text:
HometechThis Shape-Shifting Robot Can Rearrange Its Body to Walk in New Environments
This Shape-Shifting Robot Can Rearrange Its Body to Walk in New Environments
The Editors March 25, 2021
Imagine running on a cement footpath, and then suddenly through dry sand. Just to keep upright, you would have to slow down and change the way you run. In the same way, a walking robot would have to change its gait to handle different surfaces.
Generally, we humans and most robots can only change how we run. But what if we could also change the shape of our bodies to run as fast and safely as possible on any surface?
We would like to rely on robots for difficult and dangerous tasks, from inspecting failed nuclear reactors to space exploration. For these tasks, a static body could limit the robot's adaptability. A shape-shifting body could make the difference between success and failure in these unexpected environments. Even better, a shape-shifting robot could learn the best body shape for different environments and adapt to new environments as it encounters them.
In collaboration with the University of Oslo, we have successfully tested this idea with a four-legged robot that adapts its body to walk on new surfaces as it sees them, performing better than a static-body robot. Our research is published in Nature Machine Intelligence.
A Shape-Shifting Quadruped
DyRET, the Dynamic Robot for Embodied Testing, or "the animal" in the Norwegian of its creator, Tønnes Nygaard, was designed to explore the idea of a shape-shifting robot. Each of DyRET's four legs has two telescopic sections, so that it can change the length of its thigh or shin bones. The adjustments are made by motors built into the legs and the lengths can be changed automatically while the robot is operating.
The motors can change the height of DyRET by around 20 percent, from 60cm to 73cm tall. That 13cm makes a dramatic difference to the robot's walk. With short legs, DyRET is stable but slow, with a low center of gravity. In its tallest mode, DyRET is more unstable while it walks but its stride is much longer, allowing it to travel faster and to step over obstacles.
DyRET also has sensors to keep track of what it's walking on. Each of DyRET's feet has a force sensor that can feel how hard the ground is. A 3D camera points at the ground between DyRET's front legs to estimate how rough the ground is.
Learning to Adapt
When DyRET is walking, it continuously senses the environment through its feet and 3D camera. When the robot detects a change in ground conditions, it can change to the best leg length. But how does the robot know what body shape works best?
We explored two ways for DyRET to learn the best leg configuration for different situations: a controlled environment, indoors with known surfaces, and a real-world test outside.
In our controlled tests, DyRET walked inside boxes about 5 meters long containing different walking surfaces: sand, gravel, and hard fiber-cement sheeting. The robot walked on each material in each of 25 different leg configurations to record the efficiency of its movement. Given this data, we tested the robot's ability to automatically sense a change in the walking surface within the boxes, and to choose the best body shape.
While our controlled experiments showed DyRET could adapt its body successfully to surfaces it had walked on before, the real world is a much more variable and unpredictable place. We showed this method could be extended to unseen terrain by estimating the best body-shape for any surface that the robot encounters.
In our outdoor experiments, DyRET used a machine learning model, seeded with knowledge about the best leg configuration for a given combination of terrain hardness and roughness taken from the controlled tests. As the robot walks, it continuously predicts the best body shape for the terrain as it encounters it, while updating its model with measurements of how well it can walk. In our experiments, DyRET's predictions improve as it walks, allowing it to quickly generate efficient movements, even for terrain it hasn't seen before.
Are Shape-Shifting Robots the Future?
DyRET explores the idea of "embodied cognition" in a robot: that is, that a robot's hardware body can be used to solve problems in collaboration with its software brain by tightly linking them to the environment. Instead of DyRET's body being a constraint on its movement, it is itself an adaptive way of solving problems in challenging environments.
This is incredibly beneficial, especially when we can't predict the exact environmental conditions beforehand, which makes picking a single "good" robot shape very challenging. Instead, these robots would adapt to a wide variety of environmental conditions through shape-change.
Our proof of concept has powerful implications for the future of robotic design, unlocking currently impossible environments that are very challenging and variable. Future shape-shifting robots might be used on the sea floor, or for long-term missions in space.
Image Credit: The Conversation


Can Soursop (Guanabana) Help Get Rid of Cancer?
A few years ago, I saw a tropical fruit called soursop, while watching a Japanese documentary TV program. They claim that the fruit is a cancer cure-all.
About three months ago, I saw another TV program explaining the cancer fighting ability of soursop. Finally, I am now surrounded with the soursop fruit, which is called guyabano in the Philippines.
Soursop has a scientific name of "Annona muricata". It is also commonly known as guanabana, graviola, and guyabano, in different countries.
Soursop is now gaining popularity around the world because of its economic uses. You can find it in big supermarkets, too.
Soursop originated in Mexico and is popular in Latin America including Jamaica, where it is more commonly known in its Spanish term guanabana. It can also be found in parts of Southeast Asia.
Soursop is called toge-ban-reishi in Japan, and is commonly sold as a substitute for yogurt since it tastes similarly to yogurt!
The soursop fruit has strong and pungent odor when crushed. Its spiky green skin is not edible.
Soursop can be eaten with a spoon after cutting the fruit in half. Do not eat the seeds. Spit them out, just like when you are eating a watermelon.
Soursop can also be made into juice for drinking especially when cooled in the refrigerator. You can also make a delicious frozen dessert made out of soursop.
According to some information I heard, the research for soursop as a cancer cure has been done since 1976. Amazingly, a certain chemical found in the fruit is 10,000 times more potent than Adriamycin, which is a drug commonly used in chemotherapy.
The soursop tree, its fruit, leaves, and bark, are miraculous natural cancer cell killers. Besides, soursop does not have the side effect of hair loss like in chemotherapy. That's the great thing about the soursop fruit in cancer treatment. It has no side effects at all unlike modern conventional medical treatments that are approved by government medical authorities.
Research shows that soursop extracts may be used to possibly eradicate cancer safely and effectively as an all-natural therapy that does not cause extreme nausea, weight loss and hair loss.
According to long-term studies, soursop can effectively eradicate almost 12 types of cancer cells, including breast, colon, lung, prostate, and pancreatic cancer. Studies also show that soursop extract treatment shows stronger reduction of cancer cells compared to chemotherapy. Chemicals extracted from the fruit do not harm cells other than the cancer cells. It only proves that soursop has no side effects at all.
According to historical studies, other parts of the soursop tree including the bark, leaves, roots, fruit, and seeds, have long been used as a medicine. Most local practitioners are using them for the treatment of diseases such as asthma, arthritis, common cold, heart diseases, and many others.
Now that you've learned the many health benefits of soursop, make it a habit to drink some soursop juice or tea for natural cancer prevention. Help your friends in need by recommending it to them. It tastes good and you can plant one in your garden, too.
If this miraculous cancer treatment is recognized by medical authorities, the future of the world would be brighter. However, some giant pharmaceutical companies are trying to ignore its efficacy to protect their profits from their cancer drugs. It is just like the PYRO-ENERGEN therapy...government medical authorities don't care to believe it!
If you are a cancer patient, why don't you try taking the soursop fruit as an alternative treatment for cancer? It is cheaper than any other conventional treatment you may know. Spread the word to help the world!


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Q: Display Wordpress posts in multiple rows based on count What I'm trying to achieve is displayed below.
What I'm trying to figure out is:

*

*How to take posts and loop through to put every three in it's own div with a class of "row"

*The more difficult problem I'm trying to solve is; If it's the first or third row, display the posts in a different layout as pictured.
If anyone has insight on how to loop through posts and put them all in rows that'd be quite helpful, and if you have insight on how to solve for the second issue, even more helpful.
I know I need to use a counter of sorts, but it seems like it's multiple counters on multiple loops.
Any insight will be appreciated. Thanks.

