text:
\section{ Introduction}

The fundamental laws of physics, as they are presently known, are
mostly invariant with respect to a reversal of time: to every solution
there exists an equally viable solution in which $t$ is replaced by
$-t$. The only exceptions
are some processes described by the weak interaction, but these cases
can also be subsumed under time-reversal invariance in the broad sense
because its violation there can directly be compensated by an application of a
unitary CP-transformation.

Despite this fundamental invariance, most classes of phenomena
observed in Nature distinguish a specific direction of time.
These are the famous ``arrows of time'' which are discussed at length
in \cite{Zeh1}, see also \cite{Zeh2} and other contributions to this
volume. This observed discrepancy between the symmetric laws and the
asymmetric facts does not constitute an inconsistency; asymmetric
phenomena are compatible with symmetric laws, and most solutions of
the fundamental equations are not symmetric by themselves. What is
peculiar is the fact that the time direction of the phenomena is always
the same.

Usually one distinguishes between various manifestations of the arrow
of time \cite{Zeh1}. The electrodynamic arrow expresses the preference
of the retarded over the advanced solutions. The thermodynamic arrow
is given by the non-decrease of entropy for closed systems, as
expressed by the Second Law of thermodynamics. The electrodynamic
arrow can, in fact, be derived from the Second Law by using the
thermodynamical properties of absorbers. The quantum-mechanical arrow
expresses a direction through the measurement process or, in the
Everett picture, the branching of the wave function. A central role is
there played by decoherence -- the irreversible and unavoidable
emergence of classical properties through interaction with the
environment. Finally, gravitational systems exhibit a preferred
direction either through gravitational collapse or through the
expansion of the Universe. The question raised by the presence of all
these arrows is whether a common {\em master } arrow of time is behind
all of them.

One might wonder whether the arrow of time points into different directions for
different subsystems of the Universe, for example, for different galaxy
clusters. Using arguments that can be traced back to
Emile Borel in the 1920s, one can recognize that there is no strict isolation
of subsystems and that therefore all arrows in the Universe must point into the
{\em same} direction. This suggests that the master arrow of time may
be found in cosmology.

Can one explain the presence of these distinguished time directions in
the framework of physics? Is there a master arrow of time and, if yes,
where does it come from? One might speculate that a new, hitherto
unknown, fundamental law exists, which is asymmetric in time. Models
of wave-function collapse are explicit examples for such new
laws. However, no empirical evidence exists for them. The
alternative to such a speculation is the presence of a distinguished
cosmic boundary condition of low entropy at or near the Big Bang. One
would then expect that the entropy of the Universe increases in the
direction of increasing cosmic size. The question remains, however, where such a
boundary condition could come from.

As indicated by the singularity theorems of general relativity, a
consistent description of the Big Bang may require a new framework such
as quantum gravity. The question then arises whether the origin of the
arrow of time can be understood there. This is the topic
of my essay. I shall start in the next section by making more precise
the arguments in favour of a cosmic boundary condition of low
entropy. I shall then present a framework of quantum gravity in which
the above question can be addressed -- quantum geometrodynamics, the
direct quantization of Einstein's theory of general relativity. In the
last section I shall then present how, in fact, the origin of
irreversibility could be understood from quantum cosmology. I shall
also speculate there about possible quantum effects and the fate of
the Second Law in the future of our Universe. The Appendix contains
numerical estimates concerning the entropy and the maximal entropy of
our Universe.

\section{Entropy and Cosmology}

Already Ludwig Boltzmann had speculated that the Second Law has its
origin in a gigantic fluctuation in the Universe. His picture was that
the Universe is eternally existing and at its maximal entropy most of
the time, but
that at very rare occasions (which, of course, can happen in an
eternal Universe) the entropy fluctuates to a very low value from
which it will then increase; this would then enable our existence and
lead to the arrow of time that we observe. The weak point in this
argument was disclosed in the 1930s by Carl Friedrich von
Weizs\"acker: if one takes into account the possibility of entropy
fluctuations, a fluctuation that produces at once the world that we
observe including our existence and our memories, although by itself
extremely unlikely, would still be much more probable than Boltzmann's
fluctuation which has to create the whole history of the world in
addition to the present state. Strange observers which according
to such a fluctuation could spontaneously pop into existence have
recently been discussed in the context of a ``multiverse'' picture and
there been called ``Boltzmann brains'', cf. \cite{Bbrains} and the
references therein. The multiverse picture can be motivated by
inflationary scenarios of the early Universe
(e.g. Linde's ``eternal inflation'') and describes the full
Universe as being infinitely extended and very inhomogeneous on large
scales, but containing many Friedmann subuniverses of the kind that we
observe. In such a gigantic Universe, even the tiniest entropic
fluctuation would occur somewhere. I shall briefly address the
multiverse picture below, but focus in the following on the observable
part of the Universe, which is approximately homogeneous and
isotropic.

In order to know how special our Universe in fact is, one would like
to calculate both the actual entropy of our Universe as well as the
maximal possible entropy. The non-gravitational entropy is dominated
by the photons of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation; it
contributes about $2\times 10^{89}\ k_{\rm B}$ \cite{EL09}.
Linde and Vanchurin have, moreover, given an estimate of an upper
limit for the non-gravitational entropy, which would be obtained if
all particles were ultra-relativistic: their value is about
$10^{90}\ k_{\rm B}$ and thus only about one order of magnitude more
than the CMB value \cite{LV09}.
These are
very large numbers, but they are much smaller than the gravitational
contribution to the entropy.
Unfortunately, a general expression for
gravitational entropy does not exist. Because of the universal
attractivity of gravity, one can only expect that gravitational
entropy increases during a gravitational collapse, in contrast to the
entropic trend of ordinary matter which prefers a homogeneous state.
However, for the most extreme case of gravitational collapse, an
entropy formula exists: the Bekenstein--Hawking entropy for black
holes. It reads
\begin{equation}
\label{SBH}
S_{\rm BH}=\frac{k_{\rm B}c^3A}{4G\hbar}=k_{\rm B}\frac{A}{4l_{\rm P}^2}
 \ ,
\end{equation}
where $A$ is the surface area of the event horizon and $l_{\rm
  P}=\sqrt{G\hbar/c^3}$ is
the Planck length; in the following estimates we shall set Boltzmann's
constant $k_{\rm B}$ equal to one.

To see how large the Bekenstein--Hawking entropy can become, let us
estimate its value for the Galactic Black Hole -- the supermassive
black hole in the centre of our Milky Way with a mass
$M\approx 3.9\times 10^6\ M_{\odot}$.
Neclecting its angular
momentum, which would anyway decrease the estimated entropy, one gets
from (\ref{SBH})
\begin{equation}
S_{\rm GBH}=\pi\left(\frac{R_{\rm S}}{l_{\rm P}}\right)^2
\approx 6.7\times 10^{90}\ ,
\end{equation}
where $R_{\rm S}$ denotes the Schwarzschild radius. This already
exceeds by more than one order of magnitude
the non-gravitational contribution to the entropy. According to a recent
investigation \cite{EL09}, all supermassive black holes together yield
an entropy of $S=3.1^{+3.0}_{-1.7}\times 10^{104}$.

Roger Penrose has pointed out in \cite{Penrose1} that the maximal
entropy for the observable Universe would be obtained if all its
matter were assembled into one black hole. Taking the most recent
observational data, this would yield the entropy (calculated in the
Appendix)
\begin{equation}
\label{Smaxnew}
S_{\rm max}\approx 1.8\times 10^{121} \ .
\end{equation}
This may not yet be the maximal possible entropy. Our Universe
exhibits currently an acceleration which could be caused by a
cosmological constant~$\Lambda$. If this is true, it will expand
forever, and the entropy in the far future will be dominated by the
entropy of the cosmological event horizon
(the ``Gibbons--Hawking entropy'' \cite{GH77}). The estimate, presented in
the Appendix, yields
\begin{equation}
\label{Sgh}
S_{\rm GH}=\frac{3\pi}{\Lambda l_{\rm P}^2}\approx 2.88\times
10^{122}\ ,
\end{equation}
which is about one order of magnitude higher than (\ref{Smaxnew}).

Following the arguments in \cite{Penrose1}, the ``probability'' for
our Universe can be estimated as
\begin{equation}
\frac{\exp(S)}{\exp(S_{\rm max})}\approx \frac{\exp(3.1\times
  10^{104})}{\exp(2.9\times 10^{122})}\approx \exp(-2.9\times
10^{122})\ .
\end{equation}
Our Universe is thus very special indeed. It must have ``started''
near the Big Bang with an extremely low entropy; the Universe must
have been very smooth in the past, with no white holes being present.
Penrose has reformulated this observation in his Weyl-tensor hypothesis:
the Weyl tensor is zero near the Big Bang (describing its smooth
state), but diverges in a Big Crunch (provided the Universe will
recollapse). Since the Weyl tensor describes in particular
gravitational waves, this hypothesis entails that all gravitational
waves must be retarded. This is analogous to the Sommerfeld condition
in electrodynamics and the absence of advanced electromagnetic waves
\cite{Zeh1}. There, the electromagnetic arrow can be traced back to
the thermodynamic arrow and the Second law by using the thermodynamic
properties of absorbers, but this is not possible here because
gravitational waves are too weak.

The Weyl-tensor hypothesis is not yet an explanation, but only a
description of the low initial cosmic entropy. Penrose has recently
reformulated his hypothesis in the framework of his ``Conformal
Cyclic Cosmology'' (CCC) \cite{Penrose2}.
A central role is attributed therein to a
proposed information loss in black holes and the ensuing nonunitary
evolution. His whole picture, however, remains classical as far as
gravity is concerned. Here, I would like to adopt instead the point of view
that the gravitational field is fundamentally of quantum
nature. This is not a logical necessity, but one can put forward
physical arguments in favour of quantum gravity as the more
fundamental theory \cite{OUP,AKR08}. Although
there exist non-singular classical solutions, the singularity theorems
of classical relativity suggest the abundance of singularities in the
classical theory; a more general framework is therefore needed to
exorcize them. Moreover, gravity acts
universally, so it couples to all other fields of Nature, all of which
are so far described by quantum theory. It could then at least be considered
unnatural to leave the gravitational field classical; this would
become especially awkward in the context of a unified theory of all
interactions.

In the next section I shall briefly describe an approach to quantum
gravity which is very conservative and which despite its limits should
be able to provide insights into the origin of the arrow of time.

