text:
City of Hope Hosts 15th Annual Songs of Hope Honoring Snoop Dogg
Last week, City of Hope, a world-renowned independent research and treatment center for cancer, diabetes and other life-threatening diseases, hosted its Music, Film and Entertainment Industry Group's 15th annual Songs of Hope at Alex da Kid's KIDinaKORNER Kampus.
Snoop Dogg accepts an award onstage during City of Hope: 15th Annual Songs of Hope
Credit/Copyright: Lester Cohen/Getty Images
This year's event brought together more than 300 music industry celebrities and professionals to honor their peers, bringing in upward of $400,000, a record-breaking year! In total, Songs of Hope has raised over $4.5 million for City of Hope.
Legendary producer and songwriter Jimmy Jam emceed the ceremony, which honored some of the brightest names in music. Entertainment icon Snoop Dogg received the Sony ATV Music Publishing "Social Leadership" Award, which was presented by Sony ATV chairman and CEO, and 2018 Spirit of Life honoree, Jon Platt. Producer Boi-1da and songwriter Diane Warren received the Clive Davis "Legend in Songwriting" Award presented by Clive Davis, composer and lyricist Marc Shaiman received the EA Music "Composer of the Year" Award presented by EA's worldwide executive and president of music, and event co-chair, Steve Schnur, and songwriter and recording artist Tierra Whack received the Universal Music Publishing Group "She Is The Music" Award presented by Universal Music Publishing's chairman and CEO Jody Gerson. Facebook's head of Music Publishing Business Development, Zenia Grenier, presented the "Facebook Songwriter Impact" Award to Hayley Kiyoko. The-Dream received the Warner Chappell Music "Beacon of Excellence" Award, presented by their president, A&R, U.S. Press Ryan Press, and Dr. Linda Malkas, Ph.D., received the Beverly and Ben Horowitz Songs of Hope Legacy Award presented by Zach Horowitz and Jody Horowitz-Marsh.
Co-chairs of the event included Schnur, Doug Davis (The Davis Firm), Evan Lamberg (president, North America / Universal Music Publishing Group) and David Renzer.
It was an evening filled with moving tributes and acceptance speeches as each of the night's honorees took to the stage. Shaiman treated guests to a musical interlude, performing a playful original tune as well as the moving "Where The Lost Things Go," for which he was nominated for an Academy Award this year. The crowd was especially touched by Malkas' speech. She described the incredible experience she had with a patient and her family, which ultimately inspired her to pursue her current research project. Snoop Dogg, who rarely speaks publicly about his incredibly successful philanthropy endeavors, spoke passionately about his eagerness to be associated with an organization and event that is fighting cancer because he has lost many family members to the disease. Snoop Dogg said he loves using his platform to bring people together and lead them in a positive direction. He closed with a powerful statement, stressing that he doesn't do this work for attention, "I do it because it's needed."
This year's event was put on with support from stage sponsor ASCAP, food and beverage sponsors BMI, SESAC and SNAP, valet sponsors peermusic and Tresóna Multimedia, and additional support from the Gibson Foundation.
A portion of funds raised at the 15th annual Songs of Hope will support the work of Beverly and Ben Horowitz Songs of Hope Legacy Award recipient Linda Malkas, Ph.D., the M.T. & B.A. Ahmadinia Professor in Molecular Oncology. Former Beverly and Ben Horowitz Songs of Hope Legacy Award recipients have been Saul Priceman, Ph.D., and Stephen J. Forman, M.D., the Francis & Kathleen McNamara Distinguished Chair in Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.
Jimmy Jam
Glenn Close and Bring Change To Mind's 9th Annual Revels & Revelations Raises $1 Million Dec 8, 2021
Glenn Close and the Bring Change 2 Mind (BC2M) Board of Directors hosted "Revels & Revelations 9," a special celebration, which raised $1 million in support of teen mental health on Thursday, December 2, 2021 at City Winery in New York City. More →
Glenn Close to Host 9th Annual Revels & Revelations Event Nov 23, 2021
City of Hope and RWQuarantunes Hosted the Star-Studded 16th Annual Songs of Hope Oct 4, 2021
City of Hope Partners with RWQuarantunes for 16th Annual Songs of Hope Virtual Celebration Sep 1, 2021
The Reluctant Entertainers
#ImUnloading: Snoop Dogg Unload Your 401k

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Click to copyhttps://apnews.com/76239db8e9be405ea1faa32bc1ac53f0
BC-BBA--White Sox-Triple Play
The Chicago White Sox have turned a triple play against the Houston Astros. It came in the third inning with runners on first and second. Jake Marisnick hit a grounder down the line to third baseman Yoan Moncada, who stepped on the base for the first out. He threw to Yolmer Sanchez at second, and Sanchez threw it to Jose Abreu at first, where the ball just beat Marisnick.
HOUSTON (AP) — The Chicago White Sox have turned a triple play against the Houston Astros.
It came in the third inning Wednesday night with runners on first and second. Jake Marisnick hit a grounder down the line to third baseman Yoan Moncada, who stepped on the base for the first out. He threw to Yolmer Sanchez at second, and Sanchez threw it to Jose Abreu at first, where the ball just beat Marisnick.
It was the first triple play in the majors this season and Chicago's first since July 8, 2016, against Atlanta. Houston last hit into a triple play on April 19, 2018, against the Mariners.


text:
Q: CreateReadStream event are not generated properly if there are multiple pipes I have an nodejs application written with electron Framework. I am using multiple pipes to read from, which are used for different purposes. A backend module pushes some data to these pipes and the nodejs module will read it. It seems like because of the multiple pipes the readstream events are not triggered properly.
I have made the following observations

*

*If the I dont stream the buffer for 'xyz' and 'lmn' files, then I get proper events/data for the 'abc' file. However if I try to stream data from all the files, createreadstream events are not triggered for the first one.

*It seems like the data is being cached somewhere, because when the function is called the next time the data of the previous run is fetched.

Here is the code snippet:
var fs = require('fs');

function ABC () {
  var fd = fs.openSync('abc','r+')
  readstreamabc = fs.createreadstream(none, {fd:fd});

  readstreamabc.on('data',function () {
    //do something
  });
}

function XYZ () {
  var fd = fs.openSync('xyz','r+')
  readstreamxyz = fs.createreadstream(none, {fd:fd});

  readstreamxyz.on('data',function () {
    //do something

  });
}

function lmn () {
  var fd = fs.openSync('lmn','r+')
  readstreamlmn = fs.createreadstream(none, {fd:fd});

  readstreamlmn.on('data',function () {
    //do something

  });
}

The behavior is observed in Centos
Please help me in understanding why this behaviour is seen.
Thanks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hairpin Q&A: Do You Believe In Ghosts?
HELLO and welcome to our Friday Hairpin Q&A;! If you've never been, great to have you! Here is the drill: we ask a question, you answer in the comments, and then we talk, because we do love to talk.


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La Peña Sporting Club – peruwiański klub piłkarski z siedzibą w mieście Lima.

Historia
Klub założony został 6 kwietnia 1968 roku pod nazwą La Peña Sporting Club. Siedzibą klubu La Peña Sporting było miasto Ayacucho, stolica regionu Ayacucho.

Swoje domowe mecze klub rozgrywał na mogącym pomieścić 15 000 widzów stadionie Estadio Ciudad de Cumana.

Po wygraniu turnieju międzyligowego klub awansował w roku 2003 do drugiej ligi (Segunda división peruana).

W latach 2007-2008 klub występował pod nazwą Real Ayacucho. W 2009 nową siedzibą klubu stała się Lima, a klub zmienił nazwę na Real Academia Fútbol Club.

W 2010 klub powrócił do starej nazwy.

20 marca 2011 klub ogłosił o wycofaniu się z rozgrywek i zawiesił wszelką działalność.

Osiągnięcia
 Mistrz dystryktu Lince (Campeón distrital de Lince) (11): 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Peruwiańskie kluby piłkarskie
Kluby piłkarskie założone w 1968
Kluby piłkarskie rozwiązane w 2011

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Thomas Norton (ca.1433-ca.1513) was een Engels dichter en alchemist. Hij is de auteur van 'The Ordinall of Alchemy' (1477), een alchemistisch gedicht van ongeveer 3000 regels. Volgens Jonathan Hughes werd Norton geboren in Calne, Wiltshire. Hij werd een alchemist in de jaren 1450 en was een hoveling aan het hof van Eduard IV van Engeland, aan wie hij het gedicht ook opdroeg.

The Ordinall  (Het Wijdingsboek) kreeg ook een wijdverspreide faam toen Michael Maier een Latijnse vertaling van het gedicht opnam in zijn 'Tripus Aureus'. Het originele Engelse gedicht werd ook toegevoegd aan het uit 1652 daterende Theatrum chemicum Britannicum van Elias Ashmole.

