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Law of the People's Republic of China on Lawyers
Order of the President of the People's Republic of China
The Law of the People's Republic of China on Lawyers, revised and adopted at the 30th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on October 28, 2007, is hereby promulgated and shall go into effect as of June 1, 2008.
President of the People's Republic of China
Law of the People's Republic of China on Lawyers
(Adopted at the 19th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on May 15, 1996, amended in accordance with the Decision on Amending the Law of the People's Republic of China on Lawyers made by the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress at its 25th Meeting on December 29, 2001, and revised at the 30th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on October 28, 2007)
Chapter II License for Legal Practice by Lawyers
Chapter III Law Firms
Chapter IV Business, Rights and Obligations of Lawyers
Chapter V Lawyers Associations
Chapter VI Legal Liability
Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions
Article 1 This Law is enacted in order to improve the system governing lawyers, to standardize the practice of lawyers, to ensure that lawyers practice according to law, and to enable lawyers to play their role in the development of the socialist legal system.
Article 2 For the purposes of this Law, a lawyer means a professional who has acquired a lawyer's practice certificate pursuant to law, and is authorized or designated to provide the parties with legal services.
A lawyer shall protect the lawful rights and interests of parties, ensure the correct implementation of law, and safeguard fairness and justice of the society.
Article 3 In his legal practice, a lawyer must abide by the Constitution and laws, and strictly observe lawyers' professional ethics as well as discipline governing their legal practice.
In legal practice, a lawyer must base himself on facts and take law as the criterion.
In legal practice, a lawyer shall subject himself to supervision of the State, society and the parties concerned.
The legal practice of lawyers according to law shall be protected by law. No unit or individual shall infringe the lawful rights and interests of lawyers.
Article 4 The judicial administration departments shall supervise and give guidance to lawyers, law firms and lawyers associations in accordance with this Law.
License for Legal Practice by Lawyers
Article 5 A person who intends to apply for the legal practice of a lawyer shall meet the following conditions:
(1) upholding the Constitution of the People's Republic of China;
(2) having passed the unified national judicial examination;
(3) having completed a full year's internship at a law firm; and
(4) being a person of good character and conduct.
For a person who applies for the legal practice of a lawyer, the lawyer's qualification certificate he obtained before the unified national judicial examination is instituted shall be equally effective as the qualification certificate obtained after passing the unified national judicial examination.
Article 6 A person who intends to practice as a lawyer shall submit an application to the judicial administration department of the people's government of a city divided into districts or of a district of a municipality directly under the Central Government and submit the following documents:
(1) the qualification certificate obtained after passing the unified national judicial examination;
(2) documents prepared by the lawyers association showing that the applicant has passed the examinations taken upon completion of the internship;
(3) the identity certification of the applicant; and
(4) documents produced by a law firm showing that it agrees to recruit the applicant.
A person who applies to practice as a part-time lawyer shall, in addition, submit the document certifying that the unit where he works agrees to the applicant practicing as a part-time lawyer.
The department that accepts an application shall complete examination of the application within 20 days from the date it accepts the application and, after examination, submit its opinions and all the application documents to the judicial administration department of a people's government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government, which shall complete examination and verification within 10 days from the date it receives the documents submitted and make a decision on whether to grant the application. If it decides to grant the application, it shall issue a lawyer's practice certificate to the applicant; otherwise, it shall give the applicant the reasons in writing.
Article 7 Under one of the following conditions, the applicant shall not be issued a lawyer's practice certificate:
(1) having no capacity for civil conduct or having limited capacity for civil conduct;
(2) having been subjected to criminal punishment, with the exception of a crime of negligence; or
(3) having been discharged form public employment or having had his lawyer's practice certificate revoked.
Article 8 A person applying to practice as a full-time lawyer who has acquired an undergraduate education in an institution of higher learning or an education at a higher level, who has worked for at least 15 years in the fields of the profession where persons providing legal service are lacking, or who has a senior professional title or has attained an equivalent professional level and acquired the necessary legal knowledge of the profession shall be subject to appraisal by the judicial administration department under the State Council before obtaining its approval. The specific measures therefor shall be formulated by the State Council.
Article 9 Under one of the following circumstances, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a province, autonomous region or municipality under the Central Government shall reverse the decision on granting the application for practicing as a lawyer and revoke the lawyer's practice certificate of the person whose application for legal practice is granted:
(1) Where the applicant obtains the lawyer's practice certificate through fraud, bribery or other illegitimate means; or
(2) Where the application of an applicant who does not meet the conditions prescribed by this Law is granted.
Article 10 A lawyer shall practice law only in one law firm. When he intends to work in a different law firm, he shall apply for a new lawyer's practice certificate.
A lawyer's practice is not subject to regional restriction.
Article 11 No public servants shall concurrently serve as legal practitioners.
During the period when a lawyer is serving as a component member of the standing committee of a people's congress at any level, he shall not act as agent ad litem or defender.
Article 12 A person engaged in teaching of or research in law in an institution of higher learning or a research institute who meets the conditions prescribed in Article 5 of this Law may, upon the consent of the unit where he works, apply for practice of law as a part-time lawyer in accordance with the procedure prescribed in Article 6 of this Law.
Article 13 A person who has not obtained a lawyer's practice certificate shall not provide legal services in the name of lawyer; and he shall not act as agent ad litem or defender, unless otherwise provided for by Law.
Article 14 A law firm is an organization in which lawyers practice law. For the establishment of a law firm, the following conditions shall be met:
(1) It has its own name, domicile and articles of association;
(2) It is manned with lawyers who conform to the provisions of this Law;
(3) The person who intends to establish the firm shall be a lawyer who has a good deal of experience in the profession and, in the recent three years, who has not been suspended from legal practice by way of punishment;
(4) Its assets are in conformity with the amount specified by the judicial administration department under the state Council.
Article 15 For the establishment of a partnership law firm, in addition to meeting the conditions prescribed in Article 14 of this Law, there shall be three or more partners, and the persons who intends to establish such a firm shall be a lawyer with at least three years of experience in the profession.
A partnership law firm may be established in the form of general partnership or in the form of specialized general partnership. The partners of such a law firm shall, in accordance with law, bear liability for the debts of the law firm in conformity with the form of partnership.
Article 16 For the establishment of a sole partnership law firm,in addition to meeting the conditions prescribed in Article 14 of this Law, the person who intends to establish such a firm shall be a lawyer with at least five years of experience in the profession. He shall bear unlimited liability for the debts of the firm.
Article 17 To apply for the establishment of a law firm, the applicant shall submit the following materials:
(1) the written application;
(2) the name and articles of association of the law firm;
(3) the name list of the lawyers, and their resumes, identity certificates and lawyer's practice certificates;
(4) certificate of domicile; and
(5) certificate of assets.
To establish a partnership law firm, a partnership agreement shall, in addition, be submitted.
Article 18 For the establishment of a law firm, an application shall be submitted to the judicial administration department of the people's government of a city divided into districts or of a district of a municipality directly under the Central Government. The department that accepts an application shall, within 20 days from the date it accepts the application, complete examination of the application and submit its opinions formed upon examination and all the application documents to the judicial administration department of the people's government of a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government, which shall, within 10 days from the date it receives the documents submitted, complete examination and verification of the said documents and make a decision on whether to grant the application. If it grants the application, it shall issue the law firm's practice certificate to the applicant; otherwise, it shall give the reasons to the applicant in writing.
Article 19 A partnership law firm, which has been established for three years or more and has twenty or more professional practitioners, may establish branch offices. The establishment of a branch office shall be subject to the examination and verification by the judicial administration department of the people's government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government where the branch office to be established is located. For application for the establishment of a branch office, the procedure as provided for in Article 18 of this Law shall be complied with.
A partnership law firm shall undertake liability for the debts of its branch offices.
Article 20 A law firm established with the funds of the State shall go about its business independently pursuant to law and shall undertake the liability for its debts with its entire assets.
Article 21 When a law firm intends to change its name, replace its leading person, or alter its articles of association or partnership agreement, it shall approach the original examination and verification department for approval.
When a law firm changes its domicile or replaces its partners, it shall, within 15 days from the date such change or replacement takes place, submit the change or replacement to the original examination and verification department for the record.
Article 22 A law firm shall close down under one of the following circumstances:
