Call me slow, but this year has brought a world-rocking realization: my kids have special needs.
We declined the training for higher levels of care because we didn't want to sign up for that life. We filled out a whole lot of paperwork indicating that we were only prepared for "basic" kids. We answered every interview question consistent with our intent to maintain a "normal" level of family functioning.
Well, suffice it to say, this is not what happened. At. All. That carefully filled-out paperwork is mocking me with a big, fat "WHO CARES?" I want to laugh in the face of my incredibly naïve 2010 self. We adopted kids who were eight and five (and one). Their stories are fraught with all kinds of craziness. There is nothing "basic" about this. The fact that we have one child out of three who can still be classified as having a "basic" level of care is an extraordinary grace of God, because the events of her first two months of life make it nothing short of a miracle that she is alive.
Regardless of paperwork and home studies and adoption training (and lack thereof), I know one incredibly important thing that has been the same through this whole process: our faithful God. HE orchestrated the events of our process. HE brought these kids to us. HE is working for our good and His glory. HE is the same yesterday and today and forever.
We didn't start the adoption process with the intent to parent special-needs children—in fact, we tried to avoid it. But really, who gets to choose whether special needs exist and to what degree they are present? Kids are born with them. They develop them after years of life that were blissfully uneventful. Accidents, cancer, autism, Down's Syndrome, so many others... why would I expect that I had a choice in the matter? The only choice that matters here is that God chose us to know Him and love Him and be saved by Him.
In my next post in this series, I'll share what our particular "special needs" look like. There is nothing "basic" about them. They are not transient or brief, nor are they typical and minimally disturbing. Nope. Not. At. All.
Next Post Let's Define "Special Needs"


Ari Melber REAL LIFE Girlfriend is LisAnne Marie Becotte!?
In the N.W.A movie, Why was Eazy e crying when he saw dr.dre chronic on a billboard post ad? Music production clients? If fredo Snatana was around today do you think he would have been successful? Do U like eminem? Why? Is Nipsey Hussle a legend now?


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Clyde Zamir
Did you know what Palestinians gained when they were offered a Jewish State in 1917?
Senior Presenter at A.J. Dena Takruri's tweet in response to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's requirement that the Palestinian Authority must accept Israel as a Jewish State, on January 15, 2017.
It is no mystery that Palestinians rejected the notion of a Jewish State promised to Zionists in the 1917 Balfour Declaration. However, that rejection is bit of a surprise given the gains Palestinians were promised under the Declaration.
Ironically, the promise to establish a Jewish state not only led to emergence of the collective Palestinian identity we see today, but it also led to the liberation of the local Arabs from the oppressive yoke of the Ottoman Empire, which occupied that part of the Middle East from 1516 until 1918. It was not until that Declaration, which promised both the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and no prejudice to "the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine," that the local Arabs were first guaranteed the right to take part in a Palestinian state.
On top of that, the right to take part in a Palestinians state was far superior to the rights of all the other Arabs who would come under British rule after World War I. After the war, Britain's other territories in the Middle East consisted of Egypt, Trans-Jordan, and Iraq, all of which were destined to become monarchies under their respective mandates. Under a monarchy the people are merely subjects of a king, with little rights if any to take part in the governance of the monarchy. There are some Monarchies, like Britain, that do offer their subjects a substantial right to govern through a parliament, but Jordan's King Abudllah II dissolved his parliament in 2016; and the monarchies of Egypt and Iraq were respectively overthrown and replaced by dictatorships.
Tragically, Palestinians still reject the idea of a Jewish State, choosing to view the glass as half empty rather than half full.
Clyde Zamir graduated from the University of Miami School of Law in 2015. He is currently a candidate for an L.L.M. in Taxation at the University of Denver School of Law. Clyde created and ran a pro-Israel Facebook page, "Stop the Lies," between February and October 2016, and reached more than 20,000 followers within that time period.
divestment-from-israel
A Tyranny of Professors
Gila Berkowitz
The Bigoted, Demonizing, & Shameful Movement (BDS)
Itzchak Maghen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Chemistry ⋅
Atomic & Molecular Structure
The Uses for Electroplating
••• DingaLT/iStock/GettyImages
Chemicals Used in Gold Plating
By Andrew Breslin
Electroplating is used to coat a surface with a thin layer of metal through electrochemical processes. As students, we may remember such demonstrations from science class, in which electroplating was used to illustrate the chemical principles underlying the process, but the technique has many practical applications.
The object to be plated is placed in a solution containing ions of the metal with which it is to be plated. When a negative charge is applied to the object, the positively charged metal ions are attracted to it. When these ions touch the negatively charged object, the ions are chemically reduced, meaning they become neutral. No longer charged, they become insoluble, precipitating as solid metal, in a very thin coat on the object that is being plated.
Some metals are considered far more attractive and valuable than others, gold and silver being the oldest and most obvious examples. But gold and silver are rare and expensive. Through electroplating, a very thin layer of gold or silver can coat a less valuable metal, making a final product with all the luster and beauty of those rare metals, at a fraction of the cost. This was the first commercial application of electroplating, and has been in use since the early 1800s. Thin layers of chromium are often used on appliances and automobiles to produce a pleasant, shiny appearance.
Electroplating can also protect surfaces by covering them with a thin layer of metal that will be more resistant to corrosion than the material of which they are primarily composed. Zinc and cadmium protect the underlying surface by being more reactive, corroding before the base metal underneath. Copper, nickel and chromium work by forming a protective, un-reactive coating.
Gold and silver are excellent conductors of electricity, but they are, as noted, prohibitively expensive. Through electroplating techniques, very small amounts of these precious, highly conductive metals can be incorporated into electronic components and integrated circuits. Cell phones, computers and other electronic devices all use electroplating techniques in their circuits.
While beauty, protection from corrosion, and electrical conductivity are the properties most commonly imparted through electroplating, as described above, electroplating can also be used to reduce friction, protect from abrasion, protect from radiation, or otherwise impart desired characteristics to a surface that lacks those properties. Electroplating is also used not to impart the properties of the electroplating substance, but simply to control the size of machine parts. Electroplating allows undersized parts to be thickened precisely to the desired size.
Bronze Plating Process
Metal Coating Method on Plastic
How to Galvanize Metal
What Is Zinc Alloy?
Methods of Plating Stainless Steel
How to Electroplate Plastic
Types of Gold Refining
DIY Electroplating
Zinc Plating Process
Gold & Platinum Recovery Methods
Causes of Gold Discoloration
3 Different Forms of Brass
The Difference Between 10K & 14K Gold
The Effect of pH in Electroplating
What Metals Make Good Conductors of Electricity?
Types of Metals on the Periodic Table
Things Made Out of Tungsten
What Is Magnafluxing?
The Effects of Acid on Different Kinds of Metal
Engineer's Edge
ThomasNet
Andrew Breslin has been writing professionally since 1994. His articles and op-ed pieces have appeared in the "South Florida Sun Sentinel," "St Paul Pioneer Press," "Detroit Free Press," "Charlotte Observer," "Good Medicine," and others. He studied molecular biology at Westchester University and frequently writes about science and mathematics.


Music history: he is the one and only original and founding member, guitar player and leader of Brzdari. In 2002 he also started the Johnny Cash Revival band. He also runs country section of Brzdari (with his brother Jirka and Pepa Voda) which often financialy supports our bluegrass section. And we have to admit that we are thankful for that.


Fantastic opportunity to own property in the prestigious Russellville area of Franktown. The lot is 5+ acres with glorious views. Enjoy the beauty of all nature has to offer with this nicely wooded lot. Private driveway is completed directly to main road. Come see, build your dream home.


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Q: Linq to entities and SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AI I'm developing an app where I need to insert names using special characters like áéíóúñ and I'm using linq to entities with Visual C#.
My database server is SQL 2008 express and the default collation of my database is SQL_Latin1_General_CP1251_CI_AS, however I changed the collation of the fields to SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AI where I need to insert the special characters mentioned above.
If I insert names with special characters using code similar to this:
 Cliente cli = new Cliente()
            {
                Nombres = cliente.nombres,
                ApellidoP = cliente.apellidoP,
                ApellidoM = cliente.apellidoM,
                FechaNac = cliente.fechaNacimiento
            };
            context.clientes.AddObject(cli);
            context.SaveChanges();

The special characters are translated to their equivalent, but if I insert names with special characters directly in the database (management studio) I have no problems inserting those characters.
I changed fields collation to SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AI after creating my project in visual studio, so I thought updating model from database would solve the problem but I was wrong.
I also used the debugger to check if special characters were present when I create a new instance of Cliente object, and yes, they're there.
What could be the problem?

A: I do not see anything wrong with your code or approach. This seems to be an issue with the Database. The best soltion would be to change the BD collation to SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AI, but that is usually hard to do if you are pass the development phase.
You could try one of the following:
Eliminate the entity or entities that have the field properties that hold the special characters from your model, run Update Model from Database again and re-add the tables. Sometimes an update is not enough to refresh the entities, and maybe your field specific collation configuratino was not taken into account the first time.
Take a look at this post. Maybe the problem has to do with the design of your tables.
Or this other post. Using a similar approach, maybe it is possible to change the collation of your BD (if it is not being used by other applications - not likely).
Hope this helps.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Patients must have a hematologic malignancy for which allogeneic hematopoietic peripheral blood cell transplantation is deemed clinically appropriate.
Willingness and ability to sign an IRB/IEC approved ICF before performance of any study specific procedures or tests and to comply with protocol visits, and study procedures.
Any condition or therapy, which, in the opinion of the Investigator, might pose a risk to the patient or make participation in the study not in the best interest of the patient.