Illustraties bij The Ordinall of Alchemy
Uit het Theatrum chemicum Britannicum van Elias Ashmole: Thomas Norton - Ordinall of Alchemy

Externe link
  https://web.archive.org/web/20090304201606/http://www.rexresearch.com/norton/norton.htm Gescande reproductie van Nortons Ordinall of Alchemy uit de Theatrum Chemicum Britanicum van Elias Ashmole.

Brits alchemist
Engels dichter


text:
Юзеф Панкевич (польськ. Józef Pankiewicz; 29 листопада 1866, Люблін, Польща - 4 липня 1940, Ла-Сьйота, Франція) - польський художник, графік і педагог.

Біографія

Він був сином Адама Панкевича (1808–1883) та Ядвіги Гелені, уродженої Ейхлер (1827–1904), доньки Кароля Фердинанда Ейхлера.

У 1884-1885 роках навчався у варшавському Класі малюнка (Академії) під керівництвом Войцеха Герсона та Олександра Калинського. Потім разом із Владиславом Підковинським їде до Санкт-Петербурга, де отримує стипендію для навчання в Імператорській Академії мистецтв.

У 1889 році обидва молоді художники їдуть до Парижа, де на Панкевича чекає перший великий успіх: його написана в реалістичній манері картина «Ринок на площі за залізною брамою» завойовує срібну медаль на паризькій Всесвітній виставці. У Парижі Панкевич знайомиться із творчістю імпресіоністів і, повернувшись 1890 року у Варшаву, пропагує на батьківщині цей новий художній стиль.

Написане в імпресіоністській манері полотно «Квітковий ринок перед церквою Св. Магдалени в Парижі» (1890) викликає схвальні відгуки художньої критики. Потім у Панкевича настає період захоплення символізмом, про що свідчать його роботи «Ринок Старого М'яста у Варшаві вночі» (1892), «Нічна доріжка» (1893), «Лебеді у ставку» (1894). Наприкінці 90-х років ХІХ століття художник створює серію портретів, серед яких і «Портрет пані Одерфельд із донькою» (1897), який завоював золоту медаль на паризькій Всесвітній виставці.

У 1897 році художник вступає до краківського Товариства польських художників «Мистецтво». У 1897-1906 роках подорожує Німеччиною, Італією, Францією, Англією, Бельгією та Нідерландами. У 1906 році він стає професором Академії образотворчих мистецтв у Кракові.

У 1908 році одружився з Вандою Марією Люблінською (1864–1957), яка розлучилася заради нього і прийняла лютеранство.

У тому ж 1908 році їде до Франції, де пише ряд пейзажів та натюрмортів під впливом творчості Поля Сезанна, знайомиться з художником П'єром Боннаром. Першу світову війну митець зустрічає в Іспанії. Перебування в цій країні тривало кілька років. У цей час Панкевич знайомиться з новою течією в образотворчому мистецтві – кубізмом. Від цього періоду збереглася низка «іспанських» полотен Панкевича. Після війни майстер живе у Парижі, де зближується з постімпресіоністами, підтримує паризьку групу польських художників – капістів.

У 1923 році Панкевич повертається до Кракова, знову викладає в Академії, а з 1925 року очолює її філію в Парижі. У цей творчий період художник пише переважно натюрморти. Серед його учнів були Юзеф Чапський та Зигмунт Валішевський.

Помер 4 липня 1940 року у французькому  м. Ла-Сьйота.

Ордени та нагороди

 Командорський хрест Ордена Відродження Польщі (10.11.1933).
 Золотий академічний лавр (07.11.1936).

Посилання

 Біографія і творчість
 Роботи Юзефа Панкевича

Народились 29 листопада
Народились 1866
Померли 4 липня
Померли 1940
Польські художники
Викладачі Краківської академії мистецтв
Польські педагоги


Game show contestant, medical science researcher and now a legal assistant, IBM Watson continues to expand its cognitive talents into a wide range of professions. Discover why even Watson's gaffs offer tremendous potential for enhancing tough legal decisions.
Choose a solution that can deliver deep insights into data without reinventing the wheel. Standardization can help you move large quantities of data across multiple systems, allowing you to take advantage of data no matter its source.


text:
Q: Set Interpretation of number of ways 6 different objects put into 10 different cells Question from book: In how many ways can 6 different objects be put into 10 different cells such that in a cell there won't be more than one object.
Answers:
Method 1: In every cell there will either be one object or there won't be any object. We'll choose the 6 cells into which we will put the objects. This can be made in $ { 10 \choose 6 } $ ways. Since the objects are different, then the ordering between them matters. Thus the number of possibilities to put the 6 objects in 10 cells is:  $ { 10 \choose 6 } \cdot 6! = \frac{10!}{4!} $
Method 2: Order all the objects one after the other into the different cells: for cell #1 - 10 possibilities , for cell #2 - 9 possibilities and so forth. So by multiplication principle, the number of possibilities is $ P(10,6) = \frac{10!}{4!} $
My difficulty:
I solved the problem using method 1 but when I tried to write the sets participating in the multiplication and the resulting set then things looked weird, here's what I did:
$ { 10 \choose 6 } $ represents the set $ \alpha =  \{ \{1,2,3,4,5,6 \} ,\{1,2,3,4,5,7 \},\{1,2,3,4,5,8 \},... \} $ where the numbers from 1 to 10 are the indices of the 10 different cells.
$ 6! $ represents the set $ \beta =  \{ (ABCDEF) , (ABCDFE) , (ABCFDE) ,... \} $ where the symbols A,B,C,D,E,F represent the 6 different objects.
By multiplication rule $ \gamma =  \alpha \times \beta = \{ ( \{1,2,3,4,5,6 \} , (ABCDEF) ) , ( \{1,2,3,4,5,6 \} , (ABCDFE) ) ,... \} $ ~ $ { 10 \choose 6 } \cdot 6! $
However, looking at the elements of the set $ \gamma $, they are ordered pairs and I can't make sense out of them, they don't look like they're representing to me lists of 6 objects ( lists because the objects are different so order matters ) with the fact that they're put in different cells. However I was thinking maybe the elements represent to me some sort of bijections from the first element in the ordered pair to the second? ( for example: maybe the first ordered pair in $\gamma $ represents a bijection from $ \{1,2,3,4,5,6 \} $ to $ (ABCDEF) $ ? ).
My questions:
So essentially, I'm asking; what does the set $ \gamma $ above represent to me?, am I right that the elements of $ \gamma $ represent bijections from 1st element ( which is a set ) in the ordered pair to 2st element? What the set of the "number of ways" of 6 different objects put into 10 different cells should look like?

A: The element $\{1,2,3,4,5,6\},(ABCDEF)\}$ is just the encoding of the fact that object $A$ goes to box 1, $B$ to $2$ etc.
You're just counting the number of injections (1-1 maps) from the set of objects to the set of boxes, in essence. So the number of $6$-combinations out of $10$, or indeed $\binom{10}{6}\times 6!$. Or,  the first object has $10$ options, the second $9$ etc so we get $$10\times 9 \times 8\times 7 \times 6 \times 5$$ options directly, but in a calculator that only has a binomial function, it's handy to write it as that product for computation purposes. We don't need to see that specific product as the result of some product rule, though I showed that we could, if we wanted to.

A: The $abc$ component can be used to transform the $123$ component into a unique result.
This is the complete table for placing $3$ distinct objects into $4$ distinct cells, object $k$ is placed into cell $c_k$.
$214$ for example meaning:

Place object $1$ into cell $2$, object $2$ into cell $1$ and object $3$ into cell $4$.

abc
acb
bac
bca
cab
cba

123
123
132
213
231
312
321

124
124
142
214
241
412
421

134
134
143
314
341
413
431

234
234
243
324
342
423
432


Yanais Laurent vs Jeroen Vanneste match starts on 17 April 2019 at 05:30 at Court 1, Madrid in ITF Spain F7, Men Singles, ITF Men. Extratips.com provides H2H information for Yanais Laurent vs Jeroen Vanneste as well as in-depth stats about each team like lineups, standings and professional betting tips.
On Extratips.com you can watch the Yanais Laurent vs Jeroen Vanneste match that starts at 05:30 on 17 April 2019. Bet365 could be streaming this event live. Please check what games is bet365 streaming by using the player above. If you are a registered member you can watch Yanais Laurent vs Jeroen Vanneste video highlights are welcome from visitors in case the live broadcast link is broken. We can not be held responsible for third party video content so please forward any claims to video file owners.


