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Virtual Issues
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
ASPET
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Research ArticleBehavioral Pharmacology
Prolonged Monoacylglycerol Lipase Blockade Causes Equivalent Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Receptor–Mediated Adaptations in Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Wild-Type and Knockout Mice
Joel E. Schlosburg, Steven G. Kinsey, Bogna Ignatowska-Jankowska, Divya Ramesh, Rehab A. Abdullah, Qing Tao, Lamont Booker, Jonathan Z. Long, Dana E. Selley, Benjamin F. Cravatt and Aron H. Lichtman
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics August 2014, 350 (2) 196-204; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.114.212753
Joel E. Schlosburg
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (J.E.S., B.I.-J., D.R., R.A.A., Q.T., L.B., D.E.S., A.H.L.); Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (S.G.K.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology (J.Z.L., B.F.C.), and Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders (J.E.S.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
Steven G. Kinsey
Bogna Ignatowska-Jankowska
Divya Ramesh
Rehab A. Abdullah
Qing Tao
Lamont Booker
Jonathan Z. Long
Dana E. Selley
Benjamin F. Cravatt
Aron H. Lichtman
Complementary genetic and pharmacological approaches to inhibit monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the primary hydrolytic enzymes of the respective endogenous cannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine, enable the exploration of potential therapeutic applications and physiologic roles of these enzymes. Complete and simultaneous inhibition of both FAAH and MAGL produces greatly enhanced cannabimimetic responses, including increased antinociception, and other cannabimimetic effects, far beyond those seen with inhibition of either enzyme alone. While cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) function is maintained following chronic FAAH inactivation, prolonged excessive elevation of brain 2-AG levels, via MAGL inhibition, elicits both behavioral and molecular signs of cannabinoid tolerance and dependence. Here, we evaluated the consequences of a high dose of the MAGL inhibitor JZL184 [4-nitrophenyl 4-(dibenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate; 40 mg/kg] given acutely or for 6 days in FAAH(−/−) and (+/+) mice. While acute administration of JZL184 to FAAH(−/−) mice enhanced the magnitude of a subset of cannabimimetic responses, repeated JZL184 treatment led to tolerance to its antinociceptive effects, cross-tolerance to the pharmacological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, decreases in CB1 receptor agonist–stimulated guanosine 5′-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate binding, and dependence as indicated by rimonabant-precipitated withdrawal behaviors, regardless of genotype. Together, these data suggest that simultaneous elevation of both endocannabinoids elicits enhanced cannabimimetic activity but MAGL inhibition drives CB1 receptor functional tolerance and cannabinoid dependence.
Received January 8, 2014.
Accepted May 20, 2014.
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse [Grants T32-DA007027, F31-DA026279, F31-DA028333, P01-DA009789, P01-DA017259, P30-DA033934, R01-DA015197, and R01-DA032933]; and a Toni Rosenberg Fellowship.
dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.114.212753.
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Vol. 350, Issue 2
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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics August 1, 2014, 350 (2) 196-204; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.114.212753
The Effects of Morphine, Baclofen, and Buspirone Alone and in Combination on Schedule-Controlled Responding and Hot Plate Antinociception in Rats
Discriminative Stimulus and Low Abuse Liability Effects of Novel Endomorphin Analogs Suggest a Potential Treatment Indication for Opioid Use Disorder
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Companies and research institutions interested in hosting interns will register with the MLSC to gain access to our database of prospective interns to review applications, interview candidates, and select interns with the qualifications that are most suited to their needs. Companies that are approved for the MLSC's Internship Challenge will automatically gain access to the Data Science Internship Program application database (the company application is the same for both programs). Research institutions must contact MLSC staff to register, and will be provided direct access to the same database.
Eligible companies can only hire one subsidized Data Science intern per Program Year, for a period of up to six months, which will count toward the limit on subsidized interns that can be hired through the Internship Challenge. Research institutions can hire up to four subsidized interns.
The program aims to provide internships that introduce students to applications of advanced data analytics and data science to the life sciences. These opportunities should allow interns to answer questions and solve problems that would not be available without data insights and analysis. The work should go above and beyond the normal data collection and analysis that occurs through the course of traditional life science lab work. Skills fostered through these opportunities could include computational sciences, computer sciences, bioinformatics, etc. Companies are required to include in their application a brief description of the internship, which must be approved by MLSC in order to qualify for funding.
Intern applications available for review in the database are approved by MLSC, since candidates are required to indicate if they have proficiency in data science skills/tools such as the following: application software packages and libraries, database software, programming languages, and techniques such as data visualization, deep learning, machine learning, and statistical programming. Applicants that do not have such qualifications will not be eligible. They are instead encouraged to apply for a general life sciences internship through the Internship Challenge.
Through this program, the MLSC also seeks to increase access to internships for those traditionally underrepresented in the data science field, particularly those identifying as women, Black, Indigenous, and/or Latinx. Employers that share our commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion are encouraged to reach out for assistance in connecting with such candidates.
The MLSC will reimburse host organizations for pay rates of up to $20 per hour for interns that are pursuing or have completed their Bachelor's degree, or have comparable data science qualifications, for a total reimbursement of no more than $20,800 per intern, $25 per hour for interns that have completed their Master's degree for a total reimbursement of no more than $26,000 per intern, and $40 per hour for interns that have completed their Ph.D. for a total reimbursement of no more than $41,600 per intern.
Host Research Institutions:
Must be located in Massachusetts.
Must offer interns a hands-on learning experience and at least one mentor with advanced analytics expertise who directly oversees the internship.
Must be with Principal Investigators who have not previously employed the intern or hosted the intern in a prior internship.
Host Companies:
Companies are required to be registered to do business in Massachusetts and must submit Certificates of Good Standing from both the MA Department of Revenue and the MA Secretary of the Commonwealth (click on links to request) that were issued no earlier than the previous calendar year.
Companies will also need to provide MLSC with a signed copy of their Form W-9 (if not previously submitted).
Must be small businesses (100 or fewer employees in MA and no more than 250 employees worldwide). Larger companies, including subsidiaries of larger companies, are welcome to utilize our intern database, however their internships would not be subsidized.
Must be life sciences companies or companies that provide services to the life sciences industry. "Life sciences" is defined as: "advanced and applied sciences that expand the understanding of human physiology and have the potential to lead to medical advances or therapeutic applications," – Massachusetts General Laws (MGL), chapter 23I, section 2.
Must offer interns a hands-on learning experience and at least one mentor that directly oversees the internship.
Additional requirements for host companies are posted on the Internship Challenge webpage.
Interns are to be hired and paid directly by the host company. Any employed intern shall be treated as a W-2 employee of the company (not a contractor or subcontractor) for compensation purposes. However, interns must be hired for a temporary internship experience and not hired as permanent employees (interns can be hired full time upon completion of the MLSC-sponsored internship).
It is preferred that interns are paid through a third party payroll service (e.g. ADP, Paychex, Intuit Payroll). If using an internal payroll system (e.g. QuickBooks) in which payroll is not processed by a third party, additional supporting documentation may be required for reimbursement. Companies are required to pay their interns at a frequency that is in accordance with Chapter 149, Section 148 of the Massachusetts General Laws, as amended, and any other applicable law and include in each payment all applicable employment taxes in accordance with state and federal law.
Multiple companies that are "Related Parties" can participate, however will be limited to the maximum funding available for ONE company. Related Party Companies are defined as companies having common ownership and/or management personnel (including but not limited to the CEO, CFO, or COO). Related Party Companies are also considered to be related if at any time one company has the ability to Control (as defined below) the other company or exercise influence over the other company in making financial and/or operating decisions. Control is defined as:
ownership, directly or indirectly, of more than one half of the voting power of a company, or
control of the composition of the board of directors, or other governing body of a company, or
a substantial interest in voting power and the power to direct the financial and/or operating policies of the company.
Companies cannot hire an intern who is the spouse, child, grandchild, sibling, niece, nephew, cousin or spouse of a child, grandchild, sibling, niece, nephew, or cousin of ANY employee of the company.
Interns cannot participate in more than one subsidized internship in the same Program Year.
Interns cannot participate in more than two subsidized internships (over two Program Years) with the same company.
Internships cannot also be subsidized by another state entity (such as MassTech or MassCEC). Companies participating in more than one state-funded internship program must hire different interns under each program.
The on-site work requirement is currently suspended in order to support companies in providing safe working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depending on their business needs, host organizations will determine whether remote work is feasible for an intern and are expected to share their remote work policy with candidates. We continue to require host organizations to provide regular contact and supervision of interns. Please note that this suspension applies to all interns, including data science interns that may not be Massachusetts residents or students.
Resources/Application
The application for the Internship Challenge automatically offers the option to participate in this program. If you already have an account, please log in here.
Research Institution registration, email: DataScience@masslifesciences.com
Stay ahead of what's next.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Stroke Foundation
The Ultimate Stroke Resource
Donate to StrokeFoundation.com
Your Own Amount
Stroke News
About Stroke
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Excessive Alcohol Can Put You At Risk Of A Stroke
October 29, 2012 by Chris | SF
Too Much Alcohol May Cause Stroke
To mark World Stroke Day (29th October 2012) we are raising the awareness of how important a healthy lifestyle is in combating stroke and other health conditions.
Having the odd bottle of wine or gin and tonic may be a good way to enjoy the evening. But doing this regularly may put you at a higher risk of having health issues in the long-term. While it's true that a glass of wine has been shown to lower heart attacks and stroke risk for some people, the current research indicates that people shouldn't be in a hurry to start drinking.
A number of strokes, like hemorrhagic stroke, happen when a blood vessel bursts, releasing blood which is released around the brain, resulting in pressure on the brain. There are two kinds of hemorrhagic strokes: first is the subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is a stroke that occurs between the brain and surrounding tissues, and the intra-cerebral hemorrhage, that occurs when an artery within the brain bursts.
Alcohol effects may either lessen or increase stroke risk factors. If a person regularly has a few extra drinks at the end of each day, the risks may be serious.
Strokes have always been linked to heavy drinking in the past, but studies have not made specific differences that support the theory between patients who suffer bleeding in the brain and stroke occurrences. A new study shows that three or more alcoholic drinks a day can give you a higher risk of intra-cerebral hemorrhage at an earlier age.
The study was carried out with 540 participants who had an intra-cerebral hemorrhage. These participants were questioned about their drinking habits. The family members and carers of these participants were also interviewed about the participants drinking habits. The researchers, monitored the participants for two years. About 25% were categorized as heavy drinkers who had been consuming three or more alcoholic beverages a day or 1.6 ounces of pure alcohol. The participants went through CT brain scans and their medical records were checked. What was more astonishing to researchers was that these heavy drinkers had their strokes at an average age of 60. The non drinkers had their strokes 14 years later, at an average age of 74. Both groups had similar lengths of hospital stays and a similar number of complications from their strokes. Still, heavy drinkers were also more likely to die during the two year follow up period than the non heavy drinkers.
The same risks are present in ischemic strokes where blood clots occur. Analysis carried out by the American Heart Association revealed that nearly 800,000 Americans have a stroke each year. In 2008, about one in eighteen deaths were attributed to strokes; the most common, which accounts for 85% of stroke incidents, is an ischemic stroke.
Heavy drinking has always been identified as a risk factor for a stroke. That is why it's important to keep in mind that drinking large amounts of alcohol can contribute to a stroke at a younger age, in people who had no significant medical history in the past. There are always serious health risks associated with frequent alcoholic drinks, which includes an increased risk of some types of cancer and liver disease.
The current advice from the research is if you don't drink, don't start because you think it will protect your heart; and if you do drink, keep it moderate.
Filed Under: Stroke News Tagged With: brain, risk, stroke, study, World Stroke Day
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package com.sireye.main;