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#include "stacked_image_view.h"

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    this->setMinimumSize(200, 200);
}

StackedImageView::~StackedImageView(){

}

void StackedImageView::SetData(std::vector< BasicImage* >& images){
	view_images_.assign(images.begin(), images.end());

	this->updateGL();
}

void StackedImageView::initializeGL(){

}

void StackedImageView::resizeGL(int w, int h){

}

void StackedImageView::paintGL(){

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Vista Estate sits on 60 acres that contain several villas and a castle. It offers one of the most beautiful views of Lake Como, including the three branches of the lake, the beautiful surrounding landscape, and Bellagio.
There is a charming, small restaurant located within walking distance of the villa – other restaurants, shops, and the ferry and railroad station are located in Varenna. Connections to Menaggio and Bellagio are via ferry. There is a golf course in Menaggio – fifteen minutes by ferry and then ten minutes by car. The railroad station in Varenna connects to Milan in about an hour.
The Vista Estate offers several paths, gardens and seating areas for guests to enjoy, as well as breathtaking views of the lake and mountains. Next to the property is an ancient village, and although there are no shops there, guests can enjoy the specialties of the local inexpensive restaurant located just two minutes on foot from the house.
The 60-acre Vista Estate contains several villas and a castle. The villas can be rented separately or in combination to accommodate up to 35 guests.
This villa has a private pool and it is occupied by the owners but there are two apartments on the third floor that are avaialble for rental.
For additional details, visit Vista Bellagio.
For additional details, visit Casa nel Villagio.
For additional details, visit Casa Menaggio.
This two-story cottage has a double bedroom with en-suite bathroom (shower), a cozy living room, and a kitchen with modern conveniences.
For additional details, visit Casa Dario.
Guests at Casa nel Villagio must park their cars at the Vista Lago estate, as no parking is allowed in the village.
A high-speed wireless internet connection is available for guests at Casa Menaggio, Casa nel Villagio and Casa Dario in the reception office on the estate.
Vista Lago and Vista Bellagio are not recommended for people with walking difficulties.
Final estate prices do not include Vista Lago, as prices for Vista Lago are on request.
Please visit Vista Lago, Vista Bellagio, Casa Menaggio, Casa nel Villagio or Casa Dario for additional details about renting these properties separately. For information about renting Vista Estate, please inquire.


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Huntington Castle, voted one of Ireland's top 20 Hidden Gems by The Guardian in March 2015 is set in over 160 acres of gardens, woodland and farmland. Thee castle features a fascinating guided tour which explains it's 17th century history. The tour also features the world famous Temple of Isis located in the old castle dungeons. Huntington offers a fabulous woodland playground, as well as a charming tearoom and gift shop.
The gardens were mainly laid out in the 17th century by the Esmondes who built Huntington Castle in 1625.They include the French limes on the Avenue, the "parterre" or lawns to the side of the house, the fish ponds on either side of the centre walk through the wilderness and the majority of Yew trees which comprise the Yew Walk. Larger plantings have resulted in Huntington possessing a number of great Irish trees, including four varieties of hickory, a cut leaved oak, Siberian crab and buckeye chestnut.
Explore the kitchen gardens, with the Greenhouse and the recently restored Rose Gardens. Then stroll through the enchanting Italian Gardens and the ruins of the old Abbey before walking through to the 'Wilderness' woodland where formal walks and pathways will guide you past shrubs, flora and bamboo to the old turbine house which supplied electricity to Huntington as early as 1888. The bottom of the wilderness is marked by the delightful River Derry which flows as the boundary between County Carlow and Wexford. Then head back to the castle and experience the fascinating guided tour or simply take a well earned break in the tearooms. There is always something to discover at Huntington with new features every year – current projects include garden restoration and significant planting projects.
Please check for further updates on Covid 19 restrictions at www.huntingtoncastle.com or email info@huntingtoncastle.com and check the www.carlowgardentrail.com and the Carlow Tourism website.
E: info@huntingtoncastle.com
W: http://www.huntingtoncastle.com/
Clonegal, Co. Carlow
Latitude: 52.690404 | Longitude: -6.649131
Entrance to the avenue is in the picturesque village of Clonegal, 5km from N80 turn off (signposted). Approx. 17.5km south of junction 5 on M9. Ten minute drive from Tullow town via Ardattin village.
May – September 2 p.m. – 6 p.m daily. House 2 – 5 p.m. weekends in May and September and daily June – August.
For special events outside these times see website, ie. Easter, Halloween and Christmas at the Castle. Open at other times by arrangement.
Gardens: adults €6, U12 €3. Usual concessions. House and gardens adults €10, children €5. Family and group discounts.
Children's adventure playground, coach and car park, toilets, wheelchair access to gardens only, guided tours of Huntington Castle. Refurbished tea room, gift shop, woodland walks and rose gardens.


It's Mariah Carey's world these days — and MAC is just living in it.
Our cosmetics sources say Mariah's new makeup line is all her doing … right down to the product names and how they're marketed at MAC stores.
We're told she came up with what each shade of lipstick or mascara would be called, and settled with names like Dahhlinggg, MCizzle and So Dramatique.
She even created an instruction manual of sorts for everyone peddling her products at MAC stores.
For the record, we're told MAC was happy to oblige on every front … because, well, Mariah gets what Mariah wants.


This will be accomplished by equipping residents, organizations and institutions with the tools to harness their own power to affect neighborhood progress. Members will work alongside a talented and highly motivated team of organizing staff and neighborhood leaders and will help to organize people and resources to accomplish these tasks. Re-purposing vacant property will create a physical environment that encourages economic opportunity and neighborhood reinvestment. Equipping neighborhood residents, groups, and institutions with the tools and skills necessary to harness their own collective power will help to eliminate social and structural barriers to opportunity while ensuring that reinvestment benefits residents.


E. Reese doubled to left field.
C. Parks doubled to left center, RBI; E. Reese scored.
D. Foster singled to right field, RBI; B. Baughcum scored.
K. Tucker singled to right field.
B. Cornett to p for C. Murphy.
N. Williams struck out, reached first on a wild pitch.
N. Williams advanced to second on a wild pitch.
E. Reese advanced to second on a passed ball; N. Williams scored on a passed ball, unearned.
E. Reese advanced to third on a wild pitch.
B. Baughcum singled to right center.
B. Baughcum advanced to second on a passed ball.
D. Foster advanced to second; B. Baughcum advanced to third.
Q. Tomasino doubled to right center, 2 RBI; D. Foster scored; B. Baughcum scored.
L. Spiva walked; K. Tucker advanced to second.
J. Joplin reached first on an error by 1b; L. Spiva advanced to second; K. Tucker advanced to third.
N. Ward singled to center field, 2 RBI; J. Joplin advanced to second; L. Spiva scored; K. Tucker scored.
N. Ward advanced to second on a wild pitch; J. Joplin advanced to third on a wild pitch.
B. Baughcum singled to right field; T. Voelker advanced to second.
Q. Tomasino singled to right field.
K. Gaura singled to left field; Q. Tomasino advanced to second.
E. Mask walked; K. Gaura advanced to second; Q. Tomasino advanced to third.
E. Mask advanced to second on a wild pitch; K. Gaura advanced to third on a wild pitch; Q. Tomasino scored on a wild pitch.
D. McNicholl singled to center field, RBI; E. Mask advanced to third; K. Gaura scored.
E. Boles to p for C. Parks.
D. McNicholl advanced to second; E. Mask scored.
T. Voelker hit by pitch.
L. Spiva singled to left field.
L. Spiva advanced to second on an error by p, advanced to third.
J. Nichols doubled to right center, RBI; Q. Tomasino scored.
E. Mask walked; K. Gaura advanced to second; J. Nichols advanced to third.
K. Heuchert to p for C. Bridges.
E. Reese singled to first base, advanced to second on an error by lf, advanced to third.
C. Parks to dh for E. Boles.
K. Taylor to p for E. Boles.
T. Smiley pinch hit for J. Joplin.
J. Martin to p for K. Taylor.
S. Glover to c for T. Smiley.
B. Taylor pinch ran for Q. Tomasino.
B. Taylor scored on a wild pitch.
E. Mask hit by pitch.
D. McNicholl reached first on an error by lf, advanced to third, RBI; E. Mask scored, unearned.
A. Biss to p for T. Mayfield.
W. Guzman pinch hit for N. Ward.
W. Guzman doubled to left field.
N. Williams homered, 3 RBI; T. Daniels scored; W. Guzman scored.