A: It sounds like you want the modulo operator. "%"
If you check the (rowcount % 3) you can have a structure of the three rows that repeats.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Trump-Putin Summit Success: Neocons Furious!
Presidents Trump and Putin have just concluded a press conference where although there remained some serious points of contention -- specifically, Iran -- both leaders agreed that their summit was a great start to restoring good relations between the US and Russia. The neocons -- on both the Left and Right -- are furious. Former CIA chief John Brennan called the meeting "treason." What are we to make of the meeting? Tune in to today's Liberty Report...
CIA Plots Iran Coup - Partners With Terrorist Group
The Iranian (People's Mojahedin) MeK had been on the US terrorism list for more than 15 years...until Secretary of State Hillary Clinton decided to remove them from the list in 2012. They've killed plenty of Americans, including high-ranking US military officers. Now the CIA, along with neoconservatives and many US politicians, has embraced the MeK as the best "democratic" alternative to Iran's current government. Did you know the "former" terrorist MeK paid current Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao $50,000 for a five minute speech in 2015? Crazy? Her husband is the Senate Majority Leader. In Washington that's money well-spent. The CIA's incredibly stupid plan for Iranian regime change in today's Liberty Report...
Wednesday July 4, 2018
What did the Founders really mean with their Declaration of Independence? Ron Paul offers an important history lesson on the origins of our independence and what may be its future in this special edition of the Liberty Report...
Compulsory Vaccination: Authoritarians Versus Parents?
Do you have a right to refuse medical treatment? To tell doctors what you do not want to be put into your body, even if "for your own good"? Or does the government have the authority to force you to accept treatment you find unnecessary or objectionable? A pediatrician in southern California has been put on medical probation and forced to go to a "re-education" center because he listened to the mother of a two-year-old who said her child had an adverse reaction to a vaccine and requested a waiver from future jabs. Is this America? Watch today's Liberty Report...
Resisting The Creeping Police State, With Special Guest John Whitehead
The police look like they are in a war zone. The NSA listens in to our phone calls and reads our text messages with the help of "private" telecommunications companies. The Bill of Rights is being gutted. Should we give up and accept the creeping police state? Hardly! Rutherford Institute president John W. Whitehead joins today's Liberty Report with important information on how we can fight back against the authoritarians who seek control over us. Also don't miss a special announcement in today's program: John Whitehead is joining our excellent line-up of speakers at our August 18th Peace and Prosperity Conference in Washington, DC!
The Oil Weapon Trump Tightens Iran Stranglehold
President Trump has informed Washington's allies that they must cease purchasing Iranian oil by November. He is also trying to force/intimidate European countries into joining, de facto, a return to prior US sanctions on Iran. The goal seems clear: push regime change in Iran through economic strangulation. The Europeans may well go along, but will Russia and China? Turkey? Tune in to today's Liberty Report...
Crowley's Shocking Loss! Is Socialism On The March?
In a stunning upset, 28 year old Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez unseated long-time incumbent Joe Crowley (D-NY) in yesterday's New York Democratic Party primary. Crowley has long been in tight with the financial establishment and most of his donations came from mega-corporations. His challenger was largely financed by small, individual donations. Ocasio-Cortez is a self-described socialist whose views on the Middle East seem to contrast with Crowley's strong pro-Israel position. Should we cheer this challenge to the status quo, or fear creeping socialism? Tune in to today's Liberty Report...
Sarah Sanders Booted From 'Red Hen' - What To Do About This Discrimination?
Many conservatives are furious that Trump Spokesperson Sarah Huckabee Sanders was booted from a Virginia restaurant for political reasons, citing "discrimination." But didn't they support the Supreme Court ruling in favor of the Colorado bakery that refused to bake a cake for a gay wedding? And liberals viewed the Sanders boot as "justice" while decrying the bakery issue. The hypocrisy seems to run deep, but is there another solution? Can free speech and property rights be a more consistent and logical approach? Tune in to today's Liberty Report...
'Game Over'? US Cuts Rebels Loose in Southwest Syria
The US government has warned its jihadist allies in southwest Syria that there would no US military rescue from their impending defeat by Syrian government forces. With one of the last pockets of ISIS and al-Qaeda cleaned out of Syria, though, what's the point of the US presence at all? Tune in to today's Liberty Report...
US Quits UN Human Rights Council - Should We Cheer?
US Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley said the US would leave the UN Human Rights Council because it was too biased against Israel and too resistant to reform. By "reform" she likely meant it would not sufficiently bow to US demands. American neocons have done an about-face when it comes to the UN -- they like it when it provides a fig-leaf for their interventionist policies. So should we cheer the US leaving the Council? Yes, but for very different reasons than the Nikki Haleys of the world are cheering. For more on why we should be cautious, tune in to today's Liberty Report...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: How to get a file list from a directory inside the linux kernel? I just saw there is a ROOT/directory before any rootfs (whether from initrd or form a disk)
I already know it do contains /rootand/devwith a mounted devtmpfs (if CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNTis selected).
But I wasn't able to find if there are other directories and which they are.
So the point is to insert code atinit/do_mounts.cbefore the line 403 for printk a list to the screen.
The problem is I don't know how to use the struct direent for getting a directory list for the oldreaddir()(int readdir(unsigned int fd, struct dirent *dirp, unsigned int count);)

A: You can open files from kernel space with filp_open().
You want to use the function iterate_dir().
You'll have to define a struct dir_context (include/linux/fs.h) and provide some sort of filldir function (maybe something like adding entries to a list).

A: I wasn't able to find any other examples how to do this, so here's my code:
typedef int (*readdir_t)(void *, const char *, int, loff_t, u64, unsigned);

#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3, 11, 0))
struct callback_context {
    struct dir_context ctx;
    readdir_t filler;
    void* context;
};

int iterate_dir_callback(struct dir_context *ctx, const char *name, int namlen,
        loff_t offset, u64 ino, unsigned int d_type)
{
    struct callback_context *buf = container_of(ctx, struct callback_context, ctx);
    return buf->filler(buf->context, name, namlen, offset, ino, d_type);
}
#endif

int readdir(const char* path, readdir_t filler, void* context)
{
    int res;
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3, 11, 0))
    struct callback_context buf = {
        .ctx.actor = (filldir_t)iterate_dir_callback,
        .context = context,
        .filler = filler
    };
#endif

    struct file* dir  = filp_open(path, O_DIRECTORY, S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);
    if(!IS_ERR(dir))
    {

#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3, 11, 0))
        res = iterate_dir(dir, &buf.ctx);
#else
        res = vfs_readdir(dir, filler, context);
#endif
        filp_close(dir, NULL);
    }
    else res = (int)PTR_ERR(dir);
    return res;
}

To use it, define your callback and call readdir:
int filldir_callback(void* data, const char *name, int namlen,
        loff_t offset, u64 ino, unsigned int d_type)
{
    printk(KERN_NOTICE "file: %.*s type: %d\n", namlen, name, d_type);
    if(d_type == DT_DIR) ; // do sth with your subdirs
    return 0;
}

readdir("/etc", filldir_callback, (void*)123);


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New Executive Director of the PLWH Network
Anastasia Deeva became a winner of the competition for the position of the Network's executive director.
On March 6 the Coordinating Council of the Network of PLWH, the governing body of the organization, approved the decision of the competition commission.
Fifty-two applicants took part in the competition to fill the director's post of the largest patients' organization. Five candidates were invited for interviews. The selection was conducted by the competitive commission which included representatives of the Supervisory Board, the Coordinating Council and the Board of Directors of the All-Ukrainian Network of PLWH, as well as invited representatives of the UNAIDS office in Ukraine and the National Council on Countering Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.
"They are fantastic candidates. Today each of them can already strengthen the Network! The fact that we need to select only one person complicates the task of the commission very much. As a result of very tight competition, Anastasia Deeva scored the most points. We are glad to welcome an ambitious, talented and motivated leader in our team," said the head of the Network of PLWH Dmytro Sherembey.
He also noted the organization's immediate goals:
The new policy in the area of health financing
The new policy of NGOs financing by the state and donors.
Stop the epidemic of HIV, Tuberculosis and Hepatitis C.
Set a new standard for the quality of NGO work, become an international organization and achieve financial independence.
"I do not know whether to congratulate Anastasia or wish to have patience and courage for such large-scale tasks. But I am very glad that she became a part of our great team!" Sherembey underlined.
Anastasia Deeva has five-year experience in administration, project management and GR. From June 2016, Anastasia served as the project advisor for law enforcement reform in Ukraine, and from November 2016 to December 2017, she was the Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs on European Integration.
Anastasia Deeva coordinated activities of the MIF in the field of European integration, and she was engaged in fundraising the reform of the law enforcement system. Together with the project office, Anastasia developed and implemented a comprehensive gender strategy of the MIF and initiated a reform of the decentralization of the fire protection service.
Since the beginning of the law enforcement reform, for three years, the level of public confidence in law enforcement agencies has increased from 5% to 53%.
Anastasia Deeva holds a master's degree in political science from the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, diplomas of the Kyiv-Mohyla Business School and the Clingendael Institute (The Hague, Netherlands) in management.
E-Health will have a Steering Committee
On May 26, 2017, during the working meeting between representatives of the E-Health...
«100% LIFE» continues to develop HIV innovations
One of the fundamental tasks for the Ukrainian healthcare system today is the detection...
Network welcomes Medycle Day!
All-Ukrainian Network of PLWH congratulates all physicians on the Doctors' Day! Being a...


2018 Annual Auction - The Auction chairs are looking for parents to coordinate a class project for their classroom. This project will be auctioned during the event on April 14. A meeting will be held to go over expectations and guidelines as well as help parents with ideas. If you are interested please contact Tina Fields at .
Host the cross and pray during the week, for the gift of sisters, brothers, priests and deacons as well as an increase in holy vocations. Your family or child will receive the cross in Mass on Wednesday, and return it to the office on Tuesday.
If you are interested in hosting the Cross for Vocations in your home please click HERE.
The lunchroom is always in need of volunteers. Each family is required to preside in the lunchroom (11:15am-1:00pm) at least twice during the 2017-2018 School Year. Time presiding counts toward the 25-hour parent service program requirement. All lunchroom volunteers must complete Safe Environment training and have a certificate of completion on file with the school. Second quarter signups are now available HERE. Thank you for signing up to volunteer in our lunchroom!


