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HomeArticlesFrom Cultural Commodification to Annexation in Occupied Palestine and Indigenous North America
From Cultural Commodification to Annexation in Occupied Palestine and Indigenous North America
July 6, 2020 Articles, Commentary
Thousands of Palestinians rally in the besieged Gaza Strip in protest of Israel's annexation plan. (Photo: Fawzi Mahmoud, The Palestine Chronicle)
By Benay Blend
In October 2005, The Forward reported that Directors of Israel's three most influential ministries met to decide how to enhance the country's image abroad by moving the focus away from religion as well as glossing over the Occupation of Palestine. In fact, Brand Israel already existed as an effort to reinvent the country's look as a place where "cool, hip people" live, a modern, progressive state.
Now known as the City Different, Santa Fe, New Mexico underwent a similar change in the early 1920s. During that period writers and artists began flocking to both Santa Fe and Taos, and in the process displaced Indigenous cultures already living there to make room for an image that would attract an increasingly lucrative trade in tourism.
In reality, the European invasion dates back several years. "[It] came to our continent," explains Evo Morales, President, State of Bolivia, "to take our natural resources, with their politics of exterminating us. It was done through different programs that aimed at taking our identity, our culture and our traditions."
Annexation, then, is nothing new. "Hundreds of Indigenous nations were consumed by [a] process of relentless westward expansion," explain historians Nick Estes (Lower Brule Sioux) and Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz. "This is a core feature of settler colonialism," they continue, "not just the elimination of the Native, but also the naturalization of unnatural settler states built on the annexation of Indigenous land and the genocide of Indigenous people," a process that could explain, too, Israel's 72-year Occupation of the land and Indigenous people of Palestine.
Today, "the settler-colonial narratives require the appropriation of the Native aesthetic," asserts Elena Ortiz (Ohkay Owingeh), "while Natives themselves have been completely erased. We must remain one-dimensional, voiceless, like the images in old Edward S. Curtis photographs. This is the ongoing genocide being perpetrated in border towns like Santa Fe."
As Elena Ortiz explains, Santa Fe has grown into "a smoldering cesspool of white privilege, entitlement, cultural appropriation and racism adorned in faux adobe, concho belts, turquoise jewelry and expensive bikini waxes," all beneath an exterior that connotes a "spiritual mecca," but is really nothing more than "a border town that masks its racist soul with art galleries, markets, faux adobe and fake turquoise."
Indeed, Ortiz makes clear, the region nothing more than a national sacrifice zone because extensive mining has long compromised the health of Native people. As a result, the tribes have borne the brunt of COVID-19 cases in the state.
In what Ali Abunimah has called "Arabwashing," Israeli corporations have used similar marketing tools in order to sidestep a growing boycott movement. For example, the Strauss Group, makers of Sabra brand hummus, ran a TV ad several years ago that featured a "Sabra World Table" in which ethnic characters from around the world gather at a multicultural feast in suburban America to enjoy this brand of hummus.
In several ways, Abunimah notes, this single commercial exemplifies Israel's whitewashing of the Occupation. It ignores the Strauss Group's support of the Israeli army by not mentioning Israel at all. Indeed, it presents hummus as ethnic but free-floating, not a product of any specific culture. In so doing, it is part of Israel's commodification of Arab foods, in particular hummus, falafel, and maftoul.
Finally, just as Santa Fe is presented as a harmonious city where Native, Hispanic and Euro-American cultures live in perfect peace, this presentation of many cultures enjoying a Sabra treat glosses over Israel's well-known racism against African migrants in Israel as well as the continued ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, whose traditional cuisine this ad celebrates as Israel's own.
More recently there has been a spate of Israeli designers, who appropriate the Palestinian keffiyeh, long a symbol of the resistance, in order to turn that design into Israeli haute couture. Nevertheless, as Amani Hassan, program director at the Arab British Centre, notes in an article in The Guardian, what happens is that the keffiyeh then "loses its original meaning" thereby "norma[lizing]" the Israeli Occupation.
Omar Joseph Nasser-Khoury, a Palestinian fashion designer, adds that this appropriation is not a coincidence, not a "random design … there is a context, there is a power imbalance … there is [a] privilege … you have people who were dispossessed in 1948 and made refugees and they still live in camps in Lebanon and then you use this garment, which carries all that pain, for personal advancement."
Commodification of items that belong to a communal culture—whether spirituality, food or clothing—in order to gratify the self are at the very core of modern capitalism. In a time when Israel is threatening yet more annexation, and Southwest tribes are fighting fracking on their land, all kinds of appropriation—both of land and of culture—go hand in hand.
In "Stop calling it 'Cultural Appropriation' and call it what it is: Colonialism," Dr. Suzanne Formes-Vierling clarifies the connection between the appropriation of land and culture. "Why is the term 'cultural appropriation' so problematic?" she asks. "The term as we know it presupposes that artistic and intellectual expression is separate from the taking of land and the people that toil it."
Despite suggestions to the contrary by Bari Weiss and others, Formes-Vierling asserts that "colonizer centered" descriptions of "cultural appropriation" do not take into account the "feelings of the group experiencing theft and erasure." Deep within the "European psyche," she continues, there is a form of "post-colonial ownership syndrome," that is "the unchecked reflexive act of taking from whom it believes it still physically owns."
If the basic definition of colonialism is as Formes-Vierling writes: "The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically," then land theft and cultural theft are one and the same act of exploitation.
In a recent Facebook post, Susan Abulhawa charged "that's what colonizers do," they take what does not belong to them. In this case, Abulhawa writes, " 'annexation' is a sanitized word for 'theft' or 'heist," actually in much the same way that Formes-Vierling claims "cultural appropriation" is less offensive, but also less accurate, than "colonialism." Abulhawa suggests that "Israel's Land Theft Plan" or "Israel's Land Heist Plan" better describes what Israel has been doing all along.
Where are the fashionistas who appropriate the keffiyeh as their own, the non-Native experts who write books on tribal rituals—where are they when Palestinian and Native people are increasingly under attack?
In Santa Fe, claims Ortiz, they are not "standing behind people of color, centering our voices, as allies." In Occupied Palestine, too, they are too busy erasing Indigenous culture by appropriating its designs to notice that those very people are in danger of being extinguished.
"We have to decide, are we for the people or are we imperialist?" Morales asks. "Are we for the poor, for the excluded, or for the rich? Are we socialists or are we capitalists?" That question, and how to answer it, bears weight as the American elections and Israel's desire to annex parts of the Occupied Palestinian West Bank are increasingly coming into focus.
– Benay Blend earned her doctorate in American Studies from the University of New Mexico. Her scholarly works include Douglas Vakoch and Sam Mickey, Eds. (2017), "'Neither Homeland Nor Exile are Words': 'Situated Knowledge' in the Works of Palestinian and Native American Writers". She contributed this article to The Palestine Chronicle.
Israeli Occupation
Israel to Build 164 New Illegal Settlement Units in Occupied Bethlehem
The Gift of Freedom: Support the Chronicle and Receive Signed Copy of Ramzy Baroud's Latest Book
BDS Victory: UK Band Boycotts Eurovision to Be Held in Israel
January 25, 2019 Articles, Features
An upcoming British band has refused to enter the Eurovision Song Contest due to it being hosted in Israel this year. Confirming their decision on Twitter, the three-girl band The Tuts, prompted a backlash from […]
Israeli Forces Shut Down Palestinian Soccer Tournament in East Jerusalem (VIDEO)
April 20, 2019 Blog, News, Videos
Israeli police forces shut down a Palestinian soccer tournament in the Beit Safafa neighborhood, in the central occupied West Bank district of Jerusalem, reportedly for being held under the auspices of the Palestinian Authority (PA). […]
Israeli Forces Kill Palestinian Minor in Jerusalem (VIDEOS)
August 17, 2019 Blog, News, Videos
A Palestinian minor has been shot dead and another seriously wounded after they attacked an Israeli policeman in occupied East Jerusalem's Old City, according to Israeli police. The Palestinian Ministry of Health confirmed on Thursday that […]


 Derive AND gate from universla NAND gate.
Digital logic gates basic (AND, OR, XOR, NOT) and derived (NAND, NOR and XNOR). Drive XOR from NAND gates. Drive XOR from NOR gates. Discussion of Boolean Algebra with examples.
Steps to generate equivalent AND gate from NAND gate. From the truth-tables of NAND and AND gate the above circuit is derived. It represents the desired connectivity. The details are further discussed in truth table below.


Vibe has announced that it is furthering its partnership with Capita Travel and Events, a UK specialist in travel, meetings and event management.
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Now in its tenth year, Old House Interiors covers American period design from 1700 to 1940, with articles on restorations, interpretive use of period decorating, sensitive kitchens and baths, furnishings, color, textiles, and more. Coverage extends to architectural styles and gardens. It features advice and sources for renovating, decorating, and furnishing houses built before 1950.
Chadsworth's 1.800.COLUMNS was featured on the television show This Old House, as well as in Old House Interiors Magazine.
Now in its tenth year, Old House Interiors covers American period design from 1700 to 1940, with articles on restoration, interpretive use of period decorating, sensitive kitchens and baths, furnishings, color, textiles, and more. Coverage extends to architectural styles and gardens. It features advice and sources for renovating, decorating, and furnishing houses built before 1950.


Interestingly, what we know about human psychology may make Watson as valuable an asset in the room as its ability to perform natural language analysis and complex mathematical calculations.
IBM has opened a new research lab specifically to test whether their supercomputer Watson, which triumphed over two Jeopardy! champions in 2012, might give business leaders good advice about company management. In one example, Watson was read the details of a recent internal memo discussing a company's strategy for artificial intelligence. After being instructed to generate of list of companies whose revenue range from $15 million and $60 million, humans discussed which of those companies would make the short list for acquisition. When that smaller list was put back to Watson, the computer emerged with a decisive decision: "I recommend eliminating Kawasaki Robotics." When asked to explain why, Watson simply added. "It is inferior to Cognilytics in every way."
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IBM notes that products like photocopiers, PCs, and video conferencing rooms all developed into popular technologies after they were pioneered in the business sector.


