Cannoli is a Sicilian pastry desert that is easy to make for your family & friends. Now a days, it's even easier because pre-made shells are readily available. I know… you could make the shells, but I am looking for a quick desert that I can pull off in under ½ hour. In order to have a dense filling, it is essential that you drain the ricotta overnight in the fridge. A small sieve or colander works great. Once the ricotta is drained, combine all of the ingredients in a bowl and gently mix with a spatula. Using the spatula, fill the shells from each end and plate.
Thanks for the recipe……we love cannoli…..they look yummy!
We love cannolis! My mother in law first introduced me to them. She also puts dried fruit or maraschino cherries (just a few) in hers. We like to use a ricotta/marscarpone mixture for ours. Any way you do it though, I don't think it could be bad.


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The "Indo-European Corded Ware theory" doesn't hold water
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The history of the simplistic 'haplogroup R1a — Indo-European' association
Tips for dialogue with those supporting the 'haplogroup R1a — Indo-European' association
Germanic–Balto-Slavic and Satem ('Indo-Slavonic') dialect revisionism by amateur geneticists, or why R1a lineages *must* have spoken Proto-Indo-European
The Lusatian culture, the most likely vector of Balto-Slavic expansions
Carlos Quiles	Anthropology, Archaeology, Finnic, Finno-Ugric, Genetics, Linguistics, North-West Indo-European, Uralic	 August 21, 2019 August 27, 2019
New archaeological paper (behind paywall) New evidence on the southeast Baltic Late Bronze Age agrarian intensification and the earliest AMS dates of Lens culinaris and Vicia faba, by Minkevičius et al. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany (2019).
Interesting excerpts (emphasis mine):
Arrival of farming in the south-east Baltic
The current state of research reveals no firm evidence of crop cultivation in the region before the LBA (Piličiauskas et al. 2017b; Grikpėdis and Motuzaitė-Matuzevičiūtė 2018). Current archaeobotanical data firmly suggest the adoption of farming during the EBA to LBA transition. (…) By comparison, in other parts of N Europe subsistence economy of CWC groups was characterized by strong emphasis on animal husbandry, however crop cultivation was also used (Kirleis 2019; Vanhanen et al. 2019). CWC sites from the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Germany reveal evidence of the cultivation of H. vulgare var. nudum, T. dicoccum, Linum usitatissimum (flax) (Oudemans and Kubiak-Martens 2014; Beckerman 2015; Kubiak- Martens et al. 2015).
It is (…) striking that earliest evidence of farming in the SE Baltic only appears in the deposits dating over 4,000 years later.
The environmental conditions of the SE Baltic presented a significant barrier and numerous genetic adaptations were required before farming could successfully spread into the region (Motuzaitė-Matuzevičiūtė 2018). Adaptations through seasonality changes usually play a major role in adapting to new environments (Sherratt 1980). These include establishing genetic controls on seasonality, especially flowering times and length of growing season (Fuller and Lucas 2017). Therefore, it could be argued that farming was only firmly established in the region around the LBA after several crop species, primarily barley, became adapted to the local environment and the risk of crop failure was reduced (Motuzaitė-Matuzevičiūtė 2018). The transition to farming was further aided by the climate warming which started around 750 cal bc (Gaigalas 2004; Sillasoo et al. 2009). In such a case the fragmented evidence from earlier periods is a likely illustration of the early attempts that have failed.
Map of sites mentioned in the text: 1 Duba and Palesa Lakes, 2 Šventoji, 3 Šarnelė, 4 Iru, 5 Kvietiniai, 6 Kreiči, 7 Turlojiškė, 8 Narkūnai, 9 Luokesa 1, 10 Mūkakalns, 11 Kivutkalns, 12 Asva, 13 Kukuliškiai
The LBA agrarian intensification of the SE Baltic was most likely not an isolated case but rather a part of broader social, economic and technological developments sweeping across northern Europe.
Evidence from sites across the Baltic Sea shows that the end of the EBA (ca. 1200 bc onward, after Gustafsson 1998) was marked by intensification of agriculture and changes in landscape management. This coincides with the agricultural developments observed on the SE fringes of the Baltic Sea and provides a context for the eventual arrival of farming, followed shortly by the rapid agrarian intensification of the region. Looking just south from the study region, we see that data from northern Poland reveal a sharp increase in both scale and intensity of agricultural activities during the EBA to LBA transition. Pollen records show significant environmental changes starting around 1400/1300 bc (Wacnik 2005, 2009; Wacnik et al. 2012). These were mostly a result of development of a production economy based on plant cultivation and animal raising. Even more significant changes during this period are visible in southern Scandinavia. Pollen records from S Sweden present evidence for an opening up of the forested landscape and the creation of extensive grasslands (Berglund 1991; Gustafsson 1998). Major changes are also apparent in archaeobotanical assemblages.
In general, during the end of the EBA northern Europe underwent a massive transformation of the farming system moving towards a more intensified agriculture aimed at surplus production. However, this should not be regarded as an isolated occurrence, but rather as a radical change of the whole society which took place throughout Europe (Gustafsson 1998). Intensification of contacts across northern Europe have integrated previously isolated regions into a wider network (Kristiansen and Larsson 2005; Wehlin 2013; Earle et al. 2015). It is therefore likely that farming spread into the SE fringes of the Baltic Sea alongside other innovations including malleable technologies and developments of social structure.
Late Bronze Age cultures in the Baltic. See full map.
The presence and scale of intensifying connections is well illustrated by SE Baltic archaeological material.
Firstly, the appearance of stone ship graves has served as a basis for locating the Nordic communication zones. Construction of such graves was limited to the coastal regions of Kurzeme, Saaremaa Island and the Northern Estonian coast near Tallinn and Kaliningrad (Graudonis 1967; Okulicz 1976; Lang 2007) and is generally regarded as a foreign burial custom which was common in Gotland and along the Scandinavian coast. This is also supported by the Staldzene and Tehumardi hoards (Vasks and Vijups 2004; Sperling 2013), which contained artefacts typical of Nordic culture.
Secondly, studies of early metallurgy and its products, both imported and created in the SE Baltic, have concluded that metal consumption in the LBA had more than doubled compared to the EBA (Sidrys and Luchtanas 1999). The SE Baltic region lacks any metal artefact types exclusive to the region and metal objects are dominated by artefact types originating from Nordic and Lusatian cultures (Sidrys and Luchtanas 1999; Lang 2007; Čivilytė 2014). This indicates that even after metal crafting reached the region, the technology remained exclusively of foreign origin. Rarely identifiable negatives of clay casting moulds were also made for artefacts of Nordic influence, such as Mälar type axes or Härnevi type pins (Čivilytė 2014; Sperling 2014).
Lastly, emerging social diversification was accompanied by the establishment of the first identifiable settlement pattern. Settlement locations were strategically chosen alongside economically significant routes, primarily on the coast and near the Daugava River. Hilltop areas were prioritized over the lowlands, and excavations on these sites have often revealed several stages of enclosure construction (Graudonis 1989). This has also been explained as a reflection of intensifying communication networks between Nordic and Lusatian cultures, and the indigenous communities of the SE Baltic.
Proto-Balto-Slavic
One of the aspects of my description of Balto-Slavic I am least convinced about is my acceptance of Kortlandt's dialectal classification into Proto-East Baltic, Proto-West Baltic, and Proto-Slavic, due to its strong reliance on his own controversial theory of late laryngeal loss.