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George Campbell est porté par les personnes suivantes :
 George Campbell (1719-1796), théologien écossais ;
 George Campbell (1759-1821), officier de la Royal Navy ;
 George Campbell (1768-1839),  d'Argyll, homme politique écossais ;
 George W. Campbell (1769-1848), homme d'État américain ;
 George Campbell (1823-1900),  d'Argyll, homme politique britannique ;
 George Campbell (1824-1892), lieutenant gouverneur britannique du Bengale ;
 George Ashley Campbell (1870-1954), ingénieur électricien américain (ATT) ;
 George Campbell (1872-1924), joueur de rugby à XV international écossais ;
 George Campbell (1878-1972), joueur de crosse international canadien ;
 George Campbell Scott (1927-1999), acteur, réalisateur et producteur américain ;
 George Campbell (2001- ), joueur de soccer américain.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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HomeOffice / Retail Space
Coworking spaces in Singapore tripled since 2015 to 3.7m sq ft: Colliers
Coworking spaces now take up 3.7 million square feet (sq ft) in net lettable area (NLA) of Singapore's commercial space, tripling from 1.2 million sq ft in 2015 to become one of the top six occupier sectors, said Colliers International.
The top occupier sector in the Singapore CBD (central business district) Grade A office space are financial services, followed by professional services, technology, media and telecommunications, resources, energy and commodities, consumer, then flexible workspace.
Colliers' research projects the NLA for flexible workspaces to grow by 24 per cent in 2019, driven by demand from multinational corporations on top of new start-ups. The sector has also seen a 36 per cent growth in compound annual growth rate by NLA.
That being said, pace of growth might slow to 15 per cent due to a higher base and tighter vacancies, the real estate firm said in a report out on Tuesday.
Flexible workspaces now account for 5 per cent of Central Business District (CBD) Premium and Grade A offices, said the report.
In terms of distribution, 83 per cent of flexible workspace resides in the CBD, 12 per cent in the city fringe and 5 per cent in the suburban area.
Within the CBD, 52 per cent of coworking spaces are located in Raffles Place or New Downtown, followed by 22 per cent at Shenton Way or Tanjong Pagar. City Hall takes up 16 per cent of the distribution, while Orchard Road takes up 7 per cent and Beach Road and Bugis takes up 3 per cent.
When it comes to market share, the leading coworking operator in Singapore is WeWork which holds a 22 per cent share of the pie or 850,000 sq ft in portfolio size.
Next is IWG at 16.6 per cent with 640,000 sq ft, followed by JustGroup at 12.8 per cent and 498,000 sq ft.
After consolidation in the sector, the top seven operators now hold 65 per cent of the market share, with the top three – WeWork, IWG, and JustGroup – sitting on 51 per cent of the space.
Colliers said bigger operators have been scaling up their portfolios aggressively, while some of the smaller operators with no economies of scale were either acquired or squeezed out. Based on its research, most of the closures came from small-sized, single-space operators, with an average floor space of 7,500 sq ft.
Colliers' head of research Tricia Song said Singapore is considered "one of the most mature" markets in Asia for flexible workspace. She added: "We believe it will continue to advance and expand, given the still-low penetration rate of 5 per cent."
Due to the competitive landscape, average desk cost fell 12 per cent to US$573 per month, from a year ago. Colliers added that desk rates could also decline further, with lower space allocation per desk to maintain margins. This is due to a trend seen in London which is regarded as the most mature flexible market in the world.
To expand, operators may also expand into fringe areas of the retail or hotel space due to tight vacancy in the CBD.
Continued consolidation is expected in the industry through continued collaboration between landlords and flexible workspace operations; as well as mergers and acquisitions among smaller operators, or international operators looking to enter new markets.
The outlook on the sector would also "change significantly" should conventional landlords launch their own coworking products and enter the market as opposed to offering long-term leases to established operators.
WeWork concerns seeping into Singapore office Reits: Credit Suisse
Tech unicorn makes rainbow connection at co-working space here
Lendlease joins growing trend of developers running co-working spaces


text:
Paul-Werner Scheele (6 de abril de 1928 - 10 de maio de 2019) foi um prelado e teólogo católico alemão. Nascido em Olpe, Scheele foi ordenado ao sacerdócio em 1952 e nomeado Bispo Auxiliar de Paderborn em 1975. Em 1979, ele tornou-se bispo de Würzburg, servindo até à sua aposentadoria em 2003.

Scheele morreu no dia 10 de maio de 2019 em Würzburg, com 91 anos de idade.

Bispos da Alemanha


Cromwell Museum can be found in the heart of the Cromwell Mall. It is open seven days a week from 10am – 4pm on week days and 11 - 3pm on weekends. It is closed on Christmas Day and Easter Friday and is Council owned but under the care of the Cromwell Museum Trust. The personnel helping are volunteers and bring a wide range of attributes and a wealth of information to the museum.
The Museum does not charge for entry but a gold coin donation is appreciated to help in the maintenance and developing new exhibitions.
In 2016 the Museum was subject to a makeover by the Choice TV programme, Heritage Rescue.
The collections held by the museum have been built up over the years by donations and are of huge importance to the Cromwell township and surrounding area. Of particular interest to visitors and locals alike is the flooding of the Old Cromwell Town and surrounding orchards as part of the process of forming Lake Dunstan and the building the Clyde Dam.
The archaeological material and photographs are of national importance because the area has been subject of intensive archaeological investigation and research on both prehistoric and historic sites.
Tour groups including school groups, are welcome and encouraged at the museum but it is important that they be pre-arranged so that the appropriate number of volunteers are available to ensure the experience is the best it can be for all.
The Cromwell Museum has a research room and for a nominal fee museum staff are able to help with most research requests.


text:
Home> Mac
The 2013 MacBook Air Review (13-inch)
by Anand Lal Shimpi on June 24, 2013 12:01 AM EST
Introduction The CPUs CPU Performance The GPU: Intel HD 5000 (Haswell GT3) More GPU Performance Numbers Absolutely Insane Battery Life A Custom Form Factor PCIe SSD PCIe SSD Performance 802.11ac: 533Mbps Over WiFi Real World 802.11ac Performance Under OS X Display Final Words
Things didn't go exactly as I'd expected at WWDC. I spent the week before the show at Computex, talking to PC OEMs, who had all just launched their Haswell ULT based Ultrabooks. With a couple of exceptions however, the bulk of Haswell ULT systems weren't scheduled to ship until later this year. Even the Acer S7 I snagged while in Taipei was still a pre-production unit, with final hardware due out in the next month. Based on what I saw in Taiwan, and Intel having seeded me an Iris Pro machine the week before, I assumed that the MacBook Pro with Retina Display is what would get the Haswell treatment first. Obviously, that didn't happen.
In hindsight, the move makes sense. Apple will sell far more MacBook Airs than rMBPs. The Apple/Intel relationship is looking very healthy these days, so it's also not surprising that it would have supply and early enough access to Haswell ULT to launch the MBAs at WWDC with almost immediate availability. The Haswell ULT shift didn't require a new chassis for Apple, which meant a less complex development process.
From the outside, the new MacBook Air looks nearly identical to its predecessor. There's a second mic opening on the left side of the machine now, but otherwise you'd be hard pressed to tell this year's model apart from the previous generation. Internally, nearly everything has changed.
The battery is higher capacity, with no increase in weight. Making better use of that larger battery is Intel's new Haswell ULT silicon. Since we're talking about a ULT part, the PCH moves from the motherboard to the CPU package - creating an emptier motherboard than we've seen in previous years:
The 2013 13-inch MacBook Air Motherboard, Courtesy iFixit
It's clear to me that the MBA is due for a more significant redesign, but this is not the year for that.
Alongside Haswell comes a brand new PCIe SSD, 802.11ac support and LPDDR3 memory. All at a price equal to, if not less than last year's models:
2013 MacBook Air Lineup
11.6-inch 11.6-inch (high-end) 13.3-inch 13.3-inch (high-end)
H: 0.11-0.68" (0.3-1.7cm)
W: 11.8" (30cm)
D: 7.56" (19.2cm)
W: 12.8" (32.5cm)
Weight 2.38 lbs (1.08kg) 2.96 lbs (1.35kg)
CPU 1.3GHz dual-core Core i5 1.3GHz dual-core Core i5
GPU Intel HD 5000
RAM 4GB LPDDR3-1600
SSD 128GB PCIe SSD 256GB PCIe SSD 128GB PCIe SSD 256GB PCIe SSD
Display Resolution 1366 x 768 1440 x 900
Ports Thunderbolt, 2x USB 3.0, headphone jack Thunderbolt, 2x USB 3.0, SD card slot, headphone jack
Networking 2x2:2 802.11ac 2x2:2 802.11ac
Battery 38 Wh 54 Wh
Price $999 $1199 $1099 $1299
We've been over the MacBook Air chassis thoroughly in the past so I won't go through it again here. Build quality remains excellent. The clickpad and backlit keyboard never give me any troubles either. It's sad that we're still having clickpad issues elsewhere in ultraportables but this is one area where Apple's vertically integrated advantage is apparent (as is the company's willingness to spend a little extra on even the little details).
The only thing that hasn't changed, that perhaps should have is the display. The MacBook Air retains the same 1366 x 768/1440 x 900 panels from last year, while much of the competition has moved to at least 1080p IPS in the 13.3-inch form factor. This year at Computex we saw a number of systems move to 2560 x 1440 13.3-inch panels, at least as an option, however I'm expecting those systems to be priced more in line with the 13-inch rMBP rather than the MacBook Air. Admittedly, I don't know the right solution here.Ultra high resolution panels drive cost and power consumption up, the latter which can be offset by going to a larger battery - but then you have a 13-inch rMBP. Perhaps the right move for the MacBook Air would be for Apple to move to IPS panels at least? Or maybe we see a merger of the 13-inch MBA/rMBP, and something new entirely replace the 11-inch model.
The CPUs Introduction The CPUs CPU Performance The GPU: Intel HD 5000 (Haswell GT3) More GPU Performance Numbers Absolutely Insane Battery Life A Custom Form Factor PCIe SSD PCIe SSD Performance 802.11ac: 533Mbps Over WiFi Real World 802.11ac Performance Under OS X Display Final Words
Stofken - Monday, November 25, 2013 - link
Resolution is even lower on the rMBP 13, 1280x800px. Come on, really? You can call this Pro without blushing? Yes, those 800 pixels are cristal sharp, but still only 800, on a premium priced notebook!
appliance5000 - Friday, December 20, 2013 - link
It's a good looking screen.
It's pro in the sense that it can do heavy graphics editing without a hiccup (I have a fully tricked out 11") and seems to be magnitudes more powerful than my first gen mac pro tower. It pretty effing pro.
It's a powerful computer.
jose.colter - Wednesday, November 18, 2015 - link
Nice writing , I was enlightened by the information , Does anyone know where my company can get a template 2013 IRS 1099-PATR example to complete ?