text:
Long work hours associated with increased risk of stroke
by American Heart Association
People who worked long hours had a higher risk of stroke, especially if they worked those hours for 10 years or more, according to new research in the American Heart Association's journal Stroke.
Researchers reviewed data from CONSTANCES, a French population-based study group started in 2012, for information on age (18-69), sex, smoking and work hours derived from questionnaires from 143,592 participants. Cardiovascular risk factors and previous stroke occurrences were noted from separate medical interviews.
Researchers found:
overall 1,224 of the participants, suffered strokes;
29% or 42,542, reported working long hours;
10% or 14,481, reported working long hours for 10 years or more; and
participants working long hours had a 29% greater risk of stroke, and those working long hours for 10 years or more had a 45% greater risk of stroke.
Long work hours were defined as working more than 10 hours for at least 50 days per year. Part-time workers and those who suffered strokes before working long hours were excluded from the study.
"The association between 10 years of long work hours and stroke seemed stronger for people under the age of 50," said study author Alexis Descatha, M.D., Ph.D., a researcher at Paris Hospital, Versailles and Angers University and at the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm). "This was unexpected. Further research is needed to explore this finding.
"I would also emphasize that many healthcare providers work much more than the definition of long working hours and may also be at higher risk of stroke," Descatha said. "As a clinician, I will advise my patients to work more efficiently and plan to follow my own advice."
Previous studies noted a smaller effect of long work hours among business owners, CEOs, farmers, professionals and managers. Researchers noted that it might be because those groups generally have greater decision latitude than other workers. In addition, other studies have suggested that irregular shifts, night work and job strain may be responsible for unhealthy work conditions.
Sleeping too much or too little may affect stroke risk differently based on race
More information: Marc Fadel et al, Association Between Reported Long Working Hours and History of Stroke in the CONSTANCES Cohort, Stroke (2019). DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025454
Journal information: Stroke
Provided by American Heart Association
Citation: Long work hours associated with increased risk of stroke (2019, June 20) retrieved 19 July 2019 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-06-hours.html
Irregular schedules, being new on the job raises risk of injury for miners working long hours
Long hours at the office may raise your heart disease risk: study
Working long hours linked to higher risk of stroke
All that overtime could be killing you
The health risks of long work weeks
Study finds key metabolic changes in patients with chemotherapy-associated cardiotoxicity
New study finds both components of blood pressure predict heart attack, stroke risk


What will mortgage rates do tomorrow? Mortgage professionals are voting in our daily poll.
Rates are on the move upward today, a bond corrections continue. Bond markets have over a month of improvements to make. Bond selling was also spurred by Durable Goods data, which came in higher than expected. The big picture is still driving the market for the time being, unless the 5 year auction, set for 1:00pm today has any impact. All of this recent volatility is not just because it's summertime lack of liquidity. What is important now is the questions of whether or not there is an impending downturn in the domestic economic cycle. Historically, there is pattern of years ending in 3 or 8 being of significance. The last four cycles have bottomed out at 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008. The low rates of 2013 were the result of different reasons than the previous cycles. It could be speculated that the downturn is overdue, and we may be seeing the beginning of the next major dip. This is a once in a while occurence when stocks, bonds, growth take a downward turn at the same time.
30 year (FRM) rates at 3.96% (+0.06%).
15 year (FRM) rates at 3.21% (+0.05%).
FHA 30 year Fixed rates at 3.65% (+0.05%).
Jumbo 30 year Fixed rates at 3.75% (+0.05%).
5/1 ARM rates at 3.00% (+0.02%).


First passive litter trap in Indonesia!
In the bay of Ambon the first passive litter trap is taken into use. The trap is positioned in front of one of the river mouths and prevents floating litter from the river from entering the bay and sea.
Ambon is one of the islands in Indonesia that serious suffers from plastic pollution. Recycled Island Foundation works with its experience from Rotterdam on an integral solution.
Recycled Island Foundation is working together on this with also Rotterdam University and local organizations like Trash Hero Ambon, Lipi Research Centre and the Municipality of Ambon.
In Vietnam we are working with HZ University of Applied Sciences and Upp! UpCycling Plastic BV on a similar approach.
In the Rotterdam Rijnhaven we have already realized 25m2 floating park.
In the spring of 2018 we will open 140m2 of new floating landscape.
Municipality and the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment.
Rein will give insight in their activities and findings.
Follow their vlogs on YouTube!
In Rotterdam we continue to work on the optimization of our three litter traps. During the period of one year we're monitoring and improving the functionality of our systems. At the end of this year we expect to conclude the pilot phase and to have found the most optimal form for litter retrieval.
10m2 floating park is added to previously placed 15m2. Now there are five building blocks floating in the Rotterdam Rijnhaven. The new blocks are also a new typology. The previous placed blocks have soil on top, where the vegetation is not in touch with the water of the harbor. The blocks have an open structure. The roots of the plants grow through the blocks. Underneath the blocks a wild root structure will grow, creating a place for shelter and food for organism in the water.