Kortlandt's position regarding Balto-Slavic is that it is in fact simply 'Proto-Baltic', a language that would stem thus from an Indo-Baltic branch, which would be originally represented by Corded Ware, and which would have split suddenly in its three dialects without any common development between branches, including some intermediate hypothetic "Centum" Temematic substrate that would explain everything his model can't…
As more genetic and archaeological data on northern Europe appears, his ideas about Balto-Slavic are becoming even less credible, fully at odds with his predicted population and cultural movements, in particular because of the evident shaping of Indo-European-speaking Europe through the expansion of the Bell Beaker culture from the Yamnaya of the Carpathian Basin, and of the shaping of Uralic-speaking Europe through the expansion of the Corded Ware culture.
Middle Bronze Age cultures close to the Baltic ca. 1750-1250 BC. See full map.
The site of Turlojiškė in southern Lithuania (ca. 908-485 BC) – which Mittnik et al. (2018) classified as "Bronze Age, Trzciniec culture?" – can be more reasonably considered a settlement of incoming intensive agrarian communities under the influence of the Lusatian culture, like the Narkūnai hilltop settlement in eastern Lithuania (ca. 800–550 BC), or the enclosed hilltop settlement of Kukuliškiai in western Lithuania (ca. 887-506 BC), just 300 m east of the Baltic Sea, also referred to in the paper.
While the dates of sampled individuals include a huge span (ca. 2100-600 BC), those with confirmed radiocarbon dates are more precisely dated to the LBA-EIA transition. More specifically, the first clearly western influence is seen in the early outlier Turlojiškė1932 (ca. 1230-920 BC), while later samples and samples from Kivutkalns, in Latvia, show major genetic continuity with indigenous populations, compatible with the new chiefdom-based systems of the Baltic and the known lack of massive migrations to the region.
Contacts with western groups of the Nordic Bronze Age and Lusatian cultures intensified – based on existing archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence – in the LBA, especially from ca. 1100/1000 BC on, and Baltic languages seem to have thus little to do with the disappearing Trzciniec culture, and more with the incoming Lusatian influence.
Both facts – more simple dialectalization scheme, and more recent Indo-European expansion to the east – support the spread of Proto-Baltic into the south-east Baltic area precisely around this time, and is also compatible with an internal separation from Proto-Slavic during the expansion of the Lusatian culture.
Top Left:Likely Baltic, Slavic, and Balto-Finnic-speaking territories (asynchronous), overlaid over Late Bronze Age cultures. Balto-Slavic in green: West(-East?) Baltic (B1), unattested early Baltic (B2), and Slavic (S). Late Balto-Finnic (F) in cyan. In red, Tollense and Turlojiškė sampling. Dashed black line: Balto-Slavic/West Uralic hydrotoponymy border until ca. 1000 AD. Top right: PCA of groups from the Early Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age. Marked are Iwno/Pre-Trzciniec of Gustorzyn (see below), Late Trzciniec/Iron Age samples from Turlojiškė, and in dashed line approximate extent of Tollense cluster; Y-DNA haplogroups during the Late Bronze Age (Bottom left) and during the Early Iron Age (Bottom right). Notice a majority non-R1a lineages among sampled Early Slavs. See full maps and PCAs.
Even though comparative grammar is traditionally known to be wary of resorting to language contamination or language contact, the truth is that – very much like population genomics – trying to draw a 'pure' phylogenetic tree for Balto-Slavic has never worked very well, and the most likely culprit is the Slavic expansion to the south-east into territories which underwent different and complex genetic and linguistic influences for centuries (see here and here).
The close interaction of Nordic BA and Lusatian cultures (and their cultural predominance over) indigenous eastern Baltic peoples from ca. 1100 BC fits (part of) the known intense lexical borrowings of Balto-Finnic from Palaeo-Germanic and from early Proto-Baltic, as well as (part of) the known Germanic–Balto-Slavic contacts, whereas the evident Balto-Finnic-like substrate of Balto-Slavic, and especially of Baltic, must stem from the acculturation of those indigenous East Baltic peoples.
The relative chronology of hydrotoponymy in the East Baltic shows that essentially all ancestral layers to the north of the Daugava must have been Uralic, while roughly south of the Daugava they seem to be mostly Indo-European. The question remains, though, when did this Indo-European layer start?
Despite the many centuries that could separate the attestation of southern place- and river-names from northern ones, Old European is also defined by linguistic traits, which would imply that the same language inferred from Western and Southern European hydrotoponymy is that found in the Baltic, hence all from North-West Indo-European-speaking Bell Beakers and derived Early European Bronze Age groups.
Interestingly, though, it is well known that some modern Baltic toponyms can't be easily distinguished from the Old European layers – unlike those of Iberia or the British Isles, which show some attested language change in the proto-historical and historical period – which may imply both (a) continuity of Baltic languages since the EBA, but also that (b) the Baltic naming system is a confounding factor in assessing the ancestral expansion of Old European. The latter is becoming more and more likely with each new linguistic, archaeological, and genetic paper.
Hydronyms in up-. One among many examples of scarcely attested appellatives that appear inflated in the Baltic due to modern use.
In summary, a survival of a hypothetical late Trzciniec language in Lithuania or as part of the expanding Lusatian community is not the most economic explanation for what is seen in genetics and archaeology. On the other hand, the cluster formed by the Tollense samples (a site corresponding to the Nordic Bronze Age), the Turlojiškė outlier, and the early Slavs from Bohemia all depict an eastward expansion of Balto-Slavic languages from Central Europe, at the same time as Celtic expanded to the west with the Urnfield culture.
NOTE. Another, more complicated question, though, is if this expanding Proto-Baltic language accompanying agriculture represents the extinct
early Proto-Baltic dialect from which Balto-Finnic borrowed words, hence Proto-Baltic proper expanded later, or if this early Baltic branch could have been part of the Trzciniec expansion. Again, the answer in archaeological and genetic terms seems to be the former. For a more detailed discussion of this and more, see European hydrotoponymy (IV): tug of war between Balto-Slavic and West Uralic.
As I said recently, the slight increase in Corded Ware-like ancestry among Iron Age Estonians, if it were statistically relevant and representative of an incoming population – and not just the product of "usual" admixture with immediate neighbours – need not be from south-eastern Corded Ware groups, because the Akozino-Malär cultural exchange seems to have happened as an interaction in both directions, and not just as an eastward migration imagined by Carpelan and Parpola.
Archaeology and genetics could actually suggest then (at least in part) an admixture with displaced indigenous West Uralic-speaking peoples from the south-west, to the south of the Daugava River, at the same time as the Indo-European – Uralic language frontier must have shifted to its traditional location, precisely during the LBA / EIA transition around 1000 BC.
NOTE. For more on this, see the supplementary materials of Saag et al. (2019).
Distribution of fortified settlements (filled circles) and other hilltop sites (empty circles) of the Late Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Ages in the East Baltic region. Tentative area of most intensive contacts between Baltic and Balto-Finnic communities marked with a dashed line. Image modified from (Lang 2016).
The tight relationship of the three communities also accounts for the homogeneous distribution of expanding haplogroup N1c-VL29 (possibly associated with Akozino warrior-traders) in the whole Baltic Sea area, such as those appearing in the Estonian Iron Age samples, which have no clearly defined route(s) of expansion.
It is even possible that they emerged first in the south, linked to marriage alliances of Akozino chieftains with Baltic- and Germanic-speaking chiefdoms around the Baltic Sea (see N1c in Germanic Iron Age), because the expansion of (some) N1c lineages with Gulf of Finland Finnic to the north was more clearly associated with their known bottleneck ca. 2,000 years ago.
European hydrotoponymy (IV): tug of war between Balto-Slavic and West Uralic
Balto-Slavic accentual mobility: an innovation in contact with Balto-Finnic
Aquitanians and Iberians of haplogroup R1b are exactly like Indo-Iranians and Balto-Slavs of haplogroup R1a
Common Slavs from the Lower Danube, expanding with haplogroup E1b-V13?
"Dinaric I2a" and the expansion of Common Slavs from East-Central Europe
The cradle of Russians, an obvious Finno-Volgaic genetic hotspot
Genetic continuity among Uralic-speaking cultures in north-eastern Europe
Volosovo hunter-gatherers started to disappear earlier than previously believed
Consequences of O&M 2018 (III): The Balto-Slavic conundrum in Linguistics, Archaeology, and Genetics
Pre-Germanic and Pre-Balto-Finnic shared vocabulary from Pitted Ware seal hunters
Kortlandt: West Indo-Europeans along the Danube, Germanic and Balto-Slavic share a Corded Ware substrate
Pre-Germanic born out of a Proto-Finnic substrate in Scandinavia
On Proto-Finnic language guesstimates, and its western homeland
On the origin and spread of haplogroup R1a-Z645 from eastern Europe
Baltic BA
Balto-Finnic
bell beaker
corded ware
Fennic
haplogroup
hydrotoponymy
indo-slavonic
Kivutkalns
lusatian
n1c
old european
proto-baltic
prussian
trzciniec
Turlojiškė
West Uralic
Published by Carlos Quiles
View all posts by Carlos Quiles
Published August 21, 2019 August 27, 2019
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7 thoughts on "The Lusatian culture, the most likely vector of Balto-Slavic expansions"
Carlos Quiles says:
By the way, the outlier Turlojiškė1932 is a male of hg. R1a, but can't get more useful SNP calls beyond that (see here).
Would be a more obvious migrant if it showed a change from the prevalent West Uralic R1a-Z280 lineages in the area, say e.g. R1a-M458 (such as CTS11962 subclade).
However, given the potential multiple waves of expansion including R1a over R1a from west to east, it need not even show anything different than a very specific Balto-Slavic R1a-Z280 lineage…
Vinitharya says:
M458 was severely bottlenecked in the past; a major West Slavic clade, L260, has a two thousand year gap between formation and MRCA; CTS11962 has 1500 years between formation and MRCA. Most modern CTS11962 is of the L1029 subclade, and the children clades of L1029 all have formations around the first century BC, which is quite after the Lusatian culture, whose practice of cremation was carried on by the early Slavs, but which makes it difficult to of course test those remains. If those Baltic samples are M458, they're likely to be dead-end clades with no modern descendants.
Tileman Elhen says:
Thanks for this interesting Topic, aDNA from LC would be a favourite desideratum of mine as well.
I think we had this discussion before, the lack of Baltio-Slavic / Germanic morphological isoglosses, loanwords and genetic relationship imo could throw a monkey wrench into the theory.
(i) The G/BS isogloss most commonly referred to is the distribution between m- and b-Suffix in dat/abl/instr pl. But as the Gothic -ba as adverbial signature or the oblique casus of OCSl ty "you" show this Suffix is no foreigner to these languages as vice-versa there a relict cases of -m- in Hittite, Tocharian and Celtic or take the fossilized casus illim, istim, olim in Latin. A lot thought has been put which is the earlier form, in any case both constitute no shared innovation but just a common choice from the PIE morphem apparatus
(My personal theory is that m/b (both voiced bilabials) were allophones, maybe as as-/dissimilation to surrounding plosives and resonants. For another opaque and later-on unproductive class compare the r-n-heteroklitika which are reserved to the most common words that are most resilient against the force of systematization. A similar change is present in the suffix Goth. wald-ufni (power), fraist-ubni (temptation) vs. lauh-muni (lightning) or Lat. calumnia (oppression).)
Also the similarities in the numeral system (word for thousand, in Baltic eleven, twelve) don't look ancient and probably have their origin in trade contacts. Beyond that the general lack of Balto-Slavic loanwords in Germanic (as should be expected if they had had a Long-Standing common border) is striking (whereas Germanic has some loanwords from their southern Celtic neighbours).
On the other Hand, statistically the Germanic lexicon exhibit quite a few similarities to the Balto-Slavic. The Temematic substrate you quoted imo fits the narrative just too good: Para-Balto-Slavic lexicon change without morphological change, some outcast R1a lines as L664 superseded by R1b-U106 and I1.
Furthermore, the Germanic/Balto-Slavic branches seems to have seperated deep enough, allowing for enough gene drift that genetically the split is one of the most easily to distinguish in commercial testing (despite having quite similar source components), there is no evidence of close contacts up to Chernyachow that could have resulted in exchanging y-DNA haplogroups.
For me the most straight-forward explanation is, that Germanic originated as a NW-IE dialect close to Italic and Celtic Eastern Yamna > (Eastern) BB > (Northern) Unetice > Northern Bronze Age / Elp circle.
Bo S Olsson says:
Your arrows between the Caspian depression and N Europe may have to be reversed.
Today e may understand that the post-glacial re-population of Westrn Eurasia started from a clinatical Refugia – at the shores of the N Atlantic – where a few arctic humans and other arctic animals were able to survive the Younger Dryas Megafaunal Extinction Event, due to the mildening impact of theGulf-stream. During this period the annual median temperature dropped very rapidly with 10-15 degrees Celsius – all over the northern hemisphere – to stay low from12.930 to aprox. 11.900 (calibrated) C-14-years Before Present.
From this hub of human culture the Atlantic facade, as well as the Baltic Ocean and the coasts of Fenno-Scandia were re-populated – between 11.900 (Oslo) and 11.200 yrs BP (North Cape/White Sea).
During the very same period we find th first pioneers repopulating the northern shores of the Med and the Black Sea, utimately producing the pre/proto-hellenic cultures – such as the Minoan. Since modern genetics got the aDNA from this area it's been commonly known that this re-population/cultivation/civilization had it's origins in Europe.
Consequently we may add that there's a complete syncronicity between the mesolithic, neolithic and eneolithic phases of Europe. Samples of aDNA from these pioneering populations have proven them all to be dynastical – as y-dna I2 is found all over northern Europe, while y-dna G2 dominates Southern Europe, from Gualdaquivir to Tigris.
Moreover we do know that their common 'brother-line' of y-dna J2 prduced a dynastical regime able to repopulate, cultivate and civilize Trans-Caucasia and the Indo-Iranian geography. (Much later during LBA the J2-dynasty,produced a western 'outlier' – as a group of Indo-Aryans equipped with WMD crossed the Suleiman mountains to violently invade and conquer the hellenic cultures of Mesopotami,,Anatolia and the Levant, Later also Egypt and the ports of Libya, Alger, Mauretania, Sicily and southern Italy – ultimately reducing/eradicating the old dynasty of the G2-tribes along this horizon. Finally thay even reached the old capitol of the western Meds at the mounth of Tiber, making themselves the new rulers of Rome.)
One may note that the existing lines of y-dna GHIJ came from a common ancestor, identified as y-dna F. Whatever the hypos may be about "mutation-rates" within the y-dna there's no way around the Younger Dryas Extinction Event as the source of them all. Which means there was one transitional "Noah" with y-dna F that survived the climnatical cataclysm – from which the pioneering branches of todays y-dna GHIJK were produced. Thus we may call them 'brother-lines' – all neatly distributed into the various regions of Western Eurasia.
One may also note that this and the consequent populating of the green fields of western Eurasia started as just a millenuia later – in the maritime (occidental) part of Europe where the climate at all times have been warmer than the inland (oriental) parts of Europe and Asia. Moerover, today we know that the people that survived the worst cold-periods on record (25-18.000 and 13-12.000 yrs ago) shared their refugia with aur-ochses and wild horses, from which the domesticated cattles and horses all descends.
One may also note that the oldest population of milk-drinkers are found, still today, in the very same area where the elk, the deer and the aurochs all survived ice-time – between the salty waters of the North Sea and the Western Baltics. The only area in the world where ALL inhabitants are able to digest raw milk as well as diaries is found between Scania, Pommeria and Friesland.
Completly ignoring these facts as relevant to the origin of cattle-farnng and horse-breeding is nothing but lame, whatsoever. Actually, the reluctancy to ascribe NW Europe its due role in the re-population as well as re-cultivation and civilization-building throughout Western Eurasia is nothing but POLITICAL – where 'old opinions and beliefs based on fictional narratives are still preferred over sound logic, and a consequent understanding based on confirmed facts.
The NEW evidence from archaeology and aDNA actually confirm that there's been a Continous Cultural Connection between the boat- and shipping-culture of NW Europe and their contemporary SW, NE and SE Europeans. Established during Mesolithic the routes along coasts and rivers would bring two new brother-dynasties to the fore – as the cattle-farming communities would grow both wide and large, as the lactose-persistens cultures utilizing domesticated cattles and horses to develop new and more dense populations across the greenning plains and fields of western Eurasia – as two new and independant dynasties of milk-drinkers – today identified as y-dna R1a and R1b.
In the area where the oldest population of milk-drinkers exisist todat, described above, we find both R1a and R1b alike, together wth a derivate of y-dna I2 named I1. Considering the time and place of the bi-furication of R1 into R1a and R1b, one may note that the lush graslands occuring between Oder and Rhinen during the Early Holocene is the better proxy. The common economical culture of R1a and R1b (cattle-farimng) proves a common origin, while their small genetical and cultural difference can be indetified, a the R1a-dynasty spreads along the colder inlands and highlands of Eurasia while R1b preferred the milder plains of lowland Europe.
Consequently cattle-faming reached Africa due to specific branches of R1b, while cattle-farming and horse-breeding reached Scotland as well as Siberia and Ceylon due to branches of R1a, specializing in the smaller but more sturdy and adaptable cattles. One may find a similar expansion of metalurgy, from western Europe to Asia and Africa as well as America. .
With the present body of archaeological, cultural and genetical facts there's no need for a "nostratic language" to vr have existed. Thus we better use Ockham to shave the nostratic weed out of the philological fields of academia – to avoid corrupting the very science of cultural history..
Since there really is a clear-cut context between the early distribution of y-dna GHIJK and the spread of the Indo-European languages we don't need R1a or R1b to explain any of it. other than that they both grew out of a culture that obviously were part of an Indo-European Language-family that already existed, due to a common, post-glacial origin and spread – as macro-dad F ('Noah') produced the ancestors of the present Caucasians, whose y-dna are known as both GHIJ as well as K-T.
The connection to a common origin in the west could even explain why y-dna R1a and J2 are found within the same, 7.500 yrs old cementary in Onega – as well as in the later aDNA found between the Caspian depression and Southern India. This communication can only be explained by the great Volga river-system,, once Eurasias most important water-way.Connecting NW Europe directly to Central Asia since the Early Mesolithic, continously until the late Iron Age – when the new, roman rulers of the Baltic Ocean closed the trade-routes between Occidental and Oriental Europe – to finally end the oldest and most effective silk- and spice-route to Europe once and for all.,
As a "great schism" between Rome and Constantinopel was played out – between 1050 and 1250 – all trade between the Baltic and Ladoga were effectively blocked by wars and violations – forcing the traders from China and India to adress Samarkand and the caravans to Damaskus as their only option.to trade with Europe. This gave the Merchant of Venice a new and complete monopoly of the Asian trade. .
The more we get to learn about the mesolithic, neolithic and eneolithic exchanges between NW Europe, India and China the more we get to understand that the cultural dispersal were Out of Europe just as much as it was In to Europe. The syncronicity between the various parts of Eurasia – from the first boat-builders, navigators and cattle-farmers through the ages of bronze, iron and steel – proves that the cultural and lingusitical traditions forming Eurasias various civilizations had a common epi-centre, based on the location of the refugia that brought the last group of Cro-Magnon-descendants through the end of ice-time, alive. To become the first Caucasians – who started multiplying intensively to repopulate all of Eurasia and N America – as soon as the climates of Eurasia and North America rapidly improved.
Here's yet another paper concerning the origin and spread of the PIE and the PU:cultures, respectively:: https://www.academia.edu/25405079/The_BALTIC_in_VEDIC_Twin_spiraled_solar_pendant_artifacts_culturally_link_Celtic_Roth_Baltic_Ratas_and_Vedic_Ratha_._Early_Baltic_cultural_contacts_bridge_Proto-Celtic_Unetice_culture_to_Proto-Vedic_Sintashta?email_work_card=title
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World Prehistory Atlas
Ancient Y-DNA
Modern Y-DNA
R1b-rich Proto-Indo-Europeans
Corded Ware ancestry = Uralic
Yamna spread horse domesticates
Battle Axe = Finno-Samic
Yamna Hungary + EEF = BBC
Finno-Permic expansion
"Steppe ancestry" step by step
Magyar chiefs of R1a, I2a lineages
About Scepters, Horses, and War
The Greece Neolithic outlier
The origin of R1b-L51
"Siberian ancestry"
Vasconic R1b = Indo-European R1a
The origin of R1a-Z645
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To continue on with Hawaii's scenic beauty (and 33rd continuous HDR Friday posts)... here's the view of Kailua Bay from the 5th best beach in the world (according to National Geographic), Lanikai Beach!
What's the best way to celebrate a wedding anniversary, and the anticipation of the first child? A 'babymoon' in Hawaii would do the trick!
So after a total of 366 steps up a dark, narrow and steep staircase (and about 15 euro for entrance fee) this is the view I was greeted with during our visit to Brugge, Belgium in 2008. The city also had the BEST hot chocolate I've ever had in my life... a little random but anyhow, enjoy your weekends folks!
I guess it's a sign that I need to start traveling again when I have to look back for old photos I took back from 2008. So here we go, back to the beautiful city of Vancouver, view from Stanley Park!
Who knew spending one single day and night in Miami would leave me with this many photos. Though we would love to spend a little more time than a day to explore Miami, I think we made the best of it!
Throughout the 7 day trip, Grand Turk was the only port-of-call that allowed us to stay beyond sunset and I believe during the time of this photo, we are about 15 minutes to docking our cruise ship. So I stood around here for a moment and thought, how would I frame this sunset to be more unique? Empty beach chairs + people leaving the excursion ship + people boarding the cruise liner.. hmm + sunset... SNAP, SNAP, SNAP!
Hello Grand Turk!! We spent a good amount of time walking along the beach, and snorkeled a bit.. and witnessed one of the best sunsets yet.
Stay tune for part 3... back on the US soil, Saint Thomas of US Virgin Islands! Of course for those of you who missed part 1, you can always check it out HERE.
Finally... a full blog post! It's been a week since our trip to the Caribbean/South Florida and I'm still barely catching up on work and life. But I'm not complaining, it was a well needed break away from everything! As usual, I'll always have my camera with me to document.. so here are some photos edited in HDR and/or vintage film-ish fashion.
and I got a lil' trigger happy with some random interior shots..
Nightly movies under the stars on their big screen..
After a day out on the beach.. it's time to set sail to our next location.. St. Maarten (more photos on part 2 of the Caribbean Extravaganza)!!!


text:
Home/Singapore News Today/MH370: Govt open to using 'bomohs'
MH370: Govt open to using 'bomohs'
farhan March 11, 2014	Singapore News Today
SHAH ALAM: The government welcomes any help to trace missing Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 including from "bomohs" (shamans) so long as their methods do not contravene Islam, said Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Jamil Khir Baharom.
"We appreciate all help…but where it comes to mysticism, the methods used must conform to Islamic teachings," he told reporters after attending the 35th National-level Quran Recital Programme here today. The programme was opened by Selangor Menteri Besar Tan Sri Abdul Khalid Ibrahim.
Jamil Khir was commenting on the case of Ibrahim Mat Zin, a well known local bomoh, who came to the KL International Airport today, claiming to be invited by one of the country's top leaders, to help locate the missing plane using spiritual methods. Ibrahim after performing a prayer at KLIA's entrance said he thought the plane was still in the air or had crashed into the sea. MAS Flight MH370, carrying 227 passengers, including two infants, and 12 crew, went missing en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing about an hour after taking off from the KL International Airport at 12.41am Saturday.
It should have landed in Beijing at 6.30 am but is still missing without any trace till now.
Tags bomoh MH370
POSSIBLE DISCOVERY OF MISSING MH370 FOUND ON REUNION ISLAND?
FLIGHT MH370 BLACKBOX BATTERY EXPIRED MORE THAN 12 MONTHS BEFORE PLANE VANISHED
MH370 DATA STRONGLY SUGGESTS JET DELIBERATELY FLOWN OFF COURSE TOWARDS ANTARCTICA


Address : Post Master, Dolakasati, Bhubaneswar Taluk, Khorda District, ODISHA, India.
What is Pin code of Dolakasati?
Dolakasati Pin code or Postal zip code of Dolakasati is an unique Post index number provided to the post office of Dolakasati, Bhubaneswar Division, Khorda District of Odisha state, India. These Pin codes are provided by India Post.


text:
Q: Powershell copy-item issue I have a very weird issue and been pulling my hair out.
I have two PowerShell scripts.
Lets say Main and child. Child script is in a folder within mainfolder:
Mainfolder\Main_script
MainFolder\ChildFolder\child_script.ps1

The Main script runs from where the location can change. So I get the location of the script in the beginning
$ScriptDir = (Get-Location).path

I do some tasks including copying which works
copy-item -path $src -Destination $dst -force

Everything till this point is great.
Then I call my child script
& "$scriptdir\childfolder\Child_script.ps1"

The scripts runs, and I see other tasks being executed. But I have some files in the child folder that I need to copy over. But the copy doesn't work with the child_Script.
I even put
"Copying $src to $destination" | Out-file -append $logfile

and I see Copying C:\test\copythis.txt to C:\temp
The code in the childscript is this
$Scriptdir = (Get-Location).path
$src =  "$Scriptdir\copythis.txt"
$dst = "C:\temp"
copy-item -path $src -Destination $dst -force

If I try to copy the same files in the main script, everything works.Why does the copy-item doesn't work in the childscript?
I should also mention that everything is running with the system account. So No permission issues.
Any help would be appreciated.
Cheers,

A: Reading the documentation:

Get-Location
  Gets information about the current working location or a location stack.

....

The Get-Location cmdlet gets an object that represents the current directory, much like the pwd (print working directory) command.

If you want to use the directory in which the script is located use the answer from this StackOverflow question.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ingmar Persson kan syfta på:

Ingmar Persson (filosof), född 1951
Ingmar Persson (kemist), född 1953
Ingmar Persson (racerförare), grundare av racingstallet Persson Motorsport

Se även
Ingemar Persson

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text:
Q: Google map showing skin color screen

*

*Viewdidload method
override func viewDidLoad() {
    super.viewDidLoad()
  selectedAdressType = "pickup"

    mapV.delegate = self
   styleOfMap()
   mapV.settings.myLocationButton = true
    mapV.isMyLocationEnabled = true
 //   self.pickupAddressTxtF.setLeftPaddingPoints(7)
    //self.destinationAddressTxtF.setLeftPaddingPoints(7)
    googleLocationTableV.rowHeight = UITableViewAutomaticDimension
    googleLocationTableV.estimatedRowHeight = 50
    googleLocationTableV.tableFooterView = UIView(frame: .zero)
    savedLocationTableV.keyboardDismissMode = .interactive
    googleLocationTableV.keyboardDismissMode = .interactive

    // Add footer for set pinn location
    googleLocationTableV.tableFooterView = AddFooterView()
    savedLocationTableV.tableFooterView = AddFooterView()
    redirectMap(to: Double("\(latitude)") ?? 0.0, lng: Double("\(longitude)") ?? 0.0)

    let userDefaults = UserDefaults.standard
    if userDefaults.object(forKey: "LocationInitialData") != nil {

        let retriveArrayData = UserDefaults.standard.object(forKey:  "LocationInitialData") as? NSData

        let dataDic = (NSKeyedUnarchiver.unarchiveObject(with: retriveArrayData! as Data) as? NSDictionary)
        print(" saved response = \(dataDic!)")

        self.recentSerchList = dataDic?.value(forKey: "recent_search")as! NSArray
        self.savedLocationList = dataDic?.value(forKey: "save_address")as! NSArray

        self.savedLocationTableV.reloadData()
    }
    savedLocationTableV.keyboardDismissMode = .onDrag
    googleLocationTableV.keyboardDismissMode = .onDrag
  //  addressSerachApiCall()
    if Language.isRTL {
        pickupAddressTxtF.textAlignment = .right
    }

}

*Redirect Method
func redirectMap(to lat: Double, lng: Double) {
    // [_mapView clear];
    let position: CLLocationCoordinate2D = CLLocationCoordinate2DMake(lat, lng)
    let camera = GMSCameraPosition(target: position, zoom: 16, bearing: 0, viewingAngle: 0)
    mapV.animate(to: camera)
}

*Styling of map show "Unable to find style.json"
   func styleOfMap()  {
        do {
            if let styleURL = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "style", withExtension: "json") {
                mapV.mapStyle = try GMSMapStyle(contentsOfFileURL: styleURL)
            } else {
                NSLog("Unable to find style.json")
            }
        } catch {
            NSLog("One or more of the map styles failed to load. \(error)")
        }
    }


The business environment is rising higher on the agenda of African governments and more progress is being made, but there are still major issues. Doing Business 2193 report by the IFC and the World Bank and the Mo Ibrahim Index on African Governance, both published in October, highlight which economies and governments are improving fastest.
You are currently browsing the African Capital Markets News weblog archives for 'governance' tag.


text:
Virgil van Dijk injury update
By Joe Prince-WrightJan 21, 2021, 10:35 AM EST
Virgil van Dijk is well on the way to a full recovery, as Liverpool boss Jurgen Klopp has revealed a very positive update on the star center back.
Van Dijk, 29, suffered knee ligament damage in October after a challenge from Everton goalkeeper Jordan Pickford and has been out ever since, but surgery has gone well and he's been stepping up his recovery in recent weeks.
Despite not putting a timeframe on Van Dijk's return, this all sounds like he will return a lot sooner than many expected.
"I don't know what is possible and what is not possible; I don't think I'm the right person to judge that 100 per cent," Klopp said. "He looks really good. I spoke to him this morning, I had him on the phone – he is in a really good mood. So it's all very promising. But I don't know when he will be back.
"There are for sure a lot of stages still to go over or pass or whatever. That's clear. I had this injury myself. But for the time we are in and for how long he is out now, how long the rehabilitation is going on, he looks really, really promising. But that's all."
Could Virgil van Dijk play again this season?
Even though they've missed his presence this season, Liverpool will not take any risks with Van Dijk's long-term fitness.
With Joe Gomez going down with an ACL injury soon after Van Dijk was ruled out, Klopp has been forced to play Fabinho at center back and Jordan Henderson has been partnering him at center back recently with Joel Matip out injured too.
Shifting his two main central midfielders to being center backs has had an impact on Liverpool's midfield, and their entire team, but they have looked solid defensively despite missing Van Dijk and Gomez. So there is no rush for Liverpool, but this will surely mean that they will not buy a new center back in January as Van Dijk will be back sooner than expected and can partner Matip, or Fabinho.
As for Van Dijk, in his mind he will be hoping he can recover in time for the final month or two of the season and play a big part in Liverpool's potential title defense, push for the UEFA Champions League trophy and he is also set to captain the Netherlands at the European Championships this summer.


I dug these out of the depths of my wallet the other day and thought they were too awesome not to share.
Boyfriend and I got these after the same meal. Yes, please!
A name for myself in fashion, hmm?
As the petite version of Stacy London perhaps?
Blonde from afar….OMG…Anna Wintour is blonde…Could Vogue be calling?
Erin – LOL. You're definitely from afar!
PAG – I need to figure out where we got those fortunes from and go back! I want more fashion and luxury!
Good girl – Mine usually are too! There is a great need for more creativity in the fortune writing business. If the "field of fashion" doesn't pan out, that'll be my next career.
The funniest fortune I have gotten said "lose at strip poker"
Before my bf and I started dating and he was in a long distance relationship with another girl, we always used to get very suggestive fortunes about love being right in front of your face, etc.


text:
Time travel was once considered scientific heresy, and I used to avoid talking about it for fear of being labelled a 'crank'.
By Stephen Hawking
Science Stephen Hawking
The clash between science and religion has not shown that religion is false and science is true. It has shown that all systems of definition are relative to various purposes, and that none of them actually "grasp" reality.
That's the show. It's like 5 minutes of science and then 10 minutes of me hurting myself.
In the spirit of science, there really is no such thing as a "failed experiment." Any test that yields valid data is a valid test.
Gravity. It's not just a good idea; it's the law!
The difference between screwing around and science is writing it down.
God may exist, but science can explain the universe without the need for a creator.
- Stephen Hawking
It will take about a thousand million million million million years for the Earth to run into the sun, so there's no immediate cause for worry!
There could be shadow galaxies, shadow stars, and even shadow people.
Success is a science; if you have the conditions, you get the result.
If you only knew the magnificence of the 3, 6 and 9, then you would have the key to the universe.
- Nikola Tesla
What one man calls God, another calls the laws of physics
Life is and will ever remain an equation incapable of solution, but it contains certain known factors.
Be alone, that is the secret of invention; be alone, that is when ideas are born.
I do not think you can name many great inventions that have been made by married men.
If your hate could be turned into electricity, it would light up the whole world.
The history of science shows that theories are perishable. With every new truth that is revealed we get a better understanding of nature and our conceptions and views are modified.
The harness of waterfalls is the most economical method known for drawing energy from the sun.
The scientists of today think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can think deeply and be quite insane.
I can honestly say – and it's a big surprise to me – that I have never had a dream about being on the moon.
- Neil Armstrong


Super easy and melt-in-your mouth deliciousness. Shortbread biscuits will always stay a favourite in our house and with this easy recipe we can keep the cookie jar full all the time.
Roll out and cut into desired shapes, place on wax paper.
Bake at 180°C until pale golden.


And yet, somehow I think most guys would be disappointed to end up with me.
The biorhythms don't lie. He and I were clearly born for each other.
But you bring up a good point - there are forces in this world we were not meant to comprehend. I know too much now, and should stop playing with these devilish quizzes before something awful happens.
Re: Would you like some motherly advice?
Actually, I'm too nutty to be someone's mom, let alone give advice to.
Adam and Eve, Tower of Babel.. Knowledge is power.
When it frightens God to the point of intervention, what else could that be?
...and what's the other half of the battle?
Re: "Now the gods grew quite scared of our strength and defiance..."
Your reply made me immediately think of "The Origin of Love" from "Hedwig and the Angry Inch"... In the song, you have a host of different gods who feared the humans getting more and more powerful. Thor had offered to destroy them with his hammer, but Zeus said that he would handle them. According to the tale in the song, there were three sexes: two men glued back to back, two women glued back to back and man and woman glued back to back.
And looking through one eye..."