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February 22, 2019 February 22, 2019 LahariBasu
We have so much more to do… It's too early to have a film on us: SANAM
Who would have thought one of India's biggest music bands would sneak into Delhi for some delicious treats? Well, in case you did not know when SANAM visited the national capital recently for a private show, we caught up with the band members for a quick chat.
"We're mainly here to eat, as we are very fond of the food from Delhi," said Samar Puri, while brother Sanam added, "They make everything with a lot of heart, they have very good chefs here in Delhi."
When asked if the Mumbai chefs were disappointing the foodies, Sanam said, between suppressed chuckles, "No, it's just that there way too many options to eat here. Samar and I are from Delhi and we really miss the food back in Mumbai."
Since Venkat Subramaniyam — famously called Venky S (bass guitar) — had met with an accident and is currently on a short break from performances, we got to interact with Sanam Puri (lead vocalist/composer), Samar Puri (lyricist/lead guitar/composer), and Keshav Dhanraj (Drums/lead music arranger). SANAM rose to fame with their exceptional renditions of songs like 'Gulabi aankhen', 'Lag jaa gale', 'Garmi di tu', and 'Mere mehboob qayamat hogi' on YouTube.
"Although we can't name the songs, we are coming up with an original very soon," informs Sanam, to which Samar adds, "This year we are going to release a lot of originals and collaborations, and of course renditions."
SANAM's last original was 'Tu Yahaan' released in July 2018, and before that was their very successful original titled 'Sanam Mennu' was released a year ago.
While the band has their plate full this year with multiple collaborations, foreign concerts and Bollywood projects, what's disappointing is that their lead vocalist Sanam said that they cannot share the names of any of those projects.
"We will be travelling abroad for some concerts, but we can't names the places since they are yet to be finalised. I have also recorded a few songs with Bollywood, they should be out soon. But I'm not allowed to talk about it yet," said Sanam.
Heading to the quintessential fan favourite question — would SANAM be interested in getting a Bollywood film made on them? Well… humbled by the question, the boys said that they think it is way too early for that.
"We haven't done anything yet… We are planning to do so much more in the next four to five years at least. And after that, if we have enough material for a movie, and someone wishes to make a movie on us, then yeah, why not?" expressed Sanam.
"But, we ourselves, wouldn't want to… Our focus is to make good music, be happy and spread love. As long as these things are going smoothly, everything else is just fine," said Keshav.
Having gifted their fans with covers of 'Lag ja gale', 'Garmi di tu', 'Gulabi aankhein', and original numbers like 'Main hoon', 'Sanam Mennu', 'Titli' and 'Itni door', the fabulous four had recently released their rendition of 'Kahin door' on YouTube.
Kahin door
Keshav Dhanraj
samar puri
Sanamstagram
Venky S
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Q: Getting two counts and then dividing them I am attempting to get two counts and then divide those two counts to get the ratio of the items I am counting. I saw this post here and tried that. I am getting an error in my results, no error message just incorrect number. I am using SQL-Server 2008
Here is my code:
-- INTERNAL PEPPER REPORT
--#####################################################################

-- VARIABLE DECLARATION AND INITIALIZATION
DECLARE @SD DATETIME
DECLARE @ED DATETIME

SET @SD = '2013-01-01'
SET @ED = '2013-03-31'

-- TABLE DECLARATION ##################################################
DECLARE @TABLE1 TABLE(NUMERATOR INT, DENOMINATOR INT, RATIO INT)
--#####################################################################

-- WHAT GETS INSERTED INTO TABLE 1
INSERT INTO @TABLE1
SELECT
A.NUM, A.DENOM, A.NUM/A.DENOM

FROM
(
-- COLUMN SELECTION. TWO NUMBERS WILL REPRESENT A NUM AND A DENOM
SELECT
    (SELECT COUNT(DRG_NO)
        FROM smsdss.BMH_PLM_PtAcct_V
        WHERE drg_no IN (061,062,063,064,065,066)
        AND Adm_Date BETWEEN @SD AND @ED
        AND PLM_PT_ACCT_TYPE = 'I')
        AS NUM,
    (SELECT COUNT(DRG_NO)
        FROM smsdss.BMH_PLM_PtAcct_V
        WHERE drg_no IN (061,062,063,064,065,066,067,068,069)
        AND Adm_Date BETWEEN @SD AND @ED
        AND Plm_Pt_Acct_Type = 'I')
        AS DENOM
)A

SELECT NUMERATOR, DENOMINATOR, RATIO
FROM @TABLE1

The counts get produced and displayed correctly, but for a ratio I get 0 and am not sure as to why I get this.
Thank You,

A: use below piece of query instead
SELECT
A.NUM, A.DENOM, cast(A.NUM as float)/cast(A.DENOM as float)

FROM
(
-- COLUMN SELECTION. TWO NUMBERS WILL REPRESENT A NUM AND A DENOM
SELECT
    (SELECT COUNT(DRG_NO)
        FROM smsdss.BMH_PLM_PtAcct_V
        WHERE drg_no IN (061,062,063,064,065,066)
        AND Adm_Date BETWEEN @SD AND @ED
        AND PLM_PT_ACCT_TYPE = 'I')
        AS NUM,
    (SELECT COUNT(DRG_NO)
        FROM smsdss.BMH_PLM_PtAcct_V
        WHERE drg_no IN (061,062,063,064,065,066,067,068,069)
        AND Adm_Date BETWEEN @SD AND @ED
        AND Plm_Pt_Acct_Type = 'I')
        AS DENOM
)A

the issue is if num and denom are both INT, the division will return INT as well, so converting one (or both) of them to float will result in having float as division result

A: The structure of your query bothers me.  You can do it much more efficiently as:
SELECT A.NUMer, A.DENOM, cast(A.NUMer as float)/A.DENOM
FROM (SELECT COUNT(case when drg_no IN (061,062,063,064,065,066) then DRG_NO
                   end ) as Numer,
             count(case when drg_no IN 061,062,063,064,065,066,067,068,069) then DRG_NO
                   end) as denom
      FROM smsdss.BMH_PLM_PtAcct_V
      WHERE drg_no IN (061,062,063,064,065,066)
        AND Adm_Date BETWEEN @SD AND @ED
        AND PLM_PT_ACCT_TYPE = 'I'
     ) a

This doesn't affect the integer divide issue, but your original query is overcomplicated.

A: Use SELECT A.NUM, A.DENOM, cast(A.NUM as float)/cast(A.DENOM as float)
SQL Server consider that A.NUM / A.DENOM are int, because A.NUM and A.DENUM are int

A: The ratio of two integers will be an integer. For example: 10/20 = 0.5 = 0. You need to cast your ratio into a float in order to get an accurate answer.

A: It's truncating due to integer division. You can perform regular division by casting.
INSERT INTO @TABLE1
SELECT
A.NUM, A.DENOM, CAST(A.NUM AS FLOAT)/A.DENOM

