A contrastive analysis of the factorial structure of the PCL-R: Which model fits best the data?
Análisis de contraste de la estructura factorial de la PCL-R: ¿qué modelo se ajusta mejor a los datos?
The aim of this study was to determine which of the factorial solutions proposed for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) of two, three, four factors, and unidimensional fitted best the data. Two trained and experienced independent raters scored 197 prisoners from the Villabona Penitentiary (Asturias, Spain), age range 21 to 73 years (M = 36.0, SD = 9.7), of whom 60.12% were reoffenders and 73% had committed violent crimes. The results revealed that the two-factor correlational, three-factor hierarchical without testlets, four-factor correlational and hierarchical, and unidimensional models were a poor fit for the data (CFI ≤ .86), and the three-factor model with testlets was a reasonable fit for the data (CFI = .93). The scale resulting from the three-factor hierarchical model with testlets (13 items) classified psychopathy significantly higher than the original 20-item scale. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for theoretical models of psychopathy, decision-making, prison classification and intervention, and prevention.
Se diseñó un estudio con el objetivo de conocer cuál de las soluciones factoriales propuestas para la Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) de dos, tres y cuatro factores y unidimensional era la que presentaba mejor ajuste a los datos. Para ello, dos evaluadores entrenados y con experiencia evaluaron de forma independiente a 197 internos en la prisión Villabona (Asturias, España), con edades comprendidas entre los 21 y los 73 años (M = 36.0, DT = 9.7), de los cuales el 60.12% eran reincidentes y el 73% había cometido delitos violentos. Los resultados mostraron que los modelos unidimensional, correlacional de 2 factores, jerárquico de 3 factores sin testlest y correlacional y jerárquico de 4 factores, presentaban un pobre ajuste con los datos (CFI ≤ .86) y un ajuste razonable del modelo jerárquico de tres factores con testlets (CFI = .93). La escala resultante del modelo de tres factores con testlets (13 ítems) mostró un poder de clasificación de la psicopatía significativamente superior al de la escala original (20 ítems). Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados para los modelos teóricos de la psicopatía, la toma de decisiones, clasificación e intervención penitenciaria, y la prevención.
Psychopathy is a construct characterized by affective, interpersonal, and behavioural traits (Morrissey et al., 2010) associated to irresponsible and impulsive behaviour, contempt for and violation of social norms (Flores-Mendoza, Silva-Alvarenga, Herrero, & Abad, 2008), deep affective deficits, and a lack of respect for the rights of others (García et al., 2008; Hare, 1996, 2003; Torrubia, Poy, Moltó, Grayston, & Corral, 2010; Vien & Beech, 2006).
Research in psychopathy has been enmeshed in controversy since its very inception owing to the rivalry between two theoretical approaches opposed as to the definition and measurement of the construct itself (Cooke, Michie, Hart, & Clark, 2004; Hare & Neumann, 2005). On the one hand, the traditional European approach grounds its definition of psychopathy on emotional and interpersonal aspects and rejects the notion that criminal behaviour is a core feature of psychopathic disorder – instead it is regarded as a secondary symptom or effect comparable to other contingencies such as illicit substance abuse (Cooke et al., 2004; Skeem, Mulvey, & Grisso, 2003). This approach has been corroborated by empirical data linking crimi n al behaviour with behavioural items on the PCL-R (delinquency and lifestyle), but not with those aspects which are traditionally associated to psychopathy, that is, affective and interpersonal ones (Eisenbarth, Osterheider, Nedopil, & Stadtland, 2012; Hodges & Heilbrun, 2009; Walters & Heilbrun, 2010; Þukauskienë, Laurinavièius, & Èësnienë, 2010). This has led some authors to postulate that behavioural items or criteria are useful for predicting violent behaviour (Skeem, Mulve y et al., 2003; Cooke, Michie, & Skeem, 2007), but lack diagnostic value. Conversely, the contemporary North American approach subscribes to the behavioural approach that defines the disorder in terms of antisocial behaviour (Skeem, Mulvey et al., 2003), effectively establishing a relationship between psychopathy and criminal behaviour using the criteria of psychiatric nosological systems. This perspective has been endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association under the heading of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), defined by the classification system as synonymous to psychopathy (American Psychiatric Association, 1980, 1994, 2000, 2013). However, other authors, such as Hart and Hare (1996), reject APD and psychopathy are different expressions of the same entity and have developed a definition integrating both viewpoints, which provides the theoretical framework for their evaluation system (Garrido, 2002; León-Mayer, Asún-Salazar, & Folino, 2010), i.e., the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Hare, 1991, 2003).Though psychopathy was initially conceived as a unitary disorder, research on Hare's PCL-R has revealed that psychopathy is composed of facets that are different though correlated (Hall, Benning, & Patrick, 2004). This finding has led to the development of at least eleven factorial structures (Hauck, Pereira, & Martins de Almeida, 2014) with inconclusive empirical results, the main ones of which will be reviewed below. The two-factor model (Hare, 1991; Harpur, Hakstian, & Hare, 1988) described a higher order construct (psychopathy) underpinned by two correlated factors: affective and interpersonal (factor 1), and social deviation (factor 2). This structure has been extensively researched to analyse the relationship between each factor and other variables such as gender (Nicholls & Petrila, 2005), substance abuse (Pham, Malingrey, Ducro, & Saloppé, 2007), empathy (Hare, 2003), r elational aggression (Schmeelk, Sylvers, & Lilienfeld, 2008), and delinquency (Librán & Ral, 2003; García et al., 2008).
In the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R), Hare (2003) reviewed the original two-factor structure into four-facets: interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial. In the revised structure, factors 1 and 2 of the original model have been subdivided into facets: facets 1 and 2 (factor 1), and facets 3 and 4 (factor 2), and items not saturating any factor (see Table 1). On the basis of this structure, several configurations have been identified, the most prominent of which are the four-factor hierarchical model (Hare, 2003) and the two-factor, four-facet hierarchical model (Bolt, Hare, Vitale, & Newman, 2004; Hare, 2003; Kennealy, Hicks, & Patrick, 2007). These models have been empirically corroborated by numerous studies (e.g., Hill, Neumann, & Rogers, 2004; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Þukauskienë et al., 2010).
Bearing in mind two-factor models are primarily drawn from prison samples, generalizations to other populations are tentative at best. Cooke and Michie (2001) have developed a three-factor model with a hierarchical structure of a higher order construct, psycho-pathy, and one more level between it and the factors, the testlets, that represent a strong association between two or more items of a factor that mediate the relationship between the factor and the measurement. The three-factor model entails two fundamental changes in comparison to the traditional two-factor model (Skeem, Mulvey et al., 2003). First, the original emotional factor was split into two independent factors (interpersonal and affective), and second, PCL-R items referring to delinquent behaviour were eliminated on the basis of empirical evidence that typified them as poor indicators of psycho-pathy, primarily, due to the concurrence of one or more of the following circumstances: poor discriminatory capacity, absence of fundamental traits underlying the concept of psychopathy and/or expression of antisocial behaviour as a key element (Torrubia et al., 2010), as well as items not saturating any of the factors (promiscuous sexual behaviour, and many short-term marital relationships). Thus, 3 factors, Interpersonal (Factor 1, arrogant and deceitful interpersonal style), Affective (Factor 2, deficient affective experience), and Behaviour/ Lifestyle (Factor 3, impulsive and irresponsible) were obtained (Cooke et al., 2004). Factors 1 and 2 were a subdivision of the original factor 1, whereas factor 3 included items from the original factor 2 without those items representing antisocial behaviour. This three-factor model is coherent with the standard clinical descriptions of psychopathy such as personality disorder (Cooke et al., 2004; Morrissey et al., 2010), in which delinquent behaviour is not conceived as a feature intrinsic to psychopathy (Cooke et al., 2004), but is rather associated to an array of disorders, e.g., psychotic disorders, substance abuse, intellectual developmental disorder (Cooke, Hart, Logan, & Michie, 2012). Ever since its design, the model has been developed and validated by multiple samples (Hillege, de Ruiter, Smits, van der Baan, & Das, 2011; Morrisey et al., 2010; Sevecke, Pukrop, Kosson, & Krischer, 2009; Shariat et al., 2010; Skeem, Mulvey et al., 2003; Þukauskienë et al., 2010), and beyond legal and forensic contexts (Book & Quinsey, 2003; LeBreton, Binning, & Adorno, 2006; Paulhus & Williams, 2002).
Bearing in mind this context, the aims of this field study on a prison sample were threefold: to compare the fit of the different models to data using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); to classify psychopathy according to how models fitted data; and to assess the effects on the classification of criminological variables related in the literature to psychopathy.
A total of 197 male detainees from the Villabona Penitentiary (Asturias, Spain), age range 21 to 73 years (M = 36.0, SD = 9.7) participated in the study. In terms of academic status, 58.4% had completed compulsory education. In terms of criminal record, 41.1% of participants committed their first offence before turning 13 years of age, 60.4% were reoffenders, and 73.6% had committed violent crimes (robbery, bodily harm, and/or resisting arrest, manslaughter, attempted murder, and/or murder).
All subjects freely volunteered to participate in the study. All evaluations were undertaken in the Therapeutic and Education Unit of the Villabona Penitentiary (Asturias, Spain). Two trained and experienced independent raters scored detainees. Both raters had previously assessed detainees with the PCL-R, being reliable with other different raters. The raters scored independently all participants on the PCL-R based on the prison records, and a semi-structured interview of each participant. Inter-rater reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). A two way random model (sources of variance: participants and raters) with measures of absolute agreement was used. The inter-rater reliability was adequate (ICC ≥ .70), and significant (ps < .001) with average measures of ICCs of .89 for the PCL–R total score, ranging for items from .73 to .92. The average score was used as the final score. As for the diagnosis of psychopathy, the agreement (Cohen's kappa) was .88 and .95 (for the scale of 20 and 13 items, respectively).
Sociodemographic data and prison records. A file was opened for each participant with the following sociodemographic data (i.e., age, academic status, profession), and criminal record (i.e., age of first offence, age of first arrest, age on first time in prison, number of prison sentences served, length of minimum sentence, and the main o ffence for which the inmate was sentenced). This data was obtained from each inmate's prison record.
Psychopathy. The adapted Spanish version of the PCL-R (Torrubia et al., 2010) was used for the evaluation of psychopathy. The PCL-R is an instrument for obtaining data on different aspects of psychopathy using a semistructured interview. The instrument consists of 20 items scored on a 3-point scale (0, 1, 2), measuring the degree to which a person's behaviour fits the description of the item. This instrument provides a general psychopathy score for 2 factors (interpersonal/ affective and social deviation), and 4 facets (interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial). The adapted Spanish questionnaire obtained a Cronbach's alpha of .86 for the total test score, .79 for factor 1, .87 for factor 2, .79 for the interpersonal facet, .69 for the affective facet, .81 for the lifestyle facet, and .77 for the antisocial facet.
In order to compare the fit of the factorial structure obtained from the literature a CFA was performed. Models were selected taking into account the χ2 and its associated probability, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual), and the standardχ2/df of the combinations of indexes recommen ded by Hu and Bentler (1999). As criteria for an optimum fit has been proposed χ2/df < 2-3, CFI ≥ .95, and RMSEA and SRMR < .05, and for an acceptable or reasonable fit χ2/df < 4, CFI ≥ .90, and RMSEA and SRMR < .08 (Anderson & Gerbing, 1984; Arce, Velasco, Novo, & Fariña, 2014; Brooke, Russell, & Price, 1988; Browne & C udeck, 1992; Hu & Bentler, 1999; Wheaton, Murthen, Alwin, & Summers, 1977).
To assess the validity of the classification of psychopathy, the measures were compared with a one-factor ANOVA to compute the effect size using Cohen's d, and for the association between variables, a chi-square to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR), and in turn to estimate the effect size.
In order to meet the objectives of this study, different PCL-R measurement models representing a broad spectrum of theoretical approaches to the structure of the instrument were estimated.
The results show (Table 2) that two-factor correlational, three-factor hierarchical without testlets, four-factor correlational and hierarchical, and unidimensional models poorly fitted the data (CFI ≤ .86). The inclusion of testlets substantially improved the fit indexes of the three-factor hierarchical model, χ2 = 121, df = 56, CFI = .93, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .065; χ2/df = 2.16. This model was revised to include the correlation between two errors of variance, 9 and 14 (affectively insensitive/lack of empathy, absence of realistic long-term goals), significantly improving the fit of the model, Δχ2(1) = 14.67, p < .001. This improvement of the modified three-factor hierarchical model with testlets over the three-factor hierarchical model may be due to a carry-over effect of the evaluator since both items measure "abscence". The factorial structure of the final model is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. PCL-R Three-Factor Modified Hierarchical Model with Testlest (13 items).
The results (see Table 3) show all of the first (testlets), second (testlets and factors), and third order (higher order factors) saturations were statistically significant, p < .001. Internal consistency for the shortened scale was adequate both for the total scale (α = .85) and for the three factors (factor 1: α = .77, factor 2: α = .81, factor 3: α = .73).
The elimination of 7 of the 20 items from the original questionnaire entailed the need for calculating a new cut-off point for the classification of psychopathy. This may be undertaken using either of the two procedures proposed by Hare (1985, 1991): to prorate the score in relation to the decision criterion for the 20-item scale (raw score > 30), or the mean for the population plus 1 standard deviation (M = 13.5, SD = 5.54). In both cases, the cut-off score resulted in 19. When this criterion was applied to the score obtained on the 13-item scale, it classified 96.6% (n = 28) of those classified as psychopaths on the original scale (i.e., only one prison inmate classified on the original 20-item scale as a psychopath would have not been classified as such on the 13-item shortened version), that is, the shortened version would have classified as psychopaths all but one of those classified on the original scale, χ2(1) = 0.02, p = .900. Moreover, the 13-item scale classified 17 detainees as psychopaths who were not classified on the original scale. Therefore, in comparison to the original scale, the shortened scale significantly increased the psychopathy classification rate (.147 vs. .234, for the original and shortened version, r espectively),χ2(1) = 3.85, p < .05.
