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You are here: Home Page > Science & Mathematics > Environmental Science > Applied Ecology > Principles of Thermal Ecology: Temperature, Energy and Life
British Ecological Society Book of the Year Winner 2018
Principles of Thermal Ecology: Temperature, Energy and Life
Andrew Clarke
Provides a synthetic overview of evolutionary thermal biology
Clearly structured around three broadly themed sections: physics of temperature, temperature and physiology, temperature and ecology
Explores the relationship between organisms and temperature
Describes the important implications of global climate change for the earth's biota
Temperature affects everything. It influences all aspects of the physical environment and governs any process that involves a flow of energy, setting boundaries on what an organism can or cannot do. This novel textbook reveals the key principles behind the complex relationship between organisms and temperature, namely the science of thermal ecology. It starts by providing a rigorous framework for understanding the flow of energy in and out of the organism, before describing the influence of temperature on what organisms can do and how fast they can do it. With these fundamental principles covered, the bulk of the book explores thermal ecology itself, incorporating the important extra dimension of interactions with other organisms. An entire chapter is devoted to the crucially important subject of how organisms are responding to climate change. Indeed, the threat of rapid climatic change on a global scale is a stark reminder of the challenges that remain for evolutionary thermal biologists, and adds a sense of urgency to this book's mission.
2. Energy and heat
3. Temperature and its measurement
4. Energy flow in organisms
6. Freezing
7. Temperature and reaction rate
8. Metabolism
9. Temperature regulation
10. Endothermy
11. Torpor and hibernation
12. The metabolic theory of ecology
13. Temperature, growth and size
14. Global temperate and life
15. Temperature and diversity
16. Global climate change and its consequences
17. Ten principles of thermal ecology
Andrew Clarke, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Andrew Clarke studied zoology and geology at Cambridge University, spending the summer of 1968 supporting geological fieldwork in Svalbard. After graduating from Cambridge University in 1970 he joined the British Antarctic Survey and spent the next 40 years working in South Georgia, the South Orkney Islands, the Antarctic Peninsula, and the Antarctic continent with the occasional return trip to Svalbard, and retired in 2010. His main ecological interests centre on how animals and plants relate to temperature. He has worked primarily with marine invertebrates and fish, but also on birds, mammals, and most recently dinosaurs. He has written over 180 scientific papers.
"This volume provides a foundation of knowledge for thermal ecologists, particularly those just entering the field." -- The Quarterly Review of Biology
"This thoroughly researched and documented volume is the product of a life's work supports more student-friendly gee-whiz texts of physiology and ecology... There is no better way for getting comfortable with the arcane details than this. Highly recommended." -- G. C. Stevens, CHOICE
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Science & Mathematics > Environmental Science > Applied Ecology
Science & Mathematics > Biological Sciences > Ecology & Conservation > Biomes & Habitats
Science & Mathematics > Biological Sciences > Ecology & Conservation > Biodiversity & Conservation Biology
Science & Mathematics > Biological Sciences > Ecology & Conservation

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Manuel Joaquim (Tinhela de Monforte, 21 Outubro 1894- m. Coimbra, 28 Março 1986) foi um importante musicólogo português.

Biografia
Estudou como músico militar e regente de Bandas Filarmónicas. De 1929 a 1937 foi regente da Banda do Regimento de Infantaria 14, em Viseu. Em 1937 passou à reforma, a fim de se dedicar exclusivamente à investigação. Ao longo da sua vida estudou História da Música e levou a cabo um notável trabalho de investigação musicológica, em particular sobre a música portuguesa. Foi um dos pioneiros da musicologia portuguesa, nomeadamente sobre música portuguesa dos sécs. XVI e XVII. Compilou valiosos catálogos descritivos de manuscritos de música portuguesa (entre outros, no Palácio de Vila Viçosa), e transcreveu e editou música, em particular, dos compositores Duarte Lobo, Estevão Lopes Morago ou Esteban López Morago, e Manuel Mendes (compositor). O seu trabalho de investigação e edição foi extremamente importante para o conhecimento das fontes musicais e repertório da História da Música Portuguesa.

Edições Musicais
 O cancioneiro musical e poético da Biblioteca Pública Hortênsia, Edição Subsidiada pelo Instituto para a Alta Cultura (Coimbra, 1940).

 A Missa de Féria do Padre Manuel Mendes, Separata de Música, Revista dos alunos do Conservatório de Música do Porto, (Porto, 1942).

 Duarte Lobo: Composições polifónicas, Instituto para a Alta Cultura (Lisboa, 1945)

 Estêvão Lopes Morago: Várias obras de música religiosa 'a cappella''', Portugaliae Musica, volume IV, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, (Lisboa, 1961).

Escritos
 Documentos para a História da Música da Sé de Elvas, Jornal de Elvas, 11 de Novembro de 1928 a 4 de Agosto de 1929.

 A música militar através dos tempos, Arte Musical, (Lisboa, 1937).

 Um inédito musical: o 'Te Deum' do licenciado Lopes Morago (Lisboa, 1940).

 'Nótulas sôbre a música na Sé de Viseu', Beira Alta, I (1942), 7, 49, 107, 149; II (1943), 82; III (1944), 3–34, 93, 207–36.

 Em louvor do grande polifonista Estevão Lopes Morago, [S.l. : s.n.], (1948).

 Um Madrigal de Vicente Lusitano publicado no "Libro delle Muse", Gazeta musical, nos.13–14 (1952), 13–14; no.16 (1952), 4–6.

 'Algumas palavras acerca de música antiga portuguesa', Douro-Litoral, 5ª série (1952), nos.1–2, p. 3.

 Da origem do canto cristão e sua antiga prática em Portugal (Porto, 1953).

 Vinte livros de música polifónica do Paço Ducal de Vila Viçosa (Lisboa, 1953).

 'Os "Concertos brandeburgueses" de João Sebastião Bach', Gazeta musical, nos.39–46 (1954), 196–7, 214–15, 230–31, 250–51, 260–61, 274–5, 288–9.

 'O "Passionarium" de Fernandes Formoso: Lisboa 1543', Arquivo de bibliografia portuguesa, Vol. I (Coimbra, 1955), 73–97.

 'Notícia de vários documentos dos séculos XIII, XIV, XV et XVI, existentes no Museu de Grão-Vasco', Beira Alta, XIV (1955), 225, 263–99; XV (1956), 3.

 'Os livros do coro da Sé de Coimbra, em 1635', Arquivo de bibliografia portuguesa, II (1956), 316–66; Separata (Coimbra, 1957).

 'O colectário de Arouca e os seus textos musicais', Douro-Litoral, 8ª série (1957), nos.5–6.

Bibliografia Passiva
 Ribeiro, Mário de Sampaio, "Á margem do Cancioneiro de Manuel Joaquim: Notas e comentários", in Brotéria, n.º 33, 1941, pp. 383-417.

 Vila Maior, Manuela Alexina Meneses, Manuel Joaquim: Um contributo para a valorização do património artístico-musical português'', Tese de Mestrado em Ciências Musicais, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, 2 vols., 2001.

