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Current Approaches to Light Conversion for Controlled Environment Agricultural Applications: A Review
Precision Management of Fruit Trees
Selection of Garden Roses to Improve the Ecosystem Services They Provide
A Fast Regression-Based Approach to Map Water Status of Pomegranate Orchards with Sentinel 2 Data
Horticulturae
10.3390/horticulturae8100884
Esmaeil Fallahi
Darius Kviklys
Related Info Link
Boini, A.
Bortolotti, G.
Perulli, G. Demetrio
Venturi, M.
Bonora, A.
Manfrini, L.
Corelli-Grappadelli, L.
Late Ripening Apple Production Benefits from High Shading and Water Limitation under Exclusion Netting
Alexandra Boini
Gianmarco Bortolotti
Giulio Demetrio Perulli
Melissa Venturi
Alessandro Bonora
Luigi Manfrini
1,* and
Luca Corelli-Grappadelli
Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
Interdepartmental Center for Agri-Food Industrial Research (CIRI-Agroalimentare), University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100884
Received: 19 July 2022 / Revised: 29 August 2022 / Accepted: 22 September 2022 / Published: 27 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Management of Fruit Trees)
Review Reports Versions Notes
In highly solar irradiated areas, apple production can face challenges due to high evaporative water demands. Shading can be used to lower irrigation requirements and make apple growing more sustainable. In this trial, a white exclusion net (40% shading) integrated with rain protection was compared with a regular anti-hail black net (20% shading), on Rosy Glow apple. Crop physiology, yield and quality parameters were monitored during two consecutive years, under conditions of full and restricted irrigation. Since Et0 under the two cover systems was different, their respective 100% irrigation replacement was different; both covers also received a restricted irrigation treatment (70% replacement of Et0). Tree physiology (midday stem water potential, leaf gas exchanges, seasonal fruit growth) was not affected, neither by less light nor by less water. Moreover, marketable yield, fruit color and soluble solid content were improved under the more shaded environment, even when the irrigation volume was limited. These results are encouraging, as an overall 50% of water was saved (ca. 190 mm tree−1 per year), compared to the control irrigation treatment, under a classic anti-hail system (ca. 370 mm tree−1 per year).
Malus domestica; sustainability; light; irrigation; harvest
Fruit growing, and agriculture in general, is facing serious, varied challenges, attributable to climate change. An example of one of these challenges is the constant exceptionally high temperatures during spring and summer 2022, in the Mediterranean basin. Inevitable increases in reference evapotranspiration (Et0) and crop evapotranspiration (Etc) are expected and are starting to be observed [1,2]; therefore, mitigation strategies need to be implemented in production protocols. Aiming at sustainable production methods is the main goal for future food related processes. To improve orchard sustainability, improving water use for irrigation is a must. Plant water uptake is dictated by evaporative demand, due to high leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and transpiratory losses allowing for leaf cooling along with CO2 uptake, where the main driver of the process is solar radiation. Decreasing solar radiation interception, in areas characterized by both high light and air temperatures, is thus a solution that growers should take into consideration. In Italy, orchards are commonly fitted with anti-hail netting systems, and lately, rain proof systems have been implemented in these structures to avoid fruit wetting and subsequent cracking in cherries, but with potential benefits for other crops, for example preventing fungal diseases. The shading of these systems goes from 10% (regular anti-hail nets) to nearly 50% (with rain shelter).
Shading has long been known to be a promising strategy for maintaining low crop water requirements [3,4,5,6,7], lowering irrigation restitution volumes [8,9]. Many studies have focused on apples, considered a suitable candidate for trials involving shading nets. The recent introduction of commercial solutions that enclose the entire orchard, known as "exclusion netting", has been tested for pest management purposes [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18] in France, Italy and Croatia. More recently, this system was tested on apple physiology, on the early ripening Gala [9]. The results of these works are encouraging in boosting sustainability for apple growing. Firstly, there are positive outputs that this mechanical barrier generates when related to pest control. Secondly, 40% shading with a white exclusion system is not detrimental to tree physiological performances and most importantly to marketable yield and final fruit quality [9].
The following study aims to demonstrate how medium-strong shading application can be beneficial and increase sustainability by lowering apple water requirements. This study focused on a late ripening apple variety, as to further demonstrate the feasibility of light management even if prolonged until the autumn period.
The trial took place at the experimental farm of Bologna University (Italy, 44°30′ N; 10°36′ E, 27 m elevation), in a Pink Lady (Rosy Glow) apple orchard grafted on Pajam 2, during the years 2020 and 2021. The orchard was planted in 2014 on a silty clay loam soil consisting of 10 rows (50 trees in each row). Trees were spaced 1 × 3.3 m (3030 tree ha−1), with a north–south orientation, trained as slender spindle. Since its installation, the management of the orchard followed integrated pest management (IPM) protocols, and trees were watered as needed. The orchard was covered with regular anti-hail net (A) (20% shading, as stated by the manufacturer; Valente srl, Campodarsego, PD, Italy), deployed at the beginning of the season (20 days after full bloom) and withdrawn after harvest.
Full bloom dates were recorded in early April, for both years: 1 April 2020 and 5 April 2021.
2.2. Net Treatments, Weather, and Irrigation
In May 2020, the orchard was divided into two sectors (5 rows each): one remained under the A net, considered as control, while the other was covered with a white exclusion netting system (E) (Keep in touch®), which enclosed the entire sector of the orchard (including the headspaces for turning). E net was integrated with a white rain-proof cover placed over each row (1 m on both East and West sides), as a protection against rain; hence, the overall shading percentage of the exclusion net treatment was stated to be around 50%. Both nets had an English-turn weaving system and were of the same material (polymethyl methacrylate) with different wefts: A net was around 10 × 5 mm, while E net was approximately 3 × 4 mm. The rain-proof double layer of the E net was characterized by extremely dense links (<1 mm). The set-up was maintained in 2021.
In each orchard sector and outside the orchard, weather parameters were registered on an hourly basis (air temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), rain (mm), solar radiation (W m2)), with dedicated weather stations (Davis Instruments GroWeather 24 Hr Fan, Cabled, Metric 6825CM, Davis, CA, USA). Solar radiation was converted in photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), following calculations from Dye, 2004 [19].
For each net treatment (A, E), two different irrigations were applied for two years. A 100% restitution irrigation, based on Et0, was computed following the Hargreaves–Samani equation [20], using weather data from the weather stations, installed below the nets. Having two different shading properties, the two coverings generated different microclimates; hence, Et0 was different in the two orchard sectors. Once Et0 and control irrigation for the two nets were calculated, a second irrigation treatment was applied, at 70% of reference Et0. In total, there were 4 irrigation treatments, named as follows:
A100: anti-hail net control irrigation (100% Et0 under the anti-hail net);
A70: anti-hail net restricted irrigation (70% Et0 under the anti-hail net);
E70: exclusion net control irrigation (100% Et0 under the exclusion net);
E50: exclusion net restricted irrigation (70% Et0 under the exclusion net).
The numbers following the net treatments' capital letters represent the absolute percentages of applied water, using A100 as the main reference. Thus, E50 received 50% of the irrigation volumes applied to A100. Total irrigation for each treatment and year is reported in Table 1.
The irrigation treatments were arranged in all 5 rows of each sector. Only the 3 central rows were used for measurements (lateral rows were excluded from the trial, serving as guard), as a split plot complete randomized design, repeated 3 times each, with 8 trees for each repetition; in each repetition, 2 trees were marked and were tested for physiological parameters, along the season. In total, 6 trees were monitored for each treatment (Figure 1).
An ad hoc automated drip irrigation system was installed, where emitters were distanced 0.5 m with a flow rate of 2.0 L per hour. The IRRIFRAME-utilized platform communicated via a "web-API" (application programming interface) and sent information to the irrigation controller. This unit controlled 3 sectors, corresponding to control irrigation, 70% and 50%. Since flow rate was the same, irrigation treatments were managed with different lengths of application that corrected the Et0 volume based on the treatment previously described. Rain events that occurred the previous day were considered when calculating Et0 of the current one.
2.3. Midday Stem Water Potential and Leaf Gas Exchanges
During the two-year experiment, midday plant water status (stem water potential (Ψs)), midday leaf gas exchanges (leaf photosynthesis (An) and stomatal conductance (gs)) were measured once per month simultaneously, at solar noon (±30 min) within one hour time, on cloudless days. Measurements began from the onset of irrigation treatments until harvest.
Following Turner and Long [21], Ψs was measured with a Scholander pressure chamber (Model 3005, Soil Moisture Equipment Corp., Santa Barbara, CA, USA); at least 1 h prior to measurements, a leaf close to the trunk was enclosed in a black plastic envelope, covered with aluminum foil. Leaf gas exchanges were performed with a portable infra-red gas analyzer (LI-COR 6400, Lincoln, NE, USA), connected to a leaf fluorometer chamber, which had a LED light source. This allowed us to set the right photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for each net treatment.
Measurements were performed according to Boini et al. [9], on the following dates: 12 June, 16 July, 30 July, 20 August, 8 October, in 2020; 26 May, 30 June, 3 August, 3 September, 14 October, in 2021.
2.4. Fruit Growth
During both years, fruit diameter was traced on the 6 selected trees in each treatment (8 fruit tree−1 in 2020 and 4 fruit tree−1 in 2021). Fruit were calibrated along the season, until harvest, to track absolute growth rate (AGR). This was possible by converting the diameter to fresh weight with the following equation:
Fresh weight = 0.0006 × Diameter2.924
The equation has a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.99 and was derived from fruit diameter and weight data of about 300 fruits from several Pink Lady apple orchards in the growing area.
2.5. Yield Determinants and Fruit Quality
Fruit were harvested for all treatments on 30 October 2020 and on 28 October 2021. For each treatment, all 6 trees were harvested, plus an extra 3 in 2021 (in order to avoid possible variability intra-treatment). Crop load (fruit tree−1) and total yield (kg tree−1) were first determined, and then for each tree, all fruit were calibrated with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo, Kanagawa, Japan) attached to an external memory (www.hkconsulting.it, accessed on 15 July 2022), as to obtain marketable yield (considering fruit above 65 mm diameter) (kg tree−1). This procedure allowed us to obtain the weight of each single fruit, applying Equation (1).
On the same harvest dates, representative fruit (18 in 2020 and 20 in 2021, for each replication) were selected for quality parameters evaluation, which included: individual fruit coloration (percentage of red-colored surface from visual observation), followed by individual fruit peel color (color coordinates, taken with a Konica Minolta (Tokyo, Japan) on exposed and non-exposed fruit sides). Further analyses included individual fruit flesh firmness (determined with a PCE-PTR 200 penetrometer (PCE Instruments, Meschede, Germany), using an 11 mm diameter tip after removing the fruit peel from opposite sides (exposed and non-exposed to the sun) and calculating the mean value of the two outputs); and soluble solid content (refractive index of the juice (°Brix) for each fruit, measured with a HI 96,811 digital refractometer (Hanna, Woonsocket, RI, USA)).
Values of PAR (only hours from 9:00 to 18:00) for the external, anti-hail and exclusion nets, during the trial, were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to characterize the environmental shade conditions of each experimental year. Within each year, ANOVA was used to seek differences in crop load; if differences were found between treatments, crop load was used as a covariate for further analyses of covariance to separate the effect of treatments in each variable. The results were then expressed as the least square (LS) means, and p values were considered significant when <0.05. However, if the effect of crop load was not significant, simple ANOVAs and linear contrasts followed. A Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) test was used to separate means. For each year, linear contrasts were performed to compare possible differences between:
Irrigation treatments, under the anti-hail net (A100 A70);
Irrigation treatments, under the exclusion net (E70 E50);
The same amount of irrigation, under different net treatments (A70 E70);
Control irrigation treatments, under different net treatments (A100 E70).
These analyses were performed for the mean seasonal value of Ψs, An, gs and fruit AGR, for total and marketable yield, average marketable fruit weight and fruit quality traits. Class size distribution differences were tested by a correspondence multivariate analysis, followed by a cluster analysis, with a Chi-square test [20,22].
3.1. Weather, Net Treatments and Irrigation
Et0 outside the nets was similar between the two growing seasons (4.9 mm), even though rainfall events were more regular in 2020 than in 2021 (Figure 2).
Shading was different under the net treatments, although PAR between 9–18 h showed values different from those declared (Figure 3). The anti-hail net shaded around 4–10% and was significantly similar to the reference external radiation in 2020. The exclusion net shaded around 30–40%, being significantly lower during both years.
For both years, seasonal plant water status (Ψs) did not differ among treatments, thus not appearing to be influenced by shading, nor by water restrictions. Only the restricted irrigation treatments (A70 and E50) tended to reach lower values in 2021 (Figure 4b).
Similar trends could be seen for midday leaf gas exchanges (Figure 5), except between E70 and E50, in 2020 (Figure 5b).
Fruit growth reached its peak at the beginning of July in both years, although in 2020, daily AGR values were higher (around 2.5 g day−1, Figure 6a) than in 2021 (around 1.5 g day−1, Figure 6b). The effect of treatments was more pronounced in 2020, where irrigation restriction plays a bigger role, than in 2021.
In both years, late frosts reduced fruit numbers on all trees, although the reduction was more pronounced in 2020 (Table 2). Crop load was the same among treatments in 2020, whereas they were different in 2021 (Table 2), where A net had a lower number of fruit tree−1. Between the two years, 2020 had a lower crop load, more than half compared to 2021. In 2021, crop load did not significantly affect the seasonal growth of fruit (p = 0.58).
Total yield in year 2020 was not affected by net, nor by irrigation treatments, whereas higher shading in 2021 generated differences between E70 and A trees (Table 3). For marketable yield, no differences were detected in both years. The average marketable fruit weight had a similar trend in the two growing seasons: E70 appeared to have significantly larger fruit (Table 3), even in 2021, when crop load was significantly higher under the exclusion net (Table 2).
Size class distribution followed a normal distribution in both growing seasons (Figure 7), revealing no difference between the four treatments. However, 2021 had a higher presence of the lower sizes, 70–75 and 65–70 mm (Figure 7b).
Fruit quality presented similar trends between years for most of the parameters, although only some results differed significantly (Table 4). In 2020, only soluble solid content and fruit flesh firmness were influenced by both net and irrigation treatments, where E treatments gave higher values for both parameters: E50 fruit tended to be especially sweeter (nearly 1° Brix difference) and firmer (0.5 kg cm−2 higher), compared to fruit picked under the A net. Peel and visual color were different among treatments only in 2021, where lower °Hue values were found (51–58 °Hue) in fruit harvested under the E net versus those of A net (58 °Hue) (Table 4), revealing more red tones.
Decreasing crop evapotranspiration coefficients is the main target for lowering irrigation volumes. Since solar energy and heat are the main drivers impacting Et0 and Etc, shading orchards with netting systems can be a first step toward sustainable fruit production. Apple orchards grown in areas that normally have peaks of above 1800 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR require protection from these excessive amounts of solar energy. As apple is known to reach the saturation point between 800 and 1200 µmol m−2 PAR [23,24], growers of areas where high sun intensities occur could consider installing shading nets in their orchards. Plant water status would not be affected, as the results show in Figure 4, where the E trees had the same Ψs, even with limited irrigation replacement and a heavier crop load (Table 2). As tree water status and light are known to influence leaf gas exchanges [5,8,25,26], there may be consequences on final production [27,28,29]. However, neither An nor gs were negatively affected by higher shading, nor by water limitations under the E netting system (Figure 5). Fruit AGR did not seem to be influenced by higher shading intensity (Figure 6); however, final production was different. In particular, marketable fruit weight was significantly higher for E70 treatment during both years (up to 10 g, Table 3), indicating a beneficial effect of less incoming light, regardless of the significantly higher crop load recorded in 2021 (Table 2). Results from previous studies [8,11,26] are in line with those reported here.
Shading and water restriction tended to be beneficial for quality parameters (Table 4). Peel and visual color values showed more red fruit for E treatments; red coloration was promoted probably because of the scattering of light in the canopy caused by the white covering materials, influencing anthocyanin synthesis [30]. SSC and fruit flesh firmness tended to be both higher for E50 fruit, the treatment that generally received less water (ca. 190 mm, during each year, Table 1). Again, such outputs are confirmed from previous studies focusing on the benefits of regulated deficit irrigation on apple [23,31,32,33] and other fruit crops [34,35,36,37].
Shading may not always be considered as a positive factor in improving fruit quality; thus, the mesh color of the covers is of paramount importance [7]. Since white and pearl nets are widely known to diffuse light [38], this scattering property may justify why E trees did not significantly differ from A trees (Figure 5), along with the same plant water status. A more homogenous light environment might have improved overall leaf efficiency, even in the less exposed parts of the canopy and even with lower water restitutions (Figure 3 and Figure 4). This hypothetical improvement led to higher final fruit weight (Table 3), with better or unaffected final fruit quality (Table 4). Applying this strategy while using netting of different color may not work and may give contrasting results.
Areas facing increases in heat waves and water limitations have been sites for previous works on apple [8,26,39]. The results all confirm that shading is a powerful solution for mitigating the consequences of climate change. High light intensities will inevitably lead to defensive plant mechanisms, such photoprotection processes [40,41], which are effective in repairing damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, although at the expense of newly synthesized carbohydrates [42,43,44], potentially to the disadvantage of the fruit. This may be another explanation for lower fruit weight under the A net (Table 3), whose trees experienced more than 1200 µmol m−2 PAR during half of each growing season (Figure 3), exceeding the saturation point [23,24].
It may be advisable to consider white exclusion netting in the set up for late ripening apple orchards in Mediterranean or hot and dry locations. Combining the right shading amount with the appropriate mesh color and related scattering property will probably lead to a more efficient and performative apple orchard, even if the variety is late ripening.
Nets shading at 40% did not alter apple tree physiological performances, even when irrigation was limited. An overall decrease of 50% water for irrigation purposes did not compromise yields nor fruit quality; on the contrary, it improved it. Apple growers could benefit from the installation of white, or pearl, exclusion netting, along with rain shelters, however, lowering scattering incoming light. This strategy should be tested on different fruit crops to understand whether the concept is applicable to a wider range of species, even with different kinds of fruit growth.
Conceptualization, L.C.-G.; methodology, L.C.-G. and L.M.; validation, A.B. (Alexandra Boini), L.M., and L.C.-G.; formal analysis, A.B. (Alexandra Boini); investigation, A.B. (Alexandra Boini), G.B., G.D.P., M.V., A.B. (Alessandro Bonora), L.M., and L.C.-G.; resources, L.C.-G.; data curation, A.B. (Alexandra Boini); writing—original draft preparation, A.B. (Alexandra Boini); writing—review and editing, A.B. (Alexandra Boini), L.M., and L.C.-G.; visualization, A.B. (Alexandra Boini); supervision, A.B. (Alexandra Boini) and L.C.-G.; project administration, A.B. (Alexandra Boini) and G.B.; funding acquisition, L.C.-G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
This research was funded by the Emilia–Romagna Region POR-FESR programs 2014/2020, project S3O—Smart, Specialized, Sustainable Orchard, funding number PG/2018/629448.
The authors thank: Winet and CER (Canale Emiliano Romagnolo) for providing meteorological weather stations; Romagna impianti for the installation of the white exclusion netting system.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1. Simplified field trial map. Trees not in trial received 100% Et0.
Figure 2. Seasonal patterns of external reference evapotranspiration and accumulated rainfall from the end of May until mid-October for 2020 and 2021 seasons. Midday physiological measurements dates are represented by black (2020) and white (2021) stars.
Figure 3. Seasonal patterns of PAR detected between 9:00 and 18:00 h of the outside reference and of the two net treatments, with average daily values. Different letters represent significant differences at p < 0.05, from the end of May until mid-October, for 2020 (a) and 2021 seasons (b). Percentages reflect the level of shading in the various environments. Stars represent the dates of midday physiological measurements.
Figure 4. Seasonal patterns of midday stem water potential throughout 2020 (a) and 2021 (b), for each treatment, represented by the mean value of four trees. Vertical bars represent standard error values. For each year, the effect of the treatment and linear contrast F values are shown and refer to the mean midday seasonal value of Ψs; values below 0.05 are considered significant.
Figure 5. Seasonal patterns of midday leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, throughout 2020 (a,b) and 2021 (c,d), for each treatment, represented by the mean value of four trees. Vertical bars represent standard error values. For each year, the effect of the treatment and linear contrast F values are shown and refer to the mean midday seasonal value of An or gs; values below 0.05 are considered significant.
Figure 6. Seasonal patterns of fruit absolute growth rate throughout 2020 (a) and 2021 (b), for each treatment. Vertical bars represent standard error values. For each year, the effect of the treatment and linear contrast F values are shown and refer to the mean seasonal value of AGR; values below 0.05 are considered significant.
Figure 7. Size class distribution values for each irrigation treatment of fruit diameters ranging from <65 to >85 mm, in years 2020 (a) and 2021 (b). The absence of letters indicates the absence of differences between treatments.
Table 1. Total irrigation for each year, for each irrigation treatment.
Total Accumulated Irrigation (mm)
Net Treatments
Irrigation Treatments
Anti-hail net A100 358 100% 389 100%
A70 282 78.7% 272 70.0%
Exclusion net E70 282 78.7% 272 70.0%
E50 185 51.7% 195 50.2%
Table 2. Crop load determined at harvest (quantity of fruit per tree). Each value represents the average (+SE) of six and nine trees in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Different letters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.
Crop Load (Fruit Tree−1)
±SE
A100 37 9 a 95 7 a
A70 54 9 a 89 7 a
E70 59 8 a 134 10 b
E50 40 10 a 135 8 b
Table 3. Total and marketable yields and average marketable fruit weight, measured at harvest, during years 2020 and 2021, followed by standard error and letters, indicating statistical significance at 95% when different, according to a SNK test. For 2021 results, * indicates significantly different crop load among treatments; thus, each value is the LS means of an ANCOVA (mean of nine trees). In the lower part of the table, treatment, crop load and linear contrast F values for each year are shown; values below 0.05 are considered significant. Linear contrasts are not reported where crop load significantly impacted harvest parameters.
Total Yield (kg Tree−1)
Marketable Yield (kg Tree−1)
Average Marketable Fruit Weight (g Fruit−1)
Treatments 2020 ±SE 2021 ±SE * 2020 ±SE 2021 ±SE * 2020 ±SE 2021 ±SE *
A100 6.75 1.62 a 18.63 0.51 b 6.72 1.62 a 16.62 0.74 a 185 1.93 b 168 1.73 b
A70 9.89 1.52 a 18.81 0.54 b 9.70 1.51 a 16.87 0.78 a 185 1.72 b 164 2.15 b
E70 7.28 1.58 a 20.90 0.52 a 7.13 1.59 a 17.13 0.75 a 194 2.27 a 176 1.22 a
E50 7.28 1.57 a 19.65 0.52 ab 7.09 1.50 a 17.51 0.76 a 191 2.29 ab 166 1.28 b
Treatment 0.5045 0.02 0.5209 0.058 0.0045 <0.0001
Crop load - <0.0001 - <0.0001 - <0.0001
L. contrasts Pr > F Pr > F Pr > F Pr > F Pr > F Pr > F
A100 A70 0.17 - 0.19 - 0.047 -
E70 E50 1.00 - 0.97 - 0.003 -
A70 E70 0.26 - 0.25 - 0.049 -
A100 E70 0.82 - 0.87 - 0.85 -
Table 4. Fruit quality traits, during 2020 and 2021, followed by standard error and letters, indicating statistical significance at 95% when different, according to a SNK test. In the lower part of the table, linear contrast F values for each year are shown; values below 0.05 are considered significant.
Peel Color (°Hue) Visual Color (%)
Treatments 2020 ±SE 2021 ±SE 2020 ±SE 2021 ±SE
A100 57.7 1.8 a 50.9 1.5 ab 60 2 a 74 2 b
A70 57.6 2.3 a 54.3 1.6 a 61 3 a 73 1 b
E70 52.1 1.6 a 45.8 1.9 b 62 2 a 79 1 a
E50 51.1 1.6 a 46.5 1.8 b 65 1 a 74 2 b
Treatment 0.016 0.0009 0.23 0.01
L. contrasts Pr > F Pr > F Pr > F Pr > F
A100 A70 0.95 0.07 0.87 0.97
E70 E50 0.71 0.0004 0.19 0.0034
A70 E70 0.016 0.0012 0.09 0.61
A100 E70 0.014 0.14 0.06 0.63
Soluble solid content (°Brix) Firmness (kg cm−2)
A100 14.14 0.09 c 13.62 0.07 a 8.76 0.09 b 8.19 0.07 A
A70 14.31 0.12 bc 13.74 0.08 a 8.79 0.07 b 8.31 0.09 a
E70 14.57 0.12 b 13.66 0.08 a 9.09 0.13 ab 8.51 0.09 a
E50 15.08 0.10 a 14.64 0.10 a 9.26 0.12 a 9.50 0.07 a
Treatment <0.0001 0.5 0.0016 0.15
E70 E50 0.001 0.54 0.26 0.74
A70 E70 <0.0001 0.13 0.0017 0.06
A100 E70 <0.0001 0.37 0.0011 0.85
Boini, A.; Bortolotti, G.; Perulli, G.D.; Venturi, M.; Bonora, A.; Manfrini, L.; Corelli-Grappadelli, L. Late Ripening Apple Production Benefits from High Shading and Water Limitation under Exclusion Netting. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100884
Boini A, Bortolotti G, Perulli GD, Venturi M, Bonora A, Manfrini L, Corelli-Grappadelli L. Late Ripening Apple Production Benefits from High Shading and Water Limitation under Exclusion Netting. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(10):884. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100884
Boini, Alexandra, Gianmarco Bortolotti, Giulio Demetrio Perulli, Melissa Venturi, Alessandro Bonora, Luigi Manfrini, and Luca Corelli-Grappadelli. 2022. "Late Ripening Apple Production Benefits from High Shading and Water Limitation under Exclusion Netting" Horticulturae 8, no. 10: 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100884
Horticulturae, EISSN 2311-7524, Published by MDPI


