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The rise and fall of Disney executive Kareem Daniel
For more than a decade, Kareem Daniel faithfully followed the Walt Disney Co. script for success.
The 48-year-old executive had a Stanford MBA. He started as an intern and held key leadership roles with divisions including the Imagineers, the vaunted designers of theme park rides. He was a movie buff and an unabashed fan of Disney properties — his favorite toy as a boy was the Millennium Falcon, the hulking spaceship from "Star Wars."
His ascent accelerated in 2020 when his mentor, Bob Chapek, became Disney's chief executive. Daniel was tapped to run consumer products, and five months later, he hurdled over more experienced executives to lead a massive new and controversial business unit.
For Disney's Black employees, Daniel's rise was a point of pride. His promotion came after a summer of protests over the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, and media companies were under the microscope for their lack of diversity in the C-suite.
"There was an African American male at the top — that was huge," said a former Disney executive who wasn't authorized to speak publicly. "It seemed that he was suddenly in the succession line."
He was the czar in charge of $30 billion a year in program spending, deciding release strategies for Disney's movies and TV shows, steering them to streaming services, Disney+, ESPN+ or Hulu, theaters or one of the company's TV channels.
That changed last month, when Disney's board of directors abruptly fired Chapek and brought back the Burbank giant's respected former chief executive Bob Iger, less than a year after he had said goodbye. Iger's first act was to announce a review of Daniel's division — Disney Media & Entertainment Distribution, known as DMED — and show Daniel the door.
Disney insiders cheered the dismantling of the maligned DMED (pronounced Dee-med). The move promised to unwind what many said was one of Chapek's biggest mistakes in his nearly three years as Disney's CEO. Daniel and Chapek had designed a structure that was meant to streamline decision-making to boost Disney's portfolio of direct-to-consumer apps — which, at the time, were in vogue on Wall Street. Financial executives, not those who developed the programming, were in the driver's seat.
But the arrangement fostered resentment among creative executives in the film and TV studios who felt their authority was slipping away.
Daniel's tenure atop DMED and subsequent ouster was a classic case of corporate politics unfolding at the world's most powerful entertainment company. It's common practice for a new regime to briskly push aside a fired CEO's closest deputies and allies, and Daniel's proximity to Chapek put him well within the blast radius. (Daniel also acted as Chapek's chief of staff in 2020 before being tapped to lead DMED.)
Getting rid of Daniel was a quick and symbolic way for Iger to signal a clean break with the prior regime and restore balance to a company that had been rattled by infighting, a falling stock price, the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, political battles in Florida and greater than expected financial losses in streaming.
"Kareem's crime was that he was close to Chapek and that he helped design and led an organizational construct that was hated by the creatives," said one former Disney executive.
Iger created a task force to restructure Disney again, returning clout to the creative heads, in a swift rebuke of Chapek's leadership.
"The announcement I made last week about DMED, which is a work in progress, is designed to do one thing: to restore to the creative businesses the control, responsibility, and accountability over what we create," Iger said in a Monday morning town hall with employees on Disney's Burbank lot. "That's how this company has been structured for most of its history, and that's how it will be structured going forward."
The shake-up was reminiscent of another Iger move years ago.
Under his predecessor, Michael Eisner, key decision-making was centralized in a strategic planning business unit run by former executive Peter Murphy, whose domineering style infuriated creative executives. After Iger was named CEO in 2005, Murphy was stripped of power and the strategic planning group was dramatically downsized with the similar goal of returning responsibility to creative leaders.
"When you get to certain levels in our industry, structural issues and corporate politics become involved," said one Disney executive who was not authorized to comment. "The stakes are very high."
Still, some were taken aback at the swiftness of Daniel's dismissal, considering his stature at Disney and the company's historic shortage of people of color in its upper ranks.
"Our town's not the most tenderhearted, but discarding high-end senior talent? I don't think it promotes stability," said one prominent agent who declined to be identified to protect business relationships.