Ligações externas

Musicólogos de Portugal

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Rotary International's final battle against polio The global organisation recently made another serious move to end polio, awarding nearly $100 million in grants to eradicate the disease in the countries where it remains endemic.
Sep 2018 Sep 20 2018 Alice Dickow, Inside Philanthrophy 3-H, Bill Gates Foundation, nigeria, Pakistan, polio, unicef
In the United States and much of the world, polio is barely a bad memory.
In one of the great successes of modern medicine, the use of vaccines developed in the 1950s virtually eliminated the crippling, sometimes deadly disease.
But there are still a few countries where a handful of cases occur each year, and that means the virus has a chance to make an unwelcome comeback, not just in those few countries but worldwide.
With so few new polio cases remaining — there were just 22 in 2017 — most global health funders consider the matter closed and spend their money on other problems.
But a few heavy hitters, namely Rotary International and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, are keeping the pressure on until polio is truly eradicated.
Their persistence underscores a key strength of philanthropy: the ability to stick with a cause over years, or decades, without having to worry about the patience of voters or shareholders running thin.
Rotary International recently made another serious move to end polio, awarding nearly $100 million in grants to eradicate the disease in the countries where it remains endemic.
The majority of the grant money is going to three countries: Afghanistan ($22.9 million), Pakistan ($21.7 million), and Nigeria ($16.1 million).
Further funding will support efforts to keep an additional 12 vulnerable African countries polio-free.
Rotary's Long Commitment to the Battle Against Polio
Rotary has been working to eradicate polio for over 30 years.
In 1978, it expanded from local service activities and international scholarships to include national and international projects in Health, Hunger, and Humanity, or 3-H.
Clem Renouf, President of Rotary International from 1978 to 1979, had read about the eradication of smallpox, which was proof that a serious disease could be wiped out.
He wanted a similarly ambitious project to initiate Rotary's new 3-H projects.
Rotary selected polio, a global health problem of recognised international importance — and one for which a proven vaccine was available.
Rotary's polio eradication efforts began in 1979 with vaccinations for six million children in the Philippines.
In 1985, it launched the PolioPlus programme, the first initiative to tackle global polio eradication through the mass vaccination of children.
In 1988, Rotary became a member of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, a public-private partnership that includes the World Health Organisation, the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and various world governments.
In total, Rotary has contributed more than $1.8 billion and countless volunteer hours to immunise more than 2.5 billion children in 122 countries.
At least as important, Rotary's advocacy efforts have played a role in decisions by donor governments to contribute more than $7.2 billion to the effort.
Pivotal to this fundraising success has been the relationship with the Gates Foundation, formed in 2013.
At that time, Gates pledged to match every one dollar pledged by Rotary with two more, up to $35 million per year.
The result: a yield of $450 million for polio eradication activities over a three-year period.
Eliminating a disease is not like any other project.
If polio is eradicated, it would only be the second time in history (after smallpox) that a disease affecting humans has been eradicated by vaccines.
Since the GPEI was launched, the incidence of polio has plummeted by more than 99.9 per cent, from about 350,000 cases in 1988 to just 22 in 2017.
However small in number, those remaining polio cases are the most difficult to prevent, due to factors such as geographical isolation, poor public infrastructure, armed conflict and cultural barriers.
While significant strides have been made against the paralyzing disease, wild poliovirus is still a threat in parts of the world, with 10 cases in Afghanistan and three cases in Pakistan this year so far.
But as long as a single child has polio, all children are at risk. In other words, until polio is truly eradicated, it can still spread, even to other countries.
Work Remains Even After Potential Polio Eradication
Rotary International has set a 2018 deadline to eradicate polio. But even if that is achieved, the work does not end there.
Once the final case of polio is recorded, it will take three years of monitoring to ensure that the last case is, in fact, the final one.
That means that if the final case is seen this year, these programmes will continue to need funding and volunteers, at a price tag of $1.5 billion that will be funded by governments and donors such as Rotary.
That's in addition to the more than $1.5 billion Rotarians have contributed to the cause so far.
"We are so close. We've got a 99.9 per cent reduction in polio. But we're not there yet," says John Sever, a vice chair of Rotary's International PolioPlus Committee, who has been part of the eradication effort since the beginning.
"Rotarians and others have to keep working. People will naturally say, 'Well, it seems to be basically gone so let's move on to other things,' but the fact is it isn't gone, and if we move on and don't complete the job, we set ourselves up for having the disease come right back."
Source: Inside Philanthrophy
← Rotary News Plus – September 2018
New club will offer second Rotary option →
Rotary to raffle off kids' playhouse
Ravalli Republic 6
Rotary grant helps kids to attend preschool
Rohella Malik, Tapinto.net 17
Rotary Club of Saipan presents dictionaries to school students
Junhan B Todino, The Guam Daily Post 34