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Tag Archives: things
Have You Learnt The Place On This Planet To Seek Out These Famous Things?
When origami artists begin, the method they use to create their models known as the design. While CGI has develop into all the fashion in latest many years, Christopher Nolan is one director who has determined to use it sparingly. Are you able to identify this boy who lived? David Bowie voices the principle character on this movie a few boy who builds a magical snowman. The influence of character presence on the episode's rating is calculated by the correlation of the number of lines spoken by the character to the episode's rating. After dividing the matrix horizontally and vertically into 2 by 2 blocks, we exchange every block with one quantity which is the average of the 4 values within the block. And during their journey, audiences get to hum alongside to a lot of soaring ballads and catchy tunes. He was all the time as much as something that could get the Robinsons in bother, or that might get him a ticket back to the Earth. This caused the shuttle to veer off the trail it was imagined to follow and quite actually get the Robinsons and their crew misplaced in area. He's just as misplaced as they are. Do you know where the Robinson household was going after they got lost?
" That is a major aspect that each individual ought to know before he purchases a automobile DVD participant. Do you know what happened alongside their travels by way of the universe? Not only do sports look different as a consequence of large Tv contracts and the all-powerful affect of the close-up, but Tv has rent asunder the very fabric of the universe on which sports sit. By utilizing coloration based inks – to make sure your fabric photographs final fairly a while without fading. That is false. Within the final episode, the Robinsons are still caught in area endlessly, along with no method to even get dwelling. Nearly 20 years later, Avid is still the industry leader in non-linear pc-based mostly enhancing techniques. In reality, even steps consultants around dog propagation may still confuse a certain breed as the cross approximately two canine breeds. Perhaps you may even identify their daughter's pet that traveled along with them? The original comedian that was created before the present was called 'The Space Family Robinson.' The present was based on this comic guide using the Robinsons identify and sometimes using an analogous storyline. The unique identify of the space shuttle that the Robinsons used in the pilot was the Gemini 12. The identify was changed for the remainder of the series.
The Robinsons have been on their method to colonize Alpha Centauri. A simple strategy to appropriate that is to move the proscenium nearer to the spectator by including borders to the picture, however this isn't all the time as simple because it appears (see Sec. It is a star system that's situated outdoors of our galaxy within the Milky Method. I do not need to brag, however I am type of a actuality Tv star. They don't desire to go away their family and disguise from him. While in the pursuing sentences we shall deal with the rewards along with display, with straightforward to understand vocabulary, the main cause that you simply need to evaluate in order for you to enhance supreme loudspeaker cable television to increase ones sound recording listening to experience in addition to basic approach seem top quality. The laser guns were used to protect themselves whereas venturing into house alone. Some mix the styles of the past with today's expertise while other artists strive to recreate the fashion itself without making use of it to the modern world.
As of 2016, the Nationwide Museum of China in Beijing has extra visitors than any other museum on the planet. Be taught more about hyperpigmentation and acne cure. If you play console video games then the experience can be way more fulfilling if you're playing them with a HD Television. Go to the FCC's Digital Television Transition Internet site for more particulars. Every episode starts with a skit carried out by the most important stars of the time, including W.C. Artists have to contemplate many factors when deciding upon a picture format, together with the software program he or she makes use of to make edits and the last word size of the image file. So now you might have four items of movie: the 2 originals and the 2 mattes. In the meantime, you had been reminded of the issues above so that you are actually capable of doing the following step. The salesmen in every shop are professionals and have ardour for AV and Hello-Fi. The cold temperatures would have interfered with their food provide. That is true. The present had an unexpected cancellation. Was briefly romantically linked to Don West on the present.


In lieu of more talky-talky this week, we'll try to bring you some news the old-school DS way, via short, succinct, savory blog posts. And what better way to kick off the week than with an amazing comic from a new face.
Scott McCloud, finder of all things amazing and new, blogs briefly about Emily Carroll, the creator behind the overnight success that is His Face All Red. Steve mentioned in our (now lost to the Interether) most recent episode that I probably recognized her name from combining poet Emily Dickinson and author Lewis Carroll, which is entirely possible. The entire comic, all ten, infinitely-canvassed pages of it, is incredibly haunting and does a great job of evoking that classic horror style in the vein of Edgar Allan Poe.
Do as the McCloud commands and demand a larger, more consolidated presence for this next up-and-coming webcomics star!


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Home > News > Paton Presents At Stanford Legal Ethics Conference
Paton Presents At Stanford Legal Ethics Conference
Professor Paul Paton
Professor Paul Paton spoke on "Conflicts of Interest — Imputation in Comparative Perspective" at the International Legal Ethics Conference IV: The Legal Profession in Times of Turbulence on July 16 at Stanford Law School in Palo Alto.
Paton's presentation was part of a panel discussion on "Confidentiality and Conflicts of Interest" on the first day of the three-day event that featured speakers from 14 countries. The Stanford Center on the Legal Profession hosted the symposium, which was co-sponsored by the American Bar Association Center for Professional Responsibility. It was the first time the conference was held in the United States.
The conference focused on a broad range of issues including the conditions of legal practice, bar regulatory structures, law firm culture, access to justice, diversity, cause lawyering, client relationships, conflicts of interest, globalization, and legal ethics education.
Paton is the director of McGeorge's Ethics Across the Professions Initiative, a series of annual scholarly gatherings designed to bring together professionals from a range of fields to focus in a multi-disciplinary manner on ethics issues. He teaches Professional Responsibility, Corporate Governance and Business Associations at the law school.
Tags: 2010, faculty-&-scholarship
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Global solar power consumption increased by 35%, while wind power consumption rose 17% over 2016.
Global carbon dioxide emissions rose 1.6% to a new record of 33.4 billion metric tons.
First, the report shows that the world achieved a new oil production record of 92.6 million barrels per day (BPD), which is the 8th straight year global oil production has increased. The United States was the world's top oil producer in 2017, exceeding 13 million BPD* for the first time ever. Saudi Arabia was second at 12.0 million BPD, while Russia came in at 11.3 million BPD.
Oil consumption, which is quite a bit higher due to the inclusion of biofuels and fuels derived from coal and natural gas, also set a new record of 98.2 million BPD. U.S. consumption rose by 1.0%, and still leads the world at 19.9 million BPD. China's demand rose by 4% to a new record of 12.8 million BPD.
Global coal consumption increased by 1.0%, but remains 3.5% below the peak reached in 2013. Coal consumption declined in the U.S. and European Union, but crept 0.5% higher in China. China remains the world's top coal market, with the country consuming 50.7% of the world's coal in 2017.
But the growth of renewables wasn't enough to prevent a new record for total fossil fuel consumption. Consequently, carbon dioxide emissions rose in 2017. Global carbon dioxide emissions rose 1.6% to a new record of 33.4 billion metric tons. Carbon dioxide emissions actually declined by 0.5% in the U.S. as more coal-fired power was phased out, but strong growth was registered in the Asia Pacific region, Europe and in Africa. Of the 18 Asia Pacific countries reported, only Japan showed a decline in carbon dioxide emissions.
In the next few articles, I will take a deeper dive and share some graphics derived from the report.
*Note that BP's definition of "oil" includes natural gas liquids (NGLs), which have surged in the U.S. along with natural gas production. This is the primary reason BP's oil production number is higher than numbers reported by the Energy Information Administration.


At 17 years of age, when most kids are learning to drive and hanging out with friends, Affie Setoodeh's best friend was her dog-eared English dictionary. She had recently arrived in the United States from her homeland in pursuit of vast opportunity, higher education and ultimately, the American Dream. However, she knew very little English when she was accepted to the University of Louisiana. But true to her passionate nature, Affie persevered, simultaneously teaching herself English and excelling in school en route to earning her bachelor's degree in Computer Science.
Spending quality time with family is Affie's favorite way to unwind after a hard day's work.
ladder to become a leading supervisor at PWC in a short amount of time.
Affie is passionate about home staging and design. She started The Passionate Palette staging to provide comprehensive, professional staging services for sellers throughout Orange County. On her own listings, she includes this staging expertise as one of the myriad value- added services for her clients. When you consider the benefits that yield from this combined expertise, along with her superior marketing and professional service, it's no wonder more and more people choose Affie for all their real estate needs.
Affie's passionate approach to real estate is evident from the moment you meet her. It's a great feeling to have that on your side.
As Affie and Ali started their family, the demands of raising twin baby girls and one toddler while working and traveling full-time proved to be more draining than she had anticipated. While she loved her career, her priorities had been realigned to reflect her new role as a mother. This important responsibility demanded that she focus her energies on raising her daughters and maintaining the home, which she did dutifully for several years.
Once the girls were older, Affie and her husband decided that it was finally time for her to try her hand at her newfound passion, real estate. While a stay-at- home mom, Affie had undertaken a project to remodel and renovate her home and in the process fell in love with it. She had a natural eye for interior design and color, and with the help of her sister, an architect, she was able to learn about space and lighting. Needless to say, her home turned out as beautiful as she had imagined and she realized that this fervor could be channeled into a full-time career.
However, Affie's early days in real estate did not come easy. But her perseverance and previous experiences proved to be crucial and deeply advantageous in her new line of business. As she gathered more knowledge and expertise within the industry, and the more she helped her clients sell or find the perfect place to call home, the more she became reassured of her decision to become a REALTOR®. Her passion extended in every direction – from the communities she served to the people with whom she worked with.
Today, with more than a decade of professional experience, countless industry awards and recognitions, there simply could not be a better fit for Affie than real estate, and it shows. From the moment you meet her, you understand that this is what she was born to do.
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Home > Study Abroad in Italy
Introduction about study in Italy
Students from all over the world take life-changing decisions regarding pursuit of higher studies be it a Bachelor's degree or Masters. Now whether they want to pursue it in their home country or look for better opportunities abroad varies from individual to individual. A lot of factors and thought goes into making this crucial decision. Sometimes, choosing to study abroad doesn't depend only on the university, the course, and the curriculum but also about what the country as a whole has to offer.
If one has to live there for a prolonged period of time, it makes sense to know all that the country has to offer in terms of people, their culture, living conditions, climate, availability of Indian food, etc. Italy is easily the most popular among tourists as it is famous for its culture, history, people, natural beauty, infrastructure, modern amenities, food, fashion, lifestyle, and of course, some of the best universities in the whole world. It is surely one of the most visited countries in the world for its distinct appeal.
Why study in Italy?
Italy is home to some of the most renowned holiday destinations and historical sites, and among the cities Milan is considered as the global capital of fashion and design and is home to some of the international fashion brands such as Prada. Italy is also the birthplace of pizzas, pastas, and cheese that people can't get enough of. The ruins of the Ancient Roman Empire can still be seen in Italy as well as the renaissance in Florence which has left indelible marks in the culture and traditions of the whole country. Its capital city Rome is known as the 'Eternal City' and is one of the most well-preserved cities in the world.
Italy's mesmerizing beauty and historic treasures are truly captivating making it a sought after destination by one and all. The Italian Universities strive to keep up with the changing times and demands of the ever evolving education system. Their efforts towards developing programs especially for the international students is evident from the fact that there are currently more than 500 English taught study programs. It is in such an environment that students who opt to study in Italy are welcomed by some of the top universities who are leading the way with examples. While it is no surprise that history, literature, and fashion students find Italy to be one of the most favored study destinations in the world.
Italy has a highly multicultural environment given that students from all over the world make this country their home and seek a career here. It is home to the University of Bologna which marks the origin of Western higher education system as the oldest university in Europe. It also welcomes the highest number of Erasmus students. There are many public and private institutions in Italy offering a range of programs in technical, business, management, humanities, science, marketing, etc. which cover both major as well as specialized areas of interest.
It is also one of the most affordable countries for students to live and study in although the capital city of Rome, Milan, and Bologna are on the more expensive side. The medium of teaching is mostly in English although there are obviously many Italian courses as well. However, for those who aren't proficient in the language may want to learn the basics for living and sustaining oneself in the country.
Top places to study in Italy
Once you decide to study abroad in Italy, the next step is to choose the city and the university. Each city of Italy has a distinct cuisine, culture, and dialect and has unique experiences to offer. Since there are many students who opt to study in Italy,it may sometimes be overwhelming to choose which city is the best in terms of environment, student culture, and lifestyle. The following cities in Italy have so far been considered some of the best by the innumerable students who have pursued an academic career there:
Being the capital city, Rome has the advantage of offering courses in various fields of study and in different levels as well. Be it Bachelor's, Master's or PhD, in Rome, the public and private universities have courses and curriculum that are at par with the Western and European standards that is coveted by students worldwide.
Particularly favored by students of art, design, architecture, and history, its ancient buildings and the exquisite university campuses feel like a sight right out of 18th century; Rome is and has always been one of the top choices for students. Commuting is easy and comfortable. Science and technology students may also opt for Rome as they get to learn the contribution of the country in modern science and technology.
Located in Italy's Lombardy Region, Milan is another of the best cities to study in Italy which is also the second largest city in the country. Milan hosts some of the world's most high-end events like the Design Week and the world-renowned Milan Fashion Week which dictates fashion trends throughout the world. It has been the economic hub of Italy since the Industrial Revolution, meaning that students interested to study economics and international business will find this environment of Milan most suitable for their discipline of study.
The city is home to some of the most thriving vineries in all of Italy and its nightlife is worth experiencing. While Rome may bag the majority of credits for its history and culture, Milan is not far behind for it shelters Leonardo da Vinci's most famous work of art- The Last Supper in Basilica di Santa Marie delle Grazie.
If you are interested in history and liberal arts, the city of Florence or Firenze may just be the best choice, for this is the birthplace of the Renaissance. The Arno River on the side and the Italian countryside lining Florence makes it one of the best destinations for students to study in Italy.
It is the best place for those who wish to pursue history and art. It is also great for students seeking short term courses and gives them the opportunity to interact with students from all over the world, for the international student community in Florence is thriving. The culture here revolves around its history, art and the region's cuisine.
The University in Bologna was founded way back in 1088 and is considered the oldest in Europe, the epicenter of Western higher education. It may not be one of the Italian marquee destinations but its educational and academic offerings are world-class and should make any student consider studying here, as it did even back in The Medieval Ages when students from all over Europe used to attend the University of Bologna. It wins hands down as the best city to study in Italy if you wish to specialize in Italian art, history, and literature. It also offers other subjects like economics, business, politics and finance programs. The city's history dates back to the Etruscan period and it has embraced it beautifully, as is visible in every nook and cranny of this city. It is here that the world-famous dish of Pasta Bolognese was invented.
Top Universities in Italy
There are 90 universities in Italy, a majority of which are publicly funded, besides polytechnics and specialized postgraduate centers. After a change in the higher education system, Italy now offers a three-year Bachelors' degree program to students which can be followed by a two year master's degree.
As many as 30 out of 90 universities in Italy feature in the QS World ranking, which further testifies to the quality of education offered here. Amongst these, the following are considered to be the best:
University Name Location
Politecnico di Milano Milan
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa Pisa
Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa Pisa
Università di Bologna Bologna
Sapienza – Università di Roma Rome
Università di Padova Padua
Università degli Studi di Milano Milan
Politecnico di Torino Turin
Universita di Pisa Pisa
Università degli Studi di Trento Trento
Top courses to study in Italy
The best courses to study in Italy, as determined by the preference of international students from all over the world, are as follows:
Art Studies
Journalism and Mass Communication
Humanities Studies
Technology Studies
Eligibility to study in Italy
The eligibility criteria to study in Italy differ from university to university as there are no national qualifying tests. Students will, however, need to check with the concerned university whether they are eligible to apply. They will also need to prove their proficiency in English in order to have their application considered for admission. The Italian embassy or consulate in your home country will verify the same and on approval, you can further apply for the Italian visa.
Education cost to study in Italy
Italy is considered to be one of the relatively cheaper cities to study in Europe. Given that what it offers transcends far beyond just commendable courses and exciting curriculum along with highly skilled staff who are some of the best in their respective fields, every penny you spend in the tuition fees in Italy will be worth it. Also both the Universities and their courses are internationally acclaimed and approved.by almost all the major countries in the world. This means that your investment to study in Italy will be duly rewarded with fruitful career options were you can choose what suits your interests the best.
While tuition fees differ in every university all across Italy, expect to pay more in private universities than in public ones. They also vary according to the nationality of the students. If from Europe, students pay similar tuition fees as the Italian students. However, if you are a non-EEA/EU student, expect higher tuition fees as compared to EU/EEA students.
A bachelor's course for a study in Italy will cost €900 to €4,000 on average, per year at a public institution while fees at a private institution are usually around €6,000 to €20,000 per year.
Students, both European as well as international, can apply for financial aid to support their education. This funding is decided on the basis of financial condition of the student and their merit. Such funding covers your tuition fees, accommodation, and other living costs. Contact the respective university for information on the kind and extent of financial support they can offer.
Documents required for visa process for admission in Italy
If you are a Non EU student and don't belong to one of the EFTA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland, you will be required to apply for a visa. After getting your visa approved, you will need to apply for a residence permit which needs to be done within 8 days of your arrival in Italy from the nearest post office.
The university will be able to guide the international students for the same. For the visa application, you will need a set of documents and fulfill certain prerequisites to be considered eligible for admission and stay in Italy. The documents you will need for your Italian visa application are as follows:
Completed visa application form;
Evidence of having paid the visa application fee (if applicable);
Passport validity for at least three months after your course ends;
Two recent passport-sized photographs, one of which you must sign.
Students are also required to fulfill the following set of criteria to be eligible for an Italian visa:
You will need proof of having suitable accommodation in Italy;
You must have sufficient funds to cover all costs you might incur while studying in Italy (this includes tuition, accommodation, transport, textbooks and living costs). This is currently deemed to be €5,824,91 (~US$6,600);
You must have sufficient funds to be able to travel back to your country of origin at the end of your studies, or a proof that shows that you have already purchased a return ticket;
You need to show proof that you are entitled to medical care in Italy, either through private health insurance or an agreement between your home country and Italy;
You might also need to show proof of certificate of payment in full for your degree program.
Admission process to study in Italy
The admission process to study in Italy starts from the student deciding on which city he/she wishes to study in. As mentioned above, Rome, Florence, Milan, and Bologna are some of the best and the most favored options, and that applies for streams across the spectrum. After you have decided on the city, your educational needs and financial status will decide whether you want to enroll in a public or a private university. The best courses to study in Italy are also mentioned above.
After you have selected the university which suits your requirements, it is important to keep an eye out for the dates of the applications. You will need to get in touch with your chosen university to check the requirements for admission for your preferred subject of study. If your eligibility is confirmed, you will then have to submit a pre-application request to the Italian embassy or consulate in your home country and get the required documents to be translated into Italian by a translator. Following are the documents you will need during your pre-application request for study in Italy.
Completed application form to receive a Letter of Academic Eligibility and Suitability (Dichiarazione di Valoro in Loco/ DV);
Completed relevant pre-enrolment form;
Copy of your school leaving qualification if you are an undergraduate applicant, or copy of your undergraduate qualification certificate if you are a postgraduate applicant;
Transcript of exams, including the name of each passed exam and syllabi of each course attended;
Two passport-sized photographs, one of which you must sign;
Any other documentation that can support your application (translated into Italian);
You may also need to provide proof of proficiency in Italian by presenting the results of an Italian language exam.
Then, the Italian embassy will verify if your application meets the criteria for study in Italy. Upon selection you start the visa application process, the details of which are mentioned above.
Qualifying Exams to study in Italy
There are no national qualifying tests held in Italy. However, the case may be different for different universities across Italy which may have their own set of rules that you need to adhere by. In that case, it is advised that the students get in touch with the respective university to find out if there is any entrance test required for admission. Otherwise, for students opting for a course in English, some universities require you to provide IELTS/TOEFL scores to prove your proficiency in the language.
Scholarships to study in Italy
There are a number of scholarships offered to international students to study in Italy to support their tuition fees, living and accommodation costs, although the latter depend on the extent of the funding of the scholarship. International students are entitled to the same funding and scholarships as Italian students.
Some are offered by the universities while some by the government. The eligibility is decided solely on the financial standing of the student and merit. Scholarships to study in Italy are aplenty but these are the top 10 that you can find, irrespective of your field of study:
EDISU Piemonte Scholarships
Bologna University Study Grants for International Students
University of Pavia International Scholarships for Developing Country Students
Bocconi Merit and International Awards
Politecnico de Milano Merit-Based Scholarships for International Students
Politecnico di Torino International Scholarships
Università Cattolica International Scholarships
University of Padova Scholarships for All Degree Courses
Scuola Normale Superiore PhD Scholarships
Italian Government Scholarships for Foreign Students
Benefits of studying in Italy
Inspiring and mesmerizing beauty of the country: If you see the Italian landscape, countryside, experience its cuisine, culture, architecture, history, and art, you will know exactly why so many students from all over the world enroll at Italian universities, both public and private, for their higher education. Students choose to study abroad in Italy not only for a fulfilling and educational curriculum but also to develop a wholesome personality. With endless opportunities it is impossible to tire of Italy.
World-class standards of education: Italy is considered one of the best places to study history, arts, humanities, language, and fashion. The country itself is so inspiringly beautiful and full of historic sites and wonders that a substantial part of your education will take place outside the class itself.
This is where Renaissance saw its birth and it is also Italy where the first university of Europe was founded, holding key to the centuries of history and art that is all compressed into the curriculum that you study at your Italian university. Besides, even the newer universities have, over the years, gained substantial recognition worldwide and featured on the top in the QS World Ranking.
It is the education system which is so progressive, comprehensive, and international in its approach that makes them some of the best, no matter which field you're coming from. Moreover, the fact that most of its major courses and the ones which make study in Italy favorable for international students are conducted in English which allows easy interaction.
Benefits of a multi-cultural influence: Italy is one of the best places in Europe to meet like-minded students from all over the world who bring their home country's heritage, culture, language, and individual ideas to the table. As a result, the Italian universities are a melting pot of innovative ideas which not only take the education system and its development forward but also ensure that the learning process doesn't stop when you step out of the classroom or the university. It is easy to socialize here in Italy and make friends for a lifetime.
Historic treasures and heritage wonders: The capital city Rome, known as 'The Eternal City', still preserves the ruins of Ancient Rome, the Colosseum, Sistine Chapel, and Leonardo da Vinci's most coveted piece of work. No matter which stream you belong to, you can't help but be taken in by these grandiose remnants of history. In fact, Italy's cultural and historic heritage is such that it is the only country to have as many as 55 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, all within your reach if you wish to study abroad in Italy.
It would be a shame to have the opportunity to acquire education in Italy and not learn of its glorious past which continues to amaze historians, archaeologists, artists, architects, painters, and sculptors alike Visit the Vatican City, the Colosseum, Leaning Tower of Pisa, the canals of Venice, Pompei, and Mt. Vesuvius to have an idea of the magnanimity of this country's beauty and appeal.
Disadvantages of studying in Italy
Language: The biggest disadvantage of studying in Italy is the language barrier that might arise with the locals. For daily transactions with the locals, working knowledge of Italian is essential. Italians are extremely proud of their language and this will prove to be an advantage if you know it.
Cuisine: Although Italy is well known for its pizzas and pastas, there is only so much you can consume. For vegetarians especially the options are few and far between. It could take a while to adapt to the local cuisine.
Traffic congestion: Touristy cities like Rome and Milan have a high motor bike population which sometimes leads to congestion on the roads. The traffic is higher during peak tourist seasons and weekends when people travel to Italy from all over Europe and the world.
A European country along the Mediterranean coastline, surrounded by various islands consisting of a peninsula, Italy is one of the most visited European destinations and in the world in general. It is known for its cuisine, historic treasures, natural landscape, architectural brilliance, and its pleasant Mediterranean weather. It continues to draw visitors till date as it used to be centuries ago. This is the birthplace of Renaissance and home to some of the world's most coveted artworks by legendary painters, sculptors, etc.
It is here that you will find the canals of Venice, the Vatican City, the Sistine Chapel, and of course, its capital city of Rome which is home to Ancient Roman ruins that archaeologists and historians still explore. It shares open land borders with France, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, meaning that from Italy, it is easy to go anywhere in Europe just by hopping onto well-connected and efficient trains.
The cultural significance of Italy dates back to ancient times as is evident to students of history and archaeology. While in Rome, one can feel its significance as the epicenter of an empire that stretched from Britannia, all the way to Syria. The ancient Roman monuments which are preserved and maintained with great care stand testimony of the time when it was in full glory.
The Renaissance that took birth in Italy influenced art, architecture, philosophy, religion and science across the continent from the 14th to the 17th century. The intellectual activity that blossomed at that time is still carried on in the country. The Basilica of St. Mark in Venice is the most famous structure from the Byzantine period.
The city of Milan, besides being the business and economic hub of the country is also host to one of the biggest fashion events in the world- Milan Fashion Week where veteran designers and design houses showcase their collection every year which inspires the world. Fashion stalwarts like Gucci, Armani, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Dolce & Gabbana, Missoni, Fendi, Moschino, Max Mara, Trussardi, and Ferragamo are all from Italy. Besides, Italy is known for being big on design and architecture and thus attracts multitudes of students from this field every year.
As for the cuisine of Italy, it is one of the best and most popular in the whole world. From the most authentic pizzas to gelatos, the pasta Bolognese (from bologna) to a wide variety of cheese and wine that dominate the world market, Italian people's love for food is no secret. Not only are they known to enjoy their food but are extremely hospitable when it comes to hosting and treating others. They are also big on their coffee and desserts and every region in Italy, being diverse and unique in its traditions, have their own distinct recipes all worth trying.
Career scope after study in Italy
Students are welcome to work after studying in Italy for which they will be asked to apply for a work permit. The scope for career opportunities in Italy after finishing your studies is endless. From design houses to big MNCs, Italy is home to some of the biggest names in businesses across the spectrum which dictates world economics.
Foreign student life in Italy
Students in Italy enjoy a very high standard of living and have testified to a happy and contented life in the country. The universities offer great accommodation options for the students and they also have the option of renting privately. If living in Rome, Milan, Bologna, or Florence, you will have easy access to all the modern amenities that you need for your day to day life.
Italy is a highly multicultural country with people from all over the world who have called it their home. It is safe and its cities have a much lower crime rate. People are extremely warm and welcoming and you will face no problem settling in. The weather in Italy is also very pleasant throughout the year.
With European countries like Austria, France, Slovakia a stone throw's distance and others easily accessible by the efficient train systems, students can utilize their stay in Italy to explore the neighboring countries. The cuisine of the country is one of its most distinct features and easy to adapt to because of its global fame. No matter which field you are pursuing, you are bound to enjoy its many historical sites and beautiful beaches for an ideal getaway.
Language requirements to study in Italy
Students from English speaking countries or students who had English as their second subject will be required to prove their proficiency in the language through IELTS or TOEFL since the majority of courses are taught in English. Yet it is advised to acquire at least a little working knowledge of Italian as the locals might not be too conversant in English.
Study in Italy FAQ's
Q1 : What are the requirements to study in Italy?
Ans: To apply for a study abroad program in Italy, you will need to follow a few steps. Primary requirement is the selection of the city and the university you wish to study in. Secondly you will be required to submit a pre application request to the Italian embassy in your home country. Finally, your application will be verified and if deemed fit with those of the university and the requirements of the country's academic standards in general, you will be sent an admission letter. On getting a positive nod, you will then be able to apply for your visa.
Q2 : Is it good to study in Italy?
Ans: Italy is ranked amongst one of the top study abroad destinations in Europe because of its thriving education system, student life and of course, the history, culture, art, and architecture. Besides, it also has some of the finest universities, both public and private, in the entire world. About 30 universities out of the 90 in Italy feature in QS World Rankings. Bologna in Italy is also the epicenter of Western higher education in Europe with the University di Bologna being the oldest university in Europe. Besides, students can also work after finishing their study in Italy program on acquiring a work permit and visa.
Q3 : Can I work and study in Italy?
Ans: There is a restriction on the number of hours that students can work in Italy while on vacation which need to be verified both with the concerned university and the work place you wish to work in. In general, the Italian law permits a student to work 4 hours a day and a maximum of 20 hours a week. You will need to start out as an intern, irrespective of your experience. Expect to be paid around 600-1000 Euros. However, paid internships in Italy are rare.
Q4 : What is the cost of living in Italy for students?
Ans: The cost of living in Italy for international students depends on their lifestyle, the nature of their accommodation, and also of course on the city they are living in. On an average, you can expect to spend about 350-600 Euros depending on your expenses and lifestyle.
Q5 : How much does it cost to study abroad in Italy?
Ans: In Italy, you can expect to spend about €900-€4000 a year for public universities and about €6,000 to €20,000 a year for private universities. The fees vary from university to university and across programs, and hence, it is suggested that you check the same directly with the concerned university.
Q6 : What are the best programs to study abroad in Italy?
Ans: Italy is popular for the following courses:
Political Marketing
Q7 : Can international students get scholarships for higher studies in Italy?
Ans: Yes, international students can get scholarships for pursuing higher studies in Italy. The Italian Government gives the chance of scholarship to both – the Italian citizens and international students.
Q8 : How to study in Italy without IELTS?
Ans: A lot of European countries like Italy allow you to study without giving the IELTS or TOEFL provided you fulfill the criteria stated below:
If your previous education has been in the English language and you can prove that you have good communication skills.
If you have been educated in the English language during the past five years of recent study and English was the first language at the IGCSE (International General Certificate of Secondary Education) or O level (Ordinary Level).
If you have a degree that has been entirely taught in English.
Q9 : Why do you want to study abroad in Italy?
Ans: Italy is home to some of the most exotic locales, breathtaking countrysides, natural and diverse landscapes and a true haven for the avid traveller. Apart from being known for its food, art and fashion, Italy boasts of some of the oldest universities that offer a wide range of courses ranging from degree programs to certificate courses and even distance programs that can be studied online. It offers top rated programs by excellent and skilled faculty and provides world class facilities and infrastructure that make Italy one of the most preferred destinations to study abroad. All this put together enable students to find tremendous professional success in their lives.
Q10 : How to study PhD in Italy?
Ans: In general you will be required to submit an online application form and pass an oral exam although this may vary slightly depending on the university and subject.
To do a PhD in Italy you need to have a second-cycle qualification (laurea magistrale) or equivalent in a relative field. If a student has obtained the degree outside of Italy then he/she has to ask the university for assessment of their eligibility. Once done you have to obtain the official document recognising the qualification. Students who aren't residents of Italy need to submit their application and necessary documents to the Italian diplomatic representative in their country of residence.
Regarding language requirements you may need to prove your proficiency in the English language with suitable certificate of TOEFL or TOEIC or IELTS or C1 Advanced. You may also need to prove your proficiency in the Italian language with certificates from CILS or CELI.
The application process is usually online and is required to be accompanied with the following:
Academic documentation – Including certificates, CV, academic transcripts etc.
Academic references – letters of reference from academicians you have worked with.
Statement of Purpose / letter of motivation – why you think you are suitable for this programme.
Research proposal – You may be required to submit a research proposal depending on the subject.
Portfolios – of any published articles (if available).
Q11 : What are the types of doctoral programs offered in italy?
Ans: There are two types of PhD programmes offered in Italy; the Dottorato(PhD), awarded by universities and the Diploma accademico di formazione alla ricera (research academic diploma) that can be obtained at one of the High level Arts and Music Education Institutions(Afams).
Some universities also offer collaborative doctorates such as International doctorate with universities abroad and Industrial doctorate with industries. The usual length of the course is 3-4 years depending on the institution and the course.
The study includes mostly original research work along with taught courses. You may also be required to tutor for as many as 40 hours per year as part of your module. At the end of the course you are expected to have written a doctoral thesis depending on your department's requirements.
Q12 : What is the fee structure for PhD in Italy?
Ans: The fees for application in state universities may be around €30-50 whereas the tuition fee can range from €800-1,000 per year. Annual enrolment in some institution may be around €150.
It is important to note that private universities may be more expensive than public ones.
Q13 : What is the way to change University in Italy and does it affect the scholarship?
Ans: One can change universities as long as they are public universities. Scholarship could be sought for the remaining period of study.
Q14 : What is the budget required to study in Italy?
Ans: The cost of studying and living in Italy are lower as compared to Europe or North America.
The cost of tuition will vary depending on the institution and the course. Needless to say private universities are more expensive than public universities.
On an average a bachelor's course will cost you €900 to €4000 per year at a public university. For private universities the fees range from €6,000 to €20,000 per year.
Of course there are scholarship options to fund your education. This scholarship is merit based and the decision lies solely with the administration and management of the university. Scholarship can include tuition fees, accommodation costs as well as other living costs.
In terms of accommodation costs private renting is far more expensive so plan your budget wisely.
Prices vary from city to city or even with regions. Generally one could look forward to spend between 350 – 600 euros depending on your location and average expenses.
Rent for Accommodation : Shared : € 150 – 300 and Non-Shared : € 200 – 500
Additional Expenses : Utilities: €50 (gas, electricity, water, trash) | Internet: €30 (divided by number of room-mates)
Supermarket: For an average person cooking at home would be approximately 50 Euros/week.
Buses: 1 ticket costs 1.20 Euro and lasts for 1 hour from the time it is validated. You can purchase a 25 day pass for 22 Euros.
Taxis: On an average about 10-30 Euros-depending on frequency.
Trains: On an average about 80-100 Euros/month-depending on your travel.
Pizza and a drink: 8-20 Euros approximately.
Dinner in a restaurant: 15- 35 Euros approximately.
Public Laundry: Washing 3.50 Euros | Drying 3.50 Euros.
Internet point: 10 minutes costs 1 Euro | 30 minutes costs 2.50 Euros | 1 hour costs 3 Euros | 24 hours costs 20 Euros | Weekly subscription 20 Euros | Monthly subscription costs 75-80 Euros.
Q15 : What subjects are available for study in Italy?
Ans: The list of various subjects available for study in Italy are as follows:
Accounting, Agribusiness, Agriculture, Architecture, Biology, Business Management, Chemistry, Computer Science, Data Science, Economics, Environmental Science, Fashion Design, Finance, Fine Art, Food Science, Geography, Graphic Design, Hospitality Management, Insurance, Interior Design, International Business, Investment, Journalism, Law, Leadership, MBA, Marketing, Mathematics, Medicine, Philosophy, Photography, Physics, Political Science, Product Design, Psychology, Public Health, and Sociology.


Welcome to our September 2015 GET IN SHAPE Piano Play-Along! with Sonatina in A minor by Jiří Antonín Benda, also Georg Anton Benda (1722-1795). For more information on Play-Alongs and how to get started, click HERE. You may join this Play-Along anytime you wish and continue to reply with comments even after October 10, 2015, the day we all chime in with our final thoughts about this gem.
This is the FIRST TIME we've added Periscope to our Play-Alongs! I think Periscope will be VERY beneficial for demo on my end and discussion among all of us on a LIVE broadcast. Much more interactive! I hope all of you liked it Monday.
*** To stay tuned to LIVE broadcasts on Periscope, please FOLLOW @pianoprof once you establish your account on the mobile app – PERISCOPE. It's a mobile-only app so you must download it on your phone or tablet. You can catch broadcasts at www.periscope.tv/pianoprof on your desktop or laptop computer if you don't have your mobile device with you during a broadcast (but you won't be able to communicate on the broadcast with comments if you're on your desktop or laptop).
Click HERE to learn about downloading Periscope….
A little summary of what we talked about Monday, Sept. 21 on Periscope No. 1…..
This sonatina is definitely Benda's most popular from his 34 or so keyboard sonatas and sonatinas, according to Wikipedia's count. Benda was mostly known for his operas and melodramas which influenced Mozart. His short and accessible one-mov't sonatinas are mostly intermediate in level. This A minor one appears the most often in educational piano collections and is a real favorite among students because of its dramatic flair, tunefulness, and toccata character, all of which are typical of Benda's keyboard style.
Arpeggiation between hands, cross-overs, part-writing, and rhythmic variation are all present in this short work which seems to always alternate moods. Wonderful drama is created from these contrasting elements which makes this piece exhilirating to play.
The variety of textures and rhythmic motifs could cause one to alter the tempo from one theme to another. Students often rush the fast-moving material (16ths) and then slow the tempo on the longer tones. This tendency could cause the piece to lose its energy so counting aloud is really essential, especially counting in subdivisions as needed.
Study the form (ternary – ABA) and label each section to see where/if the sections share similar melodic or rhythmic material. Note also where Benda uses A minor or E Major (the dominant) or C Major (relative major) and the primary chords of these keys. Knowing what geography you're going to encounter speeds the learning process.
After a few slow readings, divide the piece into study sections first by form (A section vs. B section) and then into smaller sections within wherever you see contrast in rhythm or melody.
Perhaps study all the 16th-note areas first, solidfying the fingerings and working for evenness and steadiness in each instance. Then shift to the melodic ideas with longer tones such as the syncopated theme (mm. 5-8 and similar). The syncopated themes contain diverse material in each hand so be careful to acknowledge the slurs and the legato indications in the LH.
Once you have the continuity in the small sections mastered (and a consistent tempo), join sections to make 8mm. phrases and so forth. Keep a reliable "working" tempo and gradually increase it daily to an Allegro over the next 14 days. None of my present editions contains a metronome marking and Benda didn't write one (since the metronome wasn't invented yet). A good rule of thumb for an Allegro is to play 16ths just fast enough to sound like they are indeed 16ths when compared to eighths and quarters. We can all compare ideas on final tempo later.
I'll post my final reactions about this piece on October 10, but I will probably add another blog post or two before then to ask how you all are doing. Chime in below and let me know if you're playing-along, OK?
*** TAKE NOTE! I'll be doing another Periscope next Monday, Sept. 28, talking mostly about tricky passages and how to work on them. I'll also post a mini-video tutorial or two on INSTAGRAM. Download the Instagram app on your phone or tablet and follow me at @pianoprof. See my post HERE for how-to's on downloading Instagram and setting up your account. Easy!
See you soon somewhere on social media!
Great! Hope you're enjoying this piece.
Playing along. Enjoyed the Periscope broadcast today.
Hi Tana ~ glad you enjoyed it and thanks for joining the Play Along. It was a lot of info I tried to pack in. Hope you find it useful!
Enjoyed the whole session playing my piano along the guide 🙂 You've summed up things greatly.


text:
Q: How can I present the postgres errors in a nice way? I am new to Ruby on Rails, and this is my first project. I don't known really much, but I have a table that it has an unique index. For example, for User, the unique index is the e-mail, so I cannot add two users with the same e-mail.
However, I would like to know how can I catch these databases errors, and how can I present it in a nice user message?
Now, I just got a database error.

A: The Rails way (not the book)
The Rails way to do that is to validate the data before it even reaches the database. This is done using validations.
In your specific case you're looking for validates_uniqueness_of, which could be used like
class YourModel
  validates_uniqueness_of :email
end

This is good enough for making sure the unique constraint isn't triggered in most cases.
Catching the database errors
Now, if you really want to capture database errors, it is indeed possible, but perhaps not optimally so.
If you create your own save method, we can add the option to catch the database exceptions before they bubble up to the controller:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  def save(*args)
    super
  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
    errors[:base] << :taken
    false
  end
end

The ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique is the exception ActiveRecord raises when a unique constraint is violated. With this, we get the following:
>> u = User.new(:name => "Bob")
=> #<User id: nil, name: "Bob", created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
>> u.save
=> false
>> u.errors
=> #<ActiveModel::Errors:0x007faa06569458 @base=#<User id: nil, name: "Bob", created_at: "2013-10-10 07:59:02", updated_at: "2013-10-10 07:59:02">, @messages={:base=>[:taken]}>

This works and my preliminary testing didn't find anything obviously broken, so it might actually be a viable solution. One caveat though, is how validations will clobber the errors array:
>> u.valid?
=> true
>> u.errors
=> #<ActiveModel::Errors:0x007faa065a5368 @base=#<User id: nil, name: "Bob", created_at: "2013-10-10 08:08:36", updated_at: "2013-10-10 08:08:36">, @messages={}>

A: you can use Rails default validation like
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
  validates :name, presence: true # you can give multiple field name like  validates :name,:email ..
  validates :name, uniqueness: true
 end

  >> p = Person.new
  #=> #<Person id: nil, name: nil>
  p.errors.messages
  #=> {}

  >> p.valid?
  #=> false
  >> p.errors.messages
  #=> {name:["can't be blank"]}

  >> p = Person.create
  #=> #<Person id: nil, name: nil>
  >> p.errors.messages
  #=> {name:["can't be blank"]}

  >> p.save
  #=> false

  >> p.save!
  #=> ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank

  >> Person.create!
 #=> ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank

More infomation Please go through this link click Here.


text:
← Lamar W. Hankins : CPR and End-of-Life Decisions
RAG RADIO / Thorne Dreyer : An Interview with Novelist and Immigrant Rights Activist David McCabe →
Jonah Raskin : Lay Monk Tolbert McCarroll on the Pope, the Church, and the Crisis in Catholicism
Posted on March 18, 2013 by Thorne Dreyer
Brother Toby at Starcross Community.
Interview with Brother Toby:
Author, heretic, and spiritual
pilgrim at Starcross Community
"The Catholic Church today is an absolute monarchy and an absolute patriarchy that puts you right back in the Medieval Ages." — Tolbert McCarroll
By Jonah Raskin | The Rag Blog | March 18, 2013
Tolbert McCarroll — better known to friends and family members as Brother Toby — would make a strange and wonderful Pope. Better yet, he'd make a passionate anti-Pope — a one man wrecking crew to batter down orthodoxy, patriarchy, and centuries old dogma.
Born in 1931 and raised in a poor, white, Catholic family in Picayune, Mississippi, he's been a lifelong Catholic and a soul mate to obstreperous priests such as Daniel and Philip Berrigan, and nuns such as Mary Moylan, all of whom famously burned draft cards in Catonsville, Ohio, to protest the War in Vietnam.
Ever since the 1960s, Brother Toby has aimed to beat swords and B-52s into plowshares, to serve as a gadfly to the comfortable, and to comfort those afflicted with AIDS, HIV, and PTSD. He's adopted six children and written 10 books including Seasons, A Winter Walk, and Thinking With the Heart.
Now, at the age of 82, he's a lay monk at Starcross, a rural California monastic order that draws its spiritual nourishment from the original teachings of Jesus Christ. Like the early Christians, Brother Toby is wedded to the simple life close to the earth and in harmony with the seasons and all living creatures.
From Starcross in California to the Vatican in Italy, it's a long way — some 6,270 miles. But when a new Pope is selected, it feels to Brother Toby as though geographical distances collapse. Along with the sisters at Starcross — Marti Aggeler and Julie DeRossi — and the billion or so Catholics around the world, he trains his eyes and ears on the Conclave – albeit with a certain skepticism. As the Cardinals began to meet, he wrote a letter to followers urging them to wear simple clothes and remain undistracted by the gaudy spectacle in Rome.
Jonah Raskin: What do you make of Pope Francis I?
Brother Toby: He's the first Jesuit ever to be elected Pope. On matters of doctrine, he's conservative. He fought against Argentina's liberalization of gay rights legislation and strongly condemned gays adopting children. He's also strongly opposed to abortion and euthanasia, but he may be looking for middle ground on issues like birth control.
What's his reputation in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he was the archbishop?
His personal lifestyle is radically different from that of the Vatican bureaucrats. He didn't live in the archbishop's Palace in Buenos Aires, but in a small rented apartment. Moreover, he didn't use his chauffeured limousine, but took public transportation — he cooks for himself, too.
What about his first appearance as Pope in St. Peter's Square?
The scene was like the Super Bowl gone wild until he came out as a simple, and, indeed, humble man asking for the crowd's blessing before giving his traditional blessing to the city and the world. Choosing the name "Francis" after the beloved "poor man of Assisi" fits in with his image. What does the future hold? That's hard to say.
Would you go out on a limb and make a prediction?
I don't think he'll do a lot to solve the painful problems facing the Catholic Church, though the tone at the Vatican will probably be gentler.
A Jesuit friend once said that the Roman Catholic Church had been "a truant in the school of history." Will Pope Francis I be less truant?
I hope so. I have never heard his name connected with sexual abuse. That's a good sign.
Is there anyone you would want for pope?
There's Gene Robinson, an Episcopal Bishop. He's openly gay; I'd cast a ballot for him.
How would you characterize the Catholic Church today?
It's an absolute monarchy and an absolute patriarchy that puts you right back in the Medieval Ages. You can't have a monarchy like it and accept global responsibility for building a good world.
How do you remember the Popes who have reigned in your own lifetime?
Pius XII shipped Jews off to concentration camps right under his own window. John XXIII was a nice fellow and so was Paul VI. You would have liked to have him over for dinner. John Paul I was Pope for 30 days; he had a heart attack, though conspiracy theorists say he was done in. John Paul II, a superstar and extremely conservative, saw the world as a fight between evil communism and good Christianity. Benedict XVI — known as "God's Rottweiler" — got rid of the people who wanted to change the church and let it return to the dry, barren ground it is today.
When I think of Catholicism I think of guilt and confession. Is there more than that?
We do make a virtue of guilt, don't we? Thomas Merton, a wonderful monastic writer, said that any spiritual book had to be autobiographical to be authentic. The confessional has an important place in spirituality. Finding the sacred in nature — that's a vital part of Catholicism, too.
Has the Catholic Church in America made positive contributions to our society?
It has always been at its best in times of persecution and at its worst when it has had the upper hand. When I was a boy in Mississippi the Ku Klux Klan broke into the chapel we attended and smashed the furniture. Catholics were on the KKK hate list after blacks and Jews. Everyone I knew was left leaning and a Roosevelt democrat.
Brother Toby and friend.
Your parents were church-going Catholics?
My mother was French Catholic. My father was from Arkansas. When he first came to Mississippi he saw a crowd of white men shooting into the corpse of a black man. He asked them why? No one had an answer for him. In the 1930s, a major concern of his was justice for the nine African-American men known as "the Scottsboro Boys" who were charged with raping two white women.
Where did your mother stand on racial issues?
When a black family moved into our neighborhood — after we moved to Oregon — white neighbors assumed she would be afraid of black people and would want them out. Instead, she befriended them.
What happened to Catholics like them?
After World War II and the economic boom, everything changed in the world of Catholicism. It wasn't just a church for the poor and for immigrants anymore. Catholics moved up in the world and forgot their humble origins. We even had a Catholic president.
I have friends who stopped attending church after they lost a mother, a father, a close friend.
That's a common phenomenon. One of my colleagues never got over the death of a three-year old child. We've had kids with AIDS here at Starcross who died terrible deaths. If there's a God and he's good — why does he allow evil? That's a tough question to answer. And why do bad things happen to good people? That's another one. Buddhists say that the only sure thing is suffering. I think that's a helpful way to look at the world.
You're a Buddhist Catholic, aren't you?
I'm writing a piece now about Palm Sunday and I'm starting with a quotation from the Dalai Lama who said, "Our prime purpose in this life is to help others. If you can't help at least don't hurt."
These same friends of mine who were born Catholic often attend church on Easter Sunday, but not on any regular basis. The Pope doesn't own the Church. It's their church, too, and they have as much of a right to be there as anyone else. Maybe they like the incense or the singing of the psalms. If it's their heritage they shouldn't give it up.
You started Starcross in 1968 in San Francisco, didn't you?
We couldn't have picked a better year to begin. We knew we were in a period of radical change. It became a crazy environment and I'm glad we came through it. I remember a discussion with a nun who wanted to bring a camel into Grace Cathedral. That was typical of the atmosphere at the time. Finally, she agreed to bring in kids with balloons rather than a camel and have them release the balloons. Predictably, the balloons stayed under the ceiling for a long time.
Why the name Starcross?
It's from the I Ching: or Book of Changes; there's a pictogram that looks like a cross and a star. The cross represents suffering and the star represents hope. There has to be balance.
I've been to mass at St. Mary Cathedral in San Francisco for Easter Sunday. I'm always surprised when I see women taking a leading role in the ritual itself. I thought that women weren't allowed to do that.
Women can be lectors. They're allowed to read from the Bible and they can perform the Eucharist if no men are available.
Are there any women who are Catholic priests anywhere in the world?
A small number of women claimed they were ordained in secret in Poland in a concentration camp. The Vatican has never recognized them.
The Church is so very intensely male.
If there's a break from the past it will be around the issue of women who, after thousands of years, still don't have a full voice in the church.
Catholicism is in an acute crisis now isn't it? I'm thinking of the scandals and cover-ups of sexual abuse.
Sexual abuse goes on and on, though there is less now than there used to be. There is no real transparency in the Church. The underlying principle is "protect the institution." When the Cardinals gather in Rome it's like a meeting of the board of directors of a major corporation, say, U.S. Steel.
It's still bizarre to me — especially with sexually transmitted diseases — that the Church is against birth control.
It's crazy. We combat AIDS at Starcross and the Church says we can't use condoms. There are priests who don't even know what a condom is.
You were once married and had a sex life. You have an advantage over most priests.
I'm a celibate now; I have been since my wife died. Celibacy has to be voluntary. You can't force it on people. Becoming a priest is a very lonely process. Other priests are supposed to be one's family, but they don't meet the emotional needs that a real family provides.
Priests hear the most intimate confessions; they're inextricably connected to parishioners, but they're also often ill-equipped to meet the needs of their communities.
Priests are underdeveloped in many basic human ways. They don't understand a lot of things. Like the priest who complained not long ago to a mother whose kids came to mass with dirty fingernails. She had six kids; he might have praised her for getting them to church, not berated her about a little dirt.
What other trends do you see in the church today?
I see a lot of people, including gays, who want to be Catholics, but who are profoundly dissatisfied with the Church and with its priests. It's difficult for them to find a spiritual home. There's mass defection all over Europe and across America, too. At Starcross, we made a total break. We're separate from the Church and receive no financial support whatsoever from it.
How does Starcross survive financially?
We grow olives that we make into excellent olive oil. A tractor is at work in the orchard right now. It's the time of year to add manure. At Christmas, we make and sell wreaths.
Do you have any final words of wisdom?
Never let the Church interfere with your religion.
[Jonah Raskin, a professor emeritus at Sonoma State University and a frequent contributor to The Rag Blog, is the author of Rock 'n' Roll Women: Portraits of a Generation and Storm City: Ten Prayerful Poems. Read more articles by Jonah Raskin on The Rag Blog.]
This entry was posted in Rag Bloggers and tagged Buddhism, Catholic Church, Interview, Jonah Raskin, Pope Francis I, Religion, Starcross Community, Tolbert McCarrol. Bookmark the permalink.
1 Response to Jonah Raskin : Lay Monk Tolbert McCarroll on the Pope, the Church, and the Crisis in Catholicism
Patricia Payne. ... says:
Wonderful to know SANITY is alive and active at Starcross, with Tolbert leading the WAY…
Educated by Dominicans I am grateful to have been taught by women who instilled the importance of ones "individual conscience".. in hindsight religous "sufraggettes"
Some of Tolbert's wise words came to me via Virtues Project cards, and now I know who he is, thank you Jonah Raskin, this interview with Tolbert, is Inspiring and encouraging..to us all who hear of him…and his work.


text:
Hatice Altug (; born 1978) is a Turkish physicist and professor in the Bioengineering Department and head of the Bio-nanophotonic Systems laboratory at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), in Switzerland. Her research focuses on nanophotonics for biosensing and surface enhanced spectroscopy, integration with microfluidics and nanofabrication, to obtain high sensitivity, label-free characterization of biological material. She has developed low-cost biosensor allowing the identification of viruses such as Ebola that can work in difficult settings and therefore particularly useful in case of pandemics.

Altug was the recipient of United States Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers and The Optical Society of America Adolph Lomb Medal. She also received European Research Council Consolidator Award, Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation CAREER Award and Popular Science Magazine Brilliant 10 Award. She is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America.

Education

Altug, who was born in Karamanlı district of Burdur in 1978, completed her high school education in 1996 in Antalya Anatolian High School, Antalya, Turkey. She received her B.Sc. degree in physics in 2000 in Bilkent University (Ankara, Turkey), having been awarded a full scholarship there. In 2007, she was awarded a PhD in applied physics from Stanford University (California, U.S.), under the supervision of Professor Jelena Vučković. During her education at Stanford University, she worked on laser systems and optical instruments.

Career
Altug completed a Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Center for Engineering in Medicine at the Harvard Medical School. From 2007 until 2013, she was first an assistant and later an associate professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Boston University.

In 2010, she was awarded the Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award by the National Science Foundation. Altug disseminated her findings to the public through Boston's Museum of Science, local educational programs such as Boston Upward Bound Math and Science, and Boston University's Summer Challenge program on engineering. At the College of Engineering, she added experimental modules to courses relating to nanotechnology. She was also named one of Popular Science's "Brilliant 10," a group of researchers under 40 who made transformational contributions to their fields during 2010.

In 2011, IEEE Photonics Society named Altug as winner of the Young Investigator Award, which recognizes individuals who make outstanding technical contributions to the field of photonics prior to their 35th birthday. She was honored for her groundbreaking achievements in confining and manipulating light at the nanoscale to dramatically improve biosensing capabilities.

Altug was recognized with OSA's Adolph Lomb Medal in 2012 "for breakthrough contributions on integrated optical nano-biosensor and nanospectroscopy technologies based on nanoplasmonics, nanofluidics, and novel nanofabrication."

She was also named by President Obama among 94 researchers as a recipient of the 2011 Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE), the highest honor bestowed by the United States government on science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their independent research careers. As well as attending the White House ceremony, awardees receive a research grant lasting up to five years. She was awarded for leading the development of a biosensor that uses tiny crystals to manipulate light to detect a virus, a protein, or a cancer cell in a drop of blood.

In 2013, Altug joined Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, where she became full professor in 2020.

In 2019, she was awarded the ERC Proof of Concept Grant by the European research council for her project: "Portable Infrared Biochemical Sensor Enabled by Pixelated Dielectric Metasurfaces."

Awards and honors
 2021 Fellow of Optica for "pioneering contributions to nano-optics, manipulation of light on-chip, the development of innovative nanobiosensors and sensing techniques, and exemplary contributions to the scientific community and Optica."
2020 European Physical Society Emmy Noether Distinction for Women in Physics
2019 ERC Proof of Concept Grant
 2012 Optical Society's Adolph Lomb Medal
 2011 Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers
2011 IEEE Photonics Society Young Investigator Award
2010 National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award

References

External links

Fellows of Optica (society)
1978 births
Living people
Women in optics
Optical engineers
Turkish women physicists
Bilkent University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Boston University faculty
Academic staff of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Metamaterials scientists
Biomedical engineers
Turkish nanotechnologists
People from Burdur Province
Turkish expatriates in the United States
Turkish expatriates in Switzerland
Turkish electrical engineers
Electrical engineering academics
21st-century physicists
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
21st-century women physicists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Use these questions as a way to organize the daunting process of building a timber home.
1. Where will I build?
This is the most important question you need to address, because it can affect all your other choices. Once you know the answer to this question, your timber-producer options will narrow significantly, since most prefer to build relatively close to their shops. Also, shipping costs can add up when distance is involved. It's smart to buy your land and evaluate its contour before you begin designing your home. Knowing what your property's characteristics are will help you make decisions, such as where and how to install your driveway, septic system, plumbing and foundation.
2. What kind of floor plan do I need?
Decide what features are important to your family's present and future needs. Are there rooms in your current house that are essential, like a first-floor master bedroom or an office? Do you no longer need four bedrooms? Consider a floor plan that supports your family's activities and will help your home remain functional and enjoyable through the years.
3. How will I choose a timber company?
Since each timber producer offers a variety of plans, services and wood species, know the options before you settle on one company. Begin by calling the producers in the region where you're planning to build. Review their literature. Call their references and visit their websites. Look for a company that you feel is trustworthy and can produce a quality home within your budget.
4. How much can I afford?
If you don't have a solid budget in place, you'll be unable to evaluate designs or compare timber companies and contractors. A budget for the actual structure, in addition to other expenses, such as land and well systems, allows you to set priorities and direct your energies toward a realistic plan. Share your budget honestly with the timber companies you're considering, so they can effectively guide you. Decide which amenities you need now and, if money's an issue, which items you can postpone until you can afford them. Then figure out how much you can mortgage, what the taxes are and what types of insurance you'll have to carry.


While a tartan wedding dress may not take your fancy, there are lots of lovely subtle ways to incorporate the material into your bridal outfit. A simple bow tied around the waist of your gown will transform a traditional white wedding dress.
Wrap up warm with a stylish tartan shawl or cosy knit. It'll help to keep you nice and toasty during those all-important outdoor photographs.
Offer your team of 'maids matching shawls, they will definitely appreciate it during this chilly season and it will give your aisle style an alternative look.
If your groom-to-be isn't already wearing a tartan kilt, he could don a tartan waistcoat, jacket or simply a pair of tartan socks.
Add a finishing touch to the groom and groomsmen's buttonholes by tying them together with a tartan ribbon. Alternatively, you could place a tartan handkerchief in their pocket square.
Ribbons can be tied around the stems of your wedding bouquet for a subtle nod towards your Scottish heritage. You can fasten the ribbons together with small vintage frames of your loved ones who couldn't be there, so that it feels like they are accompanying you as you walk down the aisle.
Set the scene for your special day with your wedding stationery. It will let your guests know straightaway that you will be including your Scottish heritage in your celebration and everyone will look forward to seeing what's to come.
You can also include tartan material throughout your on-the-day stationery too, such as your seating plan, menu cards and even place settings.
When it comes to styling your tables during the wedding breakfast, you'll be spoilt for choice and you can really think outside of the box.
If you're having simple table décor in terms of floral design and centrepieces, you could use tartan napkins or tie your place cards with tartan ribbon.
For your wedding favours, offer your guests a mini bottle of Scotch – you can tie their name tags to the bottle with tartan ribbon.
Tie handfuls of blooms to the end of your aisle pews using a simple tartan material. It's a lovely way to decorate your wedding ceremony space and will give the room a pop of colour without being overpowering.
A simple white wedding cake can be transformed into a Scottish masterpiece with the addition of a tartan ribbon or table runner.
Tartan usually consists of five different colours, so pick out one from the selection and use that as the main colour for your overall palette. Not only does a tartan wedding theme offer a nod towards Scotland, it brings life and colour to your celebration. It's the perfect fit for a winter wedding, don't you think?