Christine McCarthy, CFO of Walt Disney Co.; then-CEO Bob Chapek; Kareem Daniel, then-chairman of Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution; and producer Louis D'Esposito attend the "Thor: Love and Thunder" world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood in June.
(Charley Gallay/Getty Images for Disney)
Daniel did not respond to requests for comment. Disney declined to comment.
Daniel grew up on the South Side of Chicago, spending hours reading Marvel and other comics at Chicago Ridge Mall. He also developed a lasting fondness for film.
"My favorite thing growing up was going to the movies," Daniel said in an interview earlier this year with Disney's KABC-TV station, in which he described going to see "The Empire Strikes Back." "I went with my mom. We were leaving the theater and she saw that joy on my face, and she asked if I wanted to see it again."
The son of a professor and a nurse, Daniel followed his sister at the academically rigorous Morgan Park Academy in Chicago, going on to earn his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and an MBA from Stanford University.
In media interviews, Daniel described his desire to land a job at Disney.
It was Chapek who opened the door. While Daniel was in graduate school, Daniel pushed for an interview and ultimately met with Chapek, who hired him as an intern. After he earned his MBA, Daniel entered the investment banking world, working about three years at Goldman Sachs. He joined Disney in 2007 in strategic planning, and he ended up working on the 2009 acquisition of Marvel Entertainment.
He had jobs overseeing distribution strategy for Disney's movies, then business strategy for consumer products and video games before being placed in a leadership role at Imagineering, the group that designs Disney's theme park attractions.
Former Imagineer Jim Shull recalls guiding Daniel on a tour of the company's Shanghai park, where he asked questions about the process of designing park attractions, typical for an executive coming into an unfamiliar part of the business.
"He was extremely personable and asked a lot of the right questions," Shull said. "He was stepping into a world he'd never been part of."
Kareem Daniel, former chairman of Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution, at the Allen & Company Sun Valley Conference in Idaho last July.
(Kevin Dietsch/Getty Images)
At Imagineering, Daniel supported some important initiatives, like the revamping of Splash Mountain, which was inspired by the racist 1946 film "Song of the South."
But some Imagineers bristled under his bottom line-focused management style, said two people familiar with his tenure. In May 2020, three months after Chapek stepped into the top job, Daniel was named president of consumer products, gaming and publishing.
Just five months later, Daniel was running DMED.
Chapek's idea to restructure Disney may have made sense on paper and at the height of the pandemic, when sign-ups for Disney+ were surging. Chapek wanted to accelerate Disney's pivot to a primarily direct-to-consumer model.
To help with that push, Chapek wanted Daniel's group to figure out the best way to bring Disney's content to the public — either on streaming, in theaters or on channels such as ABC, Freeform or FX. Meanwhile, the heads of the programming and studio divisions would focus on what they did best: making shows and movies.
But in practice, the structure confused outside creatives who couldn't tell who was really in charge. Division heads felt their power being stripped.
Internally, there was confusion and awkward boundaries. For example, the movie studio had long enjoyed oversight of theatrical box office revenues, but suddenly that function was part of DMED's purview.
And Daniel's group seemed poised to gain even more power.
In recent months, consultants from the advisory firm McKinsey & Co. had been working with Disney to further centralize decision-making functions and cut costs, an effort led by Disney Chief Financial Officer Christine McCarthy, according to people familiar with the effort. The Wall Street Journal first reported the involvement of the consultants.
Daniel also began lobbying to bring marketing spending for the company's content into his DMED group, according to the knowledgeable people. Such a switch would mark another erosion of power for the film and TV studio executives. At an October corporate retreat in Orlando, Chapek told Disney leaders that the company had to seriously look at its marketing operations, which raised eyebrows and fueled more discontent.
McKinsey is still working with Disney, people familiar with the matter said.
Disney insiders painted a mixed portrait of Daniel. Several executives described him as smart, hardworking and driven. In October, he was elected to McDonald's Corp.'s board of directors.