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Study of a Russian doctor and innovator in troubled times
Ambroise Paré, Thomas Sydenham and Herman Boerhaave: all were great medical innovators in their time. We know far less about the 19th-century Russian physician and scientist Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov. PhD candidate Inge Hendriks researched him in Dutch and Russian archives and collections. She discovered a skilled doctor and a special link to Leiden.
Why was Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov such an interesting doctor? What made him and his work special?
'While studying Russian language and literature at Leiden University, I focused my elective course on "Healthcare in 19th-century Russia: the history of nursing". During this research in Russia, I regularly came across the physician Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov and it piqued my interest. I began my research on him back in 1997.
'Pirogov was a 19th-century Russian physician and scientist. As a student, he was very dissatisfied with his study programme: it was old-fashioned with books from the 18th century, too theoretical and with little scientific foundation. When he graduated at the age of 17, he did not consider himself a doctor because he had only seen a single patient and had never performed an autopsy. He then continued his education as a talented PhD candidate in Dorpat, Berlin and Göttingen, among other places. My research, and other studies, show he was ahead of his time in many respects.'
How did you discover this about Pirogov?
'I began with a literature survey and by looking through the collections of several Dutch libraries, including that of Leiden University. Then I started looking across the border in Germany and France. Later in St Petersburg, I gained access to all public libraries, as well as libraries of important institutions. That was an eye-opener. I also discovered there the powerful link Pirogov had with Leiden medicine, and how Leiden's medical knowledge from the 18th century strongly influenced modern Russian medicine (see below, ed.).
'Pirogov is best known for his knowledge of field surgery: one of his most famous books was Kriegchirurgie from 1860, which became a kind of handbook for medical care in conflict situations. He gained this knowledge in the Caucasian War in 1847 and the Crimean War between 1854 and 1856. For this, he was also later commended by the Red Cross, making history as a military doctor or field surgeon. But he was so much more than that. In Russia, he elevated medicine from a craft to a science, putting Russia on the map. I – and many researchers who worked with me – hope that Nikolay Pirogov will become better known in the world's literature of medicine as a physician, scientist and innovator, especially in the field of applied anatomy in surgery. He really belongs among such famous physicians as Ambroise Paré, Thomas Sydenham and Herman Boerhaave.'
You started your research into Pirogov back in 1997, for which you also had to be in Russia. But the relationship between Russia and the Netherlands has deteriorated considerably in recent years, with the downing of flight MH17, the annexation of Crimea and, of course, the invasion of Ukraine this year. Has that affected your research?
'Conducting my research naturally required me to be in Russia often, and I've worked with Russian researchers and institutes. We've maintained a dialogue in easy and challenging times, assisted each other and never violated agreements. In other words, we've encountered no difficulties, and the collaboration is still in place. I am happy about this because, as Minister Dijkgraaf also wrote in his letter (in Dutch) from March of this year: "It is important to maintain good informal contacts between students and researchers in the Russian Federation and Belarus, especially in these times. Such contacts will lay the groundwork for normalising educational and scientific relations again at a later date..."'
As a PhD candidate, what is it like for you when your medical history research suddenly takes on a different connotation because of current geopolitics?
'My medical history research is based on cultural, scientific and medical sources from another century. We are working on sources from another era and describing our findings from the perspective of scientific objectivity, independent of current geopolitics.'
Hendriks's research on Pirogov has yielded a special by-product: the PhD candidate has discovered many sources about the shared medical history of the Netherlands and Russia. Hendriks: 'For example, we knew that Tsar Peter had visited the Netherlands, but not that he trained here as a surgeon. His tutors were several Dutch doctors. Leiden University in particular played a key role in shaping Russian medicine during that period. You could also call Pirogov a sort of spiritual student of the Leiden medical school, as he had access in Russia to quite a lot of Dutch cultural heritage, including the archives of Herman Boerhaave and the atlases of André Vesalius and Govert Bidloo.'
A virtual exhibition 'A Fruitful Cooperation' was created about this shared history in 2021.
Response of Pancras Hogendoorn, Inge Hendriks's PhD supervisor and dean of LUMC
As things stand, are you, as a Dutch scholar, still allowed to do research in Russia?
'There are, of course, sanctions against Russia, and in March of this year, we as universities froze all collaborations with Russian institutions at the request of Minister Dijkgraaf. However, he also stressed that personal collaborations between individual scholars needed to be preserved, as Inge also points out. That put many scholars here in an awkward position: can my ongoing project continue or not? We then had to weigh up each collaboration at the university, for example in terms of cybersecurity and knowledge security. So yes, it is still allowed, under conditions.
'And of course, collaboration is also much more complicated in a practical sense. Financial transactions, for example, are practically impossible, and a fellow researcher from Russia can no longer simply come to the Netherlands for, say, a conference or joint research here. Because of sanctions or because of their own security; after all, emotions are running high because of the invasion of Ukraine. That is also the case with Inge's doctoral defence: it is why some academics from her examining committee cannot attend the defence here in Leiden.'
Even if it were allowed, should we really want to continue working with Russian academics or doing research in Russia?
'I think so. First, because you don't want to completely drop ongoing projects without a second thought; they involve years of work and money, so you have to carefully assess such a choice. And a research project can also have started a long time ago – consider Inge's work – and due to the geopolitical situation take on a new significance that has nothing to do with the content of the research. Besides, as we and the joint universities also stated in response to Minister Dijkgraaf's measures: research thrives on international collaboration and knowledge exchange. Universities are the institutions that keep the dialogue going, and science transcends borders. Here in Leiden, we believe in the power of such international collaboration, although we are not naive in doing so and keep an eye on the necessary safeguards of academic freedom.'
Mail the editor
Virtual exhibition on Leiden's contribution to Russian medicine
04 March 2022 Dutch knowledge institutions suspend partnerships with Russia and Belarus
PhD defence Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov and his contribution to Medicine in 19th Century Imperial Russia I.F. Hendriks


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Ferguson plans reforms after fatal police shooting
City leaders in Ferguson say they will establish a review board to help guide the police department.
Ferguson plans reforms after fatal police shooting City leaders in Ferguson say they will establish a review board to help guide the police department. Check out this story on azcentral.com: http://azc.cc/1rVgk63
Associated Press Published 1:23 p.m. MT Sept. 9, 2014
Brown family attorney Anthony Gray (center) speaks as he is flanked by Michael Brown's parents Lesley McSpadden (left), and Michael Brown Sr. (right), during a news conference Tuesday, Sept. 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Mo.(Photo: Jeff Roberson/AP)
FERGUSON, Mo. — City leaders in Ferguson, where the fatal shooting of an unarmed black 18-year-old by a white police officer sparked days of sometimes violent protests last month, say they will establish a review board to help guide the police department and make other changes meant to fix the city's relationship with its residents.
The Ferguson City Council was set to meet Tuesday for the first time since the Aug. 9 shooting of Michael Brown by officer Darren Wilson. The shooting exposed an undercurrent of racial unrest in Ferguson and other nearby suburbs in mostly black communities of north St. Louis County.
Changes the Ferguson City Council plans to make include reducing the revenue from court fines used for general city operations and reforming court procedures, according to a statement from a public relations firm hired by Ferguson. Critics say reliance on court revenue and traffic fines to fund city services more heavily penalizes low-income defendants who can't afford private attorneys and who are often jailed for not promptly paying those fines.
"The overall goal of these changes is to improve trust within the community and increase transparency, particularly within Ferguson's courts and police department," Councilman Mark Byrne said in the statement. "We want to demonstrate to residents that we take their concerns extremely seriously."
Ferguson, a city of 21,000, is about 70 percent black. Its 53-member police department has just three black officers. The mayor and five of the six City Council members are white.
A 2013 report by the Missouri attorney general's office found that Ferguson police stopped and arrested black drivers nearly twice as often as white motorists, but were less likely to find contraband among the black drivers.
In the last fiscal year, court fines and fees accounted for $2.6 million, or nearly one-fifth of the city budget. That's nearly twice as much as the city collected just two years earlier.
Of the 90 municipal governments in St. Louis County, 22 depend on such fines for at least one-fifth of their revenue. An Associated Press analysis shows that 38 towns or villages depend on fines from minor traffic violations for at least one-tenth of their annual revenue. Three cities with 1,000 or fewer people rely on municipal fines for most of their yearly income.
That doesn't hold true for the county as a whole, which collects just a fraction of 1 percent of its revenue from court fines and fees.
A St. Louis legal group that represents indigent defendants recently singled out courts in Bel-Ridge, Ferguson and Florissant as "chronic offenders" among a group of 30 municipal courts where problems were documented. The report by the nonprofit ArchCity Defenders found dozens of cases where members of the public were improperly banned from attending open court sessions. In Ferguson, defendants described a system so overwhelmed by crowds that bailiffs would lock the door five minutes after the scheduled start time —then issue failure to appear warrants for those who arrived late and were locked out.
Those widespread practices led the St. Louis County judge who oversees local courts to send a written warning to municipal judges and clerks to keep their courtrooms open.
The U.S. Justice Department announced last week that it was launching a broad investigation into the Ferguson Police Department, looking for patterns of discrimination. That inquiry is separate from a federal probe into Brown's death, which a local grand jury is also investigating.
Police have said the shooting came after a scuffle that broke out after Wilson told Brown and a friend to move out of the street and onto a sidewalk. Police say Wilson was pushed into his squad car and physically assaulted. Some witnesses have reported seeing Brown's arms in the air before the shooting in an act of surrender. An autopsy paid for by Brown's family concluded that he was shot six times, twice in the head.
On Tuesday morning, Brown's parents joined about 20 supporters and community activists at a press conference outside Ferguson police headquarters to reiterate their calls for Wilson's immediate arrest.
Associated Press writer Nigel Duara contributed to this report.
Follow Alan Scher Zagier on Twitter at http://twitter.com/azagier
Read or Share this story: http://azc.cc/1rVgk63
Barrett-Jackson: Corvette charity car goes for $3 million at auction
After 225 million years, a photo of petrified wood goes viral
Man shot after being cut off and blocked from passing
AZ lawmakers may use casino agreements to force water settlements with tribes
Thousands rally at Women's event in Phoenix
'Ferris Bueller' car sells for $396K at Barrett-Jackson


text:
Q: How to make an autocomplete input field dropdown I have an input field which when a user clicks into it and begins typing, i need a dropdown to show up which displays all the dropdown options that begin with what is being typed. I have most of the functionality already I just cant figure out how to get it to filter through the array and display only the relevant options.

    const ampInput = document.querySelector('.amp-input');

    const ampDropdown = document.querySelector('.amp-dropdown-container');
    const ampOptions = document.querySelectorAll('.amp-options');

    ampInput.addEventListener('click', () => {
      ampDropdown.classList.add('amp-dropdown-container--active')
    })

    ampInput.addEventListener('focusout', (event) => {
      ampDropdown.classList.remove('amp-dropdown-container--active')
    });

    ampInput.addEventListener('input', onInputChange)

    function onInputChange() {
      const value = ampInput.value.toLowerCase();

      const filteredOptions = [];

      ampOptions.forEach((option) => {
        if (option.innerHTML.substr(0, value.length) === value)
          filteredOptions.push(option);
      });
      // console.log(filteredNames)
    }
<form action="{{ routes.search_url }}" method="get" role="search" autocomplete="off">

              <input
                id="autocomplete-input"
                type="search"
                placeholder="Amp Hours (aH)"
                class="amp-input">

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        </form>

A: You can associate an empty datalist element to to the search input (I added it on bottom of your html code). Note the attribute list="suggestions" added to the search input, which instructs it to populate a suggestion box picking elements from the datalist.
Then, on search input change, you can store your filtered results dynamically as option elements of the datalist, making the search input show a suggestion box.

