text:
\section{Introduction}
Supersymmetry (SUSY) has been regarded as one of the strong candidates
for new physics beyond the standard model (SM),
and the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) is quite supported
by many people.
Indeed, SUSY models has been proposed enormously so far
and many of them respect main structure of the MSSM.

One of the great implications of SUSY is a cancellation of quantum corrections
proportional to the square of cutoff scale.
Low-energy SUSY ensures the stability of scalar masses,
and the notorious fine-tunning problem
for the stability of Higgs boson mass known in the SM
is expected to be solved in the MSSM.
From this point of view, we see that the low-energy SUSY is desirable.
However, the mass of Higgs boson particle discovered
at the Large Hadron Collider \cite{Aad:2012tfa,Chatrchyan:2012ufa}
got the MSSM into a serious situation.
The Higgs boson mass calculated at the tree-level of the MSSM is bounded by
the $Z$ boson mass. A large amount of quantum corrections to the Higgs boson mass
is required to realize the observed value.
Dominant contributions of the quantum corrections is due to propagation of the SUSY particles.
The Higgs boson mass is quite related to SUSY spectra in the MSSM or MSSM-like models.
The sufficient amount of corrections requires a relatively heavy SUSY spectrum, but
this is usually accompanied with another fine-tunning problem of the $\mu$-parameter
(a SUSY higgsino mass parameter), that is, the so-called little hierarchy problem.
As a result,
a fine-tunning which is much harder than $\mathcal O(1\%)$ cannot be avoided now
in most of conventional parameter space of the MSSM.

Another of the great impacts of SUSY in the MSSM is the gauge coupling unification.
SUSY requires the presence of SUSY partners of the SM particles, and
in the presence of such light particles charged under the SM gauge groups
the renormalization group (RG) flows for the gauge coupling constants become
different from those in the SM.
As a result, it is well know that
the three gauge couplings can be unified at a certain high energy scale
within low-scale SUSY breaking scenarios.
The unifying scale is about $M_{\rm GUT} = 2.0\times 10^{16}{\rm GeV}$ in the MSSM.

In the unifications given by SUSY, we usually assume that the three gaugino masses are
also unified at the same or near that scale. This popular assumption seems to be sensible,
indeed, this has been adopted in many SUSY phenomenological studies.
However, there is no reason for them to be constrained to unify, and
we can freely choose their values at the $M_{\rm GUT}$ scale
as input parameters in the MSSM.
Considering a recent circumstances of particle physics experiments,
that is, no detection of the SUSY particles and the relatively heavy mass of the Higgs boson,
probably we are also required to investigate unconventional parameter space of the MSSM,
i.e., nonuniversal gaugino masses.

The generic framework of nonuniversal gaugino masses were studied
so far in the MSSM \cite{Abe:2007kf,Abe:2012xm,Antusch:2012gv} and
these works found an attractive feature.
The gaugino masses are related to the Higgs boson mass in RG flows,
and a certain range of the mass ratios will enhance the Higgs boson mass
while a typical mass scale of SUSY spectra is not so much high.
As the result, they found the fine tunning of $\mu$-parameter discussed above
would be relaxed very well.

We consider unified theories behind the SM or ultraviolet (UV) complete theories
in particle physics.
In the top-down approaches of phenomenological studies on the basis of such theories,
particle physics models are obtained as four-dimensional (4D) low-energy effective action.
In such model building, the gaugino masses as well as the other masses and couplings
cannot be set arbitrary,
which should be determined by other structure of the theories, e.g., extra dimensional space.
Although it is attractive that the natural parameter regions are still alive in the MSSM,
we must remark how to realize such rations of gaugino masses
as a boundary condition at the $M_{\rm GUT}$ scale
on the basis of such theories for a high energy physics.
This paper provides a realization of nonuniversal gaugino masses
on the basis of higher-dimensional SYM theories
which appear in low-energy limits of superstring theories.

In model building based on higher-dimensional SYM theories,
structure of extra dimensions of space is the most significant issue
to obtain a realistic model with 4D chiral spectra like the SM.
It is known that toroidal compactifications with magnetic fluxes
are able to yield such a spectrum in higher-dimensional SYM theories
\cite{Bachas:1995ik,Cremades:2004wa}.
The magnetized toroidal compactification have been actively studied,
and some concrete models have been constructed,
where the flavor structure of the SM, such as, the three generations of matters and
their hierarchical spectrum, are obtained.
In particular, Ref.~\cite{Abe:2012fj,Abe:2014soa} proposed such a model
based on a 10D $U(8)$ SYM theories,
and the mass spectrum of the SUSY particles as well as the SM particles
were studied to verify this model.
These works owe mainly their model building to
an $\mathcal N=1$ superfield description of ten-dimensional (10D)
magnetized SYM theories given in Ref.~\cite{Abe:2012ya}.
That proposed a systematic way of dimensional reduction of the magnetized SYM theories
with the superfield description,
and derived the 4D effective action identifying its dependence on
a dilaton and moduli superfields.
In the superspace formulation,
an $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY out of the full $\mathcal N=4$ SUSY
(counted by the 4D supercharges) of 10D SYM theories is described manifestly,
and $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY configurations of magnetic fluxes is facilitated
to study.

The superfield description for 10D SYM theories have been recently extended
to be able to apply to (4+2n)-dimensional SYM theories and their mixtures
which are well motivated by D-brane pictures of superstring theories\cite{Abe:2015jqa}.
This extension allows a large variety of model building, and especially,
we find that the mixture is a suitable foundation to construct a model of
nonuniversal gaugino masses. This paper shows
such a concrete model based on a mixture of a six-dimensional (6D) SYM theory
and a 10D SYM theory compactified on magnetized tori,
and estimates the three SM gauge coupling constants and
the gaugino masses.

This paper is constructed as follows.
We briefly review the nonuniversal gaugino masses in the MSSM in Sec.~2.
Sec.~3 gives an overview of higher-dimensional SYM theories
compactified on a factorizable torus with magnetic fluxes.
This section shows how to realize the flavor structure of the SM by
magnetic fluxes.
In Sec.4, the superfield description of the magnetized SYM theories
is briefly reviewed. The way of dimensional reduction and identifying
the moduli dependence will become clear.
Sec.~5 is devoted to show our results.
A concrete model will be proposed,
where we study the gaugino masses to verify that our model
accommodate a realization of the nonuniversal gaugino masses
desired from the phenomenological point of view.
Sec.~6 contains conclusions and discussions.

\section{Nonuniversal gaugino masses in the MSSM}
We shortly review nonuniversal gaugino masses in the MSSM,
which shows one of our motivations of this work.
In a popular assumption, three gaugino masses are set to be unified
at the $M_{\rm GUT}$ scale for simplicity,
\begin{equation*}
M_1(M_{\rm GUT})=M_2(M_{\rm GUT})=M_3(M_{\rm GUT}),
\end{equation*}
where $M_i$ ($i=1,2,3$) are the gaugino mass parameters of $U(1)_{Y}$,
$SU(2)_{L}$ and $SU(3)_{C}$, respectively.
However, they are just free parameters and nothing restricts their values
to be degenerate in the MSSM.
It is also possible to consider nonuniversal gaugino masses in the MSSM.

The nonuniversal gaugino masses in the MSSM
were studied in Refs.~\cite{Abe:2007kf,Abe:2012xm,Antusch:2012gv},
where they found that
nonuniversal gaugino masses with certain ratios enhance
the Higgs boson mass through the RG effects,
and the fine-tunning of so-called $\mu$-parameter will be relaxed.
To discuss more details, we define the degree of fine-tunning as
$100/\Delta_\mu(\%)$\cite{Barbieri:1987fn} with
\begin{equation*}
\Delta_\mu=\left|\frac{\partial\log m_{\rm Z}^2}{\partial\log\mu^2}\right|.
\end{equation*}
In Ref.~\cite{Abe:2012xm}, the authors studied impact of the nonuniversal gaugino masses
on the Higgs boson mass and the SUSY spectrum in the light of the LHC data
with a simple ansatz for other parameters, e.g., Yukawa couplings.
As the result, in the range of
\begin{equation}
3.0 \lesssim \frac{M_2(M_{\rm GUT})}{M_3(M_{\rm GUT})} \lesssim 5.5,\qquad
-3.0 \lesssim \frac{M_1(M_{\rm GUT})}{M_3(M_{\rm GUT})},
\label{eq:ratio1}
\end{equation}
the $126$ GeV Higgs boson will be realized with the tunning of $\mathcal O(1)(\%)$.
Furthermore, in the following region,
\begin{equation*}
5.2 \lesssim \frac{M_2(M_{\rm GUT})}{M_3(M_{\rm GUT})} \lesssim 5.5,
\end{equation*}
the fine-tunning of $\mu$-parameter will be relaxed as well as $\mathcal O(10)(\%)$.

In the generic framework of SUSY models,
we require the presence of hidden sector sequestered from the MSSM sector,
where SUSY should be spontaneously broken.
The SUSY breaking contribution is mediated to the MSSM sector, and thus,
the mediation mechanism determines the SUSY spectrum
as a boundary condition of RG flows at a certain high energy scale.

Three mediation mechanisms due to moduli fields,
conformal anomaly~\cite{Randall:1998uk,Giudice:1998xp} and
gauge interactions\cite{Dine:1981gu}
are famous and available in generic frameworks.
These mediation mechanisms and their combinations have been actively studied so far,
and we know their phenomenological features precisely.
According to that,
it is impossible to realize the the desirable ratio $M_2/M_3 \sim 5$
within the anomaly and gauge mediation mechanisms,
and we see that the SUSY breaking contributions mediated by moduli fields
through nonuniversal gauge kinetic functions are indispensable to obtain
the ideal ones.

When the gauge kinetic functions of $SU(3)_{C}$, $SU(2)_{L}$ and $U(1)_{Y}$
can be flexibly chosen differently from each other
in terms of its dependence on moduli fields, the gaugino masses are controllable.
However, in models based on the unified theories,
the couplings of moduli fields to the MSSM fields are determined
by structure of extra dimensional space.
We give a realization of nonuniversal gaugino masses
on the basis of a concrete model derived from a higher-dimensional SYM system
compactified on magnetized tori.

\section{Higher-dimensional SYM theories on magnetized tori}
This section reviews higher-dimensional SYM theories compactified on
two-dimensional (2D) tori with magnetic fluxes.
Higher-dimensional fields are expanded into zero-modes and multiple Kaluza-Klein (KK) modes.
In this section, we derive 4D effective actions from the magnetized SYM theories
focusing on the zero-modes. KK modes are considered to be heavy enough
to be decoupled in the low-energy effective field theories.
To show typical features of magnetized toroidal compactifications,
we concentrate on a two-dimensional torus whose coordinates are denoted by $(x,y)$.
The line element is given by
\begin{equation*}
ds^2=g_{ij}dx^idx^j,
\end{equation*}
where the metric $g$ is
\begin{equation*}
g=(2\pi R)^2\begin{pmatrix}
1&\re\tau\\
\re\tau&|\tau|^2
\end{pmatrix}.
\end{equation*}
Parameters $\tau$ and $R$ determine the shape and size of this torus.

We consider a 2D spinor field on this torus,
\begin{equation*}
\psi=\begin{pmatrix}
\psi_+\\
\psi_-
\end{pmatrix}.
\end{equation*}
The zero-mode equations for these fields are given by
the Dirac operator on this internal space as
\begin{eqnarray}
\bar\partial_z\psi_++[\bar A_z, \psi_+]&=&0\label{eq:zeroii}\\
\partial_z\psi_--[A_z, \psi_-]&=&0,\label{eq:zeroij}
\end{eqnarray}
where we use complex coordinates $z$ and
2D complex vector $A_z$ defined by
two real coordinates $x,y$ of this torus and
two components of vector fields $(A_x,A_y)$ as follows,
\begin{eqnarray*}
z&\equiv&\frac12\left(x+\tau y\right)\\
A_z&\equiv&-\frac1{\im\tau}\left(\tau^*A_x-A_y\right).
\end{eqnarray*}
Toroidal periodicity for the two coordinates is expressed
by $z\sim z+1$ and $z\sim z+\tau$.

Considering a nontrivial configuration of gauge potential,
we introduce magnetic fluxes on this torus,
and the configuration is
\begin{equation*}
A_z=\frac{\pi}{\im\tau}\left(M\bar z+\bar \zeta\right),
\end{equation*}
where the magnetic flux is given by an $N\times N$ matrix $M$
in $U(N)$ theories.
A continuous Wilson lines can also be introduced,
which is identified as a constant term of gauge potential and
denoted by an $N\times N$ matrix $\zeta$ here.
This paper considers only simple Abelian forms of the flux and Wilson line
because those are sufficient and necessary to construct particle physics models,
thus offdiagonal entries of $M$ and $\zeta$ are set to be vanishing.
Note that the nonvanishing entries of $M$ must be integer values because of
the Dirac's quantization condition.
In the case of $N=2$, if the two diagonal elements of flux matrix take different values from
each other, $U(2)$ gauge symmetry is broken down to $U(1)\times U(1)$.
Thus, in generic $U(N)$ theories,
the magnetic fluxes $M$ can lead to gauge symmetry breaking as
$U(N)\rightarrow \prod_a U(N_a)$
($U(N_a)$ is a remaining gauge subgroup of $U(N)$).
This Wilson lines $\zeta$ are also able to induce such a gauge symmetry breaking
in the same way as the magnetic fluxes.

In the zero-mode equation (\ref{eq:zeroii}) for $\psi_+$,
we can elicit a bifundamental representation $(N_a, \bar N_b)$
of $U(N_a)\times U(N_b)$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
[\bar\partial_z+\frac{\pi }{2\im\tau}\left(M_{ab}z + \zeta_{ab}\right)]
\left(\psi_+\right)_{ab}&=&0,
\end{eqnarray}
where a bifundamental representation $(N_a, \bar N_b)$ contained in $\psi_+$ is
denoted by $\left(\psi_+\right)_{ab}$.
A magnetic flux felt by it
is defined as $M_{ab}\equiv M_{a}-M_{b}$,
and a Wilson line is also defined as $\zeta_{ab}\equiv \zeta_{a}-\zeta_{b}$.
According to Ref.~\cite{Cremades:2004wa}, this equation has $M_{ab}$
normalizable solutions when $M_{ab}>0$, and then,
zero-modes of the same representation $(N_a,\bar N_b)$ contained in the other spinor $\psi_-$
are eliminated
because a relative sign of the zero-mode equation (\ref{eq:zeroij}) is different.
On the contrary, when $M_{ab}<0$,
$\left(\psi_-\right)_{ab}$ has $|M_{ab}|$ well-defined zero-modes and
the other $\left(\psi_+\right)_{ab}$ has none. Thus,
the magnetic fluxes cause a kind of chirality projection which is to generate
a 4D chiral spectrum like the SM.

The degenerate zero-modes appear corresponding to the magnitude of fluxes,
which we can identify with the generations of the SM.
Their wavefunctions can be obtained analytically,
expressed by using the Jacobi-theta functions.
Moreover, they have a Gaussian profile on the torus, and
their localized points on the magnetized torus are different from each other.
Since overlap integrals of the zero-mode wavefunctions determine the magnitude of
their 4D effective couplings,
zero-modes localized far away from each other yield a suppressed coupling,
which can give a hierarchical structure to Yukawa couplings.
It is also attractive that
the integrals of zero-mode wavefunctions on the magnetized torus
can be performed analytically.
The simple expression for Yukawa couplings \cite{Cremades:2004wa} and
higher-order couplings \cite{Abe:2009dr} were obtained.
Summarizing the above, the magnetic fluxes are able to yield the flavor structure of the SM,
such as, the three generations and their hierarchical masses and mixing angles.

\section{Superfield description of SYM systems}
This section introduces a superfield description of higher-dimensional SYM theories
on the magnetized tori\cite{Abe:2012ya},
which is extremely useful, especially for constructing a particle physics model
with an $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY vacuum configuration.
A 4D effective action with $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY
can be derived from magnetized SYM theories in the superfield description,
identifying its dependence on the moduli fields.

Higher-dimensional field theories have higher-dimensional SUSY as
$\mathcal N=2,3$ and 4 counted by the 4D supercharges, but
these theories can be described in the 4D $\mathcal N=1$ superspace formulation
focusing on an $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY of the whole higher-dimensional SUSY
in the following way. First, we consider a 10D SYM action compactified on three 2D tori,
\begin{equation}
S = \int d^{10}X\sqrt {-G} \left\{
-\frac1{4g^2}\tr\left(F^{MN}F_{MN}\right)
+\frac{i}{2g^2}\left(\bar\lambda\Gamma^MD_M\lambda\right)
\right\}, \label{eq:10dsym}
\end{equation}
where $g$ is the gauge coupling constant.
Capital Latins $M,N$ run for the 10D spacetime coordinate, and
the 10D field strength $F^{MN}$, covariant derivative $D_M$ and
gamma matrix $\Gamma^M$ are contracted by the 10D metric $G_{MN}$.
The 10D line element is
\begin{equation*}
ds^2 = \eta_{\mu\nu}dx^\mu dx^\nu + g_{mn}dx^mdx^n,
\end{equation*}
where $\mu, \nu : 0,1,2,3$ and $m,n : 4,5,\ldots,9$.
The 4D Minkowski spacetime is given by $\eta = {\rm diag} (-,+,+,+)$ and
$g_{mn}$ gives three tori, $T^2\times T^2\times T^2$.

Field contents of this theory is given by
a 10D vector field $A_M$ and
a Majorana-Weyl spinor field $\lambda$,
satisfying conditions $\Gamma^{10}\lambda=+\lambda$ and
$\lambda^{C}=\lambda$ ($\Gamma^{10}$ is a 10D chirality operator and
C represents the charge conjugate. ).
To make an $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY manifest,
the 10D vector field is decomposed into a 4D vector field and three complex fields as
\begin{equation*}
A_\mu,\qquad A_i\equiv-\frac1{\im\tau_i}\left(\tau_i^*A_m-A_n\right),
\end{equation*}
where $i=1,2,3$ and $(m,n)=(2+2i,3+2i)$.
The 10D spinor field is also decomposed into
the following four 4D Weyl spinor fields,
\begin{equation*}
\lambda_0\equiv\lambda_{+++},\qquad
\lambda_1\equiv\lambda_{+--},\qquad
\lambda_2\equiv\lambda_{-+-},\qquad
\lambda_3\equiv\lambda_{--+},
\end{equation*}
where signs $\pm$ represent a chirality on each torus,
e.g., $\lambda_{+--}$ has a positive chirality on the first torus and negative ones
on the other tori. 4D Spinor fields with the other chirality are not contained
in the 10D Majorana-Weyl spinor because of $\Gamma^{10}\lambda=+\lambda$.

The component fields form 4D $\mathcal N=1$ vector multiplets
and chiral multiplets,
\begin{equation*}
\left\{A\mu,\lambda_0\right\},\qquad
\left\{A_i,\lambda_i\right\}.
\end{equation*}
These supermultiplets are embedded into a vector superfield and
three chiral superfields as follows,
\begin{eqnarray*}
V&\equiv& -\theta\sigma^\mu\bar\theta A_\mu +i\bar\theta\bar\theta\theta\lambda_0
-i\theta\theta\bar\theta\bar\lambda_0+\frac12\theta\theta\bar\theta\bar\theta D,\\
\phi_i&\equiv& \frac1{\sqrt2} A_i +\sqrt2\theta\lambda_i +\theta\theta F_i,
\end{eqnarray*}
where two-component spinors $\theta$ and $\bar\theta$ are
4D $\mathcal N=1$ supercoordinates.

The 10D SYM action (\ref{eq:10dsym}) is expressed in the 4D $\mathcal N=1$
superspace formulation with the above superfields as
\cite{Marcus:1983wb,ArkaniHamed:2001tb},
\begin{equation}
S=\int d^{10}X \sqrt {-G}
\left[ \int d^4\theta \mathcal K
+\left\{ \int d^2\theta\left(\frac1{4g^2}\mathcal W^\alpha\mathcal W_\alpha
+\mathcal W\right) +{\rm h.c.}\right\}\right],
\end{equation}
where three functions $\mathcal K$, $\mathcal W$ and $\mathcal W^\alpha$
are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal K &=& \frac2{g^2}h^{\bar i j}\tr\left[
\left(\sqrt2\bar\partial_{\bar i}+\bar\phi_{\bar i}\right)e^{-V}
\left(-\sqrt2\partial_j+\phi_j\right)e^V
+\bar\partial_{\bar i}e^{-V}\partial_j e^V \right]+\mathcal K_{\rm WZW}, \nonumber\\
\mathcal W &=& \frac1{g^2}\epsilon^{\rm ijk}e_{\rm i}^{~i}e_{\rm j}^{~j}
e_{\rm k}^{~k} \tr\left[\sqrt2\phi_i\left(\partial_j\phi_k-\frac1{3\sqrt2}
\left[\phi_j, \phi_k\right]\right)\right],\nonumber\\
\mathcal W_\alpha &=& -\frac14 \bar D\bar De^{-V}D_\alpha e^V.\label{eq:10dsym2}
\end{eqnarray}
In these expressions, $h^{\bar ij}$ and $e_{\rm i}^{~i}$ express
the metric and fielbein of each torus.
The supercovariant derivatives are denoted by
$D_\alpha$ and $\bar D_{\dot\alpha}$.

The field equations for auxiliary fields $D$ and $F_i$ are
given by
\begin{eqnarray*}
D=-h^{\bar i j}\left(\bar\partial_{\bar i}A_j+\partial_j\bar A_{\bar i}
+\frac12[\bar A_{\bar i}, A_j]\right),\\
\bar F_{\bar i} = -h_{j\bar i}\epsilon^{\rm jkl}e_{\rm j}^{~j}e_{\rm k}^{~k}e_{L}^{~l}
\left(\partial_kA_l-\frac14[A_k,A_l]\right).
\end{eqnarray*}
The $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY expressed by the superfield formulation is preserved
as long as the Vacuum Expectation Values (VEVs) of
these auxiliary fields are vanishing.

The magnetic fluxes are introduced as
\begin{equation}
\langle A_i\rangle=\frac{\pi}{\im\tau_i}\left(M^{(i)}\bar z_i + \bar\zeta^{(i)}\right). \label{eq:aivev}
\end{equation}
These magnetic fluxes should satisfy a condition $\langle D\rangle=\langle F_i\rangle=0$
to preserve the $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY.
On this magnetized background,
the zero-mode equations for the superfield $\phi_j$
on the $i$-th torus are obtained as
\begin{eqnarray}
\left[\bar\partial_{\bar i} +\frac{\pi}{2\im\tau_i}
\left(M_{ab}^{(i)}z_i + \zeta^{(i)}_{ab}\right)\right](f_j^{(i)})_{ab} &=& 0 \qquad{\rm for}\quad i=j,
\label{eq:zerosuperii}\\
\left[\partial_i -\frac{\pi}{2\im\tau_i}
\left(M_{ab}^{(i)}\bar z_{\bar i} + \bar\zeta^{(i)}_{ab}\right) \right]
(f_j^{(i)})_{ab} &=& 0 \qquad{\rm for}\quad i\neq j, \label{eq:zerosuperij}
\end{eqnarray}
where $(f_j^{(i)})_{ab}$ represents a zero-mode wavefunction on the $i$-th torus
of a bifundamental representation $(N_a, \bar N_b)$ contained in $\phi_j$.
These equations for $i=j$ and $i\neq j$
have the same form as the Dirac equations (\ref{eq:zeroii}) and (\ref{eq:zeroij}),
respectively.
Thus, their zero-mode wavefunctions are obtained
and the 4D effective action
can also be derived analytically in this superfield description.
The gauge fields of the MSSM are accommodated by diagonal parts of
the vector superfield $V$ which do not feel the Abelian magnetic fluxes.
Offdiagonal component of $V$ get heavy because of the partial gauge symmetry breaking,
and they will be decoupled.

The 4D effective action generically contains some parameters. such as,
the gauge coupling constant, torus radius and complex structure.
These parameters are promoted to moduli fields in supergravity framework.
It is known that a conventional relation between the VEVs of moduli fields
and the parameters as follows\cite{Ibanez:2012zz},
\begin{equation*}
\re \langle S\rangle =e^{-\langle\phi\rangle}\alpha'^{-3}\mathcal A^{(i)},\qquad
\re \langle T_r\rangle =e^{-\langle\phi\rangle}\alpha'^{-1}\mathcal A^{(r)},\qquad
\re \langle U_r\rangle =i\bar\tau_r,
\end{equation*}
where $\mathcal A^{(r)}$ represents the area of the $r$-th torus and
the 10D dilaton field determines the 10D gauge coupling,
\begin{equation*}
g=e^{\langle\phi\rangle/2}\alpha'^{3/2}.
\end{equation*}
This relation allows us to determine the moduli dependence of
the 4D effective actions.
Thus, explicit forms of gauge kinetic functions, K\"ahler metrics and holomorphic
Yukawa couplings as functions of the moduli fields are obtained.

This systematic procedure to derive 4D effective supergravity
actions from 10D SYM theories compactified on magnetized tori was extended
to apply to $(4+2n)$-dimensional SYM theories and their mixtures in Ref.~\cite{Abe:2015jqa}.
In that paper, two specific
4D effective supergravity actions with the explicit moduli dependence
were shown to demonstrate the extended procedure.
They were derived from two SYM systems well motivated by
stable D-brane systems.
One is a mixture of a 4D SYM theory and an eight-dimensional SYM theory.
The other is composed of a 6D SYM theory and a 10D SYM theory.
In this paper, we consider the latter SYM system to realize
the nonuniversal gaugino masses (Note the two systems are essentially equivalent
because they should be related to each other by T-duality).

\section{A concrete model}
We construct an MSSM-like model based on a mixture of a 10D SYM theory compactified on
three tori $(T^2)_1\times (T^2)_2\times (T^2)_3$ and a 6D SYM theory on $(T^2)_1$.
Although the D-brane physics is one of our motivations to consider this SYM system,
we are just starting from the SYM theories here
and will not mention whole consistency for string models in this paper.

\subsection{Pati-Salam models}
One of the most important things in such model buildings
in the magnetized toroidal compactifications is that all the flavor structure must originate
from a single torus.
For example, if the three generations of left-handed quarks are
generated by magnetic fluxes on the first torus and those of right-handed quarks
are induced on the second torus, rank of their Yukawa matrix is reduced to one,
and two of the three generations will remain massless
after the electroweak symmetry breaking.
Thus, to construct a three-generation model in the SYM system given in the top of this section,
the magnetic fluxes on the first torus $(T^2)_1$
must yield whole the flavor structure of the MSSM,
and the magnetic fluxes on the other tori should be determined not to
disturb the structure and to satisfy conditions to preserve the $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY.

A unique configuration of magnetic fluxes to generate
whole the flavor structure of SM on a single torus
was found~\cite{Abe:2012ya}\footnote{
Orbifold projections lead to other flux configurations to
construct three-generation models \cite{Abe:2008fi,Abe:2008sx,Abe:2015yva}. }
and an MSSM-like model was proposed starting from a 10D $U(8)$ SYM theory.
The $U(8)$ gauge group was broken down to the Pati-Salam gauge group,
$U(4)_{C}\times U(2)_{L}\times U(2)_{R}$, which is to lead to a SM-like gauge
group $SU(3)_{C}\times SU(2)_{L}\times (U(1))^5$ by introducing Wilson lines.
To give an overview of the model, we define
the following matrix $M^{(i)}$ which appears in the VEV of Eq.~(\ref{eq:aivev}),
\begin{equation*}
M^{(i)}=\begin{pmatrix}
m^{(i)}_{C}\times{\bm 1}_4 &0&0\\
0&m^{(i)}_{L}\times{\bm 1}_2&0\\
0&0&m^{(i)}_{R}\times{\bm 1}_2
\end{pmatrix}.
\end{equation*}
The suitable configuration is then shown as
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(m^{(1)}_{C},m^{(1)}_{L},m^{(1)}_{R}\right) &=& \left(0,+3,-3\right)\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
In the Pati-Salam group,
$(4,\bar 2,1)$ representation contains the left-handed matter fields and
$(\bar 4,1,2)$ representation does the right-handed matters.
Higgs multiplets are carried by $(1,2,\bar 2)$ representation,
and each representations feel the magnetic fluxes of
$m_{C}^{(i)}-m_{L}^{(i)}$,
$m_{R}^{(i)}-m_{C}^{(i)}$ and
$m_{L}^{(i)}-m_{R}^{(i)}$, respectively.
We summarize them in Table \ref{tb:10dmag}.
\begin{table}[htb]
\center
\begin{tabular}{cccc} \hline
Representations & MSSM fields & Fluxes on $(T^2)_1$&\# of gen.\\\hline
$(4,\bar 2,1)$ & Left-handed & $m_{C}^{(1)}-m_{L}^{(1)}=-3$&3  \\
$(\bar 4,1,2)$ & Right-handed & $m_{R}^{(1)}-m_{C}^{(1)}=-3$&3 \\
$(1,2,\bar 2)$ & Higgs & $m_{L}^{(1)}-m_{R}^{(1)}=+6$&6\\\hline
  \end{tabular}
\caption{Field contents and magnetic fluxes felt by them on the first torus
in the Pati-Salam model.}\label{tb:10dmag}
\end{table}
On the first torus, these magnetic fluxes induce three-generations of
left- and right-handed matters and six-generations of Higgs fields.
The presence of these multiple Higgs fields is a generic feature of the magnetized SYM theory
as well as D-brane models, and we identify a linear-combinations of the six ones
with the MSSM Higgs multiplet.

In the single 10D SYM model, flux configurations on the other two tori
were determined as
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(m^{(2)}_{C},m^{(2)}_{L},m^{(2)}_{R}\right) &=& \left(0,-1,0\right)\nonumber\\
\left(m^{(3)}_{C},m^{(3)}_{L},m^{(3)}_{R}\right) &=& \left(0,0,+1\right),
\end{eqnarray}
which will not spoil the flavor structure generated on the first torus
and satisfy the SUSY preserving condition $\langle D\rangle = \langle F_i\rangle =0$
with the following relation of the torus area,
\begin{equation*}
\mathcal A^{(1)}/\mathcal A^{(2)} = \mathcal A^{(1)}/\mathcal A^{(3)} =3.
\end{equation*}

We respect the Pati-Salam gauge and this configuration of magnetic fluxes also in this paper,
and those can be embedded into a mixture of 10D $U(N)$ SYM theory compactified on
three tori and 6D $U(8-N)$ theory on $(T^2)_1$.
Thus, we first divide the Pati-Salam group into two parts.
Table \ref{tb:10dmag} reads that
the Higgs multiplets contained in representation $(1,2,\bar 2)$ feel
positive magnetic fluxes, $+6$, on the first torus.
This means that the Higgs fields originate from $\phi_1$ which is
a superfield consisting of $A_1$ and $\lambda_1$,
because the other chiral superfields require negative magnetic fluxes
to have zero-modes on the first torus.
In the action of 10D $U(N)$ and 6D $U(8-N)$ SYM theories described in the
superspace formulation,
all bifundamental representations of $U(N)\times U(8-N)$ are completely
eliminated in $\phi_1$.
This is because the bifundamental representations are to form
a hypermultiplet under the 6D (4D $\mathcal N=2$) SUSY but
the chiral superfield $\phi_1$ is consists of vector components of the 6D theory.
Therefore, the Higgs multiplets, $(1,2,\bar 2)$ representations of the Pati-Salam gauge group,
must be contained in adjoint representations of $U(N)$ or $U(8-N)$.
We can determine from this discussion that
the Pati-Salam model is embedded into the SYM system,
being divided into $U(4)_{C}$ and $U(4)_{LR}\supset U(2)_{L}\times U(2)_{R}$.

With this division of the Pati-Salam gauge group,
two types of SYM systems are available :
One consists of
the 10D $U(4)_{C}$ SYM and the 6D $U(4)_{LR}$ SYM theories,
and the other of the 10D $U(4)_{LR}$ SYM and the 6D $U(4)_{C}$ SYM theories.
In the former case, $U(4)_{LR}$ has to be broken down
to $U(2)_{L}\times U(2)_{R}$ by the magnetic fluxes on the first torus,
which fluxes must also break the $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY
because there is no other contribution of magnetic fluxes in the $U(4)_{LR}$ sector
to satisfy $\langle D\rangle=0$.
On the contrary, magnetic fluxes of the $U(4)_{LR}$ sector are given on three tori
in the other case.
Therefore, only the latter case can take SUSY preserving configurations.
We have found the suitable SYM system, which is studied in the next subsection.

\subsection{A model of nonuniversal gaugino masses}
We consider the SYM system consisting of
the 10D $U(4)_{LR}$ SYM and the 6D $U(4)_{C}$ SYM theories, which
are compactified on magnetized $(T^2)_1\times (T^2)_2\times (T^2)_3$ and
$(T^2)_1$, respectively.
The configuration of magnetic fluxes is parametrized as
\begin{equation*}
M^{(1)}_{C} = m_{C}\times{\bm 1}_4,
\end{equation*}
and
\begin{equation*}
M^{(i)}_{LR}=\begin{pmatrix}
m^{(i)}_{L}\times{\bm 1}_2&0\\
0&m^{(i)}_{R}\times{\bm 1}_2
\end{pmatrix},
\end{equation*}
where $M^{(1)}_{C}$ is the magnetic flux in the $U(4)_{C}$ SYM theory,
and $M^{(i)}_{LR}$ ($i=1,2,3$) are those in $U(4)_{LR}$ SYM theory,
on each torus.
These parameters are set as
\begin{eqnarray*}
m_{C} &=& 0\\
\left(m^{(1)}_{L},m^{(1)}_{R}\right) &=& \left(+3,-3\right)\\
\left(m^{(2)}_{L},m^{(2)}_{R}\right) &=& \left(-1,0\right)\\
\left(m^{(3)}_{L},m^{(3)}_{R}\right) &=& \left(0,+1\right).
\end{eqnarray*}
The magnetic fluxes on the first torus $M^{(1)}_{C}$ and $M^{(1)}_{LR}$
yield the same flavors as is shown in Table~\ref{tb:10dmag}.
The others are determined to preserve the $\mathcal N=1$ SUSY
without changes of the flavor structure.
The vanishing $m_{C}$ is also a key to preserve the SUSY.

Although there remain a few massless adjoint fields other than the MSSM fields
in the 4D effective theory,
all chiral exotic fields are eliminated.
In the model derived from the 10D $U(8)$ SYM theory,
both of them appeared, and this is an advantage of our model.
The remaining massless adjoint fields are called open-string moduli.
The presence of them is well known as a notorious problem in string models.
Although we might propose some prescription to eliminate them, e.g.,
orbifold projections\cite{Abe:2008fi}, we just assume that they vanish somehow in this paper.

Now, we are able to derive the 4D effective supergravity action,
and its spectrum can be calculated exactly.
The K\"ahler metrics and holomorphic Yukawa couplings
obtained in this model
are almost the same as the 10D $U(8)$ SYM model
except for some trivial numerical factors.
These were shown in Ref.~\cite{Abe:2012fj,Abe:2014soa},
and one can calculate the explicit form in accordance with Ref.~\cite{Abe:2015jqa}.
The phenomenological features of the 10D $U(8)$ SYM model were studied precisely,
and a consistent spectrum of the SM particles and their partners was
obtained\cite{Abe:2012fj,Abe:2014soa}.
However, the gauge kinetic functions are very different.
The model proposed in this section leads to nonuniversal gauge kinetic functions,
while they were universal in the 10D $U(8)$ SYM model.
The gauge kinetic functions of
$SU(3)_{C}$ and $SU(2)_{L}$ are straightforwardly obtained as
\begin{eqnarray}
f_3&=&T_1,\nonumber\\
f_2&=&S.\label{eq:gaugekine23}
\end{eqnarray}

Before showing that of $U(1)_{Y}$ gauge group,
we should explain breaking of $U(4)_C$ and $U(2)_L\times U(2)_R$.
We can introduce the Wilson line parameters to break the Pati-Salam gauge group
on the first torus.
As the result, $U(4)_{C}$ is broken down to $U(3)_{C}\times U(1)_{C'}$,
and $U(2)_{R}$ gauge is also broken to $U(1)_{R'}\times U(1)_{R''}$.
Thus, there are five $U(1)$ gauge symmetries :
\begin{eqnarray*}
U(1)_a&\equiv& U(1)\subset U(3)_{C},\qquad
U(1)_b\equiv U(1)_{C'},\qquad
U(1)_c\equiv U(1)\subset U(2)_{L},\\
U(1)_d&\equiv& U(1)_{R'},\qquad
U(1)_e\equiv U(1)_{R''}.
\end{eqnarray*}
We can define the hypercharge $Q_Y$ by a linear combination of these five
$U(1)$ symmetries as\footnote{
The other four linear combinations are expected to be decoupled from the low-energy
effective theory (see Section~3.3 of \cite{Abe:2012fj})}
\begin{equation}
Q_Y = x Q_a +\left(x-\frac23\right)Q_b +\left(x-\frac16\right)Q_c
+\left(x-\frac23\right)Q_d+\left(x+\frac13\right)Q_e,\label{eq:linear}
\end{equation}
where $x$ is an arbitrary number.
The charges for each content are summarized in Table~\ref{tb:charge}.
\begin{table}[htb]
\center
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccc} \hline
Contents & $Q_a$ & $Q_b$ & $Q_c$ & $Q_d$ & $Q_e$ & $Q_Y$\\\hline
$Q$ & 1 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & $1/6$  \\
$L$ & 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & -$1/2$  \\
$H_u$ & 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 & $1/2$  \\
$H_d$ & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 & -$1/2$  \\
$u$ & -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -$2/3$  \\
$d$ & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & $1/3$  \\
$\nu$ & 0 & -1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & $0$  \\
$e$ & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & $1$  \\\hline
 \end{tabular}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
\caption{The charges of the five original $U(1)$ symmetries and $U(1)_{Y}$ hypercharges
defined in Eq.~(\ref{eq:linear}) are shown.
}\label{tb:charge}
\end{table}
Its gauge coupling constant $g_Y$ is then given by
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{g_Y^2} = \frac{x^2}{{\tilde g_{\rm6D}}^2} + \frac{(x-2/3)^2}{{\tilde g_{\rm6D}}^2}
+\frac{(x-1/6)^2}{{\tilde g_{\rm10D}}^2}+\frac{(x-2/3)^2}{{\tilde g_{\rm10D}}^2}
+\frac{(x+1/3)^2}{{\tilde g_{\rm10D}}^2}, \label{eq:hypergg}
\end{equation}
where $\tilde g_{\rm 6D}$ and $\tilde g_{\rm10D}$ are
are 4D effective gauge coupling constants of the 6D $U(4)_{C}$
and the 10D $U(4)_{LR}$ SYM theories given by
\begin{equation*}
\tilde g_{\rm6D} =e^{\langle\phi\rangle/2}\sqrt{\frac{\alpha'}{\mathcal A^{(1)}}},\qquad
\tilde g_{\rm10D} =e^{\langle\phi\rangle/2}\sqrt{\frac{{\alpha'}^3}{\mathcal A^{(1)}\mathcal A^{(2)}
\mathcal A^{(3)}}}.
\end{equation*}
The arbitrary number $x$ used in Eq.~(\ref{eq:linear}) never appear in the hypercharges
but it effects only on the gauge coupling, that is, we can control it with this parameter.
From Eq.~(\ref{eq:hypergg}), the $U(1)_{Y}$ gauge kinetic function reads
\begin{equation}
f_1=(2x^2-\frac43x+\frac49)T_1+(3x^2-\frac43x+\frac7{12})S \label{eq:gaugekine1},
\end{equation}
where the two coefficient given as functions of parameter $x$ should be
rational numbers to be consistent with the discrete axionic shift symmetries.
We will discuss this constraint again later.

In the rest of this subsection
we discuss some typical features of spectrum determined
by the K\"ahler metrics and holomorphic Yukawa couplings.
As we have mentioned
it is known that a consistent spectrum is obtained with them,
but changes of RG flows due to nonuniversal gauge kinetic functions
might affect on the spectrum.
Moreover, it is nontrivial that the gaugino masses can be varying
independently of the other soft parameters at the $M_{\rm GUT}$ scale.

RG flows of the Yukawa couplings may be deflected compared with the MSSM,
with the nonuniversal gauge kinetic functions.
Its deflection cannot be drastic because
the running of the gauge couplings are hardly changed as will show later.
A semi-realistic spectrum of the quarks and leptons
obtained in Ref.~\cite{Abe:2012fj} can also be realized in our model.

SUSY spectra of this model are given in the moduli mediation or a combination
with the anomaly mediation which is called
mirage mediation scenarios\cite{Choi:2005uz,Endo:2005uy}.
RG effects on the softparameters will be changed in the case of
nonuniversal gaugino masses.
Although discussions for SUSY spectra in the 10D $U(8)$ model
are unable to apply directly to our model,
it seems that the deviation will never lead to dangerous tachyons and flavor violations,
unless a bizarre boundary condition for squared scalar mass and
A-terms are realized in our model.
In the following, we remark on possibilities to realize such a boundary condition
by the mixed contributions of $S$ and $T_1$.

As we will see, SUSY breaking contributions mediated by the moduli fields $S$ and $T_1$
must be determined to have a certain ratio in order to
obtain desirable nonuniversal gaugino masses.
In accordance with Ref.~\cite{Abe:2014soa}, dilaton superfield $S$ properly
contributes to all the softparameters, and
the CMSSM like-spectrum is realized by the sole contribution of $S$.
On the contrast,
K\"ahler moduli field $T_1$ induces
negative contributions to some of squared softmasses,
and this cannot dominate SUSY breaking contributions in order to forbid the presence of
tachyonic modes.
Fortunately, the favored ratio of gaugino masses ($M_2>M_3$)
and gauge kinetic functions~(\ref{eq:gaugekine23})
imply that
the contribution of dilaton $S$ is much larger than that of K\"ahler moduli $T_1$.

Even when the $T_1$ contribution is subdominant,
it might lead to unfamiliar boundary conditions of
the soft parameters (other than the gaugino masses) at a compactification scale,
which has a possibility to spoil the great advantage
of non-universal gaugino masses shown in Sec.~2.
Although we can estimate the exact spectrum,
it is not necessary because
it is easy to remove $T_1$ SUSY breaking contributions to
all the squared scalar masses and A-terms
while the moduli still generates the gaugino masses.
There are three K\"ahler moduli fields, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ in our model,
and we consider SUSY breaking contributions mediated by them.
When  they are equal to each other, that is,
\begin{equation*}
\frac{F^{T_1}}{t_1+\bar t_1} = \frac{F^{T_2}}{t_2+\bar t_2} =
\frac{F^{T_3}}{t_3+\bar t_3},
\end{equation*}
where $F^{T_i}$ and $t_i$ are the VEVs of the auxiliary field
and the lowest component of moduli superfield $T_i$,
their contributions are completely canceled\cite{Abe:2014soa}.
The modulus $T_1$ generates the gaugino masses,
while its SUSY breaking contribution is canceled out by
the other contributions of $T_2$ and $T_3$ in the soft scalar masses and the A-terms.
Thus, we can control nonuniversal gaugino masses independently of
the boundary conditions of the other soft parameters.

\subsection{Gauge coupling unification and gaugino masses}
This section analyzes the nonuniversal gauge kinetic functions.
In studies of nonuniversal gaugino masses
\cite{Abe:2007kf,Abe:2012xm,Antusch:2012gv},
the gauge coupling constants are set to be unified as is in the MSSM.
The exact gauge coupling unification is not essentially important but
drastic changes of the gauge couplings may not relax the fine-tunning of
the $\mu$-parameter.
At least, without the gauge coupling unification,
the specific ratios of the gaugino masses (\ref{eq:ratio1})
would not be reliable.
To discuss the gauge coupling unification,
we define the compactification scale in this model by the mass scale of the lightest KK mode as,
\begin{equation*}
M_C = 1/\sqrt {\mathcal A^{(1)}}.
\end{equation*}
The magnetic fluxes and the Wilson lines have the mass scale as high as $M_C$.
Thus, the gauge groups are broken down at this scale.

The easiest way to realize the gauge coupling unification in our model is that
two types of 4D effective gauge coupling constants, $\tilde g_6$ and $\tilde g_{10}$,
are chosen to a unified value which
the MSSM predicts at the $M_{\rm GUT}$ scale, $4\pi/g_a^2\sim24$,
and the SUSY breaking and the compactification scales are set to be $10^3$ GeV and
$M_{\rm GUT}$, respectively. (Note that, the SUSY breaking scale here is defined as
a typical scale at which the SUSY particles are decoupled from the SM particles.)

In the D-brane picture of type IIB string theory,
more constraints will be imposed on these scales and
gauge coupling constants. We are studying the SYM theories but
it is worth verifying the consistency.
In the framework of type IIB string theory, the 4D Planck mass scale and
the 4D effective gauge coupling of Dp-branes are given by (Note that $g_5$ and
$g_9$ given in this expression are equivalent to
the 4D effective couplings of 6D and 10D SYM theories,
$\tilde g_6$ and $\tilde g_{10}$, respectively.)
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\rm pl} &=&\frac{2e^{-2\phi}}{(2\pi)^7{\alpha'}^4}V,\label{eq:mplanck}\\
\frac1{g_p^2} &=& \frac{e^{-\phi}}{(2\pi)^{p-2}{\alpha'}^{(p-3)/2}}V_{p-3},
\label{eq:gauge}
\end{eqnarray}
where $e^\phi=g_{\rm st}$ and $\alpha'=1/M^2_{\rm st}$, and
$g_{\rm st}$ and $M_{\rm st}$ represent a string coupling and a string scale, respectively.
$V$ is the volume of 6D extra compact space, and
$V_{p-3}$ denotes the volume of cycles which the Dp-branes wrap.
In these expressions,
when we set the two gauge couplings as $4\pi^2/g^2_5=4\pi^2/g^2_9=24$,
taking the realistic value of 4D Planck mass and the SUSY condition
$\mathcal A^{(1)}/\mathcal A^{(2)}=\mathcal A^{(1)}/\mathcal A^{(3)}=3$ into account,
we find
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\rm st} &\sim& 4.31\times 10^{18} {\rm GeV},\label{eq:mst} \\
M_C &\sim& 3.96\times 10^{17} {\rm GeV}. \label{eq:mcc}
\end{eqnarray}
The compactification scale is slightly deviated from the $M_{\rm GUT}$ scale.
The gauge couplings evolve to the compactification scale $M_C$
through the $M_{\rm GUT}$ scale within the MSSM RG equations.
Although this means that the gauge coupling unification might be missed,
the exact form of gauge coupling unification is not required and
it is sufficient to at least assert that the favored ratios of gaugino masses (\ref{eq:ratio1})
are also reliable in our model.
Another estimation of these scales given in the Appendix supports this discussion.

We calculate the gaugino masses at the compactification scale.
In the framework of supergravity,
the gaugino masses are easily calculated by using a formula
with the specific forms of
gauge kinetic functions (\ref{eq:gaugekine23}) and (\ref{eq:gaugekine1})
as follows,
\begin{equation*}
M_a=F^m\partial_m\ln\left(\re f_a\right) + \frac{b_ag_a^2}{16\pi^2}\frac{F^C}{C_0}.
\end{equation*}
In the assumption of the gauge coupling unification like the MSSM,
the gauge couplings $g_a$ and coefficients $b_a$ are given as
$4\pi/g_a^2 = 24$ and $(b_1,\,b_2,\,b_3) = (33/5,\,1,\,-3)$,
and we find
\begin{eqnarray*}
M_3 &=&\frac{F^{T_1}}{t_1+\bar t_1} +\frac{-1}{32\pi}\frac{F^C}{C_0},\\
M_2 &=&\frac{F^{S}}{s+\bar s} +\frac{1}{96\pi}\frac{F^C}{C_0}\\
M_1 &=&(2x^2-\frac43x+\frac49)\frac{F^{T_1}}{t_1+\bar t_1} +(3x^2-\frac43x+\frac7{12})
\frac{F^{S}}{s+\bar s}
+\frac{11}{160\pi}\frac{F^C}{C_0},
\end{eqnarray*}
where $s$ and $ t_1$ represents the VEVs of
the lowest component fields of the moduli superfields $S$ and $T_1$,
and $F^{S}$ and $F^{T_1}$ are the VEVs of their auxiliary fields.
$C_0$ and $F^C$ are VEVs of the lowest component field and an auxiliary filed of
a chiral compensator superfield of the supergravity.
The following reparametrization simplifies the above expressions of
gaugino masses,
\begin{equation*}
M_{\rm SUSY} \equiv\frac{F^{T_1}}{t_1+\bar t_1} , \qquad
R^S \equiv \frac1{M_{\rm SUSY}}\frac{F^{S}}{s+\bar s}, \qquad
R^C \equiv \frac1{4\pi^2}\frac1{M_{\rm SUSY}}\frac{F^{C}}{C_0}.
\end{equation*}
The gaugino masses are then expressed by
\begin{eqnarray*}
M_3 &=&M_{\rm SUSY}\left(1-\frac{\pi}{8}R^C\right),\\
M_2 &=&M_{\rm SUSY}\left(R^S+\frac{\pi}{24}R^C\right),\\
M_1 &=&M_{\rm SUSY}\left( (2x^2-\frac43x+\frac49)
+(3x^2-\frac43x+\frac7{12})R^S+\frac{11\pi}{40}R^C\right).
\end{eqnarray*}
Their ratios which is of our interest are independent of $M_{\rm SUSY}$.
It should be determined to be of $\mathcal O(1\,{\rm TeV})$ being consistent
with experimental results.

We determine the value of parameter $x$ in the assumption of
gauge coupling unification as follows.
The gauge coupling unification $\langle\re f_a\rangle=6/\pi$ is
realized by $\langle \re S\rangle=\langle \re T_1\rangle=6/\pi$
in (\ref{eq:gaugekine23}) and (\ref{eq:gaugekine1}),
so we assume that these moduli fields are stabilized satisfying this relation
by a stabilization mechanism somehow.
In this assumption, we find the following condition on the parameter $x$
\begin{equation}
(2x^2-\frac43x+\frac49)+(3x^2-\frac43x+\frac7{12})=1,\label{eq:normal}
\end{equation}
which is equivalent to $x=(8\pm\sqrt{59})/30$.
Note that, the value of $x$ should be a rational number
for the coefficient of $U(1)_Y$ gauge kinetic functions ($2x^2-\frac43x+\frac49$ and
$3x^2-\frac43x+\frac7{12}$ ) to be rational numbers,
otherwise the discrete axionic shift symmetries of
the moduli fields cannot be explained.
However, any rational number cannot satisfy the unification condition (\ref{eq:normal}) exactly.
This means the complete gauge unification requires slight corrections
to the culculations of the gauge couplings, which can originate from
$\alpha'$-corrections, KK-modes and so on.
We have another alternative; the complete unification is not necessary to
enjoy the benefit of nonuniversal gaugino masses, but also in this case,
the three gauge couplings are almost unified within low-scale SUSY breaking scenarios.
Therefore, the irrational number $x=(8\pm\sqrt{59})/30$ must be
pretty close to a rational number
which is ideal for theoretical consistency.
In the following, we adopt $x=(8+\sqrt{59})/30$ even though it cannot be accepted
since it is sufficient for our purpose to demonstrate
the nonuniversarity of gaugino masses.

We estimate the ratios $M_1/M_3$ and $M_1/M_3$ on $(R_S, R_C)$-plane
as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:massratio}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{hoge1.eps}
\caption{The seven transversal lines represent the ratio of the wino mass
to the gluino mass, corresponding to $M_2/M_3 = 1,2,\ldots, 7$ from the bottom line.
The red solid line, which is one of the seven contours, corresponds to
$M_2/M_3=5.0$.
The colored shades show the other ratios, $M_1/M_3$.
We obtain the ratio $0\le M_1/M_3\le 3$ in the purple region,
and $3\le M_1/M_3\le 6$, $6\le M_1/M_3\le 9$, $9\le M_1/M_3\le 12$
and $12\le M_1/M_3\le 15$
are obtained in the red, green, yellow and cyan regions, respectively.  }
\label{fig:massratio}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
In this figure, the mass ratio of the wino and gluino masses are represented by
six black dashed lines and a red solid line.
These seven contours correspond to $M_2/M_3=1.0,2.0,\ldots,7.0$ from the bottom,
and the red solid line indicates the most favored one $M_2/M_3=5.0$.
Five colored regions of this plane represent the mass ratio of the bino and the gluino.
Each of the purple, red, green, yellow and cyan regions
corresponds to $0\le M_1/M_3\le 3.0$, $3.0\le M_1/M_3\le 6.0$,
$6.0\le M_1/M_3\le 9.0$, $9.0\le M_1/M_3\le 12.0$ and $12\le M_1/M_3\le 15$, respectively.

Compared with to the favored mass ratios (\ref{eq:ratio1}),
the bound $M_1/M_3\ge-3$ is always satisfied in all the parameter space,
and the other $3.0\le M_2/M_3 \le 5.5$ is also realized in the wide region of the parameter space.
In particular, the very natural region $5.2\le M_2/M_3 \le 5.5$ can be available.
We see that the mechanism to relax the fine-tunning
by the nonuniversal gaugino masses will work correctly in our model.

\section{Conclusions and Discussions}
We have constructed a model of nonuniversal gaugino masses
on the basis of a mixture of 6D $U(4)$ SYM theory and
10D $U(4)$ SYM theory compactified on three 2D-tori with magnetic fluxes,
motivated by stable D-brane systems.
In higher-dimensional SYM systems,
the toroidal compactifications with magnetic fluxes are able to generate
the flavor structure of the SM, and SUSY preserving configurations of magnetic fluxes
lead to MSSM-like models.
In such models derived from single SYM theories,
the gauge kinetic functions of the three SM gauge fields
are given by a single modulus universally\footnote{
This is valid in SYM theories, but is nontrivial in string models, such as,
D-brane models.
Corrected gauge kinetic functions might be able to be calculated
with DBI actions and so on in magnetized toroidal compactifications,
but it is beyond the scope of this paper. },
and their couplings have the exactly same form.
The gaugino masses must then degenerate at a certain high-energy scale.
However, in 4D effective actions derived from two SYM theories defined in
different dimensional spacetime,
the moduli couplings to the SM gauge fields are involved by two moduli fields,
and the three gauge kinetic functions are distinguishable,
which generate the non-universal gaugino masses.

Our model leads to nonuniversal gauge kinetic functions containing
two moduli fields, where we have studied the gauge coupling constants
and the gaugino masses.
Since we have found that the unification of gauge coupling constants
can be roughly realized as is in the MSSM,
 the favored ratios of gaugino masses estimated in the MSSM~\cite{Abe:2012xm} are
also being reliable in our model.
This is supported by another calculation given in the Appendix.
The numerical analysis of gaugino masses has shown that
our model can yield the gaugino masses with the ideal ratios.
Thus, we have proposed a concrete model of nonuniversal gaugino masses
in a top-down approach on the basis of a magnetized toroidal compactification of SYM system,
where the mechanism to enhance the Higgs boson mass and relax the fine-tunning will work.

The conventional parameter space of the MSSM
was certainly well motivated to study primarily.
However, we see that
the conventional parameter space gives
mass spectra mostly accompanied by any of troublesome today
in the light of the latest experimental and observational data,
such as, the fine-tunning of $\mu$-parameter and lack of candidates for the dark matter.
In this situation,
unconventional parameter space of the MSSM has been getting attractive.
Indeed, nonuniversal gaugino mass is one of them
and the attractive prospect has been found.
We should then remark on how to realize such an unconventional spectrum
desirable from the phenomenological point of view,
strictly, how to obtain unconventional boundary conditions for
parameters of the MSSM at a certain high scale.
A possibility to realize such values of parameter in theories for a high-energy physics
should be taken into account more seriously.
Such discussion will lead to restrictions on some of unconventional parameter space,
or conversely, it is expected that
we can infer theories describing a high-energy physics, which we cannot directly reach today,
on the basis of the obtained experimental data.

\subsection*{Acknowledgement}
K.S. was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows
No.~25$\cdot$4968 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
and Technology in Japan.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Aliens Occupy the Earth in Neill Blomkamp's New Short Film, 'Rakka'
Sigourney Weaver leads a band of rebels, and that's just the beginning of the latest from the man behind 'District 9' and 'Chappie'.
by Beckett Mufson
Jun 16 2017, 6:24pm
Humanity is outgunned, outmatched, and enslaved in a gritty new short film from South African South African science fiction wunderkind Neill Blomkamp. Conquering aliens called the Klum are crushing us under their goopy, nanotech-enhanced boot heels in Rakka, and with humanity backed into a corner, the future looks bleak. Psychopaths are the most competent survivalists, suicide bombing is normal, and a scrappy band of rebels led by Sigourney Weaver are our only hope.
The debut short from Blomkamp's recently-announced venture, Oats Studios, is a reversal of themes from the apartheid metaphor District 9. Human beings are the oppressed, representing occupied populations. If the current political climate hasn't soured your taste for dystopia, the 20-minute sequence of vignettes is a great watch.
Blomkamp wants to make more shorts, and he's betting the future of the world he's created on a new production model. "I could have just written Rakka, and went to Hollywood," he told The Verge. "I don't want to do that." Instead he's put the film on Steam, as well as YouTube, where admirers can choose to purchase it if they want. Beyond Kickstarter crowdsourcing, this is closer to the Bandcamp model of offering it for free and hoping people love it enough to want more. "We just have to see if the audience gets behind us in order for us to tell more of these stories," he says.
Watch Rakka, in full, below:
To support Oats Studios, purchase Rakka on Steam here.
The 9 Best Flying Cars in Sci-Fi Movies
[NSFW] 'Saw' Meets 'Slither' Meets 'Species' in This Experimental Short
3D Printed Sci-Fi Sculptures Imagine Our Shiny Insect Future
Rakká
oats studios

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Legend of Karnn is a Role Playing game set in a fantasy world where you, the player, must battle foes and complete quests! Currently in early development we have one programmer and one artist working on the game on the side of University and work. Version updates will be available to download from our download section. Due to the switch from SFML to RPG Maker XP (28th April), the story will come a lot faster than we initially expected! The new engine has a lot of the systems complete, so we get to focus on developing the story and modifying the scripts.


pontoon boat decking gives you so many choices: sizes, materials, covering. above board, many of your precious equipment will attached directly to the pontoon boat . this material is usually a blend of wood and plastic.
coastal environments are brutal on decks and docks, but modern technology manufactured decking has come light years since the gray, one-dimensional boards of the capped composite has the same wood and plastic interior as original heat than other decking options – a great choice for a pool deck or boat dock.
wpc boat deck replalaminate wood , light weight composite plastic boat dock decking. from shanghaiwpc.com · vinyl teak and holly floors for boats ,what is the.
wood has always been used in fiberglass boat construction, in stringers and testing i conducted to learn whether or not azek pvc deck boards would be a viable a flame treatment (reference "gluing plastic with g/flex" in.
pontoon boat decks usually involve basic plywood installed over an aluminum frame. type of deck used on a pontoon boat is a plywood deck with plastic my friend hoped using composite boards for his new pontoon boat.
find your boat decking easily amongst the 64 products from the leading brands (vetus, deck covering, made of rubber, cork and plastic. . applications: gateway cut descent cockpit swimming pool edges plots diving boards campers roof.
i think i might just remove the deck and add a a thin plastic sheet between the i also went with the insulation board for replacement foam.
boat floor with wood plastic composite. wpc deck wpc flooring is a new type of environmentally friendly wood-plastic composite products, updating your deck with new composite decking boards - duration: 2:32.
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choosing a composite or plastic decking for your dock bonded together using adhesives and other additives to form the deck boards. you also don't want to risk dropping your fishing lures or your boat keys on the dock.
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modern, thin teak decks need lots of regular care, and so it's vital to follow but if you look carefully you'll see grooves in the planks where the softer glued surface and that means taking to it with a grinder on a plastic boat.


text:
const path = require('path');
const webpack = require('webpack');
const webpackMerge = require('webpack-merge');
const commonConfig = require('./webpack.common.js');
const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');

const baseDir = 'src';

/**
 * Plugins
 */
const defineEnv = new webpack.DefinePlugin({
  'process.env': {
    'NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify('development')
  },
  __DEV__: true
});

const generateHTML = new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
  template: `./${baseDir}/index.html`,
  inject: true,
});

// TODO: add HMR
//const HMR = new webpack.HotModuleReplacementPlugin(), // enable HMR globally

/**
 * Development Config
 */
module.exports = webpackMerge(commonConfig, {
  devtool: 'cheap-module-eval-source-map',
  output: {
    filename: 'app.js'
  },
  devServer: {
    contentBase: path.join(__dirname, "dist"),
    port: 9000,
    host: "0.0.0.0",
    noInfo: true,
    compress: true,
    historyApiFallback: true
  },
  plugins: [
    defineEnv,
    generateHTML
  ],
  module: {
    rules: [
      {test: /\.(css|scss)$/, use: ['style-loader', 'css-loader', 'sass-loader']}
    ]
  }
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Jericho native Sarah Hotchkiss trained as a violist from the age of 11, played in the Vermont Youth Orchestra and attended the Crane School of Music in Potsdam, N.Y., for her first two years of college. Though she loved playing Beethoven and Bach in string quartets, she felt "ambivalent" about the fit, recalls the now 54-year-old.
So Hotchkiss took up fiddling, a musical tradition she calls "fun and accessible." That's partly because it's passed on aurally — that is, by demonstrating a tune and having students join in until they've learned it, too.
After years of teaching at her private Montpelier studio, Woodbury Strings, Hotchkiss decided to give her students and local fiddlers a chance to experience ensemble playing. In 2003, she founded the Vermont Fiddle Orchestra. The aim was to include players of all abilities and still sound good. Twenty fiddlers showed up for the first rehearsal at Christ Episcopal Church in Montpelier, indicating that Hotchkiss' creation filled a need.
Ten years later, the VFO is sailing right along with 30 to 50 musicians, mostly fiddlers plus a rhythm section of cello, guitar, flute, bass, accordion and mandolin players. The group rehearses weekly and performs three concerts a year — including this Saturday's holiday concert in Montpelier. The orchestra also plays gigs, such as First Night celebrations, from Woodstock to Burlington.
Members are "teachers, farmers, businesspeople, people from all walks of life," says the founder, and she misses them. Hotchkiss stepped down as the VFO's organizing force after its 10th anniversary concert in April. She now lives in Winooski and is working on moving Woodbury Strings to Burlington with her husband and former VFO music arranger, John Mowad.
Hotchkiss' decadal achievement, however, won't survive solely in aural tradition like so many fiddle tunes. Burlington up-and-coming filmmaker Elizabeth Rossano — Hotchkiss' daughter — is currently polishing a documentary she began making three years ago about the fiddle orchestra and its founder. Rossano will premiere No Audition Required: The Vermont Fiddle Orchestra 2003-2013 in Montpelier and Burlington a week after the holiday concert.
It was the VFO's ethic of "access- ibility" that caught the 28-year-old's imagination. Beginning fiddlers, Rossano notes, participate in performances alongside well-known soloists, even if all they can contribute is one note per bar. Eric Silvers, one of three members whose personal stories Rossano tells in the film, joined as one such newbie. The East Montpelier stay-at-home dad took up fiddling so he could play with his daughter, who was learning cello.
Silvers' daughter isn't in the VFO, but the orchestra has a subgroup for children ages 5 to 14 called the Sap Run Fiddlers, who open every concert.
"Thinking that if you're not going to be a shining star, then there's no point? There's a lot of point," the filmmaker emphasizes. Among other things, the orchestra provides a sense of achievement and a social support network.
Rossano has an eye for deeply committed artists who are unconcerned with the "shining star" judgment — people such as Burlington potter Dan Siegel, the subject of a short she made and uploaded to YouTube. Just last month, Rossano and fellow filmmaker Ashley DeLucco won the 2013 Vermont International Film Festival's James Goldstone Award, which honors emerging local directors. Their short, "Toby MacNutt: Body of Work," features a dancer who is otherwise wheelchair-bound.
Rossano majored in film and TV studies at the University of Vermont and cut her filming teeth making Bite Club videos for Seven Days. She is now channel coordinator at Vermont Community Access Media, one of Burlington's three community-access television stations — a job that is itself about accessibility. Rossano credits free access to the station's equipment with making her documentary possible, but she adds that anyone can use those tools, employee or not.
"No Audition Required: The Vermont Fiddle Orchestra 2003-2013", directed by Elizabeth Rossano, premieres Saturday, December 14, at 10:30 a.m. at the Savoy Theater in Montpelier, with a screening the same day at 7 p.m. at VCAM, 208 Flynn Avenue in Burlington.


9/09/2016 · You don't need Windows 10, and all apps can run great on windows 7. Nothing new in Windows 8 or 10 is useful. Not anything. I think it would be best if someone would fork Windows 7 on Github. Nothing new in Windows 8 or 10 is useful. how to get rid of genital lice Are there any ways to download paid apps on windows store free and legally This thread is locked. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread.
9/09/2016 · You don't need Windows 10, and all apps can run great on windows 7. Nothing new in Windows 8 or 10 is useful. Not anything. I think it would be best if someone would fork Windows 7 on Github. Nothing new in Windows 8 or 10 is useful.
A Nokia engineer who has previously pointed out security holes in Microsoft's Windows 8 has now posted a detailed step-by-step explanation of how to hack Windows 8 games.


This entry was posted in Motivational Stories and tagged bag, bargain, daughter, debt, dishonesty, lateral, logical, merchant, money lender, pebble, smart thinking, story, think outside the box, thinking on May 9, 2015 by leadingpersonality.
Do you know yourself? What type of personality do you have? Discover here MBTI and Jung's developed psychological typologies.
People are different yet similar. Each individual is unique in its own way and it can be easily put in a group, the selection would be made based on the criteria that defines its personality.


Expect rain today to total 1 to 2 inches in low elevations, and 2 to 4 inches in higher elevations, he said.
But on Wednesday, the third, and strongest, of the storms is expected to cross the Central Coast, Lindsey said.
On top of heavy rain, that system could generate winds of 39 to 54 mph, with gusts nearly 65 mph, he said.
Expect another 2 to 3 inches of rain in the lower elevations, and as much as 3 to 6 inches of rain in higher areas, Lindsey said.
He also warned that with the ground becoming saturated, localized flooding may develop.
A coastal-flood watch and high-surf advisory was expected to remain in effect today, according to the National Weather Service.
At San Simeon, Hearst Castle closed for public tours because high wind gusts of 50 to 60 mph ripped a few roofing tiles off the landmark's main building — La Casa Grande.
Eller said they expect to reopen the Castle today.
About 11:30 a.m. on the Nipomo Mesa, a eucalyptus tree estimated between 36 and 48 inches in diameter was reported to have fallen onto Callender Road, taking power lines down with it.
Along Highway 41 between Morro Bay and Atascadero near Toro Creek Road, a number of trees caught fire about noon after one of them fell onto power lines. That stretch was shut down until about 4:45 p.m., according to the CHP.
And on Highway 101 just south of Highway 58, a car overturned just before 11 a.m., but its driver was not injured, according to the CHP.
Caltrans spokesman Colin Jones said that as of Monday night, all state roads along the Central Coast except for a part of Highway 166 in Santa Maria — between Bonita School Road and Simas Road — were open again.
On Sunday, a section of Highway 1 through Oceano — an area prone to perennial flooding — was closed because of rising waters.
Lindsey said that dry weather is expected Saturday and Sunday, then more rain is expected to arrive on Monday.
Tribune staff writers Kathe Tanner and Nick Wilson contributed to this report.


text:
Jay Rock Drops Triumphant New Single, "Win"
blame it on Meka May 16, 2018
With their The Championship Tour off and running, TDE is primed for a summer takeover. Notching a fan favorite (and his first Billboard-charting) single with "King's Dead," Jay Rock — now with his own major label deal, on Interscope Records — returns with a new single in "Win."
Produced by Boi-1da and Vinylz (and ad-libs from Kendrick Lamar), the track is a triumphant return for the venerable emcee, who plans to release his long-in-the-works follow-up to his second studio album 90059 which arrived in 2015.
Nod your head to it below.
Jay Rock Drops Triumphant New Single, "Win" was last modified: May 16th, 2018 by Meka
Tags:2dope, jay rock
Kevin Gates Drops Surprise EP, 'Chained To The City'
Tyga – "Taste" f. Offset (Video)
Dizzy Wright & Marlon Craft Reconnect on "Devil in Disguise" Single
Don't let your inner demons take over.


I have trouble with time. Not in the late for an appointment sense, but in the organizational aspect of it. Personally, I would rather eat when hungry, go to bed when tired and wake up when I wake up. I have a problem with holidays and birthdays. When asked how old I am I first have to ask what year it is, then figure it out from there. A very close friend and I have a pact that she not remember my birthday, I am do not remember hers. We get along splendidly!
I tried to organize my time by purchasing a nice full size appointment book. The problem is that it has pages. Weeks are hidden within its depths and they are out of sight/out of mind. I often panic thinking I must have forgotten something that is coming up and dash through the pages only to find what I was thinking of is coming up in a few days or a few months a way. Who knew? It eludes me.
I have come up with what I feel is a great idea. Even better than the appointment book. I printed off calendar pages to December 2014. I am going to lay them out on a cork board so I can see them all at the same time. Then I will be able to see time as a whole entity, not as scraps tossed about in my fleeting thoughts or a black book.
Time for a blog entry. I have thought about it many times but my creative writing energy has fallen flat. Not one idea. Not sure what that is all about but I will give it another try today. I am attaching an image of a painting I began at the Milner gardens "Art and Photography in the Garden" event last weekend. It was a fun time but a whole lot of work. I had a case of the "post show blues", even though it was just a small event. I ended up spending monday milling about with my curtains closed and just taking time out for myself. It helped. I am now working on a handful of paintings and some that had proven difficult are being resolved. I wish it was easier sometimes, but them I would probably be bored having no challenges.
I have purchased a newer vehicle which makes me happier. Now I can fit paintings in the back. I had a Mazda protege hatchback which I loved but it was just too small. I have got myself a 2006 Mazda 5. I have been looking at them for quite sometime. It is what they call a "micro mini van". Much more artist friendly without the bulk of a regular sized van. Now I can fit both my granddaughter and paintings at the same time.
So as you can see...my writing is still flat. So I had better paint. My mood is better suited for painting at this time.


text:
Home » Mobile-Gadgets News » Phone Specs. » Sony Xperia XZ Space & Pictures
Unknown 12:51 AM Mobile-Gadgets News, Phone Specs. Edit
Sony Xperia XZ Space & Pictures
Sony Xperia XZ Space & Pictures - welcome to our blog Techno Live, now we will discuss information about the Sony Xperia XZ Space & Pictures, our admins on this blog has been around to collect information you are looking for so that we usakan to display complete information for you, and in this blog, you can also search for other information, ok please continue reading may be easily understood:
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Article Mobile-Gadgets News, Article Phone Specs.,
The Sony Xperia XZ is the best of Sony in a mobile phone: the new flagship comes with a bang in the form of an evolved design, the familiar water-proofing capabilities, improved camera and a focus on preserving battery health in the long run.
We've just gotten the Xperia XZ in our office to undergo the rigorous testing needed for the full review, but just before that, we've decided to unbox the phone itself and share some of initial hands-on impressions.
The first thing that's striking about the XZ is its design: while it still looks like a sharp rectangle, its sides are now curved in what Sony calls a new 'loop' design, so it's definitely more pleasant to hold. At the same time, the XZ remains fairly chubby for its 5.2" size, as it tips the scales at 161 grams and measures 8.1mm thick (it also feels a bit on the thick side because of the flat back that does not have any curvature).
New and shiny, the Xperia XZ features a new 23MP camera
Under the hood, the Sony Xperia XZ features the top-shelf Snapdragon 820 system chip, as most flagships in 2016. There's 3GB of RAM on board as well, and the base version of the handset has 32GB of internal storage that is expandable via microSD cards.
Finally, the big change happens in the camera department, where Sony uses a custom 23-megapixel sensor with 5-axis software stabilization that seems to produce extremely smooth videos and there's also laser auto-focus that speeds up focusing.
Here's what's included in the box with the Sony Xperia XZ:
5V, 1.5A (7.5-watt) wall charger
USB-C cable
Stay tuned for our full, in-depth review of the Sony Xperia XZ coming soon.
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No've You've finished reading an article on Sony Xperia XZ Space & Pictures and many articles about modern home in our blog this, please read it. and url link of this article is https://liveeconcerts.blogspot.com/2016/09/sony-xperia-xz-space-pictures.html Hopefully discussion articles on provide more knowledge about the world of tech gadgets.
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text:
Title The Texas Company (Texaco), W.L. Holmes, February 17, 1905 to April 1905
Reference 2006-009 box 1, folder 4
Collection Joseph S. Cullinan Papers
Library University of Houston Libraries
Date 17 Feb 1903 - 1 Jun 1903
Author(s) Cullinan, Joseph S
Description Joseph Stephen Cullinan founded the Texas Company (later Texaco) and was a key figure in the commercial and cultural history of Houston in the early 20th century. These papers include much on Port Arthur and New Orleans. Correspondence includes information on staffing and oil wells in Corsicana.
Document Type Company Records, Correspondence
Primary Commodity Oil
Theme Cultivation; Production; Trade and Commerce; Transportation
Keywords petroleum, fuel, gasoline, gas, asphalt, minerals, shipping, exportation, drilling, hydrocarbon exploration, mining, oil well, costs and prices, pipe, stocks and shares, commerce
Region North America
Places USA, Texas, New York
Company or Organisation Texaco; Petroleum Iron Works Company
Additional Information Please note that while all efforts have been made to capture the content in as much detail as possible, the text on a number of the original pages is very faint. Pages 190 and 192 are missing from the original document.
Copyright University of Houston Libraries


text:
OWAS
Ghana Entertainment News
International Front
WestAfrica24.com
Home General News Ghanaian Journalists in China for a three week seminar on media.
Ghanaian Journalists in China for a three week seminar on media.
A. A. Peter
A seminar for media and documentary filmmaking professionals from 15 developing countries is underway at the Research and Training Institute (RTI) of National Radio and TV Administration (NRTA) in Beijing, China.
The three-week seminar is aimed at sharpening the skills of a total of 41 professionals and also to introduce them to new techniques in media management and documentary filmmaking production.
In a move to enhancing the skills of media professionals and documentary filmmakers and to further strengthen the international collaboration between China and developing countries, the government of the People's Republic of China, through its Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is sponsoring the training which is expected to end later in August.
Read This: I started having $€× when I was in class four - Actress reveals.
Among the topics being taught include the China TV series making, how to tell a better story in the multimedia era, translation of Chinese film and culture, and creative industries in China.
The participants are also expected to share their experiences and also learn new trends in the radio and television industry.
Opening the seminar, the Vice President of the Research and Training Institute of NRTA, Liu Ying, expressed that she would be happy to collaborate with Ghana and other African countries in the development of their media and documentary filmmaking industries.
Read This: Two children confirmed dead as 23 more injured in gas explosion in Nigeria.
Ghana's representatives at this year's seminar includes Class Media Group's McAnthony Dagyenga, Peace fm/peacefmonline's Jane Sally Ngissah, GBCNEWS' Correspondent, Michael Dewornu, and Atinka Media Village's Isaac Nuamah Yeboah.
Currently, China has a total of 2,218 television and radio stations including 147 radio and 157 television networks across the world which are all state owned.
They also have 42 educational stations dedicated for only educational programmes for both adult and school children across the country.
The large television and radio presence in China has made the country the largest producer of radio and TV content with enormous quality and productivity.
Read This: Vote For Unifying Candidate---SIDII Told Madina NDC
China is one of the economic power house in the world because it has made the spread of information easy and accessible with every province and district having its own radio and television network to disseminate government policies to the local people.
It also spread its culture and lifestyle to the outside world through famous movies and documentaries and looks forward to increasing the number of such products by enhancing collaboration with other developing countries, including Ghana.
Docuchina is among one of the many Chinese documentary filmmaking exploring China and producing documentaries that is projecting their culture, new technologies and local governance.
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General News January 16, 2020
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Prof. B. Volker has been appointed professor of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam's (UvA) Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences.
Beate Volker conducts research into social networks within different settings such as neighbourhoods or labour organisations. Her interest in social networks is driven by the sociological notion that individual preferences only partially explain the development of relationships, the composition of networks and of certain network structures. The social composition of a setting, the (spatial) design and the rules that apply are all equally important for the question of exactly who forms a member of whose network. In the past, Volker has investigated the emergence of networks and neighbourhood communities as well as the relationship patterns with neighbours and friends. She has also explored how networks are connected to crime, health, job satisfaction, finding employment and acquiring a home. Together with colleagues from Utrecht University's (UU) department of Geography and Sociology, Volker developed a longitudinal research project into the social networks of residents and entrepreneurs in neighbourhoods, which has been ongoing for the past 15 years.
In future, Volker will study the changes that took place in networks and neighbourhoods between 1999 and 2014. Some of the important research questions she will focus on include: how much social cohesion is desirable and how much 'carrying capacity' do social settings need to function properly? In addition, she will explore whether differences in networks and social boundaries are related to inequality in social capital, how such differences arise, and how these impact on an individual level.
Volker obtained her doctorate in 1995 from Utrecht University's department of Sociology with a research project into the network changes that take place as a result of change within a political system, such as the transformation in the former German Democratic Republic (DDR). After completing her doctorate, she worked as a postdoctoral researcher, a fellow at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), as an associate professor, and as a full professor since 2007. Up until 2012, her chair was financed by the Van der Gaag Fund/KNAW with the aim of studying the sociological components of prosocial behaviour. Volker, who has held the chair in 'Sociology of Social Capital' since 2012, has been the recipient of various research grants, including a Veni and Vidi grant from the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO) and a KNAW fellowship. Volker is a member of the European Academy of Sociology and sits on the editorial board of the academic journal Social Networks.


text:
Cities With The Most Adults Living Alone
By Ana Gonzalez-Ribeiro, MBA, AFC®
As the coronavirus pandemic continues, millions of Americans are hunkering down at home. Working from the kitchen table, homeschooling, and attending virtual happy hours have become the new normal.
But for the 34 million adults who live alone in the U.S., the pandemic and economic downturn bring a unique set of challenges, both financial and psychological. Shelter-in-place and social distancing orders can amplify loneliness for people who live by themselves. At the same time, those suffering job losses and other financial hardships can't rely on a significant other or roommate to help cover essential costs.
Data from the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey (CPS) shows that the share of adults who live alone has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. In 2019, 14.6 percent of adults lived by themselves.* The rise of single-person households is due to a variety of factors, according to reserach publication Our World in Data, including rising incomes, migration from rural areas to cities, and increased female labor force participation.
Nationally, nearly 15 percent of people live alone. However, the share of people who live alone varies considerably across different locations and among different demographic groups, making certain populations more at risk of financial distress and feelings of social isolation during the pandemic.
Americans over 75 are the most likely age group to live alone, largely as a result of spouses or domestic partners passing away. People aged 18 to 24, on the other hand, have the lowest rates of living alone, given that many individuals in this younger age group either still live with their parents or live with roommates to save money.
With regard to gender, men aged 25 to 64 are more likely than women to live by themselves, but this trend reverses for individuals over age 65. Differences in age at first marriage, likeliness to remarry, and life expectancy explain much of the divergent trends in living patterns for men and women.
Patterns of adults living alone also vary significantly by location. At the state level, North Dakota has the largest share of adults who live by themselves at 18.2 percent, while Utah has the smallest share at just 8.9 percent. Ohio, Maine, and Vermont also have high rates of people living alone, all at nearly 17 percent. Hawaii and California, states with high living costs, join Utah in having much lower shares of adults who live alone, at 10.4 and 10.5 percent, respectively.
To determine the cities with the most adults living at home, researchers at Self Financial analyzed the latest data from the U.S. Census Bureau. The researchers ranked cities according to the share of adults 18 years and over who live alone. Researchers also looked at the percentage of households with one resident, the total number of adults living alone, median personal income, and median monthly housing costs.
To improve relevance, only cities with at least 100,000 people were included in the analysis. Additionally, cities were grouped into the following cohorts based on population size:
Small cities: 100,000-150,000
Midsize cities: 150,000-350,000
Large cities: more than 350,000
Here are the cities with the highest percentage of adults living alone.
The 15 Large Cities With the Most Adults Who Live Alone
Columbus Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
Percentage of adults who live alone: 19.3%
Percentage of households with one resident: 35.5%
Total number of adults living alone: 130,034
Median personal income: $32,262
Median monthly housing costs: $989
Philadelphia Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
14. Philadelphia, PA
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Milwaukee Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
13. Milwaukee, WI
Total number of adults living alone: 83,107
Indianapolis Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
12. Indianapolis, IN
Kansas City Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
11. Kansas City, MO
RELATED: If you're new to credit or want to improve your credit score, using a credit builder loan could be a great option.
Memphis Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
10. Memphis, TN
Minneapolis Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
9. Minneapolis, MN
Median monthly housing costs: $1,216
Baltimore Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
8. Baltimore, MD
Seattle Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
7. Seattle, WA
Denver Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
6. Denver, CO
Detroit Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
5. Detroit, MI
RELATED: If you haven't been able to get access to a credit card and you want to work on your credit, a secured credit card is one option to consider.
Washington DC area Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
4. Washington, DC
New Orleans Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
3. New Orleans, LA
Atlanta Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
2. Atlanta, GA
Cleveland Photo Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
1. Cleveland, OH
Methodology & Detailed Results
The cities where the most adults live alone are a disparate group, but many of them have large populations of young, single people without children. Many residents of these cities are at a particular risk of experiencing psychological and financial challenges during the pandemic due to their living arrangements. P
eople fortunate enough to have cash savings, good credit, and retirement funds will be more able to weather this storm—something that is especially true for people who live alone and lack the financial support of another potential earner.
The current healthcare and economic crisis underscores the importance of policies and practices that help develop financial resilience for American citizens.
To determine the cities with the most adults who live alone, researchers at Self Financial analyzed the latest data from the U.S. Census Bureau's 2018 American Community Survey (ACS). Using ACS data, the researchers ranked cities according to the share of adults 18 years and over who live alone. In the event of a tie, the city with the larger number of adults who live alone was ranked higher. Researchers also calculated the percentage of households with one resident, median personal income, and median monthly housing costs. Median personal income is defined as the median earnings for workers.
*There is a small discrepancy between the two Census Bureau surveys referenced in this analysis. The Current Population Survey (CPS) reports that the percentage of adults who lived alone was 14.6 percent in 2019 and 14.3 percent in 2018. The latest data from the American Community Survey (ACS), on the other hand, reports that the percentage of adults who lived alone was 13.8 percent in 2018. Because all metropolitan- and state-level data referenced in this analysis is from the 2018 ACS, the ACS estimate (13.8 percent) should be used as the basis for comparison.
Jeff Smith is the VP of Marketing at Self.
Written on May 4, 2020
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End Frame: Crossed Aspens and Sapling, near Ashcroft, Colorado By John Sexton
Ed Hannam chooses one of his favourite images
Natural Landscape Photography Awards
A look at how the first year went
A Year of Photographs
12 Selections from 2021
For the Sake of the Image
Richard Rawlings
Has the craft of photography lessened over the years?
Margaret McCarthy
Photo Tanka Meditations
Johan Stadling
Greg Piazza
Desolation & sorrow
By Johan Stadling & Michéla Griffith | November 4, 2021
Johan Stadling is a landscape photographer from southern Sweden who developed an early love of nature.
He feels deep reverence and harmony when in nature and is passionate about the less complex landscape where colour and shape combine. He tries to capture nature's complex brushstrokes and puzzles in the four corners of the picture.
johanstadling.com
Michéla Griffith
My images combine an early love of drawing and painting with a long-standing passion for photographing the landscape. An important part of my portfolio continues to be about the interaction between water and light in, but I'm also experimenting with movement on land and even my own progress on foot through the landscape. Facebook Flickr
michelagriffith.com
Johan describes nature as a way of life for him, and it's clear that he is happiest in her company.
The images we've chosen for our interview draw very much on his predilection for pattern; even the birds sit within complexities of shape and form. While our emphasis here is on landscape, no such lines are drawn on Johan's website and I don't think he sees a boundary between wildlife and landscape photography; it's all nature and if that brings joy to his heart, that's good enough reason.
Would you like to start by telling readers a little about yourself – where you grew up, your education and early interests, and what that led you to do?
I grew up in Sundsvall, a town along the coast in the northern part of Sweden.
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Online Only - Berghaus combine their expertise of the outdoors with the modern tailoring of today's fashion industry to create a label that everybody wants. They received royal recognition in 2006 with the Queens award for innovation of outdoor products and they continue their momentum with this Arran Jacket which arrives in a volcano red colourway made from fully waterproof and windproof Hydroshell fabric. Details: waterproof, windproof, breathable, inner pocket, lightweight design, adjustable hood to protect from the elements, full zip fastening, velcro storm flap overlay, two side zip pockets, adjustable waist, velcro cuffs and to finish there is the classic Berghaus branding printed to the chest. Our model is 6'0" with a 39" chest and wears a large.


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Celebrities Fashion Jenny Cho: Top 10 Must-Know Facts About Makeup Artist
Jenny Cho: Top 10 Must-Know Facts About Makeup Artist
Jenny Cho (Makeup Artist) was born on the 15th of November, 1974. She was born in 1970s, in Generation X. Her birth sign is Scorpio and her life path number is 11. Jenny's birth flower is Chrysanthemum and birthstone is Topaz and Citrine. What does this all mean? Let's find out!
Discover all the facts that no one tells you about Jenny Cho below ↓
NAME: Jenny Cho
REAL NAME: Jenny Cho
NICKNAME: Jenny
PROFESSION: Makeup Artist
BIRTHPLACE: Seoul, South Korea
NATIONALITY: South Korean
Jenny Cho, best known for being a Makeup Artist, was born in Seoul, South Korea on Friday, November 15, 1974. Makeup artist and hairdresser whose work has been featured in Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Vanity Fair, and Allure. She has done hair for celebrities like Emilia Clarke. She has more than 40,000 followers on her jennychohair Instagram account.
Family: She posted a photo of her son to Instagram in November 2017. Jenny Cho father's name is under review and mother unknown at this time. We will continue to update details on Jenny Cho's family.
Dating: According to CelebsCouples, Jenny Cho is single .
Net Worth: Online estimates of Jenny Cho's net worth vary. It's easy to predict her income, but it's much harder to know how much she has spent over the years. CelebsMoney and NetWorthStatus does a good job of breaking most of it down.
2. Jenny Cho's zodiac sign is Scorpio
Jenny Cho zodiac sign is a Scorpio. Dates of Scorpio are October 23 - November 21. Unfortunately, those born under the Scorpio zodiac sign are often misunderstood. They are quite bold, with intense personalities and feelings that hide underneath their cool exterior. They are capable people that can complete great and massive projects with control and confidence. They are passionate, driven, perceptive, emotional, sacrificing, determined. Although, they can be vindictive, paranoid, destructive, possessive, jealous, and clingy.
BORN IN THE YEAR OF THE: Tiger
RULING PLANET: Pluto
The South Korean makeup artist has been alive for 17,607 days or 422,588 hours. There were precisely 597 full moons after her birth to this day.
BORN ON: Friday
GENERATION: Generation X
Jenny Cho was born on a Friday. Friday is ruled by Venus, the planet of love, balance, beauty, romance, elegance, and pleasure. People born on Friday are social animals, artistic, and obsessed with beauty and love.
Countdown to Jenny Cho's next birthday.
Jenny Cho will be turning 49.
4. On Jenny Cho's birthday
The world's population was 4,003,448,151 and there were an estimated year babies born throughout the world in 1974, Gerald Ford (Republican) was the president of the United States, and the number one song on Billboard 100 was "Whatever Gets You Thru The Night" by John Lennon.
5. Jenny Cho's height and weight
We're currently in process of confirming all details such as Jenny Cho's height, weight, and other stats. If there is any information missing, we will be updating this page soon. If you any have tips or corrections, please send them our way.
6. The Year of the Tiger
Jenny Cho was born in the Year of the Tiger. People with Chinese zodiac Tiger are powerful, independent, confident and brave. They have strong sense of errantry, being frank and easy to win others' trust. Their strengths are tolerant, loyal, valiant, courageous, trustworthy, intelligent, and virtuous. But they can also be arrogant, short-tempered, hasty, traitorous. Their lucky numbers are 1, 3, 4, and lucky colors are grey, blue, white, orange.
7. Jenny Cho's life path number is 11
8. Generation X
Jenny Cho was born in the middle of Generation X.
9. Jenny Cho's birthstone is Topaz and Citrine
Topaz symbolizes love and affection. It is believed to give the wearer increased strength and intellect.
10. Jenny Cho's birth flower is Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemums, a symbol of the sun, have held many noble positions in ancient cultures. The Japanese consider the orderly unfolding of their petals to represent perfection, and Confucius suggested they be used as an object of meditation.