text:
STATEFUL BROWSING
Systems and methods pertaining to maintaining and provisioning state information of user sessions are disclosed. In one embodiment, a system includes a plurality of web browsing engines adapted to run in an operating system instance, with the plurality of web browsing engines adapted for remote interaction via a corresponding plurality of devices. In the same embodiment, the system also includes a plurality of state manager engines corresponding to the plurality of web browsing engines. In the same embodiment, the plurality of state manager engines are adapted to maintain a corresponding plurality of browsing state sessions, with each browsing state session comprising a respective first portion of a respective webpage sent for remote viewing.
Swenson, Erik R. (San Jose, CA, US)
Bhandari, Nitin (Fremont, CA, US)
G06F3/048
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VARGA, WILSON V
FENWICK & WEST LLP (MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA, US)
1. A system for maintaining a plurality of browsing state sessions, the system comprising: a plurality of web browsing engines adapted to run in an operating system instance, the plurality of web browsing engines adapted for remote interaction via a corresponding plurality of devices; and a plurality of state manager engines corresponding to the plurality of web browsing engines, the plurality of state manager engines adapted to maintain a corresponding plurality of browsing state sessions, each browsing state session comprising a respective first portion of a respective webpage sent for remote viewing.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein a state manager engine, of the plurality of state manager engines, is adapted to receive one or more parameters indicating a second portion of the webpage, the first and second portions comprising first and second viewport views of a corresponding device, wherein the first portion has been identified as a current state and the state manager engine is further adapted to update the current state to comprise the second portion.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of command process engines corresponding to the plurality of web browsing engines, each command process engine adapted to translate one or more parameters from a corresponding device into one or more user input parameters relative to a user interface of a corresponding web browsing engine; and a plurality of plugins corresponding to the plurality of web browsing engines, each plugin adapted to translate the one or more user input parameters relative to the user interface into an actionable input for the corresponding web browsing engine.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein each state manager engine tracks each one or more user input parameters relative to the corresponding user interface as a sub-state of the corresponding current state.
5. The system of claim 3, wherein the one or more parameters from the corresponding device comprise parameters relating to a mouse-driven event, and the actionable input comprises a mouse message.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the mouse-driven event comprises a cursor movement.
7. The system of claim 5, wherein the mouse-driven event comprises a mouse click.
8. The system of claim 3, wherein the one or more parameters from the corresponding device comprise parameters relating to a keyboard entry of the corresponding device.
9. A method of maintaining a plurality of browsing state sessions, the method comprising: running a plurality of web browsing applications in an operating system instance, the plurality of web browsing applications being remotely interacted with via a corresponding plurality of devices; maintaining a plurality of browsing state sessions corresponding to the plurality of running web browsing applications, each browsing state session comprising a respective first portion of a respective webpage sent for remote viewing.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: receiving, with respect to a browsing state session, one or more parameters indicating a second portion of the webpage, the first and second portions comprising first and second viewport views of a corresponding device, wherein the first portion has been identified as a current state; and updating the current state to comprise the second portion of the webpage.
11. The method of claim 9, further comprising: translating one or more parameters from a corresponding device into one or more user input parameters relative to a user interface of a corresponding web browsing application; and translating the one or more user input parameters relative to the user interface into an actionable input for the corresponding web browsing application.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: tracking each one or more user input parameters relative to the corresponding user interface as a sub-state of the corresponding current state.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more parameters from a corresponding device comprise parameters relating to a mouse-driven event, and the actionable input comprises a mouse message.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the mouse-driven event comprises a mouse click.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more parameters from the corresponding device comprise parameters relating to a keyboard entry of the corresponding device.
16. The method of claim 9, further comprising facilitating including an identifier of the current state into a message for sending, the identifier adapted to facilitate transport to the first portion of the webpage.
17. A system of provisioning a web browsing session, the system comprising: a provision manager engine residing on a first device, the provision manager engine adapted to receive a user identifier relating to a second device and to fetch browser state information associated with the user identifier; the provision manager engine further adapted to provision a browser instance with the browser state information associated with the user identifier, the browser instance adapted to run on the first device.
18. The system of claim 17, further comprising a user manager engine, the user manager engine adapted to work in conjunction with the provision manager engine to provision resources based on a customer profile associated with the user identifier.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein provisioning resources comprises at least one of provisioning bandwidth and provisioning video compression settings.
20. The system of claim 17, further comprising a user manager engine, the user manager engine adapted to work in conjunction with the provision manager engine to pause the web browsing session, the provision manager engine adapted to facilitate updating the browser state information in connection with pausing the web browsing session, the provision manager engine further adapted to provision another browser instance with the updated browser state information for continuation of the web browsing session.
21. A method of provisioning a web browsing session, the method comprising: receiving a user identifier; fetching browser state information associated with the user identifier; and provisioning a browser instance with the browser state information associated with the user identifier.
22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: provisioning resources based on a customer profile associated with the user identifier.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein provisioning resources comprises at least one of provisioning bandwidth and provisioning video compression settings.
24. The method of claim 21, further comprising: updating the browser state information; pausing the web browsing session; provisioning another browser instance with the updated browser state information; and resuming the web browsing session with the another browser instance.
25. A system for maintaining a plurality of application state sessions, the system comprising: a plurality of applications adapted to run in an operating system instance, the plurality of applications adapted for remote interaction via a corresponding plurality of devices; and a plurality of state manager engines corresponding to the plurality of applications, the plurality of applications adapted to maintain a corresponding plurality of state sessions, each state session comprising a first portion of a user interface of an application sent for remote viewing.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/863,888, filed on Nov. 1, 2006, entitled "CONTENT ACCESS USING COMPRESSION," which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to a system for maintaining a plurality of browsing sessions. In particular, the present invention is related to maintaining and provisioning a plurality of browsing state sessions.
Access to applications, including web browsers, is provided for in various client-server environments. Placing a web browser on a server for delivery to a client presents a large number of issues, including issues with the delivery of the browsing experience to the client user, as well as the maintenance of a user session, and state within that session. For interaction with handheld clients, such as cellular phones, bandwidth and display size constraints pose additional challenges in delivering a satisfactory web browsing experience from a server. Regarding the server, there are challenges in allocating resources in supporting multiple sessions, particularly as the scale of the system increases (number of sessions, etc.). An additional layer of complexity involves how multiple users all access such a system in a way that makes use of the resources available and provides a satisfactory user experience.
There exists a need to support full-featured web browsing sessions on a diverse cross-section of bandwidth and capability-limited mobile devices in a way that addresses these challenges and advantageously utilizes a client-server environment, as well as to support the use of other applications in this same manner. Embodiments of this invention will address other needs as well.
In various embodiments, the present invention provides systems and methods pertaining to managing and provisioning state information of user sessions. In one embodiment, a system includes a plurality of web browsing engines adapted to run in an operating system instance, with the plurality of web browsing engines adapted for remote interaction via a corresponding plurality of devices. In the same embodiment, the system also includes a plurality of state manager engines corresponding to the plurality of web browsing engines. In the same embodiment, the plurality of state manager engines are adapted to maintain a corresponding plurality of browsing state sessions, with each browsing state session comprising a respective first portion of a respective webpage sent for remote viewing.
In another embodiment, a system also includes a plurality of command process engines corresponding to the plurality of web browsing engines, with each command process engine adapted to translate one or more parameters from a corresponding device into one or more user input parameters relative to a user interface of a corresponding web browsing engine. In this same embodiment, the system also includes a plurality of plugins corresponding to the plurality of web browsing engines, with each plugin adapted to translate the one or more user input parameters relative to the user interface into an actionable input for the corresponding web browsing engine.
In yet another embodiment, the system further includes the one or more parameters from the corresponding device comprising parameters relating to a mouse-driven event, with the actionable input comprising a mouse message.
In still yet another embodiment, a system of provisioning a web browsing session includes a provision manager engine residing on a first device, with the provision manager engine being adapted to receive a user identifier relating to a second device and to fetch browser state information associated with the user identifier. In the same embodiment, the provision manager engine is further adapted to provision a browser instance with the browser state information associated with the user identifier, the browser instance adapted to run on the first device. In a further embodiment, the system further comprises a user manager engine, with the user manager engine adapted to work in conjunction with the provision manager engine to provision resources based on a customer profile associated with the user identifier.
One skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention can be implemented in a wide variety of ways, and many different kinds of apparatus and systems may implement various embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating some aspects of a client-server architecture of the present invention, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating some aspects of the present invention in connection with a server, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating some aspects of an architectural overview of the present invention, including a server, an audio server and a client, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating some aspects of the present invention in connection with a client, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of multiple-user software architecture, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating some supporting aspects of capturing a succession of video frames, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating some supporting aspects of sending a succession of video frames, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of a client-server exchange, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of a client-server exchange, including an accompanying exchange within the server, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of viewport move operations and related state management, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of a client-server exchange with respect to state management, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of a client-server exchange, including an accompanying exchange between a server and network storage, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 13 illustrates an example computer system suitable for use in association with a client-server architecture for remote interaction, according to one embodiment.
One skilled in the art will recognize that these Figures are merely examples of the operation of the invention according to one or some embodiments, and that other architectures, method steps, exchanges and modes of operation can be used without departing from the essential characteristics of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
The present invention is now described more fully with reference to the accompanying Figures, in which one or some embodiments of the invention are shown. The present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be complete and will fully convey principles of the invention to those skilled in the art.
For illustrative purposes, embodiments of the invention are described in connection with a server or a mobile client device, such as an example mobile client device. Various specific details are set forth herein regarding embodiments with respect to servers and mobile client devices to aid in understanding the present invention. However, such specific details are intended to be illustrative, and are not intended to restrict in any way the scope of the present invention as claimed herein. In particular, one skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be used in connection with a wide variety of contexts, including, for example, client devices operating in a wired network. In addition, embodiments of the invention are described in connection with a web browsing application, but such descriptions are intended to be illustrative and examples, and in no way limit the scope of the invention as claimed. Various embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with many different types of programs, including an operating system (OS), a wide variety of applications, including word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, and database applications, and so forth.
In some embodiments, the present invention is implemented at least partially in a conventional server computer system running an OS, such as a Microsoft OS, available from Microsoft Corporation; various versions of Linux; various versions of UNIX; a MacOS, available from Apple Computer Inc.; and/or other operating systems. In some embodiments, the present invention is implemented in a conventional personal computer system running an OS such as Microsoft Windows Vista or XP (or another Windows version), MacOS X (or another MacOS version), various versions of Linux, various versions of UNIX, or any other OS designed to generally manage operations on a computing device.
In addition, the present invention can be implemented on, or in connection with, devices other than personal computers, such as, for example, personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, computing devices in which one or more computing resources is located remotely and accessed via a network, running on a variety of operating systems. The invention may be included as add-on software, or it may be a feature of an application that is bundled with a computer system or sold separately, or it may even be implemented as functionality embedded in hardware.
Output generated by the invention can be displayed on a screen, transmitted to a remote device, stored in a database or other storage mechanism, printed, or used in any other way. In addition, in some embodiments, the invention makes use of input provided to the computer system via input devices such as a keyboard (screen-based or physical, in a variety of forms), scroll wheels, number pads, stylus-based inputs, a touchscreen or touchpad, etc. Such components, including their operation and interactions with one another and with a central processing unit of the personal computer, are well known in the art of computer systems and therefore are not depicted here.
Any software portions described herein with reference to modules need not include discrete software modules. Any software configuration described herein is meant only by way of example; other configurations are contemplated by and within the scope of various embodiments of the present invention. The term, engine, is used herein to denote any software or hardware configuration, or combination thereof, that performs the function or functions referenced.
Reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearance of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. The appearance of the phrase "in some embodiments" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same set of embodiments. The appearance of the phrase "in various embodiments" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same set of embodiments.
1. System
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating some aspects of system 100 of the present invention, according to one embodiment. System 100 employs a client-server architecture that includes a number of server application instances running on server 200, including server application 1 (102), server application 2 (104), server application 3 (106), and a wide-ranging number of additional server applications (represented by ellipsis 108), up to server application n (110). The term "server application" is used herein to denote a server-side application, i.e., an application running on one or more servers. Server application n (110) represents the number of server application instances that happen to be running in system 100 at any given point. Server 200 also includes user manager module 502, which serves to manage multiple users among the multiple server application instances 102-110. User manager module 502 is described herein in FIG. 5, and represents one of potential multiple user managers running on server 200. Server 200 is running one instance of an OS underlying server applications 102-110. In another embodiment, server 200 may run multiple instances of an OS, each OS instance including one or more application instances. Server 200 also includes provision manager module 1205, which is described herein in FIG. 12.
While FIG. 1 illustrates multiple server applications 102-110, in other embodiments, a number of different types of programs may be alternately used, including, for instance, an OS. Server applications 102-110 illustrated in FIG. 1 may run on one server 200 or any number of servers, as, for example, in one or more server farm environments. Server applications 102-110 may each comprise instances of different server applications, or may all comprise an instance of one server application. For example, each server application 102-110 could comprise a separate instance of a web browsing application.
A. Server
Describing server application 1 (102) in further detail, as an example server application instance, server application 1 (102) includes application 112, plugin 114, state manager module 115, audio data generator 116, audio encoder module 120, video encoder module 124, and command process module 126. Video encoder module 124 makes use of feedback parameter 125.
Video encoder module 124 is operatively coupled to application 112, and is adapted to receive a succession of captures (122) of the user interface (UI) of application 112 for encoding into video frames for transmission via network 128. The succession of captures (122) of the UI comprise data that is captured and transferred from application 112 to video encoder 124 by a separate module, described and illustrated in FIG. 2 (image management module 216). State manager module 115 manages state information, as will be described in relation to subsequent Figures. The term, user interface, as used throughout this disclosure, refers to all or a portion of any user interface associated with a wide variety of computer programs.
The encoding of application UI captures (122) is not limited to any particular encoding or video compression format, and may include a wide variety of video compression techniques, ranging from the use of a video compression standard, such as H.264, to an entirely customized form of video compression, to a modified version of a video compression standard, and so forth.
Audio encoder module 120 is operatively coupled to audio data generator 116 of application 112, and is adapted to transform audio captures 118 (e.g., an audio stream) of audio data generator 116 into an encoded audio stream for transmission via network 128. Audio captures 118 comprises data being transferred from audio data generator 116 to audio encoder module 120.
Audio data generator 116 is operatively coupled to application 112, and is adapted to generate the audio data accompanying application 112. Plugin 114 is operatively coupled to application 112 and command process module 126. Plugin 114 is adapted to facilitate the interface between application 112 and command process module 126.
Server 200 is further described herein in FIG. 2.
C. Client
System 100 includes a number of clients, including client 1 (400), client 2 (132), client 3 (134), and a wide-ranging number of additional clients (represented by ellipsis 136), up to client n (138), with client n (138) representing the number of clients that happen to be engaged in the system at any given point. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the different clients comprise different, non-related client devices.
Describing client 1 (400) in further detail, as an example client, client 1 (400) may include audio decoder module 142, video decoder module 144, command process module 146, viewing application 148, state manager module 149, and speaker 150. Video decoder module 144 may be adapted to decode the succession of video frames encoded by video encoder module 124, where the successive video frames have been transmitted across network 128 for reception by client 1 (400). Video decoder module 144 may be operatively coupled to viewing application 148, and adapted to communicate the decoded video frames to viewing application 148 for display of the video frames on client 1 (400). State manager module 149 manages state information, as will be described in relation to subsequent Figures.