import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.design.widget.FloatingActionButton;
import android.support.design.widget.Snackbar;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.EditText;

import com.sireye.R;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

public class OpenSourceActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    @SuppressLint("SetTextI18n")
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_open_source);
        Toolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
        setSupportActionBar(toolbar);

        FloatingActionButton fab = (FloatingActionButton) findViewById(R.id.fab);
        fab.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View view) {
                Snackbar.make(view, "Replace with your own action", Snackbar.LENGTH_LONG)
                        .setAction("Action", null).show();
            }
        });

        EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.textLi);
        editText.setText("GoogleCamera:\n" + getFromAssets("LICENSE"));
    }

    public String getFromAssets(String fileName) {
        try {
            InputStreamReader inputReader = new InputStreamReader(getResources().getAssets().open(fileName));
            BufferedReader bufReader = new BufferedReader(inputReader);
            String line;
            String Result = "";
            while ((line = bufReader.readLine()) != null)
                Result += line;
            return Result;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return "";
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tidd, Kurt
ADM, USN (Ret)
Admiral Kurt Tidd retired after a forty-year Navy career, settling in the Florida Keys and is pursuing new interests and adventures.
He is the son of a destroyerman, brown water sailor, and career Surface Warfare Officer Vice Admiral Emmett H. Tidd and Margaret P. "Muggs" Tidd, both proud Texans of the Greatest Generation; brother of the 25th Naval Chief of Chaplains, Rear Admiral Mark L. Tidd, CHC, USN (Ret.); husband of career military physician Eileen S. Tidd, MD, MPH, FACP; and rightfully proud father of two strong and talented daughters. He is a 1974 graduate of Porter Gaud School in Charleston, South Carolina, a 1978 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, and has a Masters in political science from the University of Bordeaux, as a 1984 Olmsted Foundation Scholar.
Admiral Kurt Tidd proudly served with the incredibly talented and professional women and men of all branches of the Armed Forces, the Foreign Service, Federal Law Enforcement officers, and the Intelligence Community. He commanded the destroyer USS ARTHUR W. RADFORD (DD 968), Maritime Task Force 55 and Destroyer Squadron 50, EISENHOWER Carrier Strike Group/CSG EIGHT, U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command/U.S. Fourth Fleet, and military operations in Latin America and the Caribbean as the Geographic Combatant Commander of U.S. Southern Command. He served in a variety of Navy, joint, and interagency staffs, including for the Secretary of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Joint Staff, and the National Security Council.
Currently Admiral Tidd supports a variety of benevolent organizations and interests. He is the Chairman of the Board at the Olmsted Foundation, a private non-profit organization that provides two years of postgraduate studies at foreign universities in a foreign language for a select number of future military leaders. He is also a Senior Fellow at National Defense University's CAPSTONE/KEYSTONE/PINNACLE program, mentoring Flag and General Officers and Senior Enlisted Leaders. He recently joined the Advisory Board of the Spirit of America Foundation. Admiral Tidd volunteers his time to support a number of worthwhile causes, including the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, the Coral Restoration Foundation, and Key Dives of Islamorada, Florida's Reef Clean Up activities. He preserves adequate time to indulge passions including scuba diving, road cycling, and saltwater fishing.
current as of 16 August 2019


text:
Home » Shooting Media News
Sportsman Channel Launches on Multiple Comcast Systems
Ammoland Inc. Posted on October 27, 2009 October 27, 2009 by F Riehl, Editor in Chief
Sportsman Channel Announces New Launches on Multiple Comcast Systems
Sportsman Channel
New Berlin, WI –-(AmmoLand.com)- Sportsman Channel, the premiere all hunting, shooting and fishing network, announced it has launched on Comcast's Digital Preferred service in Portland, Oregon; Chattanooga, Tennessee; and Jackson, Mississippi.
These new launches will bring Sportsman's high-quality hunting, shooting and fishing shows to Comcast Digital Preferred customers throughout these areas.
"We're thrilled to bring Comcast's Portland customers our strongest programming lineup in our history, delivering not only our traditional market leading shows but also fresh and innovative programming that allows us to continue to better serve Sportsmen," said Willy Burkhardt, president of Sportsman.
"We look forward to continuing to provide our viewers and distribution partners with entertaining and informative content across our three programming pillars of hunt, shoot and fish."
During the past year, Sportsman has benefited from the ongoing programming resources of its parent company, InterMedia Outdoors, the largest outdoor media content provider, which has helped to fuel the network with more than 500 original series episodes and 15 new shows in 2009 alone.
"With millions of sportsman across the country, the Sportsman Channel will bring original and quality programming to our customers in the Portland area," said Lars Lofas, vice president of sales and marketing for Comcast's Oregon/SWW Region.
Sportsman is now available on channel 405 in Portland; channel 738 in Chattanooga; and channel 738 in Jackson.
For more information on the Sportsman Channel, please visit www.thesportsmanchannel.com.
SPORTSMAN CHANNEL:
Launched in 2003, Sportsman Channel is the only television and digital company fully devoted to the more than 82 million sportsmen in the United States, delivering thousands of hours of the most entertaining and educational hunting, shooting and fishing programming available. Sportsman Channel is currently available in 17.8 million homes. Acquired by InterMedia Outdoors Holdings in 2006, Sportsman Channel is now a part of the nation's largest multimedia company targeted exclusively to serving the information and entertainment needs of outdoors enthusiasts. For more information, visit www.thesportsmanchannel.com.
INTERMEDIA OUTDOORS:
InterMedia Outdoors, Inc. is the largest media company in the outdoor-enthusiast category, exclusively serving the information and entertainment needs of outdoors enthusiasts, with the largest network of websites dedicated to hunting, shooting and fishing; a portfolio of 15 magazines including powerful brands such as Petersen's Hunting, North American Whitetail, Guns&Ammo, In-Fisherman, Fly Fisherman, and Florida Sportsman; syndicated radio programming; 23 market-leading television productions, the largest library of outdoors television programming and Sportsman Channel, the only television network dedicated exclusively to hunting, shooting and fishing.
COMCAST:
Comcast Corporation (www.comcast.com) is one of the nation's leading providers of entertainment, information and communication products and services. With 23.9 million cable customers, 15.3 million high-speed Internet customers, and 7.0 million Comcast Digital Voice customers, Comcast is principally involved in the development, management and operation of cable systems and in the delivery of programming content.
Comcast's content networks and investments include E! Entertainment Television, Style Network, Golf Channel, VERSUS, G4, PBS KIDS Sprout, TV One, ten sports networks operated by Comcast Sports Group and Comcast Interactive Media, which develops and operates Comcast's Internet businesses, including Comcast.net (www.comcast.net). Comcast also has a majority ownership in Comcast-Spectacor, whose major holdings include the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers NBA basketball team and two large multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia.


"Title and Deed," an existential rumination on home and the absence of home, is choice Eno -- pensive, lyrical, deeply funny and profoundly sad.
Will Eno, the philosophical wordsmith whose quirky theater pieces draw comparisons with Samuel Beckett, went right to the horse's mouth, so to speak, by writing a monologue for the eminent Beckett interpreter Conor Lovett and his collaborator, helmer Judy Hegarty Lovett. "Title and Deed," an existential rumination on home and the absence of home, is choice Eno — pensive, lyrical, deeply funny and profoundly sad. Lovett uses his melodic voice and suffering eyes to give corporeal shape to Eno's meditations, and in the process, puts what amounts to a hex on the aud, who seem entirely happy to be hypnotized.
The unnamed Man played by Lovett immediately engages his captive audience by speaking directly to us, in what sounds like our own language. But his first words — "I'm not from here. I guess I never will be" — make it clear that he's a stranger, a traveler, a foreigner. Not one of us.
Having announced his theme with his first lines, Eno proceeds to analyze the condition of existential alienation from every conceivable angle, entrusting Lovett to make us feel both the pain and the possibilities of being rootless. All this amiable stranger asks of us is that we don't hate him — and that we keep the screaming to ourselves.
That's a perfect example of the subtle way Eno works: putting it into our heads that we might, or even should hate this man — and that at some point in this one-sided conversation, we might feel like screaming.
Once he's declared his state of social isolation, the speaker goes on to explore that condition with wry, occasionally bleak humor. The food (all those weird salads!) is foreign to him. We don't share his over-emotional native music. ("I haven't noticed a lot of wailing or keening or screaming around here.") And he misses the horses and the cobblestones back home, although come to think of it, they've gone from there, too.
But his critical observations are something of a sham. For all the cultural differences he's observed, what this sad stranger really longs for is human connection.
Detached from home ("the place where the hat's hanging and the placenta's buried") and out of range of "the howls of my ancestors," he appeals to his audience for help. He anxiously queries us about any ceremonies and customs we might share, those familiar rituals — the parades, or if no parades, then the funerals — – that comfort us for the simple reason that they are familiar rituals that connect us.
But at some point, the question does occur: does this amiable but vulnerable stranger really want to be connected to our savage lot? "I don't sense much joy, around here, with all of you," he says, disappointment all over his face. Or, rather, disappointment all over Lovett's face, because it's hard to imagine anyone else in this role.
The thesp's amazing technique can be analyzed — the intelligent attack, the in-the-moment engagement, the sudden bewilderment followed by one of those scary Beckettian pauses — but not bottled. Like a singer, his voice is his instrument, with its own peculiar cadences and distinctive musical tone. The instrument itself is beautiful, with extraordinary warmth on the surface and deep undercurrents of humor and horror, and helmer Hegarty Lovett, who has directed her husband in almost a dozen solo shows for their company, Gare St Lazare Players Ireland, plays this instrument like a true maestro. But in the end and in the dark, it really does sound like the voice in your own head.
Production: A Signature Theater Company presentation, in association with Gare St Lazare Players Ireland, of a play in one act by Will Eno. Directed by Judy Hegarty Lovett. Set, Christine Jones; costume, Andrea Lauer; lighting, Ben Stanton; production stage manager, Donald Fried. Opened May 20, 2012. Reviewed May 18. Running time: ONE HOUR, TEN MIN.


text:
Q: Pytest on return value of a function that makes an API call I have a function that makes an API call, and I would like to make the return value (response) of that API call to be {"message":"NoPong"} so that the ValueError would be raised. So far, I have
# root_folder/subfolder/includes/abc/functions.py

from abc import ABC   # 3rd party library

def _check_connection(conn_id):
    api_key = get_api_key(conn_id)
    api_client = ABC(api_key=api_key)

    response = api_client.test_connection()
    print(response)

    if response['message'] != "pong":
        raise ValueError("Failed connection to ABC")

---------------

# root_folder/tests/test_functions.py

import pytest
import sys
sys.path.insert(0, '../subfolder/')
from includes.abc.functions import _check_connection

def test_check_connection_raiseError(mocker):
    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as execinfo:
        mocker.patch('includes.abc.functions.ABC.test_connection', return_value='{"message":"NoPong"}')
        _check_connection("conn_A")
    assert str(execinfo.value) == 'Failed connection to ABC'

The pytest results I got was
================================================== FAILURES ==================================================
______________________________________ test_check_connection_raiseError ______________________________________

mocker = <pytest_mock.plugin.MockerFixture object at 0x7f85f30c7220>

    def test_check_connection_raiseError(mocker):
        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as execinfo:
            mocker.patch('includes.abc.functions.ABC.test_connection', return_value='{"message":"NoPong"}')

>           _check_connection("conn_A")

test_functions.py:73:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

conn_id = 'conn_A'

    def _check_connection(conn_id):
        api_key = get_api_key(conn_id)
        api_client = ABC(api_key=api_key)

        response = api_client.test_connection()
        print(response)

>       if response['message'] != "pong":
E    TypeError: string indices must be integers

../subfolder/includes/abc/functions.py:70: TypeError
-------------------------------------------- Captured stdout call --------------------------------------------
{"message":"NoPong"}
========================================== short test summary info ===========================================
FAILED test_functions.py::test_check_connection_raiseError - TypeError: string indices must be integers

Why is pytest complaining about my _check_connection function? It is correctly accessing the dictionary with key message, and it works outside of pytest.

A: You need to return a dictionary and not a string, so mocker.patch('includes.abc.functions.ABC.test_connection', return_value='{"message":"NoPong"}') should become: mocker.patch('includes.abc.functions.ABC.test_connection', return_value={"message":"NoPong"})
Without the quotes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Marimba music and traditional chants and dances are musical expressions integral to the family and community fabric of people of African descent in the Colombian South Pacific region and Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador. Chanted stories and poems are performed by men and women at ritual, religious and festive events as a celebration of life, a form of worship to saints or as a farewell to the deceased, and are accompanied by rhythmic movements of the body. The marimba music is played on a palm wood xylophone with bamboo tube resonators, accompanied by drums and maracas. The element is rooted in family and daily activities and the community as a whole is considered the bearer and practitioner, irrespective of age or gender. Elderly people play a crucial role in transmitting legends and stories from oral tradition, while music teachers oversee the transmission of musical knowledge to new generations. Marimba music and traditional chants and dances promote symbolic exchanges that include food and drink. Each of these expressions facilitates family and collective integration through ancestral practices that heighten the sense of belonging to a particular group connected to a shared territory and history.
R.5: The element has been included in inventories of both submitting States (since 2010 in Colombia and 2009 in Ecuador), elaborated in conformity with Articles 11 and 12 of the Convention.
Commends the submitting States for preparing a high quality multinational file that testifies to the dialogical, dynamic and evolving nature of intangible cultural heritage.


This international trio of Polish pianist Leszek Mozdzer, Swedish bassist, Lars Danielsson and Israeli percussionist Zohar Fresco first played together in Warsaw in 2004.
The collaboration continued with their first album "The Time" released in 2005. "Polska" (2013) the band's fourth album reached double platinum.


For the eponymous clothing company he founded, see Hugo Boss.
Hugo Ferdinand Boss (8 July 1885 – 9 August 1948) was a German fashion designer and businessman. He was the founder of the clothing company Hugo Boss. He was an active member of the Nazi Party as early as 1931 and remained loyal to the Nazi German ideology throughout the duration of the party's existence.
Boss was born in Metzingen, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, to Luise (née Münzenmayer) and Heinrich Boss, the youngest of five children. He did an apprenticeship as a merchant, completed military service from 1903 to 1905 and worked in a weaving mill in Konstanz. He then took over as the heir to his parents' lingerie shop in Metzingen in 1908. In that year, he also married Anna Katharina Freysinger with whom he had a daughter. In 1914, he was mobilized into the army and he served through World War I with the rank of corporal.
He founded his own clothing company in Metzingen in 1923 and then a factory in 1924, initially with two partners. The company produced shirts and jackets and then work clothing, sportswear and raincoats. In the 1930s, it produced uniforms for the SA, the SS, the Hitler Youth, the postal service, rail employees and later the Wehrmacht.
Boss joined the Nazi Party in 1931, two years before Adolf Hitler came to power. By the third quarter of 1932, the all-black SS uniform (to replace the SA brown shirts) was designed by SS-Oberführer Prof. Karl Diebitsch and graphic designer Walter Heck, who had no affiliation with the company. The Hugo Boss company produced these black uniforms along with the brown SA shirts and the black-and-brown uniforms of the Hitler Youth. Some workers were French and Polish prisoners of war forced into labour. In 1999, US lawyers acting on behalf of Holocaust survivors started legal proceedings against the Hugo Boss company over the use of slave labour during the war. The misuse of 140 Polish and 40 French forced workers led to an apology by the company.
After World War II, the denazification process saw Boss initially labeled as an "activist, supporter and beneficiary" of National Socialism, which resulted in a heavy fine, also stripping him of his voting rights and of his capacity to run a business. However, this initial ruling was appealed, and Boss was re-labeled as a "follower", a category with a less severe punishment. Nevertheless, the effects of the ban led to Boss's son-in-law, Eugen Holy, taking over both the ownership and the running of the company.
Boss died of a tooth abscess in 1948.
^ "Hugo Ferdinand Boss". Geneall.net.
^ Lumsden, Robin. A Collector's Guide To: The Allgemeine - SS, Ian Allan Publishing, Inc. 2001, p 53.
^ "Hugo Boss comes clean on Nazi past". The Local. 2011-09-21. Archived from the original on 2017-03-23.
^ a b "Hugo Boss Biography".
^ "Hugo Boss apology for Nazi past as book is published". BBC News. BBC. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
^ "Hugo Boss Acknowledges Link to Nazi Regime". The New York Times. 1997-08-15. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
^ White, Constance C. R. "Patterns: Dealing with Hugo Boss's Nazi tie." The New York Times 19 August 1997: A20.
^ Givhan, Robin (1997-08-15). "Clothier Made Nazi Uniforms". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
^ Hall, Allan (May 15, 1999). "Hugo Boss facing Holocaust lawsuit". Daily Record. Glasgow, Scotland. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
^ Abramovitch, Seth. "Hugo Boss Apologizes For Making Nazis Look Fabulous". Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
This page was last edited on 25 February 2019, at 19:20 (UTC).