It is odd to think that this time next month we will be starting preparations for Tom & Seb turning 4.
I would say it is scary, and in some ways the time really has flown, but when I spend time with them, when I see them take life in their stride, it seems they are ready to be 4.
One of the things that has most surprised me in recent months is how willing the boys are to look out for each other, with such care and love.
I think I have focused a great deal on what they miss out on by being twins, and I don't focus enough on the gains they make.
I think they are so much more articulate than Seren was at the same age, and they have a much broader understanding of so many different areas of life.
Of course, a lot of this is due to having an older sister, and a lot is probably attributed to rose-tinted spectacles, but the conversations that they have, to witness them having a constant to explore thoughts, creativity, and ideas with- there are some really amazing moments created by being a twin.
Last week I got to see a new side again.
It was a Thursday, Tom & Seb sleepover at grandma's every Thursday.
Seb came into the office to let me know Tom was happy lying on the sofa with blankets, a bucket and Ninjago.
I decided to broach the subject. How did he feel about going to school on his own that afternoon?
Seb pondered, and asked questions as to whom would care for Tom in his absence.
And decided he would like to go to school on his own as long as Tom was ok.
I then decided to take a braver step- would he like to go to grandma's for a sleepover on his own?
It's a really odd one. Before Seren started school she was the one having sleepovers, but the boys have always gone together.
We discussed this, that it would mean grandma would bring him to school on Friday, like usual, but he wouldn't get to meet Tom there, he would probably need to do two sessions on his own.
Seb phoned my mum to discuss this.
It was amazing. He was determined, articulate, and he carried the conversation beautifully.
I received a similar phone call the following morning, to ask after his brother, to let me know he was going to soft play and then to school.
And yes, they still fight and squabble like the best of them. As a three with their sister, the allegiances and battles change, and I can rarely keep up.
But they do astound me.
They are happy in their independence, and yet a gravity seems to pull them back together for regular 'check-in's'.
They astound me with their happiness, their positivity, and their ability to see life through eyes long forgotten.
As we drove to playschool this morning, Tom began to tell me how God had created everything, more specifically the roads and the pavements. I decided to go with him (I was tempted to fuel the fire by mentioning 'Mr Bull') and watch him think, we got to the crux "but he didn't build the houses, the builders built them."
Because of course, there's some homebuilders where we live at the moment, and the boys are loving watching the progress they are making... and they haven't seen any roads or pavements being built yet.
I love reading about their connection, the need to know that all is OK with the other before they venture off without them... It's so adorable. Turning 4 is a big step, especially as it is a step closer to starting school in September... How can they be old enough to start school?


Click on play button to listen high quality(320 Kbps) mp3 of "In Awe Of You (Lyric Video) - Jesus Culture feat. Kim Walker-Smith - Jesus Culture Music". This audio song duration is 9:08 minutes. This song is sing by In Awe Of You (Lyric Video). You can download In Awe Of You (Lyric Video) - Jesus Culture feat. Kim Walker-Smith - Jesus Culture Music high quality audio by clicking on "Download Mp3" button.


Skyward Collapse 1.002 "Hunting Through Rubble" Released!
Probably my favorite thing is the ability to see what former building sites were by hovering over them or holding the Ctrl key. Actually, holding the Ctrl key in general is super useful for telling at a glance whether you have the buildings you want in a town — when you're zoomed out or a unit is standing in the way of a tile, it can otherwise be hard to tell very quickly.
There were also a couple of multiplayer glitches that have been fixed, and a couple of typos. Oh! And the finished goods on the sidebar should be way less confusing for new players now. That was another big thing off the "top feedback" list.


text:
Minor League Baseball statement on player pay raises
Minor League Baseball (MiLB) issued the following statement today regarding Major League Baseball's (MLB) plan to increase Minor League player pay starting in 2021:
"Minor League Baseball fully supports MLB's decision to raise the pay rates for players in affiliated Minor League Baseball. This is an important step as we seek to work together to improve working conditions for players without reducing the number of players and teams. Minor League Baseball believes MLB can afford these salary increases without reducing the number of players by 25 percent. We have provided MLB with a specific proposal on how we can work together to ensure improvements to older facilities and reduce travel between series through limited realignment. We look forward to continued good faith negotiations with our colleagues at MLB and our principal goal remains to preserve Minor League Baseball in as many communities as possible."


Dr. Irene Chen graduated from the Temple University. She did her internship at the St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center and completed her residency program at the New York Presbyterian Hospital. She is specialized in Radiology and board certified in Diagnostic Radiology. Dr. Chen has been in practice for more than 11 years and is affiliated with the Cedar-Sinai Medical Center.


text:
'Real Housewives of Atlanta' Star Kandi Burruss Cancels 'A Mother's Love' Tour
Jasmine September 19, 2014
Real Housewives of Atlanta star Kandi Burruss has pulled the plug on her musical tour A Mother's Love.
The hitmaker created the play, based on the rocky relationship between her mother and Burruss' now-husband Todd Tucker, last year, and debuted it in Atlanta, Georgia in November.
The production began touring across the U.S. earlier this month, but it appears a problem with the show's promoters has prompted Burruss to scrap the remaining dates after completing just three gigs.
Announcing the news via a post on Instagram, she writes, "I licensed A Mother's Love to a promoter with high expectations of finally seeing my creation go on the road and I am very saddened and frustrated by the cancellation of the tour.
"More than that my heart goes out to the cast who all are AMAZINGLY talented. We really worked hard to put together an awesome show. It breaks my heart that we wont be able to put on this show for my fans…
"I hope you understand that the cancellation was beyond my control. Please don't hold it against me!"
Ticketholders have been offered refunds at their point of purchase.
Photo Credit: Instagram
Recommend0 recommendationsPublished in Celebrity, Celebrity News, Entertainment, Entertainment News, Featured
Categories: Celebrity, Celebrity News, Entertainment, Entertainment News, Featured
Tagged: A Mother's Love, Kandi Burruss, Real Housewives of Atlanta
Jasmine is the Associate Editor/Reporter for FanBolt. She's been obsessed with pop culture and entertainment news since the olden days of MTV's 'TRL' and graduated in 2009 with her BA in Journalism. She's a huge horror and sci-fi/fantasy fan and her favorite shows include: American Horror Story, Game of Thrones, Pretty Little Liars, Doctor Who, Bates Motel, Once Upon A Time and Scandal, to name a few.
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