\section{Quantum Geometrodynamics}

A full quantum theory of gravity remains elusive \cite{OUP}. Can one
nevertheless say something reliable about quantum gravity
without knowing the exact theory? In \cite{GRG} I have made the point
that this is indeed possible. The situation is analogous to the role
of the quantum mechanical Schr\"odinger equation. Although this equation
is not fundamental (it is non-relativistic, it is not
field-theoretic), important insights can be drawn from it. For
example, in the case of the hydrogen atom, one has to impose boundary
conditions for the wave function at the origin $r\to 0$, that is, at
the centre of the atom. This is certainly not a region where one would
expect non-relativistic quantum mechanics to be exactly valid, but its
consequences, in particular the resulting spectrum, are empirically
correct to an excellent approximation.

Erwin Schr\"odinger has found his equation by ``guessing'' a wave equation
from which the Hamilton--Jacobi equation of classical mechanics can be
recovered in the limit of small wavelengths, analogously to the limit
of geometric optics from wave optics. The same approach can be applied
to general relativity. One can start from the Hamilton--Jacobi version
of Einstein's equations and ``guess'' a wave equation from which they
can be recovered in the classical limit. The only assumption that is
required is the universal validity of quantum theory, that is, its
linear structure. It is not yet needed for this step to impose a
Hilbert-space structure. Such a structure is employed in quantum
mechanics because of the probability interpretation for which one
needs a scalar product and its conservation in time (unitarity). The
status of this interpretation in quantum gravity remains open, see
below.

The result of this approach is quantum geometrodynamics. Its central
equation is the Wheeler--DeWitt equation, first discussed by Bryce
DeWitt and John Wheeler in the 1960s. In a short notation, it is of
the form
\begin{equation}
\label{WdW}
\hat{H}\Psi=0\ ,
\end{equation}
where $\hat{H}$ denotes the full Hamiltonian for both the gravitational
field (here described by the three-metric) as well as all non-gravitational
fields. For the detailed structure of this equation I refer, for
example, to the classic paper by DeWitt \cite{DeWitt} or the general
review in \cite{OUP}. Two properties are especially important for
our purpose here. First, this equation does not contain any classical
time parameter $t$. The reason is that spacetime as such has
disappeared in the same way as particle trajectories have disappeared
in quantum mechanics; here, only space (the three-geometry)
remains. Second, inspection of $\hat{H}$ exhibits the local hyperbolic
structure of the Hamiltonian, that is, the Wheeler--DeWitt equation
possesses locally the structure of a Klein--Gordon equation. In the
vicinity of Friedmann universes, this hyperbolic structure is not only
locally present, but also globally. One can thus define a new time
variable which exists only intrinsically and which can be constructed
from the three-metric (and non-gravitational fields) itself. It is
this absence of external time that could render the probability
interpretation and the ensuing Hilbert-space structure obsolete in
quantum gravity, for no conservation of probability may be
needed.\footnote{The situation is different for an isolated quantum
  gravitational system such as a black hole; there, the semiclassical
  time of the rest of the Universe enters the description \cite{KMM09}.}

How, then, can one understand the emergence of an arrow of time from a
fundamental equation which is itself timeless? I shall address this
issue in the next section.

\section{Arrow of Time from Quantum Cosmology}

Quantum cosmology is the application of quantum theory to the Universe
as a whole. In a first approximation, the Universe is homogeneous and
isotropic. The three-metric is then fully characterized by the scale
factor, $a$, of the Universe. Classically, the Universe evolves in
time, $a(t)$; the same holds for the matter fields. In quantum
cosmology, $t$ has disappeared and all available information is
encoded in the wave function $\psi(a,\ldots)$, where the $\ldots$
denote homegeneous matter degrees of freedom. For the simple
two-dimensional configuration space consisting of the scale factor and
a minimally coupled scalar field $\phi$, the Wheeler--DeWitt equation
reads (with $c=1$)
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{whdw1}
\hat{H}\Psi&=&\left(
\frac{2\pi G\hbar^2}{3}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial\alpha^2}-
\frac{\hbar^2}{2}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial\phi^2}\right.\nonumber\\ & & +
\left.e^{6\alpha}\left(V\left(\phi\right)+\frac{\Lambda}{8\pi G}\right)
-3e^{4\alpha}\frac{k}{8\pi G}\right)\Psi(\alpha,\phi)=0\ ,
\end{eqnarray}
with cosmological constant $\Lambda$ and curvature index $k=\pm 1,
0$. The variable $\alpha=\ln a$ has been introduced for convenience.

In order to discuss thermodynamical issues, additional degrees of freedom
must be added. One option is to consider small inhomogeneities in the
vicinity of homogeneity. This can be achieved, for example, through a
multipole expansion on the three-sphere (assuming the Universe is
closed) \cite{HH85,CK87}. Schematically, the Wheeler--DeWitt equation
(\ref{WdW}) then assumes the form
\begin{equation}
\label{WdW2}
 \hat{H} \, \Psi = \left(\frac{2\pi G\hbar^2}{3}
\frac{\partial^2}{\partial\alpha^2} + \sum_i \, \left[
-\frac{\hbar^2}{2}
\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_i^2}+\underbrace{V_i(\alpha,x_i)}_{\to 0\
{\rm for}\ \alpha
\rightarrow -\infty}\right]\right) \, \Psi = 0 \ ,
\end{equation}
where the $\{ x_i\}$ denote the scalar field as well as the inhomogeneous
degrees of freedom;
$V_i(\alpha,x_i)$ are the corresponding potentials. One
recognizes immediately that this Wheeler--DeWitt equation is
hyperbolic with respect to the intrinsic time $\alpha$. Initial
conditions are thus most naturally formulated with respect to constant
$\alpha$.

The important observation is now that the potential in (\ref{WdW2}) is
{\em asymmetric} with respect to $\alpha$; if written out, it contains
explicit factors of $\E^{6\alpha}$, etc., and vanishes in the limit
$\alpha\to-\infty$.  In contrast to almost all
the other fundamental equations in physics, it thereby distinguishes a
direction in (intrinsic) time.
One could thus envisage of solution to the Wheeler--DeWitt equation,
which near the Big Bang would be an approximate product state between
all degrees of freedom \cite{Zeh1},
\begin{equation}
\label{psiBB}
\Psi \quad \stackrel{\alpha \, \to \, -\infty}{\longrightarrow}\
\psi_0(\alpha)\prod_i \psi_i(x_i)\ .
\end{equation}
Introducing the entropy of the Universe as an entanglement entropy, in
which irrelevant, that is, unobservable or unobserved degrees of
freedom (such as small gravitational waves
described by some of the $x_i$) are integrated out, the state
(\ref{psiBB}), which is a product state, would yield a vanishing
entropy. For increasing $\alpha$, this solution would evolve into a
superposition of $\alpha$ and the inhomogeneous modes (as well as
between the inhomogeneous modes). Integrating out all or part of the
$x_i$ would then yield a non-vanishing and increasing entropy with respect to
$\alpha$. Increasing entanglement would then cause increasing
decoherence for the
relevant degrees of freedom \cite{Zeh3,CK87,deco}. Decoherence -- the
unavoidable emergence of classical properties through interaction with
irrelevant degrees of freedom -- is perhaps the most fundamental
irreversible process and thus stands behind all arrows of time
\cite{Zeh1,deco}. Because of the asymmetry of (\ref{WdW2}) with
respect to $\alpha$, substituting $\alpha\to -\alpha$ would {\em not}
yield a solution of the Wheeler--DeWitt equation. If a solution of the
form (\ref{WdW2}) were the one describing our Universe, we could
understand from it the irreversible appearance of our world. A full
understanding of quantum gravity would perhaps single out a unique
solution for the Wheeler--DeWitt equation, a possibility already
envisioned by DeWitt \cite{DeWitt}.

There are indications that the above quantum state would
evolve into a symmetric state where all perturbations are in an
(at least approximate)
de~Sitter-invariant vacuum state. Such a vacuum state is a good
candidate for the early Universe \cite{Starobinsky}.
The state for each perturbation mode would describe a superposition of
inhomogeneous states, that is, a non-classical state. However,
the mechanism of decoherence also comes into play here, generating a
classical behaviour for the modes which may then serve as the seeds
for the origin
of structure in the Universe \cite{pointerstates}.

We have not yet discussed the connection between the intrinsic time
$\alpha$ and the ``observed time'' $t$ which should be at our disposal
at least in an appropriate semiclassical limit. This can be achieved
through a Born--Oppenheimer type of approximation scheme,
cf. \cite{OUP} and the references therein. Some degrees of freedom
such as the scale factor may serve as the semiclassical variables from
which a semiclassical time $t$ can be defined in appropriate
situations. This will be the time variable which controls the dynamics
in this approximation and which enters an effective and approximate
Schr\"odinger equation for the non-gravitational quantum
variables. The arrow of time aligned along increasing scale factor $a$
thus trivially extends to the semiclassical time $t$ -- as long as the
semiclassical approximation is valid.

The above ideas may, with slight elaborations, also apply to the idea
of the multiverse, that is, to a Universe with many approximately
homogeneous sub-universes, cf. \cite{LV09} and the references
therein. Quantum entanglement is not limited to sub-horizon scales and
may thus be effective also in the full multiverse. Decoherence should
then distinguish the same arrow of time everywhere in the multiverse.
Applying also here the idea that quantum fluctuations, after their
effective classicality due to decoherence, become the seeds for galaxy
formation, Linde and Vanchurin estimate in \cite{LV09} the number of
realizations of the emergent classical fluctuations in the gigantic
multiverse. This
number would also correspond to the number of branches of the universal
wave function in the Everett interpretation when applied to our Hubble domain.
After decoherence, each realization can serve as a classical initial
condition for the subsequent evolution of the Universe. They find for
the total number of distinguishable locally ``Friedmann universes'' the
estimate
\begin{equation}
\E^{S_{\rm pert}}\lesssim \E^{\E^{3N}}\ ,
\end{equation}
where $S_{\rm pert}$ is the total entropy of the perturbations, see
also \cite{pointerstates,verbier}, and $N$ is the number of e-folds of
slow-roll (post-eternal) inflation. In the simplest models of chaotic
inflation, one thereby gets the incredibely high number \cite{LV09}
\begin{displaymath}
10^{10^{10^7}} \ .
\end{displaymath}
(A much lower number -- two instead of three exponentials -- is
obtained in the case of a positive cosmological constant.) Adopting,
in addition, the landscape picture of string theory, this estimate
would correspond to the case of one vacuum. Taking all the vacua into
account, the number will be even higher. The issue of the
Wheeler--DeWitt equation on a configuration space mimicking the
landscape picture and the question of a low-entropy initial condition
was discussed, for example, in \cite{HMH}.

