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Why Elephants Rarely Get Cancer
By newspaperport on October 19, 2015 • ( Leave a comment )
Investigators at the Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah analyzed cells in blood from elephants, obtained during routine health checks, to learn why the animals rarely get cancer. The studies were made possible by collaborations with Utah's Hogle Zoo and the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation.
A Potential Mechanism Identified That May Be Key to Cancer Resistance
SALT LAKE CITY—Why elephants rarely get cancer is a mystery that has stumped scientists for decades. A study led by researchers at Huntsman Cancer Institute (HCI) at the University of Utah and Arizona State University, and including researchers from the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation, may have found the answer.
According to the results, published today in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and determined over the course of several years and a unique collaboration between HCI, Primary Children's Hospital, Utah's Hogle Zoo, and theRingling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation, elephants have 38 additional modified copies (alleles) of a gene that encodes p53, a well-defined tumor suppressor, as compared to humans, who have only two. Further, elephants may have a more robust mechanism for killing damaged cells that are at risk for becoming cancerous. In isolated elephant cells, this activity is doubled compared to healthy human cells, and five times that of cells from patients with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, who have only one working copy of p53 and more than a 90 percent lifetime cancer risk in children and adults. The results suggest extra p53 could explain elephants' enhanced resistance to cancer.
"Nature has already figured out how to prevent cancer. It's up to us to learn how different animals tackle the problem so we can adapt those strategies to prevent cancer in people," says co-senior author Joshua Schiffman, M.D., pediatric oncologist at Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, and Primary Children's Hospital.
Joshua Schiffman, M.D., pediatric oncologist at the Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, has led a study that could explain why elephants rarely get cancer. Elephants have extra copies of a gene that encodes a well-defined tumor suppressor, p53. Elephants may also have a more robust mechanism for killing damaged cells that are at risk for becoming cancerous. The findings could lead to new strategies for treating cancer in humans. PHOTO CREDIT: University of Utah Health Sciences
According to Schiffman, elephants have long been considered a walking conundrum. Because they have 100 times as many cells as people, they should be 100 times more likely to have a cell slip into a cancerous state and trigger the disease over their long life span of 50 to 70 years. And yet it's believed that elephants get cancer less often, a theory confirmed in this study. Analysis of a large database of elephant deaths estimates a cancer mortality rate of less than 5 percent compared to 11 to 25 percent in people.
In search of an explanation, the scientists combed through the African elephant genome and found at least 40 copies of genes that code for p53, a protein well known for its cancer-inhibiting properties. DNA analysis provides clues as to why elephants have so many copies, a substantial increase over the two found in humans. A substantial majority, 38 of them, are so-called retrogenes, modified duplicates that have been churned out over evolutionary time.
Schiffman's team collaborated with Utah's Hogle Zoo and Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation to test whether the extra gene copies may protect elephants from cancer. They extracted white blood cells from blood drawn from the animals during routine wellness checks and subjected the cells to treatments that damage DNA, a cancer trigger. In response, the cells reacted to damage with a characteristic p53-mediated response: they committed suicide.
"It's as if the elephants said, 'It's so important that we don't get cancer, we're going to kill this cell and start over fresh,'" says Schiffman. "If you kill the damaged cell, it's gone, and it can't turn into cancer. This may be more effective of an approach to cancer prevention than trying to stop a mutated cell from dividing and not being able to completely repair itself."
With respect to cancer, patients with inherited Li-Fraumeni Syndrome are nearly the opposite of elephants. They have just one active copy of p53 and more than a 90 percent lifetime risk for cancer. Less p53 decreases the DNA damage response in patients with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, and Schiffman's team wondered if more p53 could protect against cancer in elephants by heightening the response to damage. To test this, the researchers did a side-by-side comparison with cells isolated from elephants (n=8), healthy humans (n=10), and from patients with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (n=10). They found that elephant cells exposed to radiation self-destruct at twice the rate of healthy human cells and more than five times the rate of Li-Fraumeni cells (14.6%, 7.2%, and 2.7%, respectively). These findings support the idea that more p53 offers additional protection against cancer.
"By all logical reasoning, elephants should be developing a tremendous amount of cancer, and in fact, should be extinct by now due to such a high risk for cancer," says Schiffman. "We think that making more p53 is nature's way of keeping this species alive." Additional studies will be needed to determine whether p53 directly protects elephants from cancer.
"Twenty years ago, we founded the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation to preserve the endangered Asian elephant for future generations. Little did we know then that they may hold the key to cancer treatment," said Kenneth Feld, Chairman and CEO of Feld Entertainment.
"The incredible bond our staff has with these majestic animals, and the hands-on care provided at the Center for Elephant Conservation, allows us to easily provide the blood samples Dr. Schiffman needs to further his research," said Alana Feld, executive vice president of Feld Entertainment and producer of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey. "We look forward to the day when there is a world with more elephants and less cancer."
The elephant story represents one way that evolution may have overcome cancer. Other evidence suggests that naked mole rats and bowhead whales have evolved different approaches to the problem. Schiffman plans to use what he's learned in elephants as a strategy for developing novel cancer-fighting therapies.
Schiffman and co-authors, Lisa Abegglen, Ashley Chan, Kristy Lee, Rosann Robinson, Michael Campbell, and Srividya Bhaskara are from Huntsman Cancer Institute and the University of Utah, Aleah Caulin and Shane Jensen are from the University of Pennsylvania, Wendy Kiso and Dennis Schmitt are from the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation, Peter Waddell is from the Ronin Institute in West Lafayette, Indiana, and Carlo Maley, senior co-author, is from Arizona State University. Also contributing to the research was Eric Peterson, elephant manager at Utah's Hogle Zoo.
Joshua Schiffman, M.D., and Lisa Abegglen, Ph.D., of the Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, are researching mechanisms that may explain why elephants rarely get cancer. PHOTO CREDIT: University of Utah Health Sciences
"Participating in the research is not only amazing but a win-win for humans and elephants," said Peterson. "If elephants can hold the key to unlocking some of the mysteries of cancer, then we will see an increased awareness of the plight of elephants worldwide. What a fantastic benefit: elephants and humans living longer, better lives."
"The animal kingdom undoubtedly holds information that could help lead to cures for many human illnesses," said Craig Dinsmore, executive director, Utah's Hogle Zoo. "The blood samples from our elephants at Utah's Hogle Zoo are aiding Dr. Schiffman in his research, and we are proud to be a part of his ground-breaking work."
"Potential mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and comparative cellular response to DNA damage in humans" were published in JAMA online on October 8, 2015. For a copy of the paper, email the JAMA Network media relations department at mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.
The work was supported by Huntsman Cancer Institute, the National Cancer Institute under award number P30 CA042014, Huntsman Cancer Foundation, Intermountain Healthcare Foundation, Primary Children's Hospital Foundation, Soccer For Hope, Utah's Hogle Zoo, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, U.S. Department of Energy, and the Department of Defense.
Source: University of Utah
About Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah
Huntsman Cancer Institute (HCI) is one of the world's top academic research and cancer treatment centers. HCI manages the Utah Population Database – the largest genetic database in the world, with more than 16 million records linked to genealogies, health records, and vital statistics. Using this data, HCI researchers have identified cancer-causing genes, including the genes responsible for melanoma, colon and breast cancer, and paraganglioma. HCI is a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (a 23-member alliance of the world's leading cancer centers) and is a National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center. HCI treats patients with all forms of cancer and operates several high-risk clinics that focus on melanoma and breast, colon, and pancreas cancers. The HCI Cancer Learning Center for patient and public education contains one of the nation's largest collections of cancer-related publications. The institute is named after Jon M. Huntsman, Sr., a Utah philanthropist, industrialist, and cancer survivor.
About Feld Entertainment
Feld Entertainment is the worldwide leader in producing and presenting live touring family entertainment experiences that lift the human spirit and create indelible memories, with 30 million people in attendance at its shows each year. Feld Entertainment's productions have appeared in more than 75 countries and on six continents to date and include Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey®, Monster Jam®, Monster Energy Supercross, AMSOIL Arenacross, Disney On Ice Presented by StonyfieldYoKids Organic Yogurt, Disney Live! Presented by StonyfieldYoKids Organic Yogurt and Marvel Universe LIVE! More information about Feld Entertainment is available online at www.feldentertainment.com. Additional information on the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation is available online at www.ringlingelephantcenter.com.
About Utah's Hogle Zoo
Utah's Hogle Zoo is one of only 228 accredited by the Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA). Look for the AZA logo whenever you visit a zoo or aquarium as your assurance that you are supporting a facility dedicated to providing excellent care for animals, a great experience for you, and a better future for all living things. AZA is a leader in global wildlife conservation, and your link to helping animals in their native habitats. For more information visit www.aza.org.
Categories: Breaking News, Leadership in Health, Leadership in Medicine, Nature Research
Tagged as: Arizona State University, Cancer, Elephants, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Ringling Bros, University of Utah
Investing In Research Universities Pays Off
Keeping The Supply Chain Flowing According To Cambridge Research


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About edgar
"2018 Most Radical Philanthropy Critic" - Inside Philanthropy Awards
Edgar Villanueva is a globally-recognized expert on social justice philanthropy. Edgar serves as Chair of the Board of Directors of Native Americans in Philanthropy and is a Board Member of the Andrus Family Fund, a national foundation that works to improve outcomes for vulnerable youth.
Edgar is a currently serves as Vice President of Programs and Advocacy at the Schott Foundation for Public Education where he oversees grant investment and capacity building supports for education justice campaigns across the United States.
Edgar previously held leadership roles at Kate B. Reynolds Charitable Trust in North Carolina and at the Marguerite Casey Foundation in Seattle.
Edgar is the author of Decolonizing Wealth, a bestselling book offering hopeful and compelling alternatives to the dynamics of colonization in the philanthropic and social finance sectors.
In addition to working in philanthropy for many years, he has consulted with numerous nonprofit organizations and national and global philanthropies on advancing racial equity inside of their institutions and through their investment strategies.
Edgar holds two degrees from the Gillings Global School of Public Health at The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill. Edgar is an enrolled member of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina and resides in Brooklyn, NY.
More about Edgar
the #decolonizer movement on InSTAGRAM FOLLOW @villanuevaedgar
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Decolonizing Wealth is fiscally sponsored by Allied Media Projects.
© 2019 Decolonizing Wealth Project

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Real Time Information (RTI) is the biggest change to employment since the introduction of PAYE.
In July 2012 a further 1300 volunteers joined the pilot scheme.
In November 2012 around 250,000 further employers volunteered to join the pilot scheme.
Staggered from April 2013 all employers must comply with RTI.
From April 2015 the Rolling start is complete and ALL employers must now comply fully with RTI.
Real time information is a system where you must inform HMRC 'On or Before' the time you pay your staff wages.
You must inform HMRC of ANY payments to ALL staff, whether they are under or over the tax threshold, whether its £100's or just 1 penny.
The only exception to this is, if ALL your staff are under the tax threshold and NONE of your staff have second employment elsewhere.
If any of your employees subsequently pay tax or get further employment you MUST place all your employees on a payroll.
Mr Smith owns a pub, it mainly serves food, he is the Chef and his wife tends to the bar.
He employs 3 waiter's to serve food, he pays each £20 p/night for 3 night, so £60 p/week.
None of the waiters have any other employment.
He does not need to set up a payroll as no employee pays tax.
Mr Smiths wife is struggling behind the bar and needs help, They Employ a barman at £210 p/week.
Mr Smith must still keep the payroll, even though he is back to only the 3 waiters.
If you are an Employer and you have someone leave your payroll. You must issue them with a P45.
This shows the new employer their total wages and tax paid to date.


Maria has seen Cytech Mobile grow from a founders-only startup to a successful enterprise, since 2004 and is now the company's eldest employee!
Maria steers the company's customer service (sales and after sales) department in Greece, aiming to always keep our clients happy. She preaches "A happy customer is the best advert" and strives to instill this mentality in everyone here at Cytech.
Maria also administers the company's finances, and coordinates all public fund projects.
She holds a degree from the Department of Management and Economics, Technological Educational Institute of Crete and a Certificate on Management from the Hellenic Management Association. She has worked in accounting and sales departments in companies such as Peza Union, Kappa Foods S.A., Vergakis S.A. Virtual Studio & Virtual Trade and others. For 6 years she was also a lab associate in Technological Educational Institute of Crete.


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Survivor/Amazing Race Recap & Thoughts - October 15, 2009
This week's Survivor had the cast members getting absolutely pounded with rain. 48 hours straight of rain and by the looks of next week, it isn't going to let up. Recapping last week, Yasmin was sent home from Galu after they lost their first immunity challenge. Russell S did not want to send Yamin home as he felt that she was strong in challenges but the consensus won over and Yasmin was sent packing. Tonight, the tribes battled in a reward challenge which was a food challenge. The horrible food was mixed up blender style and everyone had drank their glass coming down to a tie going into the last round between Ashley for Foa Foa and Dave for Galu. Dave got his down but the noises that he was making messed with Ashley. As he got done, he continued to taunt her from the sidelines and Ashley was not able to drink it all. That gave the win to Galu. The winning tribe had to send someone to the other tribe to spy once again. Russell S sent Shambo once again meaning that she would not get to take part in the reward which was the Survivor BBQ. Shambo spoke up saying that it was unfair to send her again saying that she had done her time. Russell basically punished her for losing the chicken on last week's episode. Shambo once again bonded with the Foa Foa tribe and shared the hidden immunity idol clue with everyone. She figured out that it was in the certain tree and realized that someone had to have it already. Liz called out Russell H on it saying that she thought he had it. That put a target on her from Russell and he is already saying that he has to get rid of her cause of her similar style of gameplay. Over at Galu, Russell S was unable to get the fire started to get the BBQ rolling. Dave spoke up frustrated about the fire and not being asked for help. He eventually apologized realizing that he didn't need to put a target on his back and got the fire going. The rains moved in big time and the immunity challenge took place in the rain. Ashley did not perform well in the immunity challenge either. Galu won their second straight immunity challenge despite a great effort from Liz. The rain then messed up even strategizing as no one could even get out and roam to make plays on who to vote out. Everyone was stuck together and just decided that they would vote for whoever. Well, that turned out to be Ashley. She was voted out on a five to one vote with her being the only one against and she voted for Liz. Bad too that the people that she said that she trusted the most voted against her too. Not so much in Russell H but that Natalie voted her out too. All I can say is that rain looks absolutely miserable!!!!!
Moving on to this week's Amazing Race. Wow, talk about an all over the place set of emotions for one team. Zev and Justin's race could not have been more dramatic. The leg of the race started with them being stuck on standby for a flight that every team was on except for them and Lance and Keri. Both teams were able to make the flight with all of the other teams and avoid the disaster of being two hours behind that quickly. Zev and Justin were able to overcome and get into first place midway through the leg. They were passed by Sam and Dan at the last task. However, Zev and Justin made it to the mat first and went from last to first. This is when things went badly wrong for them. After checking in, they realized that Justin's passport was missing. You can't compete without it. So, they went to Phil and he told them that they would have to find the passport or be eliminated from the race. The last team to arrive was Maria and Tiffany. However, Zev and Justin had left to go and try the impossible task of finding the missing passport when they called their taxi driver back. Maria and Tiffany were informed that they were last but that a team had lost a passport. They are in the race while Zev and Justin were out. They eventually returned with no such luck on finding the passport and were eliminated from the race. Standings at this point: 1. Sam and Dan. 2. Flight Time and Big Easy. 3. Brian and Ericka. 4. Gary and Matt. 5. Meghan and Cheyne. 6. Lance and Keri. 7. Mika and Canaan. 8. Maria and Tiffany.


The Polish flag features the colors of white and red. White, according to Slavic culture, is symbolic of kindness and honesty. The color red is symbolic of valour.
Legend has it that the eagle became the symbol of Poland when the founder of the country of the Polanie tribe, Lech, was so amazed when he saw an eagle sitting in a nest, that he decided to put an eagle on his banner. In ancient history, an eagle was seen as divine, believed to bear strength, genius, and valor. An eagle with a white crown became the official emblem of Poland in 1925, when the King of Poland, Przemysl II, was crowned. It was at this time, also that the image of the crowned eagle was placed on a red background.
In Polish culture, Religion plays a significant role — 95 percent of the Polish Population are Roman Catholic, and 2016 marks the 1,050th anniversary of Christianity in Poland. It comes as no surprise, then, that most religious holidays are considered national holidays. Two of the biggest religious holidays entwined with Polish Culture are Christmas and All Saints Day.
During Christmas, families break and share oplatek, a thin white wafer. This ritual is known as "dzielenie oplatkem." While sharing the oplatek, people share their well wishes for the coming year. All Saints Day is a time for the Polish to visit their departed loved ones at the cemetery.
All with their religious beliefs, Poles also place family at the center of their lives supported by a tight-knit family community. When it comes to making commitments, family and family friends will always come first, before business and working relationships.


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from distutils.core import setup

setup(
    name='phosphor-rest-dbus',
    version='1.0',
    py_modules=['obmc.wsgi.apps.rest_dbus'],
    )

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I can't believe it's August.
Where did July go?! July brought my one year anniversary of moving to Phoenix (which I forgot to celebrate since I was in San Diego for the 4th), my job one year anniversary & my two year blogiversary. Crazy celebrating to be had! Which I missed!
A minor celebration in itself, I made baked mac & cheese for me and the boyfriend. Some evenings are just meant for comfort food, cozy sweats, a movie & falling asleep curled up on the couch.
This super creamy recipe was incredibly rich, as you would expect it to be after adding almost two full cups (!!) of shredded cheese. Oh and all the butter. That probably helped too.
As a kid, my mom never bought american cheese, or easy mac, but made the occasional (might as well have been never!) box of cartoon shaped kraft mac&cheese. I grew up appreciating real cheese flavor, not the processed plastic junk in its perfectly square neon color. This homemade cheese sauce has depths of flavor that a powder packet could never compare to! Such a tragedy for those who are fed the boxed kind all the time (with the exception of the annie's white cheddar stuff. Mmm). Combine the cheesy sauce with the noodles in a deep glass pan.
A bit more cheese for the top, since clearly we haven't already added enough.
A bit more melted butter to hold together the herb panko crust. Sprinkled on top & thrown into the oven to bake into cheesy pasta comfort food dish heaven. The smell with test your patience like never before, but after 35 long minutes it'll be ready to dive in to!
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
- In a large pot of boiling, salted water cook the pasta al dente.
- While the pasta is cooking, in a separate pot, melt the butter.
- Whisk in the flour and mustard and keep stirring for five minutes. Make sure there are no lumps.
- Stir in the milk, onion, bay leaf, and paprika. Simmer for ten minutes and remove the bay leaf.
- Temper in the egg. Stir in 3/4 of the cheese. Season with salt and pepper.
- Fold the macaroni into the mix and pour into a 2-quart casserole dish. Top with remaining cheese.
- Melt the butter in a saute pan and toss the bread crumbs to coat, top the macaroni.
- Bake for 30 minutes. Remove from oven and rest for five minutes before serving.
Dinner at Katherines!! haha looks super delish!
Hahaha! Come on over! I'd love to have ya!
Do! Seriously so delicious. Delicious enough for me to forget how bad it was for me! Haha!
Yum! Looks delish! I'm a sucker for comfort food! I just came across your blog and am excited to find more fellow bloggers in Phoenix!
Looks so yummy! Whenever I make mac cheese I am reminded that my parents loved me. There was never ever any neon-processed-boxed mac cheese in my house and thanks to that, I like REAL cheese!
Your mac cheese looks delicious!
OH MY GOSH this looks absolutely divine. I really think I need to try it asap!
Thanks ladies! Let me know when you try the recipe, I'd love to know how it turns out!


Two light illumination methods can be employed to locate hair and fibers with a forensic light source. First, oblique or parallel lighting of a surface such as a floor or carpet with a strong white light (the more powerful the better) will reveal small particles like hair and fibers for collection. Second, some hair and fibers will also fluoresce under UV or visible light and will stand out strongly for collection. For the best chance of collecting the maximum number of hair and fibers at the crime scene, you need a powerful light source that offers strong White light illumination as well as strong UV and visible wavelengths; all of which are available only in a forensic light source.
Fiber on fabric chair; left SP540nm illumination no camera filter, right with orange camera filter.
Fibers may or may not fluoresce. Organic fibers may have a better chance at fluorescing than synthetic fibers but that is only a generality. While organic fibers have the natural chemistry to fluoresce many synthetic fibers may fluoresce due to construction or creation processes (stretching, weaving, stressing).
Regardless of the reasons why a fiber fluoresces on a particular background, that detection and collection is what is desired. It may not be readily determined what the fiber is but it can be said that the fiber that fluoresces differently than the background does not belong there and typically it is worth collecting. Once collected there are a number of tests and analyses that can be performed in the lab to determine identity of the material.
Hair typically does not fluoresce on its own. If it does, many times the fluorescence is too faint to be seen by the naked eye. Some dyed or bleached hair may fluoresce because of the chemical treatment the hair is exposed to. Many times hair is detected using oblique lighting. The light from a light source being held at an angle parallel to the surface and the hair may stand out in three dimensions.
Many drugs and controlled substances fluoresce naturally when exposed to an alternate light source. However this fluorescence is not necessarily the primary method of detection. That is to say you would need a lot of the material in a particular area to see it as significant. Many times it is a combination of fluorescence of the material as well as the use of oblique lighting that would allow the user to see a significant signal for collection. As with most alternate light source applications, it is not likely the light source will identify what the substance is but, provide the detection and realization that the substance does not belong where it was found.
Fluorescent particles on table; left SP540nm illumination no camera filter, right with orange camera filter.
Dust impression of shoe on floor tile; White light illumination, no camera filter.
Bone and teeth also exhibit a natural fluorescence. This may prove useful in the detection of remains from sites in the environment. While some rocks and much of the plant material in the environment also fluoresce, the bone and teeth exhibit a pronounced and in many cases a uniform fluorescence. That is to say the entire fragment will uniformly fluoresce, while most rocks that exhibit a fluorescence will have fluorescent layers or lines (striations) that will fluoresce markedly different from the bones. As with all animals decaying tissue may also fluoresce under the right conditions.
Fingernails; left White light no camera filter, right UV (300nm-400nm) no camera filter.


Imagine the improvement that a salesperson could see if they had the innate ability to ask probing questions and uncover meaningful information—and then spent time practicing and developing that ability! The potential would be huge! But what if they were too busy to spend any directed time or energy developing that talent? Or even worse, what if they were simply unaware of their iincredible potential for growth? That is a wasted opportunity that keeps me awake at night.
One of my favorite things to do as a talent analyst is to spend time with my clients providing individualized talent feedback and performance coaching. I just returned from a few back-to-back trips where I had the opportunity to do this and I am truly on a "feedback high." I sat down with each salesperson and each manager, discussed their unique strengths in the context of their jobs, talked with them about their current performance and future goals, and provided each person with very specific strategies they could use to better leverage their strengths and increase their performance. Sifting through the feedback I received, it is clear that this was career-changing conversation for many of them.
Lucky for you, if you are in a position to coach others, you are also in a position to have this same conversation and help those you manage to focus on their innate strengths and become ten times better at what they do! The very best managers out there jump at the chance to invest 20-30 minutes in an employee to achieve this kind of return on their investment.
Prepare in advance so that you go in knowing exactly what you want to say to make this the magic moment it should be. Pick just a few talents to zero in on.
Arrange for about 20 minutes or so of uninterrupted one-on-one time and eliminate all possible distractions (turn off your email or head together to Starbucks). Make it all about them.
Explain your purpose: You want to individualize your coaching and development to fit their specific strengths, to help them better understand those talents and strengths, and to find ways to use those talents more often.
Follow this format: "A talent you have is (blank)," "I noticed you using this talent when you (describe a recent example)," "I will help you to use, grow, and make money with this talent by (make your suggestion)." Easy!
Talk specifics. Discuss these talents in terms of the behaviors that you observe on the job and describe their strengths in real-life situations.
Don't use scientific terms like interview theme names during your talk; everyday language will do the trick. "You are a natural detective" would be a great way to better explain the Problem Solver talent.
Make it interactive. Encourage discussion, questions, and ideas.
Be positive. I'm sure you have lots of examples of them falling down in areas where they're weak, but that's not what this meeting is about. Save that for another time.
Only commit to the coaching strategies that you will follow through on—because they will remember!
Most importantly, enjoy this golden opportunity to impact a talented salesperson or manager in only 20 minutes! Most people will report that they have never had an experience like this before. You could be providing a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for them to consider how they will purposefully work to grow their God-given talents and increase their performance.
Improve your sales performance. Sales managers can gain unique perpsectives on hiring and developing more effective sales teams. Salespeople can improve their approach to getting more appointments with target prospects, uncovering desired business results, and engaging clients in a collaborative process that leads to the sale.
© 2019 The Center for Sales Strategy, Inc.


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Know the History: Stock Theft and Taxes in Namibia
On 24 May, 2017
Published in The Namibian, 27 May, 2016. p. B16. [URL] [PDF]
Farm Workers with Karakul Stud Ram –
National Archives of Namibia Photo Collection 20011
I was sifting through files in the National Archives of Namibia last year working on my M.A. Thesis on economic and labour history in Southern Namibia. Throughout these long days, one inevitably finds archival files and boxes which, unopened, seem useless for the specific project one is working on. But when explored further, really interesting insights come forth. This is one of those cases.
Taxes and Labour
I was trying to understand the relationship between taxes and labour recruitment during the early years of South African colonialism in Namibia. In these years, seemingly strange taxes and fees were implemented and enforced: the Wheel Tax, the Dog Tax, Dipping Fees, etc. When one compares the revenue gained to the large financial costs of enforcement, it becomes evident that there were other motives to these taxes than just supplementing the state budget. Enforcing the dog tax in rural areas required huge amounts of ammunition, petrol, horses, metal for badges, not to mention the salaries of overworked police and bureaucrats. It is difficult to do a formal cost analysis because of the often incomplete data, but it's clear that many taxes were a net loss for the colonial state. Why implement and enforce them then? In order to explain further, let's get some context.
Dr. Wolfgang Werner, Associate Professor at N.U.S.T., wrote in his 1998 book 'No One Will Become Rich': Economy and Society in the Herero Reserves in Namibia, that the early years of South African colonialism were a time of 'self-peasantisation'. This means that black Namibians were deliberately trying to remove themselves from wage labour to pursue an independent existence. Mobility and land access was facilitated by the internment of many German farmers and the removal of German police; it took time for the South Africans to move in. One of these strategies Dr. Werner briefly explored in his dissertation was stock theft. This intrigued me, so I looked deeper.
Stock Theft in Keetmanshoop
I found an interesting file in the National Archives describing a controversial case of stock theft near Keetmanshoop. Mr. R.J. Van Wyk migrated to German SWA from the Orange Free State around 1907 with Sara Bloom, a South African woman, and her two children from a previous marriage: Christian and Susanna. They arrived in Keetmanshoop district and began raising sheep.
In September, 1915, Van Wyk wrote to the Administration in Windhoek reporting stock theft and his subsequent inability to find any black Namibians who would work for him. When the war broke out, Van Wyk left Keetmanshoop district for Prieska in South Africa for 'business reasons'. He left behind 3000-4000 sheep under the supervision of his stepson Christian. When he returned a year later, he found only 963 sheep remaining. Out of confusion, he searched nearby farms and black locations, noting a significant increase in the numbers of black-owned sheep. In addition, all of the sheep he found in the locations had the ears 'mangled' – cut off low at the base of the ear, removing any ID tags Van Wyk would have used. He had no other identification for these sheep, so the administration responded to his letter saying that he cannot prove they were stolen.
When the Magistrate interviewed Christian about the matter, he found it was far more complex than a case of spur-of-the-moment stock theft. Christian, Susanna, the workers and servants were regularly beaten by Van Wyk with sjamboks. Christian claims that he was once hit by Van Wyk with a brick and knocked unconscious. Also, Van Wyk was never actually married to Christian's mother. After her death in 1911, Van Wyk began forcing himself upon Susanna, Christian's sister, aged sixteen, and he fathered a child with her. The actual reason for Van Wyk leaving to Prieska was to avoid being prosecuted for indecency: fathering a child with Susanna and falsely stating that she was his wife. He fled just before the arrest was to be made.
Black Karakul Sheep – National Archives of Namibia Photo Collection 02580
These testimonies can teach us a lot about stock theft during this period. Christian admits that a few hundred stock were sold to pay for workers' wages, food, and clothing after Van Wyk fled to Prieska. He also notes that there was near universal hatred for Van Wyk. It becomes clear that the sheep were taken in a planned manner with forethought, perhaps with the assistance of Van Wyk's 'stepson' Christian Bloom. Regardless of the new owner of the sheep, all had cut the ears to reduce identification purposes.
A Political Statement
So what does this have to do with taxes? In these early years of South African rule, taxes became an important way to coerce black Namibians to work on white-owned farms; many taxes were not about state revenue. As Dr. Werner pointed out, many black Namibians were distancing themselves from wage labour. Stock theft was a way to gain self-sufficiency; stealing enough sheep so you could qualify for a 'labour exemption certificate' was a crucial way to avoid becoming dependent on abusive white employers like Van Wyk (exemption was granted to Namibians with more than ten cattle or fifty small-stock). Taxes served as a way to make independent existence more difficult and cut into the gains black Namibians made after the Germans were defeated.
To conclude, was all stock theft like this? No. Many stock were stolen on a one-off basis; someone wanted a sheep, so he took it. What the R.J. Van Wyk case shows us, though, is that stealing sheep during this time was more than just a 'criminal' activity; it was a political statement: a desire for economic and social autonomy from the white colonial state. And it had the support of many people; one person could not have stolen over 3000 sheep from Van Wyk.
-N.B.: Names have been changed to protect anonymity. For those interested in learning more, consult National Archives of Namibia, ADM box 2, file A.13/15.
-Biographical Note: Bernard C. Moore is a doctoral student at the University of London, School of Oriental & African Studies. He recently completed his M.A. at Michigan State University, USA, with a thesis titled 'Canines, Carnivores, Capitalism, Colonialism: Some Transformations in Hunting, Agriculture, and Labour in Southern Namibia, 1915-1930s'. He can be reached at 081 613 3538 or bernardcmoore@gmail.com.
Know the History: Namibia's Dog Tax
Published in The Namibian, 4 September 2015, p. B3. [URL]
Abraham Morris, ca. 1914 – National Archives of Namibia Photo Collection 17697
"This photo is of Abraham Morris, my grandfather. He fought against the Germans, and then later, the South Africans." Mr. Timoteus Morris was giving me a short tour of the community museum at Warmbad; every exhibit, every photo and map – he knows the history. "You see these military reports; these were from the 1922 Bondelswarts War, when the Nama people, my people, fought the South Africans." I asked why the war began – what caused it? Mr. Morris gave three reasons: "Dog Tax, Branding Irons, and Land."
It's sometimes difficult to explain to people why I'm studying the history of the dog tax in Namibia. Many researchers from the USA tend to romanticise certain aspects of history – big ideas, big events. When I say I'm working on the dog tax, people American and Namibian alike tend to sometimes look at me like I'm wasting my time; they often respond with questions like: "Is this needed"? History, though, isn't just the story of big men and big events, it's the story of how those big events effected the lives of ordinary people. In the Namibian case, looking at the dog tax is a way to understand colonialism and how it created a system to coerce Namibians into the labour force.
Warmbad was one of the first settled places in Namibia and it was once a much larger town before the building of the railway and the growth of Karasburg and Keetmanshoop. As the Bondelswart Nama migrated to the area from the Orange River, they came with their dogs. The Warmbad hot springs were discovered when the Kaptein saw the dogs were soaking wet – which was a sign that there must be a permanent water source. With increased German settlement at the end of the nineteenth century, though, many Bondelswarts found their way of life becoming increasingly at risk – shepherding was not as easy as it once was. White settlement had taken much of the prime land and water holes, so it's not surprising that they joined up with the rebellion in 1904. Superior weaponry and supplies, however, forced the Bondelswarts to accept a "Treaty of Submission" at Ukamas in 1906. This reduced the size of their territory, initiated pass laws to leave the reserve, and placed them under German law.
In addition, by 1907, the Germans passed the Hundesteuer Ordinance – the dog tax. With regards to the Bondelswarts, negotiations at Ukamas exempted the reserve and the Warmbad location from other fees and taxes, especially the grazing fees. When the South Africans took over after WWI, the dog tax became one of the few enforceable taxes in the Bondels reserve; and for that reason, it was enforced quite vigorously.
Each year, all dogs had to be registered with the magistrate and have a small metal badge attached around the neck (see photo). Under South African rule, the fees increased significantly. Anyone who failed to pay the tax, African or European, was given a fine, the dog was killed, and if he was unable to pay the fine, he was sentenced to prison with hard labour. The 1917 tax collection resulted in at least 3,000 African-owned dogs killed by police; the number of European-owned dogs killed: 135.
By 1921, the tax was increased to £1 for a "standard dog" and £5 for a greyhound or a "native hunting dog." What was a "native hunting dog"? No one really knew; the magistrates repeatedly wrote to the administration asking for advice for how to determine it. It was up to the individual colonial policeman to decide what dog was a hunting dog and what wasn't. The only guarantee is that Europeans could not own a "native hunting dog."
Now why does this matter? It's because £5 was a lot of money for a Namibian to pay to have his dog registered. At that time, £5 was about three-months farm wages, or the sale of 5-8 small stock. For the registration of a dog, that was a big monetary sacrifice; and for that reason, many Namibians had to hide or kill their own "native hunting dogs" in order to avoid being prosecuted by the police. But why the focus on "native hunting dogs"?
The SWA administration firmly believed that dogs were behind destruction of game. However, only in official communications regarding dog taxes were they blamed. In the archival files labeled "Game: Destruction of," the culprits were drought as well as poaching by White farmers and South African rifle parties. So although Black Namibians were hunting game from time to time with dogs, this was much more opportune than planned, and it was not the reason for destruction of game.
Perhaps the reason for the dog tax, though, lies in the labour question. Throughout the central and southern parts of SWA at this time, there was a serious farm labour shortage. The growth of the Karakul industry increased labour demand, but yet the mines were still paying higher wages. Indeed, in some of the Magistrates reports, they note that hunting with dogs was a "lazy way" of earning a living, and hunting offset the "moralizing" effects of "honest labour" – contract/wage labour.
Taxing dogs, therefore, had two major results. First, like other colonial taxes, they "monetized" economies, creating a necessity for cash possession and exchange. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, limiting the number of dogs used in shepherding activities severely constrained the ability of shepherds to protect and grow their stock. Paying the tax for dogs, often "native hunting dogs," necessitated selling some stock each year for slaughter, thereby preventing stock accumulation, or else one had to take up wage labour on White-owned farms.
South West Africa Dog Licence, 1920-21 – National Archives of Namibia Ephemera Collection A0839_X018
The brass dog tax badge looks remarkably like the old German pass tokens for labour in the police zone; perhaps this similarity is not just coincidental, but deeply symbolic. The dog tax played a large role, along with other state policies, in pulling Namibians away from self-sufficient livelihoods into contract/wage labour. The history of the dog tax isn't the story of big men or big events, but the story of how those big events affected the daily lives of every Namibian who just wanted to hang about with man's best friend.
–If you have any personal knowledge about the dog tax, hunting with dogs, or anything that I briefly brought up above, I'm interested in hearing your story. Please contact me at +1-516-850-4418, or at bernardcmoore@gmail.com .


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September 30, 2016 by Polar_Bear
Days of Wonder Announces The Battles of Khalkhin-Gol Expansion For Memoir '44
When most people think about WWII, they think about D-Day and the re-taking of Europe from the Germans. Perhaps you think about the South Pacific and the US Navy Island-Hopping their way towards Japan. Maybe your mind turns to North Africa and Rommel's armored platoons. Most of the time people don't think about the battles between the Japanese and the Russians. But those certainly played their part in the overall conflict. And you'll be able to recreate those using the Battles of Khalkhin-Gol expansion for Memoir '44.
This set comes with 6 scenarios that you can either play as part of a campaign or use as one-off fights. You'll take the role of either the Soveit 57th Special Corps or the Japanese 6th Army (spoiler, the Russians were the winners in the end). The set also comes with 6 Soviet BA-10 Armored Cars and 6 Japanese Type 97 Te-Ke tankettes, which are used in the various scenarios.
The new expansion will be available this December.
Tags: Days of Wonder | Historical | Memoir '44 | News | The Battles of Khalkhin-Gol | WWII |
Steamforged Games Previews Next Season 2 Veterans
Rift: Saga of a Dying World Board Game Up On Kickstarter


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Home Life Style Death of Denis Sire, pillar style Metal Hurlant
Death of Denis Sire, pillar style Metal Hurlant
lefi
All the teenagers of the 80's will remember without doubt the designs of Denis Sire, the curve sensual of his pin-ups, as well as that of vehicle-racy (cars, bikes, planes, rockets …), which he sketched with a retro style chic that was doing wonderfully.
It is with great sadness that we learned of the death at the age of 65 years, this pillar of the pages of the journal Metal Hurlant , the flagship magazine of COMICS of the 70s and 80s, worn by the spirit of seething and longing for freedom of an editorial team that was nicknamed the "Humanoïdes associés".
Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Philippe Manoeuvre, Mœbius), Philippe Druillet and Bernard Farkas were these "Humanoïdes associés": the same ones who had enabled Denis Sire to assert his style in Metal Hurlant , between 1979 and 1986. How to define it? He had his ttrait a certain nostalgia for the America of 50 years, the hollywood cinema and its vamps glamorous the Marilyn Monroe.
It was during his studies at the école des arts appliqués, he met Frank Margerin, the future designer of Lucien. Fans of rock, both founded the band Los Crados, which was succeeded later the very pop Dennis' Twist, which worked on the COMIC strip writers such as Vuillemin, Frank Margerin, Jean-Claude Denis, or Dodo. It was at this time that Denis Sire shows a few album covers for the band Taxi Girl.
A smooth, sensual and inventive
It will be remembered that this native of Saint-Nazaire (September 4, 1953), biker at heart, made his first weapons with a series of science-fiction in black and white, Threatening Evil (1979), fleurant good the space opera way Flash Gordon of Alex Raymond. He went on to publish a series of short stories, very "Yé-Yé" met in the COMIC, 6T Melody .
Her smooth, sensual and inventive was then stated in the diptych Wood Willys and Lisa Bay (published in the collection the Foot jealous of Humanos), featuring a pair of heroines adventurous (Ziblyne and Bettie) in a Brittany fantasy, where we crossed by turns revolutionary freedom fighters hidden and flying, dangerous humanoid robots and spies of all kinds.
the death of Metal Hurlant , in 1986, Denis Sire joined the group Albin Michel and draw in the journal the Echo of The Savannas . With the staunch support of Jean-Pierre Dionnet, he continues to publish albums, including Ziblyne and Bettie . In 1997, he edited a new album is always so sensual and timeless. The island of the Amazons , on a scenario of Dionnet.
Lovers of beautiful bodywork, Denis Sire is also moving towards the automotive press. It publishes collections of drawings automobiles such as Racing (1992), or Races of legend (2003). He died in the flower of age, in a manner as brutal and unpredictable, a bit like the rockets slender that he knew so well to draw.
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Q: how to get viewers by time range from view start time and view durations? I have a little problem to make statistics.
people can watch videos on my website. I store some datas in mysql table videos_has_views
IdUser = the watcher ID
ddv = date of view = the start time of the view
duration = the duration of the view

what i would like to get is an array of how many viewers were active by time range.
For example :
John start viewing at 2017-01-01 00:00:00 and watch video for 1800 seconds (30mn)

Hodor start viewing at 2017-01-01 00:00:00 and watch video for 1200 seconds (20mn)

Rob start viewing at 2017-01-01 00:10:00 and watch video for 1800 seconds (30mn)

I try to get an array like
From 0 to 10min : 2 viewers (john + hodor)
From 10 to 20min : 3 viewers
From 20 to 30 : 2 viewers (john + Rob)
From 30 to 40 : 1 viewer (rob)

But I don't know how to attack this problem with mysql ... or with a loop in php ?
if anybody have an idea for me i'll be very thankfull

A: Maybe something like this?
SELECT
  CASE
  WHEN duration BETWEEN 0 AND 600 THEN '0to10'
  WHEN duration BETWEEN 601 AND 1200 THEN '10to20'
  WHEN duration BETWEEN 1201 AND 1800 THEN '20to30'
  ELSE 'moreThan30'
  END as duration_range,
  count(IdUser) as cnt
FROM videos_has_views
GROUP BY duration_range
ORDER BY duration_range ASC;

You can make as many ranges as You want ... it works (at least in MySQL 5.7)
If You want to include names in another column then (since we're using GROUP BY) You can use GROUP CONCAT from names/userIDs or whatever :)

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In this role, you will have a chance to work with many different research on many different kinds of data problems. Some of the challenges from recent projects have included: natural language processing, topic modeling, machine learning, web scraping, parallel processing, and large scale datasets. On our team, you can expect to work with bright minds on challenging problems, evaluate emerging technologies, and keep learning new techniques to solve research problems. As these technologies and research questions evolve, so will your role.
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May mentor and coach junior colleagues and Research Fellows, as needed.
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During November when olives mature, the picking process slowly starts continuing till end of February to early March depending on the weather conditions. The current way of harvesting is as follows: the olive producers place huge nets under the olive trees and then start hitting by special machines the edges of the olive-trees in order olives to fall onto the nets. Then, olives are harvested, put into large sacks and carried to our olive processing unit.
There, after being washed and weighed, olives are passed through the phase of crushing, meaning breaking the seed and core and become a dough mixture, which in turn will be worked intensively in pressure machines and passed through centrifuge process in order to separate the liquid components, oil and water from remaining seeds, which are used as fuel called "pirinaki". Thereafter, the separator apparatus, will stand out the water from the oil which is finally collected to be stored in special containers or tanks.
What distinguishes our case is that the production of our olive oil starts immediately after the olive harvest since the fresh fruit is transported directly to our mill. The milling for the production of Viannos olive oil, takes place within a few hours to ensure that the fruit will stay fresh and unaltered, thus, giving a high quality olive oil.
The two production lines of our factory, entirely made and installed by the famous Italian company PIERALISSI, operate according to the highest standards, meeting all requirements for safeguarding the quality of olive oil. From the very beginning, our oil, having classified based on the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics, is stored in appropriate stainless tanks, ready for the next stage which is the bottling.
The standardization unit has the ability to bottle approximately one thousand containers per hour, an amount which varies according to the type and size of the containers or bottles. It includes tanks and filters, automatic filling and closing machine, capable of pouring glass, plastic bottles and tins and an automatic labeling machine for sticking labels on our products. Our facilities are equipped in order both completed products and raw materials to be maintained in the best possible conditions.
However, the most important guarantee of the quality of our olive oil, is our people that act as alert guards at all stages of our oil production; this is our prized guarantee that we offer you a genuine and safe product of high value.


text:
POST-MATCH | Mike Flynn hails an outstanding win over Cambridge United in the Emirates FA Cup
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Ryan Robinson
RyanRobbo1997
Mike Flynn heaped praise on his Newport County AFC team after seeing his side book their place in the Emirates FA Cup Third Round with a 2-0 victory over Cambridge United.
Captain Joss Labadie scored both of the goals for the Exiles at Rodney Parade, with the opener coming just 93 seconds into the game.
It came after Matty Dolan curled an inch-perfect free-kick right across the face of the Cambridge goal, with Labadie there at the right time to expertly guide a calm side footed finish into the top corner from all of four yards.
Ben White was forced to clear one off the line as Cambridge came in search of forcing a replay late-on, only for Labadie to provide a sucker-punch to the U's with eight minutes to go.
And what a goal it was to book County's place in tonight's draw.
After a Cambridge long ball had gone astray, substitute Padraig Amond played a stunning splitting pass into his attacking partner Frank Nouble's path.
And after resisting the temptation to play the ball early, Nouble skipped past the challenge on the right-hand side, before drilling the ball back to the penalty spot for Labadie to volley home past a helpless David Forde in the away goal.
The result means that for only the second time since the club's reformation in 1989, County are in the Third-Round proper of the Emirates FA Cup.
READ THE MATCH REPORT
WATCH THE POST-MATCH REACTION
And Flynn was ecstatic with his sides performance post-match.
"I'm delighted to get into the next round of the FA Cup," he affirmed.
"We're hoping for a big draw because it could make that big a difference for a football club like ours."
Labadie's true captain's performance was obviously singled out for individual praise by Flynn post-match.
It was the first time since 27th September 2014 that Labadie scored two in a game (Dagenham vs York) as he marched away with the fan's man-of-the-match poll.
And Flynn was delighted to see his captain lead by example and guide the Exiles to victory.
"I thought he was outstanding," he stated.
"I've told him about his timings with his runs into the box and he does that well now.
"He has to keep adding goals to his game and if he does that then I don't think we'll keep hold of him much longer."
Labadie's early goal was the first goal scored by the Exiles in the first-half since Frank Nouble's effort in the First Round of this competition.
That means it was just the second time in ten games that a goal came in the opening 45 minutes from County, leaving Flynn pleased to see his side make such a fast start.
"No, a goal can never come too soon," he commented.
"I will happily take goals whatever time they come.
"We knew against Cambridge that we would have a bit of pressure, we sat back maybe a bit too much in the beginning of the second half and I've told the boys that.
"It's not something we encourage, I don't know what it was, we were getting a message on to them and they dealt with it.
"After that, I thought we were outstanding again."
Another key component to County's victory was the stunning display from the five-man defence.
And Flynn thought every one of them aided the County cause at Rodney Parade.
"The back five were outstanding," he said.
"Ben White, Mickey Demetriou, Mark O'Brien was brilliant when coming back in.
"Pipey was solid and Dan Butler was solid.
"Dan has just had a baby so it's a good weekend for him."
In terms of points to critique, Flynn did feel that his side invited too much pressure at times during the second-half.
"I don't ever tell them to sit back," he confirmed.
"Sometimes it just happens, and I thought the first ten minutes of the second-half we did get too deep for my liking.
"But once we got that on board and started pushing up the pitch and making the right decisions then we could have scored a few more."
All this means Flynn and his players will now prepare for the Third-Round draw later today, which is live on BBC2 from 7pm. The Exiles will be ball number 47.
And Flynn couldn't hide his feelings as to what draw he ideally wanted.
He commented: "Being a Liverpool fan then I would have to say Liverpool.
"Any of the big clubs really, although I'm not too sure I want to go to Man City now if I'm totally honest. Even somebody like Newcastle would be big for us as-well."
Purely based on any potential financial gain, Flynn also confirmed he would rather be drawn away from Rodney Parade if it was against one of the bigger sides.
He added: "I'm going to have to put my sensible hat on and say that I'd rather be away.
"It would be worth so much more for the football club and that's what's most important to me."
And Flynn also made sure that he reiterated his ideas as to how he wanted any money to be spent.
He continued: "I've said that I'm more interested in building a club here and not just a team. If I can help provide a training ground through the results we get and the revenue that we are bringing in, then that'll be something I'll be delighted with and proud of."
Asked where he will be watching the draw, Flynn confirmed he won't be able to simply relax at home and watch along.
He said: "Funnily enough I'm at the Welsh Sports Personality of the Year awards at the Celtic Manor so I'll have to check it on my phone just before the meal.
"I'm not nervous because the boys deserve to be there. It's going to be excitement and let's just hope we get another good draw because I think it's only the second time in 32 years that we've been there."
The draw is taking place live on BBC 2 and BT Sports. The programme will begin at 7pm with the draw beginning at 7.10pm. You can also follow the draw live on Twitter!
NEXT UP AT HOME| We face Carlisle United on the 9th December 2017. Get tickets now.
AFTER THAT| We head to Cambridge United on the 16th December. Get tickets now.
Newport County vs Cambridge United on 03 Dec 17


text:
Les llengües mordovianes són un subgrup de les llengües fino-volgaiques, propera a l'udmurt, mari i komi. Es divideix en dues parles, gairebé inintel·ligibles entre si:
 Mokša (un terç dels mordovians), de pigmentació més fosca, que viuen al SE del riu Sura, en els antics gubernija de Penza i Krasnoslovodsk.
 Erz'a (dos terços dels mordovians), situats al NE del riu Oka, entre els antics gubernija de Kazan, Samara, Tambov i Nijni Nóvgorod.

També inclouen petits grups, com els qaratai, grup de mokša que habiten al districte de Kamsko Urtinsk (Tatarstan), i que fou aconvertit a l'islam en el segle XVIII, alhora que han acabat adoptant com a llengua el tàtar, tot i que oficialment són ortodoxos; i els teryukhans, que viuen a Nizhni Novgorod i que han adoptat totalment la llengua i cultura russes.

Lingüísticament, J. Budenz els classifica com a fínics meridionals, amb finesos i maris, i Damner com a fínics del Volga. Setälä els considera intermedis entre els finesos i els mari. Les dues parles es diferencien fonèticament perquè la š finoúgrica es manté en mokša però en erz'a esdevé č, així šejec i šapama esdevenen čejer i čapamo, que originen happami en finès i savanyú en hongarès. Tanmateix, concorda amb les llengües baltofíniques i amb el mari en la despalatalització de *n', que dona nola (mordovià), nuole (finès), nal (mari), nyal (hongarès) i nul (komi).

Referències

Vegeu també
 Literatura mordoviana

Enllaços externs
 Arxiu sobre la llengua erzya
 MP3s en mordovià

Llengües fino-volgaiques
Mordòvia

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Welcome! I'm Matt Glassman, Senior Fellow at the Government Affairs Institute at Georgetown. Here's my weekly newsletter that always includes five points at the intersection of DC politics and political science, and often some links to interesting things I've been reading or listening to this week.
In this issue, I discuss divided government, the electoral college, whether the size of a Dem House majority matters in 2019, Trump's continuing weakness as president, and turnover in the House.
Feedback? Drop me a line or just respond to this email. And you can always catch up with me on Twitter.
Divided Government Comes in Multiple Flavors.
And the politics of each flavor are somewhat distinctive.
Forecasts of the 2018 election indicate the 116th Congress will probably result in Democrats controlling the House and the GOP controlling the Senate, so let's talk about divided government.
First off, it's something that is more or less distinctive to the so-called American System of democracy. Generally, in parliamentary systems—which are, by far, the most common form of democracy in the world—it's not possible for the executive to be controlled by a different party or coalition than the legislature, as the executive is selected by legislature. Only in the American System—with its separation of powers—does the executive have an independent electoral base outside the control of the legislature.
Second, divided government in America is rather common, particularly in the modern age. Since 1933, there have been 42 congressional elections. Exactly half of them (21) have produced clear unified governments, with the same party clearly in control of the House, Senate, and Presidency. Twenty of them have produced divided government, and one (2000) produced a tie in the Senate, which led to unified government for a few months, and then divided government after a member of the majority party switched affiliations and began caucusing with the other party.
These topline numbers, however, mask the fact that divided government comes in more than one flavor in the United States. Given that there are three relevant political institutions, there are actually three arrangements of divided government. The party that doesn't hold the presidency can hold either the House, the Senate, or both the House and the Senate.
If you ask people to think about divided government, they might bring to mind President Clinton squaring off against Newt-Gingrich in the mid-90's. Or they might think about President Obama squaring off against the John Boehner-led Tea Party in 2011. But notice that those were two different arrangements of divided government. In the Gingrich case, the GOP controlled both chambers of Congress. During the 112th and 113th Congresses (2011-2014), the GOP only controlled the House. The Senate was controlled by the Democrats, under the leadership of Harry Reid.
Traditionally, same-party control of both chambers of Congress is a much more common variety of divided government. Of the 21 federal elections that produced divided government since 1933, 15 of them featured the dynamic of the Clinton-Gingrich years: one party-controlling both chambers of Congress and the other party controlling the presidency. The other six included five where the president's party controlled the Senate but not the House (Reagan's first three Congresses and the two Obama Congresses after the 2010 Tea Party election) and just one where the president's party controlled the House but not the Senate (the 2000 election, after Jeffords switched parties).
Are there meaningful distinctions between these various forms of divided government? Absolutely. While divided government in America inherently pits Republicans vs. Democrats, there are both structural features built into the legislative process and political dynamics operating in the public sphere that make unified congressional control different than one-chamber congressional control. The most obvious of these is the direct constitutional link between the presidency and the Senate: nominations. As the constitution provides no formal role for the House in the confirmation of judges and executive branch officials, control of the House alone does not actually create divided government in regard to the nomination process (or the treaty process). Particularly now that the filibuster has been eliminated on all nominations, GOP control of the Senate implies that the record-setting pace of judicial nominations under president Trump will continue in the 116th Congress.
A more subtle distinction is the location and control of political conflict. When one party controls both chambers, there's a stronger possibility of legislation emerging from Congress that the president feels the need to veto. Indeed, of the twelve vetoes President Obama issued, ten of them came in the final Congress of presidency, when the GOP controlled both the House and the Senate. During the two Congresses in which the GOP controlled only the House, Obama didn't veto a single bill. His other two vetoes came in his first Congress, when the Democrats had unified control.
It's pretty obvious what is going on here: the Democratic Senate was refusing to approve (or even consider) legislation that Obama might have to veto. In effect, instead of the high-profile divided government vetoes (like the ACA repeal sent to Obama or the appropriations bills the GOP sent to Clinton in 1995), the political conflict was taking place between the chambers, rather than between the branches. This doesn't mean the White House wasn't involved, both privately and publicly, but it does mean that the opposition party couldn't force veto-level confrontations into the public sphere, where they'd likely be magnified.
So don't expect many high-stakes vetoes from Trump next year; most of the things that might be on that list are going to be buried in the GOP Senate, even in cases the president might relish the opportunity to veto them. Conversely, you shouldn't take veto threats from the president all that seriously under one-chamber divided government; it's not particularly credible for the president to threaten to veto something that overcame a filibuster in a chamber in which his party also has agenda control, save for non-partisan issues that squarely line up Congress vs. the president.
Perhaps even more subtle is that one-chamber divided government is likely to result in the lack of a budget resolution in Congress. Indeed, Congress failed to pass a budget resolution in any year between 2011 and 2014, the four years in which chamber control was split between the parties. This takes on outsized importance in contemporary politics, because most of the high-profile legislation moving through the Senate right now is doing so under expedited procedures: nominations are proceeding under the nuked filibuster rules that allow bare majorities to gain cloture, Obama-era regulations were repealed via the debate-limited Congressional Review Act process, and both the failed ACA repeal and the December 2017 GOP tax cuts were moved through the reconciliation process. Absent a budget resolution and reconciliation instructions agreed to by both chambers, however, there will be no reconciliation process offering expedited procedures in the Senate in 2019.
Contrast this to ACA repeal in the 114th Congress. . Because the GOP had unified control of both chambers in 2015-2106, they were able to produce a budget resolution, reconciliation instructions, and ultimately the ACA repeal bill that could ride along the reconciliation process. As everyone expected, the bill was ultimately vetoed by president Obama, but the public sphere operation of that bill differed quite significantly from the previous 50-odd times the GOP had moved ACA repeal votes through the House only, just to see them die in the Senate.
In sum, the likely divided government in 2019 is not going to operate like the common "textbook" divided governments of the Clinton era. Instead, divided chamber control produces its own distinctive form of politics. It may also be the arrangement most amendable to total gridlock. There is some political science evidence that divided-chamber control results in less of the policy agenda being enacted than even traditional divided government. Perhaps because of the blunt visibilty and counter-majoritarian nature of the veto, combined with the public expectation of presidents to govern, traditional divided government results in more compromises than chamber-division, where decentralized legislators with less individual responsibility to the whole find it easier to dig in against one another when their policy positions are polarized against each other.
Trump continues to be a weak POTUS, part XXIV.
And it's his fault. He's not good at guarding power.
I continue to believe Donald Trump is as weak president in danger of a failed one-term presidency. He just doesn't seem to be learning how to amass or guard his political power. I subscribe to the general Neustadt argument on presidential power, and I've written about it plenty before: on Trump's general Neustadtian weakness, his trouble managing the White House, his cheerleader role in congressional agenda-setting and legislation, and a host of tweetstorms about his various poor moves that have sapped his power.
Now, all presidents are powerful in an absolute sense, but we differentiate them by their ability to influence public policy outcomes. Presidents compete with lots of other actors in the government—elected members of Congress, appointed administration officials, civil servants, White House staffers—for influence over legislation and executive branch administration. Ultimately, a president's success or failure rests on their ability to persuade others that the costs of opposing him are too high.
And, in this sense, Trump just looks supremely weak in DC. He can't get the GOP to do anything legislatively that is on his agenda but not theirs. He constantly complains about his own cabinet officials, who appear to ignore him regularly, but is too boxed in politically to fire them. Private sector "allies" loudly walk away from him the minute he crosses them. And he can't even stop the record-setting departures and the legendary-level leaks at his own White House, where power-hungry staffers engage in endless intrigue, precisely because they know it is so easy to manipulate the president if you can get the face time.
If you believe, like I do, that Neustadt was correct the path to sustained power in the presidency is the developing and guarding of this informal influence by having a stellar professional reputation in Washington as someone who gets his way and punishes those who stand in his way, Trump has spent two year flailing around.
One aspect of this that continues to amaze me is Trump's impulsive policy pronouncements. Despite his supporters' belief that he is "tough" and doesn't bend to political pressure, quite the opposite seems true. Trump constantly reverses his positions and backs down from stands that he is allegedly taking. This happens all the time in foreign policy. He questions NATO Article V. He's going to close the border. He says he believes Putin over U.S. intelligence services. He says he believes MBS about the killing of a journalist. And on and on and on.
On all of these things, Trump eventually reverses course, usually within a a few days, after the political pressure from his enemies and allies grows. That is the essence of how a president can make himself look weak. You just keep backing down from public positions, and pretty soon everyone knows that if they just apply enough pressure, you'll back down next time too. His word—even his public word—is garbage. And everyone in Washington knows it. And that's very dangerous for a president.
The really stupid thing, for Trump, is that this is readily avoidable. All presidents get hemmed in politically at times, and all presidents have to take positions they might not actually want to take, because they won't be able to sustain themselves politically on another course. But for most presidents, these concerns are teased out in private, with their advisors. Trump just blurts them out.
And that's costly. Because instead of seeing the president take a strong position, stick with it, and get backed by a wide array of actors, we see the president blurt out a dumb position, defend it for a day or two, and then come around to the Washington consensus about what the position should actually be. You end up in the same place, except everyone knows you didn't lead and, even worse, you had to weakly give in to the influence of others.
On a different dimension—the backing of electoral candidates—you can see the president learning how this works. At first, he was sort of just backing people willy-nilly, perhaps because he liked them or thought his influence could help them. This led to repeated dumb positions in the Alabama special election, where Trump first backed Luther Strange in the primary and then Roy Moore in the general election. Both lost. That's the same bad feedback loop as changing course on foreign policy pronouncements.
More recently, Trump appears to have begun to judiciously hand out his endorsements and aid to electoral candidates, focusing on backing candidates who are likely winners, but who might be seen as having really benefited from his endorsement. Now that's a good presidential power strategy, and it's one place where I think Trump has grown a bit into he presidency in terms of guarding power. But he's got an awful long way to go.
Does the size of a Democratic House majority matter?
The current "classic" forecast at FiveThirtyEight has the Democrats with an 85.9% chance of winning control of the House of Representatives next month, with an average gain of 40 seats, giving them 235 seats in the House. As with any probabilistic election model, there is significant variance. It suggests a 20% chance of Democrats gaining fewer than 25 seats, but also a 20% chance of them gaining more than 54. If we assume the FiveThirtyEight model is correct and the election results fall between those two poles—which they will, well, 60% of the time—does it make a difference if the Democrats gain 25 or 54 seats?
Yes and no. Let's start with the case for yes. Picking up a greater-than-expected number of seats would send a market signal that voters were more annoyed with the president/GOP/115th Congress than previously thought. This would likely induce some subset of moderate Republican politicians to become more vocally critical of the president, more likely to make a clean break from the Trump administration, and more likely to endorse, support, or become primary challengers to the president in 2020. Likewise, a surprisingly large number might embolden Democrats to become more combative on both policy and politics. In Bayesian terms, a larger Democratic majority would indicate that the true state of the world was worse for GOP policies and Trumpist governance than we thought.
Internally to the House Democratic caucus, a large influx of new members might shift the balance of power. The existing party leadership has been in place for over a decade, and a sizeable number of new members might be the trigger for entrepreneurial would-be leaders to seek to mount a serious challenge for the leadership. Regardless of the leadership dynamic, a larger House majority would also provide an easy cushion for chamber votes, allowing the leadership room to put their priorities on the floor and still give passes to conservative members who needed to vote against them. There would be very little reason/need to bargain with the Republican minority.
But beyond the market signal we get about the voters and some power dynamics internally in the House, the bottom line is that the size of the Democratic House majority in the 116th Congress isn't really important, and pales relative to winning control of the chamber. On at least three important dimensions, it basically doesn't matter if the Democrats have 220 seats (a 25 seats gain) or 249 seats ( a 54 seat gain). The most obvious reason, of course, is that control of the House by any margin denies the Republicans unified government and the ability to move the GOP agenda through the House. The House floor operates in a context of strong procedural partisanship and pure majoritarian rules; control of the agenda resides almost exclusively with the majority party, and each marginal vote beyond 218 does little to augment that. It's like ice turning to water. At 32 degrees, it just happens, and it doesn't get less solid if you make it 38 degrees or 75 degrees.
Likewise, the committee system in the House operates in a majoritarian partisan manner. The majority, regardless of size, gets the chairmanships of all of the committees, and almost all of the power in the committee system resides with the chairmen, backed by the majority part having more seats on each committee. They set the committee agenda, they control the committee budgets, they call the hearings and mark-ups, and they (mostly) issue the subpoenas. If the Democrats take control of the House, there will be a large number of investigations into the practices of the Trump administration; if they do not take the House, there will not be. The size of their majority will not influence this.
On the policy front, it may seem at first blush that a larger Democratic House majority would move overall public policy leftward in the 116th Congress. As a marginal effect, this could be true, in theory. With a razor-thin margin in the House (say 220-215), the GOP might be able to pick off some moderate Democrats to their policy positions, but that only applies if the GOP could get their priorities onto the floor for a vote. A thin Democratic coalition will use negative agenda control—keeping bills off the floor that would have the support of a majority of the chamber but don't have the support of a majority of the Democratic caucus—to pevent those votes from ever happening.
This confuses people because they are used to the Senate model, where the filibuster creates the odd situation in which the majority party has agenda control but is often still looking to pick off members of the minority. That's a totally different situation than the House, where the agenda setter needs only to pick up votes from their own centrist wing in order to achieve passage.
Finally, it's also the case that a larger Democratic majority isn't a more liberal Democratic majority. We don't live in a proportional representation system with a party list. Winning more seats doesn't put more median Democrats in the House. Winning more seats in 2018 means Dems will have won in redder and redder districts, places where Trump may have won in 2016 by a fair margin. The winners in the these last 20 marginal seats (pickups 35-54 in our thought experiment) will obviously be more liberal than their GOP alternatives, but they will hardly be foot-soldiers for the left. Some of them will be pro-life, many of them will support gun rights, and almost none of them wil be interested in impeaching the president. In a caucus meeting taking a majority vote for leadership positions, having 25 additional seats will effectively move the median vote signficantly to the right.
The Electoral College ignores suffrage.
A National Popular Vote Could Not.
There's been some general interest in the Electoral College on Twitter this week, and for a while now there has been a focus on its mild distortive effects relative to a straight popular-vote election. The cases for and against the electoral college are varied and interesting, but until recently they have not been particularly relevant, because the popular vote winner has almost always matched the electoral college vote winner (this ignores the way that down-ballot races in blowout presidential states might be affected by turnout, but set that aside). This, of course, has not been true in 2 of the last 5 presidential elections, as the Democrats won the popular vote in both 2000 and 2016. And thus Concern.
I don't have particularly strong feelings about the electoral college or the popular vote—there are legitimate competing values—but I do think the proponents of a national popular vote need to take seriously a huge issue that is buried inside the electoral college system: decentralized suffrage. There are minimum suffrage standards in the constitution—bars on racial, gender, or age (over 18) discrimination—but no ceilings. States are free to expand suffrage well beyond where it currently resides in most states.
This was undoubtedly in the back of the Framers' minds when they adopted the constitutional provisions for the electoral college. The Founders were notably not big fans of democracy; much of the machinery of the orginal constitution was purposefully designed to place different parts of the government different distances from the people (modeling things after the 18th century British mixed system of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy). Thus you find in the original constitution no federal voting right: you are eligible to vote for the House if you are eligible to vote for your state legislature. The Senate and electoral college are even further from the people; the original constitution directs them to be chosen by state legislature, and in a manner the state legislature directs, respectively.
This made some logical sense in the 1780s, as suffrage laws varied considerably by state. The electoral college, however, solved a particular problem in this regard. The presidency / vice presidency are the only interstate election in the constitution. That is, there is no other federal election where the voters in one state can affect a result that matters in another state. The electoral college thus solves a basic problem the Founders would have had to grapple with under a popular vote system: how do you construct a national election where you want each state to have influence proportional to its population, without disturbing their suffrage laws?
Consider the problem from the opposite point of view. If the Framers had chosen a national popular vote for president, states would have had strong incentives to loosen their suffrage laws in order to gain influence in the election. The iron logic of a national popular vote would have invariably led to universal white male suffrage, and perhaps even women voting. The only other option would have been uniform federal voting qualifications, but given the disparity in state laws and preference for state control of elections, that was a likely non-starter.
While universal adult suffrage seems like an obvious good idea to us today, in the 18th century it was a dangerous symptoms of runaway democracy, and something the Founders sought, quite purposely, to avoid. The electoral college, by decoupling state populations and voting populations, avoids a state suffrage race to the bottom. Each state gets the same number of electoral college votes, roughly proportional to their populations, regardless of how loose or tight their suffrage laws are.
This has ramifications for the contemporary debate over a national popular vote. The constitution remains with just floors, not ceilings, on voting rights. And indeed, throughout American history, states have had quite different voter qualification profiles. Free blacks could vote in some northern states but not others prior to the civil war. Women could vote in many western states in the later 19th century. Georgia and Kentucky lowered their voting age to 18 decades before the constitutional amendment. States have often let non-citizens vote. Though today the rules are more uniform across states than in the past, we still have widely different rules about disenfranchised felons.
A shift to a national popular vote for president would have to grapple with the small amount of diversity of suffrage standards across states, but also the possibility of states loosening their suffrage laws to gain influence in the election. Is it out of the realm of possibility that California could abolish the voting age (for presidential elections only) in order to gain an estimated 8 million voters (who, if they turned out at 50% and broke 60-40 for the Dems would provide 800K additional marginal votes)? Or (try to) allow some of their millions of non-citizens to vote?
One retort to this is that we could simply put in federal voting standards along with any constitutional amendment abolishing the electoral college, requiring voters for the presidency to be at least 18 and a citizen of the United States. That would certainly solve much of the issue (though disparate treatment of disenfranchised felons and the mentally-ill would still loom as a secondary issue). The problem, however, is that the likely mechanism for a national popular vote isn't a constitutional amendment, but the interstate compact, in which states comprising 270 electoral college votes all agree to give their electors to the popular vote winner, essentially creating a national popular vote system within the electoral college framework. Such a compact between states has not ability to regulate the franchise, and could set off a race to the bottom in states looking to pad partisan totals.
Could Congress step in and regulate voting qualifications? Plausibly. The issue hit the Supreme Court in 1970, when Congress tried to uniformly lower the voting age to 18 via federal law. In a 5-4 decision, the Court ruled Congress could not regulate the voting age for state elections, but could regulate it for federal elections (thus the shift in 1971 to a constitutional amendment strategy). There were, however, four votes on the Court that did not believe Congress could regulate the voting age for any election, federal or state.
On a happier note, a national popular vote might encourage states to adopt non-qualification policies that encourage voting. One downside of the electoral college is that it doesn't punish a state that seeks to generally suppress the vote. A national popular vote might reverse that trend, as states seeking to maximize their contribution to a national election (for state or partisan reasons) might ultimately adopt automatic registration, or develop easier absentee ballot systems, or just generally put resources into more polling locations and easier access to the vote.
Turnover in the House is greater than you think.
It's true: 95%+ of Members get reelected. But it's very misleading.
You have probably seen the statistic, perhaps in meme form: Members of Congress got reelected at a 96% rate in 2014. The reelection rate in other years is quite similar. This gives many people the distorted view that Congress is a bunch of old dudes, who have been there forever, sitting around doing nothing. Members of Congress are certainly old, and perhaps they are sitting around doing nothing, but I can assure you they have not been there forever.
The statistic is very misleading, because it only counts members who seek to be reelected. This causes a large distortion, because many people choose to leave Congress every year—to retire, to take a job in the administration, to seek other elected offices—and one set of people who often retire are members who know they are about to get crushed in their reelection. No one wants to spend the time and money it takes to run, just to be embarrassed on election day. So retirements are endogenous to the likelihood of losing. And thus statistics about how often members lose are inflated.
What we are really interested in is congressional turnover. How many new members of the House of Representatives will we have next year? There's a simple formula: new districts created via apportionment + incumbent retirements + incumbents defeated = new freshmen. In non-redistricting years, the first term is zero. I've blogged extensively about this before and wrote about it regularly at CRS (click the link for all sorts of fancy charts), but I think it's worth putting the 2018 election into context.
So far this year, 69 members of the House have voluntarily declined to return next year. Four more have lost primary elections. So there will be 73 freshmen in the House next year, plus how ever many incumbents are defeated on election day. I would guess the total number of freshmen will be well north of 90, meaning the turnover rate will be at least 21%. That's a far cry from the 4% implied in the meme.
Honest Graft: Why the 2018 Election Won't "All Come Down to Turnout"


After suffering with tummy issues for nearly four years I started the tummy diaries to share my experiences in the hope of helping others find their way with living with their own gut disorder or restrictive diets.
Following the low FODMAP diet and being gluten intolerant isn't the easiest, however being a passionate foodie I've been determined to not let it get in the way of life. Sometimes having to say no to food that everyone else can eat without a second thought, or turn down going out because your symptoms get in the way can be really sucky – but with so many people living with this, you're not alone, and sometimes it's comforting just to know that.
On my blog I'll be sharing some easy free-from recipes, plus stories and advice on how I deal with both the mental and physical side of things. I think a lot of people don't realise it affects both, but for me it really can!