A mix of Czech, English and German, Alan Ritchson was born in Grand Forks, North Dakota.
The middle child in a military family, as with many other children who became actors, Alan was constantly relocating, but found comfort and fulfillment in entertaining audiences.
Alan took his passion for acting to Los Angeles, where his career soon got off to a strong start, receiving wide attention with a role as Arthur Curry/Aquament on the hit series Smallville. He started work on the show, which starred Tom Welling, in 2005 and appeared on it until 2010.
In 2006, he played a small role in the TV movie Though None Go with Me. The same year, he made his first feature with the horror The Butcher.
In 2007, Alan appeared in the drama Steam alongside Ally Sheedy.
He followed that up with roles in Rex and Fired Up!, as well as parts on the TV movie Midnight Bayou and the TV series CSI: Miami.
Playing Tripp Willinson, Alan appeared in an episode of 90210 in 2011, followed by an appearance in the role of Freddie Hart on a 2013 episode of Hawaii Five-0.
The same year, Alan took to the screen in his biggest picture yet. Alongside Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth, he appeared as District 1 victor Gloss in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire .
Alan capitalized on his role in the widely successful film with another part in a big budget movie. He played Raphael in 2014's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles before heading back to TV to star in New Girl.
In 2015, he acted with Kevin Hart and Josh Gad in the comedy The Wedding Ringer , before returning to the role of Raphael in the 2016 sequel Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows .
In addition to his acting endeavors, Alan also writes, produces and is a singer/songwriter. He has been married to his wife Catherine since 2006, and together they have three children.