The idea of quantum cosmology is that the whole Universe at all scales
is described by quantum theory. Thus, a priori, quantum effects are
not restricted to the Planck scale. In the case of a classically
recollapsing quantum universe, for example, one can predict the
occurrence of quantum effects near the classical turning point
\cite{KZ}, see also \cite{Zeh1,KS09} for a detailed
explanation. Because the arrow of time in the above scenario is
correlated with increasing scale factor $a$, the quantum universe would in
this case consist of many branches in which the arrow of time always
points in the direction of increasing $a$. These branches would be
decohered components of the universal wave functions
and would thus become independent of each other for most of their
existence, but they would interfere destructively at the classical
turning point in order to fulfill the boundary condition $\Psi\to 0$
for $a\to\infty$, which is necessary for a model in which the classical
trajectories recollapse. Consequently, no classical observers would be
able to survive a transition through the turning point, and time as
well as the classical evolution would come to an end there.

This is an impressive example for a quantum effect at large scales.
Other examples can be found in models that are of interest because
they may describe a dynamical dark energy in our Universe. Examples
are models which classically exhibit a big-rip or a big-brake
singularity; in the first case, the Universe can become infinitely
large in a finite time, while in the second case it comes
to an abrupt halt in the future. In both cases, this corresponds to a
singular region. One can now study solutions of the corresponding
Wheeler--DeWitt equations and finds that the singularities will be
avoided, cf. \cite{KS09} and the references therein: the semiclassical
approximation breaks down when approaching the region of the classical
singularity, and for the big brake the wave function even becomes zero
there. What are the consequences of this scenario for the arrow of
time?

Since the semclassical time comes to an end, so does the arrow.
The Universe enters a genuine quantum era which no classical observers
(and others are not known)
could survive. This is analogous to the above discussed turning
point. The world then becomes truly timeless.

One might wonder what happens in the case of models which classically
describe bouncing cosmologies \cite{bounces}: the Universe would then
undergo many, perhaps infinite, cycles of expansion and
recollapse. What would happen with the entropy in these cases? If the
entropy were indeed correlated with the scale factor, as the scenario discussed
above suggests, the arrow of time would not continue through a turning
point. The bouncing models would thus make no sense in quantum
cosmology; one would only have branches of the wave function in which
the arrow would point from small to large universe and where time
would end when approaching a classical turning point.

We have restricted the discussion to quantum geometrodynamics. At
least for scales above the Planck length, which includes the above discussed
quantum scenarios for a big universe in the future, this should
provide a reliable framework. Modifications are, however, expected
when approaching the Planck regime, that is, the region of the Big
Bang. Such modifications have been addressed in string theory and loop
quantum gravity \cite{OUP}. In the case of loop quantum cosmology, the
Wheeler--DeWitt equation is replaced at the most fundamental level
by a difference (instead of differential) equation. For a big
universe, the differences
to quantum geometrodynamics are negligible; this concerns, for
example, the examples of the big rip and the big brake.
Near the big-bang singularity, however, the situation is different.
The emerging scenario is discussed at length in another contribution
to this volume \cite{Bojowald}. Also there, the author suggests ``the
possibility of deriving a beginning within a beginningless theory''.
Thus, although the approaches may be different, the common fundamental
challenge is to understand the observed time and its arrow from a
scenario of the world which is fundamentally timeless.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

I thank Max D\"orner and Tobias Guggenmoser for a
careful reading of this manuscript.

\begin{appendix}
\section{Some Numerical Estimates}
\label{appendix}

Here we recapitulate the numerical estimates about the maximal
possible entropy in the Universe, presented by Penrose in
\cite{Penrose1}, in the light of recent cosmological data
\cite{Hinshaw}. Since our Universe is spatially flat to a high degree
of accuracy, the mass of the matter (both visible and dark) in our
present Hubble volume is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{MU}
M_{\rm U}=\frac{4\pi\rho_{\rm m}c^3}{3H_0^3}\ ,
\end{equation}
where $\rho_{\rm m}$ is the matter density, and $H_0\approx
70.5\ \mathrm{km/s\ Mpc}\approx 2.27\times 10^{-18}\ \mathrm{s}^{-1}$
is the Hubble constant. Introducing the critical density
\begin{equation}
\rho_{\rm c}=\frac{3H_0^2}{8\pi G}\ ,
\end{equation}
we can use the density parameter $\Omega_{\rm m}= \rho_{\rm
  m}/\rho_{\rm c}\approx 0.274$ and write
\begin{equation}
M_{\rm U}=\frac{c^3\Omega_{\rm m}}{2GH_0}\ .
\end{equation}
In order to estimate the maximal entropy, we shall assume that the Universe
up to the Hubble scale consists of one black hole with mass $M_{\rm U}$.
Since our present Universe is dominated
by dark energy, which for our purpose here can be approximated by a
cosmological constant $\Lambda$, we have to take into account that the
metric outside this hole is, in fact, the Schwarzschild--de~Sitter
metric, see, for example, \cite{Geyer}.
Numerically we have $\Lambda\approx
1.25\times 10^{-56}\ \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ and $\Omega_{\Lambda}=\Lambda
c^2/3H_0^2\approx 0.726$ \cite{Hinshaw}. In the
Schwarzschild--de~Sitter metric, the black hole has a maximal mass
given by
\begin{equation}
\label{MN}
M_{\rm N}=\frac{c^3}{3\sqrt{3\Omega_{\Lambda}}GH_0}\approx
 4\times 10^{55}\ {\rm g}\ ,
\end{equation}
which corresponds to the case of the Nariai metric (therefore the
index N). We thus have to check whether $M_{\rm U}$ is greater or
smaller than $M_{\rm N}$; only in the latter case can the Universe accommodate
one single black hole. A short calculation shows
\begin{equation}
\frac{M_{\rm U}}{M_{\rm N}}=\frac{3\sqrt{3\Omega_{\Lambda}}\Omega_{\rm
    m}}{2} \approx 0.61\ ,
\end{equation}
so all of $M_{\rm U}$ can indeed be assembled into one black hole.

We now assume that the maximal entropy is given by a Schwarzschild
black hole with mass $M_{\rm U}$ (a non-vanishing angular momentum
would give a smaller entropy). Thus,
\begin{equation}
S_{\rm max}=\pi\left(\frac{R_{\rm h}}{l_{\rm P}}\right)^2\ ,
\end{equation}
where $R_{\rm h}$ denotes the radius of the black-hole event horizon
(as opposed to the cosmological horizon $R_{\rm c}$). In the
Schwarzschild--de~Sitter metric we have
\begin{equation}
R_{\rm h} =
\frac{3GM_{\rm U}\ell\xi}{c^2}\left(1-\sqrt{1-\frac{1}{\ell\xi^3}}\right)
=\frac{\xi}{\sqrt{\Lambda}}\left(1-\sqrt{1-\frac{1}{\ell\xi^3}}\right)\ ,
\end{equation}
where $\ell^{-1}=M_{\rm U}/M_{\rm N}$ and
$\xi=\cos(\frac13\cos^{-1}[\ell^{-1}])
\approx 0.95$.
With the above numbers we have
\begin{equation}
R_{\rm h}\approx 2.13 \frac{GM_{\rm U}}{c^2}\approx 0.38\times
10^{28}\ {\rm cm}
\end{equation}
and therefore
\begin{equation}
\label{Smax}
S_{\rm max}\approx 1.8\times 10^{121} \ .
\end{equation}
This is the number that should replace the estimate $10^{123}$ in
\cite{Penrose1} if one makes use of the data presented in
\cite{Hinshaw}.

Expressed in grams, the mass (\ref{MU}) is $M_{\rm U}\approx
2.4\times10^{55}\ \mathrm{g}$ and therefore corresponds to about
$1.5\times 10^{79}$ baryons. In the case of $10^{80}$ baryons, as used
in \cite{Penrose2}, one would find $\ell^{-1}>1$, that is, the
corresponding mass would exceed the Nariai mass (\ref{MN}) and it
would thus not be possible to assemble this mass into a single black
hole.

In the case of a non-vanishing cosmological constant there occurs also
the gravitational entropy $S_{\Lambda}$ associated with the
cosmological event horizon $R_{\rm c}$ \cite{GH77}, where
\begin{equation}
R_{\rm c} =
\frac{3GM_{\rm U}\ell\xi}{c^2}\left(1+\sqrt{1-\frac{1}{\ell\xi^3}}\right)
\approx 1.29\times 10^{28}\ {\rm cm}\ .
\end{equation}
It reads
\begin{equation}
S_{\Lambda}=\pi\left(\frac{R_{\rm c}}{l_{\rm P}}\right)^2
\approx 1.99\times 10^{122}\ .
\end{equation}
One should thus in principle consider the sum of $S_{\Lambda}$ and the
entropy associated with all matter being trapped in a single black hole.
However, the maximal entropy is reached for asymptotic times
$t\to\infty$ when the matter content becomes irrelevant
(because it will be diluted and no black hole with mass $M_{\rm U}$
will be formed); the radius of the event horizon then approaches
\begin{equation}
R_{\rm c}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{\Lambda}}\approx 1.55\times 10^{28}\ {\rm
  cm}\ .
\end{equation}
The entropy associated with this event horizon then approaches the
``Gibbons--Hawking'' entropy \cite{GH77}
\begin{equation}
\label{SGH}
S_{\rm GH}=\frac{3\pi}{\Lambda l_{\rm P}^2}\approx 2.88\times
10^{122}\ ,
\end{equation}
which is about $16$ times the black-hole maximal entropy
(\ref{Smax}). The numerical value in (\ref{SGH}) is also
presented in \cite{EL09}.

Taking the case of the Nariai mass (\ref{MN}), one would have the
total entropy $S_{\rm N}+S_{\Lambda}=2S_{\rm GH}/3$, which would give
further support to consider (\ref{SGH}) as the maximal possible
entropy of the observable Universe, as suggested by current observational data.