In order to assess the classification of psychopathy on the 13-item scale, the means of the criminological variables related to psychopathy (classification factor: psychopath vs. no-psychopath) were compared: age of first detention, age of first prison sentence, length of prison sentence, and number of prison sentences served. The results (Table 4) reveal that prisoners classified as psychopaths were detained for the first time at an earlier age, with a medium effect size, d = 0.58, 95% CI[0.25, 0.91]; entered prision at an earlier age, with a small effect size, d = 0.41, 95% CI[0.07, 0.75]; had a longer history of reoffending, with a small to medium effect size, d = 0.43, 95% CI[0.10, 0.76], and were given longer prison sentences, with a big effect size, d = 0.71, 95% CI[0.37, 1.05].
Moreoever, to assess the validity of the classification, the relationship between the classification of psychopathy (classification: psychopath vs. no-psychopath) and the type of offence was analized. The results (Table 5) showed prisoners classified on the scale as psychopaths committed more crimes of vandalism and/or damage to property, with a medium effect size, OR = 2.43, 95% CI[1.08, 5.49]; illegal possession of firearms, with a big effect size, OR = 7.25, 95% CI[2.61, 21.79]; threatening behaviour and/or assault, with a medium effect size, OR = 3.40, 95% CI[1.29, 8.98]; robbery with intimidation and/or violence, with a small effect size, OR = 2.18, 95% CI[1.11, 4.26]; bodily harm and/or obstruction, with a medium effect size, OR = 2.66, 95% CI[1.36, 5.20]; and manslaughter, attempted murder, and murder, with a medium effect size, OR = 3.31, 95% CI[1.37, 8.07].
a) The results of this study show the three-factor hierarchical model with testlest (Cooke & Michie, 2001; Cooke et al., 2007; Skeem & Cooke, 2010) was the best model fit to data, i.e., the model with the greatest validity. In contrast, two-factor correlational, three-factor hierarchical without testlets, four-factor correlational and hierarchical, and unidimensional models had the poorest fit index. Thus, the testlets (latent variables) were responsable for improving the fit (the three-factor model without testlets obtained poor fit values). Thus, these results not only support the superiority of the three-factor hierarchical model (with testlets), but also the construct validity of the factorial structure, and the resulting (13-item) instrument.
b) In relation to the models resulting from the original 20-item version, the three-factor hierarchical model with testlets was identified by CFA as the model having the best fit to data. The main distinguishing feature of this core model was that it eliminated items that evaluated delinquent behaviour (antisocial factor in the models derived from the original 20-item scale) and intimacy (sexual promiscuity and brief relationships). These results lend support to the clinical model (American Psychiatric Association, 1980, 1994, 2000, 2013), in which psychopathy is diagnosed in terms of affective-emotional, inter personal and antisocial behaviour criteria, leaving aside notions of criminal behaviour as a core feature of the disorder. Though studies have related both contingencies (Theodorakis, 2013; Vaughn, Howard, & DeLisi, 2008), Cooke et al. (2007) have highlighted that the relationship is not one of chance, but is rather characteristic of the disorder itself (e.g., irresponsibility, impulsivity, hostility, lack of empathy) that facilitate the involvement in delinquent behaviour.
c) The highest psychopathy classification rate was obtained with the shortened version of the scale. Should the decision criterion be validated, it may prove to be useful for enhancing the correct classification and management of detainees during prison intake since it enables adaptive psychopaths, i.e., without a criminal record, to be identified and, in turn, for implementing the appropriate initiatives. It is of no surprise the adaptive psychopath is characterized by exhibiting striking self-assurance, social stability, assertiveness, and persuasive powers (Smith, Watts, & Lilienfeld, 2014), which in a prison context facilitates false adherence and progress in treatment, leading prison evaluation teams to inadequately evaluate the access to prison benefits, e.g., release permits, probation (Novo, Fariña, Seijo, & Arce, 2012).
d) The effects of the classification of psychopathy on the shortened version of the scale and the designated decision criterion, were in line with previous studies. Thus, prisoners classified as psychopaths began their delinquent carreer at an earlier age than those not classified as psychopaths (Forth & Book, 2007; Vaughn et al., 2008), committed more violent crime (Porter, Birt, & Boer, 2001; Porter, Brinke, & Wilson, 2009; Porter, Woodworth, Earle, Drugge, & Boer, 2003), served longer sentences (Skeem, Poythress, Edens, Lilienfeld, & Cale, 2003), and had higher reoffending rates (Garrido, 2002; Grann, Langström, Tonhström, & Kulgren, 1999; Hare, 1993; Hart, Krop, & Hare, 1988; Hemphill, Hare, & Wong, 2011; Serin & Amos, 1995).
Further research is required to examine if the shortened version of the PCL-R is valid for classifying psychopathy and to assess sensitivity and specificity in comparison to the original version. Should they be equally valid, this would enable the classification of psycho-pathy regardless of previous recorded delinquent behaviour, i.e., adaptative psychopathy. This shortened scale would be useful for decision-making regarding sentencing (Cox, DeMatteo, & Foster, 2010; Lloyd, Clark, & Forth, 2010), eligibility for temporary release orders and probation (Moltó, Poy, & Torrubia, 2000), early prevention and reoffenders (Arce, Fariña, & Vázquez, 2011), and for prison treatment programmes (Arce, Fariña, & Novo, 2014; Spaans, Barendregt, Haan, Nijman, & de Beurs, 2011).
This study is part of the research Project MINECO-13-FEM2012-30659 and the Foundation for the Promotion of Applied Scientific Research and Technology (FICYT) in Asturias through pre-doctoral Grant BP09-147.
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Beatriz Pérez Sánchez.
Área de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento. Departamento de Psicología.
Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Oviedo. Plaza Feijóo.
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India's all-electric-cars target: Bumps on the way of Nitin Gadkari's bulldozer
India's all-electric-cars target needs a powerful push. That's why road transport and highways minister Nitin Gadkari spoke of bulldozing his way to the target.
By ET Online | Updated: Sep 08, 2017, 05.16 PM IST
Switch to clean vehicles or be bulldozed: Nitin Gadkari to automakers
India is making a record of sorts. It is for the first time the country will see a reform without a lag with the advanced countries. While the advanced world moves towards replacing fossil-fuel vehicles with electric ones, India wants to take a leap. It has set for itself an ambitious target of having only electric cars by 2030. The target is, in fact, more daunting than in many advanced countries. For example, Britain will ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars 10 years after India, from 2040.
India's ambitious all-electric-car target needs a powerful push. That's why Union road transport and highways minister Nitin Gadkari spoke of bulldozing his way to the target yesterday at the annual convention of the Society of Indian Automobile Manufactures (SIAM).
"We should move towards alternative fuel... I am going to do this, whether you like it or not. And I am not going to ask you. I will bulldoze it," Gadkari said. While everyone should laud his spirit, there are reasons for him to be cautious. Such a disruptive reform should come with all the required due diligence.
Below are a few bumps that lie on the way to the ambitious target:
The scale
According to the International Energy Agency, the 2030 target would require nearly eight times the global stock of such vehicles. India would need to sell more than 10 million electric cars in 2030, compared with the almost 1.3 million on the road worldwide in 2015, the agency told Reuters.
Compare it with the 5,000 electric vehicles India had on the road by the end of last year. And India sold 3 million passenger vehicles in the year ended March 31, according to data from SIAM. Such a big jump in scale for a private sector in 13 years seems difficult especially in view of so many other vexatious issues.
For such a big transition in a private sector, the government needs a coherent and effective policy. The auto industry has complained of policy flipflop. For instance, the government had been incentivising hybrid cars so far. Now it has increased tax on hybrid cars. Auto industry has long timescales and cannot make sudden shifts in production. To meet 2030 target, the government will have to frame a consistent policy that does not change frequently.
India has nearly 56,000 fuel stations. Compare them with the number of community charging stations across the country—206. For an-all-electric-car target, India needs to ramp up infrastructure in a big way. Since the operating range of electric vehicles is low, India would need a humongous charging infrastructure. Creation of so much infrastructure also needs a clear-cut policy as technology is evolving and might keep changing.
The jobs
A large shift in a significant manufacturing sector will impact jobs badly. Manufacturing of electric cars will be more automated than petrol/diesel cars. A combustion-engine car has 1,400 components to build the motor, exhaust system and transmission. An electric vehicle's battery and electric motor has only 200 components, according to a Reuters report.
The average combustion engine takes about 3.5 hours to make, while the average transmission requires 2.7 hours of assembly. An electric motor takes about 1 hour to assemble.
German auto industry association VDA has said a ban on combustion-engined vehicles in 2030 would threaten more than 600,000 German industrial jobs, of which 436,000 are at car companies and suppliers.
While there are no such projections for India, the shift to all-electric cars will certainly impact lakhs of workers adversely here too.
Electric cars are still evolving and the best has yet to come. Framing long-term policy for an evolving technology will be challenging for the government. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells or any other alternative clean energy might prove to be better than electric cars. CNG, once considered the fuel of the future, has now become outdated. Fast-evolving technology can disrupt long-term policies.
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St Andrew's - a History
This page gives a brief history of St Andrew's Uniting Church, mainly drawn from the booklet produced for the 150th Anniversary of the church in 1995. The booklet is available here.
For completeness, we should imagine an overlay including aspects of Australian history; the development of Richmond; local government; the influences of the Presbyterian, Free Presbyterian, Wesleyan and Methodist Churches; and the decisions and prayers of many local citizens.
The generosity and initiative of local citizen, Mr George Bowman (pictured), and the spiritual integrity of Rev. Dr James Cameron, the first Minister, have been substantial influences in the formative years of St Andrew's, Richmond.
The following table gives a sequence of significant events.
George Bowman, then 3 years old, arrived in Sydney on board the "Barwell" with his parents John and Honora, brother John and sister Mary.
George Bowman married Eliza Pearce at Parramatta.
George Bowman donated land in West Market Street for a church, and paid for its erection, completing the project in this year.
Rev. W. Lumsdane was inducted as the first Minister of the new church.
Rev. James Cameron was inducted as Minister, and the following year married Eliza Bowman, George and Eliza's eldest daughter.
George Bowman erected a bell tower and clock at the front of the church, as a gift to the people of Richmond.
George Bowman died, and was buried in the family vault in Richmond Presbyterian Cemetery (Jersey Street). Through the Will of his wife Eliza, a bequest of 2,000 Pounds exists (with interest) to this day, to assist with meeting the costs of a Minister's stipend.
Dr Cameron erected a private residence adjacent to the Church, and following its later service as a Community Hospital, Nursing home and offices, it is now once more a private home.
The Sunday School Hall was erected, at a cost of 344 Pounds.
An Assistant Minister (Rev. James Kinghorn) was appointed to assist Dr Cameron in the Parish.
Dr Cameron passed away, having served the Richmond Congregation for over 49 years. During his ministry he had twice been Moderator of the NSW Presbyterian Church, and was a great leader in many aspects of ministry. A brass memorial to his life and ministry on the front wall of the Church, and a granite monument in front of the church, commemorate his life.
The Congregational, Presbyterian and Methodist Churches came into Union, forming the Uniting Church in Australia. After a short time of reduced services, the local services were soon all held in the Methodist Church in Paget Street, Richmond.
Work began on the restoration of St Andrew's, with assistance from the Heritage Commission, to install damp coursing, repair the foundations, restore the timber pews and panelling, and repaint the whole building. This process took five years to complete.
St Andrew's was reopened for worship with a celebratory Service, and the Methodist Church was advertised and then sold to the Reformed Church.
After over four years of planning and construction, the new multipurpose Centre was opened at a total cost of $853,000 (not including private donations), linking the Church and Sunday School Hall and adding new offices, a meeting room, kitchen, auditorium and utility areas.
Funding received through a Heritage Near Me Grant from NSW State Government to restore eight stained-glass, lead and timber double-hung windows in the church building. Work to be completed by 30 June 2019.
Photographs are reproduced here with the permission of Miss Elizabeth Bowman. An image of the Portrait of George Bowman is held in the State Library of NSW - Ref. 1090855.
The "Then and Now" Booklet which contains some of the information from 170 Years of the history of St Andrew's is available here.
150 years ago, the typical weekly routine for a Church Minister was vastly different from what happens today.
The Rev James Cameron, then Minister of St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Richmond, commenced his Sunday by leading worship at St Andrew's. Following a brief lunch break, he saddled up his horse and rode 15Kms to Kurrajong Heights where he led worship for the congregation of St David's Presbyterian Church. On the alternate Sundays James Cameron would ride to Castlereagh Chapel, in place of Kurrajong Heights.
The commitment and passion for sharing the Christian message of love, hope and compassion gave Rev James Cameron the inspiration and drive to face the challenging horse-ride to be with the people he served.
Today, over a century later, St Andrew's Congregation still retains the same passion for sharing the good news of God's love for all humanity and to maintain this historical site as a place for worship and sharing of life in compassion and care.
You are always welcome at St Andrew's.
The Congregation of St Andrew's Uniting Church, Richmond


