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Покры́тие ко́да — мера, используемая при тестировании программного обеспечения. Она показывает процент исходного кода программы, который был выполнен в процессе тестирования.

Техника покрытия кода была одной из первых методик, изобретённых для систематического тестирования программного обеспечения (особенно, при тестировании белого ящика). Первое упоминание покрытия кода в публикациях появилось в 1963 году.

Критерии
Существует несколько различных способов измерения покрытия, основные из них:
 покрытие операторов — каждая ли строка исходного кода была выполнена и протестирована;
 покрытие условий — каждая ли точка решения (вычисления истинно ли или ложно выражение) была выполнена и протестирована;
 покрытие путей — все ли возможные пути через заданную часть кода были выполнены и протестированы;
 покрытие функций — каждая ли функция программы была выполнена;
 покрытие вход/выход — все ли вызовы функций и возвраты из них были выполнены.
 покрытие значений параметров — все ли типовые и граничные значения параметров были проверены.

Для программ с особыми требованиями к безопасности часто требуется продемонстрировать, что тестами достигается 100 % покрытие для одного из критериев.
Некоторые из приведённых критериев покрытия связаны между собой; например, покрытие путей включает в себя и покрытие условий, и покрытие операторов. Покрытие операторов не включает покрытие условий, как показывает этот фрагмент программы на языке Си:

printf("this is");
if (bar < 1)
{
    printf(" not ");
}
printf("a positive integer");

Если здесь bar = −1, то покрытие операторов будет полным, а покрытие условий — нет, так как случай несоблюдения условия в операторе if — не покрыт (и при этом для положительных чисел вывод будет искажённым). Полное покрытие путей обычно невозможно. Фрагмент кода, имеющий n условий содержит  путей; конструкция цикла порождает бесконечное количество путей. Некоторые пути в программе могут быть не достигнуты из-за того, что в тестовых данных отсутствовали такие, которые могли привести к выполнению этих путей. Не существует универсального алгоритма, который решал бы проблему недостижимых путей (этот алгоритм можно было бы использовать для решения проблемы остановки).

На практике, для достижения покрытия путей используется следующий подход: выделяются классы путей (например, к одному классу можно отнести пути, отличающиеся только количеством итераций в одном и том же цикле), 100 % покрытие достигнуто, если покрыты все классы путей (класс считается покрытым, если покрыт хотя бы один путь из него).

Практическое применение
Обычно исходный код снабжается тестами, которые регулярно выполняются. Полученный отчёт анализируется с целью выявить невыполнявшиеся области кода, набор тестов обновляется, пишутся тесты для непокрытых областей. Цель состоит в том, чтобы получить набор тестов для регрессионного тестирования, тщательно проверяющих весь исходный код.

Степень покрытия кода обычно выражают в виде процента. Например, «мы протестировали 67 % кода». Смысл этой фразы зависит от того какой критерий был использован. Например, 67 % покрытия путей — это лучший результат чем 67 % покрытия операторов.
Вопрос о связи значения покрытия кода и качества тестового набора ещё до конца не решён.

См. также
 Метрика программного обеспечения
 Регрессионное тестирование
 Покрытие требований
 Профилирование
 gcov — утилита для сбора покрытия кода из пакета GCC
  сходная утилита для ОС Solaris из состава Sun Studio
 codecov утилита покрытия кода от Intel
 Testwell CTC++ Система анализа покрытия кода

Примечания

Ссылки
 RTCA/DO-178B. Software Considerations In Airborne Systems And Equipment Certification, 1992.
 Использование покрытия кода для определения объёма протестированного кода , справка Microsoft Visual Studio 2015

Исследование программ
Тестирование программного обеспечения


Guardianship is a legal means for gaining control over a minor child or incompetent adult, for purposes of assisting with such person's daily care needs and/or management of a financial estate (assets and liabilities). Guardianships are technically temporary in nature as they do not sever parental rights over a minor child and a guardian can be removed for good cause shown, such as failure to properly care for the ward, mismanagement of finances or breach of fiduciary duty, among others. Although technically temporary in nature, it is not uncommon for guardianship of a minor to last the entirety of the child's minority, or for a guardian over an adult to remain appointed as such until the adult ward's death. The guardianship process starts with filing a petition for guardianship and includes creating a plan for the care and maintenance of the ward, and obtaining the Court's appointment to serve as guardian. Guardianships can be a matter of necessity or of convenience.
Some guardianship cases can be difficult experiences for those involved and we recognize the emotional toll the process can take on family members. We help our clients navigate the process and develop confidence prior to their guardianship hearings. We guide families through the administrative tasks of establishing guardianship and on carrying out appropriate duties, so we act as advocates for both guardians and their loved ones.
Families of individuals with terminal illnesses.
Parents of adult children with special needs.
Families of elderly who have become physically or mentally incapacitated.
Families of minor children whose parents have suddenly died.
Situations where parents are unable to adequately care for a child or children, short-term or long-term.
As a court-appointed Guardian ad Litem and as a court-appointed financial guardian to monitor and protect an incompetent ward's financial resources.
Instances when a parent must travel for extended periods or chooses to move out of state for education or work-related matters.
We also serve as a Guardian of the Estate, or Financial Guardian, for minor and elderly Wards.
To schedule an initial consultation, call 405-602-8446 or contact me online.


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Long ago when the art of the printing industry was unknown, very few people were able to read and write. Most of the book knowledge of the time was only available to church officials and university professors. In the 1440's however, the first printing press was invented in Germany by the goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg. Gutenberg's printing methods quickly spread throughout Europe and then the rest of the world and eventually superseded block printing. And with the advent of offset printing, it wasn't long after Gutenberg's printing press was superseded as well. But even though more advanced methods of the printing industry were developed, the impact of Gutenberg's printing methods can be compared to the development of writing, the invention of the alphabet or the invention of the internet.
Gutenberg's printing process helped the rest of the world learn how to read and write. Scientists were able to publish their discoveries. Authorship and copyrights became extremely valuable as well. People around the world were able to be informed about current news.
In today's world, printing technology has evolved tremendously and doesn't seem to be slowing down at all. All those cool magazines and newspapers we buy everyday come from giant web printers that are capable of printing hundreds of thousands and even millions of copies. Wide format printers produce all of those giant banners and posters we see everywhere we go. And it's truly amazing that's there's probably some kind of printer in every corporate office in the world.
And now the current trend in the printing world is to print green and we are certainly taking printing green into consideration. It's no secret that the printing industry has had an effect on our environment especially with our forests, water and energy supplies. So as time progresses it will become even more important to make printing green a standard and not a trend. And we here will do our best to make that happen in order to continue the success and evolution of the world's printing industry.