But others criticized his unsentimental approach to decisions, saying it could come across as overly clinical. Detractors complained that Daniel lacked experience to manage such an enormous and unwieldy portfolio. Numerous people described him as unbending and "arrogant." Said one Disney insider: "He was very harsh on his subordinates."
In addition to distribution and advertising sales, Daniel's group was also responsible for the operations of the company's streaming services.
Insiders said that relations between DMED and the creative executives were cordial in person and in public settings, but some creatives seethed in private. Daniel, like Chapek, adhered to a management style known as ARCI (accountable, responsible, consulted, informed), seen as a way of clearly assigning accountability. He brought an engineer's mind-set to the job, taking the emotion out of decision-making.
That approach didn't sit well with producers and creatives who worked for years on projects that they saw as labors of love. Animators, for example, were disappointed when earlier this year, Disney sent Pixar's "Turning Red," a highly personal movie about a Chinese Canadian adolescent girl, straight to Disney+, skipping a theatrical release.
At the time, Daniel defended the decision.
"Given the delayed box office recovery, particularly for family films, flexibility remains at the core of our distribution decisions," he said in a statement.
Daniel's ties to Chapek contributed to his downfall.
Chapek and Daniel were good friends outside the office. They shared inside jokes and humorous photos of each other's travels to the theme parks, according to a person who knows both executives.
Daniel's competitive zeal became the talk of a 2019 corporate retreat at Walt Disney World in Orlando, according to two former executives who were in attendance.
The retreat included the awarding of trophies for sporting events. There, Daniel played on a softball team led by Iger, who tried to rally his team from falling behind. Up to the plate, Daniel hit a ground ball and charged down the first base line, colliding with Chapek, who was on the opposite team. Chapek was bleeding from the head and needed medical attention.
Iger and Daniel's team went on to win, the former executives said.
On Sunday, Nov. 20, Daniel arrived at Dodger Stadium for Elton John's final "Farewell Yellow Brick Road" concert in North America, which was livestreamed on Disney+. The executive had just stepped out of his car at the valet line and into Disney's hospitality tent where dignitaries mingled, when phones of Disney executives in attendance lit up with Iger's email announcement that he was returning as chief executive.
Disney executives were stunned. Daniel quickly turned around and left the event, according to three people knowledgeable of the situation.
The following morning, Daniel was out of his job.
"This was about how the company should be structured, and that transcends who should be in any particular job," said one Disney executive.
But the former Disney executive who spoke of Black employees' pride for Daniel expressed sadness over his unceremonious departure.
"Kareem was the first African American executive to be put in a position of power at that level," the former employee said. "And for it to fall apart in just two years is absolutely tragic."
Times staff writer Stephen Battaglio contributed to this article.
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TechCrunchIT » Blog Archive » The New Apple Walled Garden – I also wonder why so many vocal supporters of FOSS use Apple hardware and, even more strange, software. Is it because of the perceived "cool" status that goes with it?
armstrong on software: UBF and VM opcocde design – "the byte code for PLUS should be 43 in all byte coded VMs – there should be laws that make it a criminal offense for the opcode to be anything other than 43". Never thought about it, but it makes a lot of sense.
Will Thimbleby » Blog Archive » MISC: An experimental LISP-like language – Interesting use of maps as the basic data structure.
A Killer App for Common Lisp | LispCast – Video games have already been a killer app for Lisp, its use by Naughty Dog well known.
camen design · A List Of People Who Need To Stop Writing Software – Oh, so true!
Marketing of Doom | Saalon Muyo – I wish I knew how to "drive strategic direction through technology initiatives".
A (typical?) first month of Lisp self-study – A comment on "reddit programming: The Most Important Idea in Computer Science".
Symbian Foundation – "industry leaders are coming together to establish Symbian Foundation, to bring to life a shared vision and to create the most proven, open and complete mobile software platform" Symbian is going open source under the Eclipse Public License, kudos Nokia!
code_swarm – Impressive visualizations of the "life" (commits, files, committers) of different open source projects.