text:
Our mission at Japanese tea ceremony Kyūgetsu in Kyoto is to make the rite of tea accessible, comprehensible and enjoyable to you.
We wish to make the Japanese tea ceremony available in Kyoto to outsiders of Japanese culture, through breaking with social conventions and language barriers. To participate in a tea occasion elsewhere you will be expected to have had prior training in the art. We don't expect you to be acquainted with the art, but instead will guide you through the proper procedures in due course.
What your Japanese host will likely fail to provide, we skilfully augment at our Japanese tea ceremony in Kyoto. You as foreigner lack pre-notion of certain distinctly Japanese cultural traits that the locals take for granted. We know that prior explanation of such notions is necessary for you to begin understanding what the Japanese tea ceremony is about.
Participation in a tea occasion doesn't need to be a stoic and painful endeavour. If you're not comfortable sitting on your knees, we'll allow you to sit cross-legged or provide you with a chair. While the tea ceremony does entertain a meditative aspect, there is no need to agonise yourself for the duration of the event. Please come; and let us together share serious fun.
In sharing with foreign visitors to Kyoto our understanding of this unique form of hospitality known as Japanese tea ceremony, our goal extends beyond increasing worldwide appreciation of this rite, and indeed of traditional Japanese culture as a whole. For we believe that engagement with Tea is engagement with the wisdom of our forebears, doing which can be of invaluable assistance in resetting the paradigms through which we see the world, and in effect help make this world a better place.
Japanese tea ceremony in Kyoto
Kyoto is Japan's cultural center. The city is rich in historic places to visit, traditional arts and crafts to appreciate, and venerable cultural practices to experience. All, however, that is for the most part accessible to the visitor are brief, surface glimpses of what lies hidden underneath.
As masters and devoted teachers of the Japanese tea ceremony, we make it our first concern to provide for our visitors and students an authentic engagement with this art. Instead of limiting them to mere outsider spectatorship, we strongly believe that whoever has chosen to visit the cultural capital of Japan, Kyoto, should at least receive informed guidance in engaging fully with one of the traditional practices available in this city.
At Tea Ceremony Kyūgetsu it is our mission to make the rite of tea accessible, comprehensible and enjoyable for whoever chooses to visit us. This we do not only through offering an elegantly-expert service of tea, but also by bringing our guests to discover, through full immersion-participation, the spiritual and emotional effects afforded by such a service, helped by detailed explanations in competent English.
In sharing with foreign visitors our understanding of this unique form of hospitality, our goal extends beyond increasing worldwide appreciation of this rite, and indeed of traditional Japanese culture as a whole. For we believe that engagement with Tea is engagement with the wisdom of our forebears, doing which can be of invaluable assistance in resetting the paradigms through which we see the world, and in effect help make this world a better place.
Discover what the Tea ceremony in essence is, during an exclusive service of "real tea" – thick tea. Receive personalized guidance and instruction provided by two fully-accredited Masters of the Japanese tea ceremony in Kyoto. And, simultaneously deepen your understanding of traditional Japanese culture as a whole. Detailed explanations and guidance in English.
Discover more on Facebook.
Tea ceremony introductions for foreign visitors
Our tea ceremony activities in Kyoto are aimed at making this tradition and culture accessible and understandable to foreign visitors. While most of our tea ceremony activities are hosted at our traditional tea hermitage at Meikakuji, we also provide experiences and introductory sessions at, for example, a location of your choosing.
Large national tea gatherings
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An electro-optical dipolar suspension is described which is silvery-reflective at no voltage, which becomes black-opaque at small voltage, and transmittive at an increase of voltage. Such a dipole suspension is useful in displays because of greater contrast, decreased operating voltage, power, and cost.
This application is a continuation in part of patent application Ser. No. 222,377 filed Dec. 29, 1980 by the applicant and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,019 on Apr. 10, 1984. This invention, originally filed May 30, 1973 as Ser. No. 365,137, was inadvertently abandoned and refiled with new disclosure as Ser. No. 909,944 on May 26, 1978 and the present specification is a continuation in-part thereof. U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,019 is incorporated herein by reference; in which the Group I B claims 31, 32 and 33 relating to the diffuse reflective-absorptive-dipolar suspension; Group II claims 38(193) relating to a method for increasing the resistivity of a dipolar suspension; and Group III claims 37(198), 39(197) and 40(199) relating to an electro-optic panel are included herein. In the present case Group II claims are nonelected and reserved for further prosecution. Group I B and Group III claims are in this case.
This invention relates to a new and novel electro-optical dipole suspension, which has a silvery diffuse reflection at no voltage, and which becomes black when a small voltage is applied across a layer of the suspension, and substantially transparent when a larger voltage is applied.
The prior art may be understood from the references 1. These related applications go into great technical detail and form a substantial background for the present application. A prior art absorption-reflection panels disclosed in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,841,732 col. 8 employed on electro-optic dipolar suspension which is normally absorptive at zero voltage, and transparent when full operating voltage is applied. Reflection has been obtained by employing a reflective backing, usually serving as the rear electrode. The present dipole suspension is new and novel because it is has different and advantageous properties.
In my U.S. Pat. No. 3,733,684 col. 33 Example D, a method of making a suspension of flat asymmetric particles is disclosed, which employs vapor deposition onto a thin membrane which is subsequently stretched. Also see my U.S. Pat. No. 3,813,265 col. 10, Example 1; I have discovered a new process which does not employ stretching, is simpler and less expensive, and which produces smaller suitable sizes; described herein after.
A process for increasing the resistivity of a dipole suspension utilizing centrifugation is more efficient and less expensive than the method using evaporation described in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,625,869 entitled "Method of Increasing the Resistivity of a Dipole Suspension".
FIG. 1 depicts a plot of data for an Aluminum Flake Dipole Suspension on log-log graphs of (Dr /d) the Random Optical Density per micrometer of layer thickness vs. Qrz the Electrodichroic Ratio, Rise Time and Relax Time. A family of curves is shown at various constant values of Electric Field Intensity Ez. Also shown is (Dr /d) vs. Ez for a constant value of Qrz.
FIG. 2 shows a graph of the logs of Reflectance and Transmittance as ordinates vs. E the Electric Field Intensity and V the Voltage on a linear scale as abscissae, across a 12 μm thick cell containing a layer of a composition according to this invention.
FIG. 3 shows a cross sectional view through an electrooptical cell of this invention, light rays incident on, and light rays reflected from reflective particles suspended in the composition at various angles to the surface of the layer, partial alignment of the particles at an angle greater than 40° to the surface resulting in total absorption of incident light rays because of the total internal reflection of the light within the cell.
The invention comprises an electro-optical dipolar suspension in an insulating surfactant fluid containing asymmetric thin flat particles of Aluminum, Silver or Chromium metal. In a thin layer this suspension has silvery color when no voltage is applied across the layer; becomes black opaque (absorptive) when a small voltage is applied; and substantially transparent when a larger voltage is applied. When no voltage is applied the particles are randomly oriented and silvery. When a small voltage is applied, the particles are partially oriented and black-absorptive. When a larger voltage is applied the particles are oriented in the direction of the electric field and may become electro-ordered, and substantially transparent. This electro-optical dipolar suspension was a new, novel and unexpected discovery which has many important applications and advantages. It may be used in electro-optical display cells instead of the presently used liquid crystal/polarized display cells because of its decreased power and voltage requirements, and because it has a silvery color with no voltage applied. Unlike prior dipolar suspensions, it has the unique characteristics of being reflective black or transparent, depending on the applied voltage. The asymmetric particles are flat, ribbons, flakes or discs, 50-200 Å thick and with long dimensions=m(λ/2n) where 20>m>2; λ=wavelength of light 0.4<λ<0.7 micrometers, and n=index of refraction of the suspending medium. A concentrated suspension is employed as hereinafter defined.
Concentrated dipolar suspensions in an insulating fluid exhibit new and previously unsuspected properties, and in particular, extra ordinary electro-optical properties of great utility.
The extraordinary improvements resulting from the use of concentrated dipolar particle suspensions comprise more than an order of magnitude increase in the electrodichroic ratio, and several orders of magnitude in decreased rise time and decreased relaxation time. Moreover, there is a greatly increased stability against settling and coagulation, inactivated, or an repeated activation by an electric field. Other unique electrophysical effects include an electro-optic dipolar suspension which is normally silvery in color at zero voltage, black at small voltage, and substantially transparent at a greater voltage.
Accordingly, it is the primary object of the present invention to provide novel electrodichroic compositions of matter which is silvery in color at no voltage, black at a small voltage and transparent at an increased voltage.
Another object of this invention is to provide a substantially inorganic stable electrodichroic composition of matter exhibiting an electro-ordering effect which provides improved electro-optical properties.
A further object of this invention is to provide a new process for increasing the resistivity of a particle suspension in a fluid.
A still further object of this invention is to provide an electrooptical panel utilizing an electrodichroic composition of matter exhibiting the electro-ordering effect and which has a transmitter range from almost opaque to almost clear and is neutral in shade; being absorbent from the ultraviolet to the near infrared, and wherein the rise and relax times are in the low millisecond range.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide an electrooptic reflective display exhibiting high visible contrast and operative at low voltage and low power dissipation.
The mks system of units is consistently used where possible. The cgs system is used as noted. 10-6 m(meter)=1 μm(micron)=104 Å (angstroms).
Most of the terminology employed herein was previously defined in my aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,512,876 and new terminology is defined hereinafter.
A dilute suspension is defined as one in which the conductive dipole particles are so far apart that there is little or no interaction in an electric field. In this case the dipoles are said to be in the "far" electromagnetic field of each other.
A concentrated suspension is defined as one in which the conductive dipole particles are sufficiently close to interact in an electric field. The particles cannot approach closer than a minimum interparticle distance βL, where β>1. At this distance the space (β-1) L between particles may be from several particle lengths to a fraction of the particle length L, and repulsion forces predominate, The smaller this distance, the greater the repulsion force. In this case the dipoles are said to be in the "near" electromagnetic field of each other.
The Maximum Concentration C and the Maximum Optical Density per Unit Suspension Layer Thickness (Dr /d) is approached as the distance between particles →0; that is β→1.
Remanence is a greatly increased relax time of a particle alignment due to the retention of charges on conductive particles. Conductive particles suspended in an insulating fluid in an electric field may become charged temporarily or permanently by emitting electrons into the fluid.
A "particle string" is a group of conductive particles aligned parallel to the electric field lines and held in position by the electric field. The particles cannot approach each other closer than a minimum distance determined by an electrical repulsion force between the particles which increases as the space between the particles decreases. The repulsion force may be due to like charges on the particles and/or an electrical double layer surrounding each particle.
An Electro-ordered Array comprises spaced columns of particle strings, formed in a concentrated suspension by a strong electrical field. A well formed Electro-ordered Array is one in which all the particles are aligned into particle strings and no unattached particles remain between the particle strings.
The Electro-ordering Effect is the physical and electro-optical properties of an electro-ordered particle array in an electric field.
Submicron conductive asymmetric particles in the subresonant to near-resonant range 1000 Å to 3000 Å, and 50 to 200 Å thick, preferable almost uniform in size, with few or no larger particles, have a low millisecond relax time. Multiresonant particles form Electro-ordered Arrays, are remanent, and have a 1 to 104 second relax time.
0.5 to 15 weight %.
0.1 to 20 volts peak-to-peak/μm, depending on the particle conductivity and shape factor.
6.7 A freezing point of <-40° C. to a boiling point of ˜200° C.
See U.S. Pat. No. 4,432,019, the drawings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Experimental observations on dilute and on concentrated dipole suspensions are described hereinafter to illustrate the substantially different, new and advantageous properties of the latter.
Dilute metal suspensions, such as aluminum or chromium, which contain resonant or subresonant dipole flakes about 2000 Å long and 50 to 200 Å in thickness, are stable when inactivated and do not coagulate or settle; however, upon activation, coagulation may occur. The Electrodichroic Ratio is small, only about 1.5 Dilute suspensions containing larger multiresonant flakes, from 0.3 to 1.5 μm long and 70 Å thick, had a useful Electrodichroic Ratio of 5 to 10 or more; however, these larger flakes settled, and suspensions were not clear.
From these experiments with dilute suspensions of metal flake particles, there appeared to be a hopeless dilemma, that is, multiresonant flake particles having a large Electrodichroic Ratio of 5 to 10 always settled while resonant and subresonant flake particles which remained suspended had too small an Electrodichroic Ratio to be useful (about 1.5).
An aluminum flake suspension stored in a stoppered bottle for 2 years had settled and although the particles did not settle completely to a solid, there remained on the bottom of the bottle, a dark viscous fluid-mass which was similar to a dark, heavy oil with clear fluid on top. This dark oily fluid which comprised an aluminum flake concentrated dipole suspension was placed in a cell having a layer thickness d=25 μm between transparent electrodes on glass. It formed a neutral dark blue fluid layer with an Optical Density Dr ≃3, (Dr /d)=0.12 Optical Density per μm and had an Electrodichroic Ratio of about 5. It was repeatedly reversible and permanently stable.
A dilute particle suspension is centrifuged at rpm-1; the top fluid suspension from rpm-1 is then centrifuged again at a somewhat greater speed, rpm-2. Particles which are sedimented at rpm-2 form a concentrated dark "oil" or "mud" at the bottom of the centrifuge container which contains particles from the "slot" between rpm-2 and rpm-1. After decanting the top fluid, the sediment comprises a concentrated suspension which is a dark fluid capable of forming an Electro-ordered Array in an electric field. The particles employed may be rods or discs, comprising any metal such as aluminum, chromium, etc.; a semi-metal such as graphite flake crystals; a semi-conductive asymmetric crystal compound such as molybdenum disulfide; or, a dichroic blade shaped crystal such as Herapathite. At greater than 5000 g's, a substantial fraction of the particles are submicron and have a size less than 3000 Å. The size depends upon particle density, size and shape, centrifugal g; time; fluid density and viscosity.
To increase the resistivity of the concentrated suspension, it is diluted by a factor of 100 to 1000 with a fluid which has a reistivity of at least 1012 ohm-cm. Traces of any conductive fluid such as water, alcohol, etc., will remain in the suspending fluid after centrifuging and necessitates sedimenting the particles again. The resistivity of the sediment increases each time by about an order or magnitude until it approximates that of the high resistivity fluid. For example, starting with a concentrated particle suspension having resistivity of about 107 ohm-cm. and repeating this process about 5 times with a fluid having a resistivity >1012 ohm-cm., a concentrated particle suspension having a resistivity of about 1012 ohm-cm. is obtained.
Aluminum vapor coated on a polystyrene sheet of 30% transparency formed aluminum particles having a thickness of about 80 Å. Various size ranges may be prepared by dissolving the sheet in a solvent, and breaking up these particles by fluid shear forces in a "homogenizer" and separating them into rpm slots as above described. Various shapes of particles may be obtained depending on the vapor deposition conditions. The vapor coating appears to be crystalline as it often breaks into elongated blades with well defined angular ends. Under other conditions of vapor deposition, submicron discs may be obtained.
These particles may be suspended in an ester fluid such as isobutyl acetate, with a trace of nitrocellulose. When a D.C. field is applied to this suspension between bare electrodes, the particles are negatively charged. When other esters such as pentyl acetate or octyl acetate are used, the charge on the particles becomes less negative or neutral. When the proportion of nitrocellulose is increased to about 1% the particle migration ceases and particles do not coat the electrodes, suggesting that the net particle charge is zero.
The remanence appears to be due to different numbers of multiple charges which are retained on particles. As the particles are aligned, the particle charges are displaced to balance the field between adjacent particles of unequal charge. Permanent electric dipoles are thus formed on the aligned particles, which may remain permanently aligned in the fluid until randomized by an external force, or more slowly by electrical leakage and Brownian motion.
This aluminum dipole suspension operates in the transmission mode at about 5 volts peak-to-peak sine or square wave at 30 to 104 Hz across a 12 micron layer; that is, with an electric field intensity of only 0.42 volts per micron to produce an electrodichroic ratio of 10; or 8 volts at 0.67 volts per micron to produce an electrodichroic ratio of 15. This behavior is best explained by the "Electro-ordering Effect". When the aluminum particles are far apart, there is little interaction between them, but as a particle suspension becomes more concentrated, particle interaction begins and electro-ordering of the particles occurs.
A concentrated near-resonant to multiresonant aluminum suspension has a diffuse silvery reflectance in the random state, and is black when the particles are partially aligned, for example, with about 1.5 volts peak-to-peak A.C. applied across a 12 micron layer in which Dr /d exceeds 0.2. These unsuspected results are important for low power displays, since the reactive and the resistive powers are each proportional to V2. Compared to the power used by electro-optical fluid devices, taken as 100%, operating at 30 volts peak-to-peak; the power used by this suspension in the reflective/black mode, is only 21/2%. A further advantage is that the low voltage simplifies the electronic circuits.
The total power consumption is less than 1 μw/cm2. Since the rise time is about 10-1 seconds, the total average power used for remanent alignment once after each 1 erasure per minute is about 10-9 watts/cm2. Since the random state is diffuse reflective and the "on" state is black, the display numerals appear as black on a diffuse silvery background. Such remanent suspensions are of particular interest for use in small battery operated display devices such as wrist watches which must operate over long periods of time without requiring a battery refill. By comparison, a dilute suspension where Dr /d<<0.2 appears dark by reflection in the random state. In a dilute suspension, the reflective particles are so far apart that the light enters some depth into the suspension layer before it is randomly reflected by the particles; and such light may be internally reflected several times by other particles and so become lost or absorbed within the layer. However, in a concentrated suspension, the light enters a short distance into the layer, encounters a particle, and is reflected back out of the layer, usually without encountering another particle. The concentration is limited with large particles. For best operating characteristics with a concentrated suspension of multiresonant reflective remanent particles there is an optimum concentration range of about 0.2 to 0.4 Optical Density/μm.
For a metal dipole suspension in a suspending fluid having an index of refraction of about 1.5, the reflected or scattered component rapidly decreases for particle diameters less than λ/3=1880 Å. Below λ/6=1000 Å there is very little reflectivity, and at λ/10=500 Å, the reflectivity is substantially zero.
The absorptivity for transmitted light increases to λ/4=1500 Å, and then decreases almost linearly down to zero dimension. At λ/10, the absorptivity has decreased only about 1/3 from peak, while the reflectivity is substantially zero. Thus, as the particle diameter decreases from 2000 Å down to 500 Å there is a rapid change from diffuse reflective to black.
Suspensions may comprise various metals such as aluminum, silver, chromium, etc., having a thickness of 50 to 150 Å and a diameter in the near-resonant to multiresonant range. The smaller particles relax more rapidly, the larger particles more slowly.
A remanent suspension may be useful for memory type displays, wherein information is written into the display, and is retained by the display for a predetermined time, unless erased as required in a time less than the relax time. Such an erasure may be accomplished electrically in which the particles are disaligned and randomized by a suitable electrode structure for switching the aligning field from a Z to X or Y direction; that is from normal to parallel to the plane of the display, as described in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,527,525. Such erasure may alternatively be accomplished for the entire display be a shear force introduced into the liquid to rapidly disalign and randomize the aligned dipoles; for example as shown in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,257,903 wherein the facing plates between which the dipole suspension is placed are displaced slightly relative to one another. Alternatively, the plates may be stationary and a shear force introduced into the fluid between the plates by causing the fluid to move or oscillate parallel to the surface of the display. Many methods may be employed to introduce a motion into the liquid. For example, the liquid motion may be actuated by a piezoelectric crystal in contact with it; or a flexible membrane to which a pressure can be externally applied. Another method to cause fluid motion is by an electrocapillary junction.
The same aluminum particles which are remanent, that is with τr >1 second, show a relax time which is rapid, that is τr <<1 second, for example 100 milliseconds by a change in chemical environment. The rapid relax time is produced by controlling the electric charge on the particles from strongly positive for remanent suspensions to slightly negative for suspensions which relax most rapidly. These conditions are peculiar to multiresonant particles where m is >>1. When m<<1, the particles retain zero or a few charges and do not exhibit remanence, and the relax time is very rapid, that is <100 ms.
A suspension of multiresonant aluminum particles was suspended in various proportions 0 to 100% of isopentyl isobutyrate and 100% to 0% of pentyl acetate containing about 0.1% nitrocellulose. The fluid components were varied for values of Dr /d=0.2 and 0.4 respectively. The relax time of the suspension and the charge on the particles were measured as the percentage of isopentyl isobutyrate was increased from 0 to 100%. For an isopentyl isobutyrate/pentyl acetate ratio (IPB/PA) 100/0, the relaxation time was 300 ms and the charge was strongly negative. As the IPB/PA ratio decreased to 50/50, the charge became less negative and the relaxation time decreased to a minimum of 150 ms. At decreased ratios of IPB/PA from 50/50 to 0/100, the charge approached zero, and the relaxation time increased again to 300 ms.
Corresponding figures for Dr /d'0.2 were lower starting at 250 ms for 100/0 decreasing to 100 ms at 50/50 and increasing again to about 250 ms at 0/100.
With these multiresonant aluminum suspensions, the optimum Dr /d is about 0.2; at greater concentrations, for example, 0.4, the relax time increases, since the particles become so close as to impede each others motion. At lower concentrations, for example for (Dr /d)<0.1 the suspension may coagulate. The relaxation time is increased with particles having an increased negative charge. The minimum relaxation time occurs when the particles are slightly negative.
With certain fluid esters, such as isobutyl acetate or isopentyl isobutyrate containing a proportion of nitrocellulose the charge on suspended aluminum particles is negative; but, with higher normal esters such as pentyl acetate or octyl acetate, the charge on the particles is neutral.
A multiresonant aluminum particle suspension in an ester such as pentyl acetate, has a positive charge and deposits quickly onto a glass surface. From 0.05 to 5% of a polymer such as nitrocellulose retards or eliminates this deposition. Aluminum in isobutyl acetate, or isopentyl isobutyrate and nitrocellulose ≃1% with about 3% of a plasticizer (such as 3% Flexol 13--13, manufactured by Union Carbide Co.) is negatively charged and does not deposit onto glass. Aluminum, with a positive charge in perchloroethylene and polystyrene 0.1%, deposits quickly onto glass. Increasing the polystyrene to about 3% prevents or slows down the deposit. The presence of a 1-halogen alkyl where the alkyl has 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and the halogen is chlorine, bromine or iodine produces an excellent aluminum suspension. The aluminum has a positive charge, and is surrounded by the 1-halogen alkyl fluid as a "double charge layer". The halogen alkyls are examples of electron-acceptor molecules, which attract an electron from the conductive particles.
