 0 \; \forall\; j \in \mathcal E,
\end{split}
\end{align}
\cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} can be solved by general-purpose NO solvers such as \texttt{Knitro}~\cite{pillo2006large}, \texttt{Ipopt}~\cite{wachter2006implementation}, and \texttt{GENO}~\cite{laue2019geno}. However, there are two caveats: (1) the above solvers only handle continuously differentiable objective and constraint functions, i.e., $g$, $c_i$'s, and $h_j$'s, but non-differentiable $g$, $c_i$'s, and $h_j$'s are common in \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS}, e.g., when $d$ is the $\ell_1$ or $\ell_\infty$ distance, or $f_{\mathbf \theta}$ uses non-differentiable activations;  (2) they require analytical gradients of $g$, $c_i$'s, and $h_j$'s, which are impractical to derive when DNN models $f_{\mathbf \theta}$ are involved.

\texttt{PyGRANSO}\footnote{\url{https://ncvx.org}}~\cite{BuyunLiangSun2021NCVX,curtis2017bfgs} is a recent \texttt{PyTorch}-port of the powerful MATLAB package \texttt{GRANSO}~\cite{curtis2017bfgs} which can handle general NO problems of form \cref{eq:NO_form} with non-differentiable $g$, $c_i$'s, and $h_j$'s. It only requires these functions to be \emph{almost everywhere differentiable}, which are satisfied by almost all forms of \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} proposed so far in the literature. \texttt{GRANSO} employs a quasi-Newton sequential quadratic programming (BFGS-SQP) to solve \cref{eq:NO_form}, and features a rigorous adaptive step-size rule via line search and a principled stopping criterion inspired by gradient sampling~\cite{burke2020gradient}. \texttt{PyGRANSO}\,equips \texttt{GRANSO} with auto-differentiation and GPU computing powered by \texttt{PyTorch}---crucial for deep learning problems. The stopping criterion is controlled by stationarity, total constraint violation, and optimization tolerance---all can be transparently controlled, but is typically unnecessary to tune.

\section{\texttt{PyGRANSO}\, with constraint folding as a generic solver for \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS}}
\label{Sec:pygranso}
Though \texttt{PyGRANSO}\ can serve as a promising solver for \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} with general metric $d$, we find in practice that naive deployment can suffer from slow convergence, or low quality solutions due to numerical issues. Below, we introduce \texttt{PyGRANSO}~\textbf{W}ith \textbf{C}onstraint-\textbf{F}olding (PWCF) and other problem-specific techniques, which can substantially speed up the optimization process and improve the solution quality.

\subsection{Reformulating the $\ell_\infty$ constraint to avoid sparse subgradients}
\label{subsec: reformulate Linf constraint}

The BFGS-SQP algorithm inside \texttt{PyGRANSO}\, relies on the subgradients of the objective and the constraint functions to approximate the (inverse) Hessian and to compute the search direction. Hence, when the subgradients are sparse, updating all optimization variables may take many iterations, leading to slow convergence. For the $\ell_\infty$ metric,
\begin{align} \label{eq:subgrad_linf}

    \partial_{\mathbf z}  \norm{\mathbf z}_\infty = \conv \{\mathbf e_k \sign(z_k): z_k =  \norm{\mathbf z}_\infty \; \forall\, k\},
\end{align}
where $\mathbf e_k$'s are the standard basis vectors, $\conv$ denotes convex hull, and $\sign(z_k) = z_k/\abs{z_k}$ if $z_k \ne 0$, else $[-1, 1]$.
The subgradient in \cref{eq:subgrad_linf} contains no more than $\abs{\{k: z_k = \norm{\mathbf z}_\infty\}}$ nonzeros, and hence is sparse when $\abs{\{k: z_k = \norm{\mathbf z}_\infty\}}$ is small. To avoid this issue, we propose a reformulation
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq: Linf to box}
    \norm{\mathbf x - \mathbf x'}_\infty \le \varepsilon \Longleftrightarrow -\varepsilon \mathbf 1 \le \mathbf x - \mathbf x' \le \varepsilon \mathbf 1,
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf 1 \in \bb R^n$ is the all-one vector.

