The Confederations Cup 2013 Brazil app lists information on the fixtures and results, scorecards, group results, city and stadium data as well as detailed player information. Users can also add games to a personalized calendar. The app is available in several languages.
A feature-rich app with information on restaurants, lodging and top attractions in the six Confederations Cup host cities. It also contains photo galleries, general information on the cities, climate, money matters and embassy contact details for a list of countries. The app also enables users to list the places they would like to visit, plot routes, rate attractions and share reviews on social networks.
Taxijá is an app that finds the nearest taxi using the device's built-in GPS. the app will then identify your position and, after a simple registration process, will find taxis near to you. The tool also enables users to view the ride progress in real-time and estimated time of arrival. Taxijá is operational in São Paulo, Curitiba, Salvador, Teresina and Jundiaí at present, but the aim is to cover all the World Cup host cities.
Word Lens is an augmented reality translator which uses the phone's built-in camera to identify text (such as a sign or a menu) and have the words translated to another language. It also includes a dictionary tool. The only downside is that the app sometimes struggles to "read" text in non-standard fonts. Word Lens is free on Apple's iTunes, but an in-app purchase is needed to enable translation capabilities. On Google Play, the free demo and the full translation-enabled versions are available.
Câmbio Legal is an iOS and Android app released this month by the Brazilian Central Bank to enable tourists to find the nearest currency exchange desk authorized by the instituition. The tool covers 12,000 exchange desks across the entire country and lists address, phone number, opening hours and the services available, such as money exchange and ATMs.
If you happen to stop by São Paulo, the biggest city in Brazil, during your Confederations Cup visit, SP Mobile is a useful app. The tool was developed by local agency WebTraffic for the São Paulo Tourism Board (SPTuris) and offers information on hotels and restaurants, city parks, clubbing and cultural attractions as well as useful telephone numbers, tourist information services and maps.
Another good app to be used in conjunction with the Host Cities G4R guide (also mentioned in this article) is the Rio De Janeiro Trip Advisor Guide. It includes in-depth info on restaurants, attractions, hotels, as well as the website's trademark user reviews. The beauty of this app is that a live data connection is not necessary as everything is stored on the user's device after the initial update.
iSayHello is an all-in-one talking phrasebook and translator. The tool lists practical phrases for various situations while travelling in 11 lessons, which are also available offline. The app, available almost any language combination, also comes with an integrated online translator.
Soccerway provides updated data about scored goals, penalties, cards and substitutes, as well as league history up to one century ago and other details on the teams and specific games. There is in-app purchase option, which includes line-up information, push notifications for goals, player career stats and other features.
Taxibeat is a location-based app that helps users find and book taxi services. Once it finds the nearest drivers available, it is possible to get details about them, such as their picture, information about their car and service reviews from other passengers. It is also possible to track the progress of the car once it is on its way to the user, plot routes and calculate fares. This is definitely the smartest taxi booking app around - shame it is only available in Rio and São Paulo.


Now more than ever, when the world seems chaotic and influx, is the time to ground and nourish ourselves with rich resources that feed the mind and speak to the heart of truth.
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Zlynka (en ) est une ville de l'oblast de Briansk en Russie, et le centre administratif du raïon de Zlynka. Sa population s'élève à  habitants en 2020.

Géographie
Zlynka est arrosée par la rivière Zlynka et se trouve à  au sud-ouest de Briansk, près de la frontière biélorusse, et à  au sud-ouest de Moscou.

Histoire
L'origine de Zlynka remonte à la fondation d'une village de vieux croyants, en 1702, sur la rivière Zlynka. Au cours de la seconde moitié du , Zlynka devient un important centre de production d'allumettes. Elle a le statut de ville depuis 1925.

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Zlynka fut occupée par l'Allemagne nazie du  au . En septembre 1941, 27 Juifs sont assassinés par les Allemands. En octobre 1941 les nazis enferment les Juifs de la ville dans un ghetto pendant quelques mois. En février 1942, environ 190-200 Juifs sont exécutés par des policiers locaux dans la forêt qui borde le village. Le front central de l'Armée rouge libère le village au cours de l'opération Tchernigov-Pripiat.

Population
Recensements ou estimations de la population

Économie
L'exploitation forestière, la production d'allumettes et de meubles sont les principales activités de Zlynka.

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Informations sur Zlynka
  Cartes topographiques

Lieu d'exécution de la Shoah en Russie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Welcome to my super late January income report! What's funny is I've had the video up for a while, click here to watch on Youtube. In this report I'll let you know how I did as far as online business last month and my plans for the current month.
Why do I share how much I make? While a lot of people find this information truly personal, I really don't mind talking money. Especially when it comes to something like working from home as an entrepreneur. I want to be able to not only track my progress as my businesses grow, but also show others that you can make money from home. Even as a stay at home mom to a toddler with another baby on the way!
In January 2018 I was able to earn $3,544.06 working from home part time!
This total includes a variety of different income streams which I will happily break down for you real quick.
Ebay: Ebay is my main source of income and my main focus. I resell items that I find mostly at thrift stores, but also yard sales, regular retail stores, etc. If I can make a good profit on it, I flip it! You can sign up for eBay here if you don't already have an account. I honestly started with just items around the house that I didn't need and reinvested the money I made as I sold it.
Poshmark: For selling trendier, younger and more designer clothing items I love using Poshmark. It's an app (and a website) that I'm really starting to put more focus on. Sign up here using my code AILEENBARKER for $5 off your first purchase.
Mercari: I don't sell a ton on here, but it's another app that you can sell pretty much anything on and my favorite part is how low the fees (10%) and shipping are. Anything heavy I like to list on Mercari because the pricing for shipping heavy items is much more reasonable than what I can usually get even directly through the post office. Click here to sign up for Mercari (or download the app in the app store) and use my code MZASRJ to get a $10 credit for your first purchase.
Etsy: Most people know Etsy for handmade items, but that's not what I sell on there. I actually have two stores: one focuses on vintage items and the other is digital downloads (like printables).
Grow With Me Box: This is a new business of mine that I'm so excited about! It's a secondhand kids clothing subscription box. If you'd like details you can click here to get to the website. PS use the code HUSTLEANDSLOW for $5 off your first box if you decide to sign up!
Affiliates: This include income through different affiliate programs such as Amazon Affiliates, etc. There are a ton out there, but I mainly use Amazon.
Youtube: I do make a little bit of money on YouTube and it's been steadily growing which is fun after all the hard work I've been putting into it. The money from YouTube comes from ads that play on my videos.
Freelance: Even though this is something I don't do as much as I used to, I do some freelance work. Mostly virtual assistant type work focusing on the design and technical aspects of it like helping with website or graphic design, etc. This is something I do plan on taking on more of as time goes on. I love that there is practically no overhead and no inventory to manage.
Because I run a business that sells products my expenses are much higher than most other online businesses that are service or digital product based, for example. But I am trying to keep my expenses low and I'm also trying to grow the other parts of my business where there is no inventory or cost of goods so that I can take home more of my income.
Since eBay is my main focus I thought I would take a moment to break down my month on eBay so that I can compare each month.
January on eBay was pretty good considering I'm just getting back into the swing of things and my sales are finally going back up. I am pretty happy with my net profit percentage as well as my average sale price and average profit per item. I try not to buy anything to sell that I can't make at least $10 profit on. I plan on trying to raise my average profit per item, but $13.43 is definitely above my $10 minimum and I'm more than happy with that for the time being.
Removing Best Offer on my listings (a setting where buyers can make an offer on an item) and I'm switching to doing free shipping instead. We'll see how it goes! I love experimenting with different things to see what works best for my business.
Auctions ending daily instead of only doing Buy It Now/Fixed Priced. I find that this is a great way to kind of boost traffic. We'll see how it goes. I also like to use auctions to move inventory that's been sitting for a while.
When I list new items (most of them) I'll be listing them for 7 days rather than 30 days the first round and then if they don't sell I'll relist for 30 days. The reason for this is I think that items that are ending sooner might have a better chance of being seen.
I'm keeping things pretty simple and kind of low in February to be realistic. My due date is mid-March so I know that as I get more and more pregnant and closer to having this baby I will need to slow down quite a bit. I still have goals, but I'm cutting myself a little slack. Then once the baby is born and we're all settled in a bit you'll see these goals skyrocket!
Again, if you'd like to see a video break down you can click here to watch it on youtube.
So that's it for this month! If there's anything that I missed the you'd like me to go over in my next report or if you have any questions at all please comment below!


There are so many options designed to help you to use a portion of your estate to benefit a good cause when you pass away. The estate planning process helps you to ensure that your estate is distributed as per your wishes and in the most tax efficient way as possible, but legacy planning goes further than this and aims to involve your family and loved ones in your plans to make a difference according to your personal values. The input of your family in this process should not be underestimated – they play a critical part in supporting the process to make your wishes become reality, so be sure to share your thoughts and intentions with them in good time.


Most troubling is their blatant falsehood about our Form 1023 filing in relation to Zenith Education Group's request for tax-exempt status. The authors of The Century Foundation report improvidently chose to ignore our extensive efforts on behalf of low- and moderate-income students and chose instead to make false claims about our filing. The authors also intentionally excluded, both in the text of their report and in the footnotes, the explanation ECMC Group provided to them including detailed information about our Form 1023 filing. ECMC Group and Zenith Education Group worked closely with expert outside counsel Arnold and Porter LLP to ensure the accuracy of our filing and that it was completed in accordance with IRS procedures and instructions.
The Century Foundation report authors ignored the extensive charitable activities undertaken by ECMC Group—information that was previously supplied to the authors and should have been dispositive of their flawed conclusion that ECMC has lost focus on its charitable mission. Since its inception in 1994, ECMC has worked tirelessly to fulfill our mission of "helping students succeed." As a network of affiliated organizations that include nonprofit student loan guaranty agency ECMC, nonprofit education provider Zenith Education Group and nonprofit ECMC Foundation, we provide financial aid, tools and services, nonprofit career education, and job placement services to help students achieve their academic and professional goals.
We created Zenith Education Group—a nonprofit career educational institution. We have invested approximately $300 million in Zenith to cut tuition 20 percent at our Everest campuses, to provide $36 million in scholarships, and to facilitate the discharge of approximately $480 million in private student loans owed by former students of Corinthian.
Across Zenith schools, we've implemented a new financial aid process with pre-enrollment financial literacy counseling, reducing the percentage of students taking out maximum available student loans by one-third according to initial data.
We created our philanthropic arm, ECMC Foundation, and provided it with more than $600 million in funding, including $250 million to help support Zenith grants and initiatives geared toward promoting student success.
We contributed $345 million to the state of California's Cal Grant program to help low-income students pursue their higher-education goals.
We provided approximately $16.7 million in scholarships to 2,800 low-income students who became ECMC Scholars.
We have provided more than $30 million to support ECMC college access centers and financial literacy outreach activities.
Since 2011, ECMC's Default Prevention Services have assisted 2.8 million borrowers in resolving their delinquent loans, preventing $42.6 billion in defaults.
Specifically, ECMC provides financial literacy services to empower students to make informed choices about their futures and oversees student loan repayments to ensure taxpayer funds are replenished so future generations of students have access to federal education funding. ECMC has returned in excess of $12 billion to date to the U.S. Treasury—and to U.S. taxpayers—in connection with services performed under our charter.
Default rate management and LoanTracker software to help higher education institutions improve their default rates and facilitate student loan repayments.
ECMC Foundation funds innovative programs to advance college and career readiness among low-income and first-generation students, and teacher development initiatives to promote a more effective and diverse educational profession. ECMC Foundation also funds Zenith Education Group grants for innovations on the Everest and WyoTech campuses.
Our Zenith Education Group affiliate helps students in its Everest and WyoTech schools plan for college, attend, graduate and land a good job. Zenith offers affordable, high-quality programs that are regularly updated to teach the skills employers are looking for today, so students gain the real-life career skills they need to graduate well-trained and ready to work on day one in a fulfilling career.
Also absent from The Century Foundation report is any reference to the 1998 Higher Education Act (HEA) amendments that allowed the creation of an Operating Fund for guarantors. The Operating Fund enables greater flexibility for guarantors to address the specific needs of the student populations in the states served by each guarantor. For example, students in California, given the state's demographics, have very different needs from students in Vermont. In addition, guaranty agencies themselves are different: Some state agencies have statutory state-specific responsibilities (such as grantmaking) while ECMC is a national multi-state guarantor. The HEA amendments enable guarantors to determine the programs that best suit the unique needs of their constituencies.
The Century Foundation report additionally makes erroneous statements about director compensation, failing to take into account that the amount of time and effort devoted to their duties has a meaningful relation to compensation received. Included in the information provided by ECMC Group to the authors was the fact that the documented time commitment to ECMC Group and its affiliates by its directors is at or near the very top of the peer group of for-profit and not-for-profit entities.
ECMC Group and its affiliated entities have grown from $48.5 million in revenues in 2005 to $783 million in revenues in 2015. As the organization has grown, the level of experience, expertise and engagement needed from our board of directors also has increased and continues to grow as we work to fulfill our mission. ECMC Group board compensation has been reviewed annually for compliance with federal and state laws by an expert independent firm as well as by expert outside legal counsel to evaluate payments for reasonableness under prevailing law and regulations, taking into account the organizational complexity, prevailing rates of compensation for comparable positions in comparable organizations as well as time and effort expended by directors. The report also failed to note that compensation paid to ECMC directors is not funded by either the ECMC Foundation or Zenith Education Group, rather director compensation is funded solely from ECMC's Operating Fund and its for-profit subsidiary.
The Century Foundation's publication of false and misleading information is highly regrettable and does a disservice to enhancing the public's understanding of the critical contributions ECMC has made since its inception. Further, we stand behind the transparency, accuracy and compliance of our IRS filing. We are as committed now as ever to fulfilling our mission of helping students succeed.


China has been clamping down on more than 7,800 mobile apps, including ticketing apps, that it feels are illegally collecting and using personal data.
According to Reuters, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) has deleted 7,873 mobile apps it deems malicious. Some of those applications reportedly overcharged users, while others stole their information.
In addition to ticketing, the main targets of the campaign are in areas such as e-commerce, navigation and delivery.
The joint initiative has been launched by the CAC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Administration for Market Regulation.
"The crackdown this time covers a wider range of apps and features more profound assessments and systemised approaches," said Yang Chunyan, an official with the CAC.
Operators are being required on to ask for personal information that is not relevant to their services, as well as putting a stop to forceful authorising collation of personal information.
Authorities will be punishing those that continue to collect and use personal data, including demanding rectifications, taking down apps and revoking moderator certificates, as well as action against criminal acts.


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Star Trek Beyond: Who Mourns For A Story?
July 27, 2016 · by Supreme Being	· in Active Observation.	·
The good news: Star Trek Beyond is not the viciously insulting piece of garbage that J.J. Abrams's Into Darkness is. The bad news: it's incoherent and boring and, for the third time running, feels only tangentially related to anything Trek-like.
Credit Simon Pegg, who co-wrote the script with Doug Jung, with giving it a modicum of wit and not insulting long-time fans of all things Trek. At least Pegg is a true fan. You can almost sense a real Star Trek movie lurking behind the drab shrub that is Beyond, but alas, it daren't show its face, lest the studio feel unable to market it to worldwide audiences.
The smartest move Pegg and Jung make is—call them crazy—allowing the key players to interact with one another. For the first time in three movies, we get multiple scenes with Spock (Zachary Quinto, increasingly uninspired) and Bones (Karl Urban, still killing it) alternately sparring/bonding, a few with Kirk (Chris Pine, pretty good, if a bit bland) and Chekov (Anton Yelchin, charming as ever—goddamnit, I mean of all the people—sigh…) running about comically, and plenty of witty antics from Scotty (Pegg, always a pleasure—who would have guessed Scotty would get so much screen-time this outing?).
Buddy comedy in the making.
Problem is, all of these would-be pleasant character interactions come in the midst of this non-stop action sequence of a movie. It opens with a cute scene, Kirk being jumped by snarly foot-high beasts while trying to broker a peace settlement, then lapses briefly into the "character defining" portion of the film, required for all big budget movies, lest we for a single second not know which childhood traumas are afflicting our heroes. In this case, Kirk is bored, three years in, of being a starship captain—not like his awesome, space-loving dad! Why? Hush, child. All starship captains do is fly around to crazy planets and interact with weird aliens and save civilizations and YAWN. I bet you can't think of a single thing more boring than that! Kirk sure can't. He wants to live on a space station and be a vice admiral, which OF COURSE sounds way more exciting, am I right?
But before he can begin his thrill-a-minute new desk-job, Kirk and the crew are assigned to explore a mystery planet, Altamid, a creepy alien lady claims her ship crashed on. No sooner do they arrive then whammo! A million billion little attack ships blow the Enterprise into tiny bits, kill hundreds of its crew, and strand the key players on the planet below. This attack sequence lasts forfuckingever. It is the epitome of boring CGI action bullshit. The movie's barely started and they crank it to 11, fill the screen with so much shit you haven't a clue what anything looks like or where anyone is. It's just BOOM! SMASH! RUN! SHOOT! All you can do is wait it out and hope by the time the next giant explodey sequence rolls around you've been given a reason to care.
Just look at all of those…things you can't see.
Well. As my dear grandpappy used to say, hope in one hand and spit in the other and see which one fills up faster. You will not be given a reason to care. Once our heroes hit the planet surface, I was prepared for the movie to settle in a bit, slow down, allow for a little exploration, both of the planet and whatever lives on it, and of our heroes. We get neither. Instead the action just goes on and on. They hit the planet and keep running and shooting and yelling. They find the saucer portion of the stricken Enterprise and it's another action sequence all over again until it blows up AGAIN. How many pieces can this starship be reduced to?
Director Justin Lin has directed numerous Fast & Furious flicks. He certainly brings a manic sense of pacing to Beyond. What he doesn't bring is coherence. The camera shoots from every possible angle in every sequence. Nothing flows. Visually, these scenes couldn't be more muddled. The concept of a million single-occupancy death-ships swarming like bees might sound cool on paper, but onscreen it reads as tiny dots racing around with a million other tiny dots. When the MacGuffin is revealed to emit a life-dissolving swarm of still more tiny dots, you have to assume nobody cared about this stuff. "It's just the MacGuffin, it doesn't matter what it does or what it looks like," you imagine Lin saying.
Kirk, bored.
I am of the opinion that MacGuffins oughtn't call attention to the fact that they're MacGuffins. If, truly, the one in your movie doesn't matter, you'd better do what you're supposed to do: make your movie about your characters. In Beyond, the MacGuffin does nothing but yell "Hey everybody! Look at me! I'm the MacGuffin! What I can do and why I can do it and where I've been and why will never be explained, yet nothing in the movie will matter but MEEEEE!"
The MacGuffin is an artifact the Enterprise has on hand from the opening scene. We learn it was long, long ago attached to another artifact, and that both pieces were sent floating into space to rid Altamid of their deadly power. The bad guy on Altamid, Krall (Idris Elba), has one piece in hand, and, with access to Federation computers, learns the Enterprise has the other half. It's Krall who lures the ship to Altamid.
Who is Krall? That's a spoiler, my friends. Read further at your own risk.
Someone's having a bad day.
Krall, though a weird-headed alien monster, is in fact the captain of a Federation starship that crashed on Altamid a few hundred years ago. He wants to destroy the Federation for not finding him. Or so we might think. But no, that's not it. He wants to destroy the Federation because he used to be a soldier until the Federation brought peace to the universe. He was then made—you guessed it—a boring starship captain. Goddammit! When will the Federation learn? Make the guy a plumber! Or a CPA! What worse fate than to captain a starship? I can think of none.
So. Krall, still upset at how peace ruined his life, will now kill everyone in the universe with the reconstituted MacGuffinerizer.
Why should we care about this? I don't know. At its best, Star Trek was about moral dilemmas. The characters had to make choices. But choices are only interesting if they're hard. Is it a hard choice to stop Krall? Why would anyone feel any sympathy for him? He's just a bitter, insane, war-crazed killer. Now imagine his grudge against the Federation were relatable. What if his desire to destroy the Federation was in order to save his own people from destruction? What if he was the ruler of a distant outpost planet, and for whatever reason, the Federation's arrival in the form of Kirk and the Enterprise marked the end of his ancient culture and its peoples? Should they be sacrificed for the greater good? What if to prevent assimilation, Krall fought back? Should Kirk still stop him? That would be a hard choice. Or if not hard, it would at least have moral implications worth considering.
The crew on monster-watch.
There is nothing to consider in Beyond, and no time to consider it. There is an alien/old captain we barely know who wants to kill all life, and Kirk et al would prefer that he didn't. BOOM! CRASH! ZAP! HE'S GETTING AWAY! RUN!
You might expect at least one tense, drama-filled scene between Kirk and Krall. Not in this movie. Krall plays like an afterthought. He's as much a MacGuffin as the MacGuffin. There's no time for a dramatic scene. Too much action to race through. Lin's pacing contains no pauses. It's one speed from start to finish. It is very, very boring.
Look at those two cuties.
Did I mention the wit? There is some wit, some chuckle-worthy lines. Karl Urban continues to be the stand-out performer. Pegg, too, is no dummy. He gives himself the best lines. Sofia Boutella plays another alien stranded on Altamid, Jaylah. She hangs out with Scotty and shows him Krall's old, crashed starship (which they repair and launch, despite the ship being built to function only in space. And why not? The Enterprise itself dashed about underwater in the last movie. There are no rules in this universe.). I see a future romantic entanglement between Scotty and Jaylah. Spin-off comedy, perhaps? A Pegg/Edgar Wright production? If Star Wars can have one-off movies, why not Star Trek? You read it here first.
The funniest scene in Beyond comes at the end. Shown in time-lapse, a new Enterprise is built, the NCC-1701-A. Same as the end of Star Trek IV. I laughed because this is the third new Trek movie in a row that ends with the suggestion that now, finally, this crew and their starship may begin cruising the universe and having adventures. I'm not holding my breath.
Welcome to Information Retrieval
Tags: Anton Yelchin, Chris Pine, Idris Elba, J. J. Abrams, Justin Lin, Karl Urban, Simon Pegg, Star Trek, Star Trek Beyond, Star Trek Into Darkness, Zachary Quinto
← Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country – Dopey Movie, Perfectly Good TV Episode
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2 responses on "Star Trek Beyond: Who Mourns For A Story?"
Evil Genius July 27, 2016 at 4:39 pm · · Reply →
Well. Yeah. That about covers it.
I was hoping for more Lin-sanity, Fast & Furious: Space Nitrous! But no. The action sequences were indecipherable, far too dark to track (even in 2D), and just basically dull. The character stuff was a bit better and the rotten effects reminded me of the show, so there you have it.
Why was Scotty playing Pokémon Go in his escape pod?
What happened to all of the weird alien lady captain's crew?
What happened to all of the non-officer Enterprise crew?
Why didn't someone just beam Krall and his stupid device into a large rock and then flush it down a mega-toilet?
What kind of tissue does Keenser usually use when he's sick?
It's a good thing the Beastie Boys can make things explode, but really, they should have used Brass Monkey.
In conclusion, it did not make me angry or interested. I'm sorry most people will see this as Anton Yelchin's last film when Green Room was exponentially better.
I'm sure the next Trek film will be exactly what you want.
Zombo August 1, 2016 at 9:46 pm · · Reply →
I thought the first film was OK…over the top (for Trek) but it supplied the necessary ingredients to continue on with the premise.
Then the second film spoiled that broth and gave us all film sickness.
I had scant hopes the third film would recover any sort of momentum, simply because I have no faith in Abrams, or anyone at Paramount, seeing Star Trek as anything more than a potential cash cow. Honestly, I would have enjoyed being wrong.
Yeah, well, you know, that's just, like, your opinion, man.	Cancel reply
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Posted on August 17, 2018 by coorgstories Tagged CoorggodindiakeralaKodagumadikeriRama CommentsNo Comments on Rain havoc in Western Ghats… Scientific and unscientific or non-scientific reasoning….
Rain havoc in Western Ghats… Scientific and unscientific or non-scientific reasoning….
This article is purely based on my perception and understanding of the Nature and Indian culture.
Huyo.. huyo.. maleraya huvina totake neerilla (pour, pour rain king there is no water for the flower garden..) a song we all sang and played in the rain while growing up. Now the situation in Kerala and Karnataka is such that one has to sing nillo.. nillo.. maleraya kudiyoke neerilla (stop, stop rain king there is no water to drink). Sadly after four years of draught, rain god has unleashed his fury with a bang like the minor version of big-bang. Ativrushti and anavrushti (too much or too little falling from heaven), both are purely under the control of nature and no matter what one cannot control it.
Both Kerala (nick named God's own country) and Karnataka are part of Western Ghats. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri (benevolent) Mountain range along the Western side of India, which was formed more 150 million years ago during Gondwana split-up and is older than the mighty Himalayas. The range starts near the Gujarat and Maharashtra border and runs approximately 1,600 KMS through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Kerala till Kanyakumari.
Irrigated by healthy monsoons, Western Ghats was a dense tropical forest and the canopy was always wet. These ancient well balanced hills form a catchment area for complex riverine drainage system and were filled with tall remarkable trees, giant bamboo clusters, medicinal plants, flora and fauna. The area had over 5,000 species of flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species and 179 amphibian species recorded. The UNESCO world heritage site is one of the eight hotspots of biological diversity in the world.
But nothing has stopped man from meddling in Mother Nature's affair. Due to ignorance and greed, destruction and death on the Western Ghats, which Mother Nature nursed and nurtured so very carefully over thousands of years has been going on over a period of time. But now it is slipped into fast forward motion which I have witnessed in my life time. Flora and fauna is pushed into extinction faster than the food is being digested in the stomach! Even the insects including the major pollinator the honey bee population is practically wiped out. Sight of sands on the river banks has become a luxurious sight! Karnataka and Kerala are strange bed mates and are poles apart in ideology but vested interests are common. After all they are human.. For some personal gains of few people, it's been massacred and continued to do so.
In 1947, the onslaught of endless invaders from Middle East to Mongolia who brought their looting, killing and messing up the religious beliefs finally ended. Unfortunately seven decades of independence we are still held hostage by few powerful ruthless politicians and dynasties. Regrettably there are few individuals, in the name of religion and politics doesn't lag behind too. Innocent people become victims of party wars and religious propaganda.
Aiding and abating is equally sinful as committing a crime. Like how both the states seems to be competing on who gets more rain, they competed in victimizing the people too. When politicians makes Kodagu a battle ground for votes, men armed with whatever they can afford comes to do dadagiri from Kerala too…. For example when an innocent man was hunted down and killed in broad day light in front of thousands of people within the hospital premises, even before his body was cooled down completely the verdict on killing was passed sitting in a faraway place, perhaps the fasted verdict on record. This is the fate of our beloved country… murder, rape, corruption has reached almost to the point of no return. At times, even a demon king shines dim in front of some deeds.
Now the scientific reason… over the years Mother Nature has been used, misused and abused by man, continuing to do so. Even when I was growing up the situation was not that bad. Even the Kasturirangan committee report sought to balance the development and environment protection of Western Ghats never saw the day light.
Unfortunately Man has short memory and he never learns from history. There is a limit to the tolerance of the most tolerant, the beloved Mother Nature. Unless the children/children are reformed from time to time, they will surely go wayward. How much of an imbalance is being created in recent years can be compared with the picture of Kodagu and its forest using the following report as benchmark even with habitation after establishing Madikeri.
When Tippu Sultan came to Kodagu in summer, he was also accompanied by officers and Munshi, who were shocked to experience the climatic conditions, forest, cold and rains in Kodagu. The weather was such that Tipu Sultan's soldiers imprisoned themselves inside the fort to keep warm. A historian who accompanied him writes about Kodagu in his words. Since they were in a new place and new atmosphere, he could give a better picture than a local who was bred there.
What can I say about the amazingly wild land? Just uttering or spelling the words, the pen shivers. The bamboo bushes like the Abyssinian sheep fur, curled and impossible to penetrate. Both the large paths (cart-ways) and small paths (footways) are like passing through the stars in the sky. This country's hills and valleys are impossible to pass through. On the taggu bhoomi (flat land), paddy crops are as tall as the chest level. Sun, even though hotter-than-hot thyself always covers himself with clouds being afraid of the cold in Kodagu, hurries along and departs early from here. Every night the fast traveling moon seeks cover under the blue sky. If summer is like this, then God only have to save us in rainy season.
The rainy season, for six months in all of this country it rains so much that the entire land is filled with water in such a way like a sad person's eyes filled with water all the time. From evening till after the sun rise, the valley is filled with heavy mist. Lots of tall, well built, active young men, losing their body heat with bone biting cold, sleeps like an arched bow pulling their body close to their chest. For six months, farmers cover with thick cloth or old blanket from head to toe and work nine to ten hours. During this season, the leeches from the trees and branches suck enough blood from them and their cattle before letting them go. While describing the condition of Kodagu, the hand that holds the pen is frozen like the hand dipped in the frozen icy sea. When the weather is being explained, the tongue safe within the lips feels like the ice berg with fear and astonishment!
Let us look at it in the non-scientific angle. Kerala is said to be created by the axe carrying warrior sage Parsurama, the Sixth Avatara of Lord Vishnu. He is supposed have thrown his axe and the sea receded covering the distance it covered. No wonder there are thousands of temples for the size of Kerala. In short the legend goes that:
His birth claimed to be to quell the oppression of the then ruling Kshatriyas. When he finished the blood filled five lakes! Burdened by the sins of killing, he approached an assembly of learned men to find a way for penitence. He was advised that, to save his soul from damnation, he must hand over the war gains to noble and pious people and meditate at Gokaranam. Doing so in Gokaranam, Varuna, the god of ocean/rain and Bhudevi, Goddess of Earth blessed him.
Once free of his sins, from Gokaranam he walked upto Kanyakumari and threw his axe northward across the ocean. The place where the axe landed is Kerala. According to the old measures it was 160 Katam. Earlier Kerala was known as Parasurama Kshetram or in Sanskrit Aitareya Aranyaka. Later when King Keralian Thamboran ruled it got its name Kerala. There are some people who also say, when desert dwelling Arabs landed on the shores of Kerala they were mesmerized by the beauty and said Kair-alla (gift of God) and hence the name.
Then there is the world famous harvest festival Onam, in the honour of benevolent Asura (demon) utopian King Mahabali, the great grandson of Hiranyakshipu, the grandson of Prahlada and son of Virochana who was wise, judicious and extremely generous. But that legend is from Lord Vishnu's Vamana (dwarf) avatara. However, both the legends are related to the arrival of Lord Vishnu.
Santana dharma, the oldest philosophical school of thoughts has given us not just a book but a library to learn. It teaches us to respect Mother Nature and live in harmony with every living being in the universe.
Indian culture believes that every element in the universe created by the creator has sagacity. That's why the philosophy says God in me is God everywhere. God is not an individual entity sitting in a far off place probably known as heaven but we are all inside him, he is part of us. Mother Nature is the manifested form of the God. Like a fish in the ocean we dwell within him in his unmanifested form. The very spark of life which makes us alive, the very breath we take which when stops we die, is the very presence God. (Sorry these explanations come from my limited knowledge and I cannot explain more).
Based on that Indian culture says water carries memory. Now scientists say that under certain circumstances water can retain a memory of solute particles after arbitrarily large dilution. Water memory is the purported ability of water to retain a memory of substance previously dissolved in it even after an arbitrary number of serial dilutions. So if we think in that term then is the water claiming its property which was taken forcibly?
Scientists gave up searching for the God particles even though they claimed finding it and spent billions and billions of something to be scraped! So is there a force beyond our understanding capacity? What our forefathers found and tried to explain has some essence in it? Is there a secret buried or hidden in Western Ghats which cannot be disturbed? Is it time to learn to respect the privacy of Mother Nature?
Then there is Naga, the serpent people who is supposed to live underground. There is no logical explanation as no one has seen them in the living memory but it appears in Indian scriptures. A remnant of it still lives in Indian culture as Naga Panchami (it was on August 15th). While building the new airport, yet to be commissioned, the once sacred grove of serpents was claimed by man forcing them to seek shelters in people's home. Deeming homeless over night after thousands of years, Mother Nature wants people to taste the same?
In the home front, whatever is happening in Vidhanasoudha, the New Chief is not sleeping during the session but has been knocking on the doors of every Gods within reach! In 80 days of power ONLY 42 temples are visited.. so more begging in front of God than….. Its noteworthy that sadly the movement of Indian politicians disrupts the normal life as if a green corridor is made for a organ carriage, including in holy places.
Scientific or unscientific of nonscientific, it's a wakeup call for all the citizens of Mother India, to wake up and live in harmony with all the living beings, with utmost priority to the welfare of the nation and fellow living beings. To use the God given commonsense instead of being influenced by propaganda of imaginary differences, outside forces, social media, etc. Come out of the Religious intolerance in the name of unseen God, no one can ever show God to anyone or give ticket to heaven. If they could do it then what are they still doing here provoking others to act bad to fulfill their own personal ego than going to their favourite destination? All-pervading God is an not object to see or hold, no one can see the God one can only feel or sense the presence of God. Unless this is done we will be dragging the rock on our own feet.
Posted on June 3, 2015 by coorgstories Tagged bearcatskillsFleischmannsfloodghostsindiansjewishjewsmadikerimountainsnative indiansnew york cityorthodoxrain CommentsNo Comments on Bloomington Diary – Part 2 – Catskills
Bloomington Diary – Part 2 – Catskills
After landing in New York our destination for the weekend was not Central Park but Fleischmanns Village, upstate New York, approximately 140 miles north of New York City. Fleischmanns is located in the Catskills mountains, an unusual name for a place of Delaware County in the state of New York. It's a pretty little place with loads of wild flowers that seem to bloom practically everywhere; a small river with crystal clear water, which seems to be passing all through the place. Fresh mountain air with moisture from the previous rain suddenly gave the impression of entering into my home town. After crossing a little bridge, we landed in our accommodation. The minute we entered the place all 7 of us had the same feeling- it's like entering a house in Madikeri during the rainy season both in sense of look as well as the scent!! It had that old damply moist smell we all of us knew so very well. The next sentence from my daughter was I want a house like this!!
It was a break from the din & roar of the city to spend quality family time & as well as a special meeting. I was meeting my would-be son in law for the first time. I had met his parents a couple of times back home & knew them before too but not the boy himself. After landing at JFK he had joined us. Funnily, we were 7 different people from India, Kuwait & 4 different parts of the USA itself, holidaying at another town in the country. The world really is shrinking!
We three ladies wanted to explore the village. Before that, we wanted to soak our legs in the river & could hear the children's laughter from below the thicket. As we passed the little bridge we could see a large, simple building. We thought it must be a school or something, through which we could go to the river. There was no sign board but when we entered we could see many picnic tables behind the building, where a lot of women & some kids were just lazing around. Then, towards the gate walked a teenager with 4 other kids following him. He was immaculately dressed in a black suit with a white shirt & a black hat. We asked him whether we could go to the river through the compound.
The teenager turned his face away from us as if he had seen 3 ghosts!! One of the girls, around 7 or 8, smiled at us & when we asked her again she said we could go but walked off without telling much as the teenager signaled her to continue walking. We were not sure if we were trespassing or something so we returned to our accommodation.
We had to get some groceries & we three again wanted to go out & explore, knowing that we could find something interesting. But as we started walking our first impression was, what a rundown ghost town, as if we had gone into the sets of some ghost movie or something. All the restaurants were abandoned. One old fashioned boutique which was cute was also closed! Finally, we found one little supermarket opened but we were the only customers. To our utter surprise, it was owned by an East Indian. We bought some onions & marshmallows (luckily it was available!!). He did not talk much to us but warned us not to go out in the night… we were taken aback as were already little paranoid of the looks around us!! However when we asked him why & he said…"The bears!!"
When we came out of the shop it was almost evening & we could see so many people, practically everyone immaculately dressed in white & black, all in groups of family or friends. Seemed like everyone shared the same tailor! Some men wore some kind of round hat resembling Old Russian style hats. The most interesting thing for us was that all the boys had cropped hair (it was not clearly visible) leaving just two lock of hair on both sides of the ear (payot) which was neatly curled up & was flying in the air when they moved. It was a sight to behold. Everyone seemed to engrossed in their own thoughts or maybe suspicious of foreigners because no one even acknowledged our presence there..as if we never existed!! Just coming from Bloomington it was a different kind of experience for us.
Then it occurred to us it must be an orthodox Jewish community & today being Sabbath, everyone was taking everything easy. Then the round hat was confusing to us too… anyway we reached back home as we were very hungry. The main problem was the late sunset which was confusing what time of the day it was & going from Asia, our system could not get used to it!!
We had a great family time & it was really refreshing with all the fresh mountain air & loads of wild flowers & unspoiled natural beauty. Next two day, whenever possible, we walked around but no one ever smiled at us except one time when we were at the deck one lady walking with her husband waved at us. When I wished her she did not reply… on one side of the village many houses are occupied by Native Indians but even they did not acknowledge our presence. I have no idea if it was because we were from another part of the world or they just wanted to shy away from someone outside the village border.
We had made few trips to the super market & tried to go to the little boutique hoping to carry some souvenirs but it was never opened.. even though an 'Open' placard was on the pavement. Anyway, I was bent upon finding out why the town was so abandoned. On our last day, we three ladies went to the supermarket with the pretext of getting chocolates, (the owner was little mellowed by then, yet reserved) & popped the question. What I heard was really sad.
The place was abandoned not by choice but by the wrath of Mother Nature in the form of devastation through hurricane Irene; it was really sad. However, I could not understand how the water from the low lying river/creek could cause such a huge flood. Then he said that the water came from the mountain as if a tide had washed if off. It's beyond my understanding capacity how a tropical wave starting somewhere in Africa could have such a monstrous effect thousands of miles away. It is a mystery showcasing the power of nature, in front of whom we are nothing but a nano-dot or perhaps even invisible. The truth hit me hard that in the hands of Mother Nature's fury, we are just puppets. He said that the water level in his shop was three feet high, submerging everything. Most of the residents had left the place as the houses had become inhabitable & the state is now searching for ways to prevent such happenings in the future before rebuilding.
Even though at first I thought that the behavior of the Orthodox Jewish community was unusual, then I realized we had lessons to learn from them. Against all the odds & the backdrop of all the calamities, this group has stayed tall- proving the phrase United we Stand, Divided we Fall. I thought of the olden days when even in India people lived in groups {like balyamane (big house) of our own community, Taravads of Kerala, etc.,) & joint families. But with the so called new age, families are becoming nuclear & divided. Divorces have become the order of the day, which often leaves the children in lurch/doldrums, depriving them of so many good things in life such as sharing, loving, respecting, etc. Not very long ago, irrespective of the caste, creed & religion people in villages lived in harmony, I have witnessed it myself growing up. Sadly many a times till trouble knocks on our door or stands at our threshold we don't bother because it's not our problem… let the neighbor face first then we will think about it. Unfortunately people are Dividing, Sub-dividing & slowly Fragmenting.
World is really shrinking but sadly with fragmented thought streams. Hope the days are not far away when we will learn to live united…


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Nederlands-Timor was een Nederlandse kolonie van midden 17e eeuw tot 1950 in het westelijk deel van het eiland Timor, een van de Kleine Soenda-eilanden. Het is nu West-Timor, een deel van de Indonesische provincie Nusa Tenggara Timur. De hoofdplaats van Nederlands-Timor was Koepang.

De kolonie omvatte naast westelijk Timor ook een aantal andere eilanden, waaronder:
 Roti
 Savoe
 Soemba
 Solor
 het oostelijk deel van Flores
 Kisar (van 1912 tot 1926)

Geschiedenis

Europese ontdekkingsreizigers bezochten het eiland Timor begin 16e eeuw en troffen een aantal kleine koninkrijken aan. Het belangrijkste hiervan was Wehale in Centraal-Timor. Het eiland werd in de 16e eeuw gekoloniseerd door de Portugezen, die het in 1520 opeisten.

De Nederlandse VOC arriveerde in 1640, drong de Portugezen naar het oosten van Timor en richtte een kolonie op die onder het bestuur van een VOC-opperhoofd stond. Na het uiteenvallen van de VOC in 1799 werd Nederlands-Timor een kolonie van de Nederlandse staat (destijds de Bataafse Republiek). Tijdens de daaropvolgende napoleontische oorlogen werd het bezet door de Britten.

In 1816 herstelde de Nederlandse regering haar gezag en in 1818 later werden de eilanden van de Timor-archipel onder het bestuur van de Molukken gebracht. Een jaar later werd Timor een aparte kolonie van Nederlands-Indië, de residentie Timor en onderhorigheden. Deze kolonie werd bestuurd door een resident (een soort gouverneur) en was ingedeeld in vijf administratieve districten: Timor, Roti, Savoe, Larantoeka (Oost-Flores) en Soemba.

In 1905 had Nederlands-Timor zo'n 380.500 inwoners. De hoofdstad Koepang had ongeveer 8000 inwoners, waaronder 145 Europeanen, 594 Chinezen en 43 Arabieren.

De grens tussen het Nederlandse en Portugese deel van het eiland (Portugees-Timor) werd in 1859 bepaald met een grensverdrag, gevolgd door een tweede verdrag in 1893, maar de grens werd pas in 1914 definitief vastgelegd.

William Bligh, kapitein van de HMAV Bounty, arriveerde in Nederlands-Timor op 14 juni 1789. Na de muiterij op de Bounty was hij in een sloep overboord gezet en slaagde er na 48 dagen en 6700 kilometer in om Koepang te bereiken.

Mary Bryant, een Engelse gevangene die in 1791 uit Australië ontsnapte, bereikte Koepang na haar beroemde scheepsreis van 66 dagen en 5000 kilometer, samen met haar kinderen en acht andere gevangenen. Toen de Nederlandse autoriteiten ontdekten dat het om ontsnapte gevangenen ging, werden ze teruggestuurd naar Groot-Brittannië.

In april 1931 crashte de eerste Imperial Airways-postvlucht tussen Londen en Sydney nabij Koepang. De post werd overgeheveld naar een ander vliegtuig dat het alsnog op 29 april in Sydney afleverde.

Op 12 december 1942, tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, vielen de Japanners Timor aan, versloegen de 600 Nederlandse garnizoenstroepen en 1400 Australische commando's en veroverden zowel West- als Oost-Timor (zie Slag om Timor). Op 14 augustus 1945 werd het eiland bevrijd, en drie dagen later verklaarde Indonesië zichzelf onafhankelijk. De Nederlanders kwamen terug naar Nederlands-Timor, maar stuitten op hevig verzet van Indonesische guerrilla's. In 1950 werd Nederlands-Timor deel van Indonesië als Indonesisch-Timor. De naam West-Timor kwam in gebruik in 1975, het jaar dat Indonesië het net onafhankelijk geworden Oost-Timor binnenviel en annexeerde.

West-Timor
Geografie van Nederlands-Indië
Geschiedenis van Timor


According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, obesity results when human body fat accumulates over time, mainly due to what is called a chronic energy imbalance—in other words, that calories consumed exceed calories expended in such activities as exercise. It is now known that, as of this writing, obesity is a major health hazard worldwide; in fact, in the United States alone, it is estimated that around 27 percent of adults are obese. Obesity is also costly, as it is associated with workplace absenteeism as a result of such obesity-related diseases as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and some cancers.


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What Is the History of Lincoln...
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What Is the History of Lincoln City, Oregon?
The history of Lincoln City, Oregon, includes a contest that was held to pick the name of the city and annual events such as the Oceanlake Regatta and Taft's Redhead Roundup. Lincoln City officially incorporated on March 3rd, 1965. Multiple coastal towns, such as Oceanlake, Nelscott, Taft, Delake and Cutler City, joined to make the city limits of Lincoln City.
Native American tribes primarily occupied present-day Lincoln City prior to the presence of European settlers. Early explorers searched the area for natural resources. Sir Francis Drake explored the Lincoln City area and called it New Albion in 1572.
The area also became part of the Coast and Siletz Reservations in 1855. The U.S. Congress's passage of the Dawes Act in 1887 allowed white settlers to homestead the land. The act also provided the Native Americans with allotments of 80 acres.
The permanent name of Lincoln City was the result of a contest for school children since compiling the names of the five coastal towns would prove difficult. Lincoln City started out as a fishing industry and then established logging as an industry in the mid-1930s. Taft's Redhead Roundup, an all-redhead beauty pageant, is also synonymous with Lincoln City history, since it attracted thousands of tourists in the 1930s. The city is also home to the Dorchester House, which hosted Oregon's first Republican issue conference.
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NGHTMRE is starting off 2019 strong with heavy-hitting song, "Bang". This release, out now on Gud Vibrations, combines the artistic abilities of NGHTMRE, Shaquille O'Neal (aka Shaq Diesel) and Lil Jon. It's quite the incredible collaboration, as all three artists are known to bring the heat and hype crowds up. "Bang" does exactly that. Being a fusion of heavy trap, rap and hip-hop, and lots of bass, this song will undoubtedly be dubbed one of the festival anthems of the season.
Not only is this NGHTMRE's first release of 2019, but this is Shaq's first production in over 20 years. Shaq's last project was his self-titled rap album, "DJ Diesel". It's always exciting to see and hear new collaborations of this sort, and sets an exhilarating precedent of what can be looked forward to. Hopefully this is one of many to come for these artists.


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Give Up.ca
History Smoking
Smoking Poems
Giving Up Alcohol
Cavalier And Roundhead Smokers
A custom lothsome to the eye, hatefull to the Nose,
harmefull to the braine, dangerous to the lungs, and in the
blacke stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the
horrible Stigian smoke of the pit that is
bottomelesse.--JAMES I, _A Counterblaste to Tobacco._
The social history of smoking from the point of view of fashion,
during the period covered by this and the next t
o chapters may be
summarized in a sentence. Through the middle of the seventeenth
century smoking maintained its hold upon all classes of society, but
in the later decades there are distinct signs that the habit was
becoming less universal; and it seems pretty clear that by the time of
Queen Anne, smoking, though still extensively practised in many
classes of society, was to a considerable extent out of vogue among
those most amenable to the dictates of Fashion.
It is certain that the armies of the Parliament were great smokers,
for the finds of seventeenth-century pipes on the sites of their camps
have been numerous. A considerable number of pipes of the Caroline
period, with the usual small elongated bowls, were found in 1902 at
Chichester, in the course of excavating the foundations of the Old
Swan Inn, East Street, for building the present branch of the London
and County Bank.
We know also that the Roundhead soldiers smoked in circumstances that
did them no credit. In the account of the trial of Charles I, written
by Dr. George Bates, principal physician to his Majesty, and to
Charles II also, we read that when the sentence of the Court presided
over by Bradshaw, condemning the King to death by severing his Head
from his Body, had been read, the soldiers treated the fallen monarch
with great indignity and barbarity. They spat on his clothes as he
passed by, and even in his face; and they blew the smoak of Tobacco,
a thing which they knew his Majesty hated, in his sacred mouth,
throwing their broken Pipes in his way as he passed along.
Time brought its revenges. The dead Protector was not treated too
respectfully by his soldiery. Evelyn, describing Cromwell's superb
funeral, says that the soldiers in the procession were drinking and
taking tobacco in the streets as they went.
Whether the use of tobacco prevailed as generally among the Cavalier
forces is less certain; but as King Charles hated the weed, courtiers
may have frowned upon its use. One distinguished cavalier, however,
either smoked his pipe, or proposed to do so, on a historic occasion.
In Markham's Life of the Great Lord Fairfax there is a lively
account of how the Duke, then Marquis, of Newcastle, with his brother
Charles Cavendish, drove in a coach and six to the field of Marston
Moor on the afternoon before the battle. His Grace was in a very bad
humour. He applied to Rupert, says Markham, for orders as to the
disposal of his own most noble person, and was told that there would
be no battle that night, and that he had better get into his coach and
go to sleep, which he accordingly did. But the decision as to battle
or no battle did not rest with Prince Rupert. Cromwell attacked the
royal army with the most disastrous results to the King's cause. His
Grace of Newcastle woke up, left his coach, and fought bravely, being,
according to his Duchess, the last to ride off the fatal field,
leaving his coach and six behind him.
So far Markham: but according to another account, when Rupert told him
that there would be no battle, the Duke betook himself to his coach,
lit his pipe, and making himself very comfortable, fell asleep. The
original authority, however, for the whole story is to be found in a
paper of notes by Clarendon on the affairs of the North, preserved
among his MSS. In this paper Clarendon writes: The marq. asked the
prince what he would do? His highness answered, 'Wee will charge them
to-morrow morninge.' My lord asked him whether he were sure the enimy
would not fall on them sooner? He answered, 'No'; and the marquisse
thereupon going to his coach hard by, and callinge for a pype of
tobacco, before he could take it the enimy charged, and instantly all
the prince's horse were routed.
Gardiner evidently follows this account, for his version of the story
is: Newcastle strolled towards his coach to solace himself with a
pipe. Before he had time to take a whiff, the battle had begun. The
incident was made the subject of a picture by Ernest Crofts, A.R.A.,
which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1888. It shows the Duke
leaning out of his carriage window, with his pipe in his hand.
Among the documents in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland there is a letter patent under the great seal of Charles I,
in 1634, granted for the purpose of correcting the irregular sales and
restraining the immoderate use of tobacco in Scotland. The letter
states that tobacco was used on its first introduction as a medicine,
but had since been so largely indulged in and was frequently of such
bad quality, as not only to injure the health, but deprave the morals
of the King's subjects. These were sentiments worthy of King James.
Mr. Matthew Livingstone, who has calendared this document, says that
the King therein proceeds, in order to prevent such injurious results
of the use of tobacco, to appoint Sir James Leslie and Thomas Dalmahoy
to enjoy for seven years the sole power of appointing licensed vendors
of the commodity. These vendors, after due examination as to their
fitness, were to be permitted, on payment of certain compositions and
an annual rent in augmentation of the King's revenue, to sell tobacco
in small quantities. The letter further directs that the licensees so
appointed shall become bound to sell only sound tobacco--an admirable
provision, if a trifle difficult to enforce--and to keep good order in
their houses and shops. The latter clause, adds Mr. Livingstone,
would almost suggest that the tobacco was to be sold for consumption
on the premises,--as I have no doubt it was--and that the smokers
were probably in the habit at their symposiums of using, even as they
may still, I dare say, other indulgences not so soothing in their
effects as the coveted weed--a suggestion for which there seems
little foundation in the clause to which Mr. Livingstone refers.
One inference at least may be fairly drawn, I think, from this
document, and that is that smoking was very popular north as well as
south of the Tweed.
Tobacco was certainly cheap in Scotland. The following entries are
from a MS. account of household expenses kept by the minister of the
parish of Eastwood, near Glasgow, the Rev. William Hamilton. They
cover two months only and show that the minister was a furious smoker.
The prices given are in Scots currency, the pound Scots being worth
about twenty pence sterling:
Maii, 1651
It. to Andro Carnduff for 4 pund of Tobacco L1. 0. 0.
It. to Robert Hamilton Chapman for Tobacco 0. 18. 0.
It. 9 June to my wife to give for sax trenchers
and tobacco 1. 13. 4.
It. 10 June, The sd day for tobacco and stuffes 0. 14. 4.
28 June, It. for tobacco 0. 13. 9.
It may perhaps be interesting to compare with these prices, from
which, apparently, it may be inferred that near Glasgow tobacco could
be bought for some 5d. a pound, which seems incredibly cheap, the
occasional expenditure upon tobacco of a worthy citizen of Exeter some
few years earlier. Extracts from the Financial Diary of this good
man, whose name was John Hayne, and who was an extensive dealer in
serges and woollen goods generally, as well as in a smaller degree of
cotton goods also, were printed some years ago, with copious
annotations, by the late Dr. Brushfield.
In this Diary, covering the years 1631-43, there are some forty
entries concerning the purchase of what is always, save in one case,
called tobacka. These entries give valuable information as to the
prices of the two chief kinds of tobacco. One was imported from
Spanish America, which up to 1639 Hayne calls Varinaes, and after
that date Spanish; the other was imported from English
colonies--chiefly from Virginia. The Varinaes kind, Dr. Brushfield
suggests, was obtained from Varina, near the foot of the range of
mountains forming the west boundary of Venezuela, and watered by a
branch of the Orinoco River. Hayne also notes the purchase of
Tertudoes tobacco, but what that may have been I cannot say. From
the various entries relating respectively to Varinaes or Spanish
tobacco, and to Virginia tobacco, it is clear that the former ranged
in price from 8s. to 13s. per lb., while the latter was from 1s. 6d.
to 4s. per lb. There is one entry of perfumed Tobacka, 10 oz. of
which were bought at the very high price of 15s. 6d.
The variations in price of both Spanish and Virginia tobacco were
largely due to the frequent changes in the amount of the duty thereon.
In 1604 King James I, newly come to the throne, and full of
iconoclastic fervour against the weed, raised the duty to 6s. 8d. per
lb. in addition to the original duty of 2d. On March 29, 1615, there
was a grant to a licensed importer of the late imposition of 2s. per
lb. on tobacco--which shows that there must have been considerable
fluctuation between 1604 and 1615--while in September 1621 the duty
stood at 9d. Through James's reign much dissatisfaction was expressed
about the importation of Spanish tobacco, and the outcome of this may
probably be seen in the proclamations issued by the King in his last
two years forbidding the importation, buying, or selling tobacco
which was not of the proper growth of the colonies of Virginia and the
Somers Islands. These proclamations were several times confirmed by
Charles I, the latest being on January 8, 1631; but they do not seem
to have had much effect.
Hayne's Diary contains one or two entries relating to smokers'
requisites. In September 1639 he spent 2d. on a new spring to his
Tobacka tonges. These were the tongs used for lifting a live coal to
light the pipe, to which I have referred on a previous page. On the
last day of 1640 Hayne paid Mr. Drakes man 1s. 5d. for 6 doz:
Tobacka-pipes.
From the various entries in the Diary relating to the purchase of
tobacco, it seems clear that there was no shop in Exeter devoted
specially or exclusively to the sale of the weed. Hayne bought his
supplies from four of the leading goldsmiths of the city, who can be
identified by the fact that he had dealings with them in their own
special wares, also from two drapers, one grocer, and four other
tradesmen (on a single occasion each) whose particular occupations are
But to turn from this worthy Exeter citizen to more famous names: I do
not know of any good evidence as to whether or not Cromwell smoked,
although he is said to have taken an occasional pipe while considering
the offer of the crown, but John Milton certainly did. The account of
how the blind poet passed his days, after his retirement from public
office, was first told by his contemporary Richardson, and has since
been repeated by all his biographers. His placid day ended early. The
poet took his frugal supper at eight o'clock, and at nine, having
smoked a pipe and drunk a glass of water, he went to bed. Apparently
this modest allowance of a daily evening pipe was the extent of
Milton's indulgence in tobacco. He knew nothing of what most smokers
regard as the best pipe of the day--the after-breakfast pipe.
It is somewhat singular that the Puritans, who denounced most
amusements and pleasures, and who frowned upon most of the occupations