\end{appendix}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Women in Research (WIRe)
The Canadian Research Insights Council (CRIC) has partnered with Women in Research (WIRe) to work toward the shared goal of advancing the contributions and voice of women in research.
As part of this agreement, CRIC is supporting WIRe's 50/50 initiative to promote diversity including a 50/50 gender split at our events. CRIC will be leveraging WIRE's 50/50 database and following the WIRe guidelines to eliminate bias from the speaker selection process. CRIC will also be promoting WIRe events through its communications and on the CRIC events page.
CRIC also supports the WIRe Global Scholarship fund that advances the contribution of women in research in economically challenged or conflict markets. The WIRe Global Scholarship fund in partnership with the ESOMAR Foundation has awarded scholarships to women in Kenya, Cambodia, Guatemala and Sri Lanka. You are encouraged to donate to the WIRe Global Scholarship Fund to help fund additional scholarships.
Visit the WIRe website to learn more about all of WIRe initiatives to advance the contributions and voice of women in research.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An East Lancashire stately home found itself making headlines across the world after a 'ghost garden' reappeared after more than 70 years.
The 'ghost garden' was created during the hot weather, as various types of soil dried at different rates. This caused the layout of the Italianate style south parterre garden at the front of Gawthorpe Hall to show through the current lawn, displaying the old garden layout.
Rachel Pollitt, Gawthorpe Hall manager, said: "It was brilliant to see Gawthorpe Hall being featured on so many different TV channels, newspapers, radio stations and websites.
"We had so many people coming along just to see the ghost garden while it lasted. It could be another 70 years before it is seen again, so people wanted to take the opportunity and have a great day out at the same time.
"Jools Holland was spotted taking a look at the ghost garden. He was performing nearby and took some time out to admire the rare feature.
"It was great as well that many local people didn't know that the garden had originally been there and a lot of them came to take a look as well.
County Councillor Peter Buckley, cabinet member for community and cultural services, said: "Interest on social media from all over the world has been incredible. The ghost garden has also appeared on TV, and been featured in newspapers and magazines globally.
"I'm delighted that that there was such keen interest in seeing something that we have never seen before, and that we would normally only be able to view by looking at the original Victorian plans kept at Lancashire Archives in Preston, or the photographs on show in the hall.
The stately home holds the North West's largest collection of portraits and collections of intricate lace, embroidery and needle work.
Visitors to the Hall will also be able to enjoy all of the regular attractions, such as the fabulous seventeenth-century plasterwork and panelling, the Victorian tiles, luxurious textiles and the stunning Long Gallery.
An exhibition on display until Sunday 4 November highlights how the First World War affected the owners of Gawthorpe Hall and other people living in the area. Personal archives from the Kay-Shuttleworth family are also on display for the first time in the exhibition.


text:
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Cabg Surgery
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Cabg Surgery at best of Hospitals and Wellness centres
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This complex of facilities caters to about 1.5 million outpatients and 80,000 inpatients every year .The number of surgical operations performed at AIIMS last year was over 100,000.
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text:
Amorella — круизный 12-палубный пассажирский и автомобильный паром финского судоходного концерна Viking Line. Совершает регулярные рейсы по маршруту Турку-Мариехамн/Лонгнес-Стокгольм.

Суда-близнецы: Gabriella в составе флота Viking Line, Isabelle компании Tallink и Crown Seaways компании DFDS Seaways.

Строительство
Паром Aмorella был заказан в 1986 году и построен в 1988 году для компании SF Line, одного из партнеров консорциума Viking Line, на верфи Brodosplit в Югославии. Первоначально паром должен был быть спущен на воду в марте 1988 года, последние строительные работы были завершены только в сентябре.

Эксплуатация
За исключением 1997, 1998 и 2002 годов паром Aмorella всегда курсировал по маршруту Турку-Мариехамн/Лонгнес-Стокгольм и является наиболее долго эксплуатируемым судном на этом маршруте. Первоначально паром заходил в Мариехамн только во время дневного перехода, но с июля 1999 года заходы на Аландские острова были введены на всех рейсах. Это было предпринято с целью сохранения права беспошлинной торговли на борту, поскольку Аландские острова не вошли в налоговый союз стран Европы. В результате во время ночного перехода была введена стоянка в порту Лонгнес.

Происшествия
14 декабря 2013 года Amorella, следуя с 2000 пассажирами из Турку в Стокгольм, потеряла управление и села на мель у Аландских островов. Лайнеру удалось собственными силами сняться с мели и проследовать в порт Мариехамна, где пассажиров пересадили на другие суда.

20 сентября 2020 года Amorella, следуя из Турку в Стокгольм и имея на борту 200 пассажиров и 80 членов экипажа, снова села на мель в районе Аландских островов — на этот раз около острова . Судно столкнулось с подводным камнем, после чего капитан принял решение направить паром к берегу. Пассажиры к вечеру того же дня были с судна эвакуированы.

Комментарии

Примечания

Ссылки
 Viking Line

Паромы Финляндии
Пассажирские суда
Суда, построенные в Финляндии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Neuroradiology. 2004 Aug;46(8):666-72. Epub 2004 Jun 17.
Brain MRI findings in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis types I and II and mild clinical presentation.
Matheus MG1, Castillo M, Smith JK, Armao D, Towle D, Muenzer J.
Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, USA.
Our objective was to determine the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in a selected group of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types I and II who had only mild clinical manifestations. We retrospectively assessed MRI brain studies in 18 patients with MPS (type I: 6 and type II: 12). We evaluated abnormal signal intensity in the white matter, widening of the cortical sulci, size of the supratentorial ventricles, dilatation of the perivascular spaces (PVS) and enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces. We observed a broad spectrum of findings, and despite severely abnormal MRI studies, no patients had mental retardation. We also observed that dilated PVS, previously believed to be caused by macroscopic deposition of the mucopolysaccharides, had an appearance similar to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in all MRI sequences performed, even in FLAIR and trace diffusion weighted images. Based on our results, we believe that with the exception of white matter abnormalities and brain atrophy, all other findings may be related to abnormal resorption of CSF, and there is no relationship between the imaging and clinical manifestations of the disease.
Atrophy/pathology
Brain/pathology*
Magnetic Resonance Imaging*
Mucopolysaccharidosis I/complications
Mucopolysaccharidosis I/pathology*
Mucopolysaccharidosis II/complications
Mucopolysaccharidosis II/pathology*
Subarachnoid Space/pathology
Mucopolysaccharidosis - Genetic Alliance
MRI Scans - MedlinePlus Health Information