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Current Supplement
Editorial Excellence Award Winners
December 2011 - Volume 25 - Issue 12
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research.
Creatine Supplementation Decreases Oxidative DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation Induced by a Single Bout of Resistance Exercise
Rahimi, Rahman
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran; and Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Address correspondence to R. Rahimi, rahman.rahimi@yahoo.com.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: December 2011 - Volume 25 - Issue 12 - p 3448-3455
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182162f2b
Rahimi, R. Creatine supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation induced by a single bout of resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 25(12): 3448–3455, 2011—Creatine (Cr), or methyl guanidine–acetic acid, can be either ingested from exogenous sources, such as fish or meat, or produced endogenously by the body, primarily in the liver. It is used as an ergogenic aid to improve muscle mass, strength, and endurance. Heretofore, Cr's positive therapeutic benefits in various oxidative stress-associated diseases have been reported in the literature and, recently, Cr has also been shown to exert direct antioxidant effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) on oxidative stress response and oxidative DNA damage in male athletes and whether supplementation with Cr could negate any observed differences. Twenty-seven resistance-trained men were randomly divided into a Cr supplementation group (the Cr group [21.6 ± 3.6 years], taking 4 × 5 g Cr monohydrate per day) or a placebo (PL) supplementation group (the PL group [21.2 ± 3.2 years], taking 4 × 5 g maltodextrin per day). A double-blind research design was employed for a 7-day supplementation period. Before and after the seventh day of supplementation, the subjects performed an RE protocol (7 sets of 4 exercises using 60–90 1 repetition maximum) in the flat pyramid loading pattern. Blood and urine samples taken before, immediately, and 24-hour postexercise were analyzed for plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion. Before the supplementation period, a significant increase in the urinary 8-OHdG excretion and plasma MDA levels was observed after RE. The Cr supplementation induces a significant increase in athletics performance, and it attenuated the changes observed in the urinary 8-OHdG excretion and plasma MDA. These results indicate that Cr supplementation reduced oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation induced by a single bout of RE.
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules, which are produced pursuant to normal cellular metabolism and appear to be increased under conditions of both psychological and physical stress (37). These free radicals are generally neutralized by antioxidant defense systems that are composed of both endogenous and exogenous antioxidants (14).
Oxidative stress has been defined as a situation in which an increased level of ROS generation overwhelms the physiological capacity of the antioxidant's system, resulting in oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA (15). Although regular physical exercise is recommended for reducing the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, and for its other beneficial effect (39), acute bouts of exercise can result in activation of several distinct systems of radical generation (5). For example, aerobic exercise causes whole-body oxygen consumption increases 10- to 20-fold over the resting state and can result in elevated levels of free radicals (20). Also, in relation to resistance exercises (REs), despite the lower oxygen demands compared to those of aerobic exercise, generation of free radicals through other mechanisms is possible: (a) xanthine-xanthine oxidase pathway, (b) respiratory burst of neutrophils, (c) catecholamine autooxidation, (d) local muscle ischemia-hypoxia, and (e) conversion of the weak superoxide to the strong hydroxyl radical by lactic acid (18). These ROS cause extensive DNA damage, including single-strand breaks and the formation of modified bases (16). One of the most abundant forms of oxidized DNA (9), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), has been extensively investigated because it can be measured with high sensitivity (19), induces mutation (41,44), and is found frequently in tumor-related genes (43). For these reasons, 8-OHdG levels were measured in response to acute RE in trained men.
Most of the experimental studies that have investigated the association between exercise-induced oxidative stress and its acute effects on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation have used endurance exercise (28,36,40). Only a few studies that used RE to investigate this matter have been published (4,6,32). An increase in blood malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, was reported in the 2 days and immediately after a full-body RE protocol (25,32), whereas no change was reported in MDA 6 minutes after the performance of 20 maximal eccentric-concentric actions with the knee extensors and after circuit RE (8 exercises, 3 sets × 10 repetitions with 10 repetition maximum [10RM]) (10,42). Specific to DNA oxidation, only a study, to date, has assessed the 8-OHdG response, a marker of DNA oxidation, to isotonic RE (6). An increase in 8-OHdG of the quadriceps muscle was reported at the 24 hours after 200 eccentric actions with the knee extensors (29), whereas no change was reported in blood 8-OHdG after 30-minute dumbbell squat with 70% of 1RM (6). Collectively, this evidence demonstrated that acute RE can lead to acute oxidative stress (5). Furthermore, antioxidant supplement among athletes is well documented (20,28). However, there is little information regarding creatine (Cr) supplement protection against the negative health consequences of ROS such as oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation caused by RE in trained men.
Creatine monohydrate is a popular dietary supplement that is used by athletes to increase muscle mass and strength and improve sports performance (1,8,11,24) The effects of Cr on exercise performance, strength, and body composition have been described in many studies, with the majority reporting an erogenic effect (33). In addition, heretofore, Cr's positive therapeutic benefits in various oxidative stress-associated diseases have been reported in the literature and, recently, Cr has also been shown to exert direct antioxidant effects (3,23,45). Lawler et al. (23), for the first time, reported that Cr is capable of directly quenching aqueous radical and reactive species ions (ABTS+, O22, and OONO2) in vitro, and a more recent study showed that Cr exerts direct antioxidant activity via a scavenging mechanism in oxidatively injured cultured mammalian cells (38).
There is little or no information, however, regarding the Cr supplementation on lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage after an acute bout of RE in resistance-trained men. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an acute bout of RE on lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in resistance trained-men and whether 7-day supplementation with Cr could negate any observed differences. We hypothesized that acute high intensity RE results in postexercise elevation in oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation biomarkers and that the response would be lower after short-term Cr supplementation possibly because of antioxidant activity, as previously demonstrated for DNA oxidation.
To compare the effects of a 7-day Cr supplementation on oxidative modification to DNA and lipids after an acute bout of RE, biomarkers of DNA and lipid oxidations were studied with 27 recreationally resistance-trained men in a within-treatment, randomized, double-blind, placebo (PL) controlled protocol, with attempts made to control for exercise intensity and muscle-group recruitment.
Twenty-seven experienced resistance-trained college-age men volunteered to participate as subjects. The subjects signed an informed consent document before participating in the study. The subjects were regularly performing RE, 3 d·wk−1 for 1 year. The experimental procedure was explained in detail to all the subjects. These participants were randomly divided into either a Cr supplementation (age: 21.6 ± 3.6 years, height: 174 ± 8 cm, weight: 71.9 ± 7.8 kg) or a PL (age: 21.2 ± 3.2 years, height: 171 ± 6 cm, weight: 69.1 ± 10.4 kg) group. There were no significant differences between groups in physical characteristics. All subjects were healthy, with no major chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The subjects were on their ordinary diet, not permitted to use nutritional supplementation, and did not consume anabolic steroids or any other anabolic agents known to increase performance. Furthermore, the mean daily calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin A intake during the 3 days preceding the Cr supplementation period was measured. Participants who consumed Cr supplements for at least 5 months before the start of this study or had a body mass index ≥24 kg·m−2 were excluded. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan. Each subject was currently resistance trained for a minimum of a year using standard multiset; multiexercise training protocols typical of health or fitness RE programs directed at developing muscle strength, size, and power and reported training at least 3 times per week.
A within-treatment, randomized, double-blind, PL-controlled protocol was used to investigate the effects of a 7-day Cr supplementation on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Two familiarization sessions were used to determine the maximal strength test (1RM) 1 week before the study. Participants then reported to the human performance laboratory on 3 separate weeks. During the first week, the participants performed the 1RM with the bench press, leg press, lat pull down, and seated rows (27,30,31). After the 1RM testing, the participants were randomly divided into the Cr (n = 15) or PL (n = 12) group. In the second week, participants reported to the human performance laboratory on 4 separate sessions. In the first and second visits (24 hours between each visit), the participants performed familiarization sessions with the exercise protocol (7 sets of 3–6 repetitions of bench press, leg press, lat pull down, seated rows with 80–90% of 1RM) to ensure proper technique and reliability of the testing methods. In the third visit (before the start of Cr loading), blood draw was done, and the participants performed the RE protocol; then blood draws were performed immediately after and 24 hours after the RE protocol for measurement of MDA concentration. Urine samples were also taken at the time of blood sample collection for measurement of urinary 8-OHdG excretion. In the fourth visit, the subjects took the supplements (CR or PL) for 7 days. The participants then returned to the human performance laboratory for their final RE session. Blood draws were performed in the final acute RE protocol (after 7 days of supplementation) before exercise (Pre), immediately postexercise (Post), and 24 hours postexercise (24 hours Post). All the tests were scheduled at the same time of the day (9:00 hours) to negate confounding influences of diurnal hormonal variations. The experimental design is depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1:
Experimental design.
Resistance Exercise Protocols
Before RE protocols, all subjects performed a warm-up, which consisted of 3-minute running, 5–10 repetitions at 50% of perceived maximum and stretching period. The RE protocol performed in a flat pyramid loading pattern, which consisted of 7 sets of 3–6 repetitions of bench press, leg press, lat pull down, seated rows with 80–90% of 1RM (Figure 2). Bompa (7) stated that this type of loading pattern starts with a warm-up lift of, say, 60%, followed by an intermediary set at 80%, then stabilizing the load at 90% for the entire workout. If the instructor wishes to add variety at the end of training, a set of lower loads may be used. The physiological advantage of the flat pyramid is that by using a load of only 1 intensity level, the best neuromuscular adaptation for maximal strength is achieved without "confusing" the body with several intensities.
Resistance exercise protocol with a flat pyramid loading pattern.
Dietary Assessment
The mean daily calories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin A intake during the 3 days preceding the first testing session (supplementation periods) are presented in Table 1. Dietary intake was analyzed by Nutritionist IV diet analysis software. No statistically significant differences were noted between groups for any measured dietary variables.
Dietary intake assessed during the 3 days before each exercise session.*†
Lipid Peroxidation Measurement
Lipid peroxides, derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, are unstable and decompose to form a complex series of compounds. These include reactive carbonyl compounds, of which the most abundant is MDA. Therefore, measurement of MDA is widely used as an indicator of lipid peroxidation (12). Plasma MDA was measured by using a spectrophotometric assay for MDA. The assay was carried out in duplicate; intraassay coefficients of variances were 3.4%, and detection limit was 0.0088 μM, using the manufacturer's instructions (Bioxytech® MDA-586™, Spectrophotometric Assay for MDA. Catalog Number 21044; OXISResearch, Portland, OR, USA).
Oxidative DNA damage
Oxidative DNA damage, urinary 8-OHdG excretion, was measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The assay was carried out in duplicate using the manufacturer's instructions (New 8-OHdG Check, ELISA, Japan Institute for the Control of Aging; Catalog No: KO G-200S/E). Urinary creatinine levels were determined using a standard colorimetric ultraviolet spectrophotometric assay. The 8-OHdG was expressed relative to creatinine and expressed in absolute terms.