Home › Weekly Ezine › Larry Bradley's Ezine #407 Why Do We Need Ranked Choice Voting?
Larry Bradley's Ezine #407 Why Do We Need Ranked Choice Voting?
What Is Happening with Election Reform?
Why Do We Need Ranked Choice Voting?
Please help us with some of your time. Just your time, no money. Take a few minutes and see what marking a ranked choice ballot involves. Better Ballot KC has a sample ballot posted for the Mayoral election in Kansas City, MO. The more participants we have, the better. If you don't live in Kansas City, that doesn't matter. We just want a demonstration of how the ballot works with as large a sample as possible. Thanks very much for your help.
The Supreme Court this week heard two cases about gerrymandering. One was from North Carolina and the other from Virginia, which meant there was both a Republican and Democratic example. We need to rid ourselves of gerrymandering, but the true solution is not independent commissions to draw districts. The true solution is to replace geographical districts for Congress and state legislatures with Proportional Representation.
American Magazine had an excellent article about how the issue with our politics is not just who we elect, but how we vote. The article, in short, speaks to the same principles we speak to—that we need to restructure our elections in order to have better results from government.
Here is an excellent example of why we need Ranked Choice Voting in local elections. Here is another.
So once again we have provided you zero hyper partisanship and 100% fact based content to show you what we need to do to go from hyper partisanship to hyper pragmatism focused on problem solving. Please forward this to others with similar interests.
Why do we need Ranked Choice Voting (RCV)? We need RCV because RCV will enable political parties to resolve what the majority of their membership actually stands for. Our system today allows hostile takeovers of our political parties by plurality winners. When a political party enables a candidate to win a nomination with only 30% or less of the vote, then the party stands for whatever the 30% is for and the other 70% is irrelevant. We should be demanding political parties enable themselves to resist hostile takeovers by mandating majority winners. Consider these two articles about Republicans and Democrats.
Both articles are from FiveThirtyEight. The first explores the 5 wings of the Republican Party. The second describes the six wings of the Democratic Party. Both articles illustrate there are clear policy differences within each Party.
In addition, these differences reflect on the difficulty of our political parties choosing between which Presidential candidate to nominate. The Republicans already sorted through a multi-candidate field in 2016 and will again in 2024. The Democrats are doing that sorting now for 2020 and may have to do it again in 2024.
So, returning to our original question, why do we need Ranked Choice Voting (RCV)? We need RCV because RCV will enable voters in each of the Parties to sort out a negotiated settlement in their policy positions. Those negotiated settlements will be a reflection of the will of the majority of each Party's members. Independent voters will be clear then, on what they are voting for or against when they choose between the two parties. Those members of a political party who cannot abide the opinion of the majority within their Party will be free to form their own Party and compete with their original Party and attempt to persuade Independents to vote for them. And, since general elections will also be using RCV, Independents will be free to stop being Independents, form their own Party and enter the fray that way. (Oh, and by the way, as this article shows, Independents are not a coalition with unique universal beliefs. Far from it.) RCV will enable us to achieve something close to peace in our government's functioning and policies that the majority are accepting of.
As things stand, the majority of Americans know what they want from government. The difficulty is our election system will not deliver a government who will give Americans what the majority wants. Our system of election reforms will deliver the government that's needed.
Please join us in making those reforms a reality.
‹ Larry Bradley's Ezine #406 What Does the "Emergency Declaration" Show Us about Our Elections?
Larry Bradley's Ezine 408 We Get Mad about Injustice in Sports–Why not Politics?
Larry Bradley's Ezine #406 What Does the "Emergency Declaration" Show Us about Our Elections?
Larry Bradley's Ezine #405 Would You Help Make Ranked Choice Voting a Reality?
Larry Bradley's Ezine #404 Did We Just Have a Canary in the Mine Shaft Moment?
The Center Strikes Back on Larry Bradley's Ezine #405 Would You Help Make Ranked Choice Voting a Reality?
Carol Wagner on Larry Bradley's Ezine #405 Would You Help Make Ranked Choice Voting a Reality?
Larry Bradley's Ezine #403 Would President Bush 41 Have Endorsed Election Reform? – The Center Strikes Back on A Two Party Country? Really?
George J Lippert on Larry Bradley's Ezine #397 Why Is Gerrymandering Wrong?