I am a wife to my grad school sweetie – Mark. I am mommy to my adorable daughter – Atlantis. I am a college professor. I craft all the time – especially knitting. I cook, bake, read, drink tea and coffee, blog, pray, think, improv, teach, learn and love.


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24 places in Nairobi where you can hang out for under Ksh. 1,000
PwC calls for valid enactment & enforcement of VAT regulations following KRA case with WEC Kenya
Grace Matheka February 18, 2022
Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC), a financial services consulting firm, has stated that the recent high court ruling on VAT regulations, 2017 affirmed that tax laws need to be validly enacted and enforced. In a tax alert dated February 2022, PwC says, "Tax law must be validly enacted and enforced. Failure to which creates an illegality. Where tax laws are prescriptive, there is no room for intendment or inference."
In its Judgement issued on 31st January, 2022, in a case pitting KRA, who were appealing an earlier ruling of the tax appeals tribunal, against WEC Kenya, the court declared the regulations null and void. This is owing to procedural invalidity in their enactment.
The court found that the VAT Regulations, 2017, were not tabled before the National Assembly as required by the Statutory Instruments Act, 2013 in section 11. The act states that "Every Cabinet Secretary responsible for a regulation-making authority shall within 7 sitting days after the publication of a statutory instrument, ensure that a copy of the statutory instrument is transmitted to the responsible Clerk for tabling before parliament."
The appeal was against a case in which KRA was ordered by the Tax Appeals tribunal to pay WEC Kenya Ksh. 6.4 million in VAT refunds. The Kenyan limited liability company is the sole shipping agent of WEC Lines BV (WEC BV), a Dutch company engaged in the maritime transportation of goods. WEC Kenya represents WEC BV in operations related to its shipping business in Kenya.
WEC Kenya filed a VAT refund application for the period February 2015 to January 2018 attributable to zero-rated exported services supplied to WEC BV. KRA rejected the respondent's application on 18 April 2018 citing the following on grounds that the services provided by WEC Kenya were consumed in Kenya, given that the company provides services to the clients of WEC BV located in Kenya.
KRA further argued that Regulation 13 of the VAT Regulations, 2017 which deals with exported goods and services, did not apply to the services supplied by WEC Kenya. KRA argued that the standard rate of tax, 16%, applied on the supplies made by WEC Kenya as opposed to the zero rate.
The Tribunal ruled that, as defined by the contract between WEC Kenya and WEC BV, the Dutch company was the sole consumer of the services provided by the respondent. This was on the basis that there were no agreements between WEC Kenya and the Kenyan importers.
While upholding the tribunal's ruling, the high court indicated that there was no dispute that the respondent was an agent of WEC BV. As such, any contract made by WEC Kenya and third parties as contemplated by that agency relationship is a contract between that third party and WEC BV.
In their interpretation of the ruling, PwC said, "Neither the KRA nor any third party has the jurisdiction to rewrite contracts between freely contracting parties. It follows, therefore, that parties are free to constitute the rights and obligations within the wording of their contracts."
Absa Bank has partnered with Interswitch to finance SMEs acquire KRA TIMs devices
Staff Writer November 10, 2022
Zoho launches VAT & TIMS compliant accounting software in Kenya
Deadline for acquiring new ETR devices extended to November 30th
Traders to face Ksh. 1 Million fine for failure to install ETR machine as from 31st July
Staff Writer June 28, 2022
EABC urges KRA to facilitate pre-clearance of exports to reduce delays at borders
James Wamathai June 9, 2022
KRA and Keroche Breweries have reached an agreement on a payment plan following a tax dispute
Samson Nderi March 16, 2022


Tareq is Ambassador for OneEurope in Romania.
Tareq is a Romanian citizen, born and raised near the mountains of Transilvania. Now, he studies dentistry in Timisoara, a city with a very high European cultural heritage.
He is a moderator of the OneEurope Facebook page, where he publishes regular content in order to stimulate the European debate.


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Football Camp Starts For Junior Bruin Squads
The over-8 group runs timed 20-yard sprints during the Saturday football camp session for the Riverbank Junior Bruin Youth Football teams at Castleberg Park. Coach and team president Casey Blevins, left, starts one of the participants on his run. The weekend sessions continue July 22 and 23, with all-out practices beginning July 31 at Riverbank High School. Ric McGinnis/The News
As the end of summer draws near, some athlete's hearts turn to thoughts of ... yes, you guessed it, football.
Riverbank schools will see classes back in session on Wednesday, Aug. 9, but football practice, at least for the Junior Bruins youth teams, began this past weekend, with workouts both Saturday and Sunday mornings.
And the last day to sign up for this season will be tonight, July 19, at Pizza Plus in downtown.
Between 6 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. there'll be sign-ups for both the football teams and the cheer squads. Mascots can be as young as four years old, but players and cheerleaders must be between five and 14 years old by July 31, 2017. Coach Casey Blevins noted that all eighth graders must play varsity, regardless of their age.
July 31 is also the first day of practice, at the field alongside Claus Road on the Riverbank High School campus, from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.
And the coach noted a new age-level team beginning this year. Called the Futures team, it includes 5- to 6-year-olds, making five levels of play for the Junior Bruin teams.
The other levels include the Starts, 7- and 8-year-olds, the Rookies, the 9- and 10-year-olds. The JVs are 11- and 12-year-olds, with the Varsity Junior Bruins being 13- and 14-year-olds.
Coach Blevins also serves as team president and recently released the 2017 football schedule over last weekend. It includes four home games on the nine week schedule:
Week 1: Home against the Jr. Bulldogs of Ceres, Sept. 2.
Week 2: Home, against the Jaguars of Stockton, Sept. 9.
Week 3: At Lodi, against the Jr. Flames, Sept. 16.
Week 4: Home against the Central Valley Jets of Modesto, Sept. 23.
Week 5: At Turlock, against the Jr. Pride, Sept. 30.
Week 6: At Delhi, against the Jr. Hawks, Oct. 7.
Week 7: Oct. 14, Bye Week
Week 8: Home, against the Merced/Atwater El Capitan Jr. Gauchos, Oct. 21.
Week 9: At Gregori High School, against the Salida Steeler Jags, Oct. 28.
All the games are on Saturdays.
Before the regular season starts, league teams gather to play a Jamboree, a series of scrimmages against each other, round robin format, on Saturday, Aug. 26.
Last year, the Jr. Bruins were in the Motherlode Valley Football League, but had to change affiliations to accommodate their younger team. This year, they are aligned with the Central Valley Gridiron Youth Football League.
Officials listed James Duarte as head coach for the Futures, R.J. Castro as head coach of the Starts. Javier Martinez serves as head coach of the Rookies, with Steve Bosworth coaching the JV team and Jose Valencia heading up the Varsity team.
Jr. Bruin head cheer coach Lilly Garcia said she's still looking for three head cheer coaches for the various levels. A mandatory Cheer Stunt Camp is scheduled for Saturday and Sunday, Aug. 5 and 6, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. both days at Stan State in Turlock. There will be a performance for parents 3:45 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. on Sunday.
More Information for both the cheer program and the football teams will be available Wednesday, July 21 for the last round of sign ups, at Pizza Plus from 6 p.m. to 7:30 p.m.
The organization has scheduled a swim day and potluck dinner for Saturday, July 29, from 3 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. Families participating are asked to bring a dish to share, swim trunks and a towel.
Lower Klamath River Chinook Salmon Quota Met
Shasta Valley Wildlife Area Closed To Waterfowl Hunting
Friday Night Lights Return To Riverbank High
New Scoreboard Installed At Riverbank's Angelo Novi Field


These four personas, portrayed by Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Ace Frehley, and Peter Criss, respectively, form the original and best-loved incarnation of Kiss – a band of makeup and costume-clad New Yorkers who showed the world what it really means to rock.
Kiss made their mainstream breakthrough upon the release of live album Alive!, which demonstrated epic showmanship and stadium-filling sounds. Previously recorded singles such as Rock and Roll All Nite engaged with a wider audience than they had ever been able to reach: propelling Kiss to multiple certified platinum releases, including Rock and Roll Over, Love Gun, and Alive II.
The on-stage alter egos associated with each member were perceived as rock and roll superheroes, and led the band to sell an estimated $100 million in merchandise: from Kiss-themed pinball machines, to comic books, to even lunch boxes. Burning guitars, spitting blood, and smashing instruments all became trademarks of Kiss' outrageous concerts, spawning an enraptured following of fans: the 'Kiss Army'.
While the eventual departure of Peter Criss and Ace Frehley was a blow to the band, Kiss' dominance within the 1970's rock scene ensured that their original line-up would never be forgotten. They are still considered pioneers of heavy metal, inspiring countless other artists to adopt larger-than-life costumes for the purpose of shocking and entertaining audiences.
These high quality photographic prints pay homage to the forefathers of shock rock, featuring Kiss donning their iconic makeup and black leather costumes.


The Florida Lottery announces that Carlos Howard, 50, of Tampa, claimed a $1 million prize in the $20 MONOPOLY™ JACKPOT Scratch-Off game at the Florida Lottery Headquarters in Tallahassee. He chose to receive his winnings as a one-time, lump-sum payment of $715,000.00.
Howard purchased his winning ticket from Quick Mart, located at 2030 East Fletcher Avenue in Tampa. The retailer will receive a $2,000 bonus commission for selling the winning Scratch-Off ticket.
The $20 Scratch-Off game, MONOPOLY JACKPOT, launched in September 2018, and features more than $407.5 million in prizes, including six top prizes of $5 million! The game's overall odds of winning are one-in-2.97.


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Lindsay/Kawartha Lakes Municipal Airport  is a registered aerodrome located  west northwest of Lindsay, Ontario, Canada. The aerodrome is home to mostly general aviation aircraft, the COPA Flight 101 Kawartha Lakes Flying Club, and maintenance and service facilities. Kawartha Lakes Aerodrome is also used by Ornge as a refueling stop, and is a popular fly-in lunch destination for pilots in central Ontario.

References

External links
 Official website
 Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory

Registered aerodromes in Ontario

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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FlightDeckFriend.com
You are here: Home1 / FlightDeckFriend.com2 / News3 / Norwegian takes delivery of first two 737 Max 8s
Norwegian takes delivery of first two 737 Max 8s
July 15, 2017 /0 Comments/in News /by Barry
Norwegian has become the first European airline to take delivery of the new-generation Boeing 737 Max 8 aircraft. The low-cost carrier has taken delivery of two 737 Max 8s, with a total of 110 of the aircraft on order.
Norwegian will use the aircraft to operate routes between Europe and the US East Coast, including recently announced flights from Ireland and Scotland.
https://www-flightdeckfriend-com.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Norwegian-B737.jpg?strip=all&lossy=1&quality=100&ssl=1 1067 1600 Barry https://www-flightdeckfriend-com.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Screenshot-2020-11-29-at-17.45.30.png Barry2017-07-15 11:00:382017-07-13 19:30:11Norwegian takes delivery of first two 737 Max 8s
Wizz Air opens first UK base
Qatar's airline ambitions look like pie in the sky according to jour...


In 2015, Frost & Sullivan estimated that 1.5 million positions will be open and unfilled by 2020 and that women make up only 10 percent of the cyber workforce. Because demand is far outpacing supply in the cyber security sector and cyber attacks are not going away anytime in the foreseeable future, job security in this sector is strong.
In addition, global spending on cyber security products and services will exceed $1 trillion cumulatively over the next five years, from 2017 to 2021. Many corporations have increased their cybersecurity budgets. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. doubled its annual cybersecurity budget from $250 million to $500 million. Bank of America has gone on the record stating it has an unlimited budget when it comes to combating cybercrime. Microsoft Corp. will continue to invest over $1 billion annually on cybersecurity research and development in the coming years, according to a senior executive at the tech giant.
The Center for Cybersecurity Safety and Education just released the 2017 Global Information Security Workforce Study (GISWS): Women in Cybersecurity. Although participation in the 2017 GISWS increased by 40.9 percent, the report confirmed that representation of women in the cybersecurity workforce remains stagnant at 11 percent. Essentially, there is no change over the past two years, despite efforts by industry, government, and academic agencies.
In 2015 and 2016, a U.S. team won gold at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) for high school students. Yet something was missing from both six-member teams: girls. Girls are under-represented at math competitions, generally. For instance, 108,137 middle-school students took part in the 2016 AMC 8. This American Mathematics Competition (AMC) is for eighth-grade and younger students. Girls represented fewer than half — only about 44 percent of the contestants.
At the AMC 10 and 12 competitions for high school students, 3,223 students who took part in the main event date, just 443 were girls. These numbers are striking because girls can be just as good at math as boys are. Somehow, many girls pick up the idea that math is not for them. Moreover, not only do they enter competitions less often than boys do, but also they are less likely to pursue math-related careers.
Despite the stereotype that boys do better in math and science, girls have made higher grades than boys throughout their school years for nearly a century, according to a 2014 report published by the American Psychological Association (APA).
Is College Education a Reason?
Women in the cybersecurity profession enter the profession with higher education levels than men. Fifty-one percent of women in the profession have a Master's degree or higher, compared to 45% for men. Closely related to cybersecurity is computer science. Undergraduate degrees reveal that 48% hold computer and information sciences degrees versus 42% for women. Only a 6% difference.
Even prior to college, statistics show that girls overall have better grades. The female advantage in school performance in math and science did not become apparent until junior or middle school, according to the study, published in the APA journal, Psychological Bulletin. As students progressed through high school, the math/science grades difference decreased.
In a 2015 ISACA (previously known as the Information Systems Audit and Control Association) study, 77 percent of young women stated that their high school teacher or guidance counselor never mentioned cybersecurity as a career option. Clearly, school counselors need to improve in this aspect.
IBM: Since 2016, the corporation has been hosting "IBMCyberDay4Girls" events in the US, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and most recently in Nigeria, to promote cybersecurity education. Throughout this full-day experience designed just for seventh- and eighth-grade girls, they will learn about the Internet of Things, participate in group activities such as basic threat modeling.
GenCyber: The GenCyber program provides summer camp experiences for students and teachers at the K-12 level. The goals of the program are to increase interest in cybersecurity careers and diversity in the cybersecurity workforce of the nation. The purpose of this program is to participate in the solution to the Nation's shortfall of skilled cybersecurity professionals.
Girls Who Code: Reshma Saujani is the founder and CEO of Girls Who Code. She began her career as an attorney and activist. In 2010, she surged onto the political scene as the first Indian American woman to run for U.S. Congress. During the race, Reshma visited local schools and saw the gender gap in computing classes firsthand, which led her to start Girls Who Code. Today, over 90,000 girls have benefited from the programs.
Girls Who Code offers after-school clubs for 6th-12th-grade girls. They have 2-week specialized summer courses for the same grades. In addition, there are 7-week summer programs for 10th-12th grades girls to learn coding and obtain exposure to technology jobs.
The job shortage creates jobs galore in the field of cybersecurity. Unemployment in many markets is zero. Best of all, the profession pays well. According to CNBC, the average annual salary for a cyber security professional with a bachelor's degree is $116,000. The more advanced positions that require a master's degree, the salaries can double.


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Cheap Jewelry Us
Students Essays
Ethical Issues in CS Report Social Credit System center1143000 Team Members
Ethical Issues in CS Report
Social Credit System
center1143000
Samia Mohammad Dallah U15101563
Asma Khalid Alshehhi U15105701
Mariam Shahzad U14220045
Noor UI Minhaaj Khanum U14122218
Supervisor: Prof. Mohammad LataifehCollege of Sciences
TOC o "1-3" h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc531205709 h 3Ethical Theories Evaluation PAGEREF _Toc531205710 h 4'Sesame' from different views PAGEREF _Toc531205711 h 5Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc531205712 h 10References PAGEREF _Toc531205713 h 10
IntroductionSocial credit system or what is known as "Sesame system" was launched in China, which aims to rate people based on social behavior, tolerance, and their daily actions.
It is not science fiction, it is a reality that the Chinese communist party has come up with such system of monitoring the behavior of its citizens and based on their actions both good and bad, they are rated between 350 to 950 points. The outline for the national social credit system was issued on June 14, 2014 by China's state council. According to the reports of the France 24 English News, the social credit system began testing in approximately 30 cities in China. It will be rolled out in the entire country by 2020 and will be mandatory. Artificial intelligence is being used widely by this system to record everything and detect the behavior of people. The mechanism evaluates your daily behavior such as when, where and what you are doing. It evaluates your friendships based on your interactions with your friends and who you are friends with. It evaluates your all purchases, from the amount to the quantity you buy. It also tracks how many bills and taxes you got to pay and how punctually and promptly do you pay it. Everyday action of your daily life is being evaluated and would be rated as good or bad and then based on rules set by government, your score is generated as a number that will tell everyone weather you are trustworthy, or not.
According to an article published by Rachel Botsman, Sesame system has teamed up with certain data generating platforms to assess how people behave and to rate them accordingly and your ratings will be publicly ranked against the entire population to determine if you are eligible for a loan or your children could be enrolled for a good school or not.
But the question to be asked, Is this system ethical? Is it functional enough? How do these people feel about it?
A survey was launched by a group of Asians asking the Chinese people if they think this system is a beneficial and functional system. Surprisingly, most people find this system to be of a great achievement and a good way to progress in life. Some believe that all you need to do is be good to gain credits for good conduct. If we integrate the system based on some of the ethical theories, we find many variations regarding this system.
Ethical Theories Evaluation
Kantianism theory states that you should never treat people as means to an end, but rather a means to themselves. Here we ask ourselves, are people using each other? Perhaps yes, they are, but how so? In the following system, people are using each other to gain credit; in other words, some are forced to treat and tolerate people just, so they could increase their rate. They are under a rule that says, "I rate you high if you treat me well". After all, no one likes to be judged by others and this way no one would act as themselves around anyone.
For the Utilitarianism theory, where morality has nothing to do with the intent, but rather thinking of the consequences before deciding whether the action is right or wrong. We could weigh out the harms and benefits when calculating the consequences of the action.
Evaluating the system based on the act utilitarianism theory, we get the following.
Every Chinese citizen would be on their best behavior, which means less crimes and no fights
right1524000The society would advance, and people become more mature
Helps people in dealing with various life situations in a good way
Increases acceptance of others and respect
Easy way to gain credit by just acting good
Another beneficial way to gain credit than just money obtained from jobs
Harms:
Concealing their feelings. Humans run through various situations in life which could make them cry, laugh, anxious, and even angry. The following system prevents from all that. Meaning, humans would never be able to be themselves and might even build up hatred, and sadness. People would even lie just so they would hide their actual feelings towards each other. If I was to gain credit for acting good towards a person I don't tolerate, then yes, I would bear with them just to get that credit.
People wouldn't be honest towards each other. Fake smiles and all.
No privacy. The government supporting this system, would store all data about each citizen. Data that they keep may include buying and selling habits, work progress, and social behavior. It's like every action they do is being monitored!
After our interpretation, we noticed that regardless of the harms, the benefits do exceed the harms. So, based on act utilitarianism, the system is a good action to take.
However, Rule utilitarianism might not view the following system as act utilitarianism does. Rule utilitarianism asks the following question, if the system was applied by everyone would it increase the happiness?
We believe that the system might increase the happiness in some way through:
Maintaining good actions by everyone in the society would lessen crimes and hatred
Gaining credit by behaving in a good way, which encourages people to be good, accepting others, and stopping hatred
Everyone would be following the rule, and no one above the rule, so everyone is treated equally.
As we notice, Rule utilitarianism does support the system and would eventually increase happiness among people.
Virtue Ethics views the system in the following way. It is based on the character of a virtues person. The government launching the system trusts that people would do their best and act in a virtuous way. In fact, I believe this theory shall be the most supportive of this system.
Like a mother caring for her children, the Chinese government wants nothing but happiness for its people. Hence, laying out this system and applying it on the people, would make each person responsible for their own behavior and would allow them to evaluate themselves when dealing or interacting with others. Seeking happiness, good conduct behavior by individuals, encouraging individuals to act as a virtues good citizen and getting rewarded later, then surely this system is considered good.
After our evaluation of the system through the ethical theories, we realized that the system is perhaps a good system since we obtained three goods and one bad.
center30924500
'Sesame' from different views
left1206500Placing the ethical theories on the side, we are mainly concerned with the effectiveness and ethicality of this system from other views. Hence, we are trying to view the system from other means and we asked ourselves the following questions:
How does China deal with bad ratings of people or perhaps are there any punishments for that?
Chinese citizens would face an ocean of problems that will arise when someone gives them a negative rating based on their behavior. Life is never an uphill or a downhill, it's a rocky path and everyone has their own way of dealing with situations which is fair enough, one's positive can be other one's negative and giving a rating based on this phenomenon is highly biased.
If someone is travelling on a train without a ticket or smokes in public or behave rudely with other people, then that citizen would be punished, and their negative behavior will be recorded in individual's social credit system. There are other several things that will give you a negative rating such as playing video games excessively, visit unauthorized website, criticizing the government, buying excessive junk food, spreading fake news, and many more.
35909258509000Punishments:
In Sesame system, if a Chinese citizen has a low rating, the system will immediatley ban and restrict the citizen from many previliges causing negative consequences socially and economically. The following punishments include:
Chinese citizen will have a limited access for flying and travelling by train.
They will have a low speed internet.
Their children will be banned from getting into the best school.
They will be restricted from getting the best jobs.
They will be considered as a bad citizen in public.
They will be banned from going to the best hotels.
They will be restricted from getting a loan and rent a house.
438150056007000A review from a Chinese guy named Chen , 32 years old said "I feel like in the past 6 months, people's behaviour has gotten better and better but at first we are just worried about losing points, and now we just got used to it".
As shown on the right, this is a statistics of Chinese citizens that have a low social credit system and it's evident that 24% of people are restricted from applying to certain jobs because of their low social credit score.
Majority of the Chinese citizen have agreed that the system is advantageous to their society and will make a difference for the better.
What kind of online behaviour might affect their score?
On this question majority of the Chinese citizens said that not paying bills on time, buying low quality items will cause negative rating but they are fine with it; however, on the contrary some Chinese citizens said that this, is breaching their privacy and its highly judgemental. They have also expressed their concern as the feature is forcing them to not be themselves or express their emotions which is considered to be a basic human right.
Are there any similar systems to the Chinese Sesame system that exists or has been adopted?
There are three national credit reporting companies and they are Equifax, transunion and experian.They keep all the information about lending and payment method and they are kind
of similar in some way to Sesame system. In these systems they collect our financial information and based on these information they give credit score to people so whenever you wanted a loan, house and car first they check your credit score and based on that they take decisions.
What effects does this system hold on the Chinese society and its economy? Does it improve their living?
Social credit system will widely impact Chinese society. Some of the effects are as follows.
• Society Under pressure:
Sesame system will act as a hidden camera for individuals, who make society. It will put an eye that will look after everything and will put society under pressure. People will always be in a tensed situation and may not be able to work with full concentration. They may not be able to enjoy the time with the family, as they used to do in the past.
• Emotional trauma for the society
Keeping a keen eye on someone and making lifetime judgments for his deeds will cause serious psychological disturbances for the society. For example, there are millions of people who have been blacklisted on the last lunar new-year in China. Many expected family reunions, weddings, and other happy moments canceled because; the government did not allow the "unqualified" Chinese people to book on a flight or buy a ticket for high-speed trains. It causes emotional trauma for the kids, as well as for the adults.
• More good deeds, more points
For this purpose, the social credit system looks a good idea. It appreciates good moral deeds for the society, like charity or donating blood. The person involved in good activities will get bonus points and an addition in the good books of the authorities. For instance, in Suzhou city, a person can gain 6 points with the donation of blood.
Gaining more points with good deeds also offer some privileges for the people. For example, local governments of some cities are providing free gym facilities, cheaper public transport, and a shorter waiting period in the hospitals. With such steps, the authorities have promoted the ways of building healthy societies and enjoying perks.
• Less religious independence for the minorities:
Chine social credit system is to punish those people, who do not follow the Chinese traditions and rules. Due to this reason, minorities are unable to practice their religious orders. For the government, they are wrong and need the right path. China's Uighur Muslims are its best example. Millions of them are under strict Chinese hold. The authorities have taken their passports and send them in the so-called "rehabilitation centers." In addition, their businesses have completely crashed. For example, with the help of sesame, the officials identified a businessman selling prayer mats and paternosters. They banned his shop and took his wife and kids for training them as better Chinese.
Impact on the economy:
Chine has emerged as one of the powerful economies in the world. But, SCS will impact the entire economic situation. The authorities will keep a strict check on every financial transaction of the citizens and they can also interfere in the economies of other nations.
In addition, Chinese call the "modern market economy as the credit economy." So, it could be seen that it will decrease the transaction costs and interventions of the bureaucratic lobby.
Is Sesame considered to be a breach or an advancement as a system to be considered for the future?
To be able to answer this question we need to analyze the agenda behind this kind of system and we also need to analyze the positive and negative aspects of this system.
Agenda behind the Sesame SystemThe Ultimate goal of this system is to enhance trust. The Chinese communist party believes that the sesame system will help them punish people who are disturbing the harmony of the Chinese society. By using, the mechanism of social credit system, they will be able to create a blacklist and create punishment based on scientific theory. They believe it will help build more good values.
The Positive Aspects of the system
The transparency level in this system along with the prevention of illegal behaviors will attract companies to do business in china.
Motivation to become a good citizen: The system motivates people to strive for being a good citizen to increase personal ratings and to be looked upon with respect because of a high score and to enjoy a lot of societal benefits provided for individuals with a good score such as easily getting a loan etc.
Reduction of bad habit doers
The Negative aspects of the system
Not a choice but forceful acceptance of the system: Does not give the citizen the freedom to choose if they want to participate in this system of not. The participation of every citizen in the system is mandatory.
Privacy distortion: Being monitored at every time and at every place and being judged for every action done and of course no human being likes to be judged. Big data being collected. No personal information is a secret now. Too much transparency in the system.
The working of the algorithm used in the calculation of the rating score has not been disclosed: Since the big data would be collected, there are possibilities of data breaching by hackers and other third parties leading to privacy distortion.
Social and mental pressure: There is a huge pressure on the citizens no matter what your score is, if your score is good, maintaining it is a huge pressure, you require to be cautious every second of your life and if your score is low, raising it is a real challenge.
Publicly Shaming People: For Example, if somebody jaywalked, then they are captured by the cameras and their act is shown on the nearby screens and they are shamed publicly for their wrong action which is not ethical to do.
ConclusionAs we noticed, things that might be normal for us to do, might be abnormal and not right for the Chinese people and their government. This system sounds sophisticated enough to us. This perhaps, is a part of cultural relativism theory, seeing as what is right for our society would be wrong for the Chinese society. It's all connected in some way to the ethicality of the system. Hence, we can conclude that the system is believed to produce progress in a society and its citizen would be payed in return for high ratings perceived by good actions.
The social credit system of China will make greater impacts on the Chinese people, as well as to its economy. At this time, Chinese media is showing more population in favor of the order, but their views may change as soon as they will feel the effects. Rather than seeing them as a surveillance camera, most of the urban residents believe that it will protect them from various frauds and scams. People will remain under a pressure of strict check of the government. On one hand, they will involve more in building a better society, but on the other side, the system of punishments on small issues will demolish them. In addition, it is also a threat to religious minorities.
Moreover, hacking and cyber attacks have always been serious issues for China. If they occur again; the system may lose its credibility and fail in the country. That's because the connecting databases will be more prone to attacks and will increase the risk of identity thefts of more than a billion Chinese citizens. The dangers also increase as the Chinese government also has a "history of being lax" for cyber securities.
Furthermore, the scoring system has faced resistance in many cities in China. For example, in 2010, the local population resisted the law of points gaining. Even the official news agency taunted the approach.
The government must make some amendments and soften the level, which they have established for checking the trustiness of the citizens. If they succeeded in implementing successful SCS in the country, other authoritarian or so-called democratic states will also work on such an approach. However, China is using Artificial intelligence; other countries may attempt it with the help of smartphones technology.
Marsden, R. (2018, September 26). Big brother: China's data-driven Social Credit system sounds like a sci-fi dystopia. Retrieved from https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/comment/big-brother-china-s-data-driven-social-credit-system-sounds-like-a-sci-fi-dystopia-1.774372Ma, A. (2018, October 29). China has started ranking citizens with a creepy 'social credit' system – here's what you can do wrong, and the embarrassing, demeaning ways they can punish you. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/china-social-credit-system-punishments-and-rewards-explained-2018-4Watson, P. J. (2018, November 25). China's TERRIFYING Social Credit System. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5-0llHaZDsChorzempa, M., Paul Triolo, Samm Sacks. 18-14 China's Social Credit System: A Mark of Progress or a threat to privacy. Policy Brief, Peterson Institute of Internation economics, 2018.
Rijmenam, Mark. What We Can Learn from China's Sesame Credit. 6 28, 2018. https://datafloq.com/read/internet-has-problem-learn-china-sesame-credit/5192 (accessed 11 28, 2018).
Zeng, Meg. China's Social Credit System puts its people under pressure to be model citizens. 1 24, 2018. https://theconversation.com/chinas-social-credit-system-puts-its-people-under-pressure-to-be-model-citizens-89963 (accessed 11 28, 2018).
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE DETERMINANTS OF NON-PERFORMING LOANS
Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction It is extensively assumed that in modern society
033528000ALMA MATER STUDIORUM – UNIVERSITA' DI BOLOGNA SCUOLA DI ECONOMIA
China is one of the most interesting countries that have come up in modern history due ot its incredible and outstanding economic growth
Business Ethics Institutional Affiliation Student's name Course Name /Section Professor's name Submission Date
Introduction Background of The Study The Internet had become an important tool for our daily life use
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Countries
Chapter 1 Introduction • Chapter one
Exellent Students Essays
Slavery ended in 1865
In many ways economic freedom Is an antidote to poverty in the past two decades during which the EFI has been charting the advances of economic freedom
You can then develop a plan that fits
Africa comes a very diverse continent with many histories and many events that happened which have influences in other continents
The story The Simple Gift by Steven Herrick is focused on a sixteen years old name Billy Luckett
The story's first line
According to the Amazon Aid Foundation
Introduction The cold war era has seen a multitude of human right violation and human atrocities especially in the last decade of twenty first century
Unit 1 questions 1
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Theme: Sciencex Lite by WpManageNinja.
I'm Owen!