or diversions that make for gaiety and the enjoyment of life, did not,
as Puritans, denounce the use of tobacco. One or two of their writers
abused it roundly; but these were not representative of Puritan
feeling on the subject. The explanation doubtless is that the practice
of smoking was so very general and so much a matter of course among
men of all ranks and of all opinions, that the mouths of Puritans were
closed, so to speak, by their own pipes. A precisian, however, could
take his tobacco with a difference. The seventeenth-century diarist,
Abraham de la Pryme, says that he had heard of a Presbyterian minister
who was so precise that he would not as much as take a pipe of
tobacco before that he had first sayed grace over it. George Wither,
one of the most noteworthy of the poets who took the side of the
Parliament, was confined in Newgate after the Restoration, and found
comfort in his pipe.
Some of the Puritan colonists in America took a strong line on the
subject. Under the famous Blue Laws of 1650 it was ordered by the
General Court of Connecticut that no one under twenty-one was to
smoke--nor any other that hath not already accustomed himself to the
use thereof. And no smoker could enjoy his pipe unless he obtained a
doctor's certificate that tobacco would be usefull for him, and
allso that he hath received a lycense from the Courte for the same.
But the unhappy smoker having passed the doctor and obtained his
licence was still harassed by restrictions, for it was ordered that no
man within the colony, after the publication of the order, should take
any tobacco publicly in the streett, highwayes, or any barn-yardes,
or uppon training dayes, in any open places, under the penalty of
six-pence for each offence against this order. The ingenuities of
petty tyranny are ineffable. It is said that these Blue Laws are not
authentic; but if they are not literally true, they are certainly well
invented, for most of them can be paralleled and illustrated by laws
and regulations of undoubted authenticity.
Mrs. Alice Morse Earle, in her interesting book, abounding in curious
information, on The Sabbath in Puritan New England, says that the
use of tobacco was absolutely forbidden under any circumstances on
the Sabbath within two miles of the meeting-house, which (since at
that date all the houses were clustered round the church-green) was
equivalent to not smoking it at all on the Lord's Day, if the law were
obeyed. But wicked backsliders existed, poor slaves of habit, who were
in Duxbury fixed 10s. for each offence, and in Portsmouth, not only
were fined, but to their shame be it told, set as jail-birds in the
Portsmouth cage. In Sandwich and in Boston the fine for 'drinking
tobacco in the meeting-house' was 5s. for each drink, which I take to
mean chewing tobacco rather than smoking it; many men were fined for
thus drinking, and solacing the weary hours, though doubtless they
were as sly and kept themselves as unobserved as possible. Four
Yarmouth men--old sea-dogs, perhaps, who loved their pipe--were in
1687 fined 4s. each for smoking tobacco around the end of the
meeting-house. Silly, ostrich-brained Yarmouth men! to fancy to escape
detection by hiding around the corner of the church; and to think that
the tithing-man had no nose when he was so Argus-eyed.
On weekdays many New England Puritans probably smoked as their friends
in old England did. A contemporary painting of a group of Puritan
divines over the mantelpiece of Parson Lowell, of Newbury, shows them
well provided with punch-bowl and drinking-cups, tobacco and pipes.
One parson, the Rev. Mr. Bradstreet, of the First Church of
Charlestown, was very unconventional in his attire. He seldom wore a
coat, but generally appeared in a plaid gown, and was always seen
with a pipe in his mouth. John Eliot, the noble preacher and
missionary to the Indians, warmly denounced both the wearing of wigs
and the smoking of tobacco. But his denunciations were ineffectual in
both matters--heads continued to be adorned with curls of foreign
growth, and pipe-smoke continued to ascend.
In this country tobacco is said to have invaded even the House of
Commons itself. Mr. J.H. Burn, in his Descriptive Catalogue of London
Tokens, writes: About the middle of the seventeenth century it was
ordered: That no member of the House do presume to smoke tobacco in
the gallery or at the table of the House sitting as Committees. I do
not know what the authority for this order may be, but there is no
doubt that smoking was practised in the precincts of the House. In
Mercurius Pragmaticus, December 19-26, 1648, the writer says on
December 20, speaking of the excluded members: Col. Pride standing
sentinell at the door, denyed entrance, and caused them to retreat
into the Lobby where they used to drink ale and tobacco.
There is a curious entry in Thomas Burton's diary of the proceedings
of Cromwell's Parliament, which suggests that there may then have been
the luxury of a members' smoking-room. Burton was a member of the
Parliaments of Oliver and Richard Cromwell from 1656 to 1659, and made
a practice--for which historical students have been and are much his
debtors--of taking notes of the debates as he sat in the House.
Members sometimes objected to and protested against this note-taking,
but Burton quietly went on using his pencil, and though his summaries
of speeches are often difficult to follow, argument and sense
suffering by compression, he has preserved much very valuable matter.
Referring to a debate on January 7, 1656-57, on an attempt to go
behind the previously passed Act of Oblivion, the diarist records that
Sir John Reynolds had numbered the House, and said at rising there
were 220 at the least, besides tobacconists. This can only mean that
there were at least 220 members actually present in the House when it
rose, not counting the tobacconists or smokers, who were enjoying
their pipes, not in the Chamber itself, but in some conveniently
adjoining place, which may have been a room for the purpose, or may
simply have been the lobby referred to above in the extract from
Mercurius Pragmaticus.
It seems likely that Richard Cromwell was a smoker. In 1689, long
after he had retired into private life and had ample leisure for
blowing clouds, he sent to a friend a Boxe of Tobacco, which was
described as A.J. Bod (den's) ... best Virginnea. In a letter to
his daughter Elizabeth, dated 21 January 1705, there is a reference to
this same dealer, whom he describes as Adam Bodden, Bacconist in
George Yard, Lumber [Lombard] Street. The allusion is worth noting as
a very early instance of the colloquial trick of abbreviation familiar
in later days in such forms as baccy and bacca and their
compounds.
Arcadians At Bay
Early Victorian Days
Man Know Thy-self
Know this and be assured quite well, All evil comes when man hath fell. Fell from pu... A Covnter-blaste To Tobacco
That the manifolde abuses of this vile custome of _Tobacco_ taking, may the better be espied, it is fit, that first you enter into consideration both of the first originall thereof, and likewise of the reasons of the first entry thereof into this ... A Face That Haunted Marriot
This is not a love affair, Marriot shouted, apologetically. He had sat the others out again, but when I saw his intention I escaped into my bedroom, and now refused to come out. Look here, he cried, changing his tone, if you don't come out I'l... Abuse And Praise Of Tobacco
This is my friend Abel, an honest fellow; He lets me have good tobacco. BEN JONSON, _The Alchemist._ The druggists and other tradesmen who sold tobacco in Elizabethan and Jacobean days had every provision for the convenience... Arcadians At Bay
I have said that Jimmy spent much of his time in contributing to various leading waste-paper baskets, and that of an evening he was usually to be found prone on my hearth-rug. When he entered my room he was ever willing to tell us what he thought ... Cavalier And Roundhead Smokers
A custom lothsome to the eye, hatefull to the Nose, harmefull to the braine, dangerous to the lungs, and in the blacke stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the horrible Stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomelesse.--J... Early Victorian Days
Scent to match thy rich perfume Chemic art did ne'er presume Through her quaint alembic strain, None so sovereign to the brain. LAMB, _A Farewell to Tobacco._ The social attitude towards smoking in early Victorian d... English-grown Tobacco
Pettigrew asked me to come to his house one evening and test some tobacco that had been grown in his brother's Devonshire garden. I had so far had no opportunity of judging for myself whether this attempt to grow tobacco on English soil was to suc... Gilray
Gilray is an actor, whose life I may be said to have strangely influenced, for it was I who brought him and the Arcadia Mixture together. After that his coming to live on our stair was only a matter of rooms being vacant. We met first in the... Gilray's Dream
Conceive me (said Gilray, with glowing face) invited to write a criticism of the Critics' Dramatic Society for the _Standard_. I select the _Standard_, because that paper has treated me most cruelly. However, I loathe them all. My dream is the fol... Gilray's Flower-pot
I charge Gilray's unreasonableness to his ignoble passion for cigarettes; and the story of his flower-pot has therefore an obvious moral. The want of dignity he displayed about that flower-pot, on his return to London, would have made any one sorr... His Wife's Cigars
Though Pettigrew, who is a much more successful journalist than Jimmy, says pointedly of his wife that she encourages his smoking instead of putting an end to it, I happen to know that he has cupboard skeletons. Pettigrew has been married for y... House-boat Arcadia
Scrymgeour had a house-boat called, of course, the _Arcadia_, to which he was so ill-advised as to invite us all at once. He was at that time lying near Cookham, attempting to catch the advent of summer on a canvas, and we were all, unhappily, abl... How Heroes Smoke
On a tiger-skin from the ice-clad regions of the sunless north recline the heroes of Ouida, rose-scented cigars in their mouths; themselves gloriously indolent and disdainful, but perhaps huddled a little too closely together on account of the lim... Jimmy
With the exception of myself, Jimmy Moggridge was no doubt the most silent of the company that met so frequently in my rooms. Just as Marriot's eyebrows rose if the cane chair was not empty when he strode in, Jimmy held that he had a right to the ... Jimmy's Dream
I see before me (said Jimmy, savagely) a court, where I, James Moggridge, am arraigned on a charge of assaulting the editor of the _St. John's Gazette_ so as to cause death. Little interest is manifested in the case. On being arrested I had pleade... Later Victorian Days
When life was all a summer day, And I was under twenty, Three loves were scattered in my way-- And three at once are plenty. Three hearts, if offered with a grace, One thinks not of refusing. The task in this esp... Marriot
I have hinted that Marriot was our sentimental member. He was seldom sentimental until after midnight, and then only when he and I were alone. Why he should have chosen me as the pail into which to pour his troubles I cannot say. I let him talk... Matrimony And Smoking Compared
The circumstances in which I gave up smoking were these: I was a mere bachelor, drifting toward what I now see to be a tragic middle age. I had become so accustomed to smoke issuing from my mouth that I felt incomplete without it; indeed, the ti... My Brother Henry