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Home Latest Science NASA Refuses To Rename James Webb Space Telescope : NPR
NASA Refuses To Rename James Webb Space Telescope : NPR
NASA's new telescope bears the name of James Webb (center), an influential figure who was appointed by President John F. Kennedy to lead the space agency during the '60s. But some astronomers say discrimination against gay and lesbian government employees during his tenure should preclude him from having a telescope named in his honor.
PhotoQuest/Getty Images
NASA does not plan to rename its new $10 billion technological marvel, the James Webb Space Telescope, despite concerns that its namesake, former NASA administrator James Webb, went along with government discrimination against gay and lesbian employees in the 1950s and 1960s.
The space agency tells NPR it has investigated the matter and decided to keep the telescope's name as is, ahead of the long-awaited launch in December.
"We have found no evidence at this time that warrants changing the name of the James Webb Space Telescope," says NASA administrator Bill Nelson.
The powerful telescope, often viewed as the successor of Hubble, will be able to see light from the earliest galaxies in the universe and analyze the atmospheres of planets orbiting distant stars, searching for gases in the air that might indicate the presence of life.
But some people, while thrilled about the scientific promise of this telescope, have taken issue with naming it after Webb, who ran the agency during the key years when it was working to put astronauts on the moon.
Controversy erupts
Earlier this year, over 1,200 people, mostly astronomers or astronomy enthusiasts — including scholars who want to use the new telescope for their own research — signed a petition urging NASA to rename the telescope, saying that Webb seems to have been complicit in the purge of homosexual people from government jobs during his time in public service, including when he served in a high-level position in the U.S. State Department.
They cite evidence such as the interrogation of former NASA employee Clifford Norton, who was fired in 1963 while Webb was directing the agency. "The historical record is already clear: under Webb's leadership, queer people were persecuted," the letter says.
"At best, Webb's record is complicated," says Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, a cosmologist at the University of New Hampshire who co-authored an article calling for the telescope to be renamed. "And at worst, we're basically just sending this incredible instrument into the sky with the name of a homophobe on it, in my opinion."
She notes that Norton was arrested for gay activity, interrogated by the police, and then picked up by NASA's head of security and questioned at the agency.
"I haven't seen evidence that Webb knew about this incident," she says. "But I think we have two options here: Either he was a wildly incompetent administrator and didn't know that his head of security was interrogating employees in NASA facilities, or he knew exactly what was going on, and he was in some sense party to overseeing the interrogation of someone for being gay."
In response to the controversy, NASA opened an investigation "to examine Webb's role in government," but the agency has offered no other details about how that review was conducted or who evaluated its findings — other than mentioning that historians were involved.
"We've done as much as we can do at this point and have exhausted our research efforts," senior science communications officer Karen Fox told NPR in an email on Wednesday. "Those efforts have not uncovered evidence warranting a name change."
The lack of transparency is all the more troubling to Prescod-Weinstein.
"I have to tell you that I'm concerned that they have chosen not to be public about this," she says.
As a Black, queer person, she says, she wishes the agency would explain its reasoning, especially given the facts that have already been openly discussed.
"I'm basically NASA fan girl," says Prescod-Weinstein, who adds that she is a member of multiple NASA collaborations and was in a NASA postdoctoral program. "And so this is particularly hard for me, to feel like I'm being gaslit by the agency that I have spent my career looking up to, and that I have committed parts of my career to."
How Webb ended up on a telescope
Space telescopes typically get named after famous scientists. The Hubble Space Telescope honors American astronomer Edwin Hubble. The Spitzer Space Telescope was named after American astronomer and theoretical physicist Lyman Spitzer, Jr. The Chandra X-ray Observatory is named after the late Indian-American Nobel laureate Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
The decision to name this telescope after Webb was made by a different NASA administrator, Sean O'Keefe, who is now at Syracuse University. Like Webb, O'Keefe didn't have a background in science before coming to NASA, but rather professional management and administration.
He says in his field, Webb was a towering figure, who helped establish the National Academy of Public Administration and was a thought leader in developing the best ways of bringing people together from diverse fields to pursue ambitious goals.
When O'Keefe took over the top job at NASA, he says everyone was referring to an exciting new space telescope that was in development as the "Next Generation Space Telescope."
"That's about as illuminating and exciting as, you know, whatever," says O'Keefe, who previously served as Secretary of the Navy, a role that involves deciding on the name of ships.
He decided, after casual conversations with others at NASA, to name the new telescope after Webb. "There was no appointed group of commissioners to come up with a name," says O'Keefe, who said everyone he spoke with seemed to like the idea.
One astronaut told O'Keefe that NASA probably wouldn't have continued to exist if not for the way that Webb established the agency. And when the telescope's new name was announced, in 2002, the New York Times noted that astronomers didn't seem to care. They were mostly glad that the project had the support and attention of the agency's top officials.
History revisited
In 2015, however, sex and relationship advice columnist Dan Savage wrote an article entitled, "Should NASA Name A Telescope After a Dead Guy Who Persecuted Gay People in the 1950s?" Since then, there's been online debate about Webb in blogs and Twitter that has increased in the last year, as astronomers and historians have weighed in and the December launch date draws near.
"It's unpleasant to think that NASA's awesome new telescope, whose exciting capabilities underpin so many current and future careers, is named for someone who helped enact a campaign that ruined so many peoples' lives," wrote Lucianne Walkowicz, an astronomer based at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago.
To O'Keefe, all of this controversy came out of the blue. But he understands the concern.
"This is an important matter of history, to understand how it is we could possibly have tolerated the purging of talented professionals on the basis of their personal preferences," says O'Keefe. "That's just so objectionable. No question about it, and I applaud the effort to surface the visibility and awareness of it."
At the same time, he hasn't seen anything that convinces him that Webb was directly involved in demanding a purge of gay government officials or carrying it out. "To then suggest he'd be held accountable for that activity when there's no evidence to even hint at that — it is an injustice," says O'Keefe.
John Logsdon, a historian with George Washington University who knew Webb when he led the agency, says the NASA manager was a consummate Washington insider and "a product of the value system of his time."
"I don't think he took any particular actions that were unacceptable at the time," says Logsdon. "But in this new 'woke' world, they probably wouldn't be acceptable."
Prescod-Weinstein, meanwhile, believes that names of major scientific instruments like this one should convey the very best of what humanity can be.
For her personally, all of this brings up "the fight that I have had to have to be OK with myself as a queer person. And I don't think that that should be associated with the incredible thing that is the cosmos."
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Home / Eating Disorders Books
Eating Disorders Books
Showing 91 to 120 of 254 items
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Multistep Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders: Theory, Practice, and Clinical Cases
by Riccardo Dalle Grave
Hardback £67.50 (RRP : £75.00 save £7.50)
Multistep Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders: Theory, Practice, and Clinical Cases describes a novel model of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for eating disorders called multistep... (more)
Anorexia and Mimetic Desire
by Rene Girard
Rene Girard shows that all desires are contagious - and the desire to be thin is no exception. In this compelling new book, Girard ties the anorexia epidemic to what he calls mimetic desire: a desire... (more)
Body-States: Interpersonal and Relational Perspectives on the Treatment of Eating Disorders
Edited by Jean Petrucelli
In this edited volume, Jean Petrucelli brings together the work of talented clinicians and researchers steeped in working with eating disordered patients for the past 10 to 35 years. Eating disorders... (more)
Finding a Voice: Family Therapy for Young People with Anorexia
by Greg Dring
Young people develop anorexia because they are unhappy. In the process of becoming anorexic they silence themselves and distance themselves from parental support. Family therapy can help patients by... (more)
Therapy for Eating Disorders: Theory, Research and Practice: Third Edition
by Sara Gilbert
Affecting millions of people every year with devastating consequences, Anorexia, Bulimia and Binge Eating disorders are becoming more and more prevalent in today's fast paced, high pressured society.... (more)
Beyond a Shadow of a Diet: The Comprehensive Guide to Treating Binge Eating Disorder, Compulsive Eating, and Emotional Overeating: Second Edition
by Judith Matz, Ellen Frankel
This is the most comprehensive book available for professionals working with clients who struggle with Binge Eating Disorder, Compulsive Eating or Emotional Overeating. The authors present research... (more)
Almost Anorexic: Is My (Or My Loved One's) Relationship with Food a Problem?
by Jennifer J. Thomas, Jenni Schaefer
Millions of men and women struggle with disordered eating. Some stand at the mirror wondering how they can face the day when they look so fat. Other over-exercise, binge, or purge. Many skip meals,... (more)
Overcoming Anorexia Nervosa
The first part of this groundbreaking guide provides an introduction to the subject of anorexia nervosa and its treatment using cognitive behavioural techniques for therapists, sufferers and their... (more)
Eating Disorders: A Parents' Guide: Second Edition
by Rachel Bryant-Waugh, Bryan Lask
Eating problems are common in children and teenagers. Yet myths about such problems abound and it can be very difficult to separate the facts from popular beliefs; unusual or disturbed eating... (more)
Eating Disorders: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders
by Nccmh
Print £25.00
Recovery from Eating Disorders: A Guide for Clinicians and Their Clients
by Greta Noordenbos
Recovery from Eating Disorders focuses on real-life recovery strategies for eating disorders, including methods that involve motivational factors, physical and psychological health, and issues such... (more)
Healing Eating Disorders with Psychodrama and Other Action Methods: Beyond the Silence and the Fury
by Karen Carnabucci, Linda Ciotola
Psychodrama and other action methods are especially helpful in the treatment of the classic eating disorders as well as dieting struggles, body dissatisfaction and associated issues of fear, sadness,... (more)
Ed Says U Said: Eating Disorder Translator
by June Alexander, Cate Sangster
When an eating disorder (ED) is involved, the problems caused by miscommunication can have serious consequences. A remark from a parent that is intended as positive encouragement could act as a... (more)
Your Dieting Daughter: Antidotes Parents Can Provide for Body Dissatisfaction, Excessive Dieting, and Disordered Eating: Second Edition
by Carolyn Costin
Your Dieting Daughter is a must read for anyone wanting to help contribute to a young woman's development of a healthy self and body esteem, whether she is 13 or 30. Costin has updated the first... (more)
Eating Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: Fourth Edition
Edited by Bryan Lask, Rachel Bryant-Waugh
In the fourth edition of this accessible and comprehensive book, Bryan Lask and Rachel Bryant-Waugh build on the research and expertise of the previous three editions. First published in 1993, this... (more)
Cut Down to Size: Achieving Success with Weight Loss Surgery
by Jenny Radcliffe
Cut Down to Size covers everything you need to know about bariatric surgery, from referral through to the challenges you may face after surgery. Most people who seek weight loss surgery have... (more)
Night Eating Syndrome: Research, Assessment, and Treatment
Edited by Jennifer D. Lundgren, Kelly C. Allison
In one indispensable volume, this book combines a complete overview of Night Eating Syndrome (NES) with evidence-based treatment guidelines and clinical tools. Experts in the field review the... (more)
A Clinician's Guide to Binge Eating Disorder
Edited by June Alexander, Andrea Goldschmidt
Incidence of BED appears to be on the increase. Treating it, and overcoming it, is all the more difficult, especially for those living in a culture that has an intense body image focus. A Clinician's... (more)
Decoding Anorexia: How Breakthroughs in Science Offer Hope for Eating Disorders
by Carrie Arnold
Decoding Anorexia is the first and only book to explain anorexia nervosa from a biological point of view. Its clear, user-friendly descriptions of the genetics and neuroscience behind the disorder is... (more)
Treatment Manual for Anorexia Nervosa: A Family-Based Approach: Second Edition
by James Lock, Daniel Le Grange
This indispensable manual presents the Maudsley method, the leading family-based treatment for adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa (AN). What sets this approach apart is the central role played by... (more)
Eating and Its Disorders
Edited by John R.E. Fox, Ken Goss
Features contributions by international experts in the field of eating disorders which represent an overview of the most current knowledge relating to the assessment, treatment, and future research... (more)
Ten-Mile Morning: My Journey Through Anorexia Nervosa
by Adam Lamparello
Ten-Mile Morning is a true story about a man's battle to overcome his five-year struggle with anorexia nervosa. Written from a painfully honest perspective, Adam Lamparello discusses his past... (more)
8 Keys to Recovery from an Eating Disorder: Effective Strategies from Therapeutic Practice and Personal Experience
by Carolyn Costin, Gwen Schubert Grabb
This is no ordinary book on how to overcome an eating disorder. The authors bravely share their unique stories of suffering from and eventually overcoming their own severe eating disorders.... (more)
Understanding Your Eating: How to Eat and Not Worry About It
by Julia Buckroyd
Are you eating more than you should? Trapped in a constant cycle of dieting? Perpetually anxious about your weight, shape and size? Many of us fight an ongoing battle with food.
Understanding Your... (more)
Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Clinical Handbook
Edited by Daniel Le Grange, Dennis Lock
Bringing together leading authorities, this comprehensive volume integrates the best current knowledge and treatment approaches for eating disorders in children and adolescents. The book reveals how... (more)
Maintaining Recovery from Eating Disorders: Avoiding Relapse and Recovering Life
by Naomi Feigenbaum
After achieving a level of recovery from an eating disorder, it is vital to ensure the right practical and emotional supports are in place to maintain that recovery indefinitely. In this important... (more)
New Ideas About Eating Disorders: Human Emotions and the Hunger Drive
by Charles T. Stewart
In this book, Charles Stewart discusses how the positive affects of the life instinct such as interest and joy, and the crisis affects such as fear, anguish, rage, shame and contempt, condition and... (more)
The Treatment of Eating Disorders: A Clinical Handbook
by Carlos M. Grilo
Eminently practical and authoritative, this comprehensive clinical Handbook brings together leading international experts on eating disorders to describe the most effective treatments and how to... (more)
A Collaborative Approach to Eating Disorders
Edited by June Alexander, Janet Treasure
While many aspects of eating disorders remain a mystery, there is growing evidence that collaboration is an essential element for treatment success. This book emphasises and explains the importance... (more)
Developing an Evidence-based Classification of Eating Disorders
Edited by Ruth H. Striegel-Moore, Stephen A. Wonderlich
Contents: Foreword. Introduction.; Part I: Improving the Definition of Symptoms and Syndromes of Eating Disorders. Rethinking the nosology of eating disorders. Eating disorder not otherwise... (more)


