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A Wood Flooring History Timeline: Ancient Times to Today
Ryan Kushner
Wood flooring abounds in modern building construction—from apartments to homes to workplaces. It wasn't always like that. The popularity of using wood as flooring has ebbed and flowed throughout recorded human history. And although its origin as flooring is traditionally linked to the Middle Ages, there's evidence tracing wood plank floors all the way back to the Hittites—6,500 years ago.
We've compiled a timeline of some of the milestones that have helped to shape wood flooring as we know it today. The historical timeline presents a story of innovation and hard work—a theme that connects craftsmen and women of today with those from centuries ago.
4000 B.C.E.
The first evidence of resins from tree sap used as adhesive. Animal glue is also developed in this time period, and varnishes are frequently used to decorate tombs.
3000–1050 B.C.E
Timber is used in combination with brick for housing construction in ancient Egypt, mainly for doors and ceilings. However, brick stairs are occasionally surfaced with wood to protect them against wear. Prototypes for the tools that will become essential for hardwood flooring professionals are developed, including saws, knives, chisels and hammers made of stone or wood. Quartz sand is used as an abrasive, and tools are rubbed against pieces of sandstones for sharpening.
1600–1178 B.C.E.
Hittites may have used wooden planks for flooring in caves near the Black Sea.
1050 B.C.E–500 C.E.
The Greeks and Romans are credited with refining the art of veneer, marquetry and wood inlays, bonding sections or layers of wood with animal and fish glues, as well as creating adhesives from egg whites.
This miniature from 'Chronicles of Hainault' depicts a 15th-century construction site.
As buildings and castles expand, so does the use of wood planks as flooring. Timber, mainly oak, begins to be harvested from managed forests and cut cross-section with a saw, often using the entire trunk to create beams or planks. In "Medieval Architecture" (2002), historian Nicola Coldstream describes the atmosphere of the Medieval job site: "A building site was a noisy place. Permeated with the dust of lime mortar and the residues of cutting stone and wood, it rang to the sound of hammers, chisels, axes and saws, as well as the shouts of the workforce as they manoeuvred materials and machines into position. The simultaneous performance of so many different tasks gave an air of barely controlled chaos."
"Next I sheared off all the light wood of the long-leaved olive, and rough-hewed the trunk upwards from the root, and smoothed it around with the adze, well and skilfully, and made straight the line thereto and so fashioned it into the bedpost, and bored it all with the auger. Beginning from this bedpost, I wrought at the bedstead till I had finished it, and made it fair with inlaid work of gold and of silver and of ivory."
–Homer, The Odyssey, Chapter 23 (7–8th century B.C.E.)
The Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles is constructed for Louis XIV. The parquet floor, which extends a length of 246 feet, is one of the most famous in the world and a prime example of the ornate wood floors constructed in palaces at the time. To create the floor, carpenters use hand tools similar to those developed in ancient times, including draw knives for smoothing wood planks, hand saws, drills, hammers and rulers, according to historian James Barter. The nails used at the time are hand-forged and feature squared shanks. The French elite carved the way for using wood floors in a decorative capacity.
The floors of Stenton, a house constructed in the 18th century in Philadelphia. Photo courtesy of The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America.
A majority of American houses have floors of bare wood, according to the National Trust of Historic Preservation. In New England, virgin stands of white pine are sawn into flooring planks 12–16 inches wide and surface-nailed directly onto joists. As white pine is rapidly consumed by the timber industry toward the end of the 18th century, yellow pine planks cut in 5–6-inch widths are substituted. Long boards spanning the length of the rooms are the most coveted. Random-width boards are considered the "mark of a floor of poor quality." The floors are cleaned by scrubbing with water and sand, sometimes with the addition of wood ashes. The floors are never treated with high-gloss finishes or varnished, but pine floors are occasionally coated with paints made of white lead, pigments and linseed oil. Colors of surviving floors are yellows, dark reds, grays and browns. Geometric shapes such as squares and diamonds are occasionally painted to imitate more expensive marble floors.
Architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli oversees the construction of the Winter Palace for Empress Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great. It is the oldest of a complex of buildings constructed throughout the 18th and 19th centuries that now make up The Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. The elaborate parquet floors throughout the buildings would become some of the most famous in the world and are considered prime examples of Russian Baroque architecture.
Softwood floors continue their prominence in houses, although planks begin to be narrower, around 4–6 inches wide, due to second-growth timber and standardized milling practices. Painting wood floors is commonplace, with Thomas Jefferson's green-painted entry-hall floor at Monticello serving as one of the most prominent examples. The geometric cherry and beechwood parquet floor in Monticello's parlor, likely modeled after floors Jefferson saw while serving as Ministry to France in Paris (1784–89), would also become a signature parquet flooring style.
William Woodworth patents the first planing and matching machine, changing the lumber industry forever.
As the Napoleonic wars stifle animal hide imports, German tanner Eberhard Stauf begins boiling his animal hides into glue and selling it under Stauf Adhesives.
Wall-to-wall carpeting comes into fashion in upper-class American homes. "By mid-century, architects and critics complained that the use of floor coverings was so widespread that few carpenters bothered to lay wood floors well, knowing that their work would only be covered," according to the NTHP. Yellow pine remains the most common wood flooring used, and sawmills produce planks in standard widths. The most high-end flooring is tongue-and-groove, which is not varnished but continues to be painted in kitchens, halls and bedrooms.
Ransom Crosby and Henry Edgcomb of Crosby & Edgcomb in New York receive a patent for a wood planing machine designed to tongue and groove flooring boards.