It's hard to get yourself out of a rut, particularly when you have been doing something a certain way for years, and it works. We all know the phrase – if its not broken, don't fix it. Well, it's not always that easy. Sometimes if you keep doing things one way, you are missing out on something better. That is one of the reasons why I love to cook – I am always searching for the perfect recipe – one that is better than the one I previously thought was perfect. And I think of my kitchen as my lab – I am always experimenting.
Many months ago, I signed up to be a Stonyfield ambassador by applying to be in their blogger club. When I was accepted, I almost wrote back and said thanks, but no thanks. My life is like one of those duffle bags that is completely stuffed – I can't fit even one more sock in. But if I need that sock, I have to figure out what I am going to take out. I still haven't quite figured that out, but all I know is I never did decline the invitation, so here I am, stuffing one more thing in.
The good news is that it doesn't seem like it is going to be that time consuming, especially because I love cooking and baking with yogurt – and this February's opportunity also included Devine Chocolate. Yum!
My girls had been asking me to make a coffee cake for a while, and all of a sudden it hit me – why do you need to use sour cream or buttermilk in a coffee cake, why couldn't you use yogurt instead? So I started researching a little – and I learned that it is a perfect substitution, and with a little milk, you have basically created your own buttermilk. So, I heavily adapted this recipe that I found in the Back in the Day Bakery Cookbook, and I created my own perfect coffee cake. The yogurt made the cake super moist, with a slight tang – and the chocolate bar – oh my word. That was just perfect as the topping.
Position a rack in the lower third of the oven and preheat the oven to 350˚F. Spray a 9-inch square baking pan with vegetable oil spray and line the bottom with parchment.
To make the crumb topping, transfer 3/4 cup of the mixture to a small bowl and stir in the chocolate and espresso. Set aside.
Sprinkle the baking soda into the remaining butter-sugar mixture. Whisk the yogurt together with the milk. Add the yogurt/milk mixture, egg, vanilla, and almond extract to the butter-sugar mixture, and mix just until combined. Scrape the batter into the prepared baking pan, spreading it evenly. Sprinkle the crumb topping evenly over the batter.
Bake for 40 to 50 minutes, until the top is golden brown and a cake tester inserted in the center of the cake comes out clean. Remove to a wire rack and allow to cool in the pan.
* If you find yourself without espresso powder, replace it with 1 teaspoon cinnamon for an equally delicious cake.
These little bars look so delicious and I bet that addition of yogurt makes these bars really moist and chewy. I know life is just crazy and glad you could find a little room in your duffle bag for one more recipe. Shared!
Drool is dripping down my face. SERIOUSLY!