SeniorHousingNet.com provides all the available details for facilities or services that Jewish Center Towers provides at 3001 W de Leon St, Tampa, FL, 33609. Jewish Center Towers provides 55+ Lifestyles for seniors in Tampa, FL. We invite you to contact Jewish Center Towers for specific questions. However, for a quick overview, explore the above community details like amenities and room features to get a sense of what services and activities are available. After you browse the community photos, read the latest articles related to senior living. Search SeniorHousingNet.com for additional senior housing options near 3001 W de Leon St.


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Tag: W
Mitogenomes show likely origin of elevated steppe ancestry in neighbouring Corded Ware groups
Open Access Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations, by Juras et al., Scientific Reports (2018) 8:11603.
Interesting excerpts (emphasis mine, references have been deleted for clarity):
Ancient DNA was extracted from the Corded Ware culture individuals excavated in southeastern Poland (N = 12) and Moravia (N = 3). Late Eneolithic (N = 5) and Bronze Age human remains (N = 25) originated from western Ukraine and came from the Yampil barrow cemetery complex located in the north–western region of the Black Sea. Bronze Age individuals were associated with different archaeological cultures, including Yamnaya (N = 14), Catacomb (N = 2), Babyno (N = 4) and Noua (N = 5).
The PCA results described 50.62% of the variability and were combined with the k-means clustering (with the k value of 5 as the best representation of the data, at the average silhouette of 0.2608). Based on these results individuals associated with the western and eastern Yamnaya horizon (YAE and YAW in Fig. 2) were grouped within a cluster consisting of populations from central Eurasia and Europe (blue cluster) including people associated with eastern Corded Ware culture (CWPlM) and Baltic Corded Ware culture (CWBal). This cluster did not contain any populations linked with early Neolithic farmers (red), or hunter-gatherers (green and yellow). On the other hand, k-means clustering linked the western Corded Ware culture-associated population (CWW) with Near East and Neolithic farmer ancestry groups from western and central Europe.
Modified image, from the paper. PCA based on mitochondrial DNA haplogroup frequencies with k-means clustering. The two principal components explained 50.62% of the total variance. Loading vectors, representing mitochondrial haplogroup contributions, are highlighted as grey arrows. Populations are grouped into four clusters according to k-means. Population abbreviations are as follows: BABA – Bronze Age Balkans; CAT – Catacomb Culture; CWPlM – Corded Ware Culture from Poland and Moravia; CWBal – Baltic Corded Ware Culture; IAK – Iron Age Kazakchstan; IASI – Iron Age Syberia – Aldy Bel Culture; SCA – Scytho-Siberian Pazyryk (Altai); SCR – Rostov-Scythians, Samara; SCU – Scythians from Moldova and Ukraine; TAG – Tagar Culture; GAC – Globular Amphora Culture; YAW – western Yamnaya horizon population from Ukraine and Bulgaria; YAE – eastern Yamnaya horizon population; BAC – Baalberge Culture; BANE – Bronze Age Near East; BEC – Bernburg Culture; CHAHu – Chalcolithic Hungary; CWW – Corded Ware Culture west; CHABA – Chalcolitic Balkans; EBAG – Early Bronze Age Germany; FBC – Funnel Beaker Culture; IAG – Iron Age Germany; MNG – Middle Neolithic Germany; LBK – Linear Pottery Culture; LDN – Late Danubian Neolithic; MIC – Minoans; NEBA – Neolithic Balkans; PPNE – Pre-Pottery Near East; SCG – Schöningen group; SMC – Salzmünde Culture; AND – Andronovo Culture; BASI – Bronze Age Siberia; PWC – Pitted Ware Culture; HGE – eastern hunter-gatherers; NEUk- Neolithic Ukraine; HGS – southern hunter-gatherers; HGBal – Baltic hunter-gatheres; HGC – central huther-gatherers.
Pairwise mtDNA-based FST values, visualized on MDS using the raw non-linearized FST (stress value = 0.099) (Fig. 4), also supported the PCA results and indicated that western and eastern Yamnaya horizon groups (YAW and YAE) were closer to people associated with the eastern Corded Ware culture (CWPlM) (FST = 0.00; FST = 0.01, respectively; both p > 0.05) and Baltic Corded Ware culture (CWBal) (FST = 0.00; FST = 0.00, respectively; both p > 0.05), than to populations associated with the western Corded Ware culture (CWW) (FST = 0.047 and FST = 0.059, respectively; both statistically significant p < 0.05). Western and eastern Yamnaya horizon groups also showed close genetic affinity to the Iron Age western Scythians (SCU) (FST = 0.0022 and FST = 0.006, respectively, both p > 0.05). The most distant populations to the Yamnaya horizon groups were western hunter-gatherers (HGW) (FST = 0.23 and FST = 0.15, p < 0.001).The FST-based MDS reflected the general European population history in the post-LGM period as the three highest FST scores were detected between western hunter-gatherers (HGW) and people associated with Linear Pottery culture (LBK) (FST = 0.33, p < 0.001), between eastern hunter-gatherers (HGE) and Baltic hunter-gatherers (HGBal) (FST = 0.35, p < 0.05), and between western (HGW) and eastern hunter-gatherers (HGE) (FST = 0.36, p < 0.05). The Yamnaya horizon groups (YAE and YAW) were placed centrally between northern hunter-gatherers (HGN) and Neolithic farmers (LDN), in direct proximity to the Bronze and Iron Age populations from Eastern Europe (SCU, BARu, SRU) and close to individuals associated with eastern and Baltic Corded Ware culture.
Modified image, from the paper. In circles, relevant European groups for the question of 'steppe ancestry'. MDS plot based on FST values calculated from mitochondrial genomes. Population abbreviations: BBC – Bell Beaker Culture; BAHu – Bronze Age Hungary; BARu – Bronze Age Russia; CWPlM – Corded Ware Culture from Poland and Moravia; CWW – western Corded Ware Culture; CWBal – Baltic Corded Ware Culture; EBAG – Early Bronze Age Germany; GAC – Globular Amphora Culture; HGE – eastern hunter-gatherers; HGN – northern hunter-gatherers; HGW – western hunter-gatherers; HGBal – Baltic hunter-gatherers; LBK – Linear Pottery Culture; LDN – Late Danubian Neolithic; MNE – Middle Neolithic; NENE – Near Eastern Neolithic; SCU – Scythians from Moldova and Ukraine; SRU – Rostov-Scythians, Samara.
Among the analyzed samples, we identified two Catacomb culture-associated individuals (poz220 and poz221) belonging to hg X4. They are the first ancient individuals assigned to this particular lineage. Haplogroup X4 is rare among present day populations and has been found only in one individual each from Central Europe, Balkans, Anatolia and Armenia.
Moreover, we have reported mtDNA haplotypes that might be associated with the migration from the steppe and point to genetic continuity in the north Pontic region from Bronze Age until the Iron Age. These haplotypes were assigned to hgs U5, U4, U2 and W3. MtDNA hgs U5a and U4, identified in this study among Yamnaya, Late Eneolithic and Corded Ware culture-associated individuals, have previously been found in high frequencies among northern and eastern hunter-gatherers. Moreover, they appeared in the north Pontic region in populations associated with Mesolithic (hg U5a), Eneolithic (Post-Stog) (hg U4), Yamnaya (hgs U5, U5a), Catacomb (hgs U5 and U5a) and Iron Age Scythians (hg U5a), suggesting genetic continuity of these particular mtDNA lineages in the Pontic region from, at least, the Bronze Age. Hgs U5a and U4-carrying populations were also present in the eastern steppe, along with individuals from the Yamnaya culture from Samara region, the Srubnaya and the Andronovo from Russia. Interestingly, hg U4c1 found in the Yamnaya individual (poz224) has so-far been found only in two Bell Beaker- associated individuals and one Late Bronze Age individual from Armenia, which might suggest a steppe origin for hg U4c1. A steppe origin can possibly also be assigned to hg U4a2f, found in one individual (poz282) but not reported in any other ancient populations to date, and to U5a1- the ancestral lineage of U5a1b, reported for individual poz232, which was identified not only in Corded Ware culture-associated population from central and eastern Europe, but also in representatives of Catacomb culture from the north Pontic region, Yamnaya from Bulgaria and Russia, Srubnaya and Andronovo-associated groups. Hg U2e, reported for Late Eneolithic individual (poz090), was also identified in western Corded Ware culture-associated individual and in succeeding Sintashta, Potapovka and Andronovo groups, suggesting possible genetic continuity of U2e1 in the western part of the north Pontic region.
Hgs W3a1 and W3a1a, found in two Yamnaya individuals from this study (poz208 and poz222), were also identified in Yamnaya-associated individuals from the Russia Samara region and later in Únětice and Bell Beaker groups from Germany, supporting the idea of an eastern European steppe origin of these haplotypes and their contribution to the Yamnaya migration toward the central Europe. The W3a1 lineage was not identified in Neolithic times and, thus, we assume that it appeared in the steppe region for the first time during the Bronze Age. Notably, hgs W1 and W5, which predate the Bronze Age in Europe, were found only in individuals associated with the early Neolithic farmers from Starčevo in Hungary (hg W5), early Neolithic farmers from Anatolia (hg W1-T119C), and from the Schöningen group (hg W1c) and Globular Amphora culture from Poland (hg W5).
The most recent radiocarbon dates show that Early Yamna expanded to the west with Repin settlers of the Lower Don ca. 3350/3300 BC. At the end of the 4th millennium, then, these settlers dominated over groups whose population had in turn also elevated 'steppe ancestry' (at least from ca. 4000 BC, as shown by Ukraine Eneolithic samples from the forest-zone), and probably replaced the male population completely, as evidenced by other Yamna and Poltavka, and later Bell Beaker, Catacomb, and Sintashta samples.
The 'second wave' of expansion of Yamna settlers to the west, into east-central European steppes, began probably ca. 3100/3000 BC, and – based on material culture – stemmed mainly from the North Pontic area. The Yampil Barrow Complex on the Dnieper (which I recently wrote about) seems to be part of one of the groups of western Yamna migrants: those who migrated westward from the left bank of the Dniester to the west into the Prut-Siret region, and north along the Prut.
This region is the key for population movements that gave rise to the Corded Ware culture (see another recent post on Corded Ware origins). It is quite likely that we will see a dance of late Trypillia / Usatovo, GAC, (Proto-)Corded Ware, and Yamna samples in this area. Judging by the clear-cut Y-DNA bottlenecks we are seeing in Neolithic populations, especially among steppe pastoralists, the difference between groups in recovered ancient samples will not only be clear from their culture, but also from their male lineages.
Based on the number of burials studied from the different settlement regions for West Yamna migrants, the Prut-Siret group was one of the smallest new Yamna 'provinces' in south-eastern Europe, and was probably overrun early, although – since kurgan findings continued into the Catacomb culture in the Yampil complex – the Dnieper region was well-enough connected to the core North Pontic area to be kept into its retreating territory by 2500 BC, as was the Danube delta, in contrast with other east-central European areas.
Steppe-related migrations ca. 3100-2600 BC with tentative linguistic identification.