DadHacker » Blog Archive » That is not your daddy?s OS – "You can call your browser an OS if I can call my Emacs session, well, anything I please." Yes, I'm also tired of people calling web pages "operating systems".
Daily rant: Firefox 3 download day – Mozilla just got into politics – Mozilla forgot about Kosovo. And I wish they'd gone with languages instead of countries, that way I would've been counted.
The cost of a bug fix – Great write-up by pierlux on the "life" of a bug. This one, in my experience, is not an atypical bug in terms of cost/time necessary to find and fix it.
YouTube – Evolution IS a Blind Watchmaker – Impressive video of evolving clocks.


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Comedian and Viral Internet Star Leslie Jordan Dead at 67
Taylor Alexis Heady
Taylor Alexis Heady Published: October 24, 2022
Handout, Getty Images
According to TMZ, actor and comedian Leslie Jordan died in a car crash in Los Angeles Monday morning (Oct. 24).
It was reported that Jordan suffered a medical emergency while driving his BMW, which crashed into a building in Hollywood.
The Los Angeles Times reported that Jordan was declared dead at the scene.
Leslie Jordan is a face so recognizable, he spans generations as a jack-of-all-trades.
As an actor, he played iconic roles in shows like Will & Grace (for which he won a primetime Emmy in 2006) American Horror Story, and Call Me Kat.
He also worked on films like The Help and in theater, where he was an accomplished performer and playwright most known for Sordid Lives and his autobiographical stage shows.
In recent years, he became well-known for his hilarious and heartwarming social media videos that garnered him millions of followers on social media.
Before going viral, his Instagram had less than 100,000 followers. It now has 5.8 million.
The 4-foot-11 comedian began posting during quarantine from his hometown of Chattanooga, Tenn., documenting his daily life with his signature Tennessee drawl and witty charm.
He previously told TMZ Live that he was "just being himself -- a silly, funny, goofy, happy-go-lucky senior citizen."
Jordan also recorded music, releasing a debut gospel album in 2021 where he collaborated with country music icons Dolly Parton, T.J. Osborne, Brandi Carlile, and more.
His most recent video on Instagram was posted Sunday (Oct. 23) and shows Jordan singing a "Sunday Mornin' Hymn," a new song he was teasing, which he captioned, "Love. Light. Leslie."
Actor Sean Hayes tweeted, "My heart is broken. Leslie Jordan was one of the funniest people I ever had the pleasure of working with. Everyone who ever met him, loved him. There will never be anyone like him. A unique talent with an enormous, caring heart. You will be missed, my dear friend."
"I am stunned at the death of Leslie Jordan, who delighted us with his many roles on television and film. The cause of death was a car crash after he suffered a medical emergency. Leslie, we are heartbroken at your loss and will miss your mirth and your inimitable spirit," George Takei wrote on Twitter.
As reported by Variety, Jordan's agent, David Shaul, said, "The world is definitely a much darker place today without the love and light of Leslie Jordan."
Stars We Lost in 2022
See the famous icons we have had to say goodbye to in 2022, below.
Source: Comedian and Viral Internet Star Leslie Jordan Dead at 67
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


UK devolution: England's turn next?
The Scottish referendum has left Westminster politicians reeling. Alongside seeking a rapid constitutional fix in response to demands for the devolution of greater powers and resources to Edinburgh, the unanswered 'English Question', for so long merely the concern of constitutional anoraks, has taken centre stage. For decades political devolution in the UK was viewed as being confined to the Celtic fringe and despite rumblings of dissatisfaction around the West Lothian Question, politicians of all persuasions seemed content to ignore its wider and longer term potential impacts on UK government. In the absence of viable alternatives and perceived public apathy it seemed wise to leave the 'English Question' unanswered. The events in Scotland suggest that this approach is now untenable.