Conductive particles having positive charges may deposit onto glass or transparent conductive oxide surfaces which have a negative charge.
Conductive particles such as graphite or a metal such as aluminum may be given a negative charge as above described, by a suitable polymer or fluid, and will then not deposit onto these negatively charged surfaces.
For a very rapid relaxation time, τr <<100 ms the dipole particle size must be in the near-resonant to subresonant region. These suspensions are black in the random state and transparent when aligned. For example, a subresonant to near-resonant suspension of aluminum, chromium, etc., has a rapid relaxation time of the order of 1 to 102 ms, depending on size, shape and charge of the particle, and the viscosity and composition of the suspending fluid.
In this region (Dr /d) varies up to 0.10 Random Optical Density/μm, and the concentration is said to be "dilute" These suspensions may be stable in a zero electric field, but when a strong electric field is applied, the particles often irreversibly coagulate. Remanent charges on the particles produce an electrical attraction force between particles which cause aggregates to form. Since coagulation is a function of electrical field intensity and time, the electrodichroic ratio, rise and relax times measured are erratic. In general, particle suspension in this region are not useful in low viscosity fluids. With suspending fluids of greater viscosity and with added surfactants and polymers these dilute suspensions may be stabilized; however, such suspensions have slow response.
Medium Concentration Region 2 may also be termed the "transition" region because the electro-optical properties and stability rapidly change with Dr /d. In the particular graphite suspension, the medium concentration range is from Dr d=0.10 to 0.40 Random Optical Density/μm. In this range, the rise time and relax rapidly decrease by about 2 orders of magnitude. As Dr /d increases, the Electro-ordered Arrays are more readily formed in a stable configuration.
The more concentrated portion of this region may be useful for many applications, since electrodichroic ratios to 40 may be achieved with an electric field intensity of about 8v/μm. For example, for d=12 to 25 μm with a Random Optical Density of 4, Dr d=0.16 to 0.35. An electrodichoric Ratio of 40 is obtained with about 10v/μm. This is a change from substantially opaque Dr =4, Tr =0.01%, to substantially transparent Dz =0.1, Tz =80%; or a Transmission Ratio of (Tz /Tr)=8000.
In this region of high concentration, where Dr /d varies from about 0.4 to 1.3 Optical Density/μm, the Electro-ordered Array is most readily formed and dispersed, the electro-optical properties are high, the suspension is permanently stable, and reversible over a substantially infinite number of cycles. The rise and relax time in this region are approximately constant. The rise time decreases from about 40 ms to 15 as the electric field intensity is increased from 2 to 10 v/μm. At a given electric field intensity, the rise time is almost constant over this range. In a similar manner, the relax time decreases from about 40 to 17 ms, as the electric field intensity is decreased from 10 to 2 v/μm. However, as Dr /d increases from 0.5 to 1.3, the relaxation time becomes substantially constant at about 18 ms, independent of the previously applied electric field intensity.
In this region, where (Dr /d)≧1.3, the concentration is so great that the particles are too crowded to permit a well formed Electro-ordered Array to occur, and there are many particles between Electro-ordered Arrays. In this region, an increased concentration is characterized by a decrease in the Electrodichroic Ratio at constant electric field intensity, electrical shorting across the layer may occur and stable operation may not be attained.
The optimum operating region depends on the engineering objective: preferably however, chosen from regions 2 and 3 where the suspension is stable and reversible; avoiding region 1 which is unstable, and region 4 which is dysfunctional because of particle overcrowding and shorting. An exception occurs, if a more viscous fluid is employed to stabilize region 1, but then rise and relax times are slow. In Region 2 from Dr /d'0.10 to 0.40, the Qrz is a maximum of 40 and Ez varies from about 4 to 7.5 v/μm. For the smallest operating voltage and the fastest response, region 3 from Dr /d=0.4 to about 1 may be employed.
The concentrations defining the regions 1, 2, 3 and 4 may vary, depending upon the particle size, distribution and shape; fluid composition and the nature of the particle; particle charging; and the electrical double layers. The thickness of the electrical double layer depends on the chemical composition of the particle and the fluid in which it is suspended.
With uniform particle dimensions, in certain cases, the Electroordered Arrays are so regularly spaced as to produce color diffraction effects when light is passed through the layer at an angle to the normal. First order diffraction colors are seen as this angle is varied. In certain suspensions, this occurs when the maximum electric field is applied of about 14 v/μm.
In Dilute Suspension Region No. 1 the particles are so far apart that repulsion force fields between the particles are weaker than the random forces on the particles due to Brownian Motion, and Electroordered Arrays which may form are unstable. The repulsion force fields cannot stabilize columns of particle strings which are too far apart. Under these conditions, on applying a strong electric field intensity, and then letting the electric field decrease to zero, the particles may coagulate by forming irreversible local aggregates.
In the Medium Concentration Region No. 2 the rise and relaxation times greatly decrease as the concentration increases because a transition occurs where γ<α<β, and becomes smaller.
Well formed Electro-ordered Arrays, comprising equidistant particles, appear to occur in the High Concentration Region No. 3. In well-formed Electro-ordered Arrays where α=β=γ the repulsion fields around each particle stabilize the positions of the particles and the columns of particle strings by a mutual and equal repulsion between all particles.
In the Extreme Concentration Region No. 4, an increase in voltage cannot be sustained as the particles are so near to each other, that shorting occurs, and the maximum particle concentration for useful operation is exceeded.
In the random state aluminum dipole fluids have a blue color, particularly in a thin layer where the optical Density is less than 3. It is advantageous to employ an absorber for ultraviolet and blue light to 450 nm, such as described in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,298,959.
These dipolar suspensions have rapid rise times and slow relaxation times. they are useful for displays. they save energy because the voltage need of on for only a small portion of the duty cycle.
New electro-optical dipole compositions exhibiting the electroordering effect were discovered. Surfactants such as lecithin were found useful for the suspension of dipolar particle compositions; compositions using surfactant plasticizers and surfactant polymers were also useful for this purpose.
A dipole suspension having large flakes L>>λ/2n was discovered which has diffuse silvery reflectivity in the random state and becomes black on partial alignment with only 20% of the voltage required for full alignment. This discovery is based upon the stability of a high concentration of large size charged particles. Because only relatively small voltages ae used, an electro-ordered array does not form. This silvery-dark reflective characteristic dipole suspension is the reverse of the dark-transparent characteristic of the other dipole suspensions heretofore described. The electric power required to actuate the display is about 25 times smaller which means longer life for battery operated displays. These properties are very useful for displays.
The data presented herein are illustrative, but do not limit the broad scope of the invention.
1. U.S. Pat. No. 3,257,903, issued June 28, 1966 entitled ELECTRICALLY RESPONSIVE LIGHT CONTROLLING DEVICE EMPLOYING SUSPENDED DIPOLE PARTICLES AND SHEAR FORCES.
2. U.S. Pat. No. 3,341,274, issued Sept. 12, 1967, entitled ELECTRICALLY RESPONSIVE LIGHT CONTROLLING DEVICE EMPLOYING SUSPENDED DIPOLE PARTICLES IN A PLASTIC FILM.
3. U.S. Pat. No. 3,512,876, issued May 19, 1970, entitled DIPOLAR ELECTRO-OPTIC STRUCTURE.
4. U.S. Pat. No. 3,527,525, issued Sept. 8, 1970, entitled FORCED CLOSURE DIPOLAR ELECTRO-OPTIC SHUTTER AND METHOD.
5. U.S. Pat. No. 3,625,869 issued Dec. 20, 1971, entitled METHOD OF INCREASING THE RESISTIVITY OF A DIPOLE SUSPENSION.
6. U.S. Pat. No. 3,653,741, issued Apr. 4, 1972, entitled ELECTRO-OPTICAL DIPOLAR MATERIAL.
7. U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,828, issued Jan. 9, 1973, entitled METHOD FOR FORMING SUBMICRON DIPOLE PARTICLES.
8. U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,684, issued Nov. 20, 1973, entitled DIPOLAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COMPOSITIONS AND METHOD OF PREPARATION.
9. U.S. Pat. No. 3,813,265, issued May 28, 1974, entitled ELECTRO-OPTICAL DIPOLAR MATERIAL.
10. U.S. Pat. No. 3,841,732, issued Oct. 5, 1974, entitled DIPOLAR ELECTRO-OPTIC STRUCTURES AND METHOD.
11. U.S. Pat. No. 28,211, issued Oct. 22, 1974, entitled FORCED CLOSURE DIPOLAR ELECTRO-OPTIC SHUTTER AND METHOD.
12. U.S. Pat. No. 3,848,964, issued Nov. 19, 1974, entitled FORCED CLOSURE DIPOLAR ELECTRO-OPTIC SHUTTER AND METHOD.
13. U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,417, issued Aug. 19, 1975, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FORMING SUBMICRON DIPOLE PARTICLES.
14. U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,019 issued Apr. 10, 1984, entitled ELECTRO-ORDERED DIPOLE SUSPENSION.
1. A composition of matter comprising a surfactant fluid, a suspension of assymetric conducting reflective particles in said fluid, said particles having a length L, wherein 1<L<5 μm, an electric charge on each said particle, said charge having the same sign and comprising at least one electron charge per particle, said charges producing a repulsion force between the said particles balancing the settling force on said particles due to gravity, said particles in said fluid being thereby constituting a stable nonsettling suspension, the concentration of said suspension being characterized by an interparticle distance λL, wherein 1<λ<3, said suspension being further characterized by the electrooptical properties of a volume of said fluid suspension in a layer having parallel surfaces, said surfaces being separated by a thickness 3<d<30 Ξm, said layer having an electric field E normal to said surfaces, said composition in said layer having a silvery-reflectance when said electric field is 0, said composition in said layer becoming black-absorptive as the said electric field is increased from 0 to E1 , said composition in said layer remaining black-absorptive when said electric field is between E1 and E2, and said composition in said layer becoming transparent when said electric field is increased from E2 to E3.
2. A composition of matter according to claim 1, in which said particles in said layer are aligned and electroordered by an electric field E3, whereby its transmittance is a maximum.
3. A composition of matter according to claim 1 in which said electric field alternates at 30-104 Hz, and in which said silvery-reflectance changes to black-absorbing-opaque as the said electric field is increased from 0 to E1 and to E2, where E1 is about 0.13 v/μm and E2 is about 0.23 v/μm.
4. A composition of matter according to claim 3, in which a said electric field from E2 to E3 electroorders said particles in strings with the long dimensions of said particles normal to said surface, the transmittance of the said layer becoming a maximum when said particles are electroordered, the electric field E2 being about 0.23 v/μm and the electric field E3 being about 0.63 v/μm, whereby the transmittance of said layer increases from about 0.1% to 1% to a maximum of about 80%.
5. A composition of matter according to claim 1 in which said particles are metal flakes 50 to 200 Å thick and their greatest length L=m(λ/2n) where 20>m>2 where n=index of refraction of the fluid, and λ=wavelength of light in μm.
6. A composition of matter according to claim 5 in which the said flakes are chosen from the class Aluminum, Silver and Chromium.
7. A composition of matter according to claim 1 in which said layer has a silvery-reflectance when at least a portion of said particles are aligned with their surfaces parallel to 40° to the surface of said layer, the said layer being black-absorptive-opaque when the surfaces of all said particles are aligned at least 40° to the surface of said layer, said layer having maximum transmittance when said particles are electroordered in strings with the long dimensions of said particles normal to the surface of the said layer.
8. A composition of matter according to claim 1, in which said layer is substantially transparent when said particles are partially aligned by an electric field of at least 0.5 v/μm peak to peak, said electric field being a square wave having a frequency 30 to 104 Hz.
9. A composition of matter according to claim 1, in which said layer has maximum transmittance when said particles are aligned and electroordered by an electric field of at least 0.6 v/μm peak to peak, said electric field being a square wave with a frequency 30 to 104 Hz.
10. A composition of matter according to claim 1, in which the Optical Density per μm thickness of said layer is in the range: 0.5>(Dr /d)>0.1, the thickness of said layer being about 12 μm, the voltage across said layer is in the range: 1.5<V<2.8 Volts peak to peak for the black-opaque-absorptive State, and the voltage is in the range: 2.8<V<7.5 Volts peak to peak for the Transmissive State, said Voltage being a square wave with a frequency 30 to 104 Hz.