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical evaluation was performed with SPSS (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) for windows. The 8-OHdG and MDA were analyzed using a 2-factor (group × time) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the within (time) factor. Multiple comparisons with confidence interval adjustment by the Bonferroni method were used as post hoc when necessary. Independent-sample t-tests were performed to determine possible group differences for the following variables: height, body mass, and dietary intake. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Oxidative DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation
Urinary 8-OHdG data pre, post, and 3 hours post RE for Cr and PL groups are presented in Figure 3. Before the supplementation period, there were no significant differences for urinary 8-OHdG level, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, between Cr and PL groups at Pre, Post, and 24 hours Post RE (p > 0.05). However, urinary 8-OHdG level was significantly lower in the Cr group than in the PL group at Post and 24 hours Post RE after 7 days of supplementation (Figure 3; p = 0.001, Partial Eta Squared = 0.656, Observed Power = 0.995). Urinary 8-OHdG levels were expressed relative to creatinine for the vast majority of DNA degradation products (Figure 4).
8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in urine before (black bars), immediately after (gray bars), and 24 hours after (white bars) resistance exercise before and after creatine loading. Values expressed as mean ±SD. *Different from pre–resistance exercise (p < 0.05). †Different between before and after supplementation (p < 0.05). ‡Different between creatine (Cr) group after supplementation and placebo (PL) group before supplementation (p < 0.05). §Different between Cr group and PL group after supplementation (p < 0.05).
Normalized urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine expressed relative to creatinine before (black bars) and 24 hours after (white bars) resistance exercise before and after creatine (Cr) loading. Values expressed as mean ±SD. *Different from pre–resistance exercise (p < 0.05). ‡Different between Cr group after supplementation and placebo (PL) group before supplementation (p < 0.05). §Different between Cr group and PL group after supplementation (p < 0.05).
The changes in Plasma MDA levels are shown in Figure 5. Before the supplementation period, there was no significant difference between groups in the plasma concentration of MDA at Pre, Post, and 24 hours Post RE (p > 0.05). However, after the supplementation period, plasma MDA concentrations were significantly greater for the PL group than for the Cr group post RE (Figure 5; p = 0.002, Partial Eta Squared = 0.541, Observed Power = 0.998).
Plasma malondialdehyde before (black bars), immediately after (gray bars), and 24 hours after (white bars) resistance exercise before and after creatine loading. Values expressed as mean ±SD. *Different from pre–resistance exercise (p < 0.05). ‡Different between creatine (Cr) group after supplementation and placebo (PL) group before supplementation (p < 0.05). §Different between Cr group and PL group after supplementation (p < 0.05).
Many studies reported that intense exercise caused oxidative stress because of increased generation of ROS, whereas regular exercise is known as an important factor in preventing many diseases. Oxidative stress induced-cellular damage often appeared as changes in macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA). In many studies, 8-OHdG was evaluated as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage (6,29,40) because it represents 5% of the total oxidized bases in the DNA and is present in quantities that are sufficient to be readily detected (17). This 8-OHdG is a potentially important factor in carcinogenesis because it is prone to induce G-C to T-A transversion during DNA replication, which are frequently found in tumor-relevant genes. Thus, increases in the level of 8-OHdG can have important implications for mutagenesis and the induction of tumors (35).
In this study, urinary 8-OHdG excretion significantly increased immediately and 24 hours post RE in both groups before the Cr supplementation period, which is in accordance with study of Radak et al. (29) who reported that the 8-OHdG level was significantly increased in biopsy samples of the quadriceps at 24 hours after performing 200 eccentric contractions with knee extensors, but our findings are inconsistent with those of Bloomer et al. (6), who did not observe significant changes in plasma concentrations of 8-OHdG and MDA after 30-minute intermittent dumbbell squat with 70% of 1RM. The possible reasons for the inconsistency in our findings with those of the previous study can imply a difference in the RE protocol. In this study, whole-body RE protocol performed in flat pyramid loading pattern (FPLP), which includes 7 sets of 3–6 repetitions with 80–90% of 1RM. Flat pyramid loading pattern is the most effective method to gain maximal strength, and the physiological advantage of this method is that using a load of only 1 intensity level, the best neuromuscular adaptation for maximal strength is achieved without confusing the body with several intensities (7), which in comparison to the protocol used in the previous study (6) possess a higher intensity and volume. In this case, it has been previously reported that training intensity may be the main factor in producing free radicals (5,6,10).
In addition to oxidative DNA damage, free radicals may damage cellular compartments specially lipids and lead to initiation of chain reactions that are known as lipid peroxidation, the most important consequence of oxidative stress. In this study, before the Cr supplementation period, MDA, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, is significantly increased immediately and 24 hours post RE in both groups, which is in accordance with the finding of Ramel et al. (32) who reported a significant increase in plasma MDA concentration after a circuit RE bout (18 minutes of RE with 75% of 1RM in 10 exercises) in trained and untrained subjects (3); an increase in plasma MDA concentration after 2 days of whole-body RE as well has been reported (25).
However, our findings are inconsistent with those of previous studies (4,10,42), which did not observe significant changes in MDA immediately and 24 hours after RE. The possible reasons for inconsistency, as previously mentioned, can allude to the type of RE protocols and exercise intensity.
It has been shown that endogenous antioxidant substances could not completely prevent oxidative damage under physiological and pathological conditions, such as strenuous exercise and exercise at altitude, and many diseases. It is possible that these situations disturb endogenous antioxidant balance, which could not neutralize the oxidant effects. During these situations, dietary antioxidants have the most important roles owing to enhancement in the ability of body antioxidant systems. Recently, Cr has been introduced as an antioxidant (23). Therefore, in this study, the effect of 7-day Cr supplementation (4 doses of 5 g·d−1) on MDA and 8-OHdG, which are biomarkers of lipids peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage, is examined after a single bout of RE.
To our knowledge, this was the first investigation to compare Cr supplementation on biomarkers of DNA and lipid oxidation after acute RE. The primary findings of our study were that urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were significantly decreased in Cr group compared to in the PL group immediately and 24 hours after RE and that plasma MDA concentrations were significantly decreased immediately and 24 hours after RE in the Cr group compared to in the PL group. However, in both groups, urinary 8-OHdG and MDA concentrations were significantly higher post RE compared to pre RE. These results imply that oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage are lesser in the Cr group than in the PL group after a single bout of RE. These changes are attributed to the antioxidant characteristics of Cr. Lawler et al. (23) for the first time showed in vitro that Cr had an ability to remove the superoxide anion radical, ABTS+ cation, and peroxynitrite radical (ONOO−).
Antioxidant properties of Cr may be attributed to the presence of arginine in its molecule. Arginine is also a substrate for the nitric oxide synthase family and can increase the production of nitric oxide, a free radical that modulates metabolism, contractility, and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle (21,34). Other amino acids such as glycine and methionine because of the presence of sulfhydryl groups may be especially susceptible to free-radical oxidation (13). Up to this time, there is no study regarding the effect of Cr supplementation on oxidative DNA damage after RE, in athletes. However, in 3 studies (22,36,45), indirect antioxidative properties of Cr were confirmed, which is in accordance with our findings. In a study, Vergnani et al. (45) reported the antioxidative role of arginine, the precursor of Cr, in the oxidative modifications of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in endothelial cells and aortal rings. Also, Santos et al. (36) examined the effect of Cr supplementation (4 dose of 5 g for 5 days) upon inflammatory and muscle soreness markers after a 30-km race. They reported that Cr supplementation reduced cell damage and inflammation after an exhaustive intense race. As previously mentioned, lower concentration of MDA in the Cr group compared to in the PL group immediately and 24 hours after the RE protocol are in accordance with the findings of Basta et al. (3), who reported that Cr supplementation led to the reinforcement of the antioxidative system (superoxide dismutase [SOD], GPx) in rowers' blood, confirmed by a significantly lower concentration of lipid peroxidation products upon a 24-hour recovery period and by a lower postexercise activity of glutathione peroxidase. As mentioned above, these changes may be because of the antioxidative properties of Cr. Also, reduction in glutathione peroxidase activity because of Cr supplementation could be the reason for the lower concentration of MDA, lipid peroxidation products, in the Cr group.
In addition, the attenuated oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation responses are consistent with the findings of other studies using high antioxidant diets in athletes (2,26). For example, Arent et al. (2) found that, compared with PL, supplementing with Resurgex® decreased lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostane, lipid hydroperoxide) and creatine kinase (CK) in college soccer players. Also, our findings are consistent with those of the study using isolated Glisodin® supplementation that has reported a protective effect on DNA and reduced 8-isoprostane levels (26).
Although, our subjects were recreationally resistance trained, they were unaccustomed to the format and intensity of the RE protocol used in this study. The unfamiliarity of the subjects with FPLP most likely is the reason for increasing oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage before Cr loading. In summary, acute the RE with FPLP method induced oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in trained subjects, but short-term Cr supplementation decrease these effects, which may be because of increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidant production.
A single bout of RE which is performed using the FPLP method increases oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in athletes. However, Cr supplementation for a short period decreased urinary 8-OHdG excretion and plasma MDA levels after acute RE with the FPLP method, which suggests a positive effect of the Cr supplementation as a strategy in reducing oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation after a strenuous RE protocol. The exact mechanisms by which Cr supplementation exert its antioxidant actions remain to be elucidated, however, increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and ability to remove ROS and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) have been implicated, as previously demonstrated (23,38). Also, 90% of the total Cr in the body is stored in skeletal muscles and mitochondria is one important source of ROS that includes H2O2, O2−, and possibly OH− and peroxynitrite, in skeletal muscles. Therefore, in this case, further studies on animal or human modals will be required to examine short-term Cr supplementation on mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes and components such as mitochondrial genome. The coach and athlete should consider that in current form and dosage, Cr supplementation has ergogenic benefit, so we recommended its use in resistance-trained men seeking to enhance performance and to reduce oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation.
The authors are grateful to the subjects who participated in this study. The authors also thank Mr. Mehdi Malaki at the Fadai Laboratory of Endocrinology for technical assistance with ELISA procedures.
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Cr monohydrate; 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; malondialdehyde
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The Caribbean Carnival is truly a one of a kind experience. Be prepared for your best night of Spring Break! The boat is a party venue, with thumping music, flowing drinks and an amazing crew that will entertain and involve you into exciting activities. This 40 minute boat ride is the perfect pregame to get you ready to party once you reach the private island of Isla Mujeres. Once the party boat is docked a buffet dinner is served on the island. After that, the partying really kicks in when the DJ starts spinning and the dancing begins on the Island of Women.
What Else Can You Expect of Caribbean Carnival?
Upon arrival you will be greeted and led to an abundant Mexican dinner buffer. Drinks will continue to flow. Once you are content with your share of fresh salads, meat, fish and desserts from the buffet, it is show time. You will have the opportunity to watch the colorful Caribbean dance shows performed by professional merengue, salsa and rumba dancers who will get you in the right mood for doing some dancing yourself. Mix in Spring Breaks most entertaining contests, dancing and over 1,000 of your favorite Spring Break friends. This is the perfect formula for Spring Breaks best party! Your Spring Break evening at Caribbean Carnival will be unforgettable….if you can remember it!