Taking into account that the earliest Corded Ware burials are from ca. 2900 BC (in the Single Grave culture), and that the earliest A-horizon pottery expanded from Lesser Poland (a syncretic pottery based on the previous GAC-type) a century later, it is likely that what this paper shows for Corded Ware in eastern Europe and the Baltic is what I have suggested many times (see here, or here) as the most likely reason for elevated steppe ancestry (and close PCA cluster) of the Baltic LN 'outliers': the exogamy of Corded Ware groups with females from Yamna or a North Pontic steppe culture with similar ancestry.
If Proto-Corded Ware populations of the North Pontic region did not have an identical "steppe ancestry" to these eastern CW groups already during the Eneolithic (which is the other possibility), I might be right in their more recent exogamy, and this could be seen in this study by the close cluster of east Corded Ware (especially Baltic) mtDNA to GAC and Yamna West groups, and distant from previous hunter-gatherer populations of the area, which suggests that expanding males from the Volhynia/Podolia region practiced exogamy mainly with southern groups.
I think this is probably related to demographic pressure imposed on other populations by the explosive expansion of pastoralists with their new subsistence economy (part of the "Secondary Products Revolution"), which the hunter-gatherer and farmer population of Europe could not keep up with (as seen later in the admixture of expanding East Bell Beakers), although studies on European prehistoric demography are scarce and too general to tell us anything relevant for this precise period and region.
Trypillia and Greece Neolithic outliers: the smoking gun of Proto-Anatolian migrations?
Corded Ware culture origins: The Final Frontier
Sredni Stog, Proto-Corded Ware, and their "steppe admixture"
Kurgan origins and expansion with Khvalynsk-Novodanilovka chieftains
About Scepters, Horses, and War: on Khvalynsk migrants in the Caucasus and the Danube
Steppe and Caucasus Eneolithic: the new keystones of the EHG-CHG-ANE ancestry in steppe groups
The Caucasus a genetic and cultural barrier; Yamna dominated by R1b-M269; Yamna settlers in Hungary cluster with Yamna
The concept of "Outlier" in Human Ancestry (III): Late Neolithic samples from the Baltic region and origins of the Corded Ware culture
North Pontic steppe Eneolithic cultures, and an alternative Indo-Slavonic model
Carlos Quiles	Anthropology, Archaeology, Demic diffusion, Genetics, History, Proto-Indo-European	4 Comments August 2, 2018 August 3, 2018
mtDNA haplogroup frequency analysis from Verteba Cave supports a strong cultural frontier between farmers and hunter-gatherers in the North Pontic steppe
New preprint paper at BioRxiv, led by a Japanese researcher, with analysis of mtDNA of Trypillians from Verteba Cave, Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from Verteba Cave, Ukraine: insights into the origins and expansions of the Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic Cututeni-Tripolye Culture, by Wakabayashi et al. (2017).
Background: The Eneolithic (~5,500 yrBP) site of Verteba Cave in Western Ukraine contains the largest collection of human skeletal remains associated with the archaeological Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture. Their subsistence economy is based largely on agro-pastoralism and had some of the largest and most dense settlement sites during the Middle Neolithic in all of Europe. To help understand the evolutionary history of the Tripolye people, we performed mtDNA analyses on ancient human remains excavated from several chambers within the cave.
Results: Burials at Verteba Cave are largely commingled and secondary in nature. A total of 68 individual bone specimens were analyzed. Most of these specimens were found in association with well-defined Tripolye artifacts. We determined 28 mtDNA D-Loop (368 bp) sequences and defined 8 sequence types, belonging to haplogroups H, HV, W, K, and T. These results do not suggest continuity with local pre-Eneolithic peoples, but rather complete population replacement. We constructed maximum parsimonious networks from the data and generated population genetic statistics. Nucleotide diversity (π) is low among all sequence types and our network analysis indicates highly similar mtDNA sequence types for samples in chamber G3. Using different sample sizes due to the uncertainly in number of individuals (11, 28, or 15), we found Tajima's D statistic to vary. When all sequence types are included (11 or 28), we do not find a trend for demographic expansion (negative but not significantly different from zero); however, when only samples from Site 7 (peak occupation) are included, we find a significantly negative value, indicative of demographic expansion.
Conclusions: Our results suggest individuals buried at Verteba Cave had overall low mtDNA diversity, most likely due to increased conflict among sedentary farmers and nomadic pastoralists to the East and North. Early Farmers tend to show demographic expansion. We find different signatures of demographic expansion for the Tripolye people that may be caused by existing population structure or the spatiotemporal nature of ancient data. Regardless, peoples of the Tripolye Culture are more closely related to early European farmers and lack genetic continuity with Mesolithic hunter-gatherers or pre-Eneolithic groups in Ukraine.
Genetic finds keep supporting the long-lasting cultural and linguistic frontier that Anthony (2007) – among others – asserted existed in the North-West Pontic steppe in the Mesolithic and Neolithic, between western steppe cultures and farmers, while it disproves Kristiansen's theories of Sredni Stog expansion in Kurgan waves with a mixture of GAC and Trypillia within the Corded Ware culture:
Previous ancient DNA studies showed that hunter-gatherers before 6,500 yrBP in Europe commonly had haplogroups U, U4, U5, and H, whereas hunter-gatherers after 6,500 yrBP in Europe had less frequency of haplogroup H than before. Haplogroups T and K appeared in hunter-gatherers only after 6,500 yrBP, indicating a degree of admixture in some places between farmers and hunter-gatherers. Farmers before and after 6,500 yrBP in Europe had haplogroups W, HV*, H, T, K, and these are also found in individuals buried at Verteba Cave. Therefore, our data point to a common ancestry with early European farmers. Our data also suggest population replacement. Mathieson et al. analyzed a number of Neolithic Ukrainian samples (petrous bone) from several sites in southern, northern, and western Ukraine, dating to ~8,500 – 6,000 yrBP, and found exclusively U (U4 and U5) mtDNA lineages. It should be noted that 'Neolithic' in this context does not mean the adoption of agriculture, but rather simply coinciding with a change in material culture. They also analyzed several Trypillian individuals from Verteba Cave (different samples from the those included in this study). Similar to our findings, they found a wider diversity of mtDNA lineages, including H, HV, and T2b. These data, combined with our results, appear to confirm almost complete population replacement by individuals associated with the Tripolye Culture during the Middle to Late Neolithic.
The findings also hint to potential contacts of Yamna with Usatovo as predicted by Anthony (2007), or alternatively (lacking precise dates) to contacts with Corded Ware migrants:
Trypillians were very much a distinct people who most likely displaced 1 local hunter-gatherers with little admixture. Haplogroup W was also observed in several specimens deriving from Site G3. Although we are unsure if all of these haplogroups come from a single or multiple individuals, this observation is interesting in that it is relatively rare and isolated among Neolithic samples. It has, however, been found in samples dating to the Bronze Age. In the study by Wilde et al. [35], they found haplogroup W present in two samples from the Early Bronze Age associated with the Yamnaya and Usatovo cultures. The Usatovo culture (~ 3500 – 2500 BC) was found in Romania, Moldova, and southern Ukraine. It was the conglomeration of Tripolye and North Pontic steppe cultures. Therefore, this individual could link the Trypillian peoples to the Usatovo peoples and perhaps to the greater Yamnaya steppe migrations during the Bronze Age that lead to the Corded Ware Culture.
On the other hand, an article written in terms of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies seems to offer too little proof of anything today. The lack of Y-DNA haplogroups and data on admixture makes their interpretations provisional, subject to change when these further data are published. Also, radiocarbon dating is only confident for individuals of one site (site 7), dated ca. 5,500 cal BP, while "other chambers in the cave are not as confidently dated"…
"Based on the 8 sequence types of the mtDNA D-loop, a maximum parsimonious phylogenetic network was constructed. Circles represent the sequence types, and the size of the circle is proportional to the number of samples. Numbers on the branches between the circles are nucleotide position numbers (+16,000) of the human mitochondrial genome sequence (rCRS). Information about the location (chamber within the cave) where the specimen was excavated is also provided. Areas 2 and 17 are part of Site 7, and these are defined as a separate chamber, although they are located in close proximity within Site 7. The other chambers, Site 20, G2, and G3, are independent and separate locations within the cave. 'Undefined' chamber describes an unknown location within the cave. Specimens from each chamber showed deviation for the sequence type distribution observed in the sample set. For example, specimens excavated from Site 7 had five unique sequence types, (I, II, III, IV, and VIII), while specimens excavated from chamber G 21 had mainly one sequence type (V)". Made available by the authors under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
We had also seen signs of conflict between Trypillian and steppe cultures in a recent article, Violence at Verteba Cave, Ukraine: New Insights into the Late Neolithic Intergroup Conflict, by Madden et al. (2017):
Many researchers have pointed to the huge "megasites" and construction of fortifications as evidence of intergroup hostilities among the Late Neolithic Tripolye archaeological culture. However, to date, very few skeletal remains have been analyzed for the types of traumatic injury that serve as direct evidence for violent conflict. In this study, we examine trauma on human remains from the Tripolye site of Verteba Cave in western Ukraine. The remains of 36 individuals, including 25 crania, were buried in the gypsum cave as secondary interments. The frequency of cranial trauma is 30-44% among the 25 crania, six males, four females and one adult of indeterminate sex displayed cranial trauma. Of the 18 total fractures, 10 were significantly large and penetrating suggesting lethal force. Over half of the trauma is located on the posterior aspect of the crania, suggesting the victims were attacked from behind. Sixteen of the fractures observed were perimortem and two were antemortem. The distribution and characteristics of the fractures suggest that some of the Tripolye individuals buried at Verteba Cave were victims of a lethal surprise attack. Resources were limited due to population growth and migration, leading to conflict over resource access. It is hypothesized that during this time of change burial in this cave aided in development of identity and ownership of the local territory.
The concept of "outlier" in studies of Human Ancestry, and the Corded Ware outlier from Esperstedt
Marija Gimbutas and the expansion of the "Kurgan people" based on tumulus-building cultures
Carlos Quiles	Archaeology, Demic diffusion, Genetics, History, Linguistics, Proto-Indo-European	2 Comments November 11, 2017 November 12, 2017