Secured personalized loans are sometimes recognized as home owner loans. Secured personal loans will also be referred to as 2nd mortgages. What just are secured personalized loans, and just how will they perform? With secured personal loans, the income borrowed in the lender is borrowed in opposition to some variety of collateral. Commonly with secured particular loans, this collateral is truly a house or house the borrower owns. Secured personalized loans, then, are in reality less hazardous with regards to the bank or lender's reassurance about recouping the money. Secured particular loans are not necessarily as safe for that borrower. Because of to this, it is highly recommended to determine if there are far more routes open up to the borrower before she or he decides to pursue secured personal loans. Small term loans, and someday, even a reduced curiosity rate payday loan alternatives cost cards might be safer for that borrower than secured particular loans, because of to the reality the borrower's residence would not be foreclosed on when it happens to the borrowed finances starting up default. Secured personalized loans are extensively common for any quantity of factors. One of quite a few factors secured private loans are extensively chosen between debtors takes place because secured private loans are usually open up to folks with earlier credit score problems. Limited term loans, or loans in which the financial institution isn't going to have promise of repayment apart from a signature in the borrower, ought to be not agreed to anybody who has have been designed with a past document of troubles with credit. However, secured individual loans, because they're generally borrowed against someone's household, are inclined to be more satisfactory and safe for financial institutions and loan companies to present affordable payday loans to anyone, like folks with poor credit. Obviously, folks who don't very own a house will most likely 't be entitled to secured particular loans, possibly. It truly is possible that some secured personalized loans might use other variations of collateral like a car. Typically, though, secured personalized loans involve ownership of some sort of home for the consumer. Therefore, people today who rent or lease a house or apartment will frequently 't be entitled to secured particular loans. Given that they're not entitled to secured personalized loans, it is important those renting or leasing homes retain their credit rating as constructive as you possibly can, in the celebration of potential wishes or must consider a financial loan. Trying to get secured personalized loans is typically super straightforward presently of know-how. Secured personal quick easy payday loans loans are typically accessible through purposes at banking institutions, in addition to apps on the web. Several individuals may possibly even make an software for secured individual loans more than the telephone, which has turned into a common incidence. It's valuable, when trying to get secured personalized loans, to have all your financial information prepared and offered. Purposes for secured private loans incorporates queries with regards to your previous and current employment, your taxes, your existing account balances and debts, etc. Getting 1 of these facts ready before you implement for secured personal loans can help the complete course of action move alongside as soon as doable. Secured individual loans are a nicely regarded collection for borrowers nowadays, and when you examine initial to assure these are the suitable selection for you, they may possibly be valuable for your individual pursuits.