French artist Gustave Caillebotte completes "Les raboteurs de parquet (The Floor Scrapers)," an oil painting depicting hardwood flooring scrapers at work. The depiction of shirtless working-class men causes a scandal in the art community.
American architects and designers are influenced by English design critic Charles Locke Eastlake and his widespread book, "Hints on Household Taste in Furniture, Upholstery & Other Details" (1868), which arrives in America in the 1870s. Eastlake's case for simplicity in design propels wood floors into the limelight and makes them the "popular choice" rather than one "prompted by rude necessity," for the first time, says the NTHP. American sawmills increase design offerings, with hardwood parquet squares ranging in thickness from ⅜ inch to 1⅛ inch. Thicker parquet is tongue-and-grooved, and thinner parquet is glued and face-nailed in place. As an 1895 parquet floor catalog by manufacturer S.C. Johnson in Racine, Wis., notes, its thicker (⅞-inch) tongue-and-groove parquet enables the flooring to be blind-nailed.
Frank Norton, a potter in Worcester, Mass., incorporates The Norton Emery Wheel Company to commercialize the company's vitrified-bonded abrasives. The abrasives are created by fusing clay and emery at 2,300 degrees in a kiln.
Samuel Curtis Johnson establishes S.C. Johnson, a Racine, Wis.-based hardwood flooring manufacturer. Bombarded with maintenance questions from clients, he introduces Johnson's Prepared Wax two years later. His wax finish, sold for $0.60 a pound by 1905, later outsells his flooring. (Flip through a 1905 S.C. Johnson catalog here.)
Edward Goodrich Acheson, a chemist in Monongahela City, Pa., is credited with the invention of silicon carbide abrasives ("carborundum"), an artificial abrasive, and forms the Carborundum Company. Up until this point, abrasives were made out of emery, corundum and garnet. (Watch a video of Acheson reenacting his discovery here).
Photo by Juli Etta Photography
The first European basketball court is installed in a YMCA in Paris. The oak herringbone floor is considered the oldest known basketball court today. (Read more about the historic court here.)
Photo courtesy of the National Archives
As maple flooring booms in factories, schools and post offices, the Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association is formed. (Read more about the history of maple flooring here.)
The end matcher is invented and is soon employed at wood flooring manufacturing plants.
An Ohio floor layer installs a floor using a hammer in 1937. Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress.
This hatchet belonged to wood floor pro Louis Armstrong, who used it to install flooring during his Memphis-area contracting career, which started in 1941. It was a common
tool for manual floor installations at the time.
Floor plans begin to open up in American houses, meaning larger expanses of wood floors in new construction. Oak, chestnut, maple and birch floors are laid in uniform tongue-and-groove boards. Treating wood floors with stain, varnish and wax becomes commonplace. Darker floors are favored, and paint continues to be a popular coating for softwoods.
Flooring is cut by hand and blind-nailed by hand. Installers use a hatchet similar to a roofer's hatchet for nailing, with the head set at an angle. Other nailing tools include big straight-claw hammers, often a 16-ounce hammer for 3/8-inch flooring and a 20-ounce hammer for 3/4-inch flooring.
Ornamental, face-nailed parquet flooring is a phenomenon. S.C. Johnson sells 5/16-inch parquet flooring in a wide array of patterns. (Flip through a catalog from 1901. Flip through another catalog from around the same time period.)
F. G. Odell publishes "Hardwood Floors," a book containing advice and tips (many of them amusing) about the craft. (Flip through some of the pages here.) Resources for the hardwood flooring industry continue to expand.
Martin Pearson of Robbinsdale, Minn., patents a handheld nailing tool that feeds nails into the path of a driving plunger, effectively spawning the first nailing machine. It becomes known as Pearson's Nailer.
Orville Morse of Jackson, Mich., patents a centrifugal (or "vortex") dust collector, a technology that will play a large part in wood flooring dust collection systems in the future.
NOFMA, the National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association, is founded in Chicago and establishes industry standards.
John H. Prugh of The American Floor Surfacing Machine Company in Toledo, Ohio, receives a patent for the first motorized floor sanding machine. A year prior to its patent, in 1908, the novel machine caught the eye of the Journal of Electricity, Power and Gas, which wrote: "This machine, the manufacturers claim, will do as much work as 20 men will do by hand, and besides, doing it much cheaper and better, and is rapidly creating a demand for surfaced floors, which will harmonize with the balance of the interior finish."
Lifelong wood flooring pro Bob Goldstein, now retired, recounts the origins of the first floor sanding machine: It was a mistake on a bid by the contractor who was building the Natural Science Building at Stanford University in Palo Alto, Calif., that led to the invention of the floor sanding machine. The contractor left out the cost of the wood floor "surfacing" and the mistake went unnoticed until the work schedule was laid out by the construction superintendent. Hand-scraping was the typical method to surface and finish wood floors at the time, and the cost of doing it would have been devastating to the company. "Necessity is the mother of invention" and the construction superintendent Mr. John H. Prugh, who had a good working knowledge of wood milling equipment, got permission to build a mechanical electric motor driven floor surfacing machine. The primitive machine weighed over 400 pounds with the operator standing on the machine. Prugh started a company he called the American Floor Surfacing Machine Company. His machine used a 5-hp motor and sandpaper that had been developed for the furniture manufacturing industry. It saved the construction company $4,000—a lot of money in the early 1900s. It did such a good job on the Oregon Pine floors compared with the look and cost of hand-scraping that word spread throughout the country and the world. In 1904 at the St. Louis World's Fair, the American Floor Surfacing Machine Company was awarded a bronze medal for the accomplishment of producing and exhibiting the world's first practical floor sanding machine: U.S. patent 928,154.