Client 1 (400) includes speaker 150, and audio decoder module 142 is operatively coupled to speaker 150. Audio decoder module 142 is adapted to decode the audio captures encoded by audio encoder module 120, where the encoded audio has been transmitted across network 128 for reception by client 1 (400). After decoding the audio stream, audio decoder module 142 may communicate the decoded audio to speaker 150 for audio output from client 1 (400).
Viewing application 148 is adapted to receive user input and communicate the user input to command process module 146. Command process module 146 is adapted to communicate the user input back to command process module 126 of application 102 via network 128. Command process module 126 is adapted to communicate the user input to application 112 via plugin 114.
Plugin 114 facilitates the remote interactive use of application 112 via the system 100 described in FIG. 1. Plugin 114 may also be an extension. In another embodiment, application 112 may be customized for use with the client-server architecture of this invention to the extent that a special plugin is not needed. In yet another embodiment, neither a plugin or special application modifications may be needed.
Command process module 146 is adapted to communicate one or more feedback parameters 125 to command process module 126. Command process module 126 is adapted to communicate the one or more feedback parameters 125 to video encoder module 124 and audio encoder module 120 for their respective encoding of the succession of application UI captures 122 and audio captures 118. The one or more feedback parameters 125 may comprise one or more of a wide range of parameters, including a bandwidth parameter relating to at least a portion of network 128, a device parameter of client 1 (400) or a user input for client 1 (400).
The one or more feedback parameters 125 may comprise a bandwidth parameter, which may include any estimated or measured bandwidth data point. An example bandwidth parameter may include estimated bandwidth based on measurements of certain packets traversing between server 200 and client 1 (400), (e.g., how much data sent divided by traversal time to obtain a throughput value), or other bandwidth information obtained from, or in conjunction with, network 128, including from a network protocol. The one or more feedback parameters 125 may comprise user input for client 1 (400), including, for example, a user request for encoding performed in a certain format or manner, with such a request being requested and communicated by viewing application 148. The one or more feedback parameters 125 may comprise a display resolution of client 1 (400) (e.g., CGA, QVGA, VGA, NTSC, PAL, WVGA, SVGA, XGA, etc.). The one or more feedback parameters 125 may comprise other screen parameters (e.g., screen size, refresh capabilities, backlighting capabilities, screen technology, etc.) or other parameters of the client device (e.g., device processor, available memory for use in storing video frames, location if GPS or other location technology-enabled, etc.). None of the example feedback parameters discussed above are meant to exclude their combined use with each other, or other feedback parameters. In some embodiments, video encoder module 124 may be adapted to at least partially base its video sample rate on the one of more feedback parameters 125.
The multiple clients depicted in FIG. 1 are illustrated to indicate that each client may potentially comprise a different type of client device, each with its own one or more feedback parameters.
Client 1 (400) is further described herein in FIG. 4.
One skilled in the art will recognize that the client-server architecture illustrated in FIG. 1 is merely an example, and that the invention may be practiced and implemented using many other architectures and environments.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating some aspects of the present invention in connection with server 200, according to one embodiment. Server 200 includes user manager module 502, provision manager module 1205, server application 1 (102), application 112, plugin 114, state manager module 115, audio data generator 116, audio encoder module 120, image management module 216, memory 218, video encoder module 124 (which includes feedback parameter 125), command process module 126, and align module 224. Command process module 126 includes client interpreter sub-module 228, and plugin 114 includes client implementer sub-module 208. The components illustrated in FIG. 2 with the same numbers as components illustrated in FIG. 1 correspond to those respective components of FIG. 1, and thus their general operation will not be repeated. While one running application is illustrated with respect to server 200, server application 102 is illustrated as a representative instance of multiple server applications running on server 200, each of the multiple server applications being associated with its own distinct client (clients are not shown in this illustration). Additionally, user manager module 502 represents one of potential multiple user managers running on server 200.
Image management module 216 serves to capture the UI of application 112 (as the UI would appear on a screen) and save the capture in memory 218. Any capture process such as screen-scraping may be used, and image management module 216 may perform this capture at any desired rate. Image management module 216 also compares the last prior capture of the application UI to the current capture to determine whether any changes have occurred in a particular area of the application UI. Any image/video frame matching process may be used for this comparison operation. Image management module 216 serves to repetitively perform this function.
If image management module 216 detects any change in the particular area of interest, a delta flag is set to indicate that the area of interest has changed. Upon detecting a change, image management module 216 serves to convert the native format of the UI rendered data to a video frame format more suited for compression and transmission to the client device (e.g., color space transformation, data format transformation, etc.). Image management module 216 serves to resize the image for the reformatted video frame. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, multiple parameters of the applicable client device were included in the one or more feedback parameters 125, allowing image management module 216 to perform the reformatting and resizing based on client device parameters (the relevant parameters having been communicated to image management module 216).
Image management module 216 periodically checks (based on its sample interval) if the delta flag has been set. If the delta flag is detected as set during a check, the reformatted/resized video frame in memory 218 is encoded by video encoder module 124 for transmission to the client device.
Client interpreter sub-module 228 of command process module 126 serves to interpret data received from client device 400 and to translate this data for use in connection with video encoder module 124, audio encoder module 120 and application 112 (e.g., user commands, etc.). Client interpreter sub-module 228 serves to pass the feedback parameters 125 to video encoder module 124 and audio encoder 120 for use in encoding.
Client interpreter sub-module 228 of command process module 126 serves to translate client-received data for use in connection with plugin 114 and its client implementer sub-module 208. In communicating back user input, the client device passes coordinates (of a cursor, etc.) relative to the client device's screen to command process 126. Client interpreter sub-module 228 serves to determine the corresponding location in relation to the viewport of the client device and the application UI. Client interpreter sub-module 228 then communicates the translated coordinates to plugin 114 for use by its client implementer sub-module 208. Client implementer sub-module 208 serves to translate from conventional user input to a format appropriate for application 112, and then to directly inject the translated input into application 112.
Align module 224 correlates and cross-stamps video frames encoded by video encoder module 124 and audio encoded by audio encoder module 120, so that the audio stream and the video frames associated with the UI of application 112 may be readily matched at client device 400. Image management module 216 may also serve to time-stamp all images, and the operation of capturing audio from audio data generator 116 may also serve to timestamp the audio stream, both for down-stream alignment by align module 224, as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. In another embodiment, all alignment/matching of audio and video frames may be performed at the client device.
One skilled in the art will recognize that the illustration of FIG. 2 is merely an example, and that the invention may be practiced and implemented in many other ways.
FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram 300 illustrating some aspects of an architectural overview of the present invention, including a server, an audio server and a client, according to one embodiment. In this embodiment, audio is sent to the client from dedicated audio server 304. Functional block diagram 300 includes server 302, audio server 304 and client 306, with client 306 operatively linked to server 302 and audio server 304 via network 310 (via connections 312, 314 and 316). Server 302 is operatively linked to audio server 304 via connection 308. Server 302 includes application 318, plugin 322, state manager module 323, audio data generator 320, video encoder module 324 (including feedback parameter 325), command process module 326, audio interceptor module 330, PID (process identifier) manager module 332, and time-stamp manager module 334.
Video encoder module 324 operates as described in FIG. 2, being analogous to video encoder module 124 (and likewise, for feedback parameter 325 with respect to feedback parameter 125). Video encoder module 324 operates to encode application UI captures 328 and to communicate the encoded video frames for transmission to client 306. In the process of obtaining application UI captures, the resulting UI captures are time-stamped. Time-stamp manager module 334 facilitates the time-stamping of the UI captures. Command process module 326 operates as described in FIG. 2, being analogous to command process module 126.
While one running application is illustrated with respect to server 302, application 318 is illustrated as a representative instance of multiple applications running on server 302, each of the multiple applications having its own video encoder and command process modules, and being associated with its own distinct client. Audio data generator 320 renders an audio stream (not shown) for application 318. Audio interceptor module 330 intercepts or traps this audio stream for redirection to audio server 304, and may timestamp the audio stream. Time-stamp manager module 334 may facilitate the time-stamping of the audio stream. Audio interceptor module 330 may make use of a customized DLL to facilitate such a redirection of the audio stream. PID manager module 332, serves to detect and manage the different process IDs of the multiple applications running on server 302. PID manager module 332 may stamp each audio stream redirected to audio server with the process ID of its associated application.
Audio server 304 includes audio stream processing module 336 and PID authentication module 338. Audio stream processing module 336 serves to encode the audio streams received from the applications running on server 302, and perform any conversion desired (e.g., conversion of sample rates, bit depths, channel counts, buffer size, etc.). In the embodiment of FIG. 3, User Datagram Protocol ports are used (not shown) to direct each audio stream to its destination client device; other protocols may be used in other embodiments. Audio stream processing module 336 directs each audio stream to the port associated with the audio streams corresponding client device (i.e., the client device displaying the video frames corresponding to the audio stream). Audio stream processing module 336 may work in association with PID authentication module 338 to verify and direct the multiple audio streams streaming from server 302 to the appropriate port.