Strictly speaking I never had a brother Henry, and yet I cannot say that Henry was an impostor. He came into existence in a curious way, and I can think of him now without malice as a child of smoke. The first I heard of Henry was at Pettigrew'... My First Cigar
It was not in my chambers, but three hundred miles further north, that I learned to smoke. I think I may say with confidence that a first cigar was never smoked in such circumstances before. At that time I was a school-boy, living with my bro... My Last Pipe
The night of my last smoke drew near without any demonstration on my part or on that of my friends. I noticed that none of them was now comfortable if left alone with me, and I knew, I cannot tell how, that though they had too much delicacy to ... My Pipes
In a select company of scoffers my brier was known as the Mermaid. The mouth-piece was a cigarette-holder, and months of unwearied practice were required before you found the angle at which the bowl did not drop off. This brings me to one of... My Smoking-table
Had it not been for a bootblack at Charing Cross I should probably never have bought the smoking-table. I had to pass that boy every morning. In vain did I scowl at him, or pass with my head to the side. He always pointed derisively (as I thoug... My Tobacco-pouch
I once knew a lady who said of her husband that he looked nice when sitting with a rug over him. My female relatives seemed to have the same opinion of my tobacco-pouch; for they never saw it, even in my own room, without putting a book or pamp... Not The Arcadia
Those who do not know the Arcadia may have a mixture that their uneducated palate loves, but they are always ready to try other mixtures. The Arcadian, however, will never help himself from an outsider's pouch. Nevertheless, there was one black... Page Six |
stimulus. Alcohol, ever true to its companion, steps in and supplies this artificial stimulus. It is a scientific fact that tobacco is responsible for more drunkards than alcohol. I know from my own experience, that smoking natura... Pettigrew's Dream
My dream (said Pettigrew) contrasts sadly with those of my young friends. They dream of revenge, but my dream is tragic. I see my editor writing my obituary notice. This is how it reads: Mr. Pettigrew, M.A., whose sad death is recorded in anothe... Preface
This is the first attempt to write the history of smoking in this country from the social point of view. There have been many books written about tobacco--F.W. Fairholt's History of Tobacco, 1859, and the Tobacco (1857) of Andrew Steinmetz, are st... Primus
Primus is my brother's eldest son, and he once spent his Easter holidays with me. I did not want him, nor was he anxious to come, but circumstances were too strong for us, and, to be just to Primus, he did his best to show me that I was not in his... Primus To His Uncle
Though we all pretended to be glad when Primus went, we spoke of him briefly at times, and I read his letters aloud at our evening meetings. Here is a series of them from my desk. Primus was now a year and a half older and his spelling had impr... Scrymgeour
Scrymgeour was an artist and a man of means, so proud of his profession that he gave all his pictures fancy prices, and so wealthy that he could have bought them. To him I went when I wanted money--though it must not be thought that I borrowed. In... Signs Of Revival
Some sigh for this and that My wishes don't go far; The world may wag at will, So I have my cigar. THOMAS HOOD. The revival of smoking among those who were most amenable to the dictates of fashion, and among whom c... Smoking By Women
Ladies, when pipes are brought, affect to swoon; They love no smoke, except the smoke of Town. ISAAC HAWKINS BROWNE, _circa_ 1740. A story is told of Sir Walter Raleigh by John Aubrey which seems to imply that at first women... Smoking In Church
For thy sake, TOBACCO, I Would do anything but die. CHARLES LAMB, _A Farewell to Tobacco._ The use of tobacco in churches forms a curious if short chapter in the social history of smoking. The earliest reference to such a pr... Smoking In The Restoration Period
The Indian weed withered quite Green at noon, cut down at night, Shows thy decay-- All flesh is hay: Thus think, then drink tobacco. GEORGE WITHER (1588-1667). The year 1660 that restored Charles II t... Smoking In The Twentieth Century
Sweet when the morn is grey; Sweet, when they've clear'd away Lunch; and at close of day Possibly sweetest. C.S. CALVERLEY. Tobacco is once more triumphant. The cycle of three hundred years is complete. Sin... Smoking Under King William Iii And Queen Anne
Hail! social pipe--thou foe of care, Companion of my elbow-chair; As forth thy curling fumes arise, They seem an evening sacrifice-- An offering to my Maker's praise, For all His benefits and grace. SIR SAMUEL ... Smoking Unfashionable: Early Georgian Days
Lord Fopling smokes not--for his teeth afraid; Sir Tawdry smokes not--for he wears brocade. ISAAC HAWKINS BROWNE, _circa_ 1740. With the reign of Queen Anne tobacco had entered on a period, destined to be of long duration, w... Smoking Unfashionable: Later Georgian Days
Says the Pipe to the Snuff-box, I can't understand What the ladies and gentlemen see in your face, That you are in fashion all over the land, And I am so much fallen into disgrace. WILLIAM COWPER. (From a letter... The Arcadia Mixture
Darkness comes, and with it the porter to light our stair gas. He vanishes into his box. Already the inn is so quiet that the tap of a pipe on a window-sill startles all the sparrows in the quadrangle. The men on my stair emerged from their hol...
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text:
SHERLOCK GNOMES brings the fun home on Blu-ray Combo Pack and DVD today! #SherlockGnomes
A hilarious and heartfelt adventure the whole family can enjoy, SHERLOCK GNOMES brings the fun home on Blu-ray Combo Pack and DVD June 12 from Paramount Home Media Distribution and Metro Goldwyn Mayer Pictures (MGM).
Boasting an all-star cast of voices including Johnny Depp, Emily Blunt, James McAvoy and Mary J. Blige, SHERLOCK GNOMES is a rollicking adventure from the director of Kung Fu Panda!
The Blu-ray Combo Pack is loaded with nearly 45 minutes of bonus content. Meet the all-star cast including Johnny Depp, James McAvoy and Emily Blunt and discover how this hilarious family adventure was brought to life. Plus, enjoy the new music video "Stronger Than I Ever Was," learn how to draw some of your favorite Gnomes, and much, much more!
When Gnomeo (James McAvoy) and Juliet (Emily Blunt) discover their friends and family have gone missing, there's only one gnome to call – the legendary detective Sherlock Gnomes (Johnny Depp). Working together, the mystery takes them beyond the garden walls and across the city on an unforgettable journey to save the day and bring the gnomes home.
SHERLOCK GNOMES Blu-ray Combo Pack
The SHERLOCK GNOMES Blu-ray is presented in 1080p high definition with English 7.1 DTS-HD Master Audio, Dutch 5.1 Dolby Audio™, French Canadian 5.1 Dolby Audio, French Parisian 5.1 Dolby Audio, German 5.1 Dolby Audio, Italian 5.1 Dolby Audio, Portuguese 5.1 Dolby Audio, Castilian Spanish 5.1 Dolby Audio, Latin American Spanish 5.1 Dolby Audio, and English Audio Description and English, English SDH, Dutch, French Canadian, French Parisian, German, Italian, Portuguese, Castilian Spanish and Latin American Spanish subtitles. The DVD in the Combo Pack is presented in widescreen enhanced for 16:9 televisions with English 5.1 Dolby Audio, French 5.1 Dolby Audio, Spanish 5.1 Dolby Audio, Portuguese 5.1 Dolby Audio, and English Audio Description and English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese subtitles. The Combo Pack includes access to a Digital copy of the film as well as the following:
Feature film in high definition
Bonus Content:
§ Gnome is Where the Heart Is – Go behind-the-scenes with the all-star cast
§ All Roads Lead to Gnome: London Locations in Sherlock Gnomes
§ Miss Gnomer: Mary J. Blige and the Music of Sherlock Gnomes
§ Stronger Than I Ever Was – Enjoy the brand new music video performed by Mary J. Blige
§ How To Draw – Learn how to draw your favorite characters:
· Sherlock Gnomes
· Watson
· Moriarty
· Goons
§ Animating Sherlock Gnomes – Discover the magic behind the movie's animation
Feature film in standard definition
SHERLOCK GNOMES DVD
The DVD is presented in widescreen enhanced for 16:9 televisions with English 5.1 Dolby Audio, French 5.1 Dolby Audio, Spanish 5.1 Dolby Audio, Portuguese 5.1 Dolby Audio, and English Audio Description and English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese subtitles. The disc includes the feature film in standard definition.
www.SherlockGnomes.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SherlockGnomes
Twitter: https://twitter.com/SherlockGnomes
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PARAMOUNT PICTURES and METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER PICTURES Present
A ROCKET PICTURES Production "SHERLOCK GNOMES"
Music Supervisor NICK ANGEL Original Score Composed by CHRIS BACON
Edited by PRAKASH PATEL MARK SOLOMON Executive Producer ELTON JOHN
Produced by STEVE HAMILTON SHAW, p.g.a. DAVID FURNISH, p.g.a. CAROLYN SOPER, p.g.a.
Story by ANDY RILEY & KEVIN CECIL AND EMILY COOK & KATHY GREENBERG Screenplay by BEN ZAZOVE
Directed by JOHN STEVENSON
SOUNDTRACK ALBUM ON VIRGIN-EMI RECORDS
© 2018 PARAMOUNT PICTURES AND METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER PICTURES INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
About Paramount Home Media Distribution
Paramount Home Media Distribution (PHMD) is part of Paramount Pictures Corporation (PPC), a global producer and distributor of filmed entertainment. PPC is a unit of Viacom (NASDAQ: VIAB, VIA), home to premier media brands that create television programs, motion pictures, consumer products, and digital content for audiences in 180 countries and territories. The PHMD division oversees PPC's home entertainment and transactional digital distribution activities worldwide. The division is responsible for the sales, marketing and distribution of home entertainment content on behalf of Paramount Pictures, Paramount Animation, Paramount Vantage, Paramount Classics, MTV, Nickelodeon, Comedy Central and CBS and applicable licensing and servicing of certain DreamWorks Animation titles. PHMD additionally manages global licensing of studio content and transactional distribution across worldwide digital distribution platforms including online, mobile and portable devices and emerging technologies.
About Metro Goldwyn Mayer
Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM) is a leading entertainment company focused on the production and global distribution of film and television content across all platforms. The company owns one of the world's deepest libraries of premium film and television content as well as the premium pay television network EPIX, which is available throughout the U.S. via cable, satellite, telco and digital distributors. In addition, MGM has investments in numerous other television channels and digital platforms. For more information, visit www.mgm.com.
Posted by One Momma Saving Money at 6/12/2018 02:50:00 PM


text: Q: Definitions of Continuity and Discreteness of Sets In what sense (strict definitions/synonyms) is $\mathbb {R} $ continuous? Is this continuity antonymic to discreteness? What are the definitions of these properties?

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