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How Do I Adopt a Greyhound?
First, read all of the information we have provided for you to make sure that a greyhound is the right breed of dog for you. Remember that adoption is a commitment for the life of the dog, you should never adopt thinking that you will return the dog when it becomes inconvenient to take care of him.
Be honest about your living situation including the number of children and their ages, other pets you may have and how many hours you are away at work every day. If you are not honest with us, we cannot help find the greyhound that is right for you and your family.
After the application has been reviewed, a volunteer will call you to schedule a visit to your home. This visit is to talk to you about the responsibilities of greyhound ownership. We want to make sure that you are willing to make the commitment that is required.
After the home visit, a volunteer will call you to schedule a visit to the kennel to pick out your new greyhound. Once you have chosen your greyhound (or your greyhound has chosen you), we will put the greyhound on hold for you with a $50.00 nonrefundable deposit (the $50.00 will be applied to your adoption fee) for up to two weeks. Our adoption fee is $300 cash or check to be paid at the time you adopt your greyhound.
If for any reason you cannot keep your greyhound, you MUST return it to GPA, Mass. Do not give it to a friend or turn it into a shelter. The adoption fee is refundable up to 14 days from transfer date, thereafter it is NON-refundable.
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text:
The Search For Dominance By Victor Frankenstein
The search for dominance is always evident in the story of Frankenstein, the story even begins with Victor Frankenstein in the search for strength. Everyone in the story has some kind of moxie that they can use over the other characters, but the desire for power takes everyone on a different path. Any time in the story when Victor Frankenstein needs to find and regain himself he looks to nature to find it all. Nature holds a great part of the power that happens in the story, but the creature is also filled with the crave for prestige as well as Victor. Authority controls the actions of all the characters in the play whether or not they realize it. In the story whenever Victor feels like he needs to find himself and gain control of himself he goes out into the nature to find motivation inside himself. Victor has a knack for using the nature to his advantage, he uses it to find himself while in the wild, but he also uses it to create the creature. His drive for success became so great that he went to make a creature that would make him very influential in the scientific world once he proved that he could create life with his bare hands. Victor was successful in creating the creature, but once he had created the creature he was disgusted with his creation and all his work became an eminent failure. He then proceeded to abandon the creature because of how hideous it appeared. Little did Victor know that when he abandoned the creature that he would go on his own hunt. The
Examples Of Power In Frankenstein
In the novel Frankenstein, an overwhelming desire for power tends to inspire the actions of the characters. As they strive to assert control and dominance, the characters make decisions that ultimately create consequences and internal regret. Whether the characters seek to gain power over others or free themselves from the reigning power of others, the struggle for power is commonly present. Although the personal motivation for gaining power differs between characters, the goal of asserting power
Essay about The Myth of Prometheus in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
There are other views of Prometheus as well. Susan Tyler Hitchcock, in Frankenstein: A Cultural History, summarizes that Prometheus is "a savior who brought not just fire but language, tool making, …medicine—all the arts and sciences—to humankind" (52). M.K. Joseph asserts that Prometheus becomes both "a representation of
Analysis Of Mary Shelley 's ' Frankenstein '
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, written in 1818, explores the dangers of scientific endeavours attempting to domineer the sacred realm of nature through ego driven pursuits of knowledge and discovery. This exploration also extends to the destruction caused when a man's hubris overrides his moral and spiritual discourses, damaging the nature of humanity and society. Shelley adopts an ambivalent attitude towards man kind's search for advancement through the quest for knowledge, scientific discovery and
Forgiveness In Frankenstein
Trevor Milbourn Victor Frankenstein is a brilliant scientist who has mastered everything he has learned from his professors. However, he has never learned how to master his emotions about his creation. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley explores the relationship between Victor and the monster to show the reader that the dynamic between the two beings happens to be two-faced. On the surface, they are hell-bent on revenge; while deep down they need each other, and more importantly, they need each other's
Essay on The Theme of Nature Versus Nurture in Shelly's Frankenstein
Kimberly raises a question that has been asked for centuries, "Do you learn this growing up, or did you genetically inherit these traits? One of the themes of Frankenstein is nature versus nurture. The author, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly, was born and raised in London, England. Shelley's first and most famous novel was Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein, the main character in the novel, creates a creature using
Psychoanalytic Analysis Of Frankenstein
Sydnie Smith Mrs. Shelley Wisener ENGL 2321: Frankenstein Analysis Essay 29 September 2017 The Inner Monster Within everyone, there lies a side of them that they do not show the world. This side contains the deepest, darkest desires that unconsciously determine how one lives his life. The question remains: will one's inner monster ever make an appearance or does it stay cleverly hidden? In Frankenstein, the protagonist fights the battle within himself between listening to the devil or the angel
Essay on Comparative Study of Frankenstein and Blade Runner
Shelley's Romantic novel Frankenstein (1818) compares and reflects values of humanity and the consequences of our Promethean ambition against the futuristic, industrialized world of Blade Runner (1992) by Ridley Scott. The notions of unbridled scientific advancement and technological progress resonate with our desire to elevate humanity's state of being, mirrored amongst the destructive ambition to overtake and disrupt nature and its processes. The disastrous implications of overreaching the boundary
Metz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF
FILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6
More about The Search For Dominance By Victor Frankenstein
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text:
GMR sells stake in Istanbul airport for euro 225 millionhttps://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/gmr-sells-stake-in-istanbul-airport-for-euro-225-million/
GMR sells stake in Istanbul airport for euro 225 million
GMR sold its 40% stake in the Sabiha Gökçen Int'l Airport to Malaysia Airport Holdings.
Written by ENS Economic Bureau | New Delhi | Published: December 24, 2013 2:06:02 am
GN Bajpai resigns from IL&FS board
Rupee continues slide to hit record low; Sensex falls 509 pts
Direct Port Delivery scheme cuts down cargo release time
GMR Infrastructure has exited the Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in Istanbul by selling its 40 per cent stake for euro 225 million (roughly Rs 1,900 crore) to Malaysia Airport Holdings.
With this sale,the Bangalore-based company will exit its second international airport venture.
It was forced out of its other venture,the Male International Airport,by the Maldives government.
At Sabiha Gökçen International Airport,Malaysia Airport Holdings currently holds 20 per cent stake,while a Limak Construction,a Turkish company holds 40 per cent.
Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad (MAHB) said in a regulatory filing that its indirectly wholly owned subsidiary MAMSC,involved in the business of investment holding,will buy GMR's stake in the Turkish airport company.
MAHB decided to buy the stake using its 'right-of first-refusal (RoFR)' after the GMR Group had reportedly entered into a definitive agreement with Turkey's TAV Airports Holdings.
"On December 3,2013,a prospective investor of Sabiha Airport entered into a share purchase agreement with the GMR Group to acquire the acquisition shares for a total consideration of euro 2,25,000,000. The completion of such share purchase agreement was conditional,amongst other matters,on MAHB not exercising its RoFR in relation to the acquisition shares. On December 23,2013,MAHB exercised its RoFR through MAMSC," MAHB said in a regulatory filing.
The GMR Infrastructure consortium had entered this project in May 2008 and has the rights to operate Sabiha Gökçen Airport till 2030.
Calls,messages and emails sent to the GMR Group did not elicit any response.
The GMR Group has a debt burden of around Rs 41,000 crore and a part of the proceeds from the transaction reportedly will be used retire a portion of the debt.
The group may also use the funds to increase its shareholding in Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL).
The company is reportedly in discussions to buy out Malaysia Airports' 10 per cent stake in DIAL.
The GMR Group may also use the proceeds to buy up the 10 per cent stake that Fraport AG holds in DIAL.
The German airport operator has indicated in the past that it would exit the venture after the lock-in period of its shareholding expires in May 2014.
If both these transactions are concluded,GMR's shareholding in Delhi airport will rise to 74 per cent from the current 54 per cent.
In India,the GMR Group also operates the Hyderabad airport.
1 'PSUs can help cut fiscal deficit by Rs 20K cr'
2 HZL disinvestment: CBI files PE against Vedanta chief,officials
3 Rohan Bopanna gets lighter,fitter after sweaty days in chilly Hyderabad


text:
Tagged: Food
Business / Events / Food
by Ryan Ozawa · Published August 26, 2015 · Last modified August 25, 2015
Fifth Food and Wine Festival Starts Saturday
The state's biggest celebration of food and drink, mixing local specialties with internationally adored dishes and flavors, is expected to draw over 10,000 attendees across twenty one events over nine days this year. The fifth annual Hawaii Food and Wine Festival, co-founded by renown island chefs Roy Yamaguchi and Alan Wong, is expected...
Media / The Web / Travel
by Ryan Ozawa · Published June 27, 2015
Thrillist Launching Honolulu Edition
The local online lifestyle media space will get a little more crowded this week with the Wednesday launch of Thrillist Honolulu, which is adding O'ahu to a growing list of more than 35 cities in the U.S. and Europe covered by the Thrillist Media Group. The Thrillist network is adding...
Events / Food / Hawaii
by Ryan Ozawa · Published October 4, 2010
Kava Festival at UH on Saturday
Scientists call it piper methysticum, or "intoxicating pepper," but in Hawaii, it's known as 'awa. Studied and used by people as diverse as researchers, nutritionists, and native Hawaiian cultural practitioners, this plant and the products derived from it will again be explored and shared at the Hawaii Pacific Island Kava...
Loco Moco Smackdown in Waikiki
The loco moco is a famous (and infamous) island dish: white rice, topped with a hamburger patty, a fried egg, and thick brown gravy. Its presence on the menu is often a measure of how "local" an eatery is. And while the home of the loco moco is the sleepy...
Food / Hawaii
by Ryan Ozawa · Published November 14, 2009
Good Eats, Good Deals, Good Cause
The second-annual "Restaurant Week" fundraiser begins on Monday, Nov. 16, and runs through Sunday, Nov. 22. Over 50 restaurants are participating, ranging from greasy spoons to fine dining. Each is offering a special deal for special dishes during the week, meanwhile donating a portion of the proceeds toward ambitious plans...
Food / Hawaii / Television
'Man v. Food' in Honolulu
Tonight on the Travel Channel, "Man v. Food" turns the spotlight on Honolulu. The program, which crosses the country in search of local traditions and regional specialties, challenges host Adam Richman to partake in each destination's indulgences. While on Oahu, he's introduced to the loco moco at Hukilau Cafe in...
Events / Family / Food / Hawaii / Video
27th Okinawan Festival
Okinawan Festival from hawaii on Vimeo. This past weekend brought the 27th annual Okinawan Festival back to Kapiolani Park. More than 40,000 people turned out over two full days to revel in all things uchinanchu, showcasing everything from traditional Okinawan performances, to delicious food, to several cultural activities. My family...
Blogs / Food / Hawaii
Ono Kine Grindz Returning
Ono Kine Grindz, one of the most popular Hawaii food blogs, was effectively shuttered earlier this year when Reid decided that he needed a change. He signed off in September promising to return… leaving many of us hungry for more. Today, Reid posted a brief update at the original Ono...
Events / Family / Food
Flavors of Honolulu Festival Begins Friday
Save your appetite and round up the kids, this weekend brings the second-annual "Flavors of Honolulu" festival on the Honolulu municipal grounds (near Honolulu Hale and the Frank F. Fasi Building). The three-day event mixes over a dozen restaurants, live performances by several local artists, and highlights including a wine-tasting...
Aspartame Ban Proposed in Hawaii
It's the stuff of urban legends and a million e-mail forwards: aspartame (a.k.a. Nutrasweet, Equal, and other brands) causes cancer, brain tumors, and a multitude of other ghastly and deadly health problems. And while the FDA, MIT, and several other so-called "experts" have constantly affirmed the relative safety of aspartame,...
Food / Hawaii / Pop Culture
Spam Musubi, Loco Moco are Top Island Treats
Betty Shimabukuro, food writer for the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, has reached out to Mainland readers to educate them on Hawaii's favorite foods. And they're not coconut and pineapple. In a special to the Los Angeles Times titled, "10 Hawaiian culinary specialties to sample" (guess the headline writer missed the AP Stylebook...
Häagen-Dazs Does Hawaii
Kudos to style maven Leigh at hapa | hale for spotting a new ice cream flavor from Häagen-Dazs: Hawaiian Lehua Honey & Sweet Cream. It's an entry in their "Reserve" series, highlighting "rare and unique ingredients" from around the world. So, from the Big Island of Hawaii: Rich, sumptuous waves...


text:
Q: Using "summarise" (dplyr) with a function requiring a formula I am trying to generate a table of regression slopes generated by a custom function based on the mblm package (the function in the example here is a simplified version). The function requires a formula as argument and I would like to use dplyr summarise to apply it to grouped samples from a large data frame with many variables.
The output should be a tibble of regression slopes for sample groups and response variables that I can pass to a heatmap function.
library (dplyr)

# Example data

test_data <-
    rbind (
        data.frame(ID=paste0("someName", c(1:9)), Sample_Type="type1",
           A=seq(1,17, length.out=9),
           I=0.1^seq(1,1.8,length.out=9),
           J=1-0.1^seq(1,1.8,length.out=9)),
        data.frame(ID=paste0("someName", c(10:15)), Sample_Type="type2",
           A=seq(1,7, length.out=6),
           I=0.1^(1-seq(1,1.5,length.out=6)),
           J=1-0.1^(1-seq(1,1.5,length.out=6))))

# Define an independent and the responding variables - I would like to be able to easily test different independent variables

idpVar <- "A"
respVar <- test_data %>% .[!names(.) %in% c("ID", "Sample_Type", idpVar)] %>% names()

# Custom function generating numeric value of median slopes (simplified from mblm)

medianSlope <-
function (formula, dataframe)
{
    if (missing(dataframe))
        dataframe <- environment(formula)
    term <- as.character(attr(terms(formula), "variables")[-1])
    x = dataframe[[term[2]]]
    y = dataframe[[term[1]]]
    if (length(term) > 2) {
        stop("Only linear models are accepted")
    }
    xx = sort(x)
    yy = y[order(x)]
    n = length(xx)
    slopes = c()
    smedians = c()
        for (i in 1:n) {
            slopes = c()
            for (j in 1:n) {
                if (xx[j] != xx[i]) {
                  slopes = c(slopes, (yy[j] - yy[i])/(xx[j] -
                    xx[i]))
                 }
            }
            smedians = c(smedians, median(slopes))
        }
        slope = median(smedians)

    slope
}

# Custom function works with test dataframe and a single named dependent variable but "group_by" seems to be ignored:

test_data %>% group_by (Sample_Type) %>% medianSlope( formula(paste("J", "~", idpVar))  ,.)