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Category: About US
About Marine Corps League Foothills Detachment - We are a group of Marine Corps and Navy FMF Corpsman Veterans who are actively involved.
The League is comprised of honorably discharged as well as reserve and active duty Marines and FMF Navy Corpsmen with over 90 days of service. Those individuals that want to participate with the Marine Corps League but do not otherwise qualify may join as Associate Members.
The purpose of the Marine Corps League:
The Marine Corps League perpetuates the traditions and spirit of ALL Marines and Navy FMF Corpsmen, who proudly wear or who have worn the eagle, globe and anchor of the Corps. It takes great pride in crediting its founding in 1923 to World War I hero, then Major General Commandant John A. Lejeune. It takes equal pride in its Federal Charter, approved by An Act of the Seventy-Fifth Congress of the United States of America and signed and approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 4, 1937. The League is the only Federally Chartered Marine Corps related veterans organization in the country. Since its earliest days, the Marine Corps League has enjoyed the support and encouragement of the active duty and Reserve establishments of the U. S. Marine Corps. Today, the League boasts a membership of nearly 61,000 men and women, officer and enlisted, active duty, Reserve Marines, honorably discharged Marine Veterans and qualified Navy FMF Corpsmen and is one of the few Veterans Organizations that experiences increases in its membership each year.
The Marine Corps League is headed by an elected National Commandant, with 14 elected National Staff Officers who serve as trustees. The National Board of Trustees coordinates the efforts of 48 department, or state, entities and the activities of over 900 community-based detachments located throughout the United States and overseas. The day-to-day operations of the League are under the control of the National Executive Director with the responsibility for the management and direction of all programs, activities, and affairs of the Marine Corps League as well as supervising the National Headquarters staff.
The prime authority of the League is derived from its Congressional charter and from its annual National Convention held each August in different major U.S. cities throughout the nation. It is a not-for-profit organization within the provisions of the Internal Revenue Service Code 501(c) (4), with a special group exemption letter which allows for contributions to the Marine Corps League, its Auxiliary and subsidiary units, to be tax deductible by the donor.
History of the Auxiliary
The Marine Corps League Auxiliary was chartered on September 4, 1937 as a subsidiary organization of the Marine Corps League. On August 25, 1950, the Auxiliary was incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia as an affiliate of the Marine Corps League. The Auxiliary was formed for the purposes of promoting the interests of the U. S. Marine Corps, the Marine Corps League and to protect and advance the welfare of Marines and their dependents. Auxiliary members participate in a wide variety of programs that benefit and preserve the fundamental rights and freedoms of every person of this Nation, young and old.
Auxiliary's Purpose
(A) To Preserve the traditions and promote the interests of the United States Marine Corps; (B) To maintain true allegiance to American institutions;HISTORICAL: (C) To hold sacred the history and memory of the men and women who have given their lives to this Nation; (D) To perpetuate the history of the United States Marine Corps and by fitting acts, to observe the anniversaries of historical occasions of particular interest to Marines; FRATERNAL: (E) To create a bond of comradeship between the Auxiliary and the Marine Corps League, Inc.; (F) To aid voluntarily and to render assistance to all Marines and former Marines as well as to their families; (G) To help decorate the graves of all deceased Marines whenever and wherever possible; NAL: (H) To strive for the passage of legislation favorable to the Marine Corps League, Inc. and to the United States Marine Corps and its personnel; (I) To always foster love of Honesty, Loyalty and Truth, and a reverence to our God, Our Country, Our Family and Our Home.
Programs of the Marine Corps League
MARINES HELPING MARINES - WOUNDED MARINES PROGRAM
The program was created to support injured Marine Corps personnel located at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC, Brooke Army hospital in San Antonio, as well as the Naval Hospitals at Balboa, Camp Pendleton and elsewhere. The scope of support encompasses; financial, visits from Marine Corps League members, off site day trips to include family outings, dinners, short trips in support of the individual Marines' needs and professional sporting events as tickets and opportunities present themselves.
YOUNG MARINES OF THE MARINE CORPS LEAGUE
A youth program emphasizing honesty, courage, respect, industry, loyalty, dependability, and a sense of devotion to God, country, community and family. The Young Marines program receives funding from Congress and the United States Marine Corps primarily because of their drug interdiction focus on drug education and prevention.
U. S. MARINES YOUTH PHYSICAL FITNESS PROGRAM
The League developed and administers a program that provides a physical fitness regimen that promotes a healthy, drug free life style for elementary and high school students.
The Marine Corps League has long regarded the program of the Boy Scouts of America as in support of the Preamble of the Constitution of the League. The League supports the Boy Scouts of America as they promote traditional family values to America's youth. The Marine Corps League participates in Scouting through assistance with units, districts, and councils, in community projects, merit badge programs, and special recognition of Eagle Scouts.
Members of the Marine Corps League fund scholarships through donations from individual members and subordinate units of the Marine Corps League and Auxiliary. Children and former Marines are eligible for academic scholarships for attendance at accredited colleges and universities.
LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM
The Marine Corps League is a member of The Military Coalition and participates in National and State legislative issues that affect military readiness, benefits and entitlements of active duty personnel as well as Veterans Benefits programs effecting former and retired Marines.
VETERANS SERVICE OFFICER PROGRAM
The National Headquarters retains a full-time staff member who assists veterans in adjudicating claims against the government as a result of active duty service. Claims are processed through the Department of Veterans Affairs or other appropriate agencies of the federal government.
VETERANS AFFAIRS VOLUNTARY SERVICE PROGRAM (VAVS)
Marine Corps League members contribute thousands of man-hours each year supplementing staffs at VA Hospitals and facilities in providing morale, comfort and assistance to institutionalized veterans.
MILITARY ORDER OF DEVIL DOGS
The fun and honor society of the Marine Corps League.
TOYS-FOR-TOTS
Marine Corps League Detachments in nearly every community take part annually in the United States Marine Corps Reserve Toys-For-Tots campaign to raise funds and collect and distribute toys to needy children. In communities where there is an existing Marine Corps Reserve Unit, the League works hand in hand supporting their campaign. In other communities, the Marine Corps League takes the lead, ensuring a successful campaign.
MARINE-4-LIFE/INJURED MARINE SUPPORT PROGRAM
The League works very closely with the Marine Corps' M-4-L program, providing mentors nationwide. In areas of the country where there is no Marine Corps "point of contact", the League works directly with M-4-L Headquarters to provide services to transitioning Marines.
Members find the State and National Conventions of the League ideal vacation venues for themselves and family members. Held in a different city each year, many families attend year after year and particularly enjoy the many planned activities and tours related to these get-togethers.
Foothills MCL Meeting Thu. 7 Jan, 2016 (6:00 pm - 7:00 pm) Monthly Events First Thursday of the month at 18:00 Foothills MCL Meeting Come Join us. Location: American Legion Post #178, North of W Colfax on Simms. 1655 Simms St, Lakewood 80215
Show Full Calendar
Genius Extensions