Client 306 includes video decoder module 340, audio decoder module 342, command process module 344 and audio/video sync module 346. After client 306 receives and decodes the applicable audio and video streams from server 302 (i.e., the audio and video streams of the application instantiated for client 306), audio/video sync module 346 correlates the time-stamps on both streams and works in conjunction with audio decoder module 342 and video decoder module 340 to synchronize output to speaker 348 and viewing application 350, respectively. Client 306 also includes state manager module 351 to manage state information.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating some aspects of the present invention in connection with a client, according to one embodiment. Client 400 includes video decoder module 144, audio decoder module 142, audio/video sync module 406, command process module 146, speaker 150, viewing application 148, state manager module 149, and connections 410, 412 and 414.
Video decoder module 144 receives encoded video frames via connection 412, while audio decoder module 142 receives an encoded audio stream via connection 414. Audio/video sync module 406 serves to match time-stamps or another type of identifier on the audio stream and the video frames for synced output via speaker 150 and viewing application 148, respectively. Audio decoder module 142, video decoder module 144 and viewing application 148 all may serve to provide feedback to command process module 146, to communicate back to the server-side application feedback parameters (not illustrated in FIG. 4), including to vary the sample rate and/or compression of the video encoding, the audio encoding, etc.
Command process module 146 serves to pass feedback parameters of client 400 for use in video and/or audio encoding upon initiation of a session or during a session. Such feedback parameters may include one or more of the following parameters: display resolution, screen size, processor identification or capabilities, memory capabilities/parameters, speaker capabilities, and so forth.
Viewing application 148 displays the succession of video frames of a portion of the server-side application's UI. Viewing application 148 serves to facilitate communicating user input control, including user commands, to command process module 146 for transmission back to the server. Client user input control passed back to the server may include, for example, input from: a keyboard (screen-based or physical, in a variety of forms), scroll wheels, number pads, stylus-based inputs, a touchscreen or touchpad, etc. Viewing application 148 serves to aggregate certain user input for sending, such as opening up a local text box for text entry. State manager module 149 manages state information, as will be described in relation to subsequent Figures.
FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating some aspects of a multiple-user software architecture, according to one embodiment. User manager module 502 includes worker thread 504, worker thread 506, and a wide-ranging number of additional worker threads (represented by ellipsis 508); with 'worker thread n' being repre-sented by worker thread 510. Worker thread 510 represents the total number of worker threads that happen to be running in the system at any given point. Each worker thread corresponds to a list of active users, and the lists of active users may potentially comprise a different number of active users. As illustrated in FIG. 5, worker thread 504 corresponds to thread cycle 512, worker thread 506 corresponds to thread cycle 514, the variable number of worker threads represented by ellipsis 508 corresponds to the same variable number of thread cycles represented by ellipsis 518, and worker thread 510 corresponds to thread cycle 516. As illustrated in FIG. 5, worker thread 504 cycles through user 1 (520), user 2 (522), user 3 (524) and user 4 (526); worker thread 506 cycles through user 5 (528), user 6 (530) and user 7 (532); and worker thread 516 cycles through user 8 (534), user 9 (536), user 10 (538), user 11 (540) and user 12 (542). The number of users supported by the worker threads illustrated in FIG. 5 is meant to represent a snapshot at an arbitrary point in time, as the number of users supported by any given thread is dynamic.
User manager module 502 may be set to instantiate a finite number of worker threads before instantiating additional worker threads to manage further users added to the system. The number of worker threads in the overall architecture illustrated by FIG. 5 will vary according to various embodiments. The parameters regarding the number of active users assigned per worker thread will also vary according to various embodiments.
User manager module 502 runs on a server (as illustrated in FIG. 1) where multiple instances of applications (as illustrated in FIG. 1) are also running. User manager module 502 thus serves to manage multiple users in an environment of multiple application instances. When a new user is introduced into the overall system of FIG. 1, the new user is assigned to a worker thread (504-510) to facilitate the interaction between a specific client and a specific server-side application.
While the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 illustrates multiple users being assigned to a single thread, in other embodiments, a single user may be assigned to their own single thread. In other embodiments, a user may be assigned to either a shared thread or a dedicated thread depending on one or more factors, such as the current loading/usage of the overall system, the user's service policy with the provider of the respective service operating an embodiment of this invention, and so forth.
User manager module 502 facilitates load balancing of multiple users in a number of ways, as each worker thread cycles through their respective list of active users and processes one active event for each user. The active events that may be processed include: (a) send one video frame update to the client or (b) update state information pertaining to the client's viewing application and the server-side application/UI. For illustration purposes for the case in which user 1 is associated with server application 1 (102) of FIG. 1, worker thread 512 will time slice between the respective video encoder/command process modules of users 1 (520) through 4 (526) to perform (a) and (b) above, with video encoder module 124 and command process module 126 comprising the video encoder/command process modules of user 1 (520). A separate thread (not shown) would be operatively coupled to audio encoder module 120 to continuously send the encoded audio stream to the client, when audio data is present to send.
By operating in this manner, no single user suffers as a result of a processing-intensive session (e.g., for a high resolution, high frame rate video) of another user being serviced by the same thread. This will be further described below with reference to FIG. 7. In other embodiments, more than one active event may be processed per user. In other embodiments, a variable number of active events may be processed per user, based on a wide range of factors, including the level of underlying application activity for the applicable user, the user's service policy with the provider of the respective service operating an embodiment of this invention, and so forth.
User manager module 502 may move specific users among different worker threads to load balance among processing-intensive users and processing-light users. For example, if multiple users being serviced by one worker thread are in need of being serviced with high frame rate video, user manager module 502 may move one or more such users to another thread servicing only, or predominately, processing-light users. Another thread may also be instantiated for this purpose. As one skilled in the art would appreciate, a user may be treated as an object, and moved to another thread as objects are transferred among threads. The timing of such object moves may take place at specific junctures in the display of video frames by a client device's viewing application, in order to minimize disruption of a user's experience.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart 600 illustrating some supporting aspects of capturing a succession of video frames, according to one embodiment. Operation 602 (Render Application UI to memory) is performed initially, either by a plugin to an application or by an application itself. Operation 602 serves to capture the UI of an application as the UI would appear on a screen and save the capture in a memory buffer (218 of FIG. 2); actual display of the UI on a screen is not required, but may be used. Operation 604 (Any delta from prior Application UI capture?) then serves to compare the last prior capture of the application UI to the current capture to determine whether any changes have occurred. This delta checking operation may be performed in a wide number of ways, including, for example, hashing pixel blocks of the current UI capture and comparing the hash values to an analogous pixel-hash table generated from the prior UI capture. The hash values may then also be available for potential use in any compression method utilized, e.g., matching blocks of successive video frames, matching blocks against a reference frame, etc. Alternatively, for example, the application may notify the server when a change occurs prior to operation 602.
If operation 604 is determined in the negative, then Operation 606 (Delay) may be implemented by a timer (not shown), before operation 602 is repeatedly performed. If operation 604 is determined in the affirmative, Operation 608 (Convert to appropriate format) is then performed. Operation 608 serves to convert the native format of the UI rendered data to another format more suited for compression and transmission over a network for display on a client device (e.g., color space transformation, data format transformation, etc.).
Operation 610 (Resize) is then performed. Operation 610 serves to resize the native screen size inherent to the UI rendered data to another size more suited for display on a client device (e.g., a cellular phone, a handheld computer, etc.). Operation 610 may make use of one or more feedback parameters (not shown) of the client device communicated to the server-side application and its accompanying video encoder instantiation. Operation 612 (Store in memory for encoder) then follows, storing the converted video frame for use by a video encoder. Operation 614 (Flag video update needed) then follows, setting an indication for use by an operation determining if a video update is needed (see operation 712 (Video update needed?) of FIG. 7). Operation 616 (Delay) then follows, and may be implemented by a timer (not shown), before operation 602 is repeatedly performed.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart 700 illustrating some supporting aspects of sending a succession of video frames, according to one embodiment. Update User N, 702, represents a start of a sequence of steps, with the sequence of steps representing the steps undertaken by the worker threads of FIG. 5 for each user in the applicable worker thread's list of active users. A worker thread initially performs operation 704, (Read back channel). Operation 706 (Any data to process for user?) then follows, where it is determined if anything pertinent for User N came in from the network that needs to be processed. Responsive to data pertinent to User N being detected, operation 708 (Process network events) then follows. Incoming data pertinent to User N may comprise, for example, information regarding user input to the client device, such as attempting to zoom in on a particular part of the server-side application UI (as shown by a video frame of the server-side application UI displayed on a viewing application running on the client device). Operation 708 may include communicating such processed information to its next destination, e.g., if a zoom command had been sent from the client, the zoom command would be appropriately processed and forwarded to the server-side application before the worker thread proceeded to the next applicable operation.