Leaving the grouping issue aside for the moment, I tried to make  "summarise" work by generating a list of multiple formulas:

paste(respVar, "~", idpVar)
[1] "B ~ A" "C ~ A" "D ~ A" "E ~ A" "F ~ A" "G ~ A" "H ~ A" "I ~ A" "J ~ A" "K ~ A" "L ~ A"

However

test_data %>% summarise_at (respVar,  medianSlope(paste(respVar, "~", idpVar), .))

Error: $ operator is invalid for atomic vectors

test_data %>% summarise_at (respVar,  medianSlope(paste(get(respVar), "~", get(idpVar)), .))

Error in get(idpVar) : object 'A' not found

I am relatively new to R and a bit lost. Can you help?

A: I am unsure if this will be able to be accomplished using the summarise_at function. However, we can use a combination of map_dbl, by, and some other data cleanup functions to perform the calculations:
library(tidyverse)

# split the data using `by` (acts as a group_by)
# use `map_dbl` to iterate over the variables in respVar
# we use setNames so that the returned vector from map_dbl is named
# then, bind the rows together, convert to data frame
# finally convert row names (groups) to a column
by(test_data, test_data$Sample_Type,
       FUN = function(d) map_dbl(setNames(respVar, respVar),
                             ~medianSlope(formula(paste(.x, "~", idpVar)),
                                          data = d))) %>%
    do.call("rbind", .) %>%
    as.data.frame() %>%
    rownames_to_column(var = "Sample_Type")

  Sample_Type            I            J
1       type1 -0.004623987  0.004623987
2       type2  0.341974269 -0.341974269

A: Bouncyball, thanks again for your help. It seems indeed that "summarize" and "mutate" cannot call functions that use a formula as input, although I have not seen that explained anywhere else. The workaround was instructive but I followed you alternative suggestion and rewrote the called function.
Still a learner, I set myself a challenge to replace "for" loops in the mblm-derived code, and to eliminate what seemed to be redundant calculations (at the expense of a higher demand on RAM- but it still runs much faster with my data on my PC, and I am planning to re-use the dx matrix in the next step of developing the code). The two solutions are below.
Cheers, Thomas
mblm_2_short <-        # code adapted from mblm(y ~ x, repeated = T), for calculation of repeat median slope only
function (x, y)
{
xx = sort(x)
yy = y[order(x)]
n = length(xx)
slopes = c()
smedians = c()

    for (i in 1:n) {
        slopes = c()
        for (j in 1:n) {
            if (xx[j] != xx[i]) {
              slopes = c(slopes, (yy[j] - yy[i])/(xx[j] -
                xx[i]))
             }
        }
        smedians = c(smedians, median(slopes))
    }
    slope = median(smedians)
}

.
med_slopesMed <-      # repeat median slope- like mblm(y ~ x, repeated = T), slope only
function (xx, yy)
{
  x = sort(xx)
  y = yy[order(xx)]
  n = length(x)

  dx = matrix (rep (0,n^2), ncol=n)
  dy = c()
  z  = matrix (rep (0,n^2), ncol=n)

  for (i in 1:(n-1)) {                   ### x-axis distances (dx) and slopes (z) between points
    dxi             = x[-(1:i)]-x[i]
    dx [i, (i+1):n] = dxi                # for points 1:n, x-axis distances to all other points
    dyi             = y[-(1:i)]-y[i]
    zi              = dyi/dxi
    z [i, (i+1):n]  = zi                 # for points 1:n, linear slopes connecting with all other points
  }

  z = replace(z, is.infinite(z), NA)           # removes +/-Inf and NaN generated by dx=0
  z  = t(z)[,-n] + z[,-1]

  median (apply(z, 1, median, na.rm=T))
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Rules to limp by: principles of gait compensation from animal and human studies of legged locomotion
Young-Hui Chang, PhD, Associate Professor, School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology
Nearly all diseases affecting the neuromusculoskeletal system have the potential to result in some form of locomotor pathology. These gait deficits negatively impact the ability to walk and run effectively and economically, which can have devastating consequences on quality of life of the individual. Although much has been published characterizing features of these deficits, we still lack basic tenets that can form a theoretical framework for how we compensate for gait abnormalities. In our lab, we recently found common locomotor compensation principles that exist across three very different taxonomic groups, from rats to cats to humans. These findings suggest that the mammalian nervous system may utilize and exploit motor equivalence within the legs to coordinate and compensate for disturbances on a step-by-step basis and after neuromuscular injury. We further found these compensatory principles are not intrinsic mechanical properties, but must be learned. And, more importantly for rehabilitation, they can be adapted in accordance with the motor control principle of minimum intervention. We are currently investigating these 'rules to limp by' within the context of gait in persons with a unilateral below-knee amputation. We have also found that clinical studies of amputee gait can provide great insights into our fundamental understanding of locomotion and what neuromuscular triggers might determine whether we choose to walk or run at a particular speed. Using a comparative approach, common locomotor principles discovered in nature can inform how we approach clinical rehabilitation research and, in turn, the clinical research can inform and improve our basic understanding of the natural system.
Dr. Chang is an Associate professor of Applied Physiology at the Georgia Institute of Technology with appointments in the Georgia Tech Bioengineering program and the Emory-Georgia Tech joint Biomedical Engineering program. Young-Hui (pronounced "younghee") earned his BS in Mechanical Engineering from Cornell University, MS in Animal Physiology from the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, and his PhD in Integrative Biology from the University of California, Berkeley. He spent three years as an NIH postdoctoral fellow at the Emory University School of Medicine before joining the faculty at Georgia Tech in 2004. His primary research interests are related to understanding "how we get from here to there." In particular, he employs a comparative approach to discern broad locomotion principles that apply across many different species. His work aims to improve our basic understanding of how legs are used to walk and run and how this knowledge may be applied to gait rehabilitation medicine. Dr. Chang, is the recipient of the NSF CAREER Award and has had some of his work with NSF highlighted by the director of the NSF before the U.S. National Science Board. His research is currently supported by the NSF, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and CSX Corporation.
Comparative Neuromechanics Laboratory: http://www.ap.gatech.edu/Chang/Lab/CNL/home.html


text:
Alexander Coggin and Alice Ray discuss their bizarre and joyful series made over the pandemic
From the series Neighbourhood Watch © Alexander Coggin and Alice Ray
Two image-makers have come together in producing a flash-lit series of recognisable objects placed in weird scenarios. The pair tell us more about their project below.
Written by: Ayla Angelos
It's been a tough few years, to say the least. But creativity, with all its remedial and therapeutic powers, has been a lifeline, with many turning towards a new or existing medium to make sense of the world around them – or to simply enjoy the process.
Alexander Coggin, a photographer, known for his humorous and flashy pictures, has done just that. In collaboration with Alice Ray, the pair have produced an ongoing series called Neighbourhood Watch, a joyful collection conceived in the first lockdown in London when all you could do was schedule in your daily walk to the park – at a distance from anyone else, of course. "Somewhere in the pandemic," says Alex, "I remember having lengthy phone calls with Alice and just chatting about the absolute psychosis of our daily routines – how days were bleeding into one another, and our daily walks were reliably mundane. For me, this work is very much a traverse through Alice's brain."
Following an intuitive and reflective process, the project is very much an observation of their surroundings and a depiction of what's hidden deep in their minds. Alice is particularly interested in the concept of observation and our relationship with the camera, "which is the closest design to the human eye we have," she shares. It means she makes imagery far from reality, going beyond what's perceived with our eyes.
Neighbourhood Watch, then, features objects and items we all will recognise: toast, butterflies, gardens and heels splashing in a puddle. But everything's slightly bizarre and a little different to what we're used to.
"In a lot of the conversations I heard throughout the pandemic, there was an emphasis on the mundanity of it all," says Alice. "I think we both felt like we noticed this bleeding of our online into our offline lives even more heavily during this time. So we thought, how do we take this setting of the one walk we're allowed outside every day? Instead of only showing what we're seeing, we decided to inject this more trans-perspectival idea of how we might experience the reality that starts to merge into those spaces via our minds."
As a result, the photographers consciously took themselves away from the four walls of an interior and scouted locations outside – a symbolic move that represents a time in the pandemic where walks and outdoor spaces were sacred.
Alex continues to describe the process of making the series as being "very hodge-podge" and "low stakes". Yet this care-free approach allows for a more DIY and improv-style of image-making; they're less bound to certain ideas or methods and are consequently able to hone in on the more dynamic, creative shots. It's an apt pairing of two like-minded image-makers that hope you'll enjoy their intentionally weird photography. "I worry that people are being constantly bombarded with visual information that iterates sameness, so as a contrast, it's important for me to convey a sense of idiosyncrasy and playfulness."
It's safe to say they achieved just that and we couldn't imagine a more entertaining project made out of the pandemic. And, concluding in the voice of Alex's best Transport For London announcement interpretation, "If you see something that doesn't look right, report it."
Creative leads on the women that inspire them most
Annabel Wright on how self-publishing could empower women in business
Yoko Ono interrupts the world's biggest screens to share a message of peace
Ad agency CPB London launches 'Imagine' campaign to tackle gender bias
Instruct Studio's Co-operatives UK rebrand aims to help create a fairer society
The Curl Talk Project features portraits and stories of diverse women who have curly hair
Inspiring creative women to follow in 2022
Illustrator Sarah Walsh brings 50 inspirational female figures to life in phenomenal new book


text:
The South Iowa Cedar League is a high school athletic conference in south central and southeastern Iowa. The conference is made up of mostly 1A schools, as well as a few 2A schools (the two smallest classes in the state).

A 9-team league from the 1960s, the conference expanded to 12 teams in 1996, then dropped to 11 members when Williamsburg joined the Eastern Iowa Hawkeye Conference in 2000. In the fall of 2014, the schools of the SICL voted to allow Colfax–Mingo to join the SICL, making it a 12-team league again.

Members

East Division

West Division

Sports
Boys' sports are administered through the Iowa High School Athletic Association, and girls' sports are administered through the Iowa Girls High School Athletic Union.
Sports classes for each are based on enrollment.