"THE ONLY THING HAPPENING IS YOUR IDEA OF THE MOMENT"
Most times come Full Round to Full Humble.
Become the reflection of your Full Self...the best of you.
In time the mirror will merge into Full One.
Full Love for our Full Family.
Our life drivers and inspiration.
Motivating us to be Full Daddy.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The firefighters, Rescue Squad and paramedics of Chicago Firehouse 51 risk their lives week in and week out to save and protect the citizens of their ... (more)incredible city. This is an extended family and everyone inside Firehouse 51 knows no other way than to lay it all on the line for each other.
When is Chicago Fire back?


The state fell down on two areas in the recent flood disaster - lack of sufficient inflatable vessels and instances concerning people in the deepest water in the deepest part of communities who didn't want to leave their homes.
Prime Minister Dr Keith Rowley confirmed this at Thursday's weekly Government media briefing.
He said agencies got food and water to people reasonably well and he'd been pleasantly surprised to see people in some shelters with meals when he went out early last Saturday. But there are some areas which require immediate improvement, he said.
"I don't think we had enough inflatable vessels to cover the large number of areas with heavy water such as St Helena and Sangre Grande. We need to prepare ourselves better with inflatables for the Coast Guard and Fire Services," Rowley said.
The area in which things fell down the most, he added, concerned people in the deepest water and deepest parts of communities with very, very limited access.
"Many instances, we got reports from Coast Guard that people, even though their houses were under water - especially with multi-storey units- they didn't want to leave and they remained in the flooded areas and expected to be serviced while in that condition. We weren't properly prepared for the large number of people who ended up in that situation. Many were offered help to get out to more easily serviced areas but chose to remain," Rowley said.
The PM added, "I understand why. In many instances, you're comfortable in your home than in shelters which are a shared environment - one or two toilets etcetera - people rather stay in their homes and maintain privacy even though a downstairs might be flooded. They expected the water would recede and in some areas, draining-off occurred quickly. In others, it didn't go down fast."
Rowley said the handling of the situation was no reason for "us to tear each other apart."
"It's reason for us to feel proud on how those unimpacted by the situation responded to those impacted," the PM said.
"There's a role for the state and always a role for others not on the state payroll. In this, a lot of good happened and a lot of lessons are to be learned...So much happened and so many things were handled successfully, things we can build on and areas of shortcomings we can strengthen going forward."
He also said there wasn't much T&T could have expected from Caricom: dry food, clothes, water.
"Trinidad and Tobago handled ourselves pretty well. The complaint now is who's getting how much of what. But Trinidad and Tobago's the land of the smartman and woman, we have to ensure the aid and relief reach those affected."
Rowley said in the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (regional disaster response) definition, T&T's floods were a Threshold One level, meaning only part of the country was affected and T&T could have handled the matter internally.
Saying the ODPM isn't a first responder but rather Local Government bodies were, he added, "On a practical level, your neighbour is your first responder - the first to see or hear your distress - and a lot of that happened in this situation."


And I tried to be crazy,But I think I failed. I was like being a fuzzy dog or should I say "LAZY" dog.But I still tried and one of the dances were for girls,Like the penguin one.It was really hard to move but it was my favourite.And one of the dances are for seniors. The song was "Just Clean it". And we just had to click,It was not that fun ;-; And we kept on dancing.And it was done and then first started again so we can dance off stage like birds. And then we went of stage and sat down.
I heard people saying my name,I heard the wind breezing through me,I heard the songs and I heard lots of things. And saw the moon when I looked up and I saw lots of Adults staring at us so I got really nervous.
Then it was spitting and I got so Anxious because I was afraid I might get a cold And I felt happy when I went out the stage,Because I had no more stage fright because we're dancing in front of Adults,Teachers,Little/Big siblings and the whole Pt england school! Like I was so Embarrassed if I did a mistake.But I did none. And then when it Almost finished we went to the hall and I had to go home.
Kia ora! Welcome to my first ever post on 2019. I hope you enjoy my posts in this wonderful year! This time I'm gonna do my "about me" for 2019! Well, my name is Simon if you didn't know, I'm also a year six! My teacher's name is Mr Goodwin, we also have other teachers. I'm not sure if I'm ever gonna learn with them, but there names are Miss Parrant and Miss Tuiā!
I LOVE my dog, Cooper. I like watching movies that involve kidnapping in them and the actors/actress are trying to escape. My favourite thing to do is to do fun things with my best friend. My favourite subject is English, I also love this food called sushi.I don't play any sports, I just participate on them but I have hobbies. My hobbies are basically watching tv and playing games, also sleeping late. That's probably why I'm so tired everyday at school, heh.
I love Anime, but I don't understand why people hate it, I know they have opinions but they just straight up say they don't like it. If you didn't know, I'm the youngest in my family. I love drawing characters from anything, except for real humans I also like doing 8 bit art, it's so fun to draw pokemon, well for me. I used to really like maths but it stopped and I started to love english. That's all I want to share about me.
This is our planning, For our science physics writing.


text:
Q: Configuring Xdebug on Mac OS X 10.9 I would like to use Xdebug in conjunction with Netbeans on Mac OS X Mavericks. I have followed the instructions on this page: NetBeans Wiki
Hence I compiled Xdebug and debugclient, changed all the php.ini files (including the one in /private/etc/).
That's the configuration in php.ini:
zend_extension="/usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20100525/xdebug.so"
xdebug.remote_enable=on
xdebug.remote_log="/var/log/xdebug.log"
xdebug.remote_host=localhost
xdebug.remote_handler=dbgp
xdebug.remote_port=9000
output_buffering=OFF

And yes, the path to xdebug.so is correct.
However, the phpinfo does not show any active installation of Xdebug. When I paste it on the Xdebug page for tailored installation instructions (Xdebug Wizard), it tells me that Xdebug is not installed.
Now, to the interesting bit: if I paste the terminal output from php -i, it tells me that I'm already running the latest Xdebug version.
Also, when prompting the command php -i | grep xdebug, I get the following output (I past only the relevant section):
xdebug.remote_autostart => Off => Off
xdebug.remote_connect_back => Off => Off
xdebug.remote_cookie_expire_time => 3600 => 3600
xdebug.remote_enable => Off => Off
xdebug.remote_handler => dbgp => dbgp
xdebug.remote_host => localhost => localhost
xdebug.remote_log => no value => no value
xdebug.remote_mode => req => req
xdebug.remote_port => 9000 => 9000

→ remote_enable is off, despite the php.ini settings
When I try to debug a file in Netbeans (yes, I have re-started the Apache servers), the status Waiting for Connection(netbeans-xdebug) stays forever. In the Netbeans setting, the correct port is used.
Thanks for any help.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