Edwin L. Bruce establishes the E.L. Bruce Company in Kansas City, Mo. It would go on to become one of the most prominent hardwood flooring manufacturers of the 20th century.
Minwax, a company founded by Arthur B. Harrison two years earlier, develops a liquid brush-on paraffin for sealing stone. It is later adapted for wood floors. (Flip through a circa-1911 catalog outlining proper floor care and finishing materials.)
Wilhelm Edner, a coffee/grocery store owner in Malmö, Sweden, who sells his homemade floor wax under the name "Bonvax," incorporates the wooden floor care business as "Bona AB."
John Howard of West New Brighton, N.Y., patents an "Electric Floor Mop or Brush," which will become a prototype for the buffer. "This invention relates to improvements in mops or floor brushes, and one of the objects is to provide a device of this kind with a motor for giving rotary motion to the tufted portion."
Robert G. Bruce of E.L Bruce Company receives a patent for a wood block floor that is sanded, scraped, waxed, polished and colored in his factory prior to installation. "That is to say, instead of laying the blocks in the condition of finish in which flooring is ordinarily laid, I do all the surface finishing before laying the blocks, and at the factory," he writes in his patent application in 1929. "A floor layer has merely to lay the blocks in position and the floor is immediately ready for use."
The American Floor Surfacing Machine Company receives a patent for the first wood floor edger.
"In finishing around the marginal edge portions of a floor, the work is usually accomplished with a small hand tool," the company's patent application states. "This class of work is commonly referred to in the trade as 'hand jerking.' Having noted the inconvenience of such work and the laborious tasks encountered with the hand scraping tools on stair treads, doorways, small closets and the like, we have developed a comparatively small portable machine which overcomes the innumerable objections known to the trade."
Dr. Otto Bayer discovers basic polyurethane chemistry, a chemical later utilized in flooring finishing products.
Henry O. Anderson patents a flexible, open-mesh abrasive for Norton Company. His application stresses the importance of the abrasive having a weave with an open mesh. He is leaning toward using leno cloth as the backing material, but hasn't quite settled on it:
"So far as certain features of the invention are concerned I might use a cheese cloth or any open mesh cloth whether made with a plain weave or not…"
Screen-backed discs will go on to replace the thick steel wool pads used as abrasives.
John L. Jones, far left, arrived in Pasadena, Calif., in 1925 by way of Arkansas and Washington. He had a connection in the Pasadena Black community who helped land him a job at the Hotel Green, where many in the community worked as servants, according to his grandson, Jeff Jones, who founded Altadena, Calif.-based Sunwest Hardwood Floors in 1980. John did housekeeping at the hotel and eventually began treating its wood floors, sanding and applying shellac and wax. Patrons began asking who took care of the hotel's flooring, and Jones Housecleaning and Floor Service was born, beginning a legacy that would span generations, break barriers and help countless members of the community. "The Green Hotel was a social hub, and the Black community took care of one another," says Julienne Jones, Jeff's wife and John's granddaughter-in-law. "John hired a lot of at-risk youth and put them to work. They did reach out to one another and help one another." John became known for his networking and professionalism when entering a home, wearing the uniform seen in this 1940 photograph. He had 10 children, one of whom, David P. Jones, Jeff's father, is pictured next to him at the age of 15. "He left them a working legacy and a financial legacy," Julienne says of John and his children. "He was the first Black man to live on the white side of the tracks among the mansions." John made his own waxes and finishes and used different machine parts to build his own buffer, pictured at center. "These were men who were smart, tenacious," Jeff says. "They didn't let anything get in their way or slow them down." John died in 1960, and many of his descendants, including Jeff and his sons, would continue to advance the craft with innovation, professionalism and John's signature tenacity.
E.L. Bruce patents its mechanized factory-finishing process for its wood floor blocks. The company's 200-foot finish application line runs at a rate of 20 feet per minute. In advertising as early as 1938, the company hails its process as one that produces "the most uniform and dependable surface that hardwood flooring has ever had."
Gustaf Kähr of Stockholm, Sweden-based AB Gustaf Kähr, a producer of wooden toys, furniture and flooring, receives a U.S. patent for the first modern engineered wood floor, a composite board structure made up of three layers of wood glued together.
E.L. Bruce continues to improve its prefinished wood floor manufacturing efficiency, adding infrared lights to its finishing application line process. The addition increases the speed of manufacturing, as previously the finished and filled wood had to cure for a minimum of 12 hours before it could be waxed or polished, and even that time varied depending on humidity and temperature. "In the present invention," Watkins W. Partee and Milton Gray write in their patent application for the company, "the total time expended from the beginning to the end of the operation is about 12 minutes in one integral and continuous operation as compared to as much as three days by the prior process."
Edgar P., Carl J. and Dolly Anstett of Powernail Co. patent a portable nailing machine for floors.