//const voltInput = document.querySelector('.search-input');
const ampInput = document.querySelector('.amp-input');
const ampDropdown = document.querySelector('.amp-dropdown-container');
const ampOptions = document.querySelectorAll('.amp-options');
const suggestions = document.getElementById('suggestions');

ampInput.addEventListener('click', () => {
  ampDropdown.classList.add('amp-dropdown-container--active')
})

ampInput.addEventListener('focusout', (event) => {
  ampDropdown.classList.remove('amp-dropdown-container--active')
});

ampInput.addEventListener('input', onInputChange)

function onInputChange() {
  const value = ampInput.value.toLowerCase();
  const filteredOptions = [];
  suggestions.innerHTML = ''

  ampOptions.forEach((option) => {
    if (option.innerHTML.substr(0, value.length) === value) {
      suggestions.innerHTML += '<option value="' + option.innerHTML + '">'
      filteredOptions.push(option.innerHTML);
    }
  })

  console.log(filteredOptions)
}
<form action="{{ routes.search_url }}" method="get" role="search" autocomplete="off">

              <input
                id="autocomplete-input"
                type="search"
                list="suggestions"
                placeholder="Amp Hours (aH)"
                class="amp-input">

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        </form>

        <datalist id="suggestions"></datalist>

*

*EDIT

This update (per OP's comment) handles the filtering directly on the
 element:

//const voltInput = document.querySelector('.search-input');
const ampInput = document.querySelector('.amp-input');
const ampDropdown = document.querySelector('.amp-dropdown-container');
const ampOptions = document.querySelectorAll('.amp-options');
const suggestions = document.getElementById('suggestions');

ampInput.addEventListener('click', () => {
  ampDropdown.classList.add('amp-dropdown-container--active')
})

ampInput.addEventListener('focusout', (event) => {
  ampDropdown.classList.remove('amp-dropdown-container--active')
});

ampInput.addEventListener('input', onInputChange)

function onInputChange() {
  const value = ampInput.value.toLowerCase();
  const filteredOptions = [];

  ampOptions.forEach((option) => {
    if (option.innerHTML.substr(0, value.length) === value) {
      option.parentElement.classList.remove('hidden')
    } else {
      option.parentElement.classList.add('hidden')
    }
  })
}
.hidden {
  display: none;
}
<form action="{{ routes.search_url }}" method="get" role="search" autocomplete="off">

              <input
                id="autocomplete-input"
                type="search"
                placeholder="Amp Hours (aH)"
                class="amp-input">

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        </form>


Check out my latest tutorial on my pre-poo regi and how I apply my ACV mixture!
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Located on the island of N'gor, one of the most beautiful islands of Senegal, the hotel Chez Carla, also called "The House of Italy", is characterized by its tranquility and its location of choice. The hotel offers a superb view of the sea. Authentic and warm, renovated and tastefully decorated, Chez Carla offers rooms where you can relax and unwind. Overlooking the ocean, our waterfront hotel will delight you with its charm and comfort that marry perfectly the authenticity of the old and the most modern comfort. The hotel Chez Carla is located near Dakar and its international airport. All tourist excursions in the country can be organized by the staff of the hotel Chez Carla.
Our lounge bar and our restaurant offer Italian and Senegalese specialties, based on fresh and always seasonal products. Tasty dishes and tables with authentic decor welcome you for a delicious lunch or dinner. Come and have a cocktail on our pontoon, facing the sea. A free private boat ensures the crossing until 23 hours. Free Wifi access.
Our Shuttle Service Airport – Hotel is available from 08am to 11 pm only.
Beyond it is no longer possible to crossing to access the island.


text:
The Little Things - Architectural Hardware
By Janet Ramin on January 28, 2011
Architectural Hardware
We're always in a hurry to get from one place to another, from one room to the next. We can easily overlook some of the most superbly crafted objects of a building. I'm talking about the knobs, levers, pulls, latches, locks, and door knockers, the architectural hardware that opens and closes the places of our life.
Architectural hardware are functional objects that we just can't do without—they open and close doors, windows, kitchen and bath cabinets, furniture drawers, and even announce when there's a guest at the door. But, if chosen with care, they can also act as jewelry adorning a home and bestow a place with a special distinctive sparkle.
Traditionally, hardware has been made of brass, iron, or wood. Most of them are created from brass, an alloy made of copper and zinc. Since brass is highly malleable, it can easily be cast into a mold, a feature perfect for making uniquely shaped objects such as knobs, levers, and pulls. Brass also has a muted golden color, similar to gold, making it a perfect substitute for the more expensive metal.
Architectural hardware can be designed to reflect a specific style. The Radcliff lock set below from the House of Antique Hardware is designed in the Gothic Revival style. The doorknob has a trefoil design—a three-lobed leaf—reminiscent of the window tracery of Gothic cathedrals. The lock plate displays the Gothic pointed arches as well as the trefoil pattern. It is cast in solid brass using the lost wax method.
House of Antique Hardware presents another period style, the Edwardian, from the turn of the end of the 19th century. Called the Windsor, this thumb-latch lock set shows off neoclassical motifs of scrolls, egg and dart molding, and fluted handles. The Windsor is also made from cast brass and comes in different finishes; this version is in a satin-nickel finish. The knob is made of lead crystal.
Another popular style that is still being used in today's interiors is the Art Deco style. Born in 1930s France, Art Deco spread to America and transformed to a parallel style known as Streamline. The Chrysler building in NYC is an example of the Art Deco style. SA Baxter created cabinet pulls for the Art Deco/Streamline period. The pull below left is designed with a "pillowed" look and made of polished nickel. The pull on the right shows the streamline look which has the long horizontal banding. The lock set and switch plate below is from the House of Antique Hardware Art Deco collection called Manhattan. The lock set is designed in a rosette motif found in many Art Deco patterns. The switchplate reflects the waterfall pattern, another Art Deco motif, showing a tiered effect.
For a more contemporary look, SA Baxter designed the hexagonal series, a multi-faceted hardware. This lever has a beautiful curved shape resembling a closed lily. On the right is another curvaceous lever, designed by Colin Gentle for SA Baxter. Its sinuous lines recall the famous bird sculpture by artist Constantin Brancusi.
While brass is still popular, many manufacturers now use unique materials to create today's modern hardware. Turnstyle Designs uses leather and combines it with nickel or chrome for a very elegant look. The Recess Leather collection uses hand-stitched bridle leather for their levers and pulls. Turnstyle also uses abalone shell as a very colorful addition to their line. For an industrial look, Turnstyle offers the groove twist pull and the rough cut handles—each offering textured surfaces from composite materials.
The J.G. Edelen company offers another type of material: glass-blown hardware. Before we only had a small range of colors limited to the different metal finishes. Now we have a color rainbow available that can be mixed together into endless combinations. Their Art Glass collection offers beautiful cranberry and black swirl glass pulls and knobs, perfect for customizing that cabinet or dresser drawer and also for matching the color scheme of a room. They also offer a more dramatic style—drop pull hardware—that combines artistic swirl patterns and gold foil as shown in the following amethyst pull and the cobalt blue pull. For further sophistication, J.G. Edelen's designer, Jay Edelen, created a filigree of metalwork over glass crystal, creating an elegant layered effect in their pull.
When designing your next interior, don't overlook applying new architectural hardware. If a total kitchen or bathroom renovation is beyond your budget, just replacing the cabinet and drawer pulls can provide a wonderful facelift to any room. If you have some tired-looking furniture, consider replacing the knobs and giving it new life. Instead of a new welcome mat for your front entrance, consider replacing the plain old brass lock with a work of art such as period hardware. Architectural hardware gives designers and homeowners added flexibility in redesigning their interiors.
Come learn about everything from door handles to the paintings on the wall, join our online interior design courses today!
House of Antique Hardware
S.A. Baxter
J.G. Edelen
Tips on Decorating Children`s Rooms — Organizing Your Kids
By: Sarah Van Arsdale on March 7 2009.
If you think that organizing for your kids just means getting a couple of big plastic bins and trying to make Junior put his toys…
Who Will Be Wearing Your Jewelry Designs?
By: NYIAD Jewelry Mentor on October 2 2014.
There are many people who love to design and make jewelry. Perhaps your…


text:
package com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model;

import java.io.Serializable;

import com.amazonaws.AmazonWebServiceRequest;
import com.amazonaws.Request;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.transform.DeleteSecurityGroupRequestMarshaller;

/**
 * Container for the parameters to the {@link com.amazonaws.services.ec2.AmazonEC2#deleteSecurityGroup(DeleteSecurityGroupRequest) DeleteSecurityGroup operation}.
 *

 * Deletes a security group.
 *

 *

 * If you attempt to delete a security group that is associated with an
 * instance, or is referenced by another security group, the operation
 * fails with InvalidGroup.InUse in EC2-Classic or
 * DependencyViolation in EC2-VPC.
 *

 *
 * @see com.amazonaws.services.ec2.AmazonEC2#deleteSecurityGroup(DeleteSecurityGroupRequest)
 */
public class DeleteSecurityGroupRequest extends AmazonWebServiceRequest implements Serializable, Cloneable, DryRunSupportedRequest<DeleteSecurityGroupRequest> {

    /**
     * [EC2-Classic, default VPC] The name of the security group. You can
     * specify either the security group name or the security group ID.
     */
    private String groupName;

    /**
     * The ID of the security group. Required for a nondefault VPC.
     */
    private String groupId;

    /**
     * Default constructor for a new DeleteSecurityGroupRequest object.  Callers should use the
     * setter or fluent setter (with...) methods to initialize this object after creating it.
     */
    public DeleteSecurityGroupRequest() {}

    /**
     * Constructs a new DeleteSecurityGroupRequest object.
     * Callers should use the setter or fluent setter (with...) methods to
     * initialize any additional object members.
     *
     * @param groupName [EC2-Classic, default VPC] The name of the security
     * group. You can specify either the security group name or the security
     * group ID.
     */
    public DeleteSecurityGroupRequest(String groupName) {
        setGroupName(groupName);
    }

    /**
     * [EC2-Classic, default VPC] The name of the security group. You can
     * specify either the security group name or the security group ID.
     *
     * @return [EC2-Classic, default VPC] The name of the security group. You can
     *         specify either the security group name or the security group ID.
     */
    public String getGroupName() {
        return groupName;
    }

    /**
     * [EC2-Classic, default VPC] The name of the security group. You can
     * specify either the security group name or the security group ID.
     *
     * @param groupName [EC2-Classic, default VPC] The name of the security group. You can
     *         specify either the security group name or the security group ID.
     */
    public void setGroupName(String groupName) {
        this.groupName = groupName;
    }

    /**
     * [EC2-Classic, default VPC] The name of the security group. You can
     * specify either the security group name or the security group ID.
     *