Either after operation 708 (Process network events) or a negative determination of operation 706 (Any data to process for user?), operation 710 (Update needed?) is then performed. Operation 710 may depend on a counter (not shown) being set when the last video frame for the applicable user was sent, or, more specifically, when operation 712 (Video update needed?) was last performed. If the counter has not yet reached its endpoint, then the worker thread performing the operations will then proceed to operation 718 (Increment N) to commence the sequence of steps illustrated in FIG. 7 for the next applicable user. The counter controls the frame rate for the succession of video frames being communicated from the server to the client, or, more specifically, the allowable frame rate, as will be further described below in relation to operation 712, (Video update needed?). For example, for an allowable frame rate of ten times per second, the counter would be set to count to 100 milliseconds (e.g., from 100 milliseconds down to zero, or vice-versa).
If operation 710 (Update needed?) is determined in the affirmative, then operation 712 (Video update needed?) is performed. Operation 712 may comprise checking a 'video update needed' flag, as was described in relation to FIG. 6, or some such similar operation. Operation 712 serves to determine whether anything has changed in the portion of the server-side application being displayed by the client in the client's viewing application. If operation 712 is determined in the affirmative, operation 714 (Grab needed video info) is then performed. Operation 714 serves to obtain any video frame information needed to update the video frame of an application UI from the last transmitted video frame of the UI, and may make use of a wide range of video frame/compression techniques, including video frame/compression standards, customized methods, and combinations thereof.
Once operation 714 (Grab needed video info) has been performed, operation 716 (Send network event) is then performed. Operation 716 serves to send to the client one video frame update, or updated state information pertaining to the client's viewing application and the server-side application/UI. Operation 716 may post the applicable data for User N to the queue for User N's network connection to effectuate this.
If operation 712 is determined in the negative, operation 716 (Send network event) may be still be performed if there is updated state information pertaining to the client's viewing application and the server-side application/UI.
By transmitting only one video frame update (or state information update) per user, the worker thread servicing multiple users may cycle through and serve all of the users on its active user list without any one user significantly consuming the worker thread's time to the detriment of any other particular user. As the worker thread's load across all of its supported users increases, servicing times for all of the worker thread's active users will gradually increase. Load balancing is thus inherently embedded in this manner. Additional load balancing techniques are described in connection with FIG. 5.
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of client-server exchange 800, according to one embodiment. Client-server exchange 800 depicts a session exchange between server 802 and client device 804. As described herein, server 802 may refer to any server-side machine, and may include a number of servers, either located in one facility or geographically dispersed, operating in conjunction to facilitate the operations described in FIG. 8. These servers may include authentication servers, database servers, etc.
Client device 804 initiates client-server exchange 800 with operation 806, with a user launching a viewing application on client device 804. (The term, client device, is used with respect to FIG. 8 simply because the client device's parameters are discussed throughout; the term, client, could also be used interchangeably.) The viewing application then facilitates opening a connection to server 802 via a network connection via operation 808. Operation 808 makes use of one or more standard Internet protocols, or variations thereof, as would be appreciated by one of skill in the art. Operation 808 serves to pass the user's identity (e.g., by telephone number, carrier account, etc.) and client device's (804) display resolution and size to server 802, for use by server 802 in the session. Server 802 then performs operation 810, which launches and provisions a server application instance, with the server application customized based on the user's preferences. In the present embodiment, the user's preferences are fetched from a database (not illustrated) where they have been associated with the user's identity. Per operation 810, the server application renders in a virtual frame buffer. In another embodiment, the server application may render to a screen.
Operation 812 then follows, where audio/video encoder modules, and an accompanying command process module, are launched and provisioned with client device's (804) display resolution and size for customized encoding for client device 804. The command process and encoder modules may also be provisioned with a level of service associated with the user's identity, providing the particular user with a priority-level with regard to other users using the system. Subsequently, as depicted in operation 814, the video encoder may convert and encode video frames of the server application's Ul (e.g., converting the video frames rendered by the server application to QVGA resolution from the server application's native rendering resolution because client device 804 supports QVGA resolution). The video encoder module also resizes the server application's native UI size rendering to suitably fit within, or work together with client device's (804) screen size. The audio encoder module encodes an audio stream output of the server application based on the speaker capabilities of client device 804 (e.g., if client device is known to be a cellular phone, the audio may be encoded such the quality encoded does not exceed the particular phone's speaker capabilities, or of a default level used for cellular phones). Arrow 816 illustrates the communication of the encoded audio and video to client device 804.
Operation 818 subsequently follows, where the viewing application's decoder modules (audio and video) decode the audio and video frames received. The video frames may be displayed in the viewing application on the client, and the audio may be output to client device's (804) speakers (if audio is present and client 804 is not on mute), as depicted by operation 820.
Operation 822 subsequently follows, depicting an on-going series of interactions (represented by arrows 826 and 828) between server 802 and client device 804, also represented by operation 824 on the client side. Operation 822 depicts the server application only sending information to the encoder modules when the UI or audio output change, with the encoders encoding this information for transmittal to client device 804. Thus, if nothing changes regarding the server application's UI or audio, then audio/video information is not encoded and sent to client device 804. A video encoder of server (802) thus asynchronously communicates video frames based on changes in the UI. Video is sent as video frames to display UI changes, and not as commands outside of a video frame format.
Operation 824 depicts the user interacting with the virtual application, with the user's inputs being transformed into parameters and being passed back to the server application. Operation 822 further depicts the server-side command process module translating user input parameters to operate on the server application UI, with the server application UI accordingly changing. Operation 824 completes the cyclical sequence by further depicting the encoded audio and video resulting from user inputs to the virtual application being received, decoded and displayed in the viewing application.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of client-server exchange 900, according to one embodiment. Client-server exchange 900 depicts a session exchange between server 903 and client 904, with an accompanying exchange between encoder/command process modules 902 and application 906 (both running on server 903) also being illustrated. Application 906 includes state management module 907 and client 904 includes state management module 905, which will be discussed in relation to FIG. 10. Application 906 comprises a web browsing application in this embodiment. Encoder/command process modules 902 comprise audio and video encoder modules and a command process module. References to exchanges with encoder/command process modules 902 may only specifically comprise an exchange with one of these modules, as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. In another embodiment, a functional element similarly situated as encoder/command process modules 902 may comprise a video encoder module and a command process module, but not an audio encoder module. As described herein, server 903 may refer to any server-side machine, and may include a number of servers, either located in one facility or geographically dispersed, operating in conjunction to facilitate the operations described in FIG. 9. These servers may include authentication servers, database servers, etc.
Client 904 initiates client-server exchange 900 with operation 908, open connection. Server 903 responds with operation 910, connection confirmed. Client 904 then send its capabilities to encoder/command process modules 902, including screen size and other device parameters, via operation 912. The device parameters may include a wide variety of device parameters, including a device processor, memory, screen characteristics, etc. Client 904 then sends a URL via operation 914, which may comprise a saved URL (e.g., a homepage) or a URL entered by the user of client 904. Encoder/command process modules 902 in turn communicate the URL to application 906 via operation 916, and application 906 then loads the URL via operation 918. Application 906 also passes the width (w) and height (h) of the web page associated with the URL to encoder/command process modules 902 via operation 920. Encoder/command process modules 902 then communicates the web page size to client 904, as well as the viewport visible on the client screen, including parameters characterizing the viewport of the client, e.g., a corner coordinate (x, y) and an associated zoom factor (z), via operation 922. The parameters characterizing the viewport of the client may comprise absolute position information, relative position information, etc.
A screen capture of the webpage viewport (the portion of the browser UI that the viewport has been associated with) then takes place via operation 924, in accordance with a number of techniques known in the art. A video frame of the web page visible through the viewport is then communicated to client 904 via operation 926. A subsequent screen capture 930 then takes place after a variable sample interval 928, with the associated video frame being communicated via operation 932. Arrow symbol 929, commonly used to indicate a variable element, is illustrated crossing variable sample interval 928 to indicate this novel feature.
An asynchronous feedback channel provides feedback via operation 934. This feedback may be used to vary the sample interval 928 based on one or more feedback parameters, including client device parameters, user input parameters, and/or estimated bandwidth parameters, such as bandwidth parameters based on measurements of the packets traversing back and forth between server 903 and client 904. RTCP protocol, or a similar such protocol (standardized or customized) may be used in connection with providing such feedback, as illustrated by operation 936. Ellipsis 938 and cycle 940 illustrate the repetitive nature of the interaction between server 903 sending video frames to client 904.