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Human serum and other body fluids are rich resources for the identification of novel biomarkers, which can be measured in routine clinical diagnosis. microRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules, which have an important function in regulating RNA stability and gene expression. The deregulation of microRNAs has been linked to cancer development and tumor progression. Recently, it has been reported that serum and other body fluids contain sufficiently stable microRNA signatures. Thus, the profiles of circulating microRNAs have been explored in a variety of studies aiming at the identification of novel non-invasive biomarkers.
In this review, we discuss recent findings indicating that circulating microRNAs are useful as non-invasive biomarkers for different tumor types. Additionally, we summarize the knowledge about the mechanism of microRNA release and the putative functional roles of circulating microRNAs. Although several challenges remain to be addressed, circulating microRNAs have the potential to be useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer diseases.
One of the major challenges in cancer research is the identification of stable biomarkers, which can be routinely measured in easily accessible samples. Over many decades it has been shown that cell-free DNA and RNA is present in serum and other body fluids and that these circulating nucleic acids may represent potential biomarkers (reviewed in [1–3]). One decade ago, microRNAs (miRNAs) were discovered as a novel class of evolutionarily conserved small (18 - 24 nucleotides) non-coding RNA molecules, which are important regulators of gene expression [4, 5]. By targeting the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA transcripts, miRNAs influence RNA stability and translational efficiency via degradation or protein translation inhibition, respectively [4, 6–9]. Thus, alterations in miRNA-expression can affect crucial biological processes in cancer development and progression, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis [10, 11]. For example, the well-described let 7 miRNA family is evolutionary conserved from C. elegans to humans and has been shown to directly target the human RAS oncogenes . In humans, significantly reduced expression of let-7 family members has been found in various cancers including lung, colon, ovarian, and gastric cancer, as well as leiomyoma and melanoma . Its decreased expression is associated with a significantly shorter survival of lung cancer patients and promotes the colony forming ability of lung cancer cells in vitro . miRNA 221 and miRNA 222 are located on chromosome X, and have been reported to be up regulated in various tumor types such as ovarian cancer , hepatocellular cancer  and glioblastomas . Both miRNAs were shown to promote cell growth, cell cycle progression and invasion in these cancer types in vitro and in vivo [16, 17]. Thus, they act as so-called "oncomirs". These effects are mediated by the direct inhibition of the tumor suppressors PTEN  and CDKN1B .
Similar to mRNA, the expression of miRNAs can be influenced by several factors, e.g. chromosomal re-arrangements, promoter methylation changes and regulation of transcription, all of which are known to occur in human malignancies [19–22].
One hypothesis is that passive release occurs during tissue injury. For example, miRNA-208 was shown to be exclusively expressed in the heart and was measured in the serum after heart tissue injury . The same unspecific release could also exist in cancer, since the high rate of proliferation and cell lysis in tumors might contribute to the abundance of miRNAs in the blood stream. Alternatively, miRNAs are contained in small particles and are therefore protected against RNase activity. Recently, it has been shown that a transfer of mRNA and miRNA between cells can be accomplished through microvesicles . These are small (50 nm to 100 nm) particles, which are shed from the cell plasma membrane into the extracellular space and released into the blood stream [31, 32]. Microvesicles are derived from different cell types, e.g. reticulocytes, dendritic cells, B/T cells and mast cells [33–37]. Additionally, it was shown that non-hematopoietic cells like intestinal epithelial cells and neuroglial cells are capable to release microvesicles [38, 39].
Microvesicles, also known as exosomes, are supposed to be important for cell-cell communication. However, the role of incorporated miRNA molecules is unclear. Hunter et al. compared the expression levels of miRNAs from microvesicles with that of platelets and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy individuals . Significant differences were found and target prediction demonstrated that the majority of the miRNAs from the microvesicles are involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis and cellular differentiation .
Recently, the mechanism of microvesicle based miRNA release was reported to involve a ceramide-dependent secretory machinery : Kosaka and colleagues showed that miRNA abundance changes after overexpression and inhibition of a rate-limiting enzyme involved in ceramide biosynthesis . Interestingly, they also found that miRNAs are transported in microvesicles and exert gene silencing in recipient cells. The recent data suggest that cells can actively secrete endogenous miRNAs. However, it remains unclear whether there is a specific mechanism leading to an increase of certain selected miRNAs.
Although the exact mechanism for microvesicle formation and nucleic acid incorporation is still unknown, exosomes seem to have important roles in cell-cell communication . Therefore, the contained miRNAs could also have important functions in tumor development and progression: In 1979, it was shown that tumor related exosomes are present in the blood of women suffering from ovarian cancer . Recently, the quantity of tumor-derived exosomes in the peripheral circulation has been found to be highly correlated with ovarian cancer stages . Moreover, the miRNA content of tumor cell-derived exosomes is correlated to the miRNA level in the primary tumor [26, 43]. Skog et al. reported that glioblastoma-derived RNA contained in microvesicles is functional and is taken up by and processed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVEC) in cultures . This lead to the hypothesis that tumor cells use exosomes to transport genetic information, including miRNAs, to surrounding cells and thereby support tumor growth and progression . If this hypothesis holds true, miRNAs could be suitable candidates to manipulate the microvesicles' target cells by regulating their RNA stability and translation. Moreover, circulating miRNAs might modulate immune responses [45, 46]: For example, microvesicles derived from human melanoma and colon cancer can promote tumor growth and immune escape by mediating the differentiation of monocytes towards TGFβ-secreting myeloid suppressive cells . However, it has not been investigated if these effects are mediated by the miRNAs contained in the microvesicles.
In healthy individuals, the levels of cell-free miRNAs present in sera are stable [24, 27]. Under healthy conditions, the serum miRNA profile is similar to that of circulating blood cells . Thus, alterations of serum miRNA levels may be indicative of physiological or pathological changes and may possibly be used as surrogate biomarkers . For example, circulating miRNAs were found in the sera of pregnant women : miRNA-526a, miRNA-527 and miRNA-520d-5p showed a considerably high fold-change and could be used to distinguish pregnant from non-pregnant women with high accuracy. Moreover, placenta derived miRNAs (e.g. miRNA 141, miRNA 149, miRNA 299 5p and miRNA 517a) are detectable in the maternal plasma, and their concentrations decrease directly after childbirth [48, 49]. Therefore, miRNAs have been discussed as novel non-invasive markers for prenatal diagnosis .
As to pathological changes, tissue specific miRNAs were analyzed in the blood stream as markers for myocardial injury and drug induced liver injury: A rat model of acute myocardial infarction demonstrated that the plasma levels of the cardiac-specific miRNA-208 and miRNA-499 are increased in this disease . These miRNAs are also elevated in the plasma of human patients with acute myocardial infarction [50, 51]. Drug induced liver injury, a frequent side effect which significantly influences the patient's health and treatment costs, is associated with increased plasma levels of miRNA 122 and miRNA 192 in a mouse model .
Cell-free miRNAs are also associated with inflammatory diseases [53, 54]: Circulating miRNA-146a and miRNA-223 were significantly reduced in septic patients when compared to patients with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome or healthy controls . Furthermore, reduced plasma levels of miRNA 132 were observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthrosis compared to healthy controls .
Lawrie et al. were the first to discover tumor specific deregulation of circulating miRNAs. Their study demonstrated that miRNA-21 is highly abundant in the sera of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients . miRNA profiling of leukemia patients has shown circulating miRNA-92a to be considerably downregulated in the case of malignancy . In 2008, Mitchell et al. reported that miRNAs derived from epithelial tumors are also rapidly released into the blood stream . They used a mouse model to show that human miRNAs can be detected in the blood of mice after prostate cancer xenograft transplantation. The amount of human miRNAs was correlated with the xenograft tumor mass. These results clearly demonstrated that tumor-derived miRNAs can enter the circulation even when originating from epithelial cancers. Additionally, Mitchell et al. found circulating miRNA-141 to be significantly elevated in sera of metastatic prostate cancer when compared to those of healthy controls . Ng and colleagues employed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to analyze miRNA profiles in colon cancer cells, the corresponding adjacent normal colonic tissue and plasma of patients and healthy controls [57, 58]: In this study, five miRNAs were found to be significantly overexpressed in the tumor cells as well as more abundant in the plasma samples of tumor patients compared to those of healthy volunteers (Table 1). miRNA-92 and miRNA-17-3p were confirmed as diagnostic markers for colon cancer in an independent validation study . Both miRNAs belong to the miRNA-17-92 gene cluster, which is supposed to be involved in cancer pathogenesis .
Circulating miRNAs were analyzed for the feasibility to detect early cancer development. Huang et al. studied the miRNA profiles in the blood stream of early stage colon cancer patients. Interestingly, they identified circulating miRNAs which distinguished adenomas from healthy controls with a 73% sensitivity and a 79% specificity . These data indicate that cell-free miRNAs are promising markers for early tumor diagnosis. Novel biomarkers could be particularly useful for an earlier detection of tumors, which are clinically asymptomatic for extended periods. Pancreatic cancer, for instance, is often diagnosed in an advanced stage and associated with very short survival times. miRNA-21, miRNA-155, miRNA-196a and miRNA-210, which are known to be associated with pancreatic cancer, were also found to be elevated in the plasma of pancreatic carcinoma patients [28, 61]. These miRNAs have been largely studied for their functional consequences: miRNA-21 is known to be upregulated in several tumor entities and targets known tumor suppressive genes like PTEN and PDCD4 [62, 63]. miRNA-155 has been found to downregulate the proapoptotic protein TP53INP1 . miRNA-196a was described to be a prognostic marker in pancreatic cancer . miRNA-210 is directly regulated by HIF1A and therefore induced by hypoxia .
The performance of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic markers has been compared to established blood-based markers: Women with high risk for ovarian cancer can undergo a CA 125 serum-based screening test. However, with a sensitivity of 40%, CA-125 is a poor marker for the early detection of this tumor. A set of serum miRNAs has recently been found to be highly abundant in patients with ovarian cancer. Some of these miRNAs were also deregulated in patients exhibiting normal CA-125 serum levels . These data indicate that circulating miRNAs might be non-invasive markers, which could contribute to improving established clinical diagnostic tests.
Serum miRNA profiles among different cancer types have also been analyzed: Chen and colleagues compared the miRNA levels between colorectal and lung cancer patients . Several miRNAs (e.g., miR-134, miR-146a, miR-221, miR-222, miR-23a) were significantly deregulated in the sera of both patient groups, suggesting that a miRNA profile common for several types of cancers may exist. On the other hand, tumor-specific miRNAs were also described: Lodes et al. analyzed the serum miRNA profiles in five tumor entities (prostate, colon, ovarian, breast and lung cancer) using a high-density microarray. Here, different tumor entities could be distinguished based on the miRNA profiles in patients sera .
The findings discussed in the previous paragraph were based on comparisons of the miRNA serum levels between tumor patients and healthy controls. None of the described circulating miRNAs for the diagnosis of epithelial tumors showed correlations to histological subtypes, different stages or grades of cancer in further validation studies [56, 57, 61, 67]. This suggests that the identified circulating miRNAs might be promising biomarkers for cancer detection but not necessarily appropriate for the prediction of the clinical courses of the diseases. In contrast, in tissue samples, miRNAs seem to be valuable markers to predict the clinical outcomes of cancer patients [69–71].
In our own study , we analyzed the miRNA profiles in sera of patients with highly aggressive compared to localized prostate cancer. Several circulating miRNAs were considerably higher abundant in patients with metastatic disease. Two independent validation studies indicated that miRNA-141 and miRNA-375 were the most promising markers correlated with prostate tumor progression. Recently, circulating miRNAs have also been reported to be correlated with clinicopathological variables (nodal and estrogen receptor status) in patients with breast cancer . However, this study as well as our own data only demonstrated that circulating miRNAs are correlated with histopathological parameters, and not directly associated with patients' outcome. To evaluate the prognostic potential of the identified circulating miRNAs, larger retrospective validation studies integrating long-term follow-up data are required.
For lung cancer, it was shown that serum miRNAs are promising prognostic biomarkers: Hu et al. demonstrated that circulating miRNAs can be used to predict the clinical outcomes of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients . In their screening study, the authors compared the serum miRNA profiles of patients with long and short survival times using Solexa sequencing and validated the abundance of 13 selected miRNAs in 243 patients by qPCR. Four miRNAs (miRNA-486, miRNA-30d, miRNA-1, and miRNA-499) were confirmed to be associated with patient outcome. miRNA-1 was already described to be significantly downregulated in lung cancer tissue, thereby leading to decreased cell proliferation, migration and motility. miRNA-1 is supposed to target the MET oncogene as well as the gene HDAC4 . Hu et al. also demonstrated that a combination of selected circulating miRNAs had a higher sensitivity than single biomarkers: Patients exhibiting large amounts of two or more high-risk miRNAs in the serum had a significantly increased probability of shorter survival times. Taken together, these results indicate a significant association of circulating miRNAs with the survival of NSCLC patients and therefore suggest that miRNAs are useful as prognostic markers.
Due to the small amount of circulating miRNAs and the large amount of proteins, miRNA extraction from serum samples is technically challenging. To this end, several phenol/chloroform-based extraction protocols are available. Commercially available extraction kits without acid phase separation can also be used for the isolation of miRNA from body fluids.
Circulating miRNAs can be extracted from both serum as well as plasma samples. Serum has recently been described to yield lower amounts of circulating miRNAs compared to plasma . In addition, the usefulness of serum samples has been questioned since the range of miRNAs from different samples can vary . However, due to practical reasons, in the clinical routine, mainly serum samples are available. To this end, a good correlation was observed when the individual miRNA levels were compared between serum and plasma samples from the same patient donors . Thus, both sample types seem to be suitable for the analysis of cell-free miRNAs.
One of the main problems associated with circulating miRNA extraction and comparison of sample collectives is the quantification of the miRNA. The low abundance of miRNA in serum can hardly be determined using spectrophotometers. A robust and sensitive method for the analysis of serum miRNAs is their relative quantification by a stem-loop reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), which has been widely used for the sensitive detection of low abundant circulating miRNAs  with high reproducibility. New technologies for serum-based miRNA analysis are emerging: For example, Lusi et al. designed a PCR- and label-free, sensitive detection method  based on an electrochemical sensor. After the hybrid formation of the miRNA with an inosine substitute, the oxidation of guanine generates an electrical signal, which can be quantified . Microarray-based expression analysis is challenging since a large amount of RNA is needed for the analyses. Lodes et al. reported similar limits of detection for the analysis of circulating miRNAs for microarrays when compared to qPCR-based methods . Deep sequencing technologies have resulted in a steep increase of the rate of newly described microRNAs . Since 2007, almost all newly recovered microRNAs were derived from deep sequencing analyses. The current release (miRBase 16) encompasses over 15.000 microRNA gene loci. The user can search for tissue- and stage specific expression, and compare own data with microRNA profiles in different diseases. First studies indicate disease-specific fingerprints in serum [24, 74]. Thus, large-scale miRNA sequencing appears to be very promising with respect to the identification of further biomarkers.
Due to the described technical and quality variations, the strategy of raw data normalization is a critical issue. Since endogenous ("housekeeping") controls do not exist, variances based on starting material and miRNA extraction have to be carefully balanced. So far, several normalization strategies for the analysis of circulating miRNAs are available (Table 1). Literature-based tissue housekeeping genes or miRNAs in the serum have been used for data normalization. For example, miRNA-16 was used as a reference for serum miRNA analysis in several studies [23, 60, 61, 73, 80, 81] (Table 1). This miRNA is consistently expressed in different human tissue entities  and is also detectable in serum samples. However, measurements of miRNA-16 in sera seem to be inconsistent. While some studies demonstrated a lack of significant differences between clinically defined entities [61, 73], miRNA-16 was also found to be highly abundant in the sera of prostate cancer patients . Small non-coding RNAs are also commonly used. However, these have been reported to show limitations due to degradation in the blood stream [23, 60, 83]. Mitchell and colleagues reported a spike-in normalization approach to control for technical variances during the purification process. Three C. elegans miRNAs (without sequence similarity to known human miRNAs) were included in the purification procedure and used for data normalization [25, 84].
The mentioned challenges concerning extraction, quantification and data processing steps in miRNA analysis may lead to considerably variable results and clearly demonstrate the need for better standardization methods.
Circulating miRNAs offer great hope for the diagnosis and prognosis, and possibly prediction, of cancer. However, there are still limitations to the technology and the recent study designs. In-line with the lessons learned from gene expression profiling, clinical associations of miRNA presence identified in small sample cohorts have to be verified in larger and independent studies, and the efforts to translate the findings into clinical routine have to be increased. Initial data of miRNA in several tumor entities were either based on literature search or on a limited number of miRNAs (Table 1). Global screening studies monitoring a large set of human miRNAs are likely to lead to the discovery of better markers for specific diseases. In terms of biological or cellular functions, there is less known for any of the discovered serum miRNA. There are still controversial results concerning the relation of miRNA levels between tissue and corresponding serum: Several researchers suggested that tumor-associated miRNAs should be evaluated in the serum and in the tumor tissue [25, 57]. This is conceptually in line with the role of microvesicles in neoplastic progression . However, in lung cancer, the let-7 family was shown to be associated with clinical outcome in tissue samples only, and was not detected in the serum . Thus, circulating miRNAs may not always be directly associated with the changes occurring in tumor tissues but may also reflect indirect effects. On the other hand, deregulated circulating miRNAs have been reported to be significantly reduced in post-operative states [60, 73, 80, 81, 85].
Wang et al. concluded from their study that specific miRNAs are released into the blood stream after drug induced liver injury leading to a downregulation in the tissue . In contrast to that, Tanaka et al. speculated that tumor cells rely on the specific intake of miRNAs from circulating microvesicles . These contradictive assumptions clearly demonstrate a need for additional studies to elucidate the relation and function of tissue and serum miRNA expression levels. Furthermore, additional studies focusing on tumor specific microvesicles may provide insights into the biological roles of circulating miRNAs.
Finally, it is unknown how soon miRNA changes appear in the serum, although some first results showed that miRNAs occur early in the blood stream during colon cancer development  and after drug induced liver injury . Serum miRNAs-122 and 192 are detectable prior to the routine detection of liver injury using an alanine aminotransferase enzyme test . So far, no study has analyzed the influence of age, health conditions or dynamical changes of the serum miRNA profile in different individuals. Therefore, the kinetics of circulating miRNAs should be analyzed in detail to unravel if infection diseases or lifestyle changes can lead to changes in the serum and to correct for these changes in future studies. Additionally it is unknown, if medical treatment leads to a change of the serum miRNA profiles. In-vitro studies revealed that specific microRNAs impact on drug sensitivity . Thus, it is possible that personal treatments are reflected by serum microRNA profiles. This aspect is highly relevant, since the individual treatment may influence the value of novel non-invasive miRNA biomarkers.
Although we are just beginning to understand the role and function of circulating miRNAs in the serum, miRNAs in body fluids are currently extensively explored for their potential as non-invasive diagnostic tumor markers. Tumor-specific circulating miRNAs may improve cancer diagnosis and prognosis, since several promising miRNAs have already been described as non-invasive biomarkers for different tumor entities. However, larger sample sets including long-term clinical data are urgently required for future studies. In contrast, circulating miRNAs for the prediction of drug responses have not been described so far. Isolation, quantification and normalization strategies have to be standardized before any of the novel miRNA biomarkers is applicable for clinical routine.
This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Science in the framework of the Program for Medical Genome Research (01GS0890). The authors wish to apologize to the readers for the fact that - due to space restrictions - not all excellent studies on miRNA in serum of cancer patients could be mentioned.
JCB reviewed the literature, wrote and drafted the manuscript; RK, DW and HS corrected and finalized the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.


There could be no doubt from the banners and notices outside what the principal attraction was (at least from our point of view!) In fact this was a short craft fair, running from 10:30 am to 1:30 pm on 5th November 2016, which was part of the month-long Eltham Arts Winter Festival.
As well as a Meccano show there were various craft exhibits including lacemaking, paintings, papier-mâché model dinosaurs by local schoolchildren, as well as cakes made by Cathy Warrell and church tours (conducted by Chris Warrell). It was all in the church whose hall used to be our meeting place.
Deansfield Primary School's papier-mâché dinosaurs - who needs Meccano?
And so to what you all want to know. I didn't know I was doing this write up so this is from memory, so please forgive me for any omissions or errors.
First was Brian Leach with his Wendy House. This was in the form of a three-storey town house with pitched roof, which used up nearly all Brian's stock of plates and strips. The entire front could open and lock and there was an electric light inside. (Brian realised later in the day that one of the side panels was upside down, so the windows are too low!) I saw some children go in it.
Next was Tim Surtell with his Lightning Leap, enticing spectators to try their skill and donate to Foal Farm. He also had his Spanish Knight running, plus a representation of '1000' using a worm and three 57-tooth gears, marking the milestone of the London Meccano Club channel reaching one thousand YouTube subscribers!
Then Peter Clay who had his Meccano lacegraph producing designs some taken by children. He also had a tractor with flywheel drive and trailer; army truck; 4-wheel steer car; butcher's wagon and mini helicopter.
Next along, Adrian Ashford showed some attractive red/green models. His owl flapped its wings at the press of a button. Also with electric motor was a battery-powered windmill pump with moving vanes and pump. An attractive motor launch and a lorry, with no. 1 clockwork motor, completed his display.
Finally, Chris Warrell had his pontoon crane running. He also had a fire tender, lunar probe, Meccano Magazine spacecraft and a realistic bike. Three Daleks in different colour schemes rounded off a varied and interesting display.
Chris tells me the show was considered a great success and another one is likely next year.
» This article appeared in the Christmas 2016 issue of SELMEC News.


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The organizational side of a holiday can often be so stressful or daunting that it takes away from the enjoyment of traveling. But with a few nifty mobile apps, much of this stress can be instantly eradicated. Here are some of the best travel apps for before, during and after a vacation that will guarantee you won't forget to pack that extra pair of socks, help you find the cheapest flight, or even help ward off the post-travel blues.
Kayak takes away the research associated with traveling by providing a one-stop-shop for all your hotel, flight, transportation and organization needs. It not only consolidates hundreds of travel sites into one, but it also scours the best current deals for you to compare, and even offers a flight tracker and itinerarymanagement.
Packing Pro is a must have for the modern day traveler — particularly for those who have a habit of packing at the very last minute, thereby inevitably forgetting something vital. All you need to do is tell it where you're going and how long for and it will create an all-inclusive list of the things you should take. It categorizes the items into various groups and lists them in order of importance.
It even creates suggestions for other family members and it works as a perfect checklist while traveling to ensure you don`t lose anything along the way.
AroundMe detects your location and will show you any nearby points of interest within a certain radius. Feeling peckish? Simply click on the restaurants function and it will show you all your nearby options. You can even book a hotel or find the movie schedule of a nearby theater.
As the world's most used local search application and with more than 10 different languages, including Chinese, this app must be doing something right.
It's all well and good to find nearby places of interest, but that's quite useless if the place you visit is beyond your budget, closed down or has some other unadvertised shortcomings.
This is where TripAdvisor comes in. The TripAdvisor app was downloaded on average 25 times a minute in 2012. The app features hundreds of millions of trusted, unbiased reviews from real travelers detailing their experiences of particular places.
With map-based browsing, a 'near me now' function, saved searches and plenty of photos, after traveling with the app you'll wonder how you ever traveled without it.
Rather than having to lug around a heavy paper journal that you cut and glue memorabilia in to, Trip Journal allows you to keep your travel memories in order amid all the chaos and excitement. The app was awarded No 1 Travel Application by Google and in 2011 was a finalist in the travel category of the Best App Ever awards. The savvy app allows you to document your holiday experiences and share them with friends and family through social media. You can track and record your travel routes, photos, videos, blog entries, and even statistics such as distance, time and geography traveled.
GMT+8, 2019-4-19 04:24 AM , Processed in 0.020905 second(s), 14 queries .


text:
Women in Weed: The female force behind cannabis continues to rise
Excerpt from THIS BUD'S FOR YOU: Legal Marijuana, Selecting, Growing & Enjoying Cannabis by Susan Cohen
In August 2015, Newsweek published a cover story about women working in weed. "Though the industry is still predominantly male and employment statistics are somewhat vaporous," writer Gogo Lidz wrote, "the power and influence of women are, by all signs, on the upswing."
That may have been a surprising fact for readers of the magazine, but for the women who actually hold those jobs, it's their reality. If women could play crucial roles in the fight against cannabis prohibition, penning legislation and rallying others for the cause, why shouldn't they get a fair stake in this booming billion-dollar industry?
In fact, women have been essential to cannabis' massive growth over the past few years.
Heylo Labs Photo by Kristen Angelo
They've established all sorts of cannabusinesses, from dispensaries and product lines to staffing agencies and law firms. According to a 2015 Marijuana Business Daily survey, women hold 36 percent of all executive-level jobs at cannabis businesses, compared to 22 percent of their peers outside of the industry.
Women know what women need, and a number of these new businesses were created to reflect the needs of female cannabis enthusiasts. AnnaBis and Erbanna both design fashion-able purses and bags that control product odor, while Floria Pleasure and similar companies focus on female sexual pleasure. Even Whoopi Goldberg has entered the market — along with Om Edibles founder Maya Elisabeth, Goldberg now produces a line of edibles and topicals designed with women in mind, including a cannabis rub that eases menstrual pain.
However, while plenty of new opportunities have been created for women, it hasn't happened without risk. In September 2016, the Center for Investigative Reporting shared accounts from female trimmers who reported sexual abuse and human trafficking on pot farms in California. Meanwhile, December Kennedy, the COO of a Denver greenhouse and lighting company, recalled in an essay on Canada's Cannabis Digest blog the time police officers and social workers arrived at her house. The mother of three ran an edible business at the time, and the group wanted to see her garden. After a quick inspection, the police officers raised no concerns and left, but Child Protective Services stayed behind. Then they opened a case on her.
Jazmin Hupp, Co-founder of Women Grow - Photo by C Reese Ramp
Kennedy was lucky; she didn't lose her children, but many other mothers have. Despite this risk, women are still stepping up, and they have banded together publicly to endorse their needs and support each other. Founded by Jazmin Hupp and Jane West in Denver in 2014, Women Grow brings female entrepreneurs together through networking and other events. There are now 26 chapters in 14 states and the District of Columbia, plus another three in Canada, and it's not the only group that advocates for women legally and economically. Others include NORML's Women's Alliance, Washington's Women in Weed, and California's Synchronicity Sisters.
Women in Cannabis - Photo: Green Man Cannabis
Women have also become some of the most recognizable faces in cannabis. Marijuana use is a central component of the comedy of Broad City's Abbi Jacobson and Ilana Glazer, while High Maintenance co-creator Katja Blichfeld recently developed her Vimeo comedy series into a program for HBO. For her advocacy work and infamous televised F-bomb, Charlo Greene is one of the movement's top celebrities, though she currently faces significant jail time for operating her Alaska Cannabis Club. And Cheryl Shuman, the "Martha Stewart of Marijuana" and founder of the Beverly Hills Cannabis Club, has made efforts to appeal to a more traditional audience.
The cannabis industry that exists today essentially didn't five years ago. That makes it different from traditional trades: It isn't bogged down by generations of glass ceilings. As a result, the expanding field could be the first to include as many women as men — and women are making sure of that.
Do you want to learn marijuana cultivation techniques?
Marijuana Grower's Handbook is the official course book at Oaksterdam University.
Cannabis CultivationEd Rosenthal July 12, 2018 women, cannabis industry
Long Live the Hemperor, Jack Herer!
cannabis activists, Cannabis CultivationEd Rosenthal July 12, 2018 cannabis activist, cannabis industry, jack herer
710 Glossary: Critical extracts terms you want to know
Concentrates, ConsumptionEd Rosenthal July 12, 2018 concentrates, 710


A large evergreen tree with small glossy dark green leaves that are pale pink then red when young bearing clusters of small creamy white flowers mostly in Summer, followed by red edible fruit.
Growth Size: Generally 15m h x 7m w but can be larger in big open spaces.
Temperament: Coastal tolerant, frost intolerant.
Perfect for: Screening, Hedging, shade tree.


text:
const EventEmitter = require('events');

class Async extends EventEmitter {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.static = this.constructor;
    this.dependents = {};
    this.depFinishing = {};

    this.waitFinish = new Promise((resolve) => {
      this.signalFinish = resolve;
    });

    this.ready = this.init();
    this.finishTimeout = this.constructor.finishTimeoutMsec;
    this.instanceId = Async.nextInstanceId++;
    this[Async.isAsync] = true;
    Async.instances[this.instanceId] = this;

    this.anywayReady = this.ready.catch(() => {
      this.initFailed = true;
    });
  }

  static get type() { return 'main'; }

  async init() {
    if (!this.delayedInit) {
      if (this.ready) throw new Error(`Async: explicit call of 'init()' on ${Object.getPrototypeOf(this).constructor.name} is not allowed`);
    } else {
      await this.delayedInit;
      this.delayedInit = null;
    }

    await new Promise(resolve => setImmediate(resolve));
  }

  async finish() {
    delete Async.instances[this.instanceId];
    this.finish = Async.nullAsyncFunc;
    this.finished = true;
    this.signalFinish();
  }

  async main() {
    // virtual
  }

  static abort(code) {
    return code;
  }

  static abortError(err) {
    return err;
  }

  static raceDone(promise, error) {
    return (data) => {
      const map = this.raceMap.get(promise);
      if (!map) return;
      this.raceMap.delete(promise);
      promise[this.promiseIsError] = error;
      promise[this.promiseValue] = data;

      for (const trigger of map.keys()) {
        for (const submap of trigger.map.keys()) {
          submap.delete(trigger);
        }

        trigger.map.clear();
        delete trigger.map;
        const action = error ? trigger.reject : trigger.resolve;
        delete trigger.resolve;
        delete trigger.reject;
        action(data);
      }

      map.clear();
    };
  }

  race(...args) {
    return this.constructor.race(...args);
  }

  static race(promises) {
    for (const promise of promises) {
      if (!(promise instanceof Promise)) return Promise.resolve(promise);

      if (this.promiseIsError in promise) {
        const data = promise[this.promiseValue];
        if (promise[this.promiseIsError]) return Promise.reject(data);
        return Promise.resolve(data);
      }
    }

    return this.racePending(promises);
  }

  static racePending(promises) {
    let trigger;

    const result = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      trigger = {resolve, reject};
    });

    const tMap = new Map();
    trigger.map = tMap;

    for (const promise of promises) {
      let map = this.raceMap.get(promise);

      if (!map) {
        map = new Map();
        this.raceMap.set(promise, map);
        promise.then(this.raceDone(promise, false), this.raceDone(promise, true));
      }

      map.set(trigger, true);
      tMap.set(map, true);
    }

    return result;
  }

  static async finishAllInstances() {
    await Promise.all(Reflect.ownKeys(Async.instances).map(async (instanceId) => {
      const instance = Async.instances[instanceId];
      instance.shutdown = true;
      await instance.anywayReady;

      await Promise.all(Reflect.ownKeys(instance.dependents).map(async (depdId) => {
        const depd = Async.instances[depdId];
        if (!depd) return;
        instance.depFinishing[depdId] = true;
        if (depd.depFinishing[instanceId]) return;
        await depd.waitFinish;
      }));

      const timeout = Async.delay(instance.finishTimeout);
      const finish = instance.finish().catch(err => this.throw(err, 'IN FINALIZER'));
      await this.race([timeout, finish]); // eslint-disable-line
    }));
  }

  async runMainInited() {
    if (this.ignore) return false;
    let code;

    const abort = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      this.constructor.abort = resolve;
      this.constructor.abortError = reject;
    });

    process.on('SIGTERM', () => this.constructor.abort('SIGTERM'));
    process.on('SIGHUP', () => this.constructor.abort('SIGHUP'));
    process.on('SIGINT', () => this.constructor.abort('SIGINT'));

    process.on('unhandledException', err => this.constructor.throw(err, 'UNHANDLED EXCEPTION'));
    process.on('unhandledRejection', err => this.constructor.throw(err, 'UNHANDLED PROMISE REJECTION'));

    const mainProc = this.main(...process.argv);

    if (this.stay) {
      mainProc.catch(this.constructor.abortError);
      code = await abort;
    } else {
      code = await this.constructor.race([abort, mainProc]);
    }

    if (this.ignore) return false;
    return code;
  }

  static async runMain(Launcher) {
    const session = Launcher.defaultInstance || new Launcher();
    return session.runMain();
  }

  async runMain() {
    if (!this.main) return false;
    if (typeof this.main === 'object') return this.main.runMain();
    if (this.ignore) return false;
    if (!this.ready) return false;
    let code;

    try {
      await this.ready;
      code = await this.runMainInited();
    } catch (err) {
      code = await this.throw(err);
    }

    return code;
  }

  static throw(err, type) {
    const error = err || 'unknown';

    if (!this.errorSilent) {
      const now = new Date().toISOString();
      console.log(`>>> ${now} @ ${type || 'CRITICAL'}\n\n${error.stack || error}`);
    }

    const code = isFinite(error.code) ? error.code : 1;
    return code;
  }

  throw(...args) {
    return this.constructor.throw(...args);
  }

  static waitEvent(context, subs, throws) {
    const unsubs = [];

    const subone = (sub, func) => {
      const wfunc = (data, ...args) => func({event: sub, data, args});
      unsubs.push({sub, func: wfunc});