The REO Clubhouse was the hot place to be in the 1940s in Lansing, Mich. The event space hosted free movies, wedding receptions, basketball games and balls. And pictured here sanding its well-trod floors in 1944 is Frank Garrage of Frank Garrage Floor Sanding. Garrage, born in 1907, ran one crew beginning in 1935 and worked until 1967, according to his great-grandson, fourth-generation wood floor pro Ken Hoffman. Garrage's son (Hoffman's grandfather) Gene worked with him as a teenager and went out on his own in 1958. In this photo, Garrage is using a floor sanding machine patented by The American Floor Surfacing Machine Company in 1937, which can also be seen in the above 1948 ad in Popular Mechanics. The REO Clubhouse was razed in 1979, nine years after Garrage passed away. Ken continues Garrage's legacy with his own company, Garrage Family Floor Sanding.
Morris Pynoos, a civil engineer, is credited with the design of the first nail gun, introducing pneumatic tools to the construction industry. The tool was developed while Pynoos worked on Howard Hughes' infamous H-4 Hercules flying boat (nicknamed the "Spruce Goose") in the 1940s.
Arthur A. Cavanaugh of Alameda, Calif., patents his face-nailing machine, which will become known as the Cavanaugh nailer, with the objective of creating a nailing machine "which involves a minimum number of moving parts."
Edgar P. Anstett of Powernail Co. patents the L-style flooring cleat.
Parsons Corporation, a Traverse City, Mich., technology firm, patents a "motor controlled apparatus for positioning machine tool," the first CNC cutting machine. The technology eventually makes elaborately patterned floors, inlays and borders accessible for the average hardwood flooring professional.
Powernail Co. receives a patent for its manual cleat nailing machine, a tool that would greatly increase the speed and efficiency with which wood floors could be installed.
In this 1958 photo, Joe Martinez is 20 years old and three years into a hardwood flooring career that would span half a century, says Staci Martinez, co-owner of Sioux Falls, S.D.-based Phoenician Wood Floors and Joe's daughter-in-law. Joe worked for a number of hardwood flooring companies when he started out in 1955 in Phoenix specializing in commercial installation and sanding and finishing. He eventually founded his own company, Aztec Floors, and later Martinez and Sons. Three of his sons, Chris, Joseph of Phoenician Wood Floors and Mike of Phoenix-based True West Wood Floors, would follow him into the trade. Joe passed away in 2005, but not before imparting a lifetime of hardwood flooring knowledge to his family. "He used to reminisce with his sons about installing wood floors in houses before the interior walls went in and how they used to fill the floors with filler from gunny sacks and buff in the filler," says Staci. "The painters used to come in after and finish the floors."
Inventors at Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company in St. Paul, Minn., (later 3M), patent a low-density, open non-woven fibrous abrasive for flooring to compete with brushes and steel wool pads in use at the time. It's branded as Scotch-Brite.
Norton Company patents its non-woven abrasive disc.
Delmer Wagner, an electrician working for a sawmill in Redmond, Ore., invents the first in-line moisture detector using transistors. Two years later he founds his company, Wagner Electronic Products Inc., later Wagner Meters.
The U.S. passes the Veterans' Readjustment Benefits Act of 1966, also known as the "Cold War GI Bill." The FHA law enables veterans to finance materials that will not last the lifetime of the mortgage, and subsequently changes the trajectory of the flooring industry.
Neil Moss, a former regional manager with Hartco in the 1970s and later with Armstrong Flooring, recalls the impact of the amendment:
"In the 20 year period prior to 1970, if you wanted to get other than a VA loan, you got an FHA loan. And both the VA and the FHA back in those days required that whatever was included in your house mortgage had to be designed to last the life of the mortgage. But with this change, now you could finance your wall-to-wall carpeting. Well, the consequences of that is in the next decade almost 90 percent of the wood flooring manufacturers were out of business. And there weren't a whole lot of acquisitions. There were some acquisitions and consolidation over on the gymnasium side, but not on the residential side. There wasn't any money to consolidate with."
Eugen Lägler of Frauenzimmern, Germany, develops a portable belt sanding machine, dubbing it the "Hummel," which translates to "bumblebee." Up until this point, belt sanders were used in industrial settings, while drum sanders dominated job-site sanding.
Triangle Pacific Corp. of Dallas, a cabinet maker, buys Bruce Hardwood Floors, formerly E.L. Bruce. Bruce spends the next decade becoming the largest producer of residential hardwood flooring in North America, and Triangle Pacific purchases more wood flooring manufacturers before being purchased by Armstrong World Industries in 1998.
The NOFMA/APA/MFMA hardwood flooring installation school, the first national training program, begins in Memphis. (Read more about the history of NOFMA's training program here.)
Photo courtesy of Bona
BonaKemi launches the first waterborne finish with its D-503 Pacific. Waterborne finishes usher in a new era for the global hardwood flooring industry.
The National Wood Flooring Association is founded with a mission to increase awareness, sales, standards and professionalism within the industry. (Read more about the history of the NWFA here.)
The World Floor Covering Association launches The International Surface Event, a flooring trade show that will become the largest of its kind in North America.
BonaKemi offers stains featuring two-hour dry times for brown tones and 6-hours for white. Traditional oil stains have 6-12-hour dry times for brown tones and a minimum 72-hours for white.
Maroon pads begin to be used between coats of waterborne finishes. The synthetic maroon pads better contour the surface.
BonaKemi USA trademarks its DCS SuperVac, a dust containment system that addresses a longtime homeowner complaint and improves the air quality of wood flooring job sites.
Anderson Hardwood Floors (Clinton, S.C.) and Kahrs International Inc. become some of the first flooring companies to foray into the World Wide Web, introducing their websites at Surfaces.
Atlas Companies Inc., then-parent company of Basic Coatings in Des Moines, Iowa, trademarks "TyKote," the first finishing system to recoat a wood floor without abrading it.
The NOFMA training school hosts a record 103 students.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issues new rules to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from architectural coatings, beginning an era of a patchwork of regulations throughout the U.S.
Kährs introduces wood flooring with glueless joints. The technology enables faster installations.
Dura Seal releases its Quick Dry Sealer and stain.
BonaKemi introduces its Atomic DCS trailer.
The NWFA and NOFMA consolidate under the NWFA name.
The U.S. amends the Lacey Act to prohibit the import, export, sale or purchase of wood illegally logged anywhere in the world. (Read more details about the Lacey Act here.)
The International Wood Flooring Association is founded and begins offering training.
Polishing a Floor in the Late 1800s? Use This
On The Road Again With Eyes Wide Open (Looking Down at the Wood Floors, of Course)
Gasoline-Powered Drum Sanders Beg The Question: 'WTF!?'
A Washing Machine Motor + Plastic Lawn Chair = An Early Rider


The typical White House Black Market Assistant Store Manager salary is $15. Assistant Store Manager salaries at White House Black Market can range from $11 - $19. This estimate is based upon 77 White House Black Market Assistant Store Manager salary report(s) provided by employees or estimated based upon statistical methods. When factoring in bonuses and additional compensation, a Assistant Store Manager at White House Black Market can expect to make an average total pay of $32,300 . See all Assistant Store Manager salaries to learn how this stacks up in the market.
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One of the best bowling spots of the Wilkes-Barre/ Scranton area is Stanton Lanes, which is located on Stanton Street in Wilkes-Barre. Their venue offers more than just bowling, including: party space, food and a full bar. They offer daily deals and events, which helps to keep Stanton Lanes in any family budget. Some of these include: 3-2-1 bowl, $2 Tuesdays, Saturday and Sunday Family Special, and Dollar Sunday's. Stanton Lanes works to keep their venue family friendly by keeping it clean and welcoming!
Keeping an active lifestyle is very important, which makes the Revolution Ice Centre an excellent space for family fun. When not being used for sporting events, such as hockey, they offer various public skates for people to partake in. These public skates typically take place on Saturdays and Sundays. Public skates are great for families because they offer affordable rates and rentals, and have plenty of room so everyone can join. Check out the Revolution Ice Centre to bring some more fun to your weekend!
When looking for family entertainment, keep in mind Skateaway, which is one of the best roller skating rinks in our area! Located on Blackman Street, in Wilkes-Barre, they offer all different types of skates and events. Some of these events include: Sunday Open Skate, Sunday Matinee, Mom + Tots Wednesdays, Wacky Wednesday, Saturday Tiny Tot Skate and Saturday Night Top 40. Skateaway hosts birthdays, private parties, and also, late night skates, making any event a memorable one.
R/C Movies 14 is located in Downtown Wilkes-Barre and is a great spot for family entertainment! They offer all of the most new and popular movies, in both traditional and D-BOX viewing options. Movies 14's D-BOX lets people experience movies in a way which is more realistic and fun, giving them a more sensual experience of whatever movie they may see. Along with movie entertainment, Movies 14 also offers both a snack bar and an arcade, making your movie experience truly fulfilling. Definitely keep Movies 14 in mind for your family entertainment!
Maybe you are looking for family entertainment that requires more physical activity? One way to tire out your children would be by taking them to Adventure Zone! Adventure Zone, located in Scranton, and is a place that is full of fun for any family. They have several bouncy houses, an obstacle course, and a gigantic inflatable slide! Combining all of their activities with their food and drinks, makes Adventure Zone an excellent place to spend any day with your family.
Sometimes the best way to stay entertained is through wall-to-wall aerial action! Sky Zone, located in Pittston, is known as one of the most fun entertainment venues in our area. Their facility features all sorts of activities: freestyle jump, skyslam, ultimate dodgeball and also, a foam zone. Looking to run through an entire room, lined with trampolines? Or maybe you are looking to play a much more bouncy version of basketball? If so, look no farther than Sky Zone! They offer a variety of entertainment options for any family.
Finding the perfect place for family entertainment can be pretty challenging, especially if it is during the colder months of the year. If you are looking for some fun and wet entertainment, check out the Great Wolf Lodge, which is located in the Pocono Mountains. They offer amusement park entertainment year round with their indoor water park and resort! Great Wolf Lodge has dozens of various water slides for you and your family to enjoy, as well other types of pools and spas! Not only that, but they offer a theater, arcade, a rope course and a fitness center. Great Wolf Lodge is a great place for amp up any family entertainment!


Sentencing for a 49-year-old man found guilty of indecent exposure has been put back.
Mark Dyer, of The Chantry's, Farnham, Surrey, was set to learn his fate at a Reading Crown Court sitting at Reading Magistrates' Court on Friday.
But the sentencing was adjourned at the judge's request and he will now appear at the same court on Thursday, January 24.
Dyer committed the act in a car park in Windsor on April 4 last year and was found guilty by a jury at a trial last month.
He is on unconditional bail.


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Henry County Genealogy Alliance is brand new. My personally founded genealogy group, East Central Indiana Genealogy Alliance (ECIGA), disbanded in December 2018. From those ashes, HCGA was born. HCGA exists under the umbrella of the historical society. I'm not sure Henry County has ever had a formal genealogical society, to be quite honest.
HCGA will have one live webinar this year AND a one-day seminar.
Question for my genealogy-focused followers: What topic would you like to join for a live webinar where you could ask questions of the presenter? What kind of speakers would you be interested in seeing at a one-day seminar?
Please share your ideas! Help me brainstorm!
I recently had the pleasure of meeting Lori Lee Sauber…a Washington State resident with Hoosier roots. I was able to connect her with some old family documents that gave her more insight into her Hoosier ancestors' lives in the early to mid 1800s. This is hands down the best part of my job! She contacted our historical society well in advance of her trip, enabling me to pull items for her to review, thus a major time-saver. In the photo below, only a small portion is shown of the table of items we examined. I was thrilled to be a part of her journey! Follow her story by clicking on her name above.
I would be remiss if I did not tell you about the L2Scrollio! I asked Lori Lee if she could bring one so I could see it in person. I got to check out her very own L2Scrollios! She created these on her own, a very creative and ingenious tool for any researcher. And, as she conducted her research, she did refer to her L2Scrollios when determining different ancestors who had the same names. I could envision this as a very handy visual at family reunions when explaining to your cousins who your 3rd-great-grandparents are or explaining generations removed. I'm a believer! For more info, just click on her name up above.
I thoroughly enjoyed spending the morning researching with Lori Lee and am so happy that she was able to visit our historical society and county. Not only was this trip beneficial for Lori Lee but I also benefited as a researcher by learning more about her ancestors, knowledge I will be able to share with future guests and descendants of this family. Win-win!
Sauber holding an original document of her family's.
What Does a Genealogist/Historian Do On Her Day Off?
On my way home, I drove through Fountain City and saw the sign pointing toward the highest point in Indiana. So, I decided to check it out. Believe it or not, I was not the first person there today! I also didn't realize how close I was to Ohio.
Finished up the newsletter for bulk rate mailing! If you are so inclined, go here and click on July to read the newsletter (.pdf format).
Every once in awhile, a thought will cross my mind…don't forget ProGen39!! My mind, it is a'swirlin'!
My historical society took a big leap of faith and approved our entry into the StEPS Program through AASLH (American Association for State and Local History). StEPS stands for Standards and Excellence Program for History Organizations. It is a self-guided process wherein history organizations take a good hard look at policy and procedure and their future. We will receive a workbook to work on different aspects of our organization, e.g. mission and governance, audience, and collection. I am very excited about this! We plan on reviewing it through the rest of this year and actively working on what needs attention beginning in 2019.
I am so grateful for the Genealogy Library we have at our historical society (named after Clarence H. Smith, some day soon I'll tell you more about him). When I began pondering career changes, professional genealogy seemed like the path I wanted to follow. Volunteering at the historical society opened my eyes to the wonder that is our local history. This position as director fulfills my genealogical passion, as well as teaches me unique things about my county. If I don't learn something new daily, then I consider it a nonproductive day. These new things I learn can come from any nook of the Museum…our oldest book was published in 1789…a child on a tour showed me a new piece of wood in our Thaddeus Coffin desk (made of nearly 57,000 pieces!)…a lovely weed had found its way into our entry pavilion! Even though I'm the executive director of a historical society and museum, genealogy still plays a large role in my life.
That is why when I recently received the invitation to join the ProGen Study Group 39 I jumped at the opportunity. I had tentatively set aside my goal of achieving professional genealogy certification through the Board for Certification of Genealogists (BCG), but, by signing up and participating in the yearlong ProGen course of study, I believe I might move forward with my BCG goal. We'll see in a year!
Thank you to those who voted on the skeleton key poll. What do you think of this one?
My creative side is paper-based. I like working with paper art. I can't draw; I'm not great at fiber arts…but, with paper, I flourish. Ideas spring to mind, mixing colors and patterns with pictures, bringing memories to life to last, well, forever. About 15 years ago, I was putting together Creative Memories (CM) scrapbooks…loved their books and products. Loved them so much that even my then-husband even bought tools at the time so we could create books together. Time for scrapbooking fell to the wayside with the raising of our sons and working full-time and my MT career taking off, as well as my newfound interest in genealogy.
Now, I've been yearning for some say to join the two together. Regarding CM, they had had financial issues in the recent past, and I thought they had gone bankrupt. I knew Archiver's had closed. I do have a Cricut machine and supplies with which to make cards, but that is a bit different. On the off-chance, I did a Google search for Creative Memories. Lo and behold, they are alive and well!
I dusted off all my old CM tools, which still work just fine, and gathered all my paper supplies. I then scoured their website and took the plunge. I am now a Creative Memories Advisor! My next step is to update my tools and supplies and begin scheduling workshops. I have literally 300+ photos from three events that I want to print and put into scrapbooks so I'm good there. I do have to learn more about digital scrapbooking, which is now part of CM.
If you are interested in learning more about CM, check out my site.
Where I am not struggling is with my genealogy life! I have since become the Assistant Director at the historical society where I put in 13.5 hours/week. I have been researching some really interesting genealogical situations and have created a digital newsletter for the society, as well as helping create our newest exhibit.
ECIGA is going great…we have 15 members so far for 2018 and have a lot of great stuff on the schedule for this year. We are using our portable scanner and laptop to scan in record sets from east-central Indiana that are not digitized anywhere yet. We will have a booth at the 2018 FGS Annual Conference in Fort Wayne, Indiana…come say hi!
In April, I'll be attending the Indiana Genealogical Society Annual Conference…looking forward to that meeting and learning more! In May, I'll be going to the Indiana DAR State Conference where I will have the opportunity to meet our President General…how exciting is that? Also, in May, my local DAR chapter and the historical society are partnering together to present 100 Years of the Red Poppy: A World War I Commemorative Event for the community.
I have a lot on my plate for 2018, all of which I am thoroughly excited about. Genealogy is very important to me, as is preserving those memories for generations to come. I can help you learn your history and then preserve it!
I used Smore dot com…very pleased with how it turned out!
Planning A 2-Part DAR Lineage Workshop!
For: Ladies 18 and up who are interested in joining the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution.
I'm working on an agenda right now, plus invitations. I have the location and dates nailed down so those are a go! I hope to generate some interest and meet some new ladies.
First Three Generations (You, Parents, Grandparents): Must have birth, marriage, death proof.
There must be a connection between each generation, from the Patriot to the prospective member.
You must have proof of residence and age for your Patriot ancestor.
That's probably enough for 2 hours.
On a side note, I should be receiving my DNA data soon! Check out the Genes For Good app on Facebook. The University of Michigan is conducting a study wherein you answer a few health surveys and they test your DNA…for free! They have a wealth of information regarding privacy if you're concerned. It does take 2-3 months to get your results back. When I tested through 23andMe, I got results back 2 weeks to the day they received the kit at the lab. As soon as I know something, I'll write about it!
I need to make a decision that I'm dreading. Not sure if I want to go in 100% or just leave 50% intact. I'm just not seeing growth and feel that there needs to be a change. I need to explore some options.


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Publications -
Regulatory Sandbox in Latin America and the Caribbean for the FinTech ecosystem and the financial system
Inter-American Development Bank
The Regulatory Sandbox in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for the FinTech ecosystem and the financial system was drawn up by the IDB and made public last March. The document explains the main features of Regulatory Sandboxes or Test Beds, intended to tackle the challenges arising in the fintech industry in LAC.
The FinTech industry has grown significantly in the region and is now seen as an alternative way to improve financial inclusion levels in LAC. However, technological innovations pose many challenges for financial regulators and supervisors. Faced with this situation, regulatory sandboxes can help the situation by offering innovative companies the chance to operate in the market for a limited period of time, while also allowing supervisors and regulators to discover how new sectors work in this test environment.
The most complicated aspect of sandboxes is the balance between fostering innovation and protecting the interests of all the stakeholders within the framework of a stable financial system. In its publication, the IDB proposes a set of recommendations for establishing these platforms so they can do their job properly.
The necessary premise for implementing regulatory sandboxes is the existence of a legal framework that allows them to be created, while regulating aspects such as the necessary legal requirements, their duration (the IDB recommends 6 months with the possibility of further extensions), the information that has to be filed with the supervisor, etc.
The IDB highlights that institutional organisational structures and technical and human resources are required to make these sandboxes possible. This means inter-institutional coordination and transparent supervisory mechanisms; as well as a regulatory convergence that eliminates barriers between the different markets. Once the sandbox has been used for a full term, the need to regulate the sector could be assessed and if regulation is required, an analysis would be conducted to identify the model most in line with the singularities of the industry.
The IDB rounds off its study by highlighting another recommendation relating to governmental support for innovation. Tax incentives and funding subsidies, technical and legal advice, incubator programmes and calls for entrepreneurial tenders, among others, could all help boost innovative sectors and, consequently, help to promote financial inclusion in LAC.
Broadband Policies for Latin America and the Caribbean
The Inclusive Development Index
III Financial Inclusion Report
Latin American Banking Federation (FELABAN)
Code of Best practices for Fintechs and Insurtechs
Spanish Association of Fintechs and Insurtechs
Questions and answers for Fintechs
National Securities Exchange Commission (Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores)
Continue reading the magazine nº 15
Code of Best practices for Fintechs and Insurtechs Global Findex 2017: financial inclusion and the Fintech revolution
Los criterios ESG como palanca para una estrategia más inclusiva y sostenible
Plan Nacional de Género y cambio climático
Decreto Ejecutivo 11
Emprender, una oportunidad para huir de la violencia y salir de la pobreza
Marco de referencia para la emisión de bonos verdes, sociales y sostenibles
Circular Externa 020 de 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Avoid using eof of istream in C++ I'm trying to avoid using eof of istream in my code which suppose to process textual files, for more information about the reason see here.
The following code trying to read line by line, however with each step the code read two lines instead of one.
Apparently getline function is executed twice, and the data is read to the buf first before being processed by strtok_s function.
If I'm going to ignore the internal getline instruction how can I write data into buf[] to be processed?
while (getline(fin, line))
//while(!fin.eof())
 {
    // read an entire line into memory
    char buf[MAX_CHARS_PER_LINE];
    fin.getline(buf, MAX_CHARS_PER_LINE);

    // parse the line into blank-delimited tokens
    int n = 0; // a for-loop index
    int s = 0;
    // array to store memory addresses of the tokens in buf
    const char* token[MAX_TOKENS_PER_LINE] = {}; // initialize to 0
    char *next_token;
    // parse the line
    token[0] = strtok_s(buf, DELIMITER, &next_token); // first token
    if (token[0]) // zero if line is blank
    {
        for (n = 1; n < MAX_TOKENS_PER_LINE; n++)
        {
            token[n] = strtok_s(0, DELIMITER, &next_token);

            if (!token[n]) break; // no more tokens
        }
    }

    // process (print) the tokens
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) // n = #of tokens
        cout << "Token[" << i << "] = " << token[i] << endl;
    cout << endl;
}

fin.clear();
fin.close();

A: You do not need a second call of getline: you have the content at your disposal already, it's inside the line variable. All you need is getting its content out for further tokenization. That's not difficult to do: all you need is to call c_str on the line variable, like this:
char *buf = line.c_str();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you have purchased a calendar please check for your 25% off discount code located on the 1st of November!
That first moment, the first time we crossed paths in November of 2012 on the Upper Talkington Trail, two miles in. The mane flying, the blue eye blazing, his ability to see right into you. The rest you can say is history!


text:
EPL: Nobody happy at Man Utd – Rangnick admits ahead of Crystal Palace clash
Motunrayo Sunday, December 05, 2021 Sports
Manchester United's interim coach, Ralf Rangnick, has said "nobody at the club is happy" about their position in the league. The Red...
Manchester United's interim coach, Ralf Rangnick, has said "nobody at the club is happy" about their position in the league.
The Red Devils sit in seventh place as Rangnick takes charge of his first game on Sunday against Crystal Palace.
The German has replaced Ole Gunnar Solskjaer, who was sacked following a run of five defeats in seven Premier League fixtures.
Rangnick has now said the aim is to take United further up, as they are one of the biggest clubs in the world.
"Nobody at the club is happy to be where we are in the Premier League table.
"It has been an average season so far, there is no avoiding that, but this club has players who are much better than the position we currently occupy, and it is my job to improve those players and that position," the 63-year-old wrote in his match programme.


text:
Gertrude Contemporary
Gertrude Glasshouse
Gertrude Edition
Emerging Writers
ABOUT GERTRUDE CONTEMPORARY
Image: Gertrude Contemporary, Preston South. Courtesy of Edition Office. Photo: Ben Hosking
GERTRUDE IS AUSTRALIA'S LEADING INCUBATOR OF CONTEMPORARY ART
Respected nationally and internationally, Gertrude has proven our impact for over 30 years shaping the careers of Australia's most celebrated artists.
85% of artists who have represented Australia at the Venice Biennale, or have been curated into the Biennale, since Gertrude's founding in 1985 are our studio and exhibition alumni.
As a non-commercial and independent space, Gertrude offers artists freedom for risk-taking, innovation and ambition.
Our artistic program – including our studio and exhibition program – is unique in its equal emphasis on the production and presentation of contemporary art. This enables us to back great artists to explore new ideas and present risk-taking work at pivotal points in their careers.
Gertrude gives audiences unique insight into the creative development of artists. Our audiences engage with risk-taking, formative moments that define artist careers.
GERTRUDE'S UNIQUE ARTISTIC PROGRAM
STUDIO PROGRAM
The Gertrude Studio Program sits at the heart of our organisation in our primary premises in Preston South. The highly competitive application–based program supports 16 artists for a two–year period, with 8 artists invited to join the program each year. Gertrude is committed to supporting artists at key moments in the development of their practice, to represent an inter–generational selection of artists, and to support a diverse range of artistic practices. The selection of artists is by a competitive application process led by an advisory committee.
The Gertrude Contemporary exhibition program is presented at our primary galleries in Preston South. The program supports leading Australian and international artists to research, develop and present new projects that reflect the artistic, cultural, social and political issues of our times. The program celebrates Gertrude's commitment to supporting solo projects that are artist driven and explore the diversity of contemporary artistic practice, as well as enabling platforms for curatorial experimentation by engaging with independent curators and developing internally generated projects.
Gertrude Glasshouse is our satellite gallery space in Collingwood, and the home for the Gertrude Studio Artist solo exhibition program. During their two-year residency at Gertrude, every artist in the Studio Program is invited to develop an ambitious, new project that extends upon their work in the studios. Glasshouse is also used to present select additional exhibitions that align with our commitment to supporting the production of new projects and discourse.
Complementary to our programming at our two Melbourne locations, Gertrude's off-site program works in partnership with Australian and international organisations to develop specific projects that provide additional opportunities for artists and extend audiences for their works.
Gertrude Contemporary was established in 1983 as series of artist studios at 200 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy in a converted textiles factory. In 1985 it led the way as Australia's first combined gallery and studio complex, a model it continues to operate today. First established under the name of 200 Gertrude Street, from the outset the organisation was dedicated to the production and presentation of experimental and contemporary art.
The organisation expanded, transforming from an address to an entity, and changing its name along the way to Gertrude Contemporary Art Spaces in 2000 and then to Gertrude Contemporary in 2010.
In July 2017, Gertrude Contemporary relocated its primary venue to 21-31 High Street, Preston South, converting a furniture warehouse of yesteryear into a thriving hub of arts practice.
As Melbourne's leading centre for contemporary art and ideas, the organisation has continued to build on its innovative origins, growing to facilitate the expanding field of contemporary art through a wide variety of exhibition, studio, curatorial, education and public programs. With artists firmly placed at the centre of all of our activities, we champion risk and experimentation.
Since 1985 we have accumulated a vast alumni of past exhibiting and studio artists including some of Australia's leading names in contemporary art. This community of Australia's most pivotal contemporary artists has expanded in recent years to include our increasing international presence, with leading artists and curators from all over the world joining us on residency and exhibiting in our galleries. As a key generator for ideas in Australia, and with the momentum of our history behind us, Gertrude Contemporary is now one of the oldest, continually running contemporary art centres in Australia.
If you would like more information of Gertrude Contemporary, we recommend reading our 20 year anniversary book 'A short ride in a fast machine: Gertrude Contemporary 1985 – 2005' or contacting the gallery on info@gertrude.org.au