     * Returns a reference to this object so that method calls can be chained together.
     *
     * @param groupName [EC2-Classic, default VPC] The name of the security group. You can
     *         specify either the security group name or the security group ID.
     *
     * @return A reference to this updated object so that method calls can be chained
     *         together.
     */
    public DeleteSecurityGroupRequest withGroupName(String groupName) {
        this.groupName = groupName;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * The ID of the security group. Required for a nondefault VPC.
     *
     * @return The ID of the security group. Required for a nondefault VPC.
     */
    public String getGroupId() {
        return groupId;
    }

    /**
     * The ID of the security group. Required for a nondefault VPC.
     *
     * @param groupId The ID of the security group. Required for a nondefault VPC.
     */
    public void setGroupId(String groupId) {
        this.groupId = groupId;
    }

    /**
     * The ID of the security group. Required for a nondefault VPC.
     *

     * Returns a reference to this object so that method calls can be chained together.
     *
     * @param groupId The ID of the security group. Required for a nondefault VPC.
     *
     * @return A reference to this updated object so that method calls can be chained
     *         together.
     */
    public DeleteSecurityGroupRequest withGroupId(String groupId) {
        this.groupId = groupId;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * This method is intended for internal use only.
     * Returns the marshaled request configured with additional parameters to
     * enable operation dry-run.
     */
    @Override
    public Request<DeleteSecurityGroupRequest> getDryRunRequest() {
        Request<DeleteSecurityGroupRequest> request = new DeleteSecurityGroupRequestMarshaller().marshall(this);
        request.addParameter("DryRun", Boolean.toString(true));
        return request;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of this object; useful for testing and
     * debugging.
     *
     * @return A string representation of this object.
     *
     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append("{");
        if (getGroupName() != null) sb.append("GroupName: " + getGroupName() + ",");
        if (getGroupId() != null) sb.append("GroupId: " + getGroupId() );
        sb.append("}");
        return sb.toString();
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        final int prime = 31;
        int hashCode = 1;

        hashCode = prime * hashCode + ((getGroupName() == null) ? 0 : getGroupName().hashCode());
        hashCode = prime * hashCode + ((getGroupId() == null) ? 0 : getGroupId().hashCode());
        return hashCode;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (this == obj) return true;
        if (obj == null) return false;

        if (obj instanceof DeleteSecurityGroupRequest == false) return false;
        DeleteSecurityGroupRequest other = (DeleteSecurityGroupRequest)obj;

        if (other.getGroupName() == null ^ this.getGroupName() == null) return false;
        if (other.getGroupName() != null && other.getGroupName().equals(this.getGroupName()) == false) return false;
        if (other.getGroupId() == null ^ this.getGroupId() == null) return false;
        if (other.getGroupId() != null && other.getGroupId().equals(this.getGroupId()) == false) return false;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public DeleteSecurityGroupRequest clone() {

            return (DeleteSecurityGroupRequest) super.clone();
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
DEFAULT 17.10.2019 17.10.2019 by Mikagis
Caro Nome - Amelita Galli-Curci - Great Voices Of The Opera (Flexi-disc)
You Stepped Out Of A Dream - Sérgio Mendes & Brasil 66 - Crystal Illusions (Vinyl, LP, Album), The Bitter End - Placebo - Once More With Feeling - Singles 1996-2004 (Cassette), Anthem Of The Different - Mikkel Schack Band - ...About To Destroy Something Beautiful (CD, Album), Закружила Осень (Remix) - Хали-Гали - MP3 (CD), Jattendrai - Unknown Artist - Golden Organ Collection Vol.2 (CD), Fat Bottomed Girls - Queen - Greatest Hits (Cassette), Back 2 Back - Urban Kaoz - Rhythm & Business (CDr), Various - Bolero Mix 4 (CD), Conquistadore - Gold (6) - No Parking (Vinyl, LP, Album), Kjærlighetsregn - Frøya - My American Dream (CD, Album), The Girl In 510, The Vision - Various - Transient Dawn (CD), Chevelle (2) - Live From The Road (CD, Album)
9 thoughts on " Caro Nome - Amelita Galli-Curci - Great Voices Of The Opera (Flexi-disc) "
Mur says:
The director of the Chicago City Opera Company was contacted and informed about her "new voice." The opera company was at that time in some difficulty and jumped at the chance to regain its audiences by announcing the return of Galli-Curci to the opera stage, although she had not appeared in an opera for 6 years and was now in her mids.
Maurr says:
AMELITA GALLI-CURCI () Opera's most famous coloratura singer, Amelita Galli-Curci was born in Milan, Italy. Entirely self-taught, she trained herself by listening to recordings of her own voice. In her early career, she often rejected the standard cadenzas as unsuitable and improvised her own fioriture into the E's and F's above high C.
Find Amelita Galli-Curci song information on AllMusic. Galli-Curci had a fluid, clear, very beautiful voice and a great gift for sustaining lyric lines; her best roles called for grace and happiness.
GREAT VOICES OF THE OPERA VOLUMES I, II AND III. This is someone's monomaniacal project and opera junkies can profit enormously. Someone has collected the recordings of almost everyone that has ever made a historical recording of any opera aria and collected them together and put .
Grojas says:
May 18, · "Songbirds" if you will, such as Amelita Galli-Curci and Lily Pons, or later Joan Sutherland. There were also sopranos with larger, more powerful voices such as Ponselle or Leontyne Price, who sang dramatic roles with expression and emotion, especially after atlabolturendiamanfiesiorydisfpret.co revolutionized modern opera by bringing the emotional intensity of a.
Brajar says:
Amelita Galli-Curci, née Amelita Galli was born November 18, , in Milan, Italy. She studied piano and composition at the Royal Conservatory of Milan, from which she graduated in As a singer she was entirely self-taught.
Tojall says:
Sep 23, · Amelita Galli-Curci (18 November – 26 November ) was an Italian coloratura soprano. She was one of the most popular operatic singers of the early 20th century with her gramophone records.
Samulrajas says:
Amelita Galli Curci was an opera singer, considered by many to be one of the greatest coloratura sopranos of the 20th century. She sang with such opera legends as Enrico Caruso and Beniamino Gigli. A throat tumor cut short her career in the s. Legendary opera star Beverly Sills has stated that Curci was her role model.
Amelita Galli-Curci - Amelita Galli-Curci: The Victor Recordings () Gualtier Malde Caro Nome - Amelita Galli-Curci Zemire Et Azor: Le Fauvette - Amelita Galli-Curci/Clement Barone The Russian Nightingale - Amelita Galli-Curci/Clement Barone Galli-Curci has a wonderful voice! Don't be put off that these songs were 5/5(4).
Packin Up
Various - Santa Anas Most Wanted - We Got It On Lock (CD)
Halu (Spring)
Old Mother Moon - Ed Askew - Little Eyes (CD, Album)
Danger - The Freak Show - The Less You Freak... (CD, Album)
Arasho on Caro Nome - Amelita Galli-Curci - Great Voices Of The Opera (Flexi-disc)


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2/3 of business is lost because agents do not respond to their clients.
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The added benefit of optical transmission is that you can run longer cables without the same signal loss you would experience with long RCA leads. So if you want your turntable to sit away from your amplifier while still sounding great, that's now possible!
The Essential II Digital further stands out from those around it thanks to the new black and white high-gloss paint finishes, and the "Digital" logo emblazoned on the plinth. It also boasts all the pre-existing features that have made the Essential II an international award winner. The 8.6″ aluminium tonearm, heavy MDF platter and low-voltage motor with perimeter belt drive make a winning combination; while the Ortofon OM5E is the perfect cartridge to get instant gratification from your vinyl collection.


This case is connected to the Dismissed Congressional Employees (Aguado Alfaro et al.) v. Peru case. As in that case, this case is the result of the dismissal in 1992, by the government of Albert Fujimori of 1,110 employees of the State Congress. The dismissed employees were denied the opportunity to appeal the decisions administratively, and denied judicial recourse. The victims in this case were not party to the Dismissed Congressional Employees (Aguado Alfaro et al.) case before the Inter-American Court, and were unable to seek any recourse domestically, as they refused to drop their lawsuits against the State. Eventually, the Court found that the State violated the American Convention on Human Rights.


text:
Abram Joseph Bonda (Sommelsdijk, 25 november 1872 – Bergen 28 april 1928) was een Nederlands fotograaf. Hij is bekend om zijn foto's van o.a. Bergen in het begin van de twintigste eeuw. Bonda kwam vanuit Amsterdam, waar hij assistent-boekverkoper was, naar het dorp Bergen in Noord-Holland. Hij liet zich daar op 6 december 1906 inschrijven. In Bergen had hij een boekhandel en was hij tevens fotograaf van beroep.

De boekhandel (Oude Prinsweg 11 in Bergen) liet Bonda in voorjaar 1910 bouwen. Naast de boekhandel was er ook een kleine leesbibliotheek, een drukkerij en een donkere kamer voor het ontwikkelen van foto's aanwezig. Daarnaast bood Bonda kunstenaars ook de mogelijkheid te exposeren in het pand.

Bonda trouwde op 1 mei 1901 met Joanna Carolina Catharina Barkhuijsen. Ze kregen in oktober van dat jaar een zoon, Jean Emile Joseph. In 1916 scheidde Bonda van Joanna. Hij hertrouwde in 1919 met Wilhelmina Elisabeth van Soesbergen, hij scheidde echter van haar al in datzelfde jaar.

De glasplaatnegatieven van het werk van Bonda zijn uiteindelijk terechtgekomen in de collectie van het Regionaal Archief Alkmaar en dat heeft ze na het scannen op zijn online beeldbank gezet.

Een selectie van foto's van Bergen, Bergen aan Zee en Alkmaar

Collectie Regionaal Archief Alkmaar

Literatuur

 Frits David Zeiler, Bergen door de ogen van Bonda. Uitgegeven door de Eerste Bergensche Boekhandel en het Regionaal Archief Alkmaar, Alkmaar, 2010, ISBN 978-90-7219506-7

Externe links

 Foto's van Bonda bij het Regionaal Archief Alkmaar

Nederlands fotograaf

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
June | 2009 | Blindie.com | Page 3
POP & POLITICS FOR THE PEOPLE
Terrence Howard Criticizes Obama and Praises Reagan During Visit To Washington
June 13, 2009 | 1 Comment
Photo: Reuters Terrence Howard blasted Obama for unrevolutionary politics and praised Reagan for helping black communities while in Washington D.C. last week. Oh yeah, he also attended the Children Uniting Nations 4th Annual National Conference Gala Dinner on Tuesday and sold some lemonade outside of the D.C. Ritz-Carlton to raise money for the child cancer charity Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation on Friday. The Hustle and Flow actor told to The Washington Times Green & Glover, "I don't think President Obama has been that revolutionary in reaching out to ethnic communities. President Reagan did a lot for the black community that people don't realize." This isn't the first time Howard has made some bold yet questionable statements. In 2007 the actor spewed forth this gem of a quote to Elle magazine about women and personal hygiene: "Toilet paper - and no baby wipes - in the bathroom. If they're using dry paper, they aren't washing all of themselves. It's just unclean. So if I go in a woman's house and see the toilet paper there, I'll explain this. And if she doesn't make the adjustment to baby wipes, I'll know she's not completely clean."
Kanye West and Chanel Iman Chat and Share Fries at MEN.STYLE.COM's Women of Fashion Event
Photo: Sara Jaye Weiss Blindie's fave model Chanel Iman cozied up to Kanye West during the MEN.STYLE.COM Women of Fashion event in New York on Wednesday and even shared some fries with the ego-tastic singer. The 3rd annual fashion bash held at the New York Palace Hotel's Palace Gate celebrated 25 of the fashion industry's most glamorous ladies, including Rachel Roy, Chloë Sevigny and Berrin Noorata, selected by a panel of equally stylish men: André Benjamin, Paul Sevigny and Sean Avery.
Ga Ga: Yara Shahidi Stars with Eddie Murphy in Imagine That & Angelina Jolie in Salt
There's a new scene-stealer in town: kid actor Yara Shahidi, who isn't only taking over where little Dakota Fanning left off, but is a bankable star in the latest Eddie Murphy flick, Imagine That. The cute kid from Minneapolis beat out 3,000 girls for the role of Olivia, an imaginative kid with real life stock tips, which her dad (Eddie Murphy) finds useful! But Eddie isn't the only A-Lister Yara's sharing screen time with: she's starring (with her little brother Sayeed) in Unthinkable as Samuel L. Jackson's tots and with Angelina Jolie in the thriller Salt. Of Jolie, whom she recently shot a scene with, Yara said, "[She] was really nice, not intimidating. It was like saying hello to a friend."
Michelle Obama's First Blindie Style Don't: The Rainbow Brite Frilly Skirt in London
June 10, 2009 | 19 Comments
Wearing a skirt that resembles something little Sasha could've made in her arts and crafts class, Michelle Obama sabotaged her fashion resume with a Rainbow Brite/Wedding cake skirt on a trip to Westminster Abbey. The First Lady, who is on summer vacation in the UK with daughters Sasha and Malia, "brightened up London's grey skies," according to The Sun, with her yellow and lavender layered cardigan and crazy skirt, which The Times says, "As a stack, they look like one of those modern, fancy wedding cakes that brides' co-ordinate with their flowers." Also, what's going on with her hair? She's looking a little coneheadish. Obviously, you can all see that Blindie is not happy with this style mishap!
Material Mom Madonna Set to Adopt Malawian Orphan Mercy James
June 9, 2009 | No Comments
Madonna reportedly will get her way, according to The Sun, which claims the Material Mom has persuaded three appeal judges to allow her to adopt Malawian orphan Mercy James. Madonna, 50, whose application for the three-year-old was rejected in March, will get her new ruling next Sunday at Malawi's Supreme Court of Appeal. "All recommendations are in favour of the adoption taking place," a source reveals. "Mercy should start packing her bags. She's off to America."
An American Family in Paris: The Obamas Become Parisian Tourists
The Obamas may be American royalty, but they're spending their time as Parisian tourists this week. Wrapping up his six-day trip abroad to the Middle East, Germany and the beaches of Normandy, the President joined First Lady Michelle and Malia and Sasha at the U.S. ambassador's residence in Paris, where they're staying. The First Family's tour of Paris began early Saturday evening at the Notre Dame cathedral, while on Sunday (which was Sasha's 8th birthday) they took in the city's best view atop the Pompidou Center. "I would love nothing more than to have a leisurely week in Paris, stroll down the Seine, take my wife out to a nice meal, have a picnic in Luxembourg Gardens," he said after taking his wife to dinner near the Eiffel Tower. "Those days are over, for the moment."
Rivers Wash Over Me Premieres At New Fest Debuting Promising New Talents Derrick L. Midldeton and Cameron Mitchell Mason
June 8, 2009 | 1 Comment
Photo: (L to R) Derrick L. Middleton, Aidan Schultz-Meyer The independent film Rivers Wash Over Me directed by John G. Young premiered at New Fest in New York on Saturday and featured some promising young talents. Set in the south, Rivers chronicles the turmoil a gay teenager encounters when he goes to live with relatives following the death of his mother. Derrick L. Middleton in the lead role as Sequan Greene and Cameron Mitchell Mason who plays Sequan's abusive and homophobic cousin shine as break-out stars in complex and vulnerable roles. The film's few light-hearted moments delivered by Darien Sills-Evans who seemed to invoke Sidney Poitier from In The Heat of The Night in his portrayal of the town sherriff trying to solve a murder in a southern town, and Elizabeth Dennis who played the gratuitious wayward white girl with a penchant for black men and drugs, helped to even out an otherwise grim tale of small town prejudice. If Middleton and Mason can carry off such complex roles for their film debuts, look forward to their follow-up performances. As for Sills-Evans, whom we first caught sight of in Bill Cosby's less-popular and lower-income family sitcom series Cosby in the late 1990s - it's time for a lead role in a comedy feature! And since he co-wrote and produced the film, we're confident he can make that happen.
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NASCAR announces aerodynamic package for Pure Michigan 400
July 29, 2016 Press Release Automotive News, Detroit Sports, ENTERTAINMENT, Local News, Michigan Int'l Speedway, Michigan News, NASCAR/IndyCar Auto Racing, National News, NEWS, Science & Technology News, SPORTS 0
BROOKLYN, MI - JUNE 12: Joey Logano, driver of the #22 Shell Pennzoil Ford, leads the field during the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series FireKeepers Casino 400 at Michigan International Speedway on June 12, 2016 in Brooklyn, Michigan. (Photo by Drew Hallowell/Getty Images )
BROOKLYN, Mich. — NASCAR unveiled the aerodynamic package for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Pure Michigan 400 race on August 28. The industry-wide collaboration to further enhance the racing has led to the continued development of the rules package.
NASCAR debuted the lower downforce and less sideforce aerodynamic package at the two-mile track for the FireKeepers Casino 400. It was met with rave reviews from the drivers, media and fans. The teams will return with the same package for the Pure Michigan 400 in August.
"We have talked to our community, that includes the drivers, the teams, the owners, the OEMs and we all arrived at the decision that we thought it would be a good thing to go back to Michigan with the Michigan 1 package for several reasons," NASCAR Senior Vice President, Innovation and Racing Development Gene Stefanyshyn said. "One is that it will help us to manage corner speeds better. There was some discussion on tweaking the package, but where we all landed on that is we thought it was best to proceed with the package we ran at Michigan 1 because the teams have some knowledge on that. And a lot of the teams believe they still have some fine-tuning they can do on that package."
NASCAR has made updates to the 2016 aerodynamic package to further reduce downforce and sideforce. They are:
Welded truck trailing arms
New brake cooling rules
Reduce skew generated sideforce by setting rear toe to zero (same rule used in All-Star race)
Aero package tweaks to reduce aero generated downforce and sideforce
Spoiler shortened from 3.5 inches to 2.5 inches
Splitter reduced to 2 inches
Resize of deck fin to match spoiler
The FireKeepers Casino 400 featured 14 lead changes among eight drivers, with the margin of victory less than a second. Drivers and fans were entertained by the new package, especially restarts.
"You know, I think that thrill, the adrenaline that you get by controlling something that's out of control," FireKeepers Casino 400 winner Joey Logano said after the race. "A lot of times being right on that edge of backing it in the fence which we saw happening in qualifying and you're just right on that edge. I remember after qualifying I was walking into the media center here and I was signing an autograph and my hand was shaking. I couldn't even write my name. That's cool. That's how on edge you have to be to go fast, and it was like that for 400 miles today, you know, that you're just right on that ragged edge, and that's awesome."
NASCAR also used this aerodynamic rules package at Kentucky Speedway on July 9.
"We had an amazing race in June for the FireKeepers Casino 400 with the aerodynamic package that NASCAR implemented," track president Roger Curtis said. "I have loved what NASCAR has done with the lower downforce rules this year, it has made for some exciting and entertaining racing. I am excited to see the teams return for the Pure Michigan 400 with the same package they used in June.
"I applaud NASCAR, teams, and drivers working together on increasing competition and continually improving the sport for our fans. These changes put even more back in the hands of the drivers. With our high speeds and wide track at MIS, the racing in August should be fantastic. I cannot wait for the Pure Michigan 400."
PHOTO: The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series announced the aerodynamic package for the Pure Michigan 400 at Michigan International Speedway. (credit: Getty Images)
2016 Michigan International Speedway Schedule
Friday, Aug. 26 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Practice and Qualifying
Saturday, Aug. 27 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Careers for Veterans 200
Sunday, Aug. 28 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Pure Michigan 400
aerodynamic package
International Speedway
Pure Michigan 400
PHOTOS: 2016 Ann Arbor Street Art Fair & South University Art Fair
PHOTOS: Hagerty Seminar Series & RM Sotheby's Motor City Auction @ 2016 Concours D'Elegance of America