Football is played by districts based on their enrollment classification and geography, instead of by conference. Most SICL schools are in Class A, the smallest of five classifications for the 11-man football game, although Sigourney-Keota -- which has had a cooperative agreement since 1987 -- is Class 1A.  As of 2019, four SICL schools -- Iowa Valley, English Valleys, HLV and Tri-County -- play eight-man football.

The conference offers the following sports:

 Fall — volleyball, boys' cross-country and girls' cross-country.
 Winter — Boys' basketball, girls' basketball and boys' wrestling and girls' wrestling.
 Spring — Boys' track and field, girls' track and field, boys' golf and girls' golf.
 Summer — Baseball and softball.

Although the member schools field junior varsity teams (for freshman and sophomore athletes) in many of the above-mentioned sports, conference championships are determined at varsity level only. Also, not all schools field teams in every sport, while others are part of cooperative sharing agreements with schools within and outside the SICL.

State championships

Membership timeline

External links
 South Iowa Cedar League Roster

References

High school sports in Iowa


text:
01/01/2023 01/01/2023 melvingainesLeave a Comment on Live Stream Sunday School – January 1, 2023
Live Stream Sunday School – January 1, 2023
https://www.facebook.com/gaines.melvin/videos/897362497950925
Sunday school session for Akron Alliance Fellowship Church, Akron OH.
Published by melvingaines
I presently serve as Assistant Pastor and Sunday school instructor at Akron Alliance Fellowship Church in Akron, Ohio. I teach adult Sunday school and facilitate a number of bible study sessions. I am a member of the National Association of Christian Ministers. I also serve as Senior Supervisor of Collections at SITE Centers Corp. in Beachwood, Ohio, and I am Chairperson of SITE Helpers, the company's employee-led voice for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI). I hold membership with the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) and have served as President of the National Association of Credit Management, Greater Akron (OH), the National Association of Black Accountants, ACA International ® (American Collectors Association) and the Commercial Law League of America. I am a graduate of The University of Akron with a degree in Business and Organizational Communication, and earned a Master's degree in Christian Studies at Crown College, St. Bonifacius, Minnesota. I have engaged in Clinical Pastoral Education studies for full or part-time chaplaincy. I am a NEO native who loves to roller skate, and I am married to my lovely childhood sweetheart, Lynn. Please visit my podcast, Melvin Gaines' Faith Channel on Podomatic. Episodes are available for download there, and you can also find me on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Amazon Music, Spotify, Player FM, Deezer and iHeartRadio. Just search for Melvin Gaines' Faith Channel! View all posts by melvingaines
Categories Christian Studies, Christianity, New Year, series, Sunday School, The BibleTags believe, betray, blood, bread, Devil, disciples, go, heaven, Jesus Christ, John, John 6, Judas, leave, life, Peter, Son of Man, Spirit, understand, walk
Previous Christmas Bible Study
Next Live Stream Sunday School – January 8, 2023


Azure Monitor Operations Management Suite solution allows you to monitor, diagnose, get alerts & notifications, and take action on problems in your cloud infrastructure.
WHAT IS AZURE MONITOR OMS?
The functionality and power of Azure Monitor OMS is based upon Microsoft's hybrid IT management and monitoring platform OMS (Operations Management Suite) but it recently got merged into an all-encompassing service solution, to allow deeper and richer integration across all resources and services in Azure, empowering for a better monitoring experience.
Consume metrics and logs within the portal and via APIs to gain more visibility into the state and performance of your resources.
Configure alert rules to get notified or to take automated actions on issues impacting your resources.
Explore and manage all your common monitoring tasks from a single place in the portal.
Azure Monitor OMS enables a unified dashboarding experience within the portal, in addition to enabling a wide range of product integrations via APIs and data export options.
Azure Monitor OMS combines with Application Insights, Operations Management Suite Insight & Analytics, and with other partner service solutions. All the monitoring data you need to run and maintain your Azure resources is obtainable through Azure Monitor, combined with the analysis tools already familiar to you.
At Cased Dimensions, we guarantee first-class support for monitoring your Azure resources.
Hence we provide unified monitoring of cloud, on-premises and hybrid IT infrastructures.
We have developed Microsoft Azure monitoring tools & services that deliver performance insights, availability metrics and resource utilization trends to determine and troubleshoot performance issues which can impact your business services.
To learn more about Azure Monitor OMS Pricing, Contact us.


"Neotectonic Analysis of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: New Insights from " by Lee M. Liberty, Thomas L. Pratt et al.
Liberty, Lee M.; Pratt, Thomas L.; Lyle, Mitchell; and Madin, Ian P.. (2009). "Neotectonic Analysis of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: New Insights from Seismic Reflection Data". Late Cenozoic Structure and Evolution of the Great Basin-Sierra Nevada Transition: Geological Society of America Special Paper, 44771-82.


Volunteer in the tropical island paradise of the Perhentian Islands and get involved with the community - teach the children at the number one beach location in Malaysia, as named by CNN in 2013. Ranking 13th in the entire world, these beaches are well worth a visit and deserve to be maintained for future generations to enjoy. Through community tourism, environmental awareness and community interaction, we aim to teach and support the islanders to care for their islands whilst offering volunteers first-hand experience of community life in a traditional Malaysian village surrounded by turquoise seas, white sands and vibrant marine life.
Your typical day might start with house or mural painting, eco snorkel briefings for tourists, lesson planning for our 3 weekly School Clubs or conducting a beach clean. In the afternoons are normally spent leading school clubs, doing various DIY jobs, composting or managing the Recycling Competition. The School Clubs include Roots and Shoots clubs and english lessons for ages 6 to 10 years old. Generally 10 to 20 children will turn out for our informal lessons. Our doors are open each afternoon for children to drop in and learn with our volunteers. There are plenty of ways to use your own skills and creativity to have fun whilst educating these kids and no teaching experience is required – just enthusiasm and a sense of humour!
These initiatives are not just for children; in 2012 we instigated the Perhentian Island Ladies Association (PILA) to engage local women in Community tourism whilst helping them to support themselves financially. The newly opened PILA restaurant offers full-time employment to 6 previous house wifes who now cook amazing food. Each week the ladies assemble to host a 'Kuih' making session (a traditional Malaysian cake), open to tourists and volunteers. This is a fun and informative cultural exchange and provides the members of PILA with a much needed income boost.
Morning: Volunteers arrive at Safe Park Holidays office, Kuala Besut jetty. Boat transfer to the village (Kampung Pulau Perhentian). Afternoon: Briefing and orientation: project overview and code of conduct, a tour around the village and water confidence session (learn the dos and don'ts of snorkeling plus how to wear the life jacket & snorkel gear). Evening: Dinner, marine presentation & rest.
All day: Snorkel Briefings and Beach clean ups. Evening: Baking classes with the Perhentian Island Ladies Association (PILA).


text:
National Media Briefing: Operation Christmas Child, ChildLine, the Variety Club of Great Britain and Peter Kay's single for Children in Need
Charities in today's national news
Parents raise concerns about the Operation Christmas Child campaign, run by a Christian evangelical group.
See The Guardian for full story
The NSPCC's ChildLine reports an increase in the number of children calling to report sexual abuse by women.
See BBC News for full story
Comedian Peter Kay produces this year's Children in Need single.
See The Sun for full story
The Variety Club of Great Britain celebrates its diamond jubilee.
See The Daily Telegraph for full story


Saturday, October 12, 2013, 9:00 a.m.- 6:00 p.m.
Sunday, October 13, 2013, 9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Chappell Hill Scarecrow Festival is a short 12 minute drive from Brenham, Texas. That is great for those of you who will be staying with us, at Brenham House Bed and Breakfast. We will serve breakfast in the morning and then you can head out to the Chappell Hill Scarecrow Festival.
It is scheduled at a great time of year, as the fall season approaches. There will be 250 juried exhibitors selling home decor, yard art, arts and crafts, artists, craftsmen showing their wooden scarecrows, clothes, jewelry, and just about anything and everything you can imagine.
Four big festival weekends, in Brenham, at Windy Winery and Pleasant Hill Winery. The wineries are just minutes away from Brenham House!
Come on out for a grape stomping time! Windy Winery's Harvest Grape Stomp, located at 4232 Clover Road, Brenham, Texas is having hay rides out to the vineyards to pick grapes, grape stomping and t-shirts to make you own prints, with your purple feet! What a great souvenir to take home, from the event. Join in the fun and share a bottle of wine with your friends, on any of these four weekends.
Pleasant Hill is also having their 12th Annual Crush for Fun. Pleasant Hill Winery is located at 1441 Salem Road, Brenham, Texas. Stomp grapes, get a t-shirt that says," I Picked, I Stomped, I made Wine!" On this shirt you can put your purple feet print on to show everyone you stomped grapes!. Enjoy making memories with friends.
So grab your camera and bring your friends out to enjoy the wine stomps at our Brenham wineries. The cost is $25. for adults.