\subsection{Constraint-folding to reduce the number of constraints}
\label{subsec: folding}
\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{Figures/new_fig1.png}
    \vspace{-1em}
    \caption{Optimization trajectory of the \textbf{objective value} and \textbf{constraint violation} w.r.t iterations for an $\ell_\infty$ case on CIFAR-10 dataset. \textbf{woR}: using $\ell_\infty$ original form; \textbf{wR}: with reformulation but no folding; \textbf{wRF}: with reformulation and folding. Maximum time budget per curve: $600s$ (only wRF terminates before reaching this budget). Both \textbf{objective} and \textbf{violation} reaching $0$ indicates successful attack.}
    \label{fig:benefit_reform_folding}
\end{figure*}
The natural image constraint $\mathbf x' \in [0, 1]^n$ is a set of $n$ box constraints. The reformulation described in \cref{subsec: reformulate Linf constraint} introduces another $\Theta(n)$ box constraints. Although all these are just simple linear constraints, the $\Theta(n)$-growth is daunting: for natural images, $n$ is the number of pixels that can easily get into hundreds of thousands. Typical NO problems become more difficult the number of constraints grows, e.g., leading to slow convergence for numerical algorithms.

To combat this, we introduce a folding technique that can reduce the number of constraints into a small constant. To see how this is possible, first note that any equality constraint $h(\mathbf x) = 0$ or inequality constraint $c(\mathbf x) \le 0$ can be reformulated as
\begin{align} \label{eq:simple_constr_form}
    & h (\mathbf x) = 0 \Longleftrightarrow \abs{h(\mathbf x)} \le 0 ~ \text{,}\\
    & c(\mathbf x) \le 0 \Longleftrightarrow \max\{c(\mathbf x), 0\} \le 0.
\end{align}
We can then fold them together as
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:folded_constraint}
    \mathcal F(|h(\mathbf x)|, \max\{c(\mathbf x), 0\}) \le 0,
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal F: \bb R_+^{2} \mapsto \bb R_+$ ($\bb R_+ \doteq \{t: t \ge 0\}$) can be any function satisfying $\mathcal F(\mathbf z) = 0 \Longrightarrow \mathbf z = \mathbf 0$, e.g., any $\ell_p$ ($p \ge 1$) norm.

It is easy to verify the equivalence of \cref{eq:folded_constraint} and the original constraints in \cref{eq:simple_constr_form}. The folding technique can be used to a subset or all of the constraints; one can group and then fold constraints according to their physical meanings. We note that folding or aggregating constraints is not a new idea and has been popular in engineering design. For example, \cite{martins2005structural} uses $\ell_\infty$ folding and its log-sum-exponential approximation to deal with numerous design constraints. However, applying folding into NO problems in machine learning seems rare, potentially because producing non-differentiable constraint(s) due to the folding seems counterproductive.

In our experiments, we use $\mathcal F = \norm{\cdot}_2$ to fold the $\Theta(n)$ box constraints from $\ell_{\infty}$ reformulation into a single constraint, enforce the $\mathbf x' \in [0, 1]^n$ constraints in $f_{\mathbf \theta}$ by direct clipping. \cref{fig:benefit_reform_folding} shows clearly that combining folding and reformulation can substantially speed up convergence and boost the solution quality for our algorithm.

\subsection{Loss clipping when solving \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} with PWCF}
For \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} with the popular cross-entropy (CE) and margin losses, the objective value can easily dominate constraint violation during the maximization process. Since \texttt{PyGRANSO}\,tries to balance the objective value and constraint violation when making progress, it can persistently prioritize optimizing the objective over constraint satisfaction, resulting in very slow progress in finding a feasible solution. To resolve this numerical difficulty, we propose using clipped margin loss $\ell_{ML}$ with maximal value $0.01$, as any $\ell_{ML} \ge 0$ indicates a successful attack. For the same reason, we use clipped CE loss with maximal value at $10$ in PWCF\footnote{Attack success happens when the true logit output less than $1/K$ (assuming softmax normalization is applied), where $K$ is the number of classes. So the critical value is $-\log 1/K$, which is $< 10$ for $K \le e^{10}$, sufficient for typical RE datasets. }.

\section{Experiments: solving \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} with PWCF}
\subsection{PWCF offers competitive and complementary attack performance to \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS}}
\label{subsec: max formulation with l1, l2, linf}

\input{Sections/section_elements/Table-Granso_attack_acc_l1.tex}
We take SOTA $\ell_1$-, $\ell_2$-, and $\ell_\infty$ adversarially-trained models on CIFAR10\footnote{\url{https://github.com/locuslab/robust_union/tree/master/CIFAR10}}\footnote{\url{https://github.com/deepmind/deepmind-research/tree/master/adversarial_robustness}}, and an adversarially-trained model with respect to the LPIPS distance\footnote{See \cref{subsec: formulation with general lp norm} for details.} on ImageNet~\cite{laidlaw2021perceptual}\footnote{\url{https://github.com/cassidylaidlaw/perceptual-advex}}, and compare the attack performance of PWCF and APGD\footnote{We implement the margin loss on top of \texttt{AutoAttack}.}~\cite{Croce2020ReliableEO} from the \texttt{AutoAttack} package.
The attack radii $\varepsilon$'s are set following the common practice of adversarial RE\footnote{E.g., \url{https://robustbench.github.io/} for Cifar10 $\ell_2$ and $\ell_\infty$; \url{https://github.com/locuslab/robust_union} for Cifar10 $\ell_1$; \cite{laidlaw2021perceptual} for ImageNet $\ell_2$ and $\ell_\infty$.}.

From \cref{tab: granso_l1_acc}, we can conclude that: (1) PWCF performs strongly and comparably to APGD on $\ell_1$, $\ell_2$ and $\ell_\infty$ attacks, especially using \emph{margin loss} as the objective; (2) PWCF is weak on $\ell_1$ and $\ell_\infty$ attacks using CE loss, likely due to the bad numerical scaling of the CE loss; (3) Combining all successful attack samples found by APGD and PWCF (APGD+PWCF) can further reduce the robust accuracy compared to any single APGD or PWCF attack---PWCF and APGD are complementary. Note that~\cite{CarliniEtAl2019Evaluating} also remarks that the diversity of solutions matters much more than the superiority of individual solvers, which is the reason why \texttt{AutoAttack} includes Square Attack--a zero-th order black-box attack method that does not perform strongly itself as shown in \cref{tab: granso_l1_acc}.

\subsection{PWCF works for general (almost everywhere) differentiable $\ell_p$ and non-$\ell_p$ metrics}
\label{subsec: formulation with general lp norm}

As highlighted in \cref{sec:background}, a major limitation of PGD-based methods is that they cannot handle distances other than  $\ell_1$, $\ell_2$, and $\ell_\infty$.
By contrast, PWCF stands out as a convenient choice for general distances. To show this, we apply PWCF to solve \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} with $\ell_{1.5}$ and $\ell_{8}$ distances. In addition, we also solve \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} with the LPIPS perceptual metric~\cite{laidlaw2021perceptual,zhang2018unreasonable}, i.e., perceptual attack (PAT) with
\begin{align*}
\label{Eq. LPIPS Constraint}
d(\mathbf x, \mathbf x') \doteq || \phi(\mathbf x) - \phi(\mathbf x')||_{2} ~ \text{,} \quad \phi(\mathbf x) \doteq [~\widehat{g}_{1}(\mathbf x), \dots, \widehat{g}_{L}(\mathbf x)~]
\end{align*}
where $\widehat{g}_{1}(\mathbf x), \dots, \widehat{g}_{L}(\mathbf x)$ are the vectorized intermediate feature maps from pretrained DNNs.

\input{Sections/section_elements/Table-Lp.tex}

PWCF handles them seamlessly, as shown in
\cref{tab: granso_lp_norm}. Here we do not strive to set the most reasonable perturbation radii, especially for $\ell_{1.5}$ and $\ell_8$ that have not been tested before, and hence we also do not stress the attack rates. Our point is that \emph{PWCF is able to handle these general $\ell_p$ distances}. \cref{tab: granso_pat_compare} further summarizes the details of performing the perceptual attack with $\varepsilon=0.5$. Existing methods to compare are Perceptual Projected Gradient Descent (PPGD), Lagrangian perceptual attack (LPA) and its variant fast Lagrangian perceptual attack (Fast-LPA) methods, all developed in~\cite{laidlaw2021perceptual}, based on iterative linearization and projection (PPGD), or penalty method (LPA, Fast-LPA) respectively.
In addition to the objective values and attack success rates, we also report their chances of finding infeasible solutions. As observed in \cref{tab: granso_pat_compare}, our PWCF is the clear winner.

\input{Sections/section_elements/Table-PAT-Solution-Quality}

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}

In this paper, we propose PWCF to solve the maximization problem \cref{EQ:ROBUST_LOSS} in robustness evaluations, blending the SOTA constrained optimization solver \texttt{PyGRANSO} with constraint folding and other tweaks. Our experimental results show that 1) PWCF can provide competitive and complementary performance compared with the SOTA methods on $\ell_1$, $\ell_2$, and $\ell_\infty$ attacks; 2) PWCF can deal with general attack models such as $\ell_{p}$ with $p > 1$ and perceptual attacks, which are beyond the reach of PGD-based methods; 3) PWCF involves little to zero parameter-tuning and obtains reliable solutions based on a principled stopping criterion. Our preliminary experiments also show that the proposed PWCF is general enough to solve \cref{eq:min_distort} with good quality, which we will present in forthcoming papers.

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