Storm's over, people! But for a bit of wind and face-splashing rain, overall subway paralysis, some downed trees, and quite a few nervously damp moments, we seem to have made it! But is your hurricane boyfriend — invaluable in a time of need, obnoxious and by this point a little smelly when all you want to do is drain your bathtub, take a long, hot shower, relax in peace, and watch reruns of Beverly Hills 90210 — still hanging around like a bad penny, eating your granola bars and loafing on the couch with his shoes off? Here's what to do!
1. Take your hurricane boyfriend outside for brunch, or lunch, or dinner, depending on whatever time you and your hurricane boyfriend finally wake up. Tell him it's your treat, because he was such a great hurricane boyfriend, like, a really, really supportive, amazing hurricane boyfriend, the kind you could see settling down with for the long haul. While you're there, excuse yourself to go to the bathroom, and squeeze through the tiny bathroom window to escape. Land in a puddle of mud and roll around a bit, collecting tree branch fragments and leafy green bits about your torso and face. Climb back in through the window and come back out, sit down at the table across from him, and avoid all further questions. The rest, as they say, will be history.
2. Huddle in a corner of your apartment, preferably one without windows, just in case, and weep quietly. When your hurricane boyfriend asks you why, confess in hushed, urgent whispers that your actual boyfriend is a 500-pound shut-in who will be very unhappy to know what happened to his ravioli surplus once he wakes up, in the other room. And that you need money for last night, in small, unmarked bills.
3. Insist on making an itty-bitty-sweetie-weetie-cutie-pootie hurricane baaaaaby with your hurricane boyfriend. NOW.
4. Read your hurricane boyfriend your personal diaries, the age-16-to-age-33 collection. Explain how much they reveal about you, the real you, and how to know you then is to know you now, except now, of course, you're older and the hopes and dreams you had back then pretty much failed miserably, plus you're fatter and wrinkled and does he still love you anyway? Do this all in Mayor Bloomberg's Spanish voice.
5. Dress your hurricane boyfriend up nice, like in a seersucker suit with a cute little red bow tie, bring him outside, and tie him to a light post or some scaffolding, whatever's handy, with a note that says "Hurricane Boyfriend — No bed bugs!" For better results, cross-post him in a Craigslist curb alert. By morning, he will be gone. If he's not, pretend not to see him on your way to work. If he's still there when you get home from work, move.
Maybe, it turns out, despite or because of everything you've been through, you actually like your hurricane boyfriend. Maybe he's turning out to be a real-life bona fide weather-all-storms (metaphorical-and-otherwise) kinda guy. Maybe he can rescue a pig from floodwaters, give you a foot rub by candlelight, and fashion a delectable souffle out of bathwater and margarine and popsicle sticks, all at the same time. If so, hang onto that gem! He's a hurricane keeper.


text:
Match Review - Eagles
Tyler_Durden August 11, 2013, 3:50pm #1
Don't actually think that could have gone much worse
Smashed on our home deck
Gumby looked lost, forward line terrible.
Winders looked good then went down
Next 3 weeks could be painful
Positives, it thought Pears and Hardy looked pretty good.
beastie August 11, 2013, 3:55pm #2
We're cooked again at the end of the season.
No idea why, but no amount of mental fatigue would stop you being able to run.
Reload for 2014.
StealthBomber August 11, 2013, 3:56pm #3
I don't blame that dude for running on the ground. Twice.
I think we've all had enough.
RM_7 August 11, 2013, 3:56pm #4
- No capable fwd
- No run
- Press not working
-Too much entry from the opposing 50.
- The wall.
That's it. See you guys next year. Hopefully, we come back bigger and better.
darkknightpheonix August 11, 2013, 3:57pm #5
cocaine trumphs peptides.
mrjez August 11, 2013, 3:58pm #6
Turned it off with 10 minutes left, come back now to see we conceded another 4 goals. I reckon the Demons could take us right now. They seriously look like they've been through the wrecker - no spark, dash, flair or other words you associate with good teams. The forward line is a disgrace. It's only gonna get uglier from here. Other teams in the bottom half of the 8 will be praying they get us first week of finals.
barry_day August 11, 2013, 3:58pm #7
No discipline. No sprit.
Very sad.
bloodychoir August 11, 2013, 3:58pm #8
Seems to work for Pies as well.
saladin August 11, 2013, 4:00pm #9
Putting aside that mentally the lads are gone, how many times this year have the forward entries been totally wasted? Far too many, and we've been banging on about it all year.
wimmera1 August 11, 2013, 4:01pm #10
No conversion despite ample forward entries.
Ran out of legs. And ran out of legs really early, it only started showing on the scoreboard later.
Watson is a shadow of the player he was earlier in the season.
Zaharakis tagged. Priddis not tagged.
Ruckmen were pretty, pretty bad.
Winderlich injured.
Fletcher reported (and deserves to go).
I feel for the players, I really do.
Oh, and a shout out to the arseholes who bronxed Gumby every time he marked the ball, which was a fair bit.
That_s_special August 11, 2013, 4:04pm #12
We're the kings of ******* up a taper. Seriously, how hard is it to play out a season. It happens every ****** year.
Rhino-D August 11, 2013, 4:06pm #13
On the plus side after we get smashed by the blues, north and then the tigers nobody is going to give a flying $%^# if we play finals or not.
Locutus August 11, 2013, 4:06pm #14
Losing Licha was a major bow. Without him an Dempsey we have no spark off halfback. In a gsme plan that relies on rebound footy that is fatal, as today proved.
Also I'm sure the ASADA thing has to make a huge difference - in the end its mental strength that gets a payer to force a tired body to go the extra yard. Subconsciously our boys just don't have anything left, and no wonder. I know plenty of people will say that this fade out keeps happening year after year and that's true, but IMO, without the ridiculous amount of pressure on the players especially over the last few weeks, we would definitely be finishing stronger.
A fit Dempsey and Licha, Crama and Hurley same, and get rid of the ASADA debacle and thuings would be very different.
Vindicater August 11, 2013, 4:07pm #15
Daniher comes in and plays every game including the finals game.
He is the future of our forward line supposedly so get him in there and throw him to the wolves.
Marcuz August 11, 2013, 4:07pm #16
Time to get a look at the rest of the list, it's all about 2014 now. West coast showed up our lack of speed with Dempsey missing and Licha subbed out. Time to let guys like Dalgleish , Merrett and Kav have a run.
Geoff_Blethyn August 11, 2013, 4:08pm #17
For the sake of the integrity of the finals the AFL cannot let Essendon participate.
Can't have an uncompetitive rabble appearing in a final.
Mootsy August 11, 2013, 4:08pm #18
There is certainly a trend that's been going on for years and years. Whether it's a training issue, a fitness issue. Structures. The team just doesn't run out the seasons well.
Our forward line does not show the confidence it needs to.
The issue I think is that it is still a young side. The problem is we don't have enough strong midfielders willing to win the ball with urgency.
Goddard has been incredible. Probably our best player for the season. He is leading the Dream Team.
Dissapointing, but this season has been nothing short of tragic off the field. To win 13 games is still a good effort.
Time to get a look at the rest of the list, it's all about 2014 now. West coast showed up our lack of speed with Dempsey missing and Licha subbed out. Time to let guys like Dalgleish , Merrett and Kav have a run.
The problem is that he now runs out a game with less effectiveness than when he was recruited. Do they actually train the players at the new HPC?


Video footage from a Washington, D.C., police officer's body-worn camera captures the rescue of a man from a burning vehicle on Monday night.
A driver crashed at about 10:20 p.m. and when police arrived, the car was on fire. The responding officers reached into the smoke-filled car and dragged the injured driver to safety.
"I guess I've seen too many movies, because I'm thinking the car's going to blow up the whole time," Officer Steven Hines said Tuesday as he and three other officers spoke about the rescue. The footage released is from his body-worn camera.