Kochi: Federal Bank has come out with a special Vishu Kaineettam for their customers who download and activate FedMobile, the bank's mobile banking app, and do at least one financial transaction on April 14, 2016.
These customers will get a cash baçk of Rs. 101 or 50% of the amount of the first such transaction, whichever is less. The offer is valid for mobile recharge, DTH recharge, funds transfer and bill payment transactions.
"FedMobile has been recently revamped with additional features and improved security. To give more options and conveniences to our customers, we are in the process of including more than 200 merchants in the mobile banking app, which will further enrich the digital experience of our customers", he added.
Federal Bank, which has consistently pioneered product innovations, had launched India's first mobile app for bank account opening, FedBook Selfie in 2015. This unique facility of mobile based bank account opening was an upgrade to FedBook, its e-Passbook app, which in itself was a trendsetter at the time of its launch in 2013.


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Manure sensor provides real-time application data
Progressive Dairy Editor Karen Lee Published on 27 August 2019
Web Tool: Technology Catalog
10 things everyone utilizing manure should know
RNG initiatives give new life to anaerobic digesters on dairies
Livestock manure is a highly variable fertilizer. Its composition can vary depending on the age of the animal, feedstuffs consumed and the way it is agitated and removed from storage, just to name a few reasons.
The latest application of John Deere's HarvestLab 3000 is looking to eliminate the guesswork from nutrient management.
With Manure Constituent Sensing now available with this equipment, manure applicators can more accurately analyze, adjust and document manure volume and nutrients applied per acre.
"This is real-time nutrient analysis as applied," says Chris Arnold, product marketing manager, field and crop sensing, John Deere ISG.
The sensor takes more than 4,000 readings per second using near-infrared-reflectance (NIR) technology. The HarvestLab 3000 is already in use for forage analysis and can be fitted on a self-propelled forage harvester to document nutrients and dry matter content of harvested forage. Its second use is a table top setting to monitor the components of a TMR or forage samples from storage.
This latest application mounts it on a manure tanker or dragline to measure total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and dry matter content of the liquid manure as it flows by the lens.
"It is the same concept [as the forage applications] to measure the product in the field, so can we manage it based on nutrient level," Arnold says.
Mounted after the flow meter on the manure equipment, it can be used to set application rates based on a target value or limit rate based on any of the measured values.
Oftentimes, regulations and nutrient management plans stipulate manure applications by gallons per acre. Based on the nutrient content of the manure, that could end up being too much or not enough. "In knowing the nutrient content of the manure, we can manage nutrient levels to meet crop demand," he says.
"This is a revolutionary development for manure application. We can now validate nutrients and more accurately quantify what we have applied," says Jeremy Puck, general manager for Puck Enterprises.
Puck, who builds equipment to serve the industry and runs four custom manure application crews in Iowa, has been testing the technology for a few years and finds it to be a better solution than using several random samples sent to a lab to estimate the entire application.
"This is real-time, what is going on. Now we only have to wait on test results for validation," he says.
Users can expect to see some variation between the sensor analysis and laboratory analysis.
People looking to utilize this technology need to have "a realistic expectation of what it can do and track," Arnold says. "It will never match wet chemistry exactly, but it can help you make a decision on the fly and within range."
Even laboratory reports can vary when the same sample is spilt among multiple labs.
While it may not match sample to sample, this technology aims to reduce the overall variability of the application because it is constantly sampling the manure.
Jesse Dvorachek, owner of Dvorachek Farm & Industry LLC, a trucking and manure application business in east-central Wisconsin, has been testing this system for a few years.
He uses the sensor on a toolbar applicator. By also incorporating Tractor Implement Automation on his John Deere tractor, the tractor automatically increases or decreases speed to maintain the desired target application rates of either nitrogen or gallons per acre.
As long as the flow is consistent, Dvorachek says, the application falls within 10% of the target.
"Speed automation is a big advantage," he says. "When we side-dress manure in corn, we can put down actual units of nitrogen versus just guessing. Before, if we did not put enough out, we'd have to go again. With this, we can save our customer an extra pass."
Arnold explains the technology works best with manure between 2% and 10% dry matter. At less than 2% dry matter, the measurements are not as accurate.
As with any sensor technology, it is predicted that the more samples analyzed, the more the algorithms and software can be improved for better performance.
"With more run time, the more accurate and better it will become," Puck says.
"Once fully tested, we will be able to apply a variable-rate prescription, just like commercial fertilizer applications. This will change the way the game is played," he adds.
Dvorachek says he is looking forward to section control as an added feature for the same reason.
"When crop consultants write prescriptions on a map, we will be able to apply differently to different areas of the field where the nutrients belong," he says.
For now, the current application data is able to be sent wirelessly to the John Deere Operations Center for mapping and documentation, or shared with trusted advisers.
"There is value in the data and documentation of best management practices," Arnold says.
A custom manure applicator can provide these reports to their customers as an added benefit of knowing the right rate was applied. Someone selling the manure now has an analysis and can charge by the nutrient value of the manure applied.
"We know what we're doing," Puck says. "This [data] validates it."
He is looking forward to layering this data with crop yield and farm data to begin to understand what is really happening in the field.
"For me, the payback is instant. I can provide better service," Puck says.
"It is what the industry needs, real-time data to keep up with current farming practices," he adds.
The investment is around $27,000 for activation and lab. That doesn't include the flow meter or tractor guidance system.
It can be attached on any liquid applicator, as long as there is enough room for it following the flow meter.
Arnold expects liquid manure application units that don't have the space will be redesigned to accommodate this addition in the future.
"We will see adaptation in the industry. Flow meters were the same way when they were first released," he says.
Customers with existing HarvestLab 3000 units will need to order the parts to install the sensors on their manure application equipment, as well activate the manure sensing software.
For more information on this new technology, contact your local John Deere dealer or visit the John Deere website.
PHOTO 1: The John Deere HarvestLab 3000 with Manure Constituent Sensing uses NIR technology to analyze liquid manure for total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and dry matter content of the manure as it is applied to the field.
PHOTO 2: An in-cab display provides real-time data so applicators know exactly how much material is applied per acre. Photos courtesy of John Deere.
Karen Lee
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The Brooks "Pure" project is the line of somewhat-minimalist shoes that the company makes. Some would call them a line of lightweight trainers due to their plush feel, but the low heel drop and increased flexibility of these shoes do give them a more minimalist feel.
The PureCadence is one of the few minimalist shoes on the market that provides some stability for the overpronator. It comes in at a significantly lighter weight than most stability shoes, and sits flatter to the ground than most, but it provides a moderate amount of stability.
The original PureCadence debuted just a couple years ago. The second model, the PureCadence2, made a few small tweaks to the original: instead of centered laces and a separated tongue the PureCadence2 featured asymmetrical laces and a "burrito wrap" tongue that was attached on one side.
The PureCadence3 arrived this year with a few more changes. The burrito wrap tongue has flipped sides, so instead of attaching on the lateral side of the shoe it attaches on the medial side. There was also a change in the "nav band" that wraps the midfoot of the shoe.
While the sole of the PureCadence remained the same from the original model to the second iteration, the third model features a more segmented sole, especially under the arch where the heel of the shoe connects to the forefoot. The first two models of the shoe featured a split in the front that isolated the big toe, which helped to engage the big toe and thus engage the arch of the foot more naturally. The PureCadence3 splits down the middle, using the two biggest toes instead of just the first toe.
While the PureCadence line is meant to fit like a glove around the foot, the PureCadence3 seems to have an especially narrow fit. This is mostly in the middle of the shoe, where the nav band holds tightly around the midfoot. I found that the toe box had a good amount of space, but I did feel that the middle of the shoe fit a little more closely than most shoes. I actually ended up wearing a half size smaller than normal in the PureCadence3. I was really on the border between my regular size and a half size down, but I went with the smaller size because I didn't want too much space in a minimalist shoe.
I never noticed the burrito tongue in either a good way or a bad way. In fact, I never had a problem with it on the second model when it wrapped the opposite direction or in the original PureCadence when it was separated. I did have issues with the tongue sliding off the side on the original version of the PureFlow (the neutral equivalent of the PureCadence), which I think is why Brooks went to the burrito tongue, but I never had the problem in the PureCadence line.
All of the Pure shoes come with "bubble" laces, which are more illustratively described as "sausage-link" laces. I love these laces, because they hold really well and do not slip. The asymmetrical lacing is nice because it takes some pressure off of the top of the foot. Overall the lacing on this shoe works really well.
There were some things that I really liked about the re-worked sole on the PureCadence3, and some things that I did not like as much.
The heel-to-toe transition on this shoe is incredible. It has a great natural roll, and it really pops off of the toe. The segmentation of the sole under the arch really helps make this transition of this shoe smooth and it gives the shoe a more minimalist feel.
On the other hand, I did not love how all of the segments of the sole felt under my feet. In addition to being a touch firmer than the previous models, I could feel some of the segments of the sole a little too much. I wanted a more natural feel under my feet, one where I didn't even notice that I had a shoe on my foot.
The durability of the PureCadence3 seemed fine, similar to the previous models. As with most minimalist shoes, you can probably expect between 250 and 300 miles out of these shoes. I found that the outsole and the upper hold up quite well. The cushion in the midsole is what goes first – it starts to feel flat and loses its softness as you beat it down.
Overall I did like the Purecadence3. I liked the PureCadence2 a little better, but I will still use the PureCadence3 regularly in my training. The heel-to-toe transition really impressed me and kept me coming back for more, and the lower heel drop gave the shoe a different feel than anything else that I run in.
I personally like this shoe as a tool to throw in to my training once or twice a week to help strengthen and balance out different muscles, but I know a few people who use the Pure line of shoes full time and love them. I have also noticed that these shoes are incredibly popular in mid-distance races, especially ten milers and half marathons. The Pure shoes tend to provide a little more width and support than most racing flats, without adding too much weight, so these might be considered the lightweight racing shoes for the average person.
The Brooks "Pure" line of shoes is a versatile line that I would recommend for a runner looking to add something with a more minimalist feel to their arsenal (without going too minimalist), those who like really light shoes, or those looking for a good shoe to race in.
This entry was posted in Brooks, Running Shoes and tagged Brooks PureCadence 3.