Sample interval 928 may also be at least partially varied based on the rate of change of the underlying webpage being viewed. For example, if little to no change is detected in the underlying webpage being viewed by client 904, then the frame sample interval may be adjusted upward. Likewise, for a very dynamic webpage, or content within a webpage, the frame sample interval may be adjusted downward.
The user of client 904 may move the viewport from which a webpage is being viewed, to view another portion of the webpage, as depicted in operation 942, with x′ and y′ comprising new parameters of the viewport. The new portion of the webpage that matches the new viewport will then be captured via operation 944, and a video frame of the new viewport will be communicated to client 904 via operation 946.
The user of client 904 may again move the viewport, as depicted in operation 948, with x″ and y″ comprising new parameters of the viewport. This time, the new viewport extends beyond what would be displayed on the server browser window, and thus the browser itself must scroll to capture the desired portion of the webpage, as depicted in operation 950. Having appropriately scrolled, as depicted via operation 952, a screen capture of the new viewport will then be obtained, as illustrated in operation 954, with the resulting video frame communicated via operation 956.
The user of client 904 may also use a mouse or mouse-equivalent (e.g., finger tap/motion on a touchscreen, multi-directional button, trackpoint, stylus moving a cursor, etc.), as shown via operation 958, where a mouse down motion is made, with the new coordinates of the mouse being passed as (a, b). Client 904 will pass coordinates relative to the client device's screen back to encoder/command process modules 902 in such an operation, with encoder/command process modules 902 determining the corresponding location in relation to the viewport and underlying webpage. In the embodiment being described in FIG. 9, server 903 is running an underlying Windows OS, permitting the injection of a mouse message with the appropriate location information to the window associated with browser 906 (whether there is an actual screen being used for rendering or not). This is illustrated via operation 960, and the screen cursor would resultantly move in application 906, and be communicated back in a video frame to client 904 as described above. In other embodiments being used in conjunction with other operating systems, similar such functions may be used if available, or some analogous other such techniques, as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art.
Operations 962, 964, 966 and 968 depict similar mouse-driven events, which will work in an analogous manner. The term, mouse-driven event, is used broadly herein to include input control events triggered by a wide variety of mouse or mouse-equivalent control inputs on a variety of devices (e.g., finger tap/motion on a touchscreen, multi-directional button, trackpoint, stylus moving a cursor, etc.). Other input driven control events (such as a keypad entry) may work in the same manner as well. The types of operations depicted in 970, 972, 974, 976 and 978 have been described above, and ellipsis 980 and cycle 982 serve to illustrate on-going interactions as long as the session between client 904 and server 903 continues.
FIG. 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating some aspects of viewport move operations and related state management, according to one embodiment. FIG. 9 is referenced throughout the description of FIG. 10, as the two figures are related. Diagram 1000 includes webpage 1002, with a width of w′ 1004, and a height of h′ 1006. Webpage 1002 is illustrated partially rendered in FIG. 10, with rendered webpage portion 1008 having a width of w 1010, and a height of h 1012. Webpage portions 1014, 1020, and 1026 are illustrated, each having a left corner coordinates of (x, y) 1016, (x′, y′) 1022, and (x″, y″) 1028, respectively, and associated zoom factors of 1018, 1024, and 1030, respectively. Webpage portion 1026 includes cursor position (a, b) 1032. Webpage portions 1014, 1020, and 1026 relate to operations 922, 942 and 948, respectively, of FIG. 9.
Webpage portion 1014 corresponds to a portion of webpage 1004 sent for remote viewing, which comprises a viewport of client (being indicated by (x, y) 1016 and zoom factor 1018). Following or performed concurrently with either operations 944 or 946 of FIG. 9, state manager module 907 of server 903, having previously identified webpage portion 1014 as the current state, updates its current state webpage to webpage portion 1020. State manager module 905 of client 904 does likewise upon client 904 displaying webpage portion 1020. State manager modules 907 and 905 then identify webpage portion 1014 as the prior state. Client 904 may request prior state webpage portion 1020 from server 903, such as, for example, via a back icon (not shown). As an intermediate step, client 904 may display a locally cached version of the prior state webpage portion while server 903 is in the process of obtaining/sending the current version of the prior state webpage portion.
Webpage portion 1026 likewise becomes the next current viewport of client 904 per operations 948-956, and state manager modules 907 and 905 likewise updating the current state webpage to webpage portion 1026, with the addition of internal application scrolling operations 950 and 952 due to part of 1026 not being on rendered webpage 1008. In another embodiment, the entire applicable webpage is rendered (analogous to h′ 1006 by w′ 1004 of FIG. 10), and thus there are no internal scrolling operations to perform.
Similar to the identification of webpage portion states, cursor position substrates are maintained relative to viewport views and the viewport view's corresponding webpage portion. For example, while webpage portion 1026 comprises the current state, webpage portion 1026 includes cursor position (a, b) 1032. As described in relation to operations 958-964 in FIG. 9, as cursor position (a, b) is updated, so too is its corresponding sub-state maintained by state manager module 907.
One skilled in the art will recognize that the illustration of FIG. 10 is merely an example, and that the invention may be practiced and implemented in many other ways.
FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of a client-server exchange 1100 with respect to state management, according to one embodiment. Client-server exchange 1100 depicts a session exchange between client 1102 and server 1104. As described herein, server 1102 may refer to any server-side machine, and may include a number of servers, either located in one facility or geographically dispersed, operating in conjunction to facilitate the operations described in FIG. 11. These servers may include authentication servers, database servers, etc.
Server 1102 includes state manager module 1104 to manage state information, and client 1106 includes state manager module 1108 to manage state information. State manager module 1104 and state manager module 1108 operate as described herein; their common name describes their general function and is not meant to imply they are instances of the same module. In another embodiment, these two modules may be instances of the same module. In yet another embodiment, state manager modules 1104 and 1108 may operate as one logical software unit.
Operation 1110 illustrates state manager module 1104 identifying a portion of a webpage sent for remote viewing, with the portion comprising a viewport view of client 1106. Operation 1114 illustrates state manager module 1104 identifying this webpage portion as the current state webpage portion. Operation 1112 illustrates state manager module 1108 identifying a portion of a webpage being displayed, with operation 1112 illustrating state manager module 1108 identifying this webpage portion as the current state webpage portion. The webpage portions are defined areas within a webpage, and thus in another embodiment, a current state checker module (not shown) may be used to periodically verify the current states are uniform across server 1102 and client 1106. In yet another embodiment, a common table (not shown) may be shared among state manager modules 1104 and 1108, where states are defined in terms of location identifiers of a specific portion of a specific webpage.
Operation 1118 illustrates a user of client 1106 selecting a second portion of the webpage. The user can make such a selection in a wide variety of ways, including moving a navigation toggle or a scroll wheel, using a touch screen or keypad, etc. In the embodiment described in relation to FIG. 11, the webpage portions further comprise an area of the webpage surrounding the viewport of client 1106. Thus, in the instance of a selection by the user of a limited scroll-down for operation 1118, the second portion of the webpage may already reside on client 1106. Operation 1120 illustrates checking if the second portion is already in local memory. In another embodiment, the webpage portions match the viewport of client 1106, and a local memory check, like operation 1120, may check if the desired webpage portion had been previously loaded and was still resident in local memory. Determining whether on object of interest is in local memory can be performed in a number of ways, as would be appreciated by one of skill in the art.
In the example illustrated, operation 1120 was determined in the negative, and parameters for the second portion of the webpage are thus communicated via operation 1122. FIGS. 9 and 10 provide more detail regarding passing parameters. Similarly to operations 1110 and 1112, a second portion of a webpage is identified by server 1102 and sent to client 1106, as illustrated by operations 1124 and 1126. State manager modules 1104 and 1108 accordingly identify the second portion as the current state portion via operations 1128 and 1130. State manager modules 1104 and 1108 then identify the former prior state webpage portion as the prior state in operations 1132 and 1134.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11, operation 1120 may also be determined in the positive (not shown). In the case of the second webpage portion residing completely in the local memory of client 1106, the second webpage portion may not be requested by, and provided to, client 1106. Client 1106 may simply display the second webpage portion and relay parameters regarding the second webpage portion in order for state manager module 1104 of server 1102 to update its state information. Displaying the second webpage portion may also comprise an intermediate step before obtaining a more current version of the second webpage portion from server 1102.
The same operations discussed herein do not only apply to present and prior states, but also to a plurality of webpage portion states of a plurality of websites. This plurality of states may comprise an ordered succession of states, as may be recorded in a browsing session using an embodiment of the invention. This ordered succession of states may be available toggling through the website portion views of a user session, saved as a series of bookmarks, etc.
Though not illustrated, a feature of managing state information as described herein includes enabling the sharing of a webpage portion with another user, in accordance with one embodiment. A webpage portion may be included in an identifier that can be placed in a message for sending, with the identifier adapted to facilitate transport to the applicable webpage portion. The message could be an email message, an instant-messaging message, a messaging feature used in a social network, etc. The identifier may route the recipient of the message into their system account (an embodiment client-server system account), where the webpage portion included in the identifier can be accessed like a prior webpage portion state of the user. A database may be used in conjunction with such identifiers. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, other ways may be used to augment a webpage portion identifier so that it may be transferred among different users, both within and outside of embodiment client-server system accounts.