A tyre and rubber dressing that brings tyres and textured bumpers back to a new look finish with a high gloss.
AUTOGLOSS is a white, viscous liquid which is virtually odourless.
The product is solvent-free, silicone-free and neutral.
AUTOGLOSS has a self-levelling formulation which evens out areas of uneven application as it dries.
Concentrated formulation designed for maximum economy in use.


text:
All Denim 50 Percent Off!
by Elizabeth Todd | 06.06.17
I have written about my affinity, or maybe I should call it a total obsession, with Emmanuelle Alt, the editor in chief of French Vogue. If I could dress like one person it would be her. Yes, she is 6 feet tall and a former model, which I am not, and her job obviously has some "I get all the cool clothes" perks. But even without it, I am fairly confident she would dress exactly the same. She has a uniform of sorts and it is pants and a jacket — an out-of-this-world designer jacket like Balmain or Isabel Marant. The one constant is that she doesn't wear skirts or dresses. I have looked and I can only find one or two total where she is wearing one.
It isn't really even pants that are her uniform; more specifically, it is denim. When I Google photos of Emmanuelle Alt (which I do often), in nine out of 10 of the photos she is wearing denim. Even in the front row of fashion shows she is wearing denim; all through fashion week, denim; big fancy parties, denim. (Check out this Pinterest board to see what I mean.)
So what is my point? You can't own enough denim! It comes in every shape, every color, and in a variety of distress that there has to be a pair for everyone. The other great thing about denim is that it doesn't have a season. You can wear it all year, yes, even white denim. I will admit that when it gets to be above 90 degrees I can't personally do it, but I have a sister-in-law in Houston who wears denim in the summer there, which is about nine months long in Texas.
And now my really big point: all of our denim is marked down to 50 percent off. We have all our vendors calling ready to ship fall style so it is time to make room for the new stuff! The crazy thing is, the same exact cuts like the Dre by Rag & Bone or the Looker from Mother Denim that are marked down will be back "in" next season, just in different washes. So no, these ones aren't going out of style, it is just time for a new season.
The latest from Elizabeth
About the boutiques
Elizabeth Todd
owner	|	The Hive | The Shoe Hive
http://www.theshoehive.com
info@theshoehive.com
I spent the first part of my career as a copy-writer who helped elected officials brag about their support for entrepreneurs. Then I decided to get off the printed page and do it myself. The Shoe Hive made a splash on the fashion scene in Washington, and was named the region's best shoe store in its first year. Fourteen years later, I have tripled the store's size and also opened a sister store, The Hive. At The Hive, we offer clothing lines that are sophisticated and approachable like Rag & Bone, Tibi, Raquel Allegra, Ulla Johnson and Veronica Beard. We have tried to fill our racks with clothing you will want to wear all the time, elevated basics that are worth the investment.
By	Elizabeth Todd
Summer Work Wear Solutions: 6 Looks for Right Now
This Week's Courtyard Clearance Specials
Heard the buzz? The Shoe Hive & The Hive are a pair of luxury boutiques in Old Town Alexandria. Featuring both big name designers like Rag & Bone and Stuart Weitzman and smaller brands like AGL and L'Agence, our unique selection and impeccable service are what set us apart.
www.theshoehive.com
The Shoe Hive The Hive
127 S. Fairfax Street 301 Cameron Street
Alexandria, VA 22314 Alexandria, VA 22314


text:
Blue Jays call up Cavan Biggio, send Vinny Capra to Triple-A
Photo credit: Tommy Gilligan-USA TODAY Sports
Cavan Biggio is back.
The Blue Jays announced ahead of Thursday's game in Los Angeles with the Angels that Biggio has been called up and Vinny Capra has been optioned to Triple-A Buffalo.
ROSTER MOVES:
🔹 INF Cavan Biggio recalled from Triple-A and will be active tonight
🔹 INF Vinny Capra optioned to Triple-A pic.twitter.com/uupxYkxOQs
— Toronto Blue Jays (@BlueJays) May 26, 2022
I noted in the pre-series notes post that Biggio was with the team but it was assumed that he was one of the members of the Taxi Squad. Instead, he's back with the big league club for the first time since April.
Biggio did pretty well in the minors. He went 8-for-29, and while he didn't hit a home run during that 10-game stint with the Bisons, his 10 walks to six strikeouts was very encouraging. Last year, Biggio spent a few weeks with the Bisons and put up a .614 OPS. This time around, his OPS was .841.
The Blue Jays could really use the Biggio we saw from 2019 and 2020 right now. The team is incredibly right-handed and their two left-handed hitters, Bradley Zimmer and Raimel Tapia, are high strikeout batters. Over 2021 and 2022, Biggio has slashed a .209/.313/.330 line, a significant contrast from the .240/.368/.430 line he slashed in his first two seasons in the big leagues.


Feastivities is celebrating the ultimate ways to wow cats and cat lovers throughout the holidays with Fancy Feast Broths, the 2014 Fancy Feast holiday ornament and a Present Information featuring handcrafted presents. If this all sounds a bit Disney-ish it could be because Kohinoor Tinsel Town Amenity within the brainchild of former Disneyland President Jack Lindquist and another former Disneyland staffer. To know extra concerning the Newest Projects in Pune and Actual Property in Pune, Flats and Properties in Pune. The slender hall between the elevator and the wooden door of Kareena and Saif Ali Khan's tenth flooring penthouse in Bandra, however, doesn't scream of this daunting CV.
As an alternative, a Moroccan lamp and a couple of work make for an uncommon, sobered down setting. Designed to scale up your life-style & consolation quotient, Tinsel Town is all set to be the distinguished landmark inside the circle. Having carried out in-movie promoting in additional than seven hindi movies including current flicks like Kya Cool Hain Hum and Namastey London, Spykar Denims plans to take the identical route to extend its visibility in the south. Different strategically located bus depots have additionally been opened so as to scale up frequency of buses to and from Hinjewadi. The city is blessed with two peace and quiet beaches particularly Benaulim and Sernabatim. Our handcrafted Tinseltown wraps are made with a smooth flour tortilla, lettuce, fresh tomato, purple onion and finished with a flavoursome Tinseltown sauce.
The impact of India, and notably its comfortable energy Hindi cinema, has now reached to an extent that Holland has expressed his need to play a desi Spider-Man He even lauded the dancing skills of Tiger Shroff, the Indian actor who has dubbed for him within the Hindi version. The growing industry in PIRANGUTE , HINJEWADI , CHAKAN , TALEGAON are wanting upto the west of Pune for their professional staff as a destination to reside. I think the final price has come around 76 one thing with floor rise.. As mine is on 8th flooring. Like within the case of Hawas (that means lust in Hindi), which is predicated on Unfaithful and has a spouse cheating on her husband. Often known as the promising builders in Pune or the primary-of-its-form builders in Pimple Saudagar-Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad, it has also created enterprise and residential landmarks in Mumbai-Pune area.
At Kohinoor Tinsel County, rest assured-life will likely be so trouble-free you can Dwell Straightforward. Also, the main target has abruptly shifted to Tinsel Town Phase 2, the place cine stars are beneath the drug vigil. My Fortune offered by My Land My Pride with plots on the market in Hinjawadi, Pune. In the present day, he's a trusted good friend, philosopher and guide to scores of aspirants keen to make it massive in tinsel city. Also, its proximity to the industrial capital ' Mumbai, makes Pune the hub of progress and growth. Presently, Kohinoor Tinsel Town Pre Launch is engaged on Jai Ganesh Vision at Akurdi, S3 Way of life at Pimle Saudagar, Jai Ganesh Samrajya at Bhosari, Kohinoor Middle at Chakan, Kohinoor Center at Chakan, Kohinoor Towers at Pimpri, Kohinoor Mall and Kohinoor Vayona.
It's a good decision to purchase prepared to move initiatives in Bavdhan as a result of the area experiences glorious connectivity by way of road, rail and flight. You may additionally try something different reminiscent of Constructing Security Katraj Pune or Building Security Jogeshwari Mumbai. From health and rejuvenation to recreation and serenity, you will get each of your criteria fulfilled with this high-finish project in Hinjewadi. Kasturi Housing Eon Properties, by Kasturi Housing, presents an array of two bhk and 3 bhk underneath construction flats at Hinjewadi , Pune. My view still remains the same as I have said earlier – Venture seems good, location wise, flooring plan and grasp plan, and many others additionally look good.
A number of the ready to move in flats on the market in Bavdhan are Welworth Tinseltown, Runwal Savera and Paranjape Schemes Forest Trails to name a only some among others. Platinum Park Hinjewadi Pune is designed to keep the very busy individuals near workplace. The present speak of the tinsel town and the much-awaited marriage of 'Haider' actor Shahid Kapoor and Delhi primarily based college move-out Mira Rajput's marriage ceremony date has been finalised for July 7th and the venues for both marriage and reception have been fixed.


If you hadn't already heard of it, Unite Women is a new organization whose mission is to bring together Americans against the recent political attacks on women's rights (from reproductive to economic), in part by orchestrating marches and rallies across the United States on Saturday, April 28.
To find out more about the NYC rally, click here.
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text:
Любля́ниця (), Лайбах () — річка в Словенії протяжністю 41 км. Близько 20 км її течії проходять підземними карстовими печерами. На Любляниці розташована столиця Словенії Любляна, за 10 км від її впадіння в Саву.

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Любляна
Річки Словенії


First-time buyers borrowed £5.1 billion, down 11 per cent on the previous month but four per cent higher than in September 2016. This equated to 31,100 loans, down 10 per cent month-on-month and one per cent year-on-year.
Home movers borrowed £6.9 billion, down 18 per cent on August but six per cent higher year-on-year. This equated to 32,200 loans, down 17 per cent month-on-month but three per cent higher than a year ago.
Home-owner remortgage activity totalled £6.4 billion, the same amount as in August but 16 per cent higher than a year ago. The number of remortgage loans totalled 35,900, three per cent lower month-on-month but 13 per cent higher than a year ago.
Gross buy-to-let lending totalled £2.9 billion, down nine per cent on August but four per cent higher than in September 2016. That equated to 18,900 mortgages, down eight per cent month-on-month but up four per cent year-on-year.
Home buyers borrowed £38.2 billion, up 11 per cent on the second quarter of the year and 12 per cent on the third quarter of 2016. This equated to 199,600 loans, up nine per cent on the second quarter and seven per cent on the same period last year.
Within this, first-time buyers borrowed £15.7 billion, up five per cent on the last quarter and nine per cent on the third quarter of 2016. They took out 95,800 mortgages, up four per cent quarter-on-quarter and five per cent year-on year.
Home movers borrowed £22.4 billion, up 14 per cent on the second quarter and year-on-year. This equated to 103,800 loans, up 13 per cent quarter-on-quarter and nine per cent compared to a year ago.
Home-owner remortgage activity totalled £19.5 billion, up 14 per cent by value on the second quarter and 11 per cent on a year ago. The number of remortgage loans totalled 110,000, up 12 per cent quarter-on-quarter and 10 per cent on a year ago.
Gross buy-to-let lending totalled £9.3 billion, up 11 per cent on the second quarter and four per cent on the second quarter of 2016. This equated to 60,000 mortgages, up eight per cent on the previous quarter and six per cent year-on-year.
Buy-to-let activity continued to be driven by remortgaging, which accounted for more than two-thirds of total lending. Buy-to-let house purchase and remortgaging activity in September remained at a similar level seen since the change in stamp duty on second properties introduced in April last year.
UK Finance is a new trade association which was formed on 1 July 2017 to represent the finance and banking industry operating in the UK. It represents around 300 firms in the UK providing credit, banking, markets and payment-related services. The new organisation brings together activities previously carried out by the Asset Based Finance Association, the British Bankers' Association, the Council of Mortgage Lenders, Financial Fraud Action UK, Payments UK and the UK Cards Association.
Mortgage lending figures for October 2017 will be released on Tuesday 12 December 2017.