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Ногооннуур (монг. Ногооннуур) – сомон Баян-Улгийського аймаку Монголії. Територія 5,2 тис кв км, населення 8,2 тис. Центр Ногооннуур розташований на відстані 150 км. від міста Улгий, та на відстані 1700 км від Улан-Батора. Школа, лікарня, сфера обслуговування, створюється вільна економічна зона.

Рельєф
Річки Ховд, Батмурун та їх притоки, на сході озеро Ачит. На горі Турген – вічні сніги та лід.

Клімат
Клімат різкоконтинентальний. Середня температура січня -21-24 градуси, липня +12-18 градусів. У середньому в горах Тургену випадає 450 мм опадів, у долині Ховду та ачиту 100-150 мм.

Тваринний світ
В горах водяться вовки, лисиці, зайці, аргал, дикі кози, бабаки

Адміністративні межі
Ногооннуур межує з сомонами Цагааннуур, Бугат, Алтанцугц, на сході межує з аймаком Увс. На півночі проходить кордон з Росією.

Примітки

Баян-Улгий
Сомони Монголії


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package com.puppycrawl.tools.checkstyle.whitespace;

class InputEmptyLineSeparatorCheckHeader {}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The "grow your positive mindset" podcast is hosted by Ray of "Positivity by Ray Ray". With all the episodes I want to help people live their lives more optimistic. This helps us all to live a happier life. In the end, that's what everyone wants right?
#14 - What is your definition of success?
What is your definition of success? Every person on this earth is unique. Every person on this earth wants to be successful. But what is a success? For one person this can be a huge business with millions of euro. For another, that is just the freedom to live their lives in the country they want. Today I want to share a thought that your success is not the same definition of the success of someone else. This episode is sponsored by "The Optimist Clothing" webshop. Go to https://shop.byrayray.com and find some inspiring and positive t-shirts, hoodies or smartphone covers. All to share and inspire others by wearing it.
Imagine that if your only thinking about challenges and negative things about life. You will fill your mindset only with negativity. That build up slowly to more negativity. At some point, this will make this person unhappy and even depressing. Imagine that if your thinking optimistic. You have an optimistic mindset, every challenge that will cross your life will be challenged by looking at the possibilities instead of the problems. You will fill your mind with positivity and possibilities, so you are attracting a positive vibe. In both mindset is the same power. But chose wisely what you want to have in your life. Do you want possibilities and success in life, implement an optimistic mindset. If you want to have problems and issues in your life without any outcome, then implement that negative mindset. But I'm sure nobody wants that! This episode is sponsored by "The Optimist Clothing" webshop. Go to https://shop.byrayray.com and find some inspiring and positive t-shirts, hoodies or smartphone covers. All to share and inspire others by wearing it.
People tend to look only to the things they don't like about other people. But with a positive mindset, we should give people more compliments. Because what you give, you will get back! Just make it your mission to give every day someone a compliment. It will also make you feel good to say something positive about another. So let me leave you this week with an inspiration to give a compliment every day to your friend, colleagues, kids or just people you know, about anything. This episode is sponsored by "The Optimist Clothing" webshop. Go to shop.byrayray.com and find some inspiring and positive t-shirts, hoodies or smartphone covers. All to share and inspire others by wearing it.
#11 - New years resolutions don't work, just start today!
Most people start with new goals and resolutions at the 1st of January. But why would we wait until new year to start eating healthy or stop smoking? Humans have the natural behavior to postpone things. Not only goals or quitting bad habits, not just with everything. One person more than the other! We all wait until the perfect moment to start working on a goal. But is that perfect moment ever be there? NO! So why wait for the new year to quit smoking if we already know that we want to quit? Why would we wait until the 1st of January to start eating healthy? This episode is sponsored by "The Optimist Clothing" webshop. Go to https://shop.byrayray.com and find some inspiring and positive t-shirts, hoodies or smartphone covers. All to share and inspire others by wearing it.
#10 - Don't wait until your ready!
In this episode, I want to talk with you about being or feeling ready. Most of us intend to start doing something new until we are ready. But the thing is, we are never gonna reach that point. We first need to take action in order to reach the point to be ready. The experts of this world all started with something at the point that they didn't feel ready. But they did start it anyway, so should you do! This episode is sponsored by "The Optimist Clothing" webshop. Go to https://shop.byrayray.com and find some inspiring and positive t-shirts, hoodies or smartphone covers. All to share and inspire others by wearing it.