While I never describe my impairments as failures, I mark my success by my constant persistence through adversity. I have faced many trials, from systemic Lupus and End Stage Renal Disease. I believe I deserve an opportunity because I have the strength and determination to achieve my goals, no matter what hurdles I must overcome and because I want to use my education to help others to find their own success.
This support from the Academy of Special Dreams will help me to get through college. I t will be improving the quality of my life and for others. Receiving the Award would not be just receiving money for me; it will reassure me I have potential for the future of our society.


text:
AUSTRIA: Regionalliga, Salzburg
Salzburger AK vs Kuchl Live Score and Live Stream
Salzburger AK
Salzburger AK played Kuchl at the Regionalliga, Salzburg of Austria on September 2. The match kicked off 17:00 UTC and ended in a draw 2 - 2.
Salzburger AK and Kuchl meet again 9 months after the Regionalliga West Salzburg Relegation group match which Kuchl won 5-0. Salzburger AK are aproaching the match after a defeat from Austria Salzburg on August 27.
Kuchl are in a horrible form preparing for the match after 3 defeats in a row from Seekirchen, Pinzgau Saalfelden and Anif-Salzburg-2. They're going to need to sort out the problems in the back first to improve the results as they have been conceding goals for 13 consecutive matches now.
ScoreBat is covering Salzburger AK vs Kuchl in real time, providing the live stream and live score of the match, team line-ups, full match stats, live match commentary and official video highlights. We cover all matches of Austria Regionalliga, Salzburg in real time and provide live streaming whenever possible.
URL: https://www.scorebat.com/kuchl-vs-salzburger-ak-live-stream/
You can watch Salzburger AK vs Kuchl live stream here on ScoreBat when an official broadcast is available. We will provide only official live stream strictly from the official channels of the league or the teams whenever it is available. Live streaming will begin when the match is about to kick off.
We aggregate all official videos from official websites and Youtube channels of Kuchl and Salzburger AK as well as the channels of the leagues that they compete in. So, whenever there is an official live broadcast of Salzburger AK - Kuchl match available that isn't behind a paywall - you will be able to watch it on ScoreBat.
We are updating team formations and line-ups for Salzburger AK - Kuchl in real time.
Explore stats from Salzburger AK vs Kuchl on ScoreBat - we are updating the numbers on this page every second of the game.
Salzburger AK and Kuchl have met 5 times since March 2021. 2 matches ended in a draw while Kuchl have won 3 times. The most recent match between them took place on May 6, 2022 at the Regionalliga, West, Salzburg Relegation group of Austria where Kuchl won 5-0. Salzburger AK have scored 4 goals in these 5 head-to-head matches in total while Kuchl have scored 13. So, overall, Kuchl have a better head-to-head record against Salzburger AK in their recent history.
Salzburger AK have won 5 of their 18 matches in Regionalliga, Salzburg, drawing 4 and having 9 defeats this season. They have scored 33 goals - 1.83 per match, conceding 30 - 1.67 per match. Kuchl have won 6 of their 18 matches in Regionalliga, Salzburg, drawing 4 and having 8 defeats this season. They have scored 28 goals - 1.56 per match, conceding 28 - 1.56 per match.
Salzburger AK have lost to Austria Salzburg in their previous match while Kuchl are on a losing streak - they have lost to Seekirchen, Pinzgau Saalfelden and Anif-Salzburg-2 in their previous 3 matches. Overall, Salzburger AK have won 9 of their last 20 matches, losing 8 and drawing 3, while Kuchl have won 6 of their last 20 matches, losing 8 and drawing 6.
Salzburger AK have won 3 times (2-0 against Grodig on 20th of August, 4-3 against Golling on 12th of August and 0-6 against UFC Hallein on 5th of August) and lost 3 times (2-1 against Austria Salzburg on 27th of August, 3-0 against Bischofshofen on 15th of August and 2-1 against Seekirchen on 29th of July) in their most recent 6 matches.
Kuchl have won twice (1-2 against Wals-Grunau on 12th of August and 6-1 against UFC Hallein on 31st of July), lost 3 times (0-4 against Seekirchen on 26th of August, 3-0 against Pinzgau Saalfelden on 20th of August and 0-2 against Anif-Salzburg-2 on 15th of August) and drew once (1-1 against St. Johann on 5th of August) in their most recent 6 matches.
Salzburger AK have gone 16 consecutive matches without a draw.
Kuchl have failed to keep a clean sheet in their previous 13 matches.
Kuchl have gone 4 consecutive away matches without a draw.
As always, Austria Regionalliga, Salzburg's live standings are availble and updated in real time. Salzburger AK are the 10th in the table with 19 points after 18 matches, while Kuchl are the 8th with 22 points in 18 matches.
We are adding goal videos and full video highlights of the match between Salzburger AK and Kuchl in real time. The videos of the goals are added usually minutes after the actual event if there are any official videos available. Full video highlights of Salzburger AK - Kuchl are being added as they become available on the official social media channels of the league or the teams.
Match ends. Salzburger AK 2, Kuchl 2.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Online Journalist
Multi-passionate blogger with many interests
Stroll in 'Da Vinci Code' scenery in Lincoln
Unknown Lincoln has much to offer: the Cathedral of the Da Vinci Code movie, a copy of the Magna Carta, a first class journalism university and it has been voted one of the cheapest cities to live in England. Pack your bags!
Traditionally Lincoln is seen as a historical city, quiet but full of the quaint English charms tourists seem to love. We have a magnificent Cathedral, one that has been used in many films – including the Da Vinci Code. Lincoln Castle, although now much of a ruin has another talking point, it houses one of the rare copies of the Magna Carta.
With a City as old as Lincoln (you can find it in the Doomsday book) there's bound to be talks of ghosts and ghouls, indeed, we have three ghosts walking every week around the historical quarter.
To bring the City up to date we have some fabulous shops and restaurants amongst all the gorgeous architecture. My place of study also makes use of the older buildings, the University of Lincoln has won design awards for its use of restoring and modernising dated pieces.
The University itself is very young, it was built in 1996 after locals decided to raise some of the sponsorship. They felt that their city was lacking something. In fact, when the famous Oxford University was conceived, the monks couldn't decide where to put their new place of study – Lincoln or Oxford? Of course it was Oxford that was chosen but you could say that Lincoln had been without a University for thousands of years.
The population of Lincolnshire is considered quite diverse. Since the EU paved the way thousands of Polish, Lithuanians and Romanians have flocked to the region because of its high agriculture. For some it was difficult to integrate but over the last three years societies and clubs have been set up to make the process of moving in to Lincoln as smooth as possible. At my radio station we have been working with the Polish for over a year and they now have their own monthly show. Broadcasting in English and Polish it reaches far into the community and is considered a success.
But what of the nightlife I hear you ask? Well Lincoln is populated with many bars, it would take you a good weekend to get round them all, and we have the Engine Shed when we want a club night out. The venue is also famous for the bands it brings to the City, in the last year we have had The Zutons, Babyshambles, Dirty Pretty Things, Stereophonics, Ian Brown and the Deftones to name a few.
But don't worry if your pockets feel a little light, Lincoln was voted the second cheapest city to live in England. So if you ever find yourself in the East Midlands, make sure you give Lincoln a visit.
← From "city near the factory" to "the city of one thousand taverns"
Discover Seville through tapas →
The Best Way to Get Into Driving
Choosing a course of Driving Lessons
How to Read a Tyre Sidewall
The Best method to Safeguarding Your Financial Assets – Use a Prepaid Card
What to Ask Your potential SEO Consultant/Expert