A bubbling Stevie Morrison came off the water proudly displaying two 49er bullets that he and Ben Rhodes grabbed in the two harbour races today.
Their stellar performance put them in silver medal position overall with the tiny matter of 11 points separating them from the feared Australians Nathan Outteridge and Iain Jensen, who by their standards had a shocker of a day with a tenth followed by a sixth with a performance littered with errors.
Morrison and Rhodes, by contrast, made no errors and sailed two flawless races, nailing the starts and showing good boat speeds.
"We've had really good boat speed all week but we executed the starts a lot better today," said Morrison.
"They were middle of the line and safe but we did a good job and were confident to attack it. The fleet was not too aggressive on the line for some reason.
Day three of the 49er racing was the British pair's best day so far having opened their campaign with two 12th places followed by a third and a discardable 18th. They were not doing anything different, Morrison said but the results were a dream.
"You get up every day thinking you can win whichever race is put in front of you but to do it at the Olympic games is unbelievable.
"We can smile and feel happy with ourselves until dinner time tonight then after dinner, we have to get back to reality.
"We have eight races left which is an awful lot. We have really good equipment and are going really fast.


text:
2Relation to transmitter output power
3Relation to signal strength
4Dipole vs. isotropic radiators
5Polarization
6FM example
6.1United States regulatory usage
7Microwave band issues
8Lower-frequency issues
9Related terms
9.1EMRP
9.2CMF
10HAAT
Effective radiated power
Definition of directional radio frequency power
Illustration of definition of equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP). The axes have units of signal strength in decibels. R a {\displaystyle R_{\text{a}}} is the radiation pattern of a given transmitter driving a directional antenna. It radiates a far field signal strength of S {\displaystyle S} in its direction of maximum radiation (main lobe) along the z-axis. The green sphere R iso {\displaystyle R_{\text{iso}}} is the radiation pattern of an ideal isotropic antenna that radiates the same maximum signal strength as the directive antenna does. The transmitter power that would have to be applied to the isotropic antenna to radiate this much power is the EIRP.
Effective radiated power (ERP), synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power, such as that emitted by a radio transmitter. It is the total power in watts that would have to be radiated by a half-wave dipole antenna to give the same radiation intensity (signal strength or power flux density in watts per square meter) as the actual source antenna at a distant receiver located in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam (main lobe). ERP measures the combination of the power emitted by the transmitter and the ability of the antenna to direct that power in a given direction. It is equal to the input power to the antenna multiplied by the gain of the antenna. It is used in electronics and telecommunications, particularly in broadcasting to quantify the apparent power of a broadcasting station experienced by listeners in its reception area.
An alternate parameter that measures the same thing is effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). Effective isotropic radiated power is the hypothetical power that would have to be radiated by an isotropic antenna to give the same ("equivalent") signal strength as the actual source antenna in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam. The difference between EIRP and ERP is that ERP compares the actual antenna to a half-wave dipole antenna, while EIRP compares it to a theoretical isotropic antenna. Since a half-wave dipole antenna has a gain of 1.64 (or 2.15 dB) compared to an isotropic radiator, if ERP and EIRP are expressed in watts their relation is
E I R P ( W ) = 1.64 ⋅ E R P ( W ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(W)} =1.64\cdot \mathrm {ERP(W)} }
If they are expressed in decibels
E I R P ( d B ) = E R P ( d B ) + 2.15 {\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(dB)} =\mathrm {ERP(dB)} +2.15}
Effective radiated power and effective isotropic radiated power both measure the power density a radio transmitter and antenna (or other source of electromagnetic waves) radiates in a specific direction: in the direction of maximum signal strength (the "main lobe") of its radiation pattern.[1][2][3][4] This apparent power is dependent on two factors: the total power output and the radiation pattern of the antenna – how much of that power is radiated in the desired direction. The latter factor is quantified by the antenna gain, which is the ratio of the signal strength radiated by an antenna in its direction of maximum radiation to that radiated by a standard antenna. For example, a 1,000-watt transmitter feeding an antenna with a gain of 4 (6 dBi) will have the same signal strength in the direction of its main lobe, and thus the same ERP and EIRP, as a 4,000-watt transmitter feeding an antenna with a gain of 1 (0 dBi). So ERP and EIRP are measures of radiated power that can compare different combinations of transmitters and antennas on an equal basis.
In spite of the names, ERP and EIRP do not measure transmitter power, or total power radiated by the antenna, they are just a measure of signal strength along the main lobe. They give no information about power radiated in other directions, or total power. ERP and EIRP are always greater than the actual total power radiated by the antenna.
The difference between ERP and EIRP is that antenna gain has traditionally been measured in two different units, comparing the antenna to two different standard antennas; an isotropic antenna and a half-wave dipole antenna:
Isotropic gain is the ratio of the power density S max {\displaystyle S_{\text{max}}} (signal strength in watts per square meter) received at a point far from the antenna (in the far field) in the direction of its maximum radiation (main lobe), to the power S max,isotropic {\displaystyle S_{\text{max,isotropic}}} received at the same point from a hypothetical lossless isotropic antenna, which radiates equal power in all directions
G i = S max S max,isotropic {\displaystyle \mathrm {G} _{\text{i}}={S_{\text{max}} \over S_{\text{max,isotropic}}}}
Gain is often expressed in logarithmic units of decibels (dB). The decibel gain relative to an isotropic antenna (dBi) is given by
G (dBi) = 10 log  S max S max,isotropic {\displaystyle \mathrm {G} {\text{(dBi)}}=10\log {S_{\text{max}} \over S_{\text{max,isotropic}}}}
Dipole gain is the ratio of the power density received from the antenna in the direction of its maximum radiation to the power density S max,dipole {\displaystyle S_{\text{max,dipole}}} received from a lossless half-wave dipole antenna in the direction of its maximum radiation
G d = S max S max,dipole {\displaystyle \mathrm {G} _{\text{d}}={S_{\text{max}} \over S_{\text{max,dipole}}}}
The decibel gain relative to a dipole (dBd) is given by
G (dBd) = 10 log  S max S max,dipole {\displaystyle \mathrm {G} {\text{(dBd)}}=10\log {S_{\text{max}} \over S_{\text{max,dipole}}}}
In contrast to an isotropic antenna, the dipole has a "donut-shaped" radiation pattern, its radiated power is maximum in directions perpendicular to the antenna, declining to zero on the antenna axis. Since the radiation of the dipole is concentrated in horizontal directions, the gain of a half-wave dipole is greater than that of an isotropic antenna. The isotropic gain of a half-wave dipole is 1.64, or in decibels 10 log 1.64 = 2.15 dBi, so
G i = 1.64 G d {\displaystyle G_{\text{i}}=1.64G_{\text{d}}}
In decibels
G (dBi) = G (dBd) + 2.15 {\displaystyle G{\text{(dBi)}}=G{\text{(dBd)}}+2.15}
The two measures EIRP and ERP are based on the two different standard antennas above:[1][3][2][4]
EIRP is defined as the RMS power input in watts required to a lossless isotropic antenna to give the same maximum power density far from the antenna as the actual transmitter. It is equal to the power input to the transmitter's antenna multiplied by the isotropic antenna gain
E I R P = G i P in {\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP} =G_{\text{i}}P_{\text{in}}}
The ERP and EIRP are also often expressed in decibels (dB). The input power in decibels is usually calculated with comparison to a reference level of one watt (W): P in ( d B W ) = 10 log  P in {\displaystyle P_{\text{in}}\mathrm {(dBW)} =10\log P_{\text{in}}} . Since multiplication of two factors is equivalent to addition of their decibel values
E I R P ( d B W ) = G (dBi) + P in ( d B W ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(dBW)} =G{\text{(dBi)}}+P_{\text{in}}\mathrm {(dBW)} }
ERP is defined as the RMS power input in watts required to a lossless half-wave dipole antenna to give the same maximum power density far from the antenna as the actual transmitter. It is equal to the power input to the transmitter's antenna multiplied by the antenna gain relative to a half-wave dipole
E R P = G d P in {\displaystyle \mathrm {ERP} =G_{\text{d}}P_{\text{in}}}
E R P ( d B W ) = G (dBd) + P in ( d B W ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {ERP(dBW)} =G{\text{(dBd)}}+P_{\text{in}}\mathrm {(dBW)} }
Since the two definitions of gain only differ by a constant factor, so do ERP and EIRP
E I R P ( d B W ) = E R P (dBW) + 2.15 {\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(dBW)} =\mathrm {ERP} {\text{(dBW)}}+2.15}
Relation to transmitter output power
The transmitter is usually connected to the antenna through a transmission line and impedance matching network. Since these components may have significant losses L {\displaystyle L} , the power applied to the antenna is usually less than the output power of the transmitter P TX {\displaystyle P_{\text{TX}}} . The relation of ERP and EIRP to transmitter output power is
E I R P ( d B W ) = P TX ( d B W ) − L ( d B ) + G (dBi) {\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(dBW)} =P_{\text{TX}}\mathrm {(dBW)} -L\mathrm {(dB)} +G{\text{(dBi)}}}
E R P ( d B W ) = P TX ( d B W ) − L ( d B ) + G (dBi) − 2.15 {\displaystyle \mathrm {ERP(dBW)} =P_{\text{TX}}\mathrm {(dBW)} -L\mathrm {(dB)} +G{\text{(dBi)}}-2.15}
Losses in the antenna itself are included in the gain.
Relation to signal strength
If the signal path is in free space (line-of-sight propagation with no multipath) the signal strength (power flux density in watts per square meter) S {\displaystyle S} of the radio signal on the main lobe axis at any particular distance r {\displaystyle r} from the antenna can be calculated from the EIRP or ERP. Since an isotropic antenna radiates equal power flux density over a sphere centered on the antenna, and the area of a sphere with radius r {\displaystyle r} is A = 4 π r 2 {\displaystyle A=4\pi r^{2}} then
S ( r ) = E I R P 4 π r 2 {\displaystyle S(r)={\mathrm {EIRP} \over 4\pi r^{2}}}
Since E I R P = E R P × 1.64 {\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP} =\mathrm {ERP} \times 1.64} ,
S ( r ) = 0.41 × E R P π r 2 {\displaystyle S(r)={\mathrm {0.41\times ERP} \over \pi r^{2}}}
However if the radio waves travel by ground wave as is typical for medium or longwave broadcasting, skywave, or indirect paths play a part in transmission, the waves will suffer additional attenuation which depends on the terrain between the antennas, so these formulas are not valid.
Dipole vs. isotropic radiators
Because ERP is calculated as antenna gain (in a given direction) as compared with the maximum directivity of a half-wave dipole antenna, it creates a mathematically virtual effective dipole antenna oriented in the direction of the receiver. In other words, a notional receiver in a given direction from the transmitter would receive the same power if the source were replaced with an ideal dipole oriented with maximum directivity and matched polarization towards the receiver and with an antenna input power equal to the ERP. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference. Maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i.e., 0 dBd = 2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP. The ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator (a purely mathematical device which cannot exist in the real world), and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB.
Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is sometimes forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi–Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at precise intervals to create better energy focusing (directivity) than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, but listed only as dB. Obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi–Uda antenna's maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd = 10.92 dBi. Its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, i.e., it is not correct to use units of dBd or dBi with ERP and EIRP. Let us assume a 100-watt (20 dBW) transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP < 22.77dBW and EIRP < 24.92dBW, both less than ideal by η in dB. Assuming that the receiver is in the first side-lobe of the transmitting antenna, and each value is further reduced by 7.2 dB, which is the decrease in directivity from the main to side-lobe of a Yagi-Uda. Therefore, anywhere along the side-lobe direction from this transmitter, a blind receiver could not tell the difference if a Yagi-Uda was replaced with either an ideal dipole (oriented towards the receiver) or an isotropic radiator with antenna input power increased by 1.57 dB.[5]
Polarization has not been taken into account so far, but it must be properly clarified. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was perfectly aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the receiving antenna is circularly polarized, and there will be a minimum 3 dB polarization loss regardless of antenna orientation. If the receiver is also a dipole, it is possible to align it orthogonally to the transmitter such that theoretically zero energy is received. However, this polarization loss is not accounted for in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Rather, the receiving system designer must account for this loss as appropriate. For example, a cellular telephone tower has a fixed linear polarization, but the mobile handset must function well at any arbitrary orientation. Therefore, a handset design might provide dual polarization receive on the handset so that captured energy is maximized regardless of orientation, or the designer might use a circularly polarized antenna and account for the extra 3 dB of loss with amplification.
FM example
Four bay crossed-dipole antenna of an FM broadcasting station.
For example, an FM radio station which advertises that it has 100,000 watts of power actually has 100,000 watts ERP, and not an actual 100,000-watt transmitter. The transmitter power output (TPO) of such a station typically may be 10,000 to 20,000 watts, with a gain factor of 5 to 10 (5× to 10×, or 7 to 10 dB). In most antenna designs, gain is realized primarily by concentrating power toward the horizontal plane and suppressing it at upward and downward angles, through the use of phased arrays of antenna elements. The distribution of power versus elevation angle is known as the vertical pattern. When an antenna is also directional horizontally, gain and ERP will vary with azimuth (compass direction). Rather than the average power over all directions, it is the apparent power in the direction of the antenna's main lobe that is quoted as a station's ERP (this statement is just another way of stating the definition of ERP). This is particularly applicable to the huge ERPs reported for shortwave broadcasting stations, which use very narrow beam widths to get their signals across continents and oceans.
United States regulatory usage
ERP for FM radio in the United States is always relative to a theoretical reference half-wave dipole antenna. (That is, when calculating ERP, the most direct approach is to work with antenna gain in dBd). To deal with antenna polarization, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) lists ERP in both the horizontal and vertical measurements for FM and TV. Horizontal is the standard for both, but if the vertical ERP is larger it will be used instead.
The maximum ERP for US FM broadcasting is usually 100,000 watts (FM Zone II) or 50,000 watts (in the generally more densely populated Zones I and I-A), though exact restrictions vary depending on the class of license and the antenna height above average terrain (HAAT).[6] Some stations have been grandfathered in or, very infrequently, been given a waiver, and can exceed normal restrictions.
Microwave band issues
For most microwave systems, a completely non-directional isotropic antenna (one which radiates equally and perfectly well in every direction – a physical impossibility) is used as a reference antenna, and then one speaks of EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power) rather than ERP. This includes satellite transponders, radar, and other systems which use microwave dishes and reflectors rather than dipole-style antennas.
Lower-frequency issues
In the case of medium wave (AM) stations in the United States, power limits are set to the actual transmitter power output, and ERP is not used in normal calculations. Omnidirectional antennas used by a number of stations radiate the signal equally in all directions. Directional arrays are used to protect co- or adjacent channel stations, usually at night, but some run directionally 24 hours. While antenna efficiency and ground conductivity are taken into account when designing such an array, the FCC database shows the station's transmitter power output, not ERP.
According to the Institution of Electrical Engineers (UK), ERP is often used as a general reference term for radiated power, but strictly speaking should only used when the antenna is a half-wave dipole,[7] and is used when referring to FM transmission.[8]
Effective monopole radiated power (EMRP) may be used in Europe, particularly in relation to medium wave broadcasting antennas. This is the same as ERP, except that a short vertical antenna (i.e. a short monopole) is used as the reference antenna instead of a half-wave dipole.[7]
Cymomotive force (CMF) is an alternative term used for expressing radiation intensity in volts, particularly at the lower frequencies.[7] It is used in Australian legislation regulating AM broadcasting services, which describes it as: "for a transmitter, [it] means the product, expressed in volts, of: (a) the electric field strength at a given point in space, due to the operation of the transmitter; and (b) the distance of that point from the transmitter's antenna".[9]
It relates to AM broadcasting only, and expresses the field strength in "microvolts per metre at a distance of 1 kilometre from the transmitting antenna".[8]
Main article: Height above average terrain
The height above average terrain for VHF and higher frequencies is extremely important when considering ERP, as the signal coverage (broadcast range) produced by a given ERP dramatically increases with antenna height. Because of this, it is possible for a station of only a few hundred watts ERP to cover more area than a station of a few thousand watts ERP, if its signal travels above obstructions on the ground.
Nominal power (radio broadcasting)
List of broadcast station classes
^ a b Jones, Graham A.; Layer, David H.; Osenkowsky, Thomas G. (2007). National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 10th Ed. Elsevier. p. 1632. ISBN 978-1136034107.
^ a b Huang, Yi; Boyle, Kevin (2008). Antennas: From Theory to Practice. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-0470772928.
^ a b Seybold, John S. (2005). Introduction to RF Propagation. John Wiley and Sons. p. 292. ISBN 0471743682.
^ a b Weik, Martin H. (2012). Communications Standard Dictionary. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 327. ISBN 978-1461566724.
^ Cheng, David K. (1992). Field and Wave Electromagnetics, 2nd Ed. Addison-Wesley. pp. 648–650.
^ 47 CFR 73.211
^ a b c Barclay, Les, ed. (2003). Propagation of Radiowaves. Volume 2 of Electromagnetics and Radar, IET Digital Library. Institution of Electrical Engineers (contributor). London: Institution of Engineering and Technology. p. 13-14. ISBN 978-0-85296-102-5. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
^ a b "3MTR may get a power increase". radioinfo. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
^ "Broadcasting Services (Technical Planning) Guidelines 2017". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2020. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
Radio spectrum (ITU)
3 Hz/100 Mm
30 Hz/10 Mm
300 Hz/1 Mm
3 kHz/100 km
VLF
30 kHz/10 km
300 kHz/1 km
3 MHz/100 m
30 MHz/10 m
300 MHz/1 m
3 GHz/100 mm
SHF
30 GHz/10 mm
300 GHz/1 mm
3 THz/0.1 mm
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effective_radiated_power&oldid=1134069508"
Radio transmission power
Logarithmic scales of measurement


Addressing a party convention in Channapatna, Kumaraswamy, who represents the Bangalore (Rural) constituency in the Lok Sabha, had initially said he would consult his father, H D Deve Gowda, before taking a final decision on his candidature.
However, party workers assembled at the convention almost mobbed him insisting that he contest from Channapatna for the April 9 by-election.
Overwhelmed by the popular demand, Kumaraswamy assured the workers that he will file his nomination papers on Wednesday. The JD(S) candidates for the Bangarpet and Jagalur Assembly constituencies, that are also going to polls on April 9, are likely to be announced on Monday.
Channapatna is witnessing its second Assembly bypoll in as many years. C P Yogeshwar, who was elected on a Congress ticket, joined the BJP in 2009. In the ensuing by-election M C Ashwath of the JD(S) was elected. But he too crossed over to the BJP, necessitating another by-election. Yogeshwar will be the BJP candidate against Kumaraswamy.
The BJP has also chosen defectors S V Ramachandra and M Narayanaswamy to contest from Jagalur and Bangarpet respectively. The duo had resigned from the Congress and joined the BJP under 'Operation Lotus' during October last year.
A tug of war is on among Congress leaders on pushing their candidates for the bypolls. Former minister D K Shivakumar is keen on fielding his brother D K Suresh from Channapatna, while union minister of state for railways K M Muniyappa is lobbying for his follower Narayanappa for the Bangarpet seat.