We like to party. We like, we like to party. And work. Gurl: do we work. From booking the show and interfacing with artists and agents, to developing strategic marketing plans with creative partners and taking it one step further by managing venues and coordinating concessions, ticketing and more: we really do it all.
We're not hiring right now, but when we are, we'll post the job listing right here. Think we should hear from you anyway? We're happy to review resumes from qualified candidates at any time. Send 'em on over to info@heardent.com. If we think it's a good fit, we'll be in touch.


Tom Welling is the star of The CW's long running hit Smallville. He's been stepping behind the camera more and more and now he's producing the network's new series Hellcats. Cheerleading may be a different world from superheroes but it's still in the family.
Hellcats premieres September 8 on The CW.


The two hour drive from Inverness to the Isle of Skye is one of the most spectacular journeys in the Scottish Highlands. Kinloch Lodge is a secluded luxury hotel run by Clare Macdonald and her husband Lord Macdoanld in their family home. Godfrey Macdonald of Macdonald is High Chief of Clan Donald. Although remote, Kinloch Lodge, positioned on the southern and most beautiful part of Skye, is actually far easier to get to than you might imagine.
A mile off the main road at the foot of a hill and on the edge of a sea loch, Kinloch Lodge is in a magical position and boasts dramatic views. Although the journey from London takes only five hours (by air and road), Kinloch Lodge seems quite literally "a world apart". Rooms are big and comfortable with piles of pillows, blankets, dressing-gowns and luxurious en suite bathrooms, many of which have freestanding baths. Meals are served in the dining room under the watchful eye of the ancestral portraits, while fires are lit in the drawing room for reading the papers, having tea or evening drinks.
Dining is in the capable hands of Clare Macdonald, a renowned chef. The food at Kinloch is clearly of the utmost importance. The new head chef, previously at La Gavroche, provides food that is fantastic yet straightforward, something that Macdonald feels is important. It's good, but not over the top.Sourced from local produce and from the icy cold loch, dishes range from the everyday to the slightly more sophisticated, with scallops and langoustines caught on the island.
Claire Macdonald has been living on the Isle of Skye for three decades, and she has accomplished a lot. Her seventeenth book, Fish, was published last year, and she admits there may be more to follow. When not writing books, she spends the rest of her time doing what she does best: cooking.
With their daughter Isabella and her husband now helping to run Kinloch, "It's so FawltyTowers!" Macdonald now has more time to spend on what she does best:producing delicious food. The hotel now offers residential cookery weekends, where guests spend Saturday and Sunday morning with Macdonald, watching and taking part in her cooking demonstrations. They cover seven recipes a morning, ranging from more simple soups to proper dinner party fare. The combination seems to work brilliantly as the courses bring in guests that Kinloch Lodge might otherwise have missed.
Kinloch Lodge also offers gardens, heli-pad, venues for weddings, and stalking facilities .


* Proposal for standardized law numbering federal state ratified variants.
* tripleClickr - idea to get morse code input from mouse for macros.
* BinaryMorseCode - computing uses a primary and secondary clock.
* Etherial card game - 3 layer pyramid gameboard similar to FF8's built in card game.
* Umbrella snap fish hook - based on inverted umbrella design when pulled the hook flares.
* Fat Absorbant Paper plates - joke idea/gimmick cabbage coffee filter plates.
* Bracelet BendABottle - wristweight plastic coil bracelet bottle attach to arm for jogs.
* ACappello Comber Pickups - pickup design uses 1 wire bent into a comb shape.
*Guitar choker - strap support attaches to center of throat facillitates switch guitar and has 8 nickle beads 4 on left and 4 on right for binary finger input. Piezo pickup mounted on the throat send to low pass eq bumps low frequencies for vocal effects.
*Chimera hybrid bass/electric guitar bass strings in center strum center out.
* Fuzz static spike - nickel spike wired into guitar for low-fi strange sideeffect touch AM Radio when connect to amplifier.
* Mercury Pickups - Nickel capsules filled with mercury and adjustable electro-magnet to change the voltage/volume of the active pickup.
* Pium - 3D piano drum consists of concentric drum cylinders or hex (6 divides 12 notes of western octave) hex part omes from Erhu design.
* Acoustic Electric Erhu - crude piezo pickup on my erhu.


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The History of Capcom (Modern Games)
The History of Capcom reminds us about awesome titles like Streetfighter.
Most video game fans know of the name Capcom.
But very few know about Capcom's history.
Capcom is a company in Japan that is involved in manufacturing video games.
They derived the word Capcom from two names: Capsule and Computer.
1 The History of Capcom
1.2 History
2 The History of Capcom's Games
3 Criticism and controversy
The History of Capcom
Based on research, Capcom is among the top 50 biggest software companies in the world.
Most of the company's privileges include the game Streetfighter adapted for media.
Also, Capcom has many characters that are known all over the world.
Capcom is a video game development company that is based in Japan.
We know it for designing some of the best multi-million selling game franchises.
They established it in 1979.
Today, Capcom is an international company with many branches.
For example, branches are located in Europe, North America, and East Asia.
The History of Capcom tells us Kenzo Tsujimoto founded the company.
Capcom has partnered with great companies to produce video game machines.
Similar Topic! The History of Bethesda Softworks
The Japanese branch of the company had 3 development groups.
Consequently, it helped the company become effective in production.
They had several branches that were established in different locations.
Capcom has over 15 branches in Japan, Europe, North America and East Asia.
Also, it has affiliated companies that include Street Fighter Film, and Koko Capcom.
The video game giant is known for publishing strategy guides.
The History of Capcom's Games
Capcom has released some of the best digital games we have in the market today.
One popular video game is Streetfighter.
Today, they estimate that the Street Fighter game has sold over 30 million units.
The Street Fighter series functions as the company's flagship-franchise.
Capcom has developed several pinball games and many non-video arcade-games.
Other famous Capcom video games include Mega-Man, Resident Evil, and Devil May Cry.
Criticism and controversy
In 2012, they censured Capcom for its sales tactics.
They believed that the company was asking gamers to pay for unnecessary content.
But, the company has defended its position and denies all negative claims.
Capcom has again been criticized for various business decisions.
They made a decision not to release specific video games in a physical format.
Likewise, Capcom was criticized for several expected projects.
Similar Topic! The History of Activision Blizzard: Gaming Masters
And the decision of shutting down the Clover Studio.
The company ended the PlayStation 4 versions of the Ultra Street Fighter IV from its tour.
In 2016, they released Streetfighter.
However, there were several stability problems with the video game network.
As a result, players reported that the game would boot mid way while playing.
Skyrim Special Edition (Quick Gameplay Review)
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