(1) it cannot keep complying with the statutory conditions for establishment and still fails to meet the conditions after it has undergone rectification within a time limit;
(2) Its law firm's practice certificate is revoked according to law;
(3) It decides to dissolve of its own accord; or
(4) It is required to close down by laws and administrative regulations under other circumstance.
When a law firm closes down, the practice certificate of the law firm shall be revoked by the department which issued such certificate.
Article 23 A law firm shall establish sound systems for professional management, examination of conflicts of interests, management of charges and financial affairs, investigation into and handling of complaints, annual assessment, archive preservation, etc., and shall see that its lawyers observe the professional ethics and discipline in their legal practice.
Article 24 After making an annual assessment, a law firm shall, submit an annual report on its disposition of business and the results of its assessment of the lawyers' practice to the judicial administration department of the people's government of a city divided into districts or of a district of a municipality directly under the Central Government.
Article 25 For business to be undertaken by lawyers, it is the law firm that shall accept authorizations in a centralized manner, sign written authorization contracts with the clients and, in accordance with State regulations, collect fees in a centralized manner and truthfully enter them in its accounts.
Law firms and lawyers shall pay tax in accordance with law.
Article 26 Law firms and lawyers shall not solicit business by slandering other law firms or lawyers or paying middleman's fees, or by other illegitimate means.
Article 27 Law firms shall not engage in other business activities than provision of legal services.
Business, Rights and Obligations of Lawyers
Article 28 A lawyer may engage in the following business:
(1) accepting authorization by natural persons, legal persons or other organizations to act as legal counsel;
(2) accepting authorization by a party involved in a civil or administrative case to act as agent ad litem and participate in the proceedings;
(3) accepting authorization by a criminal suspect involved in a criminal case to provide him with legal advice and represent him in filing a petition or charge, applying for bail for an arrested criminal suspect, accepting authorization by a criminal suspect or defendant or appointment by a people's court to act as defender, or accepting authorization by a private prosecutor in a case of private prosecution or by a victim involved in a case of public prosecution or by his close relatives to act as agent ad litem and participate in the proceedings;
(4) accepting authorization to act as agent in filing petitions in all types of litigation;
(6) accepting authorization to participate in mediation or arbitration;
(7) accepting authorization to provide non-litigation legal services; and
(8) answering inquires regarding laws and serving as scrivener of litigation documents and other documents concerning legal matters.
Article 29 When acting as legal counsel, a lawyer shall, in accordance with what is agreed upon, provide to the client opinions on relevant legal issues, draft and review legal documents, act as agent to participate in litigation, mediation or arbitration, handle other legal matters he is authorized to handle, and protect the lawful rights and interests of the client.
Article 30 When acting as agent in litigation or non-litigation legal matters, a lawyer shall, within the limits of authorization, protect the lawful rights and interests of the client.
Article 31When acting as defender, a lawyer shall, based on facts and laws, present materials and arguments to prove that a criminal suspect or a defendant is innocent or less guilty than charged, or that his criminal responsibility should be reduced or exempted, for the purpose of protecting the lawful rights and interests of the criminal suspect or defendant.
Article 32 A client may refuse to be further defended by a lawyer he has authorized or to continue to have him act as agent ad litem, and may authorize another lawyer to act as his defender or agent ad litem.
After accepting authorization, a lawyer shall not, without justifiable reasons, refuse to defend a client or to act as agent ad litem. However, if the matter for which he is authorized violates law, the client uses the services provided by the lawyer to engage in illegal activities, or the client intentionally conceals important facts concerning the case in hand, the lawyer shall have the right to refuse to defend the client or to act as agent ad litem.
Article 33 After a criminal suspect is interrogated by an investigation organ for the first time or from the date on which compulsory measures are adopted against him, the authorized lawyer shall, on the strength of his lawyer's practice certificate, the papers issued by his law firm, and the letter of authorization or official legal aid papers, have the right to meet with the criminal suspect or the defendant and enquire about the case. The meeting between a lawyer and a criminal suspect or defendant shall not be monitored.
Article 34 An authorized lawyer shall, from the date on which a case begins to be examined for prosecution, have the right to consult, extract and duplicate the litigation documents and case file pertaining to the case. An authorized lawyer shall, from the date on which the people's court accepts the case, have the right to consult, extract and duplicate all the materials pertaining to the case.
Article 35 An authorized lawyer shall, depending on the circumstances of the case, apply to the people's prosecutorate or the people's court for the collection and delivery of evidence, or apply to the people's court for telling the witnesses to appear in court and give testimony.
When a lawyer investigates to collect evidence for a case on his own, he may, on the strength of his lawyer's practice certificate and the papers issued by his law firm, inquire of the unit or individual concerned about the legal matters which he has undertaken to handle.
Article 36 When a lawyer acts as agent ad litem or defender, his right to pleadings or defense shall be protected in accordance with law.
Article 37 In legal practice, a lawyer's right of the person is inviolable.
A lawyer shall not be legally liable for the opinions he presents as an agent ad litem or defender in court, with the exception of the views he presents to endanger State security, maliciously slander another person, or seriously disrupt the court order.
Where a lawyer is, in accordance with law, detained or arrested because he is suspected of committing a crime when participating in litigation, the organ that detains or arrests him shall, within 24 hours after the execution of detention or arrest, have his family members, his law firm and the lawyers association to which he belongs informed of the fact.
Article 38 A lawyer shall keep confidential the secrets of the State and commercial secrets that he comes to know during his legal practice and shall not divulge the private affairs of the parties concerned.
A lawyer shall keep confidential the things and information that he comes to know during his legal practice which his client or another person does not want other people to know, with the exception of the facts and information about a crime which his client or another person prepares to commit or is committing to endanger State or public security or seriously endanger another person's personal safety or safety of property.
Article 39 A lawyer shall not act as agent for both parties involved in one and the same case, and shall not act as agent where there is a conflict of interests between himself or his close relatives and the legal affairs he is handling. Article 40 A lawyer shall not do any of the following in his legal practice:
(1) privately accepting authorization, collecting fees, or accepting money, things of value or other benefits offered by a client;
(2) seeking the disputed rights and interests of a party by taking advantage of his provision of legal services;
(3) accepting money, things of value or other benefits offered by the other party and infringing the rights and interests of the client through ill-intentioned collusion with the other party or a third party;
(4) in violation of regulations, meeting with a judge, prosecutor, arbitrator or another staff member concerned;
(5) giving bribes to a judge, prosecutor, arbitrator or another staff member concerned, introducing bribes to them, instigating or inducing a party to resort to bribery, or, by other illegitimate means, attempting to influence their handling of a case in accordance with law;
(6) intentionally providing false evidence or intimidating or luring another person into providing false evidence, for the purpose of preventing the other party from obtaining evidence lawfully;
(7) instigating or inciting a party into settling disputes by disrupting public order, endangering public security or by other illegal means; or
(8) disrupting the order of a court or an arbitration tribunal, or interfering with the normal conduct of litigation or arbitration.
Article 41 A lawyer who once served as a judge or prosecutor shall not act as agent ad litem or defender within two years after leaving his post in a people's court or people's prosecutorate.
Article 42 Lawyers and law firms shall, in accordance with State regulations, perform the obligation of legal aid, provide the recipients with standard legal services, and protect their lawful rights and interests.
Lawyers Associations
Article 43 A lawyers association is a public organization with the status of a legal person and the self-disciplined organization of lawyers.
The All-China Lawyers Association is established at the national level, while local lawyers associations are established in provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Where necessary, local lawyers associations may be established in cities divided into districts.
Article 44 The articles of association of the All-China Lawyers Association shall be formulated by the national congress of the members and submitted to the judicial administration department under the State Council for the record.
The articles of association of local lawyers associations shall be formulated by the local congresses of members and submitted for the record to the judicial administration departments at the corresponding level. The articles of association of local lawyers associations shall not contravene the articles of association of the All-China Lawyers Association.
Article 45 A lawyer or law firm shall join the local lawyers association where the lawyer or law firm is located. A lawyer or law firm that has joined a local lawyers association is, at the same time, a member of the All-China Lawyers Association.
Members of lawyers associations shall enjoy the rights and perform the obligations as prescribed by the articles of association of the lawyers associations.
Article 46 A lawyers association shall perform the following duties:
(1) ensuring the lawyers' legal practice according to law and protecting lawyers' lawful rights and interests;
(2) analyzing and exchanging lawyers' experience in work;
(3) formulating professional regulations and rules of punishment;
(4) organizing professional training for lawyers, organizing education in lawyers' professional ethics and practice discipline, and assessing the lawyers' legal practice;
(5) organizing and managing internship activities for persons who apply for legal practice, and making appraisal of their performance;
(6) giving reward or punishment to a lawyer or a law firm;
(7) accepting complaints or reports against lawyers, mediating disputes arising in the course of a lawyer's legal practice, and accepting appeals lodged by lawyers; and
(8) other duties prescribed by laws, administrative regulations, rules, and the articles of association of the lawyers association.
The professional regulations and rules of punishment formulated by lawyers associations shall not contravene relevant laws, administrative regulations or rules.
Legal Liability
Article 47 Where a lawyer commits one of the following acts, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a city divided into districts or of a district of a municipality directly under the Central Government shall given him a disciplinary warning and may impose on him a fine of not more than RMB 5,000 yuan; it shall confiscate the illegal gains, if any; and if the circumstances are serious, it shall have him suspend his legal practice for not more than three months by way of punishment:
(1) practising in two or more law firms simultaneously;
(2) soliciting business by illegitimate means;
(3) acting as agent for both parties involved in one and the same case, or acting as agent where there is a conflict of interests between himself or his close relatives and the legal affair he is handling;
(4) serving as agent ad litem or defender within two years after leaving his post in a people's court or people's prosecutorate; or
(5) refusing to perform the obligation of legal aid.
Article 48 Where a lawyer commits one of the following acts, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a city divided into districts or of a district of a municipality directly under the Central Government shall give him a disciplinary warning and may impose on him a fine of not more than 10,000 yuan; it shall confiscate his illegal gains, if any; if the circumstances are serious, it shall have him suspend his legal practice for not less than three months but not more than six months by way of punishment:
(1) privately accepting authorization or collecting fees, or accepting money, things of value or other benefits offered by a client;
(2) after accepting an authorization, refusing to act as defender or agent or failing to appear in court on schedule to participate in litigation or arbitration without justifiable reasons;
(4) seeking the disputed rights and interests of a party by taking advantage of his provision of legal services; or
(5) divulging commercial secrets or private affairs.
Article 49 Where a lawyer commits one of the following acts, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a city divided into districts or of a district of a municipality directly under the Central Government shall have him suspend his legal practice for not less than six months but not more than one year by way of punishment and may impose a fine of not more than 50,000 yuan; it shall confiscate his illegal gains, if any; if the circumstances are serious, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall revoke his lawyer's practice certificate; and if a crime is constituted, he shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law:
(1) in violation of regulations, meeting with a judge, prosecutor, arbitrator or another staff member concerned, or, by other illegitimate means, attempting to influence their handling of a case according to law;
(2) giving bribes to a judge, prosecutor, arbitrator or another staff member concerned, introducing bribes to them, or instigating or inducing a party to resort to bribery;
(3) providing false materials to judicial administration departments or committing other frauds;
(4) intentionally providing false evidence, or intimidating or luring another person into providing false evidence, for the purpose of preventing the other party from obtaining evidence lawfully;
(5) accepting money, things of value or other benefits offered by the other party, and infringing the rights and interests of the client through ill-intentioned collusion with the other party or a third party;
(6) disrupting the order of a court or an arbitration tribunal, or interfering with the normal conduct of litigation or arbitration;
(7) instigating or inciting a party into settling disputes by disrupting public order, endangering public security or by other illegal means;
(8) presenting views to endanger State security, maliciously slander another person, or seriously disrupt court order; or
(9) divulging secrets of the State.
Where a lawyer receives criminal punishment for an intentional crime, his lawyer's practice certificate shall be revoked by the judicial administration department of the people's government of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government.
Article 50 Where a law firm commits one of the following acts, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a city divided into districts or of a district of a municipality directly under the Central Government shall, depending on the seriousness of the circumstances, give it a disciplinary warning or have it suspend legal practice for consolidation for not less than one month but not more than six months by way of punishment, and may impose on it a fine of not more than 100,000 yuan; its illegal gains, if any, shall be confiscated; and if the circumstances are especially serious, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government shall revoke its law firm's practice certificate:
(1) accepting authorization and collecting fees in violation of regulations;
(2) in contravention of the statutory procedure, changing its name, replacing its leading person, altering its articles of association or partnership agreement, changing its domicile, replacing its partners, or making changes in other important items;
(3) engaging in other business activities than provision of legal services;
(4) soliciting business by slandering other law firms or lawyers, or paying middleman's fees or by other illegitimate means;
(5) in violation of regulations, accepting cases where there is a conflict of interests involving it;
(6) refusing to perform the obligation of providing legal aid;
(7) providing false materials to judicial administration departments or committing other frauds; or
(8) neglecting management of its lawyers, thus causing serious consequences.
Where a law firm is punished because of its illegal acts specified in the preceding paragraph, its leading person shall, depending on the seriousness of the circumstances, be given a disciplinary warning or be fined not more than 20,000 yuan.
Article 51 Where a lawyer, in violation of the provisions of this Law, and before the elapse of one year after he was given a disciplinary warning, conducts another act for which he should be given such a warning by way of punishment, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a city divided into districts or of a district of a municipality directly under the Central Government shall, by way of punishment, have him suspend his legal practice for not less than three months but not more than one year; and if, before the elapse of two years after the expiration of the period for suspension of his legal practice, which was imposed on him by way of punishment, he conducts another act for which he should be suspended form legal practice, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall revoke his lawyer's practice certificate.
Where a law firm, because of its violation of the provisions of this Law, and before the elapse of two years after the expiration of the period for suspension of its legal practice for consolidation, which was imposed on it by way of punishment, commits another act for which it should be suspended from legal practice for consolidation by way of punishment, the judicial administration department of the people's government of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall revoke its law firm's practice certificate.
Article 52 The judicial administration departments of the people's governments at the county level shall exercise routine supervision over and administration of the legal practice of lawyers and law firms, and order them to solve the problems discovered in the course of inspection; and they shall, in a timely manner, conduct investigation of the complaints lodged by parties. Where a judicial administration department of the people's government at the county level considers that a lawyer or law firm should be given administrative penalty for an illegal act committed, it shall submit a proposal to such an effect to the judicial administration department at a higher level.
Article 53 A lawyer who was suspended form legal practice for not less than six months by way of punishment shall not be a partner of a law firm within three years after the expiration of the period of punishment.
Article 54 Where a lawyer engages in legal practice in violation of law or causes losses to a party due to his fault, the law firm where he works shall bear the liability for compensation. After paying compensation, the law firm may claim recovery from the lawyer who acted intentionally or out of gross negligence.
Article 55 Where a person who has not obtained a lawyer's practice certificate provides legal services in the name of lawyer, the judicial administration department of the local people's government at or above the county level at the place where he is located shall order him to cease the illegal practice of law, confiscate his illegal gains and impose on him a fine of not less than the amount of the illegal gains but not more than five times that amount.
Article 56 Where a staff member of the judicial administration department, in violation of the provisions of this Law, abuses his power or neglects his duty, which constitutes a crime, he shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with law; if the violation is not serious enough to constitute a crime, he shall be given a sanction in accordance with law.
Supplementary Provisions
Article 57 The provisions of this Law shall be applicable to lawyers of the military who provide legal services to the military, with respect to their obtaining of the qualification as a lawyer, and their rights, obligations and code of conduct. The specific measures for administration of lawyers of the military shall be formulated by the State Council and the Central Military Commission.
Article 58 The measures for administration of the offices established by law firms of other countries to provide legal services within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall be formulated by the State Council.
Article 59 The measures for collection of fees by lawyers shall be formulated by the department in charge of pricing under the State Council in conjunction with the judicial administration department under the State Council.
Article 60 This Law shall go into effect as of June I, 2008.
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text:
L'Unione Sovietica avanzò in gran parte del territorio dei Paesi baltici nel corso dell'offensiva del Baltico avvenuta nella tarda estate-autunno del 1944, a meno di un anno di distanza dal termine della seconda guerra mondiale. L'Armata Rossa riprese il controllo delle tre capitali baltiche, comportando l'arretramento della Wehrmacht verso ovest o verso nord come nel caso della sacca di Curlandia: i tedeschi e i collaborazionisti lettoni confinati nella regione continuarono a combattere i sovietici fino alla resa incondizionata della Germania (8 maggio 1945) e gli ultimi teutonici rimasti partirono dal porto di Liepāja il 9 maggio. Una parte degli estoni e dei lettoni riuscì a fuggire in Svezia, subendo poco dopo un'estradizione che scatenò un incidente diplomatico. Cessato il conflitto, i Paesi baltici tornarono ad essere repubbliche dell'URSS fino a quando non dichiararono la propria indipendenza nel 1990, anno in cui si verificò la dissoluzione dell'Unione Sovietica.

Mentre le fonti occidentali concordano sul ritenere l'ingresso dell'Armata Rossa nei Paesi baltici alla stregua di un'occupazione, gli storici sovietici e più tardi il governo della Federazione Russa considerano l'annessione come legittima.

Offensive sovietiche

Il 2 febbraio 1944 terminò l'assedio di Leningrado e le truppe sovietiche raggiunsero il confine con l'Estonia. Non riuscendo a sfondare la linea, i sovietici scagliarono l'offensiva di Tartu il 10 agosto e l'offensiva del Baltico il 14 settembre: ad essere coinvolto fu 1 milione e mezzo di uomini. L'Alto comando dell'Esercito tedesco diede il via all'operazione Aster il 16 settembre, in virtù della quale le forze estoni avrebbero dovuto coprire la ritirata tedesca. Poco dopo la rioccupazione sovietica della capitale estone Tallinn, il compito principale assegnato all'NKVD fu quella di impedire a chiunque di fuggire dal paese, predisponendo a tal fine degli uomini lungo la linea costiera e requisendo diversi pescherecci; tuttavia, molti rifugiati fuggirono in Svezia o in Finlandia, in particolare gli svedesi estoni, che popolavano l'Estonia costiera da secoli. L'NKVD prese di mira anche membri del Comitato nazionale della Repubblica di Estonia. I Fratelli della foresta estoni, costituitisi per la prima volta nel 1941, mantennero inizialmente un basso profilo durante le fasi di avanzata dei sovietici. La giornata della vittoria del 1945 non sancì il ripristino dell'indipendenza dell'Estonia, e i ribelli baltici decisero di proseguire nelle proprie operazioni di guerriglia e di sabotaggio a danno dell'Armata Rossa e degli ufficiali dell'NKVD.

In Lettonia, le unità dell'NKVD costituivano il principale nucleo che si opponeva ai 15.000 Fratelli della foresta. I sovietici firmarono accordi separati di cessate il fuoco con le diverse forze di resistenza, le quali divennero inattive fino alla fine della guerra; i contenuti dell'accordo in Lituania differivano da quello estone e lettone. I sovietici introdussero la coscrizione immediatamente dopo l'occupazione di Vilnius nel luglio del 1944: vi rispose solo il 14% dei cittadini in età militare. I sovietici diedero luogo a 74 spedizioni punitive per rintracciare i renitenti e uccisero oltre 400 persone, molti dei quali cittadini disarmati. Durante il 1944 e il 1945 i sovietici arruolarono 82.000 lituani.

Tentativi di ripristino dell'indipendenza
Furono eseguiti alcuni tentativi di ripristinare l'indipendenza durante l'occupazione tedesca, sia pure in periodo diversi. Nel 1941, i lituani diedero luogo ad una massiccia protesta in tutto il territorio (la cosiddetta rivolta di giugno), grazie alla quale, due giorni prima dell'arrivo dei tedeschi a Kaunas, i sovietici si erano di fatto allontanati dalle città principali. I nazisti permisero al governo provvisorio locale di operare per poco più un mese, prima di essere rimpiazzato dal Reichskommissariat Ostland. Fiduciosi nel ripristino della sovranità o quanto meno dalla possibilità di vedersi riconosciuti un certo grado di autonomia gestionale, i membri dell'esecutivo, in stretto contratto il Fronte attivista lituano, una controversa organizzazione che esercitava sia propaganda nazionalista che antisemita, scelsero di assecondare le politiche degli occupanti. Nel 1943, i nazisti tentarono di allestire una divisione Waffen-SS formata dalla popolazione locale, come fatto già in molte altre zone in Europa, ma a causa del radicato coordinamento tra i gruppi di resistenza, la mobilitazione fu boicottata. La Forza di difesa territoriale lituana (Lietuvos vietinė rinktinė) nacque infine nel 1944 sotto il comando lituano, ma fu liquidata dai nazisti solo pochi mesi dopo perché i suoi membri si rifiutavano di ricevere ordini da Berlino.

Man mano che il conflitto procedeva, una volta chiaro che la Germania ne sarebbe uscita sconfitta, molti lituani, lettoni ed estoni si unirono nuovamente ai tedeschi, con la speranza che impegnandosi in una simile lotta i Paesi baltici avrebbero attirato l'attenzione delle potenze occidentali sul ripristino dell'indipendenza anziché, come si temeva, una nuova annessione all'URSS. Fu con queste premesse che nacquero organi esecutivi clandestini nel giro di qualche tempo in tutte e tre le realtà:

 13 agosto 1943 - Lettonia - Consiglio centrale nazionale;
 25 novembre 1943 - Lituania - Comitato supremo per la liberazione;
 23 marzo 1944 - Estonia - Comitato Nazionale.

La questione dell'indipendenza riguardò in maniera molto concreta il Paese baltico più settentrionale nel 1944. 3.400 estoni non disposti a schierarsi con i nazisti fuggirono in Finlandia per combattere nell'esercito finlandese contro i sovietici, entrando a far parte del 200º reggimento di fanteria finlandese - composto appunto da volontari estoni - denominato in estone: soomepoisid, "ragazzi della Finlandia". Il 2 febbraio 1944, il fronte si spostò nei pressi del vecchio confine tra l'Estonia e la Russia e lo scontro più celebre - e più cruento - che si scatenò fu la battaglia di Narva: poco prima dello scontro, la città venne evacuata.

Jüri Uluots, l'ultimo primo ministro eletto della Repubblica di Estonia e leader del governo clandestino estone, tenne un discorso radiofonico il 7 febbraio in cui implorava tutti gli uomini in grado di combattere nati dal 1904 al 1923 ad arruolarsi nelle SS. Tale presa di posizione rappresentò un cambio di pensiero rispetto agli anni precedenti, poiché prima di Uluots si era opposto all'ipotesi di una mobilitazione estone in quanto contraria alla convenzione dell'Aja. La chiamata alle armi trovò riscontro in tutto il paese: i ben  volontari che risposero rallentarono il procedimento di coscrizione (saliti a  entro la fine dell'anno). 2.000 ragazzi della Finlandia decisero di far ritorno in patria. Mentre i tedeschi si ritiravano, il 18 settembre 1944 Jüri Uluots formò un governo avvalendosi dell'ausilio dal vice primo ministro Otto Tief, il quale ne prese poi il posto. Nello stesso giorno, fu proclamato il governo nazionale estone e le forze locali presero possesso degli edifici governativi sulla collina di Toompea a Tallinn e intimarono i tedeschi di andarsene. I 4 giorni in cui l'Estonia esistette politicamente anche de iure furono gli unici in 47 anni. Il 20 settembre la bandiera nazista su Ermanno il Lungo (Pikk Hermann) venne rimossa e fu rimpiazzata dal vessillo estone. Il 22, l'Armata Rossa espugnò Tallinn e il tricolore estone sulla torre di Tallinn fu sostituito da una bandiera sovietica. Le unità militari estoni, sotto il comando del retroammiraglio Johan Pitka, continuarono a resistere all'Armata Rossa, venendo poi sconfitte dalle forze sovietiche nelle battaglie svoltesi il 23 settembre ad ovest di Tallinn vicino a Keila e Risti.

Il governo clandestino estone, non ufficialmente riconosciuto né dalla Germania nazista né dall'Unione Sovietica, fuggì a Stoccolma, dove agì in esilio fino al 1992, quando Heinrich Mark, l'allora primo ministro della repubblica estone dalla Svezia, presentò le sue credenziali al neoeletto presidente dell'Estonia Lennart Meri. Il 23 febbraio 1989 la bandiera della RSS Estone venne ammainata su Ermanno il Lungo e rimpiazzata da quella blu, nera e bianca il giorno successivo, ancora oggi celebrato come festa dell'indipendenza estone.

Nel frattempo, in Lettonia, la penuria di uomini a disposizione verso la fine del 1943 cominciò a farsi sentire in maniera sensibile. Fu a quel punto necessario arruolare uomini lettoni che poi sarebbero confluiti nelle fila tedesche: è con queste premesse che vide la luce la 15. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS. I nazisti proseguirono nel tentativo di allestire due divisioni delle Waffen-SS composte da cittadini lettoni, prevalentemente coscritti, per fronteggiare l'Armata Rossa, ma tale proposito fu definita mente abbandonato quando si comprese che i baltici non intendevano agire seguendo le direttive dei tedeschi perché anelavano anch'essi a riottenere la sovranità nazionale. Fino all'ottobre del 1944, in Lettonia fu operativo un movimento partigiano filo-sovietico coordinato direttamente da Mosca.

Anche il governo lettone e quello lituano continuarono ad agire in esilio, sebbene operassero dalle ambasciate in cui lavoravano prima del 1939 negli Stati Uniti e nel Regno Unito. Entrambi tentarono di tessere relazioni diplomatiche con diversi paesi occidentali e riuscirono ad attirare supporto per le operazioni di resistenza all'interno della Lituania e della Lettonia (come nell'Operazione Giungla).

Gli Alleati e gli stati baltici

Disinteresse delle potenze occidentali

Gli stati baltici non avevano governi in esilio che disponessero dello stesso peso internazionale di quello francese guidato da Charles de Gaulle o dei polacchi sotto Władysław Sikorski: la propria posizione geografica rese inoltre difficile le comunicazioni con il resto del continente della situazione. Gran Bretagna e degli Stati Uniti nutrivano scarso interesse per la causa baltica, in particolare nella fase in cui la vittoria della guerra risultava ancora incerta. Pertanto, si preferì evitare di affrontare l'argomento fintanto che la cooperazione di Stalin risultasse funzionale. I membri della Sinistra europea tendevano a sostenere la versione ufficiale sovietica sugli Stati baltici, considerandoli "di diritto" appartenenti all'Unione Sovietica per salvaguardare i suoi "legittimi" interessi di sicurezza.

La sconfitta dei tedeschi nel 1945 lasciò l'Europa orientale nella sfera di influenza sovietica. Un'importante eccezione, nonostante le perdite territoriali e il pesante fardello dei danni causati dalla guerra di continuazione, risultò la Finlandia, non più sottoposta al dominio sovietico, al contrario degli Stati baltici, e improntata invece al modello di Stato costituzionale presente altrove in Europa. Nonostante la nuova ventata, i finlandesi non superarono presto le scorie lasciate dalle politiche estere sovietiche che diedero luogo ad un processo per il quale il politologo tedesco Richard Löwenthal coniò l'espressione "finlandizzazione", percepita come necessaria per la sopravvivenza dello Stato.

Accettazione dello status de facto dei Paesi baltici da parte degli Alleati occidentali
Quando i sovietici si insediarono una prima volta negli Stati baltici, gli USA non riconobbero l'annessione come legittima ai sensi del diritto internazionale, in virtù della precedente adozione della dottrina Stimson nella Dichiarazione di Welles del 23 luglio 1940, un principio secondo cui non sarebbe stato riconosciuta diplomaticamente alcuna annessione di territori effettuata con l'impiego della forza militare.

Nonostante la presa di posizione, il ministro degli Esteri britannico Anthony Eden aveva infatti già sostenuto che il sacrificio dei tre Stati fosse stato necessario per garantire la cooperazione sovietica nel conflitto. L'ambasciatore britannico negli Stati Uniti Edward Halifax riferì: "Il signor Eden non può incorrere nel pericolo di inimicarsi Stalin, poiché Londra si è già accordata per negoziare un trattato con il leader sovietico, il quale riadotterà le frontiere sovietiche del 1940". Nel marzo del 1942 Churchill scrisse a Roosevelt esortando il sacrificio degli Stati baltici: "La crescente minaccia rappresentata della guerra mi ha spinto a considerare che i principi della Carta Atlantica non dovrebbero essere interpretati in maniera tanto restrittiva da impedire alla Russia le frontiere che aveva occupato quando la Germania l'ha lì attaccata [...] Spero quindi che tu possa darci carta bianca per firmare un trattato che Stalin desidera sottoscrivere il più presto possibile".

Dopo un incontro l'arcivescovo Spellman a New York il 3 settembre, il presidente Roosevelt dichiarò: "Il popolo europeo dovrà semplicemente sopportare il dominio sovietico, nella speranza che tra dieci o venti anni sarà in grado di convivere con i russi". Alla conferenza di Teheran del 1º dicembre, Roosevelt "disse di aver compreso appieno che le tre repubbliche baltiche erano già state storicamente parte della Russia ed essendolo anche ora, aggiunse scherzosamente, gli eserciti sovietici che le avevano occupate non sarebbe scoppiato un conflitto con gli USA per questo". Un mese dopo, Roosevelt incaricò Ottone d'Asburgo-Lorena di comunicare ai russi che avrebbero potuto assumere il controllo della Romania, della Bulgaria, della Bucovina, della Polonia orientale, della Lituania, dell'Estonia, della Lettonia e della Finlandia.

Il futuro risultò segnato quando il 9 ottobre 1944 Winston Churchill fu ricevuto da Stalin a Mosca e si procedette ad identificare un quadro postbellico dell'Europa. L'inglese racconta: "Infine ho affermato: Non potrebbe sembrare piuttosto cinico e poco ortodosso il modo in cui sembra siano stati risolti questi problemi, che toccano da vicino milioni di persone? Facciamo bruciare questa copia di giornale. - "No, non lo fare!" replicò Stalin". La Conferenza di Jalta del febbraio 1945, ritenuta in maniera pacifica a livello storiografico il momento in cui è stato definito lo scacchiere europeo dal 1945 in poi, ripercorse grosso modo le precedenti trattative private di Churchill e Roosevelt con Stalin riguardo alla non interferenza nel controllo sovietico dell'Europa orientale.

L'atteggiamento assunto dagli Alleati occidentali nei confronti degli Stati baltici dopo la seconda guerra mondiale fu riassunto da Hector McNeil, sottosegretario agli affari esteri (1945-1946), in suo discorso pronunciato alla Camera dei comuni nel 1947. McNeil dichiarò che il governo britannico aveva de facto riconosciuto l'assorbimento degli Stati baltici nell'Unione Sovietica, ma non de iure. Inoltre, affermò che l'annessione violava il principio di autodeterminazione della Carta atlantica, ma che bisognava tenere presente che le tre nazioni baltiche erano state parte dell'Impero russo prima del 1918.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Paesi baltici in epoca sovietica (1944-1991)

Occupazione dei paesi baltici
Estonia nella seconda guerra mondiale
Lettonia nella seconda guerra mondiale
Lituania nella seconda guerra mondiale
Unione Sovietica nella seconda guerra mondiale

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Who says helping a person in need is very rare nowadays? With the power of social media especially in this era, spreading a word has never been this easy. And thru one's faith for humanity, we can help a man lift his spirit by helping him. This is how The 100 Peso Project aims for.
The 100 Peso Project started about 2-3 months ago, when a netizen namely Kinah Villanueva saw a man named Mulong, a vendor who sell breads and candies along the street of Gen.Santos Avenue, Bicutan. Even he was diagnosed to have a Cerebral Palsy, the sickness didn't stop Mulong on finding ways to earn money for a living. His story inspired Kinah, took photo of him and shared it on Facebook which instantly became viral.
The main mission of the group is to help a person who are less fortunate. With the minimum amount of Php 100.00, people can donate and the money will be use to buy needs for the group's beneficiary.
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Some of the group members with Mulong.
You can help a person in need by donating your Php 100.00. For more information on how you can donate, be part of 100 Peso Project by joining their Facebook group page.


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How Auto Transmission Works Explained In Great Details
in Automobile / by / on September 25, 2014 at 11:19 am /
Auto transmission also known as automatic transmission or automatic gearbox, is that kind of vehicle transmission used in automobiles. In the recent years, gears of vehicle are changed automatically as the vehicle moves forward. With the invention of this technology, you no longer have to change the gears manually while driving.
Alfred Horner Munro a steam engineer of Canadian origin is credited to have invented the automatic transmission in the year 1921. The earliest automatic transmission made use of compressed air instead of the hydraulic liquid for its operation. As a result of using only compressed air the automatic transmission was not very powerful and due to the very little amount of power it produced, the prototype did not receive much recognition and was a commercial failure. The use of hydraulic fluid to power the automatic transmission was first done by two Brazilian engineers in the year 1932. The technology of automatic transmission was used by companies to power the tanks during the world wars to great effect.
Working Of Auto Transmission Vehicles:
Different vehicles have different values till the gear is automatically changed. The parking pawl feature present in most vehicles of today, can be used by you to lock the transmission shaft, preventing the rolling of the vehicle either in the forward or the backward direction. The large vehicles that are used for construction purposes such as a forklift or a lawn mower have a limited speed range, a device converting torque provides for the variation or change of gears in these vehicles.
Different types of auto transmission:
The way in which technology progresses in today's world, new discoveries and improvements in all sectors of life is being made every day. The sector of auto transmission of vehicles is not far behind too. Within a few years of its inception the automatic transmission is having its varieties too. As of today, continuously variable transmission and semi-automatic transmission are the two variations of transmission present in the vehicles.
The transmission box's computer can be used by you to change the gears of the car. A traditional automatic transmission makes use of a torque convertor to change the gears; the number of gear ratios that can be obtained with this is finite in number. A continuously variable transmission makes use of a belt system to change the gears and the gear ratio obtained is infinite. A semi-automatic transmission functions like a manual transmission but the clutch present in it is controlled by electro hydraulic means.
The traditional automatic transmission is the basic mode of transmission, available in today's cars. The option for you to change the engine type to continuously variable transmission as well as semi-automatic transmission is also present in today's cars.
Different modes
The auto transmission present in a vehicle comes in various modes. The parking mode of the automatic transmission locks the transmission and aids you in parking the vehicle. The reverse gear of automatic transmission permits the vehicle to be driven backwards by you. The neutral gear literally cuts off all the effects of gears on the vehicle and the vehicle is allowed to move forward under the effect of its own momentum.
The drive gear, which is the latest addition to the different modes available in automatic transmission, makes all the available gears which can be used for driving functional and allows quick switching of the gears. The first gear, the second gears are the different modes to which the automatic transmission can be changed to. The sport gear can be termed as the augmented version of the drive gear, using this mode you can accelerate the vehicle really fast. The brake mode and the winter mode are the latest additions to the different automatic transmission modes.
Hope this help you to learn everything about auto transmission!! If you would like to know more then click here and get more information.
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In Rome, American diplomat Robert Thorn (Gregory Peck) is in a hospital where his wife Katherine (Lee Remick) gives birth to a boy, who—he is told—dies moments after being born. Robert is convinced by the hospital chaplain, Father Spiletto (Martin Benson), to secretly adopt an orphan whose mother died at the same time. Robert agrees, but does not reveal to his wife that the child is not theirs. They name the child Damien (Harvey Spencer Stephens). Then, Robert is appointed U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Mysterious events plague the Thorns: large black dogs congregate near the Thorn home; Damien's nanny publicly hangs herself at his fifth birthday party; a new nanny, Mrs. Baylock (Billie Whitelaw), arrives unannounced to replace her; the five-year old Damien violently resists entering a church; and zoo animals are terrified of Damien. Read more on Wikipedia.


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HO 42/198 f. 675 Information of John Longworth, Manchester, 7 Nov 1819
Transcribed by Becky Wright.
'The Information of John Longworth, Royton Street, Manchester, Warehouseman, taken upon oath before me one of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace in and for the County of Lancaster this seventh day of November 1819
Who saith that he was on the area of St Peters on the sixteenth of August last, acting as Special Constable, and was placed about twenty yards from the House where the Magistrates were assembled. Went to the ground between nine and ten o'clock in the forenoon and remained there until Hunt was taken, and Informant went down to the New Bailey with Hunt. Saw the Manchester Yeomanry come on the ground and form in front of Buxton's House where the Magistrates were. Soon after they had formed they advanced to the Hustings, and as they were so advancing, Informant saw persons of the Mob throw brick bats and stones at the Yeomanry and Constables, and many of the Mob struck at the Horses of the Yeomanry with sticks at the same time. Informant himself received a blow from a stick. Informant heard the Riot Act read by the Revd Mr Ethelston between twelve and one o'clock – Mr Ethelston began to read it on the steps of the House, but the crowd increased so quick as to render it inconvenient for him to go on with it – and he (Mr Ethelston) then went upstairs and read it very loud thro' the window of the first floor of Buxton's House. The brick-bats and stones that were thrown at the Cavalry, were thrown by people from the top of the Houses.
John Longworth
Sworn – before me James Watkins.


text:
A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in North Dakota School-Age Children
LARRY BURD, JACOB KERBESHIAN, MARK WIKENHEISER, WAYNE FISHER
Integrated Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders (iCASD)
The prevalence rate of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome has been estimated to be between 1 and 5 in 10,000 in the general population of the United States. To the authors' knowledge, no recent prevalence study has been conducted on a normal, school-aged population that can be geographically and demographically defined. The prevalence rate of Tourette syndrome, using DSM-III criteria, in North Dakota's school-age children is conservatively estimated at 1.0 per 10,000 for girls and 9.3 per 10,000 for boys, with a combined prevalence of 5.2 cases per 10,000 school-age children. The male to female ratio is estimated to be 9.3 to 1.
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in North Dakota School-Age Children'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Tourette Syndrome Medicine & Life Sciences
Cross-Sectional Studies Medicine & Life Sciences
BURD, LARRY., KERBESHIAN, JACOB., WIKENHEISER, MARK., & FISHER, WAYNE. (1986). A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in North Dakota School-Age Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25(4), 552-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60016-7
A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in North Dakota School-Age Children. / BURD, LARRY; KERBESHIAN, JACOB; WIKENHEISER, MARK; FISHER, WAYNE.
In: Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1986, p. 552-553.
BURD, LARRY, KERBESHIAN, JACOB, WIKENHEISER, MARK & FISHER, WAYNE 1986, 'A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in North Dakota School-Age Children', Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 552-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60016-7
BURD LARRY, KERBESHIAN JACOB, WIKENHEISER MARK, FISHER WAYNE. A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in North Dakota School-Age Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry. 1986;25(4):552-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60016-7
BURD, LARRY ; KERBESHIAN, JACOB ; WIKENHEISER, MARK ; FISHER, WAYNE. / A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in North Dakota School-Age Children. In: Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry. 1986 ; Vol. 25, No. 4. pp. 552-553.
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title = "A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in North Dakota School-Age Children",
abstract = "The prevalence rate of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome has been estimated to be between 1 and 5 in 10,000 in the general population of the United States. To the authors' knowledge, no recent prevalence study has been conducted on a normal, school-aged population that can be geographically and demographically defined. The prevalence rate of Tourette syndrome, using DSM-III criteria, in North Dakota's school-age children is conservatively estimated at 1.0 per 10,000 for girls and 9.3 per 10,000 for boys, with a combined prevalence of 5.2 cases per 10,000 school-age children. The male to female ratio is estimated to be 9.3 to 1.",
author = "LARRY BURD and JACOB KERBESHIAN and MARK WIKENHEISER and WAYNE FISHER",
journal = "Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry",
T1 - A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome in North Dakota School-Age Children
AU - BURD, LARRY
AU - KERBESHIAN, JACOB
AU - WIKENHEISER, MARK
AU - FISHER, WAYNE
N2 - The prevalence rate of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome has been estimated to be between 1 and 5 in 10,000 in the general population of the United States. To the authors' knowledge, no recent prevalence study has been conducted on a normal, school-aged population that can be geographically and demographically defined. The prevalence rate of Tourette syndrome, using DSM-III criteria, in North Dakota's school-age children is conservatively estimated at 1.0 per 10,000 for girls and 9.3 per 10,000 for boys, with a combined prevalence of 5.2 cases per 10,000 school-age children. The male to female ratio is estimated to be 9.3 to 1.
AB - The prevalence rate of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome has been estimated to be between 1 and 5 in 10,000 in the general population of the United States. To the authors' knowledge, no recent prevalence study has been conducted on a normal, school-aged population that can be geographically and demographically defined. The prevalence rate of Tourette syndrome, using DSM-III criteria, in North Dakota's school-age children is conservatively estimated at 1.0 per 10,000 for girls and 9.3 per 10,000 for boys, with a combined prevalence of 5.2 cases per 10,000 school-age children. The male to female ratio is estimated to be 9.3 to 1.
JO - Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
JF - Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry


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Home > Daily Archives: January 6, 2006
Part 2: Things Are Not Fine
January 6, 2006 by A Slice of Orange in category Archives tagged as Craft
A Slice of Orange Blog is pleased to bring you part-two of Susan Squires Blog! For part-one, please scroll down to the preceding blog.
By Susan Squires
I had a great time during the holidays. I connected with friends and relatives, and I got pretty much just what I wanted for Christmas. Which started me thinking. That would not be a great situation for a novel. We want life to be nice to us, but we can't be nice to our characters.
Because I've been knee-deep in contest entries recently as judging season rolls around, I wanted to talk just a bit about conflict. You may remember recently that I advised taking time to think about what each character wants out of a scene. It's also important in constructing both your book and your scene to have the reader clear on why that character can't have what they want.
Yep! Your main character can't get what they want most, or even whatever they want out of a particular scene, for most of the book. If the scene looks like they do get what they want, there has to be an unforeseen outcome or some kind of a mistake which puts that character right back in conflict. Maybe they got what they thought they wanted, but the reader knows better. If they don't get what they want, take that opportunity to make not getting it have an even worse consequence. Let's look at an example. Sally wants to have John ask her to take a ride in his new car. He does. But they get in an accident and are stranded miles from town. Or he does, but the reader knows that he's secretly a rat who will take advantage of her, and she shouldn't be going anywhere alone with him. Make it worse—he's a serial killer! Or he's a great guy but he doesn't ask her and worse yet, he asks her arch-rival Ann, instead. And they run over her bicycle which is her only transportation to school. And they laugh at her! You get the idea.
So the question you are asking yourself in each scene is "Does my character get what she wants?" The answer is either, " Yes, but……" or, "No, and furthermore…." It's hardly ever just "yes." Until the last scene! Okay, I only put in "hardly ever" because I'm not a believer in rules. But I do believe that if the main character gets exactly what she wants without her having reservations or without the reader feeling that it was a big mistake, you are letting the story tension seriously lapse. If you do that at the end of the chapter, the reader may close the book and never pick it up again. You leave the reader feeling, "Nice, but so what?" instead of being on pins and needles to see what happens next.
Now let's talk a little bit about the beginning of a book (remember, I've been reading a lot of contest entries, and they're always about the beginning.) Here, setting the conflict has to come as early as you can manage it. I've seen lots of entries where the first pages set the stage, and things are just fine. Uh, oh. Setting the stage can work, but the character has got to have some problem. Okay, she may not have been transported to another universe where she will have to save earth from certain destruction by aliens yet, but she's got issues! They can be internal conflicts, relationship problems, character flaws, something…. but "things are just fine" doesn't capture a reader's interest. Start things off in the middle of "not fine," and go from there.
Going back to the example I gave of character motivation, what the hero and heroine want is, ideally, in conflict. I used The Companion as an example in my last blog, where Ian and Beth both want to return to the life they once knew. He can't because he's a vampire and a normal life is denied him, and her father died, forcing her to abandon her life as an itinerant archeologist. Okay, that means each has conflict between what they want and what they can have. But when we find he wants to return to England where she has always been wildly unhappy and she wants to return to North Africa where he suffered as a slave and has vowed never to return, their goals are in conflict with each other as well. Of course, we know that they are more the same than different. It's what draws them together. And we suspect that during the course of the story, what they want will change, but the idea is to start them off with things, "not being fine."
So, let's consciously separate ourselves from our characters. I hope the holidays were everything you wanted and expected, and I hope in 2006 you make your characters suffer until the last possible moment!
Susan Squires
http://www.susansquires.com/
THE COMPANION, May, 2005–St. Martin's Press
THE HUNGER, October, 2005–St. Martin's Press
THE BURNING, April, 2006–St. Martin's Press
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Ben Norton
Biden says Latin America is US 'front yard', Trump says 'backyard' - Pick your flavor of...
Biden says Latin America is US 'front yard', Trump says 'backyard' - Pick your flavor of neocolonialism
When we look past all of the superficial Culture War battles they wage to distract the US public, we can clearly see that the two ruling-class parties share 95% of the same policies.
Pick your flavor of neocolonialism
What is the difference between Republicans and Democrats? Trump says backyard and Biden says front yard. Otherwise, they share 95% of the same warmongering, capitalist, imperialist policies.
People in Latin America often ask me, "What is the difference between Republicans and Democrats?" For those outside of the United States, the two hegemonic parties seem so similar that they're difficult to tell apart.
The reality, of course, is that the Republican and Democratic Parties are indeed nearly identical. When we look past all of the superficial Culture War battles they wage to distract the US public, we can clearly see that the two ruling-class parties share 95% of the same policies — and are funded by the same billionaire capitalist oligarchs and exploitative mega-corporations to obediently serve their economic interests.
The Joe Biden administration has made this undeniable. The Democratic President campaigned on promises to reverse the Republican Trump's disastrous policies, only to continue the vast majority of them.
At a press conference on January 19, the current President accidentally revealed what the real difference between him and the former head-of-state is: Trump thinks that Latin America is the US empire's "backyard", while Biden insists it is Washington's "front yard".
You can see Biden's comments in the official transcript published at the White House: "We used to talk about, when I was a kid in college, about 'America's backyard,'" he said in the presser. "It's not America's backyard. Everything south of the Mexican border is America's front yard."
I repeat: "Everything south of the Mexican border is America's front yard."
So now, when people in Latin America ask me to describe the differences between Republicans and Democrats, I have the perfect answer: Republicans think you are their 'backyard', whereas Democrats think you are their 'front yard'.
Pick your favorite flavor of neocolonialism.
Biden has been in power for exactly one year as of this January 20, and he has failed to accomplish anything significant. (His long-overdue withdrawal from Afghanistan does deserve an honorable mention, but it is greatly overshadowed by Biden's hawkish policies against the rest of the world — not to mention the devastating sanctions his administration has imposed on Afghanistan, which are starving millions of civilians.)
Far from breaking with Trump, Biden has doubled down on the far-right former President's worst policies:
Biden still recognizes coup puppet Juan Guaidó as fake "President" of Venezuela, and has maintained Trump's murderous sanctions.
Not only has Biden not removed any of the hundreds of crippling sanctions that Trump imposed on Cuba; he has in fact further expanded the US economic warfare against the Caribbean nation, to such a degree that the New York Times wrote that "Biden is taking an even harder line on Cuba" than Trump.
Biden has continued the borderline genocidal, scorched-earth war on Yemen, which was expanded by Trump and started by Joe's running mate Obama.
After Trump unilaterally tore up the Iran nuclear deal, the Biden administration has refused to return to it, demanding Tehran's agreement to a series of unreasonable new demands.
Biden has kept US troops illegally occupying Iraq (where the democratically elected Parliament voted overwhelmingly to expel them) and Syria (where they are preventing the central government from accessing its own oil and wheat reserves as it suffers under a suffocating Western sanctions regime).
Biden has maintained the witch hunt that Trump's Justice Department launched against WikiLeaks journalist and political prisoner Julian Assange, who is being tortured in a maximum-security British prison as he awaits extradition to the Land of the Free for a show trial.
Biden fulfilled the Trump administration's plans to extradite — that is, kidnap — Venezuelan diplomat Alex Saab, who was detained and held in horrific conditions for the supposed "crime" of circumventing illegal US sanctions to buy food for the Venezuelan people.
As more than 850,000 North Americans have died, Biden's Covid-19 policies (or lack thereof) have for the most part been identical to those of Trump. The bipartisan strategy is to put profits over people's lives and let corporations quite literally dictate "public health" policies.
Biden has accelerated the new cold war on both China and Russia while imposing more and more sanctions around the globe.
Heck, Biden has even managed to deport more migrant children than the inveterate racist Trump.
Meanwhile, inside the United States, Biden's own party has blocked all attempts at passing significant legislation.
The US government is so thoroughly undemocratic, so entirely beholden to capital, it has become a dysfunctional basket case. Its "democratic" window dressing has melted away, and all that is left is a stone-cold authoritarian regime controlled by billionaire oligarchs, a textbook dictatorship of the capitalist class.
The only thing the US empire can do is do what it has always done: escalate its imperial aggression abroad, endlessly pour money into the gaping maw of the Military-Industrial Complex, try to tame the voracious appetite of the death cult of capitalism — use war abroad to distract from the mass death, skyrocketing inequality, growing poverty, dire homelessness, police brutality, and mass incarceration inside the United States.
The opinions mentioned in this article do not necessarily reflect the opinion of Al mayadeen, but rather express the opinion of its writer exclusively.
US Democrats
Venezuelan opposition
President Nicolas Maduro
Biden's administration
Independent journalist focused on geopolitics and US foreign policy.
Kazakhstan must not be allowed to become another Ukraine
On countering terror, Sweden is rightly on the ropes
The US-Japan new militarism will be a failure to contain China
Russia-Pakistan energy collaboration defeats the Western...
Drawing parallels between the counter-revolution of 1776 and...