I started by diecutting the flowers from cardstock and from a post-it note.
blended Hawaiian Shore ink onto it in the top corner.
and PTI Limeade Ice and Simply Chartreuse.
Altenew Mountain Mist and Lagoon inks and PTI's Limeade Ice.
I stamped my sentiment from PTI's KIS: Birthday stamp set in Altenew Jet Black ink.
You have until Thursday, August 3rd to link up your card.
Great take on the sketch and very pretty card!
Lovely card....your flowers are just as pretty as can be.
WOW, Leigh...it's gorgeous! Love the colors and layout!


text:
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Strippel Series Tackles Inequities in Pandemic Response
Global Initiatives News
As the COVID-19 pandemic enters its second year, and vaccines are gradually rolling out, researchers have reported troubling disparities when it comes to underrepresented populations. So when it came time to choose a theme for this year's Robert E. Strippel Memorial Fund for Continuing Dialogue on Justice and Human Rights Annual Program, the coronavirus response of the state of Ohio came into focus.
Robert Strippel, for whom the fund is named, served the Miami University community for over fifteen years (1958-1974), and he was Miami's Coordinator of Volunteer and Religious Programs at the end of his career. He had a life-long commitment to human rights and social justice, and was active in helping to organize the Freedom Summer '64 Training at the Western College for Women. His wife, Jane Strippel, organized fundraising in his memory and still consults with the Strippel Fund Committee.
The Fund's programming is organized by the Strippel Fund committee, comprised of students, faculty and staff, community members/activists, and alumni. The committee organizes programming on social, economic, and environmental issues that are timely and perhaps not being covered as visibly on and off campus. Staff from Global Initiatives and the Center for American and World Cultures are proud to provide an administrative and digital home for this vital programming.
A Theme of Social Justice Leadership
Jacqueline Daugherty
According to planning committee chair Dr. Jacqueline Daugherty, ever since last spring's lockdown, the Strippel Fund Committee decided that it wanted to focus on the pandemic for this year. "At the same time, we decided to organize the next three years of Strippel programming under the big umbrella of Social Justice Leadership in order to create dialogue on campus about what it is and how each of us can lead in this way," she said.
As more information became available on COVID-19's disproportionately negative impact on poor, elderly, disabled, and communities of color, it became obvious to the committee that they needed to use this platform to provide social justice leadership perspectives on how to ensure equitable access to healthcare and other resources in communities hardest hit by COVID-19.
Spring programming has been developed under the theme of "The Responsibility to Act: Health Equity and & Social Justice Leadership Series." Each panel is about a different level of COVID-19 impact and response. The first panel covered the state policy infrastructure response. The second panel covered the response of local community organizations, who serve members of groups who are especially vulnerable to COVID-19 infection/serious illness/death. The third panel focuses on the lived experiences of members of these disproportionately impacted groups and their family.
Creativity and Inspiration
Daugherty, the acting director of the Western Center for Social Impact and Innovation, was blown away by the stories shared in the inaugural panel, Building Collective Social Responsibility: COVID-19 Pandemic and the Overrepresentation of Underrepresented Ohioans. "Both panelists have leadership positions in state policy-making infrastructure. These were stories of creativity of the panelists and the communities within which they work, as they described case after case of ways in which Ohio was behind the curve on COVID-19 outreach to racial and ethnic minoritized communities and how they addressed the gaps," she said.
Later, a student who attended the panel expressed the relief and inspiration the talk brought her. "She both didn't know that the kind of work they are both doing at the state level was happening, and she felt a sort of call to action to ensure it continues," Daugherty said.
"Professionally, I learned a great deal from them. I plan on using some of the examples they discussed on how COVID forced the state to respond quickly and effectively to the needs of marginalized communities in my future classes," she said.
All Strippel events are free, open to the public, and currently virtual. Anyone who wants to learn about how to effectively address the challenges that minoritized communities face with COVID-19 is invited to attend.
The Spring 2021 series concludes on April 6 (see sidebar.) For more information about the Robert E. Strippel Memorial Fund and future programming, visit MiamiOH.edu/Strippel.
Next Program
COVID-19 Pandemic: Structural factors that impact high risk group experiences
The Responsibility To Act: Health Equity and Social Justice Leadership
Panel discussion and dialogue
Kathie Brinkman, Oxford Community Member
Assisted Living/Nursing Home Residents: A Family Perspective
Courtney Hineman, Speak-Up Self-Advocacy Program, Butler County Board of Developmental Disabilities
A Disability Perspective
Special thanks to Strippel's wonderful campus and community partners: Miami's Center for American and World Cultures, Ohio Department of Health, Butler County Board of Developmental Disabilities, Ohio Commission on Hispanic and Latino Affairs, Oxford Citizens for Peace and Justice, and our media partner, MujerLatinaToday.


text:
Q: Merge two count datename queries Query
SELECT
       DATENAME(dw, O1.CreationDateTime) AS 'Day of the week',
       DATENAME(hh, O1.CreationDateTime) AS hour,
       COUNT(*) AS 'Nr. Orders'
FROM
       Orders AS O1
WHERE
       O1.CreationDateTime >= '2015-10-01'
GROUP BY
       DATENAME(dw, O1.CreationDateTime), DATENAME(hh, O1.CreationDateTime)
ORDER BY
       [Day of the week], CAST(DATENAME(hh, O1.CreationDateTime) as int)

Gives the total number of orders for each hour of each weekday
Result
Weekday Hour    Nr.Orders
Friday  0   10
Friday  1   11
Friday  2   2

The goal is to get the AVERAGE amount of orders for each hour of the day. However some days have no orders those days should not be counted.
To solve this problem I wrote the select distinct query below.
Query
SELECT
       DATENAME(dw,Formatteddate.Date) AS "Day of the week",
       COUNT(*) AS "Weekdays in period"
FROM
       (SELECT DISTINCT
       ((CONVERT (date,O2.CreationDateTime,112))) AS Date
FROM Orders AS O2
WHERE
       O2.CreationDateTime >= '2015-10-01'
       ) AS Formatteddate
GROUP BY DATENAME(dw,Formatteddate.Dates)

It counts for example the number of fridays with orders like shown below.
Result
Day of the week | Week days in period (with order)
    Friday            32
    Monday            30
    Saturday          21

Basically my questions is how two merge those two query's I used outer
  apply as a workaround. However it is very slow due to the fact it
  checks each row. I think I need to use the over clause but I have no
  idea how with the datename function.

The end result should look like this to make counting the average easy.
Weekday Hour    Nr.Orders   Weekdays in period
Friday  0        10            32
Friday  1        11            32
Friday  2        2             32
Friday  3        2             32

A: You can join the two tables together on the day of the week:
SELECT t1.[Day of the week] AS Weekday,
       t1.hour,
       t1.[Nr. Orders],
       COALESCE(t2.[Weekdays in period], 0)
FROM
(
    SELECT DATENAME(dw, O1.CreationDateTime) AS 'Day of the week',
           DATENAME(hh, O1.CreationDateTime) AS hour,
           COUNT(*) AS 'Nr. Orders'
    FROM Orders AS O1
    WHERE O1.CreationDateTime >= '2015-10-01'
    GROUP BY DATENAME(dw, O1.CreationDateTime),
             DATENAME(hh, O1.CreationDateTime)
) t1
LEFT JOIN
(
    SELECT DATENAME(dw,Formatteddate.Date) AS "Day of the week",
           COUNT(*) AS "Weekdays in period"
    FROM
    (
        SELECT DISTINCT CONVERT (date,O2.CreationDateTime, 112) AS Date
        FROM Orders AS O2
        WHERE O2.CreationDateTime >= '2015-10-01'
    ) AS Formatteddate
    GROUP BY DATENAME(dw,Formatteddate.Dates)
) t2
    ON t1.[Day of the week] = t2.[Day of the week]

A: Try joining on the day:
WITH DayO AS (
SELECT
       DATENAME(dw,Formatteddate.Date) AS DayOfWeek,
       COUNT(*) AS PeriodDays
FROM
       (SELECT DISTINCT
       ((CONVERT (date,O2.CreationDateTime,112))) AS Date
FROM Orders AS O2
WHERE
       O2.CreationDateTime >= '2015-10-01'
       ) AS Formatteddate
GROUP BY DATENAME(dw,Formatteddate.Dates)
)

, HourO AS (
SELECT
       DATENAME(dw, O1.CreationDateTime) AS DayOfWeek,
       DATENAME(hh, O1.CreationDateTime) AS OrdHour,
       COUNT(*) AS NumOrd
FROM
       Orders AS O1
WHERE
       O1.CreationDateTime >= '2015-10-01'
GROUP BY
       DATENAME(dw, O1.CreationDateTime), DATENAME(hh, O1.CreationDateTime)
ORDER BY
       [DayOfWeek], CAST(DATENAME(hh, O1.CreationDateTime) as int)
)

SELECT ho.DayOfWeek as Weekday, ho.OrdHour as Hour, ho.NumOrd as [Nr. Orders], DayO.PeriodDays as [Weekdays in period]
from HourO ho
inner join DayO
on ho.DayOfWeek = DayO.DayOfWeek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Portland is one of the top travel destinations in the United States. The hotel is conveniently located among Portland's many attractions. Easily travel throughout the city (the airport included) via Portland's critically acclaimed light rail system. Before the workshops start you might take a quick trip to Voodoo Doughnuts (try the Arnold Palmer). After the workshops, you can try one of Portland's many famous restaurants or microbreweries, or shop in and tour the Pearl District. Looking for a Zen moment? Visit the Japanese Garden in Washington Park or take a hike in Portland's Forest Park. Feeling intellectual and want to reject the e-life? Stop by and browse world-famous Powell's City of Books. Or, perhaps extend your trip by a day or two, rent a car, and 1) travel to the beautiful and rugged Oregon coast (a 60-minute drive), 2) visit Columbia River gorge (a 30-minute drive), or 3) tour the famous Willamette wine region (a 45-minute trip). Regardless of your interests, you will be happy you (and your family) made the trip to Portland!
A special rate of $159 per night is available for attendees who register before October 23, 2018. You can make your hotel reservation at the special rate by calling (503) 505-5000 and identifying yourself as an AAFP participant or online by clicking here: AAFP 2018 Continuing Education Workshops for Psychologists (Courtyard by Marriott Portland City Center).