text:
By the end of 2009, at least 25 studies reported surveys of college students' rates of nonmedical stimulant use. Of the studies using relatively smaller samples, prevalence was, in chronological order, 16.6% (lifetime; Babcock & Byrne, 2000), 35.3% (past year; Low & Gendaszek, 2002), 13.7% (lifetime; Hall, Irwin, Bowman, Frankenberger, & Jewett, 2005), 9.2% (lifetime; Carroll, McLaughlin, & Blake, 2006), and 55% (lifetime, fraternity students only; DeSantis, Noar, & Web, 2009). Of the studies using samples of more than a thousand students, somewhat lower rates of nonmedical stimulant use were found, although the range extends into the same high rates as the small studies: 2.5% (past year, Ritalin only; Teter, McCabe, Boyd, & Guthrie, 2003), 5.4% (past year; McCabe & Boyd, 2005), 4.1% (past year; McCabe, Knight, Teter, & Wechsler, 2005), 11.2% (past year; Shillington, Reed, Lange, Clapp, & Henry, 2006), 5.9% (past year; Teter, McCabe, LaGrange, Cranford, & Boyd, 2006), 16.2% (lifetime; White, Becker-Blease, & Grace-Bishop, 2006), 1.7% (past month; Kaloyanides, McCabe, Cranford, & Teter, 2007), 10.8% (past year; Arria, O'Grady, Caldeira, Vincent, & Wish, 2008); 5.3% (MPH only, lifetime; Du-Pont, Coleman, Bucher, & Wilford, 2008); 34% (lifetime; DeSantis, Webb, & Noar, 2008), 8.9% (lifetime; Rabiner et al., 2009), and 7.5% (past month; Weyandt et al., 2009).
Nootropics. You might have heard of them. The "limitless pill" that keeps Billionaires rich. The 'smart drugs' that students are taking to help boost their hyperfocus. The cognitive enhancers that give corporate executives an advantage. All very exciting. But as always, the media are way behind the curve. Yes, for the past few decades, cognitive enhancers were largely sketchy substances that people used to grasp at a short term edge at the expense of their health and well being. But the days of taking prescription pills to pull an all-nighter are so 2010. The better, safer path isn't with these stimulants but with nootropics. Nootropics consist of dietary supplements and substances which enhance your cognition, in particular when it comes to motivation, creativity, memory, and other executive functions. They play an important role in supporting memory and promoting optimal brain function.
My first dose on 1 March 2017, at the recommended 0.5ml/1.5mg was miserable, as I felt like I had the flu and had to nap for several hours before I felt well again, requiring 6h to return to normal; after waiting a month, I tried again, but after a week of daily dosing in May, I noticed no benefits; I tried increasing to 3x1.5mg but this immediately caused another afternoon crash/nap on 18 May. So I scrapped my cytisine. Oh well.
A large review published in 2011 found that the drug aids with the type of memory that allows us to explicitly remember past events (called long-term conscious memory), as opposed to the type that helps us remember how to do things like riding a bicycle without thinking about it (known as procedural or implicit memory.) The evidence is mixed on its effect on other types of executive function, such as planning or ability on fluency tests, which measure a person's ability to generate sets of data—for example, words that begin with the same letter.
"Cavin has done an amazing job in all aspects of his life. Overcoming the horrific life threatening accident, and then going on to do whatever he can to help others with his contagious wonderful attitude. This book is an easy to understand fact filled manual for anyone, but especially those who are or are caregivers for a loved one with tbi. I also highly recommend his podcast series."
Nicotine absorption through the stomach is variable and relatively reduced in comparison with absorption via the buccal cavity and the small intestine. Drinking, eating, and swallowing of tobacco smoke by South American Indians have frequently been reported. Tenetehara shamans reach a state of tobacco narcosis through large swallows of smoke, and Tapirape shams are said to eat smoke by forcing down large gulps of smoke only to expel it again in a rapid sequence of belches. In general, swallowing of tobacco smoke is quite frequently likened to drinking. However, although the amounts of nicotine swallowed in this way - or in the form of saturated saliva or pipe juice - may be large enough to be behaviorally significant at normal levels of gastric pH, nicotine, like other weak bases, is not significantly absorbed.
With subtle effects, we need a lot of data, so we want at least half a year (6 blocks) or better yet, a year (12 blocks); this requires 180 actives and 180 placebos. This is easily covered by $11 for Doctor's Best Best Lithium Orotate (5mg), 200-Count (more precisely, Lithium 5mg (from 125mg of lithium orotate)) and $14 for 1000x1g empty capsules (purchased February 2012). For convenience I settled on 168 lithium & 168 placebos (7 pill-machine batches, 14 batches total); I can use them in 24 paired blocks of 7-days/1-week each (48 total blocks/48 weeks). The lithium expiration date is October 2014, so that is not a problem
The use of cognitive enhancers by healthy individuals sparked debate about ethics and safety. Cognitive enhancement by pharmaceutical means was considered a form of illicit drug use in some places, even while other cognitive enhancers, such as caffeine and nicotine, were freely available. The conflict therein raised the possibility for further acceptance of smart drugs in the future. However, the long-term effects of smart drugs on otherwise healthy brains were unknown, delaying safety assessments.
When taken as prescribed, Modafinil is safer than Adderall with fewer side effects. Smart pill enthusiasts find a heightened sense of alertness and motivation with Modafinil. In healthy individuals, Modafinil will reliably boost energy levels. If you find that it gives you headaches, add a choline supplement to your stack. With that said, you should only use Modafinil in moderation on an as-needed basis.
P.S. Even though Thrive Natural's Super Brain Renew is the best brain and memory supplement we have found, we would still love to hear about other Brain and Memory Supplements that you have tried! If you have had a great experience with a memory supplement that we did not cover in this article, let us know! E-mail me at : [email protected] We'll check it out for you and if it looks good, we'll post it on our site!
If I stop tonight and do nothing Monday (and I sleep the normal eight hours and do not pay any penalty), then that'll be 4 out of 5 days on modafinil, each saving 3 or 4 hours. Each day took one pill which cost me $1.20, but each pill saved let's call it 3.5 hours; if I value my time at minimum wage, or 7.25/hr (federal minimum wage), then that 3.5 hours is worth $25.37, which is much more than $1.20, ~21x more.
Ashwagandha has been shown to improve cognition and motivation, by means of reducing anxiety [46]. It has been shown to significantly reduce stress and anxiety. As measured by cortisol levels, anxiety symptoms were reduced by around 30% compared to a placebo-controlled (double-blind) group [47]. And it may have neuroprotective effects and improve sleep, but these claims are still being researched.
It is at the top of the supplement snake oil list thanks to tons of correlations; for a review, see Luchtman & Song 2013 but some specifics include Teenage Boys Who Eat Fish At Least Once A Week Achieve Higher Intelligence Scores, anti-inflammatory properties (see Fish Oil: What the Prescriber Needs to Know on arthritis), and others - Fish oil can head off first psychotic episodes (study; Seth Roberts commentary), Fish Oil May Fight Breast Cancer, Fatty Fish May Cut Prostate Cancer Risk & Walnuts slow prostate cancer, Benefits of omega-3 fatty acids tally up, Serum Phospholipid Docosahexaenonic Acid Is Associated with Cognitive Functioning during Middle Adulthood endless anecdotes.
That said, there are plenty of studies out there that point to its benefits. One study, published in the British Journal of Pharmacology, suggests brain function in elderly patients can be greatly improved after regular dosing with Piracetam. Another study, published in the journal Psychopharmacology, found that Piracetam improved memory in most adult volunteers. And another, published in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, suggests it can help students, especially dyslexic students, improve their nonverbal learning skills, like reading ability and reading comprehension. Basically, researchers know it has an effect, but they don't know what or how, and pinning it down requires additional research.
Chocolate or cocoa powder (Examine.com), contains the stimulants caffeine and the caffeine metabolite theobromine, so it's not necessarily surprising if cocoa powder was a weak stimulant. It's also a witch's brew of chemicals such as polyphenols and flavonoids some of which have been fingered as helpful10, which all adds up to an unclear impact on health (once you control for eating a lot of sugar).
"Such an informative and inspiring read! Insight into how optimal nutrients improved Cavin's own brain recovery make this knowledge-filled read compelling and relatable. The recommendations are easy to understand as well as scientifically-founded – it's not another fad diet manual. The additional tools and resources provided throughout make it possible for anyone to integrate these enhancements into their nutritional repertoire. Looking forward to more from Cavin and Feed a Brain!!!!!!"
Null results are generally less likely to be published. Consistent with the operation of such a bias in the present literature, the null results found in our survey were invariably included in articles reporting the results of multiple tasks or multiple measures of a single task; published single-task studies with exclusively behavioral measures all found enhancement. This suggests that some single-task studies with null results have gone unreported. The present mixed results are consistent with those of other recent reviews that included data from normal subjects, using more limited sets of tasks or medications (Advokat, 2010; Chamberlain et al., 2010; Repantis, Schlattmann, Laisney, & Heuser, 2010).
Upon examining the photographs, I noticed no difference in eye color, but it seems that my move had changed the ambient lighting in the morning and so there was a clear difference between the two sets of photographs! The before photographs had brighter lighting than the after photographs. Regardless, I decided to run a small survey on QuickSurveys/Toluna to confirm my diagnosis of no-change; the survey was 11 forced-choice pairs of photographs (before-after), with the instructions as follows:
Modafinil is a eugeroic, or 'wakefulness promoting agent', intended to help people with narcolepsy. It was invented in the 1970s, but was first approved by the American FDA in 1998 for medical use. Recent years have seen its off-label use as a 'smart drug' grow. It's not known exactly how Modafinil works, but scientists believe it may increase levels of histamines in the brain, which can keep you awake. It might also inhibit the dissipation of dopamine, again helping wakefulness, and it may help alertness by boosting norepinephrine levels, contributing to its reputation as a drug to help focus and concentration.
In nootropic stacks, it's almost always used as a counterbalance to activating ingredients like caffeine. L-Theanine, in combination with caffeine, increases alertness, reaction time, and general attention [40, 41]. At the same time, it reduces possible headaches and removes the jitteriness caused by caffeine [42]. It takes the edge of other nootropic compounds.
Noopept shows a much greater affinity for certain receptor sites in the brain than racetams, allowing doses as small as 10-30mg to provide increased focus, improved logical thinking function, enhanced short and long-term memory functions, and increased learning ability including improved recall. In addition, users have reported a subtle psychostimulatory effect.
Methylphenidate, commonly known as Ritalin, is a stimulant first synthesised in the 1940s. More accurately, it's a psychostimulant - often prescribed for ADHD - that is intended as a drug to help focus and concentration. It also reduces fatigue and (potentially) enhances cognition. Similar to Modafinil, Ritalin is believed to reduce dissipation of dopamine to help focus. Ritalin is a Class B drug in the UK, and possession without a prescription can result in a 5 year prison sentence. Please note: Side Effects Possible. See this article for more on Ritalin.
Intraday Data provided by SIX Financial Information and subject to terms of use. Historical and current end-of-day data provided by SIX Financial Information. All quotes are in local exchange time. Real-time last sale data for U.S. stock quotes reflect trades reported through Nasdaq only. Intraday data delayed at least 15 minutes or per exchange requirements.
MPH was developed more recently and marketed primarily for ADHD, although it is sometimes prescribed off label or used nonmedically to increase alertness, energy, or concentration in conditions other than ADHD. Both MPH and AMP are on the list of substances banned from sports competitions by the World Anti-Doping Agency (Docherty, 2008). Both also have the potential for abuse and dependence, which detracts from their usefulness and is the reason for their classification as Schedule II controlled substances. Although the risk of developing dependence on these drugs is believed to be low for individuals taking them for ADHD, the Schedule II classification indicates that these drugs have a high potential for abuse and that abuse may lead to severe dependence.
Because smart drugs like modafinil, nicotine, and Adderall come with drawbacks, I developed my own line of nootropics, including Forbose and SmartMode, that's safe, widely available, and doesn't require a prescription. Forskolin, found in Forbose, has been a part of Indian Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years. In addition to being fun to say, forskolin increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a molecule essential to learning and memory formation. [8]


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La généralité de Montauban est une circonscription administrative de la Guyenne créée en 1635, qui s'étendait sur deux provinces, le Rouergue et le Quercy.

Elle se composait de six élections et de seize subdélégations (intendance).

C'est sur son territoire qu'a été créée en 1779 la nouvelle province de Haute-Guyenne.

Histoire
La généralité de Montauban comprenait à l'origine onze élections : Montauban, Cahors, Figeac, Villefranche, Rodez, Millau, Rivière-Verdun, Lomagne, Astarac, Armagnac, Comminges ; et six pays : Foix, Nébouzan, Quatre-Vallées (Aure, Neste, Barousse et Magnoac).

En 1716, un édit royal crée la généralité d'Auch, avec des territoires démembrés des généralités de Bordeaux et de Montauban. Avec cette création, la généralité de Montauban est amputée de cinq élections : Lomagne, Rivière-Verdun, Astarac, Armagnac et Comminges ; et de cinq pays : Nébouzan et pays des Quatre-Vallées. Ces circonscriptions sont rattachées à la généralité d'Auch.
Le pays de Foix est réuni à la généralité du Roussillon.