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating some aspects of a client-server exchange, including an accompanying exchange between a server and network storage, according to one embodiment. Client-server exchange 1200 depicts a session exchange between client 1202 and server 1204, with an accompanying exchange between server 1204 and network storage 1206. As described herein, server 1204 may refer to any server-side machine, and may include a number of servers, either located in one facility or geographically dispersed, operating in conjunction to facilitate the operations described in FIG. 12. Network storage 1206 may refer to any one or more storage units, operating in combination or any other way, that are networked to server 1204. Server 1204 includes provision manager module 1205 and user manager module 502 (of FIG. 5).
Operations 1208, 1210 and 1212 serve to initiate a session. Operation 1214 launches a unique browser instance for client 1202. Provision manager module 1205 uses the user identifier passed in operation 1210 (e.g., a telephone number, account number, etc.), or another identifier associated with the user identifier, to fetch browser state information for the user from network storage 1206 via operations 1216 and 1218. Provision manager module 1205 likewise fetches a customer profile for the user from network storage 1206 via operations 1216 and 1218. The customer profile and the browser state information may reside in different, unrelated portions of network storage 1206. Browser state information for the user may include any type of user information associated with a browser, including bookmarks, cookies, caches, etc. Via operation 1220, provision manager module 1205 provisions the unique browser instance launched for the user as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art (e.g., by using automated directory copies, automated provisioning techniques, etc.).
Via operation 1222, provision manager module 1205 works in conjunction with user manager module 502 (described in relation to FIG. 5) to provision resources based on the user's customer profile. The user's customer profile could include the user's past usage history (e.g., categorized as bandwidth low, medium, or heavy), encoding usage (also possibly categorized), etc. Provision manager module 1205 and user manager module 502 together operate to provide different levels of service to a user, based on a level of service provider plan, etc. A wide range of parameters may be configured, depending on the particular embodiment, including peak/average bandwidth Quality of Service (QoS), video compression settings for motion video (i.e., quality), video frame rate, video image size limits and refitting, server memory, CPU and/or disk usage. The parameters configured could be set statically per user/profile, or the parameters could dynamically change, based on a, number of factors, including the type of URL being used. In this way, the service provider could provide higher quality video for low-bandwidth pages (e.g., news websites, etc.) and place more restrictions on bandwidth-intensive websites. As described in relation to FIG. 5, provisioning a user among worker threads may also be used to implement tiered levels of service.
Arrows 1224 and 1226 depict a web browsing session. Via operation 1228, the browser state information will be updated based on the user's use during the session (e.g., the addition of cookies based on websites visited, modifications to bookmarks during the sessions, etc.). Via operation 1230, at least some of the user's customer profile will also be tracked for updating the user's customer profile on terminating the session.
During a session, user manager module 502 may perform a state copy of a user session to transfer a user to another thread, either on the same server or a different server. User manager module 502 may operate in conjunction with provision manager module 1205 to facilitate such a move. While moving a user from one thread to another is discussed in relation to FIG. 5, provision manager module 1205 may also facilitate such a state copy by updating state information during a user session. User manager module 502 may then pause a browsing session, while provision manager module 1205 provisions another browser instance with the updated state information at the desired destination. User manager module 502 may then move the user session to the desired destination by performing a state copy (which may include a directory copy, etc.). The applicable user web browsing session may then resume. The timing of such transfers may take place at specific junctures in the display of video frames by a client device's viewing application, in order to minimize disruption of a user's experience, such as when a user makes a request of a URL.
When the user desires to end the session, the user may close their virtual browser, as shown in operation 1232, and accompanying operation 1234. The user's browser end state will also be captured by provision manager module 1205, as shown via operation 1236, via a directory save, etc. The user's customer profile will be updated based on the usage information captured, as shown in operation 1238. For example, the user may visit mostly text-based websites during a session, and have their average bandwidth and encoding averages lowered by such a resource-light session. Provision manager module 1205 will update the user's state information and customer profile based on the session, saving the updated versions in network storage 1206, as server 1204 closes the unique server browser instantiated at the beginning of the session.
FIG. 13 illustrates an example computer system suitable for use in association with a client-server architecture for remote interaction, according to one embodiment. As shown, computer system 1300 may represent either a computer operating as a server, or a computer operating as a client, with the general components illustrated in FIG. 13 potentially varying with each respective representation, as would be appreciated by one of skill in the art. Computer system 1300 may include one or more processors 1302 and may include system memory 1304. Additionally, computer system 1300 may include storage 1306 in the form of one or more devices (such as a hard drive, an optical or another type of disk, electronic memory, including flash memory, and so forth), input/output devices 1308 (as a keyboard (screen-based or physical, in a variety of forms), scroll wheels, number pads, stylus-based inputs, a touchscreen or touchpad, etc.) and communication interfaces 1310 (to connect to a LAN, a WAN, a wired or wireless network, and so forth). The elements may be coupled to each other via system bus 1312, which may represent one or more buses. In the case where system bus 1312 represents multiple buses, the multiple buses may be bridged by one or more bus bridges (not shown). When representing client devices in some embodiments, processor(s) 1302 may comprise a controller, and system memory 1304 and storage 1306 may comprise one cohesive memory component.
These elements each perform their conventional functions known in the art. In various embodiments, computing system 1300 may at least be partially incorporated in a larger computing system. System memory 1304 and storage 1306 may be employed to store a working copy and a permanent copy of the programming instructions implementing various aspects of the one or more earlier described embodiments of the present invention. Any software portions described herein need not include discrete software modules. Any software configuration described above is meant only by way of example; other configurations are contemplated by and within the scope of various embodiments of the present invention. The term, engine, is used herein to denote any software or hardware configuration, or combination thereof, that performs the function or functions referenced. In particular, the term, web browsing engine, is used herein to describe any software or hardware configuration, or combination thereof, that performs a web browsing function.
With respect to some embodiments of the invention, modules have been described to implement various functions. In alternate embodiments, part or all of the modules may be implemented in hardware, for example, using one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) instead.
In all of the foregoing, it is appreciated that such embodiments are stated only for the purpose of example, and that other embodiments could equally be provided without departing from the essential characteristics of the present invention.
The present invention has been described in particular detail with respect to one possible embodiment. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced in other embodiments. First, the particular naming of the components, capitalization of terms, the attributes, data structures, or any other programming or structural aspect is not mandatory or significant, and the mechanisms that implement the invention or its features may have different names, formats, or protocols. Further, the system may be implemented via a combination of hardware and software, as described, or entirely in hardware elements. Also, the particular division of functionality between the various system components described herein is merely by way of example, and not mandatory; functions performed by a single system component may instead be performed by multiple components, and functions performed by multiple components may instead performed by a single component.
Some portions of above description present the features of the present invention in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on information. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. These operations, while described functionally or logically, are understood to be implemented by computer programs. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient at times, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules or by functional names, without loss of generality.
Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the above discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as "determining" or "displaying" or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
Certain aspects of the present invention include process steps and instructions described herein in the form of an algorithm. It should be noted that the process steps and instructions of the present invention could be embodied in software, firmware or hardware, and when embodied in software, could be downloaded to reside on and be operated from different platforms used by real time network operating systems.
The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may include a computer (including any type of computer, depending on various embodiments, including a server, personal computer, tablet device, handheld computer, PDA, cellular phone, etc.) selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored on a computer readable medium that can be accessed by the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. Furthermore, the computers referred to in the specification may include a single processor or may be architectures employing multiple processor designs, including multi-core designs, for increased computing capability.
The algorithms and operations presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may also be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will be apparent to those of skill in the, along with equivalent variations. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It is appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the present invention as described herein.
The present invention is well suited to a wide variety of computer network systems over numerous topologies. Within this field, the configuration and management of large networks include storage devices and computers that are communicatively coupled to dissimilar computers and storage devices over a network, such as the Internet.
Finally, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.
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text:
@implementation QNNHttpResult