In reality the 'English Question' is multifaceted and potential solutions will inevitably depend on what element of the Question is being asked. For example, David Cameron's immediate response has been to focus on inter-state relationships, suggesting that only English MPs should vote on English laws in the UK Parliament as a way of accommodating English interests within the post-devolution UK. Other proffered solutions include English devolution and a separate Parliament or fewer non English MPs in Westminster. Each sounds beguilingly simple, but none are straightforward either constitutionally or politically.
A second question concerns whether England needs devolution too. English government remains the most centralised of all the large countries in Western Europe. Transferring powers from Whitehall to the sub-national level is viewed as a way of responding to the democratic deficit felt by many people beyond the London 'city state' and improving the way England is governed. Since the financial crisis territorial disparities have widened leading to growing restlessness, especially in the North of England, about how regional and local interests are represented and the apparent unjustness of the application of the Barnett formula.
Alongside England's 300 + local authorities 39 unelected and largely unaccountable Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs), covering an eclectic group of functional geographies, have been established to help foster growth. The implication is that, apart from the LEPs and a handful of 'Combined authorities', for example in Greater Manchester and the North East, there is no formal tier of governance between the national and the local. Given the range of key strategic policy concerns that transcend the capacities of the multiplicity of local authorities, the lack of an intermediate layer of governance between the local and national with the necessary capacity, powers, funding and geographic coverage is hard to justify.
Not unexpectedly, the recent events in Scotland have prompted English local authorities to set out the case for the devolution of powers on the grounds that services should be made more responsive to local needs and priorities and delivery more accountable and transparent. Such transfers might also be reflected in increased turnouts at local elections. For example, the Conservative dominated County Councils have called for a new relationship between central and local government involving a package of devolved powers, including extensive fiscal devolution. In a similar vein the nine 'Core Cities' have asserted that continuing centralised control by Whitehall has contributed to their relative economic under-performance and that the devolution of powers afforded to London should be extended to other cities. Indeed, they argue that a radical, positive alternative to breaking up the UK should be UK-wide devolution involving the transfer of powers to the city and even the neighbourhood level.
This view is supported in a recent City Growth Commission report on infrastructure provision. It claims that individual cities need the freedom to operate as whole systems, making decisions in the best interests of their areas, rather than relying upon national government. Metropolitan authorities should also take on planning authority powers, aggregating up decision making to facilitate strategic investment across city-regions.
Perhaps the most cogent case for decentralisation has been made by the IPPR in its report, Decentralisation decade: A plan for economic prosperity, public service transformation and democratic renewal in England. It advocates a ten year long process of devolution to the sub-national level, with a stress on building on what institutions exist locally, rather than a further set of centrally imposed reforms. While acknowledging that there is no evident public support for an elected tier of regional government of the kind found in other EU states, it makes the case for collaboration across and above the LEPs and their constituent local authorities. It concludes that, 'in relation to some key strategic transport and infrastructure decisions, for example, LEP areas are just too small (and England too large)'. Collaboration across wider geographies and between cities in the interest of economic development is highlighted though, oddly, the benefits of strategic planning across local authority units, to reflect wider functional geographies, are not spelt out.
Each of this set of proposals would inevitably involve the substantial reorganisation of sub-national bodies and their links with Whitehall. But what is the likelihood of this happening? On one hand it can be argued that the recent events in Scotland have unleashed powerful forces for devolution and decentralisation across the UK that can no longer be thwarted. Demands for greater autonomy in Northern Ireland and Wales, alongside Scotland, will doubtless be met in part, but what about England?
First, compared with the Continental counterparts, English local government has very limited powers and no constitutional protection against central government. Successive opposition parties have promised decentralisation, but when in office have failed to live up to this pledge. Second, apart from outliers such as Greater Manchester and some other Combined Authorities, there is not a great deal of evidence to show that local authorities have the scale and capacity to take on greater significant fiscal powers and freedoms in policy making and delivery or to collaborate with others. Indeed, the sheer number of authorities in England can be seen as an excuse for not devolving