La généralité d'après le règlement général du 24 janvier 1789 (états généraux)
Noms des bailliages principaux, suivis du nombre de députés à élire et du nom des bailliages secondaires :
Sénéchaussée du Quercy à Cahors, 12 députés, (Figeac, Gourdon, Lauzerte, Martel, Montauban) ;
Sénéchaussée de Rodez, 4 députés, (Millau) ;
Sénéchaussée de Rouergue à Villefranche, 8 députés.

Liste des circonscriptions administratives

La généralité étant une des circonscriptions administratives majeures, la connaissance historique du territoire concerné passe par l'inventaire des circonscriptions inférieures de toute nature. Cet inventaire est la base d'une exploration des archives réparties entre les différentes Archives départementales des départements compris dans la généralité.

Cette liste ne comporte pas les bailliages ci-dessus.

Élection de Cahors
Subdélégation de Cahors
Subdélégation de Caussade
Élection de Figeac
Subdélégation de Figeac
Subdélégation de Gourdon
Subdélégation de Lauzerte
Élection de Millau
Subdélégation de Millau
Subdélégation de Moissac
Élection de Montauban
Subdélégation de Montauban
Subdélégation de Mur-de-Barrez
Subdélégation de Prayssac
Élection de Rodez
Subdélégation de Rodez
Subdélégation de Saint-Antonin
Subdélégation de Saint-Geniez, Saint-Geniez-d'Olt?
Subdélégation de Souillac
Subdélégation de Vabres
Élection de Villefranche
Subdélégation de Villefranche

Article connexe
 Liste des intendants de la généralité de Montauban

Notes et références

Montauban
Administration d'Ancien Régime en Guyenne et Gascogne
Montauban


You've likely seen cultured coconut milk yogurt at the grocery stores, no doubt. It's expensive, but very tasty and the good one's are very reminiscent of the dairy yogurts you've known; me and my family love YoSo brand yogurts…they're worth the money if you don't do dairy.
This week, I decided to see if cultured coconut milk yogurt can be made at home, knowing what I know about yogurt. Turns out, you can make it at home. If you take probiotics, you already have what you need in the fridge to make this. It takes some time to culture the coconut milk properly, but it is worth the wait and the money saving if you're on a budget.
The end result is a luscious vegan yogurt you can make at home with a few simple ingredients. For you cultured coconut milk yogurt, be sure to use a dairy free probiotic to keep it lactose and dairy free. This is fairly easy to prepare, however it does require up to 24 hours to ferment properly. Be sure to follow the directions to a tee and you'll be making your own dairy free cultured coconut milk yogurt in no time!
a luscious vegan yogurt you can make at home with a few simple ingredients. Cultured coconut milk yogurt uses a dairy free probiotic to keep it lactose and dairy free through and through!
Sterilize two 250ml mason jars or other glass container(s) and the lid(s) by placing them in boiling water for 5 minutes. Carefully remove them from the boiling water with tongs and dry them well with a clean cloth. Alternatively, you can run them through the dishwasher. Set aside.
In a medium saucepan, add the canned coconut milk and coconut milk beverage (if using). Whisk or use a hand blender to ensure the coconut milk(s) is/are blended into a smooth consistency. Canned coconut milk tends to separate and needs to be thoroughly blended back to it's former viscosity. I add the coconut milk beverage (So Good Brand) to lighten the texture of the final product. You could also simply use canned lite coconut milk and omit the coconut milk beverage.
Evenly sprinkle the agar powder over the top of the blended coconut milk(s) and turn the heat onto medium. Do not stir the agar powder into the mixture yet.
Once the coconut milk and agar come to a soft simmer, the agar will slowly start to dissolve. You can now stir them together and whisk well to ensure the agar is evenly dissolved and distributed. Continue cooking and whisking on medium for 5 minutes.
Remove the mixture from the heat and let it cool down to approx 100'F or until it is warm, not hot (you should be able to comfortably leave your finger in the mixture). Use a food grade thermometer to make sure you get to the right temperature.
Once the mixture is sufficiently cooled down to 100'F, add the vegan probiotic powder by removing the powder from the capsule. Use the powder only, discard the capsule. Add in the maple syrup and mix well.
Pour the mixture into the sterilized jars, screw on the lids and put the containers into the oven at 100-110'F (to achieve this, you can simply leave the oven light on with the oven door closed). Alternatively, you can place them in a food dehydrator at the same temperature or use a yogurt maker. You want to ensure your temperature stays around 100-110'F to ensure culturing; too hot and the probiotics will die off, too cold and the culturing will not take place. You may want to use a stand alone oven thermometer to keep a watch on the temperature. Leave the containers to culture via your chosen method for 12-24 hours. The longer they sit, the more they will take on that yogurt taste.
After the allotted culturing time, check them by removing the lid: if you see any fuzziness and/or discolouration (pinkish or grey) on the top, discard the whole thing do not go any further and heavens don't eat it- it went bad, which can happen (it happened to me, too). Either the jars weren't sterilized properly, the temperature was too high during culturing, or some other variable.
Assuming the culturing went smoothly, move the containers to the fridge for 4-6 hours for the final set up.
instead of agar powder, you can use tapioca starch as a thickener. Most cultured coconut milk products use tapioca starch; I didn't have any on hand this time around. To use tapioca starch, take 1/4 cup of the coconut milk from the saucepan and mix it with 1 Tablespoon of tapioca starch. Add the tapioca and coconut milk mixture back to the saucepan with the remainder of the coconut milk and whisk well to combine. Continue with the remaining steps above. Like dairy yogurt, you will need to give this a nice stir to get a smooth consistency. Sometimes, the mixture can separate, and that's normal like any cultured products; just stir to recombined. This recipe will keep in the fridge for approximately 1 week.


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New EU members missing out on research funding
By Nina Notman2009-05-07T16:30:00+01:00
SMEs and new EU member states under-represented in EU's seventh framework programme, says report
New member states are under-represented in EU funding schemes says a report on the first two years of the EU's seventh framework programme (FP7) for R&D.
While receiving a largely positive progress report, the European Commission (EC) highlighted some areas of the programme that required 'further attention' going forward, including the 'rather low participation of SMEs [small and medium enterprises]' and improving participation among researchers from new EU member states.
FP7 is due to run until 2013, and with a €54 billion (?47.9 billion) budget over seven years is the largest ever EU research and development funding programme ever. The EC said FP7 had proven itself to be well-suited to answer the EU's economic and societal needs and helping make good progress towards building a sustainable, low carbon economy.
'I'm happy to see that FP7 is passing the test: it injects fresh money to support research, and acts as an incentive for member states and the industry to do likewise,' European commissioner for science and research, Janez Potocnik said on the release of the report. 'FP7 is one of the EU's key instruments to prepare for recovery from the [economic] crisis and to come out of it greener and smarter.'
In its first two years, the programme received 36 000 proposals, of which 25000 reached the final evaluation stage. 5500 of these were selected to receive grants totalling around €10 billion, and so far 3500 of these agreements have been finalised.
The part of programme supporting collaborative research has proved particularly popular, attracting more than a third of all submitted proposals, according to the report.
FP7 offers more opportunities and a higher level of funding than previous framework programmes for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). However, the report noted that 'SMEs do not seem to make full use of these opportunities and their participation should be improved'. One issue is that a high percentage of self-declared SMEs do not appear to comply with the FP7 SME criteria. The EU defines 'small' as a company with fewer than 50 employees and 'medium' as those with less than 250; traditionally different EU states have used different definitions and this seems to be causing confusion.
The report also said that FP7 needed to encourage more applications from 'new' member states - defined as the last 12 states to join the EU. Researchers from the new member states represent 14 per cent of the total population of EU researchers, but only represent 11.2 per cent of the applications reaching the final evaluation stage for grants and 9.3 per cent of all applicants selected to receive grants.
Speaking at the Research Connection conference in Prague, Czech Republic, on 7 May, Potocnik called for more scientists from the new member states to get involved in FP7, saying their potential 'has not been fully tapped'.
He does, however, admit that participation by new member states is a mixed picture, saying that whilst on average the success rate of new member state applications is lower than the overall EU average, 'a large number of [new] member states have much higher success rates than some of the old member states'. The overall success rate of the Czech Republic in the first two years of FP7, for example, was higher that that of Austria, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece, he noted.
Sergey Mikhalovsky and Gary Phillips from the University of Brighton, UK - who have received a number of EU grants including €2 million through FP7 to manufacture novel composite 3D monolithic adsorbent columns for uses such as blood purification - both agree that FP7 is performing well.
Mikhalovsky says the motivation for his application for EU funding was the increased opportunities for collaboration with industry offered through the scheme.
'FP7 puts even more emphasis on collaborations with industry compared to FP6,' he explains. But whilst he is pleased that FP7 is evolving in this way, he says that more could be done: 'I still think the US government supports industry better than Europe.'
The pair are currently encouraging other members of their department to apply for this type of funding, 'If people have got up and running, established industrial collaborations I would certainly tell them to broaden their horizons and look to Europe for funding', says Phillips.
Nina Notman