- (NSString *)description {
    NSString *bodySummary = @"";
    if (_body != nil) {
        NSString *str = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:_body encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
        if (str == nil) {
            bodySummary = @"not utf8 string body";
        }
    }
    return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"code:%ld duration:%f body:%@", (long)_code, _duration, bodySummary];
}

- (instancetype)init:(NSInteger)code
                  ip:(NSString *)ip
            duration:(NSTimeInterval)duration
             headers:(NSDictionary *)headers
                body:(NSData *)body {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        _code = code;
        _ip = ip;
        _duration = duration;
        _headers = headers;
        _body = body;
    }
    return self;
}

@end

@interface QNNHttp ()
@property (readonly) NSString *url;
@property (readonly) id<QNNOutputDelegate> output;
@property (readonly) QNNHttpCompleteHandler complete;
@end

@implementation QNNHttp

- (instancetype)init:(NSString *)url
              output:(id<QNNOutputDelegate>)output
            complete:(QNNHttpCompleteHandler)complete {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        _url = url;
        _output = output;
        _complete = complete;
    }
    return self;
}

- (NSString *)reserveUrlToIp {
    NSString *ip = nil;
    NSString *urlStr = [[_url componentsSeparatedByString:@"//"] lastObject];

    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
    addr.sin_len = sizeof(addr);
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(80);
    addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr([urlStr UTF8String]);
    if (addr.sin_addr.s_addr == INADDR_NONE) {
        struct hostent *host = gethostbyname([urlStr UTF8String]);
        if (host == NULL || host->h_addr == NULL) {
            return ip;
        }
        addr.sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *)host->h_addr;
        ip = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:inet_ntoa(addr.sin_addr)];
    }
    return ip;
}

- (void)run {
    if (_output) {
        [_output write:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"GET %@", _url]];
    }

    NSDate *t1 = [NSDate date];
    NSMutableURLRequest *urlRequest = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:_url]];
    [urlRequest setHTTPMethod:@"GET"];

    NSHTTPURLResponse *response = nil;
    NSError *httpError = nil;
    NSData *d = [NSURLConnection sendSynchronousRequest:urlRequest
                                      returningResponse:&response
                                                  error:&httpError];
    NSTimeInterval duration = [[NSDate date] timeIntervalSinceDate:t1] * 1000;
    if (_output) {
        if (httpError != nil) {
            [_output write:[httpError description]];
        }
        [_output write:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"complete duration:%f status %ld\n", duration, (long)response.statusCode]];
        if (response != nil && response.allHeaderFields != nil) {
            [response.allHeaderFields enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:^(NSString *key, NSString *obj, BOOL *stop) {
                [_output write:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@: %@\n", key, obj]];
            }];
        }
    }
    if (_complete == nil) {
        return;
    }
    if (httpError != nil) {
        QNNHttpResult *result = [[QNNHttpResult alloc] init:httpError.code ip:[self reserveUrlToIp] duration:duration headers:nil body:nil];
        _complete(result);
        return;
    }

    QNNHttpResult *result = [[QNNHttpResult alloc] init:response.statusCode ip:[self reserveUrlToIp] duration:duration headers:response.allHeaderFields body:d];
    _complete(result);
}

+ (instancetype)start:(NSString *)url
               output:(id<QNNOutputDelegate>)output
             complete:(QNNHttpCompleteHandler)complete {
    QNNHttp *http = [[QNNHttp alloc] init:url output:output complete:complete];
    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^(void) {
        [http run];
    });
    return http;
}

- (void)stop {
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


As an office coordinator at Auvik, you'll wear many hats at our rapidly growing software company. We recently closed a $20M round of funding and we're expanding—fast. Your job will be different every day. You'll make sure the office runs smoothly doing things like entering invoices, arranging catering, ordering supplies, equipment and furniture, and helping to plan events.


text:
COSMOS - The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy › C
In 1997, comet Hale-Bopp was the second 'great comet' to visit the inner Solar System in 2 years. The two tails and coma are clearly visible, and the existence of a third, neutral tail, was confirmed through observations of this very bright comet.
Credit: Jerry Lodriguss
A comet is small astronomical body which orbits the Sun on a very eccentric orbit, and which exhibits a coma, a large hydrogen cloud and highly visible tails during its perihelion passage.
Cometary nuclei originate in either the Oort cloud (long-period comets) or the Kuiper Belt (short-period comets) and have been perturbed into plunging orbits by gravitational influences. Some have their perihelion so close to the Sun (sun-grazing comets) that they pass through the Sun's atmosphere. They consist of ice and rock (they are commonly thought of as 'dirty snowballs') and carry organic material, which may have played a role in the development of life on Earth.
Although many comets visit the inner Solar System every year, very few put on a spectacular show or receive much publicity. The two most recent 'great comets' (bright comets) were comet Hyakutake (1996) and comet Hale-Bopp (1997), and two other very famous comets are comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which broke into pieces and collided with Jupiter in 1994, and comet Halley, visible 10 years earlier in 1986.
In recent years, space missions have been launched to rendezvous with various comets. The spaceprobe, Giotto, was the first to investigate the nuclei of comets from close range, imaging comet Halley in 1986 and comet Grigg-Skjellerup in 1992. Then, in 2005, the Deep Impact mission revealed what was actually inside a cometary nucleus by impacting the nucleus of comet Tempel 1, and excavating a crater in the surface.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How can we transform `functools.partial` into a decorator? There is a tool in the functools library named partial.
functools.partial allows us to specify some of the inputs a function without specifying all of them.
You can transform ...
funky_function(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5)
into something like...
funky_function(1, 2, x3, x4, x5)
That is...

*

*Input argument x1 gets assigned the number 1

*Input argument x2 gets assigned the  number 2

*Inputs x3, x4, x5 are still not assigned anything.

from functools import *
from inspect import *

def funky_function(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, /):
    return ", ".join(" ".join(str(x).split()) for x in [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5])

funky_function = partial(funky_function, 1, 2)

result = funky_function(3, 4, 5)

print("return value from `funky_function(3, 4, 5)` is:", result)
print("signature of `funky_function` is:", signature(funky_function))

My question is, how do we make a decorator?
@partialize(1, 2)
def funky_function(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, /):
    return ", ".join(" ".join(str(x).split()) for x in [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5])

result = funky_function(3, 4, 5)

Look at the function signature below of partial.partial(func):
functools.partial(func, /, *args, **keywords)

The function is the left and the arguments on the right.
The following two pieces of code are equivalent:
@decorate(1, 2)
def f():
   pass
###################################
def f():
   pass
f = decorate(1, 2)(f)

So, partial is not a good decorator if you want to enter arguments first, and enter the function second.
How do we make a decorator which takes in the arguments first, and later accepts the function to-be-decorated?

A: Something like the following works:
from functools import *
from inspect import *

def partialize(*args, **kwargs):
    def partialize_helper(old_func):
        new_func = partial(old_func, *args, **kwargs)
        return new_func
    return partialize_helper

@partialize(1, 2)
def funky_function(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, /):
    return ", ".join(" ".join(str(x).split()) for x in [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5])

##########################################################################

funky_function = partialize(1, 2)(funky_function)

##########################################################################

result = funky_function(3, 4, 5)
print("valued returned by funky_function(3, 4, 5)".ljust(50), result)
print("str(funky_function) ==".ljust(50), str(funky_function))
print("Signature == ".ljust(50), signature(funky_function))

Console output is as follows:
valued returned by funky_function(3, 4, 5)         1, 2, 3, 4, 5
str(funky_function) ==                             functools.partial(<function funky_function at 0x000001C99759E200>, 1, 2)
Signature ==                                       (x3, x4, x5, /)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange