text:
« South Africa's Xxperiences with MON810 Maize
Journal's Retraction of Rat Feeding Paper is a Travesty of Science and looks like a Bow to Industry »
Invest in Smallholders to Ensure Food Security and Environmental Sustainability
THIRD WORLD NETWORK INFORMATION SERVICE ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Re: Invest in Smallholders to Ensure Food Security and Environmental Sustainability
Smallholders manage over 80% of the world's estimated 500 million small farms and provide over 80% of the food consumed in the developing world. Two timely reports by global institutions identify smallholders as the way forward for world food security.
The first is entitled 'Smallholders, Food Security and Environment' by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (www.ifad.org/climate/resources/smallholders_report.pdf).
It delivers three key messages:
1. Smallholders form a vital part of the global agricultural community, yet they are often neglected;
2. Smallholder productivity depends on well-functioning ecosystems; and
3. Growth in agricultural production to meet rising global needs using prevailing farming practices is unsustainable – a transformation is needed.
The report concludes that "with the right conditions, smallholders can be at the forefront of a transformation in world agriculture". The Executive Summary is reproduced below (Item 1).
The second report was prepared by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition ofthe Committee for Food Safety (CFS) and is entitled 'Investing in Smallholder Agriculture for Food Security'(www.fao.org/…/HLPE-Report-6_Investing_in_smallholder_agriculture.pdf).
Recommendations made to governments and donors are as follows:
1. Mobilizing political will to develop national smallholder strategies and to uphold the individual and collective rights of smallholders, in particular their right to food which requires improved investments in their capacity to produce and earn incomes.
2. Ensuring smallholder farmers' and women's access to land and natural resources by implementing the Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries, and Forests.
3. Providing a favourable investment climate for smallholder farmers by ensuring that they have adequate access to public goods and financial services, and linking them to domestic, national and regional markets as well as to new markets that create direct links between producers and consumers.
4. Improving smallholder productivity and resilience through research and extension targeted specifically to the needs of smallholders such as the diversification of the production system and the conservation of agricultural biodiversity in the context of climate change.
5. Investing beyond the farm in rural non-farm sources of income and territorial development to coordinate public and private investments in agriculture and in the regional non-farm economy, ensuring appropriate governance of agriculture and rural development, and documenting the contributions of smallholder agriculture to various outcomes to strengthen the evidence-base for investment decisions.
The Summary and Recommendations of the report are reproduced below (Item 2).
Third World Network
131 Jalan Macalister
10400 Penang
Email: twnet@po.jaring.my
Website: https://biosafety-info.net/and http://www.twn.my/
To subscribe to other TWN information services: www.twnnews.net
SMALLHOLDERS, FOOD SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENT
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (www.ifad.org/climate/resources/smallholders_report.pdf).
There are 1.4 billion poor people living on less than US$1.25 a day. One billion of them live in rural areas where agriculture is their main source of livelihood. The 'green revolution' in agriculture that swept large parts of the developing world during the 1960s and 1970s dramatically increased agricultural productivity and reduced poverty. Many of the productivity gains accrued to smallholder farmers, supported through research and extension services. However, those achievements came with environmental externalities, leaving soils degraded and groundwater depleted, undermining the very resource base that made the revolution possible. Moreover, two decades of underinvestment in agriculture, coupled with growing competition for land and water, rising input prices and climate change, have left smallholders more vulnerable and less able to escape poverty.
Yet poverty and environmental degradation need not be an inevitable outcome of modern development. At a time when there is renewed focus on agriculture in the context of sustainable development, there is a need and an opportunity to enhance the role that smallholders play in food production and natural resource stewardship.
This report, commissioned by IFAD and the United Nations Environment Programme, aims to improve understanding among policymakers and practitioners – together with those influencing and making decisions in relevant business sectors – of the relationships between smallholders, food security and the environment. It leads to the conclusion that, with targeted support, smallholder farmers can transform the rural landscape and unleash a new and sustainable agricultural revolution.
Key message 1
Smallholders form a vital part of the global agricultural community, yet they are often neglected.
Smallholders manage over 80 per cent of the world's estimated 500 million small farms and provide over 80 per cent of the food consumed in a large part of the developing world, contributing significantly to poverty reduction and food security. Increasing fragmentation of landholdings, coupled with reduced investment support and marginalization of small farms in economic and development policy, threaten this contribution, leaving many smallholders vulnerable.
Smallholder productivity in particular depends on well-functioning ecosystems.
The productivity of smallholder agriculture and its contribution to the economy, food security and poverty reduction depend on the services provided by well-functioning ecosystems, including soil fertility, freshwater delivery, pollination and pest control. Smallholder farming practices, in turn, affect the condition of ecosystems. These impacts are not always negative, but poverty and immediate needs can drive smallholders to put pressure on ecosystems, for example through habitat modification, overextraction of water and nutrients, and use of pesticides.
Growth in agricultural production to meet rising global needs using prevailing farming practices is unsustainable – a transformation is needed.
The demand on agriculture to feed a larger and more urbanized population through global markets over the next 40 years will continue to grow, placing additional pressure on available land and other natural resources. Current practices are undermining the ecological foundation of the global food system through overuse and the effects of agricultural pollution, thereby enhancing degradation, reducing ecosystem capacity to generate sustainable yields and threatening to negatively impact food security and poverty reduction. Sustainable agricultural intensification can be the answer to enhanced food security, environmental protection and poverty reduction.
With the right conditions, smallholders can be at the forefront of a transformation in world agriculture With their immense collective experience and intimate knowledge of local conditions, smallholders hold many of the practical solutions that can help place agriculture on a more sustainable and equitable footing. To do this, they need help to overcome market failures and other disincentives for sustainable land use, including insecure land tenure, high transaction costs and weak institutional support. A major challenge will be to address the discrepancies of scale between decisions made at the farm level and impacts at larger ecosystem scales.
Finally, further research is needed in the following areas:
– Biodiversity/ecosystem services. More needs to be known about the relationship and dynamics between biological communities and the services they provide, including how these relationships change over time and how this affects the stability and resilience of the services and crop productivity.
– Synergistic effects of below- and above- ground services. It is not known whether suites of below- and above-ground services contribute synergistically, or trade off in their contribution to crop yield and quality.
– Effect of land use on biological communities. For successful management of multiple services, more information is needed on how land use and other environmental factors affect the distribution, abundance and community composition of organisms that contribute to crop production.
– Climate change and agricultural productivity. Understanding must be deepened of the impacts of climate change on agricultural yields, cropping practices, crop disease spread, disease resistance and irrigation development.
– Economics of sustainable intensification. For ecosystem services to become an integral part of farming, further insights are needed into the economic benefits and costs associated with ecological intensification.
– Economics of 'multifunctional agriculture'. Agricultural landscapes deliver other services than crop production, such as climate and water regulation and biodiversity conservation, many of which provide benefits on regional or global scales. 'Multifunctional agriculture' is emerging as an important research topic to quantify these benefits and propose strategies to encourage farmers and land managers to support them.
– Costs of the transformation. The cost of the failures identified in this report, the investments needed to achieve the proposed transformation to a global, greener economy centred on smallholders, and the resultant benefits should be quantified. The Economics for Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) for Agriculture initiative provides the scope for this kind of assessment.
INVESTING IN SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE FOR FOOD SECURITY
A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Summary And Recommendations
In October 2011, the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) requested the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) to prepare "a comparative study of constraints to smallholder investment in agriculture in different contexts with policy options for addressing these constraints, taking into consideration the work done on this topic by IFAD, and by FAO in the context of COAG, and the work of other key partners. This should include a comparative assessment of strategies for linking smallholders to food value chains in national and regional markets and what can be learned from different experiences, as well as an assessment of the impacts on smallholders of public-private as well as farmer cooperative-private and private-private partnerships" (CFS, 2011 – Final report of the 37th session).
Addressing this request requires defining smallholder agriculture, understanding what it covers, the scope and purpose of investments, and framing the question in a broader perspective on smallholder agriculture, including its contribution to food security and its future trajectories, taking into account diverse regional and national situations.
Of the 1.4 billion extremely poor people in the world (living on less than USD1.25/day), 70 percent are estimated to live in rural areas and most of them depend partly (or completely) on agriculture. For this reason, the urgent and undeniable need to reduce poverty puts smallholder agriculture at centre stage.
Main observations
1. What is smallholder agriculture?
1. There are a number of different definitions of "smallholder agriculture"[1] and each definition carries implications for the measurement of the number of smallholders. Definitions also guide our understanding of the investment needs of smallholders. A discussion on definitions is therefore neither trivial nor academic, but has real implications for policies and impacts on livelihoods.
2. Smallholder agriculture is practised by families (including one or more households) using only or mostly family labour and deriving from that work a large but variable share of their income, in kind or in cash. Agriculture includes crop raising, animal husbandry, forestry and artisanal fisheries. The holdings are run by family groups, a large proportion of which are headed by women, and women play important roles in production, processing and marketing activities.
3. The definition of "smallholder agriculture" cannot be rigid or "one size fits all": there are many variations in each specific context at the regional, national and local levels, and also over time as economies transform. Classifications of smallholder agriculture based only on farm size can be misleading. A smallholding is "small" because resources are scarce, especially land, and using it to generate a level of income that helps fulfil basic needs and achieve a sustainable livelihood consequently require a high level of total factor productivity, requiring in turn a significant level of investment.
4. Smallholder agriculture is also defined in relation to, and in contrast with, two opposites – larger commercial holdings with hired labour on the one hand, and landless workers on the other.
5. Off-farm activities play an important role in providing smallholders with additional income and as a way of diversifying risk, thus improving their resilience to the shocks that impact on agriculture. Off-farm activities are a common feature of rural economies, both in developed and developing countries, and offer opportunities for investments in support of smallholders.
6. The family is at the same time a social unit of production and consumption and the source of labour for agriculture. The productive and the domestic sides of smallholder farmers are closely linked. These linkages explain some of the constraints faced by smallholders regarding investments, as shocks and risks can spread between the production side and the family side; they also explain the resilience of rural societies because of reciprocal ties relying on kinship and social proximity.
7. Today, smallholder farmers detached from any type of market exchange are no longer significant in social or economic terms, but smallholders producing only or mainly for subsistence are not uncommon – in all regions. These farms rely on their own production for food consumption, as a complement to low monetary incomes. These smallholders are part of the market economy through their provision of labour, and their food security depends on their production, which does not necessarily enter the market.
8. At the collective level, smallholders' families are part of social networks within which mutual assistance and reciprocity translate into collective investments (mainly through work exchanges) and into solidarity systems. They also participate – when political freedom allows it – in rural producers' organizations and local development associations in order to improve service provisions, including market access and market power, access to productive assets and to have a voice in public policy debates.
9. To appraise the magnitude and diversity of smallholder agriculture and to inform sound policy- making, more accurate and extensive data are needed: not only on land size, but also on assets' composition (resulting from past investments), production and sources of income. Such data are currently not available at the global level, and at the national level for some countries only. The FAO's World Census of Agriculture (WCA) frames and organizes the way censuses have to be implemented in all countries. However, there are three difficulties that need to be overcome: (i) not all the countries have the means, the interest and the capacities to carry them out: the last completed WCA round covered 114 countries; (ii) data are not always homogeneous and comparable; they can vary according to the specific focus of each country; and (iii) they are not linked to production statistics, making it difficult to make the link to national and global production according to the type of holding.
2. Why invest in smallholder agriculture?
10. Smallholder agriculture is the foundation of food security in many countries and an important part of the socio/economic/ecological landscape in all countries. With urbanization, integration and globalization of markets, the sector is undergoing great transformations that are of vital national interest, that are often against the interests of smallholders, and that are neither inevitable nor a matter of chance, but of social choice. Depending on regional, national and subnational contexts, these transformations can lead to various patterns, which all entail a certain proportion of smallholders and larger farms, with impacts on the diversification of the rural economies.
11. The structural transformation that occurred in the Western countries and in some of the Asian and Latin American countries has been grounded on intensive use of resources, and on the capacity of these economies to create jobs in other sectors, or on the possibility of massive domestic or international migrations. The situation is quite different today owing to regionally contrasted demographic and economic patterns with implications for job creation in non- agricultural sectors to absorb new entrants into the labour market.
12. Smallholders contribute to world food security and nutrition while performing other related roles in their territories. Historical evidence shows that smallholder agriculture, adequately supported by policy and public investments, has the capacity to contribute effectively to food security, food sovereignty, and substantially and significantly to economic growth, the generation of employment, poverty reduction, the emancipation of neglected and marginalized groups, and the reduction of spatial and socio-economic inequalities. Within an enabling political and institutional environment, it can contribute to sustainable management of biodiversity and other natural resources while preserving cultural heritage.
13. The contribution that smallholder agriculture makes to world food security and nutrition is both direct, in as far as it links production and consumption for many rural households, and indirect because (a) it is provisioning domestic markets with the main food products, (b) it does so in a potentially resilient way, and (c) because in many countries smallholder agriculture functions as an important social safety net.
14. The potential efficiency of smallholder farming relative to larger farms has been widely documented, focusing on the capacity of smallholders to achieve high production levels per unit of land through the use of family labour in diversified production systems.
15. Predicted challenges in feeding humanity point to the need to pay greater attention to the sustainable use of natural resources and to limit damage to the environment. At a global scale, attention must be given to the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels, water, soil fertility and biomass. Many examples of efficient and sustainable smallholder farming exist (from China and Viet Nam, to Costa Rica and Guatemala) that demonstrate that it can be an economically, socially and environmentally effective way of organizing agricultural production.
16. Despite the limitations of defining smallholders by the size of their holdings, comparable data compiled for 81 countries offer a telling picture: in this dataset covering two-third of the world population and 38 percent of the agricultural area, 73 percent of the total number of holdings dispose of less than 1 ha of land and 85 percent dispose of less than 2 ha. The majority of holdings below 2 ha are found in Asia. In Africa, 80 percent of the holdings are below 2 ha. In developing countries, the total number of smallholdings tends to reach 500 million units. According to the WCA, China has close to 200 million smallholdings; they cover only 10 percent of the agricultural land that is globally available, and they produce 20 percent of all food in the world. This is an important indication of the productivity that can be achieved in smallholder agriculture relative to larger farms.
17. Even in developed countries, smallholders have changed but have not disappeared. Though they have been neglected by policies often favouring larger farmers, they remain numerically important depending on the prevailing national context, often combining farming with other activities in the rural non-farm economy.
3. Who invests in smallholder agriculture?
18. Most investments in smallholder agriculture are realized by smallholders themselves. This occurs through different modalities but mostly through labour investments to enlarge and improve the resource base, and to a lesser extent through personal savings and remittances from family members that are used for the acquisition of new, additional resources. However, these investments are limited since domestic needs receive priority when food, health or education expenditures are at risk.
19. Public investments in and for agriculture have fallen considerably since the 1980s. It is now widely recognized that agriculture has been neglected at both the national and international levels. Many agricultural banks (mostly linked to, and supported by, the state) have disappeared, and extension services, applied research and investment in infrastructure projects have declined since the mid-1980s.
20. Meanwhile, larger enterprises mostly oriented at agro-exports have been favoured, while the smallholder sector, mainly (although far from exclusively) producing for the domestic market, has been neglected. Major corporations and other private sector companies were expected to provide the appropriate market services as well as the technical knowledge to help producers upgrade their standards in order to meet market requirements. This has occurred in some places, but not in most, and often not in ways that have benefited smallholders. When related to the total number of smallholders, only a minority has actually been able to participate in such schemes.
21. There is growing interest in making more effective use of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in order to better mobilize and orient private investments towards collective goals. This generic term covers various types of partnerships between public and private actors, used initially for large investments projects, research and technology, and now increasingly putting emphasis on agriculture. Many governments are in the process of designing legal frameworks for PPPs, including in the agriculture sector. One difficulty here is how to make them work for smallholders and how to involve them in their design.
4. What are the constraints to investing in smallholder agriculture?
22. When confronted with the need to invest, smallholders face a diversity of often interrelated constraints: poverty, high levels of risk (personal, natural and technical, and economic and financial), declining size of land holdings, lack of incentives in their economic and institutional environments, difficulties in accessing appropriate markets, and the weak voice of smallholders' organizations in policy debates.
23. The diversity of such constraints to investment can be organized along three dimensions related to (i) assets, (ii) markets and (iii) institutions. These dimensions not only present a basis for understanding the variety of constraints to investments, they also hold clues to overcoming them.
a) The first dimension addresses natural and productive assets, including physical, financial, social and human assets. Investment decisions need to address the totality of the asset base of the smallholding. Among the assets, the natural resource endowment of the holding is a key factor, and it is important to note that, even when limited in size, it can be improved through investments. Limited access to land and other natural assets (especially water) is one of the most binding constraints on smallholder farming investment, especially for women. Highly skewed distribution in the access to land and water critically hinders the productive potential of smallholder farmers.
b) The second dimension addresses markets and market agents. Unfavourable conditions such as price volatility, lack of access to appropriate markets, including to financial markets, lack of collective bargaining power and high transaction costs discourage investments or even make them impossible.
c) The third dimension addresses institutions and policy design. Good policy design is essential, as well as innovative and enabling institutional environments. Smallholder organizations and collective action are crucial, yet there are many impediments to their effective participation, including, in some cases, a lack of recognition of their basic rights.
5. What strategies have been shown to work in overcoming these constraints and enhancing investment in smallholder agriculture?
24. To realize the full potential of smallholder agriculture, there is a need to reduce or eliminate the constraints that limit its investment capacity. The first objective is to support investments by smallholders themselves, but their capacity to do so depends on other related investments in collective action, private initiatives and in public goods.
25. To be more effective, policies need to be integrated in the sense that each policy should support (rather than hinder) the other. For example, investments in appropriate research and extension will not necessarily lead to improvements unless investments are also made in accessing and creating new appropriate markets. Similarly, investments in infrastructure work better if they support the models of production and markets that are appropriate to smallholders and, further, these investments would not reach their aim unless investments are also made in securing tenure rights.
26. Governance for agriculture and rural development needs to be designed to support the multifunctional roles of smallholder farming in development. Traditional ministries of agriculture are typically insufficient in fulfilling this function. Experience shows that the efficiency of specific sectoral or ministerial policies is mutually enhanced by their coordination. This often calls for specific national level governance and coordination mechanisms between different ministries, public administration and concerned stakeholders.
27. Smallholder agriculture in particular and agriculture as a whole are often left to undergo great transformations that are sometimes positive but sometimes adverse for smallholders and their food security. These transformations are not inevitable but are the result of explicit or implicit political choices, very often of vital national relevance. Within such political choices, depending on national specificities, it is paramount to recognize and support the important socio/economic/ecological functions of smallholder farming. Appropriate choices and policies result from transparently determined political processes that involve smallholder organizations.
28. Coordinated actions to enhance smallholder investments and capacities to invest can be described along three lines of actions: improving assets, improving markets and improving institutions for smallholders. These actions are not limited to agriculture, but may concern off- farm activities.
a) Increasing smallholders' access to natural and productive assets. Increased access to land, tenure security and the right to use common property resources are essential to the livelihoods of many smallholder communities. With secure access to resources (and adequate incentives and institutional settings that allow increasing the productivity of smallholder family labour), the smallholder family may realize a level of income that enables further investments. This implies that investing in smallholder agriculture to improve efficiency and outcomes for smallholders can be done even without increasing holding size.
b) Improving smallholders' access to markets. Smallholder agriculture needs to be better linked to markets by reducing transaction costs, with better infrastructure and key public investment. An additional issue is how to invest and with which stakeholders to increase and keep more value-added at the holding and territorial level. In order to create favourable conditions, it might be necessary to develop new markets (such as "short circuits" that reduce the distance between consumers and producers, and public procurement schemes) and to regulate existing markets differently. In particular, the efficiency of the domestic market can be improved, benefiting both producers and consumers through adequate strategies combining public and private investments.
The advantages and disadvantages of contract farming for smallholders have been a subject of controversy. Contract farming cannot be a miracle solution to problems smallholders are facing, or applicable to all smallholders in the world. However, given its potential, this report suggests investigating the economic and institutional conditions for making contract farming an inclusive, fair and transparent process for smallholders. This includes monitoring accountability mechanisms on impacts on their food security at the household level and beyond, and on the distribution of value-added among stakeholders. Improving access to innovative credit schemes, collective investments in physical and social capital, and in collective assets to improve market access, are important to enhance the competitiveness of smallholder farming.
c) Making institutions work for smallholders. The state has a key role to play in regulating market relations. It is therefore important to invest in re-establishing (whenever needed) the authority and capacity of the state through rebuilding and strengthening the ability of the public sector to act efficiently in support of smallholder development, including achieving accountability of the resources allocated. The state and local authorities also have a key responsibility in recognizing and enforcing the rights of smallholders, for instance to access land and water, and above all to ensure security of tenure and access to common property resources.
Most agricultural development programmes have been designed to increase productivity through technology-driven intensification, yet, while productivity is important, other related objectives must also be considered, especially increasing resilience. Research and extension systems are crucial to enhanced investment in smallholder farming by designing and promoting appropriate systems and practices adapted to the needs of smallholders, such as agro-ecological approaches and other sustainable intensification practices aiming at a more efficient use of inputs and decreasing the drudgery of agricultural labour.
29. Investing in public goods is essential for poverty reduction in the rural population as well as to reduce regional disparities. This includes specific attention to agriculture, through research and extension, for example, but also basic public goods for the rural population such as roads and communications, electricity, irrigation, education, health, water and sanitation. The family labour force is smallholders' first and foremost asset. Undernutrition, lack of safe and accessible drinking water, diseases, lack of education, highly unequal gender relations, etc., all degrade the quality and quantity of the family labour force. Consequently, safeguarding basic needs is absolutely essential. Providing better services for smallholders would enable them to better invest – not only in farming, but also in non-farm activities that could provide a source of monetary incomes and remittances to invest in agriculture.
30. Strengthening the collective voice of smallholders at various levels remains high on the agenda to improve investment capacities; the organizations themselves have to consider investments to serve their members within a market-led economy. They will need public support to be more effective in servicing their members and voicing their interests.
31. To be effective, policies that address poverty and malnutrition and hunger must be based on respect for the right to food. The right to food differs from food security in providing entitlements to individuals – and placing legal obligations on states – to access adequate food and the resources that are necessary for the sustainable enjoyment of food security. Achieving the right to food for smallholders requires improved investments in their capacity to produce and earn incomes.
Smallholder farmers are the main investors in their own farming as they seek to increase productivity, improve their well-being, including food security and nutrition, and reduce environmental degradation. However, governments and donors have a fundamental role to play in providing the policies and public goods necessary to make smallholder farmers' investments possible. In what follows, we make recommendations to governments, donors and the CFS for policies and public investments in support of smallholder farmers' own investments. The recommendations are also offered as input to the ongoing CFS consultations on the principles for responsible agricultural investments.
1. Developing a national strategy and mobilizing political will
a. National Smallholder Investment Strategies: Governments should design and implement medium- and long-term strategies, with the accompanying set of policies and budgets, to increase the capacity of the smallholder sector to fulfil its multifunctional roles in national development. These roles include contributing to growth, maintaining employment, reducing poverty, enhancing the sustainable management of natural resources and achieving food security. These National Smallholder Investment Strategies should be solidly grounded in participatory processes involving first and foremost the smallholder organizations and all concerned stakeholders.
b. Citizenship and rights: When it is not already the case, governments should recognize in law the individual and collective rights of smallholders, including their right to organize democratically, to have voice in policy debates and to defend their interests, with gender- and age-balanced representation. Securing such rights is important not only intrinsically for them but also in contributing to building the political will necessary to implement the proposed National Smallholder Investment Strategies.
c. Achieving the right to food for smallholder farmers: This population is more exposed to malnutrition and hunger. It derives its access to food through self-provisioning, the exchange of products and market purchases based on monetary income. Attention thus needs to be given not only to increasing purchasing power, but also to accessing productive assets and increasing the productivity of land and labour in smallholder farming through appropriate training, technology and support services to achieve food and nutrition security with a rights-based approach.
2. Gaining access to natural assets
Governments must guarantee tenure security for smallholder farmers over land and natural resources, by implementing the Voluntary guidelines on responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries, and forests. They must also take relevant measures to improve cooperation and governance in the management of common property resources, including open-range pastoral resources, biodiversity, water, forestry and fisheries. Women's rights to land and natural resources use must be developed and strengthened. Governments should improve access to land by various means including land reform processes, making use of the lessons learned from other countries' experiences.
3. Providing a favourable investment climate
a. Access to public goods: To support their investment efforts, smallholder farmers need adequate access to public goods on both the production and consumption sides of the household, with benefits reinforcing each other. On the production side, public investments are needed, for example, in water management facilities and soil conservation. On the consumption side, public investments are needed in health services, education, water and sanitation, and social protection. By increasing the productivity of labour, these consumption goods reinforce the production side of the smallholder operations. Gender-specific support services are needed to recognize the differential roles of household members in production, consumption and the reproduction of the family unit over time. Achieving level playing fields for smallholder farmers in accessing public goods and services is the responsibility of governments and is essential to securing their well- being and competitiveness.
b. Access to markets: Governments should give priority to linking smallholder farmers to domestic, national and regional markets, as well as to new markets that create direct links between producers and consumers, and to schemes that rely on smallholders for the procurement of food for school and institutional feeding programmes. Developing these market linkages also requires investment in small- and medium-size food processors, and small-scale traders at the retail and wholesale levels. Market failures and price volatility are major disincentives for smallholder investment. Government intervention is important to reduce transaction costs on markets and to stabilize prices and smallholders' incomes. Regarding contracting opportunities in value chains, governments should strive to establish the necessary regulatory instruments to bridge the significant gap in economic and political power that exists between smallholders and their organizations on the one side, and the other contracting organizations on the other side.
c. Access to financial services: There is an urgent need to improve smallholder access to financial services adapted to their needs. This includes facilitating monetary transactions (such as mobile- phone based money transfers), safe savings deposits (with incentives to save), low-priced credit (such as through joint-liability group lending), and insurance (such as index-based weather insurance). Novel solutions are needed that reduce financial risks, lower transaction costs and facilitate long-term investments, for instance in technological innovations and soil fertility improvements in sub-Saharan Africa. Liquidity constraints must be relaxed not only on working capital expenditures (fertilizers, seeds), but also on medium- and long-term investments, supported by fair subsidy mechanisms.
4. Improving productivity through research and extension. There is an urgent need to upgrade and finance national research and extension systems targeted specifically to the needs of smallholders, with supporting financial mechanisms. The main objective would be to increase productivity and resilience through diversification of the production system with a high concern for the self-provision of diverse foods with a high nutritional value. Combining increased productivity and resilience will require a high level of investment in research to develop productive land-use systems with minimal ecological risk such that biodiversity may be used productively and conserved. Agricultural research and extension should support the in-situ and ex-situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity in the context of climate change. Agro-ecological approaches and production ecological principles may be instrumental. Smallholder farmers need appropriate seeds as well as machinery for field operation, food processing and other value-adding transformations. International collaboration and the sharing of experiences in technology development for smallholder farmers in different regions of the world should be promoted with a strong engagement, if not leadership, of smallholder organizations.
5. Investing beyond the farm: rural non-farm economy and territorial development
a. Diversification of sources of income. When confronted with the need to escape poverty and malnutrition, smallholder households often need access to complementary sources of income in the rural non-farm economy. Successful rural non-farm employment in turn consolidates the farm economy, providing it with liquidity and risk-reduction that support on-farm investments. For this, investment must be made in support of the rural non-farm economy and the decentralization of economic activity towards rural areas. Investment must correspondingly be made in the qualifications of young people so that they can find employment either in modernized agriculture or in other related activities and labour markets. Territorial development can offer an effective platform to coordinate public and private investments in agriculture and in the regional non-farm economy.
b. Governance for agriculture and rural development. Extensive market failures for agriculture and smallholders, and the need to coordinate public and private investments and programmes in a territorial perspective, require appropriate governance. Governance for agriculture and territorial development requires going beyond the traditional ministries of agriculture. Different solutions must to be tailored to national political and institutional contexts. Early lessons from implementation of the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) and the Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme (GAFSP) offer an opportunity to reflect on best practices across countries and regions for investments in support of smallholder farmers.
c. Up-to-date information on the smallholder sector. In order to better inform National Smallholder Investments Strategies, international agencies and especially FAO, in cooperation with national governments, need to better document the evolution of smallholder agriculture and its contributions to various outcomes. These outcomes include measurement of non-market food production and of the diversity of diets. The World Census of Agriculture [WCA] and other data collection efforts should be harmonized to strengthen the evidence-base for investment decisions. International funding should support countries in implementing censuses and related surveys.
Recommendations to the CFS
1. Given the critical role for smallholder farmers to attain food security through the combination of self- provision, exchange of products and market transactions, and the fact that a large portion of them are suffering from food insecurity, the CFS could promote awareness on the specific instruments, programmes and policies needed to realize the right to food for smallholders by creating a specific platform for the sharing of lessons learned and best practices among countries.
2. To support the National Smallholder Investment Strategies, CFS could request IFAD, the World Bank, bilateral funding agencies and regional development banks to finance pilots of the design, implementation and monitoring of such strategies in a small number of countries. These efforts should build on the findings of the present report. The results of these experiences should be fed back to the CFS as a means of assessing and improving the design of multisectoral policies on this complex issue.
3. Contract farming and public–private partnerships (PPPs) may offer opportunities to improve smallholders' food security. To maximize benefits, improve fairness and the food security impacts of these arrangements, there is a need for implementable and monitorable frameworks agreed by all countries and crafted with the involvement of smallholders themselves. The CFS could take up the challenge of leading inclusive processes to develop (i) guidelines on contract farming and (ii) guidelines on PPPs that relate to investment in smallholder farming.
[1]This report deals mainly with crop and livestock systems from a smallholder perspective. Some of the analysis and recommendations can also apply to other systems. Specific issues related to fisheries and aquaculture will be dealt with in the upcoming report of the HLPE on the role of sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition (forthcoming, 2014).
December 4th, 2013 | Category: Ecological Agriculture & Food Security


1 out of 2 people found this review helpful. Great place to play pool, enjoy a drink & relax with friends.
1 out of 3 people found this review helpful. Pretty decent pool hall with an okay location. Can get noisy on weekends - but what can you expect from a pool hall? Friendly staff and a good crowd on Saturday nights. Fun little spot to check out if you like pool and or pool halls.
0 out of 1 people found this review helpful. The Cue & Cushion is a throw back to what poolrooms once stood for, billiards. There is a network of leagues to join throught the week in both winter and summer providing some excellent amateur players and a collection of characters that can entertain for hours regailing in passed pool games ot tournaments they've played and offering tips on regular play as well as educate you to become a Phd. in poolhall politics.
It also becomes a place for couples to enjoy a first date, or for those high class types to so-called 'slum it'. Yeah it has a rough exterior because it repells many bangers.
If you love pool, play here, drink good beer for reasonable prices.


The Visconti Alchemy Black is the sequel to the popular white- and yellow gold version of the Visconti Alchemy. Also this edition is a tribute to the ..
The Divina Black ballpoint by Visconti was designed with the Golden Number in mind, the divine number Phi 1,618. The pen has a gloss black lucite barr..
The Visconti Divina Elegance Green Ballpoint was designed with the Golden Number in mind, the divine number Phi 1,618. The pen has a gloss colored luc..
The Visconti Divina Elegance Imperial Blue Ballpoint was designed with the Golden Number in mind, the divine number Phi 1,618. The pen has a..
The Visconti Divina Elegance Royal Brown Ballpoint was designed with the Golden Number in mind, the divine number Phi 1,618. The pen has a gloss color..
The Visconti Divina Fashion Black GT Ballpoint is a very innovative writing instrument that carries in its DNA the Italian Renaissance, by L..
The Visconti Divina Fashion Black ST Ballpoint is a very innovative writing instrument that carries in its DNA the Italian Renaissance, by L..
The Visconti Divina Fashion Pink Ballpoint is a very innovative writing instrument that carries in its DNA the Italian Renaissance, by Leona..
The Visconti Divina Fashion White Ballpoint is a very innovative writing instrument that carries in its DNA the Italian Renaissance, by Leon..
Visconti conceived the Homo Sapiens ballpoint for real writers, for those to whom the pen continues to represent a travelling mate, a daily friend to ..
Visconti conceived the Homo Sapiens Dark Age Ballpoint for real writers, for those to whom the pen continues to represent a travelling mate, a daily f..
The Visconti Medici ballpoint is a wonderful tribute to the Florentine Medici family. The Visconti Medici is the same size as the Visconti Homo Sa..
The Visconti Medici ballpoint is a wonderful tribute to the Florentine Medici family. Visconti's Medici collection is entirely hand-made of a beaut..
The Visconti Medici ballpoint is a wonderful tribute to the Florentine Medici family. The Visconti Medici is the same size as the Visconti Homo Sap..
The Visconti Michelangelo ballpoint is a wonderful tribute to this Renaissance Master. The pen is shaped like a diamond with 36 facets within the ..


text:
Molinaroli to step down early at Johnson Controls
Alex Molinaroli will step down as Johnson Controls CEO on Sept. 1, six months earlier than originally planned, and will leave the company's board of directors.
Molinaroli to step down early at Johnson Controls Alex Molinaroli will step down as Johnson Controls CEO on Sept. 1, six months earlier than originally planned, and will leave the company's board of directors. Check out this story on jsonline.com: https://jsonl.in/2wr4Sqt
Rick Romell, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Published 11:55 a.m. CT Aug. 21, 2017 | Updated 2:30 p.m. CT Aug. 21, 2017
George Oliver (left) will replace Alex Molinaroli as CEO of Johnson Controls International plc.(Photo: Milwaukee Journal Sentinel)
Alex Molinaroli will step down as CEO of Johnson Controls International plc on Sept. 1, six months earlier than originally planned, the company said Monday.
Molinaroli also will leave the Johnson Controls board of directors, which he chairs, at the same time — 18 months earlier than originally envisioned.
Assuming both roles will be George Oliver. Oliver was chairman of Tyco International when the Ireland-based firm bought Glendale-based Johnson Controls Inc. last September.
Like Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Business on Facebook for the latest updates right in your news feed.
Visit JS Business on Facebook
With the purchase, Oliver became president and chief operating officer of the newly created Johnson Controls International.
Molinaroli, who had been CEO and chairman of Glendale-based Johnson Controls Inc., originally was to continue as CEO of the new firm until March 2018, and to remain as chairman until March 2019.
Molinaroli's tenure as CEO has been controversial, including investments in a Ponzi scheme and an extramarital affair with an employee of a consulting firm.
RELATED: Johnson Controls CEO speaks out about scandal, says he barely knew con man
RELATED: Johnson Controls CEO's affair raises ethics questions
RELATED: No severance payment, but big payday anyway for JCI boss
The company also said Monday that Jeffrey Joerres, retired CEO of ManpowerGroup, has left the Johnson Controls board of directors, and that board member Jürgen Tinggren has been named lead independent director.
Joerres had been lead director. The lead director acts as an intermediary between the board and senior management.
In a statement, Tinggren said that with the progress made on the integration of Johnson Controls and Tyco, "this is an opportune and appropriate time" to carry out the planned leadership succession from Molinaroli to Oliver.
"The board has been impressed by George's leadership and oversight of the integration, and we believe accelerating the transition provides clarity and continuity as we move into the next phase and continue to deliver the benefits of the transaction and enhance long-term shareholder value," Tinggren said.
With the sale to Tyco, Johnson Controls became a company with its official headquarters in Ireland but run from an operating headquarters in Glendale. The firm projected tax savings of roughly $150 million from the move through what's known as an inversion. Johnson Controls is expected to report $30 billion in sales in its current fiscal year, more than any Wisconsin-based company.
Molinaroli became CEO and president of Johnson Controls in October 2013 and chairman the following January.
Read or Share this story: https://jsonl.in/2wr4Sqt
Brookfield Square losing 2 stores by the end of January
Kahler Slater architectural firm opens Chicago office
Summerfest store opens at Mitchell

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tes4Mod:Stirk/The Abandoned Miner
< Oblivion: Tes4Mod: Stirk: Quests
1 Quick Walkthrough
2 Detailed Walkthrough
2.1 The Depressed Miner
2.2 It's All Mine
2.3 Dem Bones
2.4 Ashes to Ashes
2.5 Requiescat in Pace
4 Bugs
5 Journal Entries
Recover the bones of a dead miner so his soul may rest in peace.
Quest Giver:
Drunk Tom Albin in Stirk
Stirk
Zeek's Amulet, Zeek's Lament and Zeek's Hope
Tr07q002
Zeek's ribcage rests among debris from the cave-in
Quick Walkthrough[edit]
Overhear a rumor that Winston, a miner, is depressed.
Talk to Winston about his problems, and agree to help.
Find the scattered remains of Zeek and give them to Father Ambrogio.
Return to Winston to let tell him what happened.
Return to Zeek for a reward.
Detailed Walkthrough[edit]
The Depressed Miner[edit]
Shortly after arriving on Stirk, you will hear a rumor that Winston, one of the miners working in the Polle Gold Mine, is feeling depressed. When asked about why, he will explain that he is suffering from guilt at what happened to one of his colleagues, an Argonian named Zeek.
A month ago, the miners were trying to get through a natural cave wall in the mine and finding it hard going. The miners decided that the 'Lizard' should do the work, but shortly afterwards there was a cave-in that buried him. Winston admits that although he and Zeek weren't friends, the Argonian trusted him and listened to him. He feels Zeek should have a proper burial but lacks the courage to find out what happened. Instead, he asks for your help.
It's All Mine[edit]
After accepting his offer, Winston hands over a key to the abandoned section of the mine and tells you that he thinks Zeek was in the right-hand passage. This turns out to be true.
Zeek is now a ghost, unable to rest because his remains have been scattered by rats that infest the lower mine. He tells you that there are just four pieces of his body left and that they must all be recovered and taken to Father Ambrogio for burial.
Dem Bones[edit]
Zeek's ribcage can be found nearby, on top of the rubble that killed him, but the other three pieces are trickier to find.
His femur can be found in a ruined crate in the northernmost part of the eastern section of the mine.
His pelvis is also in the eastern section, and lies on some straw in the southeastern corner.
Lastly, his humerus is close to the pelvis, also on some straw in an alcove about as far south as you can go.
Zeek will be much happier when you return, and will ask you to take his remains to Father Ambrogio straight away.
Ashes to Ashes[edit]
The good Father will take Zeek's bones from you and promise that he will give him a good burial. Three days later, Zeek is buried. Father Ambrogio will tell you "I've buried that poor miner that you brought me. Such a terrible fate. May Arkay keep him now. You missed his burial, no one came. I guess the miners couldn't make it. You should pay your respects. The graveyard's on the hill north of the lighthouse."
One person who would like to hear the good news is Winston. He will thank you for your help and again express regret that he has nothing to offer you.
Requiescat in Pace[edit]
The other person who needs to know is Zeek himself. He can still be found in the mine, pacing restlessly. He too will thank you for your efforts, but will also give you his amulet, which although lethal to wear (it possesses a constant 5-point Fire Damage enchantment), adds a Frost Shield ability called Zeek's Hope, and a new spell called Zeek's Lament that does Burden, Frost Damage and Silence on touch.
Do not start this quest if you want to take Therander Polle's path through the main Stirk quests.
Father Ambrogio's dialogue about Zeek's burial can only be accessed by waiting three days and not talking to Winston before talking to the Father.
Bugs[edit]
Several lines of dialogue and a quest update refer to a tombstone for Zeek being created in the island's graveyard. There is even scripting to set up the three day wait and a script for the tombstone, but no such stone is ever created. This seems to be caused by two minor scripting errors. In Tr07q002ZeekScript, an "==" operator is missing from the line Getstage Tr07q002 30, which prevents Zeek from being disabled. In Tr07q002s, a space is missing from the code that would set stage 35 of this quest, so the gravestone is never activated.
Journal Entries[edit]
The Abandoned Miner (Tr07q002)
Finishes Quest
Journal Entry
5 I've heard a rumor that Winston, a Miner at the Polle Gold Mine on Stirk, has been feeling depressed recently.
10 Winston told me that he had convinced a fellow miner named Zeek into doing some hard labor for the rest of the miners. However, when the cave wall collapsed, they left the shaft and never went back for him. He's curious as to what happened to him. It may be worth it to investigate.
15 I have agreed to investigate the collapsed section of the mine, and try to figure out what happened to Zeek. I should look in the right side of the mine first, because that is where Winston thinks Zeek was.
20 When I went into the collapsed section of the mine, Zeek's spirit appeared. He spoke to me, and asked that I find his scattered remains, and take them to Father Ambrogio so that he could get a proper burial.
21 When I went into the collapsed section of the mine, Zeek's spirit appeared. He was pleased to see that I had gathered up his remains, and asked that I take them to Father Ambrogio.
22 I have found all of Zeek's remains. I should return to him now.
25 Zeek was pleased to see that I had gathered up his bones, and asked that I take them to Father Ambrogio.
30 Father Ambrogio thanked me for bringing him Zeek's remains. He said that he would bury them in the cemetery. Winston would probably like to hear of this.
40 Finishes quest Winston thanked me for recovering Zeek's bones, though he didn't have anything to offer me for my work.
100 Finishes quest I visited Zeek's grave, and he appeared to me and thanked me for my troubles. He also gave me an amulet that had always been dear to him.
Not all Journal Entries may appear in your journal; which entries appear and which entries do not depends on the manner in which the quest is done.
Stages are not always in order of progress. This is usually the case with quests that have multiple possible outcomes or quests where certain tasks may be done in random order.
If an entry is marked as "Finishes Quest" it means the quest disappears from the Active Quest list, but you may still receive new entries for that quest.
It is possible to use the console to advance through the quest by entering setstage Tr07q002 stage, where stage is the number of the stage you wish to complete. It is not possible to un-complete (i.e. go back) quest stages. See SetStage for more information.
Retrieved from "https://en.uesp.net/w/index.php?title=Tes4Mod:Stirk/The_Abandoned_Miner&oldid=1862450"
Tes4Mod-Stirk-Quests


text:
You have searched for ""healthcare""
Showing 9971-9980 of 10000
29 Mar 2014 | 8:51 PM
Candy Crush brings IPO market back to earth
NEW YORK: In the weeks leading up to the IPO of King Digital Entertainment, the company's bankers scrambled to persuade investors that the maker of popular online game "Candy Crush Saga" was more than a one-trick pony, according to a source familiar with the situation.
29 Mar 2014 | 12:00 AM
Shanmugam describes some of the criticisms levelled against neighbour as unfair
SINGAPORE: Singapore has come to Malaysia's defence after scathing criticism of Kuala Lumpur's handling of the disappearance of a passenger plane with 239 people on board.
Online shopping starts to gain more traction in Malaysia
IF YOU are a shopaholic and hate going to busy malls, then online shopping would be an ideal choice. With so many virtual shopping portals in the e-commerce space, there are endless choices these days.
MH370 crash: Singapore defends Malaysia's efforts on missing plane
SINGAPORE: Singapore came to Malaysia's defence after scathing criticism of Kuala Lumpur's handling of the disappearance of a passenger plane with 239 people on board.
28 Mar 2014 | 8:40 AM
Syria refugee crisis poses major threat to Lebanese stability - U.N.
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - An influx of almost 1 million refugees from Syria into neighbouring Lebanon poses a serious threat to the already fragile country, but donor nations may not grasp the potential impact of further destabilization, a U.N. official said on Thursday.
Pope tells Obama of concern for 'religious freedom' in U.S.
VATICAN CITY (Reuters) - Pope Francis and Vatican officials on Thursday told U.S. President Barack Obama they were concerned about "religious freedom" in the United States, an apparent reference to the contraception mandate in Obama's health care plan.
Rewarding career in store for PIDC graduate dentists
SOME 75% children in Malaysia have dental caries problem and each child has an average of six cavities.
George Kent FY12 net profit up 41% to RM36m, boost from construction
KUALA LUMPUR: George Kent (Malaysia) Bhd's net profit rose 41% to RM35.99mil in the financial year ended Jan 31, 2014 (FY14) from RM25.56mil a year ago, boosted by its construction business.
Deals of the day- mergers and acquisitions
March 26: The following bids, mergers, acquisitions and disposals were reported by 2000 GMT on Wednesday:
Wall Street drops on Russia worry as techs, materials Drag
NEW YORK: U.S. stocks fell on Wednesday, led by losses in the technology and materials sectors, as geopolitical concerns rose after the United States and the European Union agreed to work together on tougher sanctions on Russia.


As a Marine, the game starts out above the planet, with the Marines squads on two separate ships, one of which is identified as the USS Marlow. The Marines have been given orders for a combat drop. When the Predators' ship comes out of cloak and destroys the Marlow, Major Van Zandt directs the surviving shuttle to land. The player Marine, dubbed "Rookie", is knocked out during the drop, and regains consciousness in the heart of the chaos itself. At Corporal Tequila's direction, Rookie is sent into several parts of the wrecked human colony with the purpose of getting systems back online and locating all the surviving Marines, especially Major Van Zandt. However, the Major is discovered cocooned, forcing Rookie to shoot him.
As an Alien, the game begins in a laboratory, where two humans are being kept imprisoned. As one of them wakes up, a chestburster emerges from the other, killing him. Soon after, a chestbuster breaks through the other's body, killing him as well. As scientists enter the room to collect the specimens, they find that "Specimen 6" is missing. The missing chestburster then emerges from the second victim's mouth, rather than the containment tube, and, as a result, the room is gassed by head scientist Dr. Groves, killing the two other scientists and subduing the chestburster; however, Mr. Weyland prevents the death of the creature, impressed with the chestburster's cunning, and tells Groves to assign the creature to a special program, the alien code-named 'Specimen 6'.
As a Predator, the game starts in the jungles, where a youngblood is proving himself strong and fit enough for the rank of Elite. Once the trials are complete, the Elite, named "Dark", is dispatched with a group of other Predators to a planet in order to investigate a distress call, sent by a youngblood hunting party on another planet (BG 386). On arriving at BG 386, the Predators destroy the orbiting Marine ship, the USS Marlow, and launch the Elites onto the planet's surface.


Conspiracy theory channel 'UFO Today' recently released an eerie video which was apparently shot in the skies of London. The video shows two UFOs in the evening skies, and interestingly, after a brief encounter, they merge with each other. After analyzing the video, the conspiracy theorist suggested that this merging might be a form of communication between aliens.
The YouTube channel also revealed that the clip was sent to many UFO experts and all of them said that they have never witnessed such a sighting.
"This amazing UFO sighting shows us how 2 UFO's merge together. Nobody knows why these 2 UFO's merged together. We have shown this UFO' footage to several UFO exports before we posted it on our channel and they all agreed that this was something they have never witnessed before," wrote the conspiracy theory channel in the video's description.
In the initial portion of the video, we can see two bright orbs from two ends of the sky coming closer. After staying very close for some seconds, they finally merged together and travelled to a different direction. UFO buffs strongly believe that the objects spotted in the skies might be controlled by aliens. These people also argue that these UFOs might have merged to exchange some crucial information.
However, skeptics believe that the objects spotted are nothing but drones. Some other viewers argued that the objects might be the reflection of light or an issue with the camera's lens.
"Filmed through a window, light sources on that window. easy to do," commented Bic Narok, a YouTube user.
The new UFO sighting was reported just a few days after 'Secureteam10', another YouTube conspiracy theory channel revealed an astonishing image of a triangular UFO travelling through a lightning bolt. As the image went viral, alien buffs strongly argued that extraterrestrial beings have that advanced technology to harvest energy from lightning bolts.


Get quick $ 800 wirebonus.com promo code 7977 San Jose California within next business day Get loan 5000 US dollars same day. You can also apply fast $ 500 wire bonus.com promo code 7977 San Diego, CA bad credit ok .
Is really a personal loan something you would like? Have you got credit score that isn't everything excellent? The good news is, you possess alternatives. If you want money immediately to deal with a crisis, a pay day loan might be your best choice. The item that follows includes wonderful guidance for anyone seeking payday cash loans.
Call close to and discover interest levels and costs. Most payday loan firms have comparable charges and rates, but not all. You may be able to conserve ten or 20 or so bucks in your financial loan if someone organization delivers a lower monthly interest. Should you frequently get these loans, the cost savings will prove to add up.
There are numerous strategies that cash advance companies use to obtain about usury laws put in place for the protection of consumers. They could demand service fees up to the fascination on its own. This could amount to above 10 times the quantity of a standard financial loan which you would get.
An improved substitute for a payday loan is usually to start off your own personal unexpected emergency savings account. Place in a little bit cash from every single income till you have a good sum, such as $500.00 or so. As opposed to strengthening the top-fascination charges a payday loan can incur, you can have your personal cash advance right at your banking institution. If you want to make use of the money, commence conserving yet again right away if you happen to will need unexpected emergency cash down the road.
Due to the fact lenders made it really easy to obtain a payday loan, many individuals utilize them if they are not in a problems or emergency condition. This will result in men and women to grow to be secure make payment on high interest rates and when an emergency arises, these are within a horrible place as they are already overextended.
Realize that you are currently offering the payday loan entry to your own personal banking info. That is certainly great once you see the borrowed funds downpayment! Nonetheless, they is likewise creating withdrawals out of your profile. Be sure to feel safe using a firm having that type of access to your banking accounts. Know to anticipate that they will use that gain access to.
You must never take care of the regards to your cash advance irresponsibly. The next thing is to make sure that you examine your forms usually, and be alert to the day the financing is due. Then, make sure you spend it when it really is due. In the event you neglect to shell out on time, you can expect to end up with a huge personal debt and series firms contacting you.
You need to know the precise particular date you will need to pay for the pay day loan again. Should you skip the payback particular date, you may well be exposed to very high fees. For that reason, it is crucial that you are making all monthly payments on or well before their due day.
Whenever you make application for a pay day loan, be sure to have your most-recent shell out stub to show you are used. You should also have your newest bank assertion to prove you have a existing available checking account. Whilst not always needed, it will make the entire process of receiving a bank loan much simpler.
Use advance loan loans and also payday cash loans moderately. If you're experiencing problems, you will need consumer credit counseling to assist you with money management. Pay day loans when they are not paid back can expand so huge that you can end up in bankruptcy in case you are not sensible. Prevent this from going on and keep away from these types of unsafe loans.
Avoid intelligent rollovers when it comes to online payday loans. Occasionally creditors make use of solutions that restore past due loans after which acquire costs out of your checking account. Most severe of all, pay day loan organizations tend to hide these information in the commitment. This training can prevent you from at any time paying back your loan, and price you hundreds of your challenging-earned dollars in the process. Know each of the conditions and terms.
Payday loans might cost large service fees and high interest rates, but they also can overdraft account your bank account. A bounced examine or overdraft may add important charge on the presently high rates of interest and charges linked to payday loans.
In today's world, many people have started checking out alternative methods of funding their loans. Policies change, banking institutions be a little more stringent and only when you really need the money the most, no person is financing. Acquiring a cash advance might be a sensible move, and with any fortune, this bit has offered the necessary information to make a choice.
People all over the world are trying to lose some pounds. The benefits of losing weight are several. Benefits of losing weights include better sleep, lowered blood pressure, easy mobility and more. The benefits can be classified into social benefit, health benefits and lifestyle benefits. The process of losing weight can be hard to stay focused and motivated. The only way that one can reduce the weight they intend within a period is stay motivated and focused on the goal. Most people lack motivation and hence lack to realize their goals. Ways that someone can stay motivated to lose weight are listed. Read more here to discover this motivations on weight loss.
Lose weight reasons should be outlined by the individual. The weight lose goals that are written will help give reasons to stay inspired. This will help you read the reasons daily and help motivate to carry one till the goal is reached. Losing weight has different reasons which can include prevention of diseases, keep a disease at bay or to fit into an attire. It is wise to have the reasons for weight lose written and in a visible area.
Having the weight lose goals realistic can enable one to stay inspired. Attainable and not exaggerated goals should be set. Setting unachievable goals can be frustrating. When an individual set realistic goals, it becomes easy to attain them. The inspiration required to keep going is given by a goal. The feeling of accomplishment and avoidance of burn outs are boosted by setting realistic goal. The other inspiration to healthy weight loss is to focus on the process goals. Set short term goals within the weight lose process. It is not wise to only solely focus on the long term goal. In order to prevent the feeling of being overwhelmed, an individual should set short term goals. To keep going and feel like a conqueror, the small achievements are recognized during the process of weight loss.
An individual should ensure that they have a plan that go hand in hand with the current lifestyle. The plan should fit your daily routine than adjusting to the change that would be drastic. It is easier for an individual to follow a plan that does not require than to go overboard. Another way to stay motivated is to enjoy the success along the way. When a short term goal has been achieved, rejoice about it and commend yourself for a good job well done. An individual should appreciate the changes that are made along the way in the process of weight lose. To stay motivated one requires to also have a social support. Have people around that support and offer feedback that is positive. Taking the next step becomes easier because you have the social support that is required to motivate.
The carpets can be installed in either in your business or residences. It is best to make sure that you have the carpet looking good always. Having a carpet in your place will add more value. For the maintenance of the carpet, it is crucial to frequent do cleaning. Therefore, you are supposed to look for a carpet cleaning company that will handle the task. You are supposed to work with a good carpet cleaning form that will successfully handle the washing of the carpet. For that reason, you should always ensure that you find the right carpet cleaners. The following are the top considerations when looking for a reliable carpet cleaning firm.
Consider checking at the qualifications of the carpet cleaners. A good carpet cleaning firm should have undergone the right training to handle the task. Therefore, ask the company to provide you with their certifications so that you can confirm on the qualifications. The carpet cleaning company that has undergone the necessary training will be able to take care of the safety and the health of everyone. The qualified carpet cleaning company will be aware of the right way of applying the chemicals that are used in the process of washing the carpet.
You need to look at the fee when hiring a carpet cleaning company . Before signing a contract with the company it is essential that you know on how much it will cost you to get the services. When you are considering the cost of carpet cleaning services, ensure that you prioritize the quality. Thus, you should avoid the carpet cleaning company that has the lowest fee for the services as they will provide you with low-quality services. Make sure that the carpet cleaning company will not ask for extra cash after they have completed the task. You can consider comparing on the cost of the carpet cleaning services from different companies to enable you to find the company with the best deals.
Consider looking at the experience of the carpet cleaning company. The right carpet cleaners should have the right knowledge to handle the process. You need to ask your potential carpet cleaning firm for how long that they have done the business. Choose the company that has offered the services for several years. The experienced carpet cleaners will know the ins and outs of how the process is required to be carried out thus providing you with the best services. You need to get a list of the past clients of the carpet cleaners. When you talk with the people that have been served by the carpet cleaners, you will make the right choice.
Why Find the Best Airport Shuttle Services?
One might be planning a vacation with family and friends, and if this is so, he or she might be able to think of nothing but this wonderful time with loved ones. Before starting out on their vacation, however, they need to make a lot of plans, and one of these is the transportation that they will use once they have arrived at their destination. It is great to know that they do not need to worry about anything more when they find the best airport shuttle services in the area. Those who find a service like this, then, can be sure that they will be able to enjoy great convenience, plus a lot of other benefits that they will surely feel are satisfying.
The first thing that people will love about this airport shuttle service is the benefit of being able to choose a vehicle that will fit their needs. One might be traveling with a spouse or with one or two best friends, and if this is so, the best option would be a small sedan for a chill, cozy, comfortable ride. If, rather, you are traveling with a big group of friends or colleagues, you will be happy to know that you can choose the minivan, which allows you to fit up to 24 people!
Another thing that people can enjoy when they find a service like this one is the benefit of the wonderful convenience they will be able to enjoy. If you have never been to the place you are going to before, then it is not a good idea for you to try the bus or train, as you can get lost, waste a lot of time, and enjoy your vacation less. It is good to know that when they hire a service like this, a vehicle will be ready to pick them up when they land, and they need to think of no worry at all.
Last but not least, people will benefit through a service like this because they can be sure of a smooth and comfortable ride to their destination. You can trust that the vehicles offered will be in really good condition, and what is more, the professionals who drive you will be skilled and experienced, so your ride to the hotel will be the first good experience of your trip.
Those who find an excellent shuttle service like this one, then, can be sure that they will be taking one important step towards the planning of the perfect vacation.
One benefit that real estate apps can offer you is extending your market reach from the buyers to the sellers. Because you work as the middle man, you will really need to be able to reach out to more sellers and more buyers. Now, it can be hard to go around and look for these people. But with the real estate app, you can be sure that you can more easily find them because the app will direct you to these people. So this is benefit number one that you will receive from real estate apps.
Another benefit that real estate apps will offer you is better and quicker decision making from your clients. You probably know that it will take quite a while to convince someone to buy a home. But with real estate apps, you can be sure that it has all the information, thus making it easier and quicker for your clients to buy the house. So the fact that your clients will make faster decisions is another of the greatest benefits that you will receive from real estate apps.
Finally, you can be sure that real estate apps are very easy to use. When you think about these great apps, you might hesitate and think that it will be too complicated for you. One thing you can be sure of, and that is that you will never have a hard time going around real estate apps. So in no time, you can be using the app for your own good. So this is benefit number three that you will receive from real estate apps; however, just because this was the last benefit that we mentioned here in no way means it is the least of the benefits.


A charming retro inspired print of Barbie accessories in classic black and white makes up the bodice of the boat necked sheath dress. The accessory print is silk dupioni while the skirt is made from bright pink linen. A black silk bow belt defines the waist. Fully lined in white silk.


text:
Anorexic women more likely to have unplanned pregnancies: study
4:30 AM | November 01, 2010
Women suffering from anorexia are much more likely to have unplanned pregnancies and induced abortions than those who don't have the serious eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa is characterised by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, and an obsessive fear of gaining weight due to a distorted self image. The results may be driven by a mistaken belief among women with anorexia that they can't get pregnant because they either don't have menstrual periods or have irregular periods, the journal Obstetrics & Gynaecology quoted Cynthia M. Bulik, who led the study, as saying. "Anorexia is not a good contraceptive," said Bulik, director of University of North Carolina's eating disorders programme in the US. "Just because you're not menstruating, or because you're menstruating irregularly, doesn't mean you're not at risk for becoming pregnant," he added, according to a university statement. Bulik and study co-authors analysed data collected from 62,060 women as part of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. There were 62 women in this sample who reported having anorexia nervosa. The differences between women with anorexia and those with no eating disorder were striking. The average age of the mothers at delivery was 26.2 years in women with anorexia, compared with 29.9 years in the group of women without eating disorders. Fifty percent of women with anorexia reported unplanned pregnancies, compared with 18.9 percent of the others, while 24.2 percent of women with anorexia reported having induced abortions in the past, compared to 14.6 percent of the others.
IGP wants women and children protected
Two women die as roof collapses
Shireen Mazari assures CFWIJ of swift action against online trolls targeting women journalists
4 women among 6 injured in armed attack by rivals
Zahrah Nasir
Celestial HAARP
Emerging realities of Afghanistan
Dr James Zogby
GOP and the deepening divide
Ikramullah
A guest in town
Mere words not enough
Indian hegemony
Soaring electricity rates
Flood victims left in the lurch
Parasites should be expelled
Truth about NRO
Bill Gates - also a great man
Indian homegrown terrorism
Violence against domestic workers
Defining moment


text:
← Las Vegas Nightclub Kingpin Plans New York City Nightclub
Crazy Pool Parties in Las Vegas →
'Porn Nostalgia' Cult Industry Sizzles in Sin City
The little-known "porn nostalgia" industry has been quietly operating for years in Las Vegas. Now it's attracting national attention with two Las Vegas companies battling over which has the rights to distribute classic X-rated movies from the 1970s and 1980s.
Information about the cottage industry emerged last week in a lawsuit filed by Arrow Productions Inc. of Las Vegas against VCX Ltd. of North Las Vegas. Arrow claims VCX is infringing on its "Deep Throat" trademark by selling copies of that production.
David Sutton, president of VCX, responded to the allegations saying he started distributing "Deep Throat" last fall because Arrow had refused his repeated requests that it stop distributing two other classic films VCX says it has the rights to: "Debbie Does Dallas" and "The Devil in Miss Jones."
If Arrow would give up those two titles, he'll give up "Deep Throat," he said. Now, he said, the best thing for both parties to do is sit down and negotiate. Because if the lawsuit isn't dismissed, a judge could find "Deep Throat" to be in the public domain — meaning anyone could legally copy and use it for free.
And that, he said, is why he didn't sue Arrow over Arrow's marketing of "Debbie Does Dallas" and "The Devil in Miss Jones." The last thing anyone in the porn industry wants is for a judge to rule that any of these films are in the public domain, he said.
Sutton is claiming rights to the old films under an interesting legal theory. He said the predecessor companies of both VCX and Arrow originated during an era when the mob controlled the pornography industry, and that today VCX has a "mob provenance" claim of ownership over the old films.
That may sound far-fetched. But it's well established that the Colombo crime family produced "Deep Throat" for $25,000 and made a fortune off the production; and that the mob controlled the industry in the 1970s and into the 1980s. The organized crime section of the 1986 Meese Commission report on pornography even includes several references to VCX founder Norm Arno.
In his Las Vegas Trademark Attorney blog, Ryan Gile highlighted an important point about the case. He said that because pre-1989 copyright law required all works to be published with a copyright notice, one issue is whether "Deep Throat" was published without a copyright notice because, if it failed to do so, then the movie might be in the public domain.
"Of course, despite the morass of causes of actions relating to trademark infringement in Arrow's complaint, this case is really about copyright infringement, and more particularly, whether the film 'Deep Throat' is in the public domain. After all, if the movie is in the public domain and all that VCX is doing is distributing that single work under that single title, then VCX is not using the term 'Deep Throat' as a mark to identify the source of goods and services, but merely as the genuine title of the work," Gile wrote.
Separately, Arrow suffered a setback in another case involving "Deep Throat." Vivid Entertainment said March 10 that a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge denied Arrow's request for a temporary restraining order that would have barred Vivid from distributing "Throat," a movie loosely based on "Deep Throat."
Sutton, in the meantime, said that despite the overwhelming amount of new porn available for purchase and for free on the Internet, the classic porn industry continues to do well in its niche, with the top five titles probably grossing $5 million per year industrywide.
"We're reaching a second and even a third-generation viewer. Some (movies) have a cult following," Sutton added.
Filed under entertainment, Las Vegas, news, Uncategorized
Tagged as adult entertainment, Arrow Productions, David Sutton, Debbie Does Dallas, Deep Throat, Las Vegas adult entertainment, Las Vegas Backstage Access, Las Vegas news, movie industry, news, Norm Arno, nostalgia, porn, Ryan Gile, sex, sex court cases, sex industry, The Devil in Miss Jones, VCX Ltd, X-rated


text:
Osojnica – wieś w Bośni i Hercegowinie, w Federacji Bośni i Hercegowiny, w kantonie zenicko-dobojskim, w mieście Zenica. W 2013 roku liczyła 1 mieszkańca – Boszniaka.

Przypisy

Miejscowości w mieście Zenica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This Giving Tuesday, donate to BLK GRL, a production made for black women, by black women, and with black women in mind.
What is BLK GRL? For my senior project at Purchase College, I am producing, writing, and directing my own original play entitled BLK GRL (pronounced "black girl"), that will be making its debut in February. BLK GRL is composed of monologues, dialogues, and conversations with the audience that touch on a myriad of topics affecting the lives of black girls and women, specifically of this generation (police brutality, self-identity, politics, mental health, etc.). Born out of conversations and interactions I've had with black millennial women in my life and thoughts I've had myself, it is a play that not only unveils unspoken thoughts but allows for eight talented black women to shine on stage in roles made just for them.
Director Ahtiya Liles and Videographer Paul-Ann Rose reviewing footage during the video and photo shoot earlier in the month. Taken by Production Photographer Devin Douglas.
Why is BLK GRL important? BLK GRL is a work of art that deals heavily with the varying experiences of being a black woman and millennial in this country. Being a black American woman and the intersectionality of these identities greatly impacts the way I see the world, how and why I make art, and why I am so dedicated and committed to the representation of diverse stories on stage. I have experienced a lot throughout my college career, and a large part of that growth was me coming into who I was a black woman who usually finds herself in predominantly white (sometimes racist and anti-black) environments. I know that a lot of my fellow black girl friends have experienced some of these same thoughts, either subtly or overtly, and it is important that we put content on stage that sometimes makes majority audiences uncomfortable and provides a safe theatrical space for audience members of color.
How can I help? As with all senior projects within my major, we are responsible for funding our projects. That's where you can come in! The funding of BLK GRL is reliant solely on donations, and we'd be thrilled if you donated to our production!
What would my donation be going towards? With the help of your donation, we'll be able to purchase props, costumes, set pieces, artistic supplies, etc.
What if there's extra donations? Any excess donations we do not end up using for the production will be going to a charity organization that is dedicated to helping black women and girls in some way, shape, or form. The four organizations we are choosing between are INCITE!, Black Women's Blueprint, National Black Women's Justice Institute, and Sister Love. We'd love for your input, so after you've clicked the links and read a bit about each organization, vote below with which organization you think we should donate to!
Our goal is $900, and as of when this article was published, we are 19% of the way there at a total of $175 raised! We're super grateful to those who have donated so far, but in order for us to make this incredible production a reality, we're asking that more people join our already growing donors list. Theatre that celebrates differences, diversity, and inclusion usually gain their momentum from dedicated audience members and patrons who believe in the vision of creating theatre for and by those who usually do not have a voice. A lot of inspiring hard work has gone into this production by our talented cast of actresses and members of the production team, and it is with donations from friends, family, and the general public that we will be able to bring this production to its full glory. Any donation amount you are able to give is appreciated and puts us one step closer to producing this show without the worry and stress of financial limitations.
You can click here to donate! Thank you in advanced for any donations you may be able to give, and if you're in the NYC/Lower Westchester area in February, we hope to see you at the show you had a part in funding. If you aren't able to give, that's totally okay! Even sharing this article and asking people you know is a big help to us and spreads the word about our production!
To keep up with our progress and to see more amazing photos like the ones below, follow us on Instagram (@blkgrl_atpurchase) and like our Facebook page (BLK GRL).
Videographer Paul-Ann capturing footage of Emma, who plays the role of Girl 5. Taken by Production Photographer Devin Douglas.
Capturing footage of Anaela (Girl 1). Taken by Production Photographer Devin Douglas.
Kache, Girl 2. Taken by Production Photographer Devin Douglas.
Ahtiya and Kache talking about their weekend while waiting. Taken by Production Photographer Devin Douglas.
"They will tell you to relax, tell you to chill, tell you to calm down, but you will not. You will go from small flames to burning embers, from unhatched egg to powerful dragon, from passive to demanding of everything you are owed." – Girl 5, BLK GRL.