      (
        context.on ||
        context.addListener ||
        context.addEventListener
      ).call(context, sub, wfunc);
    };

    const unsuball = () => unsubs.forEach(v => (
      context.off ||
      context.removeListener ||
      context.removeEventListener
    ).call(context, v.sub, v.func));

    const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      if (subs) {
        subs.split(',').forEach(ev => subone(ev, (e2) => {
          unsuball();
          resolve(e2);
        }));
      }

      if (throws) {
        throws.split(',').forEach(ev => subone(ev, (e2) => {
          unsuball();
          reject(e2);
        }));
      }
    });

    return promise;
  }

  waitEvent(...args) {
    return this.constructor.waitEvent(...args);
  }

  static delay(msec) {
    const timeout = new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, msec));
    return timeout;
  }

  delay(...args) {
    return this.constructor.delay(...args);
  }

  static async timeout(msec, err) {
    await this.delay(msec);
    throw err || 'timeout';
  }

  timeout(...args) {
    return this.constructor.timeout(...args);
  }

  static tick() {
    const tick = new Promise(resolve => setImmediate(resolve));
    return tick;
  }

  tick(...args) {
    return this.constructor.tick(...args);
  }

  static async nullAsyncFunc() {
  }
}

module.exports = Async;

Async.isAsync = Symbol('isAsync');
Async[Async.isAsync] = true;

Async.instances = {};
Async.nextInstanceId = 0;
Async.holdOnTimeoutMsec = 60000;

Async.finishTimeoutMsec = 2000;

Async.raceMap = new Map();
Async.promiseValue = Symbol('promiseValue');
Async.promiseIsError = Symbol('promiseIsError');

let hold = false;
let code = 0;

function holdOn(init) {
  if (init || hold) {
    hold = setTimeout(holdOn, Async.holdOnTimeoutMsec);
  }
}

function getLauncherFromMain() {
  const {main} = require;
  if (!main) return null;

  const Launcher = main.exports;
  if (!Launcher || Launcher.ignore || !Launcher[Async.isAsync]) return null;

  return Launcher;
}

function getLauncher() {
  if (Async.Launcher) return Async.Launcher;
  if (global.Launcher) return global.Launcher;
  return getLauncherFromMain();
}

async function master() {
  const Launcher = getLauncher();
  if (!Launcher) return;

  try {
    holdOn(true);

    try {
      const session = Launcher.defaultInstance || new Launcher();
      code = await session.runMain();
      if (code === false) return;
    } finally {
      await Launcher.finishAllInstances();
      clearTimeout(hold);
      hold = false;
    }
  } catch (err) {
    code = Launcher.throw(err);
  }

  process.exit(code);
}

setImmediate(master);


Jewel case. 2-sided inlay card.
Pioneers of rock'n'roll, also an influential American singer-songwriter, born in 1936 in Vernon, Texas. Compilation of previously released material, including e.g. "Too Soon to Know", "Crawling Back", "Time Changed Everything", "A True Love Goodbye", "Lovestruck" and "Why Hurt the One Who Loves You".


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We Provide Verity of Landscape Services.


text:
The Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC; ) is an agency of the  (NHCC). It has been activated by the government of Taiwan for several disease outbreaks, such as the 2009 swine flu pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic. The head of the agency is Chen Shih-chung, the minister of health and welfare. The CECC is associated with the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan CDC).

A temporary command center was first established in 2003 during the SARS epidemic, which caused 71 deaths in Taiwan. Then, as a result of lessons learned from this epidemic, a permanent National Health Command Center was approved as a project on 16 August 2004; NHCC offices opened in the CDC building on 18 January 2005. The CECC is one of the command centers that are part of the NHCC.

2009 swine flu pandemic
On 28 April 2009, the CECC held its first meeting hosted by the Minister of Health, Yeh Ching-chuan. Participating agencies included the Department of Health, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Economic Affairs. On 20 May 2009, the CECC confirmed Taiwan's first imported case of H1N1 influenza. The CDC immediately reported to the WHO and other countries through International Health Regulations Focal Points. On 24 May, the first indigenous case was confirmed. These precautionary measures triggered many different policy responses in Taiwan.

2013 bird flu epidemic (virus subtype H7N9)
On 3 April 2013, the Executive Yuan activated the CECC in response to the H7N9 influenza (avian influenza or bird flu virus) epidemic in mainland China. The Executive Yuan deactivated the CECC for H7N9 influenza on 11 April 2014.

The CECC convened 24 meetings with government agencies including the Council of Agriculture, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, and the Ministry of Education. It also convened meetings with 22 city and local governments. In addition, regional and deputy commanding officers of the Communicable Disease Control Network attended these meetings.

On 17 May 2013, the slaughtering of live poultry was banned at traditional wet markets, eliminating risk of avian influenza being transmitted from animals to humans.

2015 dengue fever outbreak

Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus, and is common in tropical and sub-tropical climates. Outbreaks occur from time to time in Taiwan, and the CECC was activated on 14 September 2015. There were 43,784 cases reported in total, most of these being in the tropical climate of the southern cities of Tainan and Kaohsiung with 52% and 45% respectively. Taiwan experienced consecutive outbreaks of dengue fever in both 2014 and 2015.

2016 Zika virus epidemic

CECC was activated on 2 February 2016.

COVID-19 pandemic

In response to the coronavirus pandemic, the CECC was activated on 20 January 2020.

Coordinating the response to COVID-19

The CECC has the authority to coordinate work across government departments and enlist additional personnel during an emergency. The CECC has coordinated government response measures across areas including logistics for citizens on the Diamond Princess, disinfection of public spaces around schools, and daily briefings from Minister of Health Chen Shih-chung, which are regularly aired on large news channels in Taiwan. Originally established as a level 3 government entity, the CECC was promoted to level 1 on 28 February 2020.

In January, Taiwan closed its borders to all residents of Wuhan amid concerns that the country was not receiving timely updates, because it was excluded from the World Health Organization (WHO).

Activities of the CECC

The agency has sent warning text messages target to mobile phones in specific areas, urging people to practice social distancing, especially by avoiding crowded scenic areas.

On 18 March, the CECC raised its travel notice for the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand and advised against all nonessential travel to these countries. It also announced that certain exempted foreign nationals must observe a 14-day home quarantine upon arrival from overseas.

On 25 March, even as Taiwan saw zero new confirmed cases on that day, the CECC announced recommendations that indoor events which would be attended by more than 100 people should be suspended, while outdoor gatherings of more than 500 people should also do so.

Taiwan's response

Taiwan's response has been praised in JAMA, the journal of the American Medical Association. According to JAMA, Taiwan should have seen the second-largest outbreak of COVID-19 in the world, but has instead effectively eliminated community transmission. Taiwan has done this without ordering people to stay home or shutting down schools, restaurants, shops and other businesses. As a result, Taiwan's economy is not suffering the same economic damage as countries under lockdown.

References

External links

 Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan CDC)

2004 establishments in Taiwan
Government agencies established in 2004
Disease outbreaks in Taiwan
Organizations based in Taipei
COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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How IITs are experimenting to battle against COVID-19
Puniti Pandey | Posted on Saturday, April 04, 2020 13:04
The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) have come up with tech-enabled solutions for diagnosing and preventing the coronavirus
At a time when the entire country is struggling to combat the COVID-19, and taking up measures to contain the virus, the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) have also stepped up with tech-enabled solutions to battle against the virus.
Besides working in the labs to devise innovative solutions, IITs are also raising funds to help the needy. IIT-Delhi had recently introduced an online link to collect funds to support the daily wage workers and people from the economically weaker section of the society. The institute has also put the link in the public domain for inviting funds from people across the country. To ensure transparency, the contribution made by people is updated on the website. Earlier, students from the institute had also contributed over one lakh rupees to the rickshaw pullers. The researchers at the institute have also developed a test kit that could reduce the cost of diagnosing coronavirus.
As an alternative solution to the expensive ventilators, IIT-Hyderabad has proposed to design an inexpensive mask to the government. The institute estimates that the cost of these masks will be one-hundredth the cost of a conventional machine. The device is widely known as 'bag valve mask' is not a new invention and is used to provide breathing support during emergency situations in out-of-hospital settings such as an ambulance. Several countries are adopting the idea and are replacing the expensive ventilators with such masks in the ongoing pandemic.
"We are proposing that the government constitute a highly empowered task force to carry out the production of low-cost ventilators. The 'bag valve mask' could be powered by an electrical source, such as car battery and could be used in areas without a power supply. Our estimate of the cost is that it can be manufactured for less than Rs 5,000 that will be one-hundredth the cost of a conventional machine," said BS Murty, director, IIT Hyderabad.
IIT Kanpur's incubator company have also come up with a prototype of a ventilator that would cost much less than those currently used in hospitals.
Following the guidelines of the WHO, researchers and students from IIT Kharagpur and Hyderabad have developed a method for preparing hand sanitisers at home.
IIT Guwahati has been preparing WHO specified masks and hand sanitisers and is planning to deliver 5,000 bottles of sanitisers to Guwahati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH) and Assam government. In addition, the Institute has also provided two real-time PCR machines to GMCH for the diagnosis of coronavirus. These machines are designed to examine 1,000 samples in 12 hours.
The Institute is also making efforts to develop several new technologies which include, robot-based drug/food carrying unit to work in isolation wards and robot-based screening units, large and high capacity autoclave machine, handheld temperature measuring units, biodegradable and reusable protective gear, hospital beds including ICU beds, ventilators, medical waste disposal in the isolation wards, shower for disinfection, etc.
Students of IIT-Bombay have created a mobile app called Corontine that alerts the authorities on the movement of a carrier from the quarantine zone. The app is based on geo-fencing and sends texts messages or emails on experiencing the movement of the person from the selected region.
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Pandemic has not deterred foreign students to study in India, as the number is increasing ...
The enrolment of international students from neighbouring countries has started by varsities ...
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The projects emanate from the MoU signed between the two institutions for interdisciplinary research ...
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