text:
15 hours 54 sec ago.
Heather Murren "very seriously considering" CD3
UPDATED, 9/18/15, 8:30 AM: Murren would have to switch her registration to be Prince Harry's CD3 savior. She's a nonpartsian and records show she hasn't voted in aprimary in almost a decade. (Those judges shoul;d run anyhow!)
Laxalt to Planned Parenthood: Tell me what kind of practices you engage in
In the wake of those controversial videos showing conversations about fetal tissue after abortions, Nevada Attorney General Adam Laxalt has sent a letter to the Nevada chapter seeking information on the group's practices. The letter is careful not to accuse the local chapter of anything and acknowledges that its website indicates the Nevada organization supplies only abortion pills and therefore would not have any fetal tissue to sell.
State GOP chairman hired at six-figure job by state treasurer
State Republican Party Chairman Michael McDonald, who essentially has bankrupted the GOP and who is involved in a murky financial deal involving a charity, has been working at a six-figure job created for him by st
Gansert's silence on tax increase is bizarre, ridiculous and unsustainable
UPDATED, 6:15 AM, 9/17/15: Here is an email I received Wednesday night from Heidi Gansert:
Legislative counsel to Clark County: You can't slow down Uber
The cabs have hired lobbyists (again), and some commissioners think they can slow Uber through the business licensing process. But, Legislative Counsel Brenda Erdoes says, you can't. Check out her opinion below, requested by Uber backer Michael Roberson, that says the county can't put any special requirements on transportation network companies.
Lawsuit filed against group trying to repeal tax increase
The Coalition for Nevada's Future, the group expected to be funded by gaming and other interests to fight the effort to repeal the tax increase passed this year, filed suit today seeking to short-circuit the would-be repeal campaign.
Lawsuit: Tax law has too many taxes, so it is unconstitutional
A new lawsuit filed by three members of the Assembly and their Citizen Outhouse adviser seeks to declare the new tax bill invalid before it can be repealed. Oh, yes: I'm serious.
Senate hopeful Catherine Cortez Masto really, really doesn't want to say anything about the Iran deal
Many have tried to find out where U.S. Senate candidate Catherine Cortez Masto stands on the Iran deal, which her opponent, Rep. Joe Heck, opposes. I have tried, most recently as a week ago and got this from her campaign: "Still reviewing the agreement."
Facts vs. demagoguery: A glimpse of the fight ahead on the tax repeal
The secretary of state's office on Wednesday posted a fiscal analysis of the tax repeal petition showing (see spreadsheet below) the $667 million in revenue that would be lost if it passes.
Fiore continues to explore CD3
Michele of the Thousand Gaffes and Tax Liens Fiore was in Washington, DC, this morning, making her case for Congress to Grover Norquist's "Wednesday meeting" at Americans for Tax Reform headquarters, sources confirm. The meeting, which has been going on for decades, gives candidates a chance to show their wares to an influential conservative audience.


text:
Småskolelärarinneseminariet i Lund var en läroanstalt i Lund.

Småskolelärarinneseminariet i Lund inrättades 1881 av Malmöhus läns landsting som en lärarutbildningsanstalt för kvinnor. I januari 1882 skrevs de första eleverna in i de hyrda lokalerna i kvarteret Hyphoffslyckan 2, som ligger där Skissernas museums entrédelar ligger idag. Denna fastighet köptes in 1885 och 1892 uppfördes på den likaledes (1889) inköpta granntomten på Finngatan en gymnastiksalsbyggnad, som förutom gymnastiksal också innehöll ett par bostadsrum i den västra delen. Denna byggnad blev 1941 den första reguljära utställningslokalen för Arkiv för dekorativ konst, nuvarande Skissernas museum. Byggnaden används idag som en stor utställningslokal, Internationella salen.

I hörnet Finngatan/Sölvegatan, kvarteret Bispen 12, uppfördes 1921 ett nytt skolhus, ritat av Carl Andrén. Huset hade fyra skolsalar, ett stort skolkök i källaren och några bostadsrum, och hade kaminer och kakelugnar för uppvärmning.

Efter det att staten 1931 övertagit hela ansvaret för lärarutbildning, lades seminariet i Lund ned 1934 och själva skolhuset köptes av Fredrik Böök, som 1936 sålde det vidare till Lunds universitet. Det tidigare skolhuset blev lokaler för Institutionen för statistik och matematik, medan det tidigare gymnastikhuset 1938 överläts till Institutionen för konsthistoria för att bli museilokal. Omkring 1970 hade Arkiv för dekorativ konst tagit över också hela det tidigare skolhuset.

Se även
Småskoleseminarium
Folkskoleseminarium

Källor
Bispen 12 på bevaringsprogram.lund.se

Noter

Lärarutbildning
Utbildning i Lund
Byggnader i Lunds kommun
Sveriges utbildningshistoria
Ej längre existerande skolor i Sverige


text:
Title: Language planning
Subject: Sociolinguistics, Language reform, Perceptual dialectology, Spelling reform, Language policy
Collection: Applied Linguistics, Interlinguistics, Language Policy, Language Regulators, Language Varieties and Styles, Linguistic Rights, Sociolinguistics
This article is about the field of language planning and policy. See Constructed language for details on the creation of planned or artificial languages.
Language planning is a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure, or acquisition of communication. Planning or improving effective communication can also lead to other social changes such as language shift or assimilation, thereby providing another motivation to plan the structure, function and acquisition of languages.[2]
Language engineering involves the creation of natural language processing systems whose cost and outputs are measurable and predictable as well as establishment of language regulators, such as formal or informal agencies, committees, societies or academies as language regulators to design or develop new structures to meet contemporary needs.[3] It is a distinct field contrasted to natural language processing and computational linguistics.[4] A recent trend of language engineering is the use of Semantic Web technologies for the creation, archival, processing, and retrieval of machine processable language data.[5]
Language planning and language ideology 1
Language planning goals 2
Types of language planning 3
Status planning 3.1
Language status 3.1.1
Corpus planning 3.2
Graphization 3.2.1
Standardization 3.2.2
Modernization 3.2.3
Acquisition planning 3.3
The education sector 3.3.1
Problems 3.3.2
Multilingualism 3.3.3
Non-governmental organizations 3.3.4
Ireland 3.3.5
Case study: Quechua in Peru 4
Further reading 7
Relevant journals 8
Language planning and language ideology
Four overarching language ideologies motivate decision making in language planning.[2] The first, linguistic assimilation, is the belief that every member of a society, irrespective of his native language, should learn and use the dominant language of the society in which he or she lives. A quintessential example is the English-only movement in the United States. Linguistic assimilation stands in direct contrast to the second ideology, linguistic pluralism - the recognition and support of multiple languages within one society. Examples include the coexistence of French, German, Italian, and Romansh in Switzerland and the shared status of English, Malay, Tamil, and Mandarin Chinese in Singapore. The coexistence of many languages may not necessarily arise from a conscious language ideology, but rather from the efficiency in communication of a common language. The third ideology, vernacularization, denotes the restoration and development of an indigenous language along with its adoption by the state as an official language. Examples include Hebrew in the state of Israel and Quechua in Peru. The final ideology, internationalization, is the adoption of a non-indigenous language of wider communication as an official language or in a particular domain, such as the use of English in Singapore, India, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.
Language planning goals
Eleven Language Planning Goals have been recognized (Nahir 2003):[6]
Language Purification – prescription of usage in order to preserve the "linguistic purity" of language, protect language from foreign influences, and guard against language deviation from within
Language Revival – the attempt to turn a language with few or no surviving native speakers back into a normal means of communication[7]
Language Reform – deliberate change in specific aspects of language, like orthography, spelling, or grammar, in order to facilitate use
Language Standardization – the attempt to garner prestige for a regional language or dialect, transforming it into one that is accepted as the major language, or standard language, of a region
Language Spread – the attempt to increase the number of speakers of one language at the expense of another
Lexical Modernization – word creation or adaptation
Terminology Unification – development of unified terminologies, primarily in technical domains
Stylistic Simplification – simplification of language usage in lexicon, grammar, and style. That includes modifying the use of language in social and formal contexts.
Interlingual Communication – facilitation of linguistic communication between members of distinct speech communities
Language Maintenance – preservation of the use of a group's native language as a first or second language where pressures threaten or cause a decline in the status of the language
Auxiliary-Code Standardization – standardization of marginal, auxiliary aspects of language such as signs for the deaf, place names, or rules of transliteration and transcription
Types of language planning
Language planning has been divided into three types:
Status planning
Status planning is the allocation or reallocation of a language or variety to functional domains within a society, thus affecting the status, or standing, of a language.
Language status
Language status is a concept distinct from, though intertwined with, language prestige and language function. Strictly speaking, language status is the position or standing of a language vis-à-vis other languages.[8] A language garners status according to the fulfillment of four attributes, described in the same year, 1968, by two different authors, Heinz Kloss and William Stewart. Both Kloss and Stewart stipulated four qualities of a language that determine its status. While Kloss and Stewart's respective frameworks differ slightly, they emphasize four common attributes:
Language origin – whether a given language is indigenous or imported to the speech community
Degree of standardization – the extent of development of a formal set of norms that define 'correct' usage
Juridical status
Sole official language (e.g. French in France and Turkish in Turkey)
Joint official language (e.g. English and Afrikaans in South Africa; French, German, Italian and Romansh in Switzerland)
Regional official language (e.g. Igbo in Nigeria; Marathi in Maharastra, India)
Promoted language – lacks official status on a national or regional level but is promoted and sometimes used by public authorities for specific functions (e.g. Spanish in New Mexico; West African Pidgin English in Cameroon)
Tolerated language – neither promoted nor proscribed; acknowledged but ignored (e.g. Native American languages in the United States)
Proscribed language – discouraged by official sanction or restriction (e.g. Galician, Basque and Catalan during Francisco Franco's regime in Spain; Macedonian in Greece)[9]
Vitality – the ratio, or percent, of users of a language to another variable, like the total population.[2] Kloss and Stewart both distinguish six classes of statistical distribution. However, they draw the line between classes at different percentages. According to Kloss, the first class, the highest level of vitality, is demarcated by 90% or more speakers. The five remaining classes in decreasing order are 70-89%, 40-69%, 20-39%, 3-19% and less than 3%. According to Stewart, on the other hand, the six classes are determined by the following percentages: 75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, and less than 5%.
Together, origin, degree of standardization, juridical status, and vitality dictate a language's status.
William Stewart outlines ten functional domains in language planning:[10]
Official - An official language "function[s] as a legally appropriate language for all politically and culturally representative purposes on a nationwide basis."[10] Often, the official function of a language is specified in a constitution.
Provincial - A provincial language functions as an official language for a geographic area smaller than a nation, typically a province or region (e.g. French in Quebec)[11]
Wider communication - A language of wider communication is a language that may be official or provincial, but more importantly, functions as a medium of communication across language boundaries within a nation (e.g. Hindi in India; Swahili language in East Africa)[11]
International - An international language functions as a medium of communication across national boundaries (e.g. English)[11]
Capital - A capital language functions as a prominent language in and around a national capital (e.g. Dutch and French in Brussels)[11]
Group - A group language functions as a conventional language among the members of a single cultural or ethnic group (e.g. Hebrew amongst the Jews)[11]
Educational - An educational language functions as a medium of instruction in primary and secondary schools on a regional or national basis (Urdu in West Pakistan and Bengali in East Pakistan)[11]
School subject - A school subject language is a language that is taught as a subject in secondary school or higher education (e.g. Latin and Ancient Greek in English schools)[11]
Literary - A literary language functions as a language for literary or scholarly purposes (Ancient Greek)[11]
Religious - A religious language functions as a language for the ritual purposes of a particular religion (e.g. Latin for the Latin Rite within the Roman Catholic Church; Arabic for the reading of the Qur'an)[11]
Robert Cooper, in reviewing Stewart's list, makes several additions. First, he creates three sub-types of official functions: statutory, working, and symbolic.[11] A statutory language is a language that a government has declared official by law. A working language is a language that a government uses as a medium for daily activities, and a symbolic language is a language that is merely a symbol of the state. Cooper also adds two functional domains to Stewart's list: mass media and work.
Corpus planning
Corpus planning refers to the prescriptive intervention in the forms of a language, whereby planning decisions are made to engineer changes in the structure of the language.[12] Corpus planning activities often arise as the result of beliefs about the adequacy of the form of a language to serve desired functions.[13] Unlike status planning, which is primarily undertaken by administrators and politicians, corpus planning generally involves planners with greater linguistic expertise.[12] There are three traditionally recognized types of corpus planning: graphization, standardization, and modernization.
Graphization
Graphization refers to development, selection and modification of scripts and orthographic conventions for a language.[14] The use of writing in a speech community can have lasting sociocultural effects, which include easier transmission of material through generations, communication with larger numbers of people, and a standard against which varieties of spoken language are often compared.[15] Linguist Charles A. Ferguson made two key observations about the results of adopting a writing system. First, the use of writing adds another variety of the language to the community's repertory. Although written language is often viewed as secondary to spoken language, the vocabulary, grammatical structures and phonological structures of a language often adopt characteristics in the written form that are distinct from the spoken variety. Second, the use of writing often leads to a folk belief that the written language is the 'real' language, and speech is a corruption of it. Written language is viewed as more conservative, while the spoken variety is more susceptible to language change. However, this view ignores the possibility that isolated relic areas of the language may be less innovative than the written form or the written language may have been based on a divergent variety of the spoken language.[15]
In establishing a writing system for a language, corpus planners have the option of using an existing system or inventing a new one. The Ainu of Japan chose to adopt the Japanese language's katakana syllabary as the writing system for the Ainu language. Katakana is designed for a language with a basic CV syllable structure, but Ainu contains many CVC syllables that cannot easily be adapted to this syllabary. As a result, Ainu uses a modified katakana system, in which syllable-final codas are consonants by a subscript version of a katakana symbol that begins with the desired consonant.[14] An example on an invented script includes the development of the Armenian script in 405 AD by St. Mesrop Mashtots. Though the script was modeled after the Greek alphabet, the original script distinguished Armenian from the Greek and Syriac alphabets of the neighboring peoples.[11]
The process of Standardization often involves one variety of a language taking precedence over other social and regional dialects of a language.[16] Another approach is introducing a poly-phonemic written form that is intended to represent all dialects of a language adequately but with no standard spoken form where the dialects, are on the whole, mutually intelligible. If one variety of a language is chosen that variety comes to be understood as supra-dialectal and the 'best' form of the language.[15] The choice of which language takes precedence has important societal consequences, as it confers privilege upon speakers whose spoken and written dialect conforms closest to the chosen standard.[17] The standard that is chosen as the norm is generally spoken by the most powerful social group within the society, and is imposed upon the less powerful groups as the form to emulate. This often reinforces the dominance of the powerful social group and makes the standard norm necessary for socioeconomic mobility.[12] In practice, standardization generally entails increasing the uniformity of the norm, as well as the codification of the norm.[15]
The history of English provides an example of standardization occurring over an extended time period, without formally recognized language planning. The standardization process began when William Caxton introduced the printing press in England in 1476. This was accompanied by the adoption of the south-east Midlands variety of English, spoken in London, as the print language. Because of the dialect's use for administrative and literary purposes, this variety became entrenched as the prestigious variety of English. After the creation of grammars and dictionaries in the 18th century, the rise of print capitalism, industrialization, urbanization, and mass education led to the dissemination of this dialect as the standard norm for the English language.
Modernization is a form of language planning that occurs when a language needs to expand its resources to meet functions. Modernization often occurs when a language undergoes a shift in status, such as when a country gains independence from a colonial power or when there is a change in the language education policy.[16] The most significant force in modernization is the expansion of the lexicon, which allows the language to discuss topics in modern semantic domains. Language planners generally focus on creating new lists and glossaries to describe new technical terms, but it is also necessary to ensure that the new terms are consistently used by the appropriate sectors within society. While some languages such as Japanese and Hungarian have experienced rapid lexical expansion to meet the demands of modernization, other languages such as Hindi and Arabic have failed to do so.[15] Rapid lexical expansion is aided by the use of new terms in textbooks and professional publications, as well as frequent use among specialists. Issues of linguistic purism often play a significant role in lexical expansion, but technical vocabulary can be effective within a language, regardless of whether it comes from the language's own process of word formation or from heavy borrowing from another language.[15] While Hungarian has almost exclusively used language-internal processes to create new lexical items, Japanese has borrowed extensively from English to derive new words as part of its modernization.
Acquisition planning
Acquisition planning is a type of language planning in which a national, state or local government system aims to influence aspects of language, such as language status, distribution and literacy through education. Acquisition planning can also be used by non-governmental organizations, but it is more commonly associated with government planning.[18]
Frequently, acquisition planning is integrated into a larger language planning process in which the statuses of languages are evaluated, corpuses are revised and the changes are finally introduced to society on a national, state or local level through education systems, ranging from primary schools to universities.[19] This process of change can entail a variety of modifications, such as an alteration in student textbook formatting, a change in methods of teaching an official language or the development of a bilingual language program, only to name a few. For example, if a government decides to raise the status level of a certain language or change its level of prestige, it can establish a law that requires teachers to teach only in this language or that textbooks are written using only this language's script. This, in turn, would support the elevation of the language's status or could increase its prestige. In this way, acquisition planning is often used to promote language revitalization, which can change a language's status or reverse a language shift, or to promote linguistic purism.[20] In a case where a government revises a corpus, new dictionaries and educational materials will need to be revised in schools in order to maintain effective language acquisition.
The education sector
The education ministry or education sector of government is typically in charge of making national language acquisition decisions based on state and local evaluation reports. The responsibilities of education sectors vary by country; Robert B. Kaplan and Richard B. Baldauf describe the sectors' six principal goals:[1]
To decide what languages should be taught within the curriculum.
To determine the amount and quality of teacher training.
To involve local communities.
To determine what materials will be used and how they will be incorporated into syllabi.
To establish a local and state assessment system to monitor progress.
To determine financial costs.
Although acquisition planning can be useful to governments, there are several problems that must be considered.[21] Even with a solid evaluation and assessment system, the effects of planning methods can never be certain; governments must consider the effects on other aspects of state planning, such as economic and political planning. Some proposed acquisition changes could also be too drastic or instituted too suddenly without proper planning and organization. Acquisition planning can also be financially draining, so adequate planning and awareness of financial resources is essential. It is important therefore that government goals, such as those described above, be organized and planned carefully.[21]
There is also a growing concern over the treatment of multilingualism in education, especially in many countries that were once colonized.[22] Deciding on which language of instruction would be most beneficial to effective communication on the local and state level is a task requiring thoughtful planning and is surrounded by debate. Some states prefer instruction only in the official language, but some aim to foster linguistic and thus social diversity by encouraging teaching in several (native) languages. One reason some states prefer a single language of instruction is that it supports national unity and homogeneity.[23] Some states prefer incorporating different languages in order to help students learn better by giving them diverse perspectives.
In addition to the education sector, there are non-governmental sectors or organizations that have a significant impact on language acquisition, such as the Académie française of France or the Real Academia Española of Spain.[1] These organizations often create their own dictionaries and grammar books, thus affecting the materials students are exposed to in schools. Although these organizations do not hold official power, they influence government planning decisions, such as with educational materials, effecting acquisition.[1]
Before the partition of Ireland, a movement began which aimed at the restoration of the Irish, as the nation's primary language, predicated on a widespread sentiment for Irish nationalism and cultural identity.[24] For over a millennium in Ireland, Irish had competed with English and Scots, but not until the Irish War of Independence did the movement gain momentum. The Gaelic League was soon created to promote the acquisition of Irish in schools, thus "de-Anglicizing" Ireland.[24] Immediately after Ireland's independence in 1922, the League declared that Irish must be the language of instruction for at least one hour in primary schools nationwide. Irish-speaking teachers were recruited and preparatory colleges were established to train them.
The program implementation however, was mostly left to the individual schools, which did not consistently adhere to the program's rules. Additionally, educating a generation is a long process for which the League was not prepared. There was no consensus as to how Irish should be reinstituted and system assessment plan to monitor progress and the people's desires was lacking. As a result, the movement lost strength and English remains the nation's second official language and most spoken first language, leading to the failure (to date) of Ireland's attempt at language revitalization.[25]
Case study: Quechua in Peru
Peru's history of language planning begins in the 16th century with Spanish colonization. When the Spanish first arrived in Peru, Quechua served as a language of wider communication, a lingua franca, between Spaniards and Peruvian natives. As the years passed, Spaniards asserted the superiority of the Spanish language; as a result, Spanish gained prestige, taking over as a language of wider communication and the dominant language of Peru.[26] In 1975, under the leadership of President Juan Velasco Alvarado, the revolutionary government of Peru declared Quechua an official language of the Peruvian state, "coequal with Spanish."[27] Four years later, the law was reversed.[26] Peru's 1979 constitution declares Spanish the only official language of the state; Quechua and Aymara are relegated to "official use zones," equivalent to Stewart's provincial function. Quechua has officially remained a provincial language since 1979. Today, Quechua also serves a limited international function throughout South America in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador; communities of Quechua speakers outside Peru enable communication in Quechua across borders. Still, because of Quechua's low status, Spanish is almost always used as the lingua franca instead. Recently, Quechua has also gained ground in the academic world, both as a school subject and a topic of literary interest.
The three main types of corpus planning are all evident in the development of Quechua languages in Peru. Graphization has been in process since the arrival of the Spanish in the region, when the Spanish imperialists attempted to describe the exotic sounds of the language to Europeans.[28] When Quechua was made an official language in Peru in 1975, the introduction of the language into the education and government domains made it essential to have a standard written language.[28] The task of adopting a writing system proved to be a point of contention among Peruvian linguists. Although most agreed that the Latin alphabet, linguists disagreed about how to represent the phonological system of Quechua, particularly in regards to the vowel system. Representatives from the Peruvian Academy of the Quechua language and the Summer Institute of Linguistics wanted to represent allophones of the vowels /i/ and /u/ with separate letters and , which creates an apparent five-vowel system. They argued that this makes the language easier to learn for people who are already familiar with written Spanish. However, other Peruvian linguists argued that a three-vowel system was more faithful to the phonology of Quechua. After several years of debate and disagreement, in 1985 Peruvian linguists proposed the Pan-Quechua alphabet as an accurate representation of the language and this was adopted in intercultural bilingual education programs and textbooks. However, the Peruvian Academy and the SIL both refused to adopt it and continued to propose new alphabets, leaving the issue unsettled.[28] For more information, see Quechua writing system and Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift. Another of the primary issues disagreements was about how to reflect the phonological differences apparent in different dialects of Quechua. For example, some distinct dialects utilize aspirated and glottalized versions of the voiceless uvular stop /q/, while others do not and some language planners found it important to reflect these dialectal differences.[28] The search for a unified alphabet reflects the process of standardization. Unlike other cases of standardization, in Quechua this has only been applied to the written language, not the spoken language and no attempt was made to change the spoken language of native speakers. Rather the standardization process was motivated by the need to have a uniform writing system to provide education to Quechua speakers in their native language. Language planners in Peru have proposed several varieties to serve as the supradialectal norm. Some saw Qusqu-Qullaw as the natural choice for a standard norm, as it is recognized to be the variety closest to that spoken by the Incas. Others argued that Ayacucho Quechua is a better option, as the language is more conservative and similar to the proto-language, while Qusqu-Qullaw has been influenced by contact with the Aymara language. Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino proposed a standard literary norm, Southern Quechua that combines features of both these dialects. This norm has been accepted by many institutions in Peru.[28] Lexical modernization has also been critical to the development of Quechua. Language planners have attempted to create new Quechua words primarily through Quechua morphemes that combine in new ways to give new meanings. In general, loanwords from other languages are considered only when there are no possibilities to develop the word through existing Quechua structures. If loanwords are adopted into the language, linguists attempt to phonologically adapt the word to match typical Quechua pronunciation norms.[28]
Since Quechua is no longer an official language of Peru, Quechua literacy is not consistently encouraged in schools.[13] Peru's education system is instead primarily based on Spanish, the nation's official language. Despite its low prestige, Quechua is still spoken by millions of indigenous Peruvians, a large portion of whom are bilingual in Quechua and Spanish. There is a desire to preserve the uniqueness of Quechua as a language with its own attributes and representations of culture. Some argue that promoting a diverse literacy program gives students diverse perspectives on life, which could only enhance their educational experience.[13] Before 1975, Peru had bilingual education programs, but Quechua was not taught as a subject in primary and secondary schools. After the 1975 education reform, Quechua and Spanish both had standing in bilingual programs, but only in restricted speech communities. These experimental programs were then canceled due to a change in government planning, but again reinstated in 1996. Even with national intercultural bilingual education programs, teachers at local schools and members of the community often prefer using Spanish, destabilizing support for bilingual education.[26] This underscores the importance of community support as a goal for the education sector as mentioned earlier. Some believe that due to Spanish's higher national prestige, it is more socially and economically beneficial to learn and speak Spanish. It is debatable whether these education programs will benefit education or raise the status of Quechua.[26]
Abstand and ausbau languages
Gender-neutral language
Language death
Language ideology
Language revitalization
Linguistic relativity
Language shift
Linguistic imperialism
Linguistic protectionism, also called linguistic purism
Linguistic rights
Interlinguistics
Prestige (sociolinguistics)
Languages in censuses
^ a b c d Kaplan B., Robert, and Richard B. Baldauf Jr. Language Planning from Practice to Theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters ltd., 1997
^ a b c Cobarrubias, Juan. "Ethical Issues in Status Planning." Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives. Eds. Juan Cobarrubias and Joshua Fishman. New York: Mouton Publishers, 1983.
^ Language: An Introduction, Lehmann, W.P., 1983, Random House
^ [1] A definition and short history of Language Engineering, Hamish Cunnigham,Natural Language Engineering (1999), 5: 1-16 Cambridge University Press
^ Shiyong Lu, Dapeng Liu, Farshad Fotouhi, Ming Dong, Robert Reynolds, Anthony Aristar, Martha Ratliff, Geoff Nathan, Joseph Tan, and Ronald Powell, "Language Engineering for the Semantic Web: a Digital Library for Endangered Languages", Information Research, 9(3), April, 2004.
^ Nahir, Moshe. "Language Planning Goals: A Classification." Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings. Eds. Paulston, Christina Bratt and G. Richard Tucker. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003
^ Linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann claims that any attempt to revive a no-longer spoken language is likely to end up with a hybrid - see Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns. In Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2 (2009), 40-67.
^ Edwards, John. "Language, Prestige, and Stigma." Contact Linguistics. Ed. Hans Goebel. New York: de Gruyter, 1996.
^ Wardhaugh, Ronald "Planning." An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008
^ a b Stewart, William A. "Sociolinguistic Typology of Multilingualism". Readings in the Sociology of Language. Ed. Joshua Fishman. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1968.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cooper, Robert L. Language Planning and Social Change. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
^ a b c Ferguson, Gibson. (2006). Language Planning and Education. Edinburgh University Press.
^ a b c Hornberger, Nancy H. (2006). "Frameworks and Models in Language Policy and Planning", in Thomas Ricento, An Introduction to Language Policy, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 24-41.
^ a b Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2005). "Corpus Planning: Syllabus and Materials Development," in Eli Hinkel, Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning, Routledge, pp 993-1012.
^ a b c d e f Ferguson, Charles A. (1968). "Language Development", in Charles A. Ferguson, Thom Huebner (1996), Sociolinguistic Perspectives: papers on language in society, 1959-1994, Oxford University Press US, pp 40-47.
^ a b Christian, Donna (1988). "Language Planning: the view from linguistics", in Frederick J. Newmeyer, Language: the socio-cultural context, Cambridge University Press, pp 193-211.
^ Wiley, Terrance G. (2003). "Language Planning and Policy," in Sandra McKay, Nancy H. Horberger, Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, pp 103-147.
^ Liddicoat, Anthony J., and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr., "Language Planning in Local Contexts: Agents, Contexts and Interactions." Language Planning in Local Contexts. Ed. Anthony J. Liddicoat and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 2008
^ Ferguson, Charles A. "Sociolinguistic Settings of Language Planning." Language Planning Processes. Ed. Rubin, Joan, Björn H. Jernudd, Jyotirindra Das Gupta, Joshua A. Fishman and Charles A. Ferguson. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1977
^ Ferguson, Charles A. "Language Planning Processes"Language Planning Processes. Ed. Rubin, Joan, Björn H. Jernudd, Jyotirindra Das Gupta, Joshua A. Fishman and Charles A. Ferguson. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1977
^ a b Thorburn, Thomas. "Cost-Benefit Analysis in Language Planning." Can Language Be Planned? Ed. Rubin, Joan, and Björn H. Jernudd. Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii, 1971
^ Mansor, Sabiha. Language Planning in Higher Education. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005
^ Fishman, Joshua A. "The Impact of Nationalism on Language Planning," Can Language Be Planned? Ed. Rubin, Joan, and Björn H. Jernudd. Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii, 1971
^ a b Macnamara, John "Successes and Failures in the Movement for the Restoration of Irish," Can Language Be Planned? Ed. Rubin, Joan, and Björn H. Jernudd. Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii, 1971
^ Mac Giolla Chriost, Diarmait. "Micro-level Language Planning in Ireland." Language Planning in Local Contexts Ed. Anthony J. Liddicoat and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 2008
^ a b c d Coronel-Molina, Serafin M. "Functional Domains of the Quechua Language in Peru: Issues of Status Planning." University of Pennsylvania
^ Hornberger, Nancy and Kendell A. King. "Authenticity and Unification in Quechua Language Planning." University of Pennsylvania: 1998.
^ a b c d e f Coronel-Molina, Serafin M. (1996). "Corpus Planning for the Southern Peruvian Quechua Language." Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 12 (2), pp 1-27.
Bastardas-Boada, Albert. "Language planning and language ecology: Towards a theoretical integration", 2000.
Cobarrubius, Juan & Joshua Fishman, eds. Progress in Language Planning: International Perspective. The Hague: Mouton, 1983.
Cooper, R. L. Language Planning and Social Change. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Rubin, Joan, Björn H. Jernudd, Jyotirindra Das Gupta, Joshua A. Fishman and Charles A. Ferguson, eds. Language Planning Processes. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1977.
Relevant journals
Current Issues in Language Planning (Routledge) Home page
Language Policy (Springer) Home page
Language Problems and Language Planning. Home page
Articles on language planning in West Africa (Journal of West African Languages)
Infographic: World's Weirdest Language Laws
Language varieties and styles
Language regulators
Linguistics, Syntax, Chinese language, Semantics, Latin grammar
Perceptual dialectology
Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Dance, History, Culture


Bibby's Mediterranean Cafe is located at 515 Main St, Fort Lee, NJ. This business specializes in Catering Services and Restaurants. Bibby's Mediterranean Cafe is open Mon, 9am-9pm; Tue, 9am-9pm; Wed, 9am-9pm; Thu, 9am-9pm; Fri, 10am-9pm; Sat, 10am-9pm; Sun, 12am-6pm and accepts Cash, Mastercard and Visa.


text:
L'attaque de l'aéroport de Millerovo a eu lieu le  lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie de 2022.

Contexte

La base aérienne de Millerovo est un aéroport international situé près de la ville de Millerovo, dans l'oblast de Rostov, en Russie. Il sert de base depuis 2019 au  d'aviation de chasse de la garde composé de deux escadrons de Sukhoi Su-30SM.

Bataille
La Komsomolskaïa Pravda affirme qu'un missile Tochka-U ukrainien a touché la base, tandis que la Rostov Gazeta précise qu'il s'agit d'une attaque des forces ukrainiennes.

Il y aurait des blessés et un Soukhoï Su-30SM aurait été détruit.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Aéroport de Hostomel
 Désinformation lors de la crise russo-ukrainienne de 2021–2022
 Guerre du Donbass
 Relations entre la Russie et l'Ukraine
 Cyberattaque de 2022 en Ukraine
 Manifestations contre l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022

Millerovo
2022 en Ukraine
Février 2022
Oblast de Rostov


Steven Emerson: The shadowy world of the terrorist hunter.
Steven Emerson is on a mission to save the world. Let us agree that the world, daily convulsed with another bombing or fresh beheading courtesy of men invoking God, could do with some saving. What is not generally agreed on is where, precisely, responsibility for the mess resides. Over a decade ago, Emerson identified the enemy as jihadists - fundamentalist Muslims - and set out to understand them. He has concluded that no compromise is possible and that the western world risks submerging its own identity as it bends to intimidation from radical Islam.
Today Emerson's occupation - indeed, passionate preoccupation - is born of a world staring such irreconcilable differences in the face. As executive director of The Investigative Project on Terrorism, a Washington-based, non-profit organisation, Emerson collects data and intelligence on the activities of Islamist terrorist groups. What he and his two dozen or so staff unearth is provided to the US Congress, to the various arms of American law enforcement and to international media.
In truth, Emerson has dramatically limited his fundraising prospects. As a matter of principle, he does not accept money from religious groups, nor from the US government, shunning what he calls the "gravy train of homeland security". By the sounds of it, he has denied himself a river of gold. "The amount of money that has been given by the government since 9/11 ... you're talking about hundreds of billions of dollars - I haven't taken a penny. Sometimes I wonder maybe I should. But I won't. Because I don't want to worry when I'm testifying that I'm going to withhold criticism of a government agency or the FBI because I'm taking money from them."
Despite broadly supporting the work done by US law enforcement agencies, Emerson alludes to an underlying malaise. "If I were to publicly disclose the degree to which there is a dysfunctional common denominator to agencies, people would not believe it." Nor does he hold fire when it comes to Karen Hughes, whom George W. Bush hand-picked to repair bridges to the Muslim world. "When Karen Hughes runs into the arms of the Muslim Brotherhood in Cairo and says, 'Oh forgive us, we're on the same page. We can agree on our values', we can't agree on the same values with the Muslim Brotherhood! There's no possibility of agreeing on their same values if they believe in the notion of sharia. I think that what she has done has been exceptionally detrimental to our national interest of upholding the rights of women, of pluralism, of democracy in the Muslim world."
And here Emerson bumps up against one of his principal anxieties: that the compromises the West has made with radical Islam are leading to a dilution of its own freedoms. He damns it as "cultural jihad" - the deliberate insinuation into Western society of fundamentalist Muslim elements masquerading as pluralist. While the West responds by tempering its own behaviour, the jihadis "by virtue of their vehemence and irrationality, [have] become much more leveraged in ... their ability to influence our behaviour - and I reject that!" During the course of dinner, I notice Emerson's energy waning. Like a battery-operated toy, his gestures have slowed and his words have begun to trip over themselves. I remember something he told me earlier, "I rarely have the ability to step back from what I'm doing and look at the larger picture of life. Everyone tells me, 'Steve, you need balance'."
He gives me his business card with its Washington address. "It's under false cover," he says, "so the card you have is a mail drop." I share a cab and deposit him at his hotel. A long night of emails lies ahead. "Look after me and I'll look after you," he says, before slamming the car door shut.


(JNV) in Warangal District has been established at temporary site at Hasanparthy in the year 1991-92. The Vidyalaya has shifted to the permanent structures, constructed at Mamnoor (Pensionpur, Thimmapur Haveli), in the land belongs to the IVth Battallion Andhra Pradesh Special Police (APSP), in an area of about 24 acres in the year July,1997.
The District name WARANGAL is derived from ORUGALLU, which was the capital of the Kakatiya Kingdom, that ruled the area between 12th and 14th centuries AD. The ancient Kakatiya Fort , Thousand Pillars Temple, the Bhadrakali Temple and numerous lakes like Ramappa, Pakhal, Laknavaram etc., speak the culture of the dynasty. The rich sculpture at Ramappa Temple and Thousand Pillar Temple is worth seen.


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The Gummi Bear is a proud product of Germany. It was invented in 1922 by Hans Riegel who was a candy maker from Bonn, Germany. His invention was primarily called the 'dancing bear'. He also founded a company to manufacture his bears and called it "Haribo" which was an acronym for Hans Riegel Bonn.
The bears became very popular in Germany.It wasn't until the 1980s that it would be manufactured in the US. Before that, American high school students learned about the 'Dancing Bears' in their German classes and were the first Americans to know about it. In the year 1981, the Herman Goelitz Company, which is now known as the Jelly Belly Candy Company, started to produce the first American-made Gummi bears. The following year, the Haribo Company saw the big market that was waiting in the United States and brought their business there. By this time, Gummi Bears were very accessible to the American public.
Aside from the American bears, the 1980s saw the birth of a new Gummi character. The Trolli created the Gummi Worms in 1981. The worm was the product of a brilliant idea which was to make candy for children that would mildly shock or disgust their parents. The Gummi Worm however turned out to be less disgusting and more of a popular character of the Gummi series. Nowadays, there are many different Gummi characters aside from the bear and worm.
These Gummi candies are available in all shapes and sizes.As a testament of its popularity, Disney created an adventure cartoon show for children in 1985 that showed a family of Gummi bears and their many fun adventures. It was entitled "The Adventures of the Gummi Bears" and lasted 65 episodes.A lot of people wonder how they are made when they open a bag of Gummi candies. What most people don't know is that making these confections is a long process.It begins with the artists of the manufacturer's company.
These artists make a character sketch which they carve into tiny plaster molds. These molds are then duplicated by a machine. The duplicates are then sent through a starch powder machine where starch powder mold pans are produced. These pans are given to the factory.In the candy factory, special ingredients like gelatin, sugar and glucose syrup are poured into large boilers which heat them together and are stirred by large paddles constantly. While stirring, the chosen colors and flavorings are added to give the Gummi candy its signature look and taste.
After heating, the mix is poured through pipes that transfer them to the production area of the factory.At the end of the pipes are nozzles that are used to squeeze the mix out into starch boards that contain hundreds of mold duplicates. The candy is allowed to set for three to five days. When settled, beeswax is poured onto the mold to give the candy sheen and make it less sticky. When dry, the Gummi candies are moved through a packaging machine where they will come out ready to be shipped to the different candy stores.Today, the Gummi Bears, Worms and other candies are popular and well-loved confections enjoyed by the world's children the whole year round.
.Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Candy.Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Russell.


I have retreated the Turkish army CON to Ank. Turkey can inform me by the winter deadline if he wishes to disband.
and of course, it's all over.... Austria has got the 18 SC he needs and congratulations to Kevin.
There was a proposal for an Austrain SOLO back on the table but its irrelevant now.


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Charitable trusts are often set up through a bequest in a will but do not have to be. A trust is established with the investment in the trust of an initial corpus of money that may be held in perpetuity. A certain percentage of the interest on this sum is granted periodically to particular causes, organisations, winners of scholarships or other grant-seekers.
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text:
TNCC receives $100k grant; HU renames business school after alum
By Jane Hammond
Thomas Nelson Community College, Williamsburg Campus (Judith Lowery / Daily Press file photo)
Thomas Nelson Community College has been awarded a $100,000 grant from Dominion Energy to serve the Grove community in James City County.
The funding will help provide for an annual dental clinic, community health fairs, summer camps and scholarships to the college for over a two-year period, according to a news release from TNCC.
"Dominion Energy is excited to support the Grove community of James City County," Melanie Rapp Beale, community affairs manager for Dominion, said in the release. "We are always proud to partner with Thomas Nelson in offering high quality educational opportunities to the localities we serve."
The funding will provide transportation from the Grove area, located a few miles east of Williamsburg along U.S. 60, to the college's Historic Triangle campus and dental hygiene clinic. Students also will take patients' blood pressure and pulse.
Scholarship money will be available for almost 30 students interested in studying for associate's degrees, credentials or career certificates.
TNCC to lay off housekeeping staff as enrollment continues to decline
Thomas Nelson Community College is laying off its 20-person housekeeping staff in order to cut costs as enrollment continues to decline. The move would save $450,000.
Third- through eighth-graders, members of some 1,100 families in the Grove community, will be able to attend a weeklong robotics summer camp at TNCC.
To learn more, visit tncc.edu.
HU renames School of Business
Hampton University honored alumnus and trustee James T. George last week by renaming its School of Business in his name.
Hampton University part of new NBCUniversal journalism program
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Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools announces students returning to classrooms starting in February
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George graduated from HU in 1958 with a bachelor of science in biology, and also was commissioned as second lieutenant in the U.S. Army, according to a news release from the university.
"It's wonderful to leave a legacy, but what is more important here is that the students get the highest quality education possible to enable them to lead in corporate America and someday lead their own businesses," George said in the release. "The Hampton School of Business instills business ethics in its graduates. That is one of the reasons that I am so pleased — no, thrilled — to have my name associated with this visionary and innovative school of business.
"But even in super competitive environments, there is still a need for business ethics. It begins with simply telling the truth. My hope is that more graduates of this great institution will think of themselves as employers and entrepreneurs, rather than employees only."
In 1990, he founded his business MSTI. What started as a one-person management consulting company has now grown to about 300 employees focusing on information technology and management solutions. George now serves as chairman after turning over the CEO reins to another HU alumnus, Norris Middleton.
George and his wife, Juliette, live in Fairfax Station.
Jane Hammond covers education for the Daily Press. She graduated with a journalism degree from Mercer University's Center for Collaborative Journalism in May 2015. She previously worked for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The (Macon) Telegraph, AL.com/The Huntsville Times and Georgia Public Broadcasting. She feels strongly about Mercer basketball, Target and neon nail polish.


text:
Home Uncategorized The 'Anthony Nash Rule' – yes or no?
The 'Anthony Nash Rule' – yes or no?
Sean Cremin February 21, 2014
One of the most high profile motions being put in front of the G.A.A congress this weekend is the motion to change the rules for free taking in hurling, affectionately known as the 'Anthony Nash rule'.
Following the Cork goalkeeper's technique that came under huge scrutiny during last year's All-Ireland hurling finals, Nash's unique way of taking frees has become a very big talking point in hurling.
As a result of this technique, rule changes are being proposed. Like everything, there are two sides to every story and some people think the rule should be alternated while others think there is no need for change. And just as every argument or debate goes, people can put perfectly legitimate arguments for and against this new proposal. Currently if a free is taken from the twenty-one yards, a player can throw the ball as close to the goal as possible. Nash's technique appears to throw the ball a lot closer to the goal then others and as a result a change of ruling could be brought in.
The new rule proposes that a player can use the same technique but they cannot gain an advantage by throwing ball passed the twenty-one yard line. There have been many strong debates in hurling over the last few months that have been enjoyable. Since this motion has been proposed, many high profile hurling figures have had their say. This week, one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, Noel Skehan, spoke out in favour of the new motion. Laois's Willie Hyland has voiced his opposition against this new ruling. There is no doubt that these debates will continue.
So let's look at the general reasons in favour of this motion. Is there a safety concern? Yes there is. Is any player (not just Anthony Nash) gaining an advantage from their technique? Yes they are. Should a twenty-yard free be taken from twenty-one yards? There can be an argument in favour of this. Other than these three points, there is nothing to argue against the way in which these frees are taken.
There is huge power generated from these shots and maybe there is a possibility of a player getting injured if they were to receive a significant blow. But risks of injuries are very high in hurling in general. In reality, a player takes to a field with a weapon in his/her hand and players constantly put their bodies on the line all over the field. Risks of serious injuries occur in a lot more scenarios than a free or a penalty. The way in which this situation has been highlighted and isolated is unjust.
An advantage is gained by players, and the current rules allow this advantage to be gained. Since the game of hurling has begun, players have gained a number of yards when going for goal from a free. There has never been any incidents of significance before so what makes people think that things are going to change. An example is clearly been made of Anthony Nash's technique. He slightly exaggerates his lift but overall he does not gain the huge advantage the people are making out. Two things point this out, his success rate in the two All-Ireland finals and watching other frees or penalties been taken.
Any player who goes for goal from a free or a penalty gains a significant advantage. Just because Nash throws the ball further in the air than most doesn't mean that he throws it in that much closer to goal. This can be seen if people look back over highlights of previous games when goals have been scored from frees. Almost every player hits these sort of frees from anything between fourteen and seventeen yards. People seem to think that throwing the ball in closer to goal means a goal is guaranteed to be scored, when this definitely isn't the case. A lot of penalties are saved.
In last year's All-Ireland finals, Nash had five attempts on goal from frees, and only two were scored. That is a 40% success rate. People make out the Nash's frees are un-saveable but these facts show that they are most definitely not. Clare's bizarre tactic of putting thirteen players on the line certainly didn't work; in fact it weakened their chances of saving the shot. One penalty was saved by an outfield player, Colin Ryan. And his final shot in the replay showed the difficulty of his technique; when he failed to even lift the ball.
The skill involved in Nash's technique is being totally underestimated. If it wasn't difficult, every player would use it. It's very easy for things to go wrong with the lift when using this technique and it's very hard to catch the ball sweetly. It's a great sight when Nash hits these frees well and it should be encouraged, not eliminated. The buzz around the stadium is also huge. There is great tension and anticipation when a free is awarded, and the call is given for Nash to come up the field. It certainly adds to the occasion is games and it's something that shouldn't go away.
If the rule change comes in, there is a huge danger of cynical fouling coming into the game of hurling. Defenders will know that the chances of conceding a goal from a free will be significantly lessened by this new ruling. If a player has any chance of a goal, any good or sensible defender will pull the attacker down and trust his goalkeeper and fellow defenders. Scoring a goal from a twenty-one yard free or a penalty is a very hard thing to do. There is definitely no chance of a goal being guaranteed and there is no way that players tasks should be made more difficult. There would be a definite negative effect in terms of cynicism.
If the motion is passed, then a follow on rule change must come in. If a free taker's distance is being lengthened, then the surplus players inside in the goal must be taken out. Any goalkeeper would say that a one-on-one shot from twenty-one yards should be stopped. There is no way that these frees should be made more difficult for an attacker, and easier for a goalkeeper and their defenders.
There must be a balance unless the aim is to encourage cynical defending and discourage goals being scored. If a player must strike a ball from outside the twenty-one yard line, then it must be a one-on-one shot or the game will suffer. Personally, I really do fear that this motion will be passed and I think it will have a very negative effect. I think people are making a very stubborn example of Anthony Nash and failing to look at the way other players take these frees.
There is very little difference in the way all players go for goal. One great example recently was Shane Dowling's goal for Na Piarsaigh versus Portumna in the All-Ireland Club semi-final. Dowling struck his free from fourteen yards, and there wasn't a word said about it. He gained the exact same advantage as a player like Anthony Nash does, yet people will only say negative words about Nash. There is no need the change ruling and people are being very narrow-minded on the issue.
Pundit Arena, Sean Cremin.
Top Story	2014-02-21
Sean Cremin
About Sean Cremin
Sean Cremin graduated from University College Cork with a Bachelor of Education in Sports Studies and PE. A self-proclaimed 'pure G.A.A head', Sean recently made the transition from spluttering offline to writing online. Sean loves nothing more than a good debate and still hopes for Tebow to return.
@SeanCreminPA