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What happens after Prince Philip's death? 'Operation Forth Bridge' protocol and national mourning explained
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, has died aged 99, Buckingham Palace confirmed today (April 9).
By Sarah Wilson
9th Apr 2021, 1:32pm
Updated 9th Apr 2021, 4:27pm
A statement released by Buckingham Palace informed the public of the death, saying:
"It is with deep sorrow that Her Majesty The Queen has announced the death of her beloved husband, His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh "
What is the protocol when a member of the royal family dies?
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, has died aged 99.
Royal family members are each assigned the name of a bridge to be used as a code word in the event of their death. Prince Philip's bridge is "Forth Bridge", with a corresponding "Operation Forth Bridge" plan of action for the event of his death.
The announcement of the death of a royal family member is given both in person, via a notice pinned to the gates at Buckingham Palace, and in the form of a newsflash sent to the world's media.
The Buckingham Palace website immediately changes its landing page to an image of the deceased member, with the dates of their birth and death, against a black background.
The website is currently displaying a tribute to the deceased prince.
To announce the death, news readers will generally wear black on air as a mark of respect.
The royal family, meanwhile, are required to take black clothes and armbands with them whenever they travel, to be worn in the event of a royal death.
Who pays for royal security? How protection for the royals is funded - and why M...
What is the national mourning period?
The country will enter now enter a national mourning period. This is expected to last around eight days, and means:
- Flags will be lowered to half-mast, with the exception of the Royal Standard flag flying above Buckingham Palace as this flag represents the monarchy and is never lowered.
- Members of Parliament will don black armbands on their left arms, and in the case of male members, will wear black ties.
- The ceremonial 'mace', used in royal ceremonies, will be draped in black or given a black bow.
- Local governments will be asked to give 'careful thought' to continuing official business.
The royal family will cancel upcoming social engagements until the funeral, while the Queen will enter her own mourning period. During this time she will be unlikely to conduct affairs of state, which means laws may not be passed.
When will the funeral be?
It is not currently known when the funeral will take place.
As the Queen's consort, Prince Philip is entitled to a state funeral, but it is believed the prince had asked for a low-key affair.
This means he may not be given a full state funeral, but instead have a military funeral with a private service at St George's Chapel in Windsor and burial in Frogmore Gardens.
The last state funeral for a royal family member took place in 1952 after the death of King George VI who was buried in St George's Chapel.
The day of Prince Philip's funeral will likely receive national news coverage, though cameras will not be permitted to film the service itself.


When you're hurt while working, you may have the right to compensation. Nevada has strong workers' compensation laws that protect workers who are injured in a broad set of circumstances.
If you're hurt on the job, there's a good chance that workers' compensation is waiting to cover your medical bills and lost wages. You may want to work with a workers' compensation attorney to take the right steps to document your claim. How do you record a workers' comp injury? Here's what you should know.
To document a workers' compensation injury, you must tell your employer about your injuries as soon as possible. You must complete a form for your employer. If you seek medical attention, you must have your medical care provider complete and submit a form within a certain number of days. You should gather evidence of your injuries and limitations, and you may challenge any unfavorable rulings.
A workers' compensation claim begins when you tell your employer that you got hurt at work. Nevada Revised Statute 616C.010 requires you to report the injury to your employer "forthwith." That means right away. By right away, the law means as soon as you realize that you're hurt, or as soon as you practically can. If death occurs, the deceased party's representative has only seven days to make a report. In the case of a surviving victim, the report should be made much sooner than seven days later.
You must complete form C-1 and give it to your employer. Form C-1 is titled Notice of Injury or Occupational Disease. The form is only one page long. The form asks for basic information like your name and phone number. It asks you to describe the accident and your injuries. You provide information like whether you miss work because of your injuries and what witnesses you think there might be to the accident. You sign and date the form.
When you report an injury, your employer must provide you with information that explains the procedure for compensation. In addition to completing the form, you should gather any evidence that exists at the scene of the accident. In case you have to contest a ruling on your claim, evidence can be helpful to document the events of the accident. Photographs of the scene, the clothes you're wearing, and damaged property can all be useful in case you need to appeal a decision in the future.
If you need medical care, your employer should have a medical treatment provider that can evaluate your injuries and recommend treatment. When you seek medical care, the medical treatment provider completes form C-4 Employee's Claim for Compensation/Report of Initial Treatment. The report again contains your basic personal and contact information as well as an area for the care provider to report their findings and diagnosis.
You must seek medical treatment within 90 days of your injury or the day you miss work from the injury. If death occurs, the victim's representatives have one year to make a report. If you fail to seek medical care in the appropriate time frame, you may lose your right to file a claim.
Why Don't I Get to Choose My Own Doctor?
Workers' compensation is a mandatory insurance policy for employers. Your employer's insurance provider likely has a network of medical care providers that they work with to document claims and provide medical treatment. If you disagree with the findings of the insurance company's medical provider, you have the opportunity to contest it. Of course, for serious injuries, you should go to the emergency room.
The person who provides your medical evaluation and care must submit their report within three days of your visit. They send the report to the insurance provider. You and your employer should both receive copies of the medical care provider's report.
Your employer must also file a report in compliance with Nevada Revised Statutes 616C.045. The employer has six days after the medical report is complete to submit their report. The employer's report must be on a prescribed form. An authorized official must sign the form and provide all of the requested information. The form includes a summary of your wages.
Nevada Revised Statutes 616C.065 says that the insurer has 30 days to accept or deny your claim. They may review all of the information provided. The insurer notifies you and the employer of the results of your claim.
If you don't agree with the insurance company's decision, you have the right to appeal. You may appeal your claim to the Department of Administration Hearing Division. You have only a limited number of days to demand an appeal. You can submit information to the hearing division and request to be heard before a hearings officer or an appeals officer. If you're still unsatisfied, you may bring your claim to a state court.
What Documentation Do I Need for a Workers' Compensation Injury?
Your employer should have the forms that you need to file a workers' compensation claim. You must notify your employer of your injuries as soon as possible. You must complete one form for your employer and another form when you seek medical treatment. Your medical care provider and your employer must also submit forms. If you wish to appeal the insurance company's decision, you need to send a claim of appeal to the appropriate agency.
Were you hurt at work? Our attorneys can help. Our attorneys can help you file the paperwork that you need and document your workers' compensation injury claim. The time to file a workers' compensation claim is short. The team of workers' compensation injury attorneys at Adam S. Kutner & Associates is here to help you document your claim and file a claim for compensation. Our consultations are free and confidential. Contact us today to begin.


We mentioned cryptocurrency mining several times so far, but didn't really explain what mining is. Some may already be familiar with the term, but others might be new to the world of cryptocurrencies, so let's go over the basics a bit.
Ethpool and Ethermine are operated from two different websites but contribute to the same pool. With ~25.0% of the network hash rate power, this pool is the largest one on the Ethereum network. Ethermine currently has over 62,000 miners using the pool software while Ethpool has a little under 900.
If you mine in a pool, you'll pay a fee to belong as well as a payout fee charged on each payment sent to you. Pools don't charge the same rates though the variation is low. These fees are another value you will subtract from your income.If you outsource, your contract states the amount of a year's subscription to the cloud mining entity.
Pool fees are usually pegged as a percentage and you have to foot the payout costs, which will be deducted from your earnings. While mining from a pool is advantageous if you don't have the heavy mining hardware, the rewards and the pay you get might not be equal to what you'd have received if you mined solo. Some pools may pay you, plus all rewards while in others you might not get paid for uncles.
Based in Romania, Costa Nord Mine offers Ethereum cloud mining services, allowing users to purchase hashpower without having to deal with complex hardware and software configuration. Costa Nord Mine offers mining services and a variety of mining-related solutions for small and large investors.
Compare the above to my 2 x R9 390X GPUs mining rig. Hashrate is ~ 62.8 MH/s. Again from the mining calculator, my expected earning is 1.210311 ETH (USD 14.16) per day or 8.4722 (USD 99.12) per week. Mining rig consumes ~ 700 watts. This is equal to 700 x 24 = 16,800 watt-hours per day, or 16.8 kWh. 16.8 kWh x USD .17 per kWh = USD 2.85 per day in electricity.
I doubt he could even notice! Why? Well I left a debug feature for people just like you this feature shows Claymore's wallets and show them in your miner console. So you can check his wallets and see for yourself how many bitcoins he make daily.
If you want to improve your rig specifically for ethereum mining, you can do it fairly inexpensively. The Radeon RX460 graphics card is an excellent choice, and it is less than $120. It can give you a smooth gaming experience without breaking the bank. Be mindful that because it only has 2GB of DDR5 memory, you may have to upgrade your card later down the line.
And in 2015, Ethereum made its debut, incorporating bitcoin's basic blockchain premise and Litecoin's pursuit of faster transaction speed, but adding a few of its own twists — including the ability to process little chunks of code, called "smart contracts" — and on its virtual peer-to-peer network as opposed to a dedicated server or mining rig.
To start mining, all you need is an incredibly simple computer. You will need a mouse, a keyboard and a screen for it as well, but this is only required for the setup, so you should be able to use any existing ones that you may have.
IMPORTANT: The following info is taken from the manufacturers and does not take into account and custom configuration such as overclocking, undervolting and BIOS modifications. Actual results vary depending on your customization. AMD cards allow for greater customization while Nvidia cards are locked to certain configurations.
Before you go ahead and mine Ethereum, make sure you have a specialized computer hardware that is meant for full time dedicated mining. Different kinds of mining hardware such as GPUs and CPUs are available in the market. Earlier, CPU devices were used for mining Ethereum. But nowadays, you require a mining rig, which is comprised of numerous GPUs. GPUs have a higher hash rate, and can solve equations faster.
I've received several questions about configuring drivers, adjusting overclocking/undervolting settings and configuring the mining software. Below, you'll find a very brief 5 min video showing how to implement these 3 important steps in the mining rig configuration process.
Hashing24 is a cloud mining contract provider for individuals who want to get involved in bitcoin mining. The Hashing24 team has been involved in a mining business since 2012. Its initial mining power supplier is one of the industry's leaders – BitFury.
According to coincentral.com, you can only withdraw from your account when your ethereum balance reaches 1.01 ether. Moreover, in a day, the pool pays its members 6 times in a single day. If you are not using multiple miners or a very strong ethereum mining rig, then this is the right pool for you that has lower payout minimums.
Currently (November 2017) the two best mining groups of Ethereum are: Ethpool(http://ethpool.org) and Ethermine (https://ethermine.org). Together they have more than 27% of the hashrate of the network.
There are no dedicated ASICs available in the market till now for mining Ethereum. At the same time, since Ethereum intends to make a conscious switch from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake, purchasing an ASIC device may not be a smart choice at the moment. Under the POW network, miners essentially verify transactions on the Ether blockchain and are granted Ether as a reward. Under the POS system, this authentication method will be run by individuals who possess Ether in accord with the amount you own. It is unclear as to when the transition to the POS algorithm will take place. However, it seems like the inevitable culmination of the Ethereum platform. In case you have already bought a mining rig, you can mine other cryptocurrencies like Monero and Zcash with it.
Mining Ether takes up a lot of electricity, and you are right in being concerned about this. On the plus side, though, if mining practices are carried out efficiently more income is generated through the sale of Ether. You will need your Ethereum Mining calculators for the process.
TEchnically 2x 1060 have the same Hashrate as one 1080 GPUs but costs half of the price of 1080/ However, in facing the upcoming increase of DAG size, would not it be more more safe to buy 8 Gb GPUs.models instead? What do you think?
Kindly notice! Hashgains do not give you any trading advice. Before availing our services, do your research and get answers to your questions in order to find out whether cryptocurrency mining is legal in your state, country, province or not.
This indicator actually shows how many puzzles a GPU can solve within a second under perfect mining conditions with Claymore 9.6, but without any overclocking. The most 'real' hashrate is the rate calculated over a very long period, i.e. 24 hours.
It's also never too late to start mining. New cryptocurrencies are created everyday, so in the future, if the top currency's difficulty is too high, you can always choose a different currency. But if it does come to the point where you can't mine enough currency to pay back your power bill, you can always sell your rig and make most your money back that way.
I've had several people ask about the NVIDIA GTX 1060 6GB . Though not my first choice, this GPU can be overclocked to mine at 24.7 Mh/s while only pulling 80 watts of power. Just like the GTX 1070 and the Rx 580, you can find this GPU conveniently sold in a six pack here, here and here for building a mining rig.
This course pack starts by discussing the origins and importance of the crypto currency markets and reviews basic concepts every trader needs to know. Next, the this course moves on to discuss human psychology and how individual and group interaction is played out in the Crypto markets, and more importantly, how to use this to your advantage. We then move on to review key indicators used to trade Cryptos and introduce several methods for trade analysis. All of this knowledge is then incorporated in a section guiding you through the complete execution process: how and why we make trades. Lastly, the course reviews several key tools, websites and research applications will guide you through your career as a successful trader.
For me, my aim was to find out more about the Ethereum network as I am a software developer and the possibility of programming smart contracts is like playing with a giant box of Lego Mindstorm, with unlimited pieces.
Currently, many users have chosen to go with Claymore and there are very good reasons. This is one of the strongest, if not the strongest, ETH miners out there. There are hardly any issues you can encounter (however, this can vary depending on your setting. Most of the time, issues arise due to incorrect settings or hardware). Claymore has a 1% fee + pool fees.
Ever since I'm building new cryptocurrency mining rigs I'm including SSD rather than HDD. The reason is SSD is fast and by using SSD I would increase the transfer speed and decrease the time. Also, other things that I think about SSD are – They use less power consuming and also if you are starting up your mining rig the boot time is reduced and soon you will be mining.
This video card is the older brother to the RX 580. For some cryptocurrencies, the AMD RX 480 actually outperforms the RX 580, but I put it at number 3 on the list since it is discontinued and somewhat difficult to find other than on the used market. My favorite model, of course, is the AMD Sapphire RX 480 Nitro+ (Model #11260-20-20G). If you can find these at a decent price point (again, always worth checking eBay), they are a great value.
The question of which is the best ether miner is quite challenging to tackle is quite subjective. There isn't actually any single definite best ether miner. All of the reliable ether miners serve you greatly by getting you ethers or simply having you rewarded for your discovery. However, the distinguishing feature is in their service provisions in terms of the fees charged, specific functions supported and other resource assistance.
If you are running Windows Defender or some other anti-virus program, add an exception to it so that it does not flag the Claymore mining executable "EthDcrMiner64.exe" as a virus or try to disable/delete it.
Going back to the analogy of real-world mining, in cryptocurrency mining you can use different tools to find the gold, so-called mining software. Each mining software has evolved over the years, but some have developed more than others. The primary contenders for Ethereum mining are Claymore and Genoil.


Andrew Shinn hopes that Horncastle Town's extended wait for action will only leave the squad more pumped up ahead of Saturday's trip to Grimsby Borough Reserves.
The Wongers' Lincs League clash at CGB Humbertherm was postponed on Saturday.
Shinn and joint boss Mickey Stones had challenged their team to bounce back in emphatic style following their 1-0 defeat to Wyberton.
But now Shinn hopes that will finally happen this weekend.
"We were gutted we didn't play on Saturday," he said.
"We asked the lads for a reaction, and things had looked really good in training in the week.
"But it's one of those things that happens.
Borough's second string are no slouches, having left promotion favourites Skegness Town with a 6-5 victory at the weekend.
The Wongers had also planned to give a debut to teenager George Leverton on Saturday.
He will now wait to see whether he gets his chance at Grimsby instead.
The Wyberton defeat saw the management team give their side a warning about not ending their playing careers with any regrets.
And Shin says the team have responded well, taking what they deem to be constructive criticsim on board.
"There are a lot of young lads in the team and we want the best for them," he told The News.
"We were born and bred in the town so it means a lot to us, we want this team to do as well as it can.
"To be fair, the lads have responded well and they showed that in training.
Kick off Lucarlys Sports Ground will be at 2pm.


Barges are non-ocean-going tankers used to transport crude oil and refined products in coastal waters and inland waterways.
Barges are smaller than other tankers and have flat bottoms that allow them to navigate in shallow waters.
Areas with very active barge markets will have spot market transactions quoted for barge cargoes. Because these are smaller than tanker cargoes, they are generally higher in price.


Good service can't say much more than that. They do good work and have amazing customer service. I had an issue with switching internets and they are going to fix this which is nice.
Thank you so much, it's nice to be recognized for Service.


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Q: Executing server-side Unix scripts asynchronously We have a collection of Unix scripts (and/or Python modules) that each perform a long running task. I would like to provide a web interface for them that does the following:

*

*Asks for relevant data to pass into scripts.

*Allows for starting/stopping/killing them.

*Allows for monitoring the progress and/or other information provided by the scripts.

*Possibly some kind of logging (although the scripts already do logging).

I do know how to write a server that does this (e.g. by using Python's built-in HTTP server/JSON), but doing this properly is non-trivial and I do not want to reinvent the wheel.
Are there any existing solutions that allow for maintaining asynchronous server-side tasks?

A: Django is great for writing web applications, and the subprocess module (subprocess.Popen en .communicate()) is great for executing shell scripts. You can give it a stdin,stdout and stderr stream for communication if you want.

A: Answering my own question, I recently saw the announcement of Celery 1.0, which seems to do much of what I am looking for.

A: I would use SGE, but I think it could be overkill for your need...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A BSM approach is most commonly utilized in an Information and communications expertise (ICT) setting, positioned above IT Service Administration (ITSM) (which is often exercised in accordance with steering such as the Info Technology Infrastructure Library – ITIL ). BSM is distinctive in guaranteeing that business and customer objectives present an enter which is taken into account when defining the IT Service Administration method and the business companies to be supplied by the IT Service Provider (whether or not an inner IT division or an exterior service supplier ).
As of late it's essential for small businesses to as an alternative prominently checklist themselves in multiple online directories. Consider this, 4 out of 5 customers within the U.S. now use engines like google to find native businesses. Perhaps more importantly, 50 p.c of those conducting native searches by smartphone visit the business in query inside the similar day, and 18 percent transfer ahead with a purchase order that day. To make sure your enterprise is discovered, we have outlined the highest 20 locations your enterprise must be listed. And we've even added a couple of lesser-identified directories as a bonus.


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It's really easy to prolong the preparation of a talk by noodling around in Keynote. You feel like you're making progress… but it's a dangerous illusion.
What works for me is to use stickies (surprise!). Each stickie represents an idea, which then gets split into slides as the idea is developed into talking points. Dump ideas, shuffle them around, run through the flow, repeat.
And stay out of Keynote until the flow is rock solid!
Starting a Keynote file with only a vague sense of what you're going to talk about is diving head-first into a frustrating rabbit hole, where panic mounts as the date gets closer.
So, this is where the stickies ended up. There's a loose color system to indicate section breaks, and assignments on who would take which parts. It's pretty unimpressive, I know, but this moment comes with the confidence to give a talk without looking for words.
After this, we dove into slide production mode for a few hours and gave the talk. No dress rehearsal.
It was the first time I'd done it with a co-speaker but I found it worked especially well in this case because we were equally familiar and comfortable with the general flow. It allowed for smooth transitions, a few adlibs, and we were able to give a 30min talk that felt natural and conversational.