text:
The minimum and maximum wage South Africans believe they should be earning every month
Staff Writer8 May 2018
The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) has published the findings of its latest survey on wage inequality in South Africa.
The annual South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) is a nationally representative sample survey of adults aged 16 and older that investigates public opinion.
One of the major focuses of the survey explored South Africans' perceptions regarding appropriate legal interventions for both South Africa's highest and lowest earners.
This includes the proposal of a 'new' minimum wage, as well as a limit on how much executives and other top earners should be paid.
The results showed that South Africans believe that a mean figure of R6,953 per month is an appropriate minimum amount, substantially more than the R3,500 for a 40-hour week proposed in the National Minimum Wage Bill.
The HSRCalso noted that there were clear differences between sub-populations,with figures ranging from rural farm dwellers believing R5,707 to be adequate, in comparison to R9,678 for students and R10,121 among adolescents.
Preferred minimum wage
Aged between 16-19 R10 121
Aged between 20-24 R6 879
Aged 65+ R6 604
Male R6 629
Female R7 256
Primary education or no schooling R6 469
Grades 8-11 education (or equivalent) R6 892
Matric education R6 924
Tertiary education R8 990
Employed R6 412
Unemployed R6 607
Pensioner R6 662
People who subjectively described themselves as 'poor' R6 231
People who subjectively described themselves as 'just getting by' R7 045
People who subjectively described themselves as 'non-poor' R7 543
National average R6 953
Cap on wages
The survey also asked South Africans their opinions on introducing wage caps for individuals in charge of large companies.
Opinions about executive pay were recorded on a five-point scale (ranging from 'strongly agree' that a law should be introduced to limit earnings to 'strongly disagree').
In total, 53% of the participants agreed that executive pay should be limited, 15% disagreed, 22% remained neutral and 11% were uncertain of the appropriate course of action or did not answer the question.
"Interesting differences between attitudes of sub-groups also emerged from this question, as Black Africans displayed greater support for limiting executive pay, in comparison to White and Indian adults, the HSRC said.
"More unemployed people favoured income restrictions than employed respondents, as did young people in comparison to those over 50 years old."
"The results resonate with data from elsewhere in the world – for example in the US, between half and three-fifths of Americans concur with this kind of regulatory policy. Populations in the highly unequal societies of South Africa and the US therefore agree that measures to restrict corporate salaries should be introduced," it said.
According to a report released by remuneration specialists 21st Century in April, executives earn more depending on the size of the company, with CEOs at large cap businesses earning an average total guaranteed package of R5.25 million, while CEOs at small cap companies earn an average of R2.77 million.
Similarly, executive directors can expect to earn R3.5 million at large cap companies, while those at small cap companies can expect to earn an average of R1.8 million.
Total Guaranteed Package by company size
Medium cap
CEO R2 772 000 R3 215 500 R5 250 000
CFO R1 800 500 R2 160 000 R3 541 000
Executive director R1 805 500 R2 234 000 R3 516 000
Read: How much CEOs, CFOs and directors earn in South Africa
Oracle CEO Mark Hurd talks company focus Next article
MTN and Huawei team up to launch SA's first outdoor 5G trial Previous article


text:
Todd Rokita & Tim Murphy
Compare the voting records of Todd Rokita and Tim Murphy in 2017-18.
Todd Rokita
Represented Indiana's 4th Congressional District. This was his 4th term in the House.
Represented Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District. This was his 8th term in the House.
Todd Rokita and Tim Murphy are from the same party and agreed on 91 percent of votes in the 115th Congress (2017-18).
But they didn't always agree. Out of 541 votes in the 115th Congress, they disagreed on 48 votes, including 2 major votes.
Sept. 8, 2017 — Reinforcing Education Accountability in Development Act
Sept. 14, 2017 — Making appropriations for the Department of the Interior, environment, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018, and for other purposes
Sept. 14, 2017 — Mitchell of Michigan Amendment No. 204
Sept. 14, 2017 — Gohmert of Texas Amendment No. 195
Sept. 13, 2017 — Blackburn of Tennessee Amendment No. 174
Sept. 13, 2017 — Grothman of Wisconsin Amendment No. 170
Sept. 13, 2017 — Clark of Massachusetts Amendment No. 154
Sept. 13, 2017 — Kildee of Michigan Amendment No. 145
Sept. 13, 2017 — Torres of California Amendment No. 87
Sept. 8, 2017 — Palmer of Alabama Amendment No. 56
Sept. 8, 2017 — Blackburn of Tennessee Amendment No. 55
Sept. 7, 2017 — Ben Ray Lujan of New Mexico Amendment No. 31
Sept. 7, 2017 — Biggs of Arizona Amendment No. 29
Sept. 7, 2017 — Grothman of Wisconsin Part B of Amendment No. 99
Sept. 7, 2017 — King of Iowa Part B Amendment No. 80, as modified
Sept. 6, 2017 — Grothman of Wisconsin Part B Amendment No. 54
Sept. 6, 2017 — King of Iowa Part B Amendment No. 51
Sept. 6, 2017 — Rosen of Nevada Part B Amendment No. 38
Sept. 6, 2017 — Brooks of Alabama Part B Amendment No. 33
Sept. 6, 2017 — McClintock of California Part B Amendment No. 25
Sept. 6, 2017 — Carter of Georgia Part B Amendment No. 17
July 27, 2017 — Cartwright of Pennsylvania Part B Amendment No. 43
July 27, 2017 — Blackburn of Tennessee Amendment No. 62
July 26, 2017 — King of Iowa Amendment No. 23
July 13, 2017 — Gosar of Arizona Amendment No. 5


In September 2011, eVestment acquired Channel Capital Group, owners of HedgeFund.net (HFN), a leading source for hedge fund data, research and news. The combined company now provides a single, global database serving institutional investment professionals who focus on either alternative or traditional investments, as well as "hybrid" investors who seek solutions to help them select and manage investments across both investment categories. eVestment has combined the former Hedgefund.net (HFN) database with our own non-traditional data to create the eVestment alternatives and hedge fund database, the industry's largest and most complete dataset.
HedgeFund.net was founded in 1997 and is dedicated to providing accredited investors with access to data, research, news and informative content on hedge funds. If you were a previous user of HedgeFund.net and are experiencing difficulties logging in, please contact eVestment for more information.
Learn more about the acquisition of HedgeFund.net by reading the press release.


Universal Plastic has over 40 years in manufacturing flexible packaging for various industries.
UPM has been heavily involved in biodegradable materials for over a decade. With our 'OK Compost INDUSTRIAL' and 'OK Compost HOME' certifications, we are one of the leading manufacturers of compostable packaging and film products.
UPM manufactures all kinds of plastic disposable products and packaging material, available in recyclable, recycled, biodegradable & compostable materials. Our R&D team will custom design a product to suit your specific needs.


text:
/*jshint node:true, eqnull:true, laxcomma:true, undef:true, indent:2, camelcase:false */
'use strict';

var cipolla = require('../')
  , logentries = require('coolog-appender-logentries')(process.env.LOGENTRIES_APIKEY)
  , coolog = require('coolog')
  , logger
  ;

// Add a logging configuration for the 'cipolla' channel
// all logs by cipolla module will go there
cipolla.coolog.addChannel({ name: 'cipolla', level: 'debug', appenders: ['console', logentries] });

// Logging configuration for this example
// i.e. the root logger
coolog.addChannel({ name: 'root', level: 'debug', appenders: ['console', logentries] });
logger = coolog.logger('app.js', 'root');

if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' && !process.env.CIPOLLA_FOREVER) {
  // If we are in a production env the app will be handled by
  // forever-monitor, watching for changes and restarting on app crash
  cipolla.forever('app.js', __dirname);

} else {
  // Instantiate the cipolla router
  var router = new cipolla.Dispatcher(__dirname);

  cipolla({
    name: 'cipolla',
    port: process.env.PORT || 3000,
    cwd: __dirname,
    dispatcher: router
  });

  // Routes configuration, the method, if not provided, defaults to GET
  // api.index will load the "index" function from the "api.js" module;
  // module paths are relative to the __dirname provided above.
  //
  // The router module is part of https://github.com/fengmk2/urlrouter
  // and Copyright(c) 2012 fengmk2 <fengmk2@gmail.com>
  //
  router.route('/', { get: 'api.index' });
  router.route('/:pippo', { get: 'api.foo' });
  router.route('/fail', 'api.fail');
}


text:
CDC: Negative COVID-19 test required for air passengers to enter and leave the US
by: Jordan Highsmith
TAMPA (WIAT) — The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is expanding the requirement for a negative COVID-19 test to all air passengers entering the United States effective Jan. 26.
Testing before and after travel is a critical layer to slow the introduction and spread of COVID-19, the CDC reports. This strategy is consistent with the current phase of the pandemic and more efficiently protects the health of Americans.
Variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus continue to emerge in countries around the world, and there is evidence of increased transmissibility of some of these variants. With the US already in surge status, the testing requirement for air passengers will help slow the spread of the virus as the US work to vaccinate the American public, the CDC says.
Before departure to the United States, a required test, combined with the CDC recommendations to get tested again 3-5 days after arrival and stay home for 7 days post-travel, will help slow the spread of COVID-19 within US communities from travel-related infections. Pre-departure testing with results known and acted upon before travel begins will help identify infected travelers before they board airplanes.
Air passengers are required to get a viral test (a test for current infection) within the three days before their flight to the U.S. departs, and provide written documentation of their laboratory test result (paper or electronic copy) to the airline or provide documentation of having recovered from COVID-19. Airlines must confirm the negative test result for all passengers or documentation of recovery before they board.
If a passenger does not provide documentation of a negative test or recovery or chooses not to take a test, the airline must deny boarding to the passenger.
"Testing does not eliminate all risk," says CDC Director Robert R. Redfield, MD, "but when combined with a period of staying at home and everyday precautions like wearing masks and social distancing, it can make travel safer, healthier, and more responsible by reducing spread on planes, in airports, and at destinations."
When it begins
This order was signed by the CDC Director on Jan. 12, 2021, and will become effective on Jan. 26, 2021.
LATEST ON THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC:
Florida leads nation in cases of new COVID variant, CDC data shows
HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, Fla. (WFLA) -- Seniors in Hillsborough County are growing more concerned about missing the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Thousands who got their first dose at the University Mall site, are wondering about their second dose, after the county shut the site down.
The county released a statement on Tuesday saying:
WASHINGTON (NEXSTAR) — Last week, President-elect Joe Biden unveiled his $1.9 trillion coronavirus relief package with $1,400 stimulus checks for most Americans. This week, the country will move one step closer to seeing that proposal become an action plan as Biden and two new Democratic senators from Georgia take office.
With Democrats in control of the presidency and Congress, you might think the plan is in a position for smooth sailing. However, not all members of Biden's party have thrown support behind the proposal for larger direct payments.
TAMPA (WFLA) - The Florida Department of Health reported 9,816 new COVID-19 cases Tuesday afternoon.
The state also announced 308 new hospitalizations, this is the highest since Jan. 16.


text:
Here's Why Virat Kohli's Statements Before A Game Make Rahul Dravid Cringe
BV Shiva ShankarUpdated on Oct 31, 2017, 15:59 IST
At a time when a section of fans attribute the recent successes of Indian cricket to the new found aggression on the field under the firebrand captaincy of Virat Kohli, legendary cricketer Rahul Dravid believes the game is all about performance.
BCCL
Speaking at the Bangalore Literature Festival here on Sunday, Dravid, whose impregnable batting technique had earned him the title 'The wall', said that matches can be won even by players who don't sport tattoo on their sleeves. And on-field macho, rock star image would be of little help to be on a winning streak, he said.
"Virat sometimes comes across as outrageous and I cringe on reading his statements before a series. But if he can bring the best out of himself by needling the opposition, so be it," Dravid said.
He was in conversation with journalists Prem Panicker and Rajdeep Sardesai at the session titled 'Indian Democracy XI', an allusion to Sardesai's book on 11 legendary cricketers.
Admitting he could never be like Virat with tattoos, Dravid though defended the young skipper by saying, "We want a little bit of lip on the field." His word of caution to the budding cricketers, however, was not to copy Virat blindly.
The jam-packed session witnessed ticklish moments with Sardesai trying to put Dravid in a spot hurling his typical TV-moderator questions at one of the most technically sound batsmen the world has seen. Sardesai asked him how he would defend the likes of Virat and Dhoni becoming more powerful than the game and deciding on coaches and when to retire.
While the query on the selection of coach cited the instance of Anil Kumble, who was sacked as the coach of Indian cricket team earlier this year, Dravid said, "It is unfortunate for a legend who was part of the highest number of winning Indian teams to see unceremonious departure. At the same time, it is quite common that coaches always get sacked. I also am the Under-19 Indian team coach. I may also be sacked."
On Dhoni's retirement, he said: "People might have different opinions on when Dhoni should retire. But, if the selectors have selected him, he can play for India as long as he wants."
Referring to the emergence of a new generation cricketers from smaller cities and towns, Dravid said it had to do with accessibility to facilities and knowledge thanks to commercialisation of the game and television broadcast.
"Although people may deride IPL and T20 format because of which they think cricket has been commercialised, thanks to the money in it, access to facilities are better," he said, citing the recent Ranji match between Karnataka and Hyderabad held in Shivamogga.
He said youngsters were able to learn cricket by watching legends like Sunil Gavaskar and Ravi Shastri on television screens teaching skills.
Three legendary cricketers from Karnataka - Syed Kirmani, EAS Prasanna, and B S Chandrashekhar- were part of the audience and the highlight of the session was when Sardesai called them on the stage and paid them glowing tributes.
Referring to the classy cricketers from Bengaluru, Sardesai said: "Like the Bengaluru weather, these are the most decent people I have ever met."


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text:
Q: How to put a border around each cell in GridView? I have a GridView and I would like to have a vertical line in between each item.
I was able to add borders to the headers but I also want the borders for each cell/row in the GridView. See in the image below the borders separating each header don't continue down to the items in the Grid.

Code for GridView:
<asp:GridView ID="gvPieces"
    runat="server"
    ShowHeaderWhenEmpty="true"
    CssClass="printTableResults"
    Width="100%"
    DataKeyField="ID"
    AutoGenerateColumns="false"
    allowpaging="false">
    <HeaderStyle CssClass="printTableHeaderNoBottom" />
      <Columns>
          <asp:BoundField DataField="TotalPieces" HeaderText="Total Qty" HeaderStyle-Font-Bold="true" HeaderStyle-CssClass="borderR" ItemStyle-HorizontalAlign="Center" ></asp:BoundField>
          <asp:BoundField DataField="ActualWeight" HeaderText="Gross Wt" HeaderStyle-Font-Bold="true"  ItemStyle-HorizontalAlign="Center"></asp:BoundField>
          <asp:BoundField DataField="FirstRemarks" HeaderText="Description" HeaderStyle-Font-Bold="true" HeaderStyle-CssClass="borderLOnly" ItemStyle-HorizontalAlign="Center"></asp:BoundField>
     </Columns>

So how to do put borders around the items in the GridView?

A: use CSS
* {
border:1px solid #000}


Orsolini scored one goal on three shots (all on goal), sent in two inaccurate crosses, intercepted three passes, and made two tackles in Bologna's 3-0 win over Sampdoria on Saturday.
His third goal in six matches gives the forward five goals on the campaign. After coming in as a sub much of the season, he has now started those last six matches and had recorded multiple shots in each, while also setting up another goal.
Orsolini scored a goal while taking two shots (both on target), crossing seven times (zero accurate), and creating a chance during Thursday's 4-1 loss to Atalanta.
Orsolini scored a goal in a 3-2 win against Torino on Saturday.
Orsolini took one shot (one on target), created two chances and provided an assist in Sunday's 2-1 loss to Udinese.
Orsolini (calf) sent in three crosses, took one shot on target and created one scoring chance in Sunday's 0-1 loss to Juventus.
Orsolini (calf) has been called up for Sunday's game versus Juventus.


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Entries categorized "History"
Three Students and Civilian Exclusion Order No. 79
By Aaron Wedra
Our new exhibit at the Hattie Weber Museum focuses on the three Japanese-Americans enrolled at Davis High School during school year 1940-41: siblings Tetsuo and Tayeko Ito, and Miyo Hiromoto. All appear in the DHS yearbook of 1941, photographed with their classes and also as participants in many of the school's activities. Despite mounting world tensions, the spring of 1941 was a tranquil period in Davis. Tetsuo, a senior, graduated in June and had been accepted by the University Farm to pursue a degree program for the following fall. According to his senior prophecy, his ambition was to be a concert singer. He was on the basketball and track teams, and in the orchestra and chorus. His sister Tayeko, a sophomore, was her class treasurer, and Miyo, a junior, was active in athletics, chorus, and publishing.
However, the following December, everything changed for them. Shortly after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Executive Order 6099, issued 80 years ago this year, required everyone of Japanese descent living in specific areas of Washington, Oregon, and California to prepare to be "interned" in camps located in isolated areas in the interior of the country. The justification was that they posed a security risk.
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Posted by Davisite2 on March 28, 2022 at 06:00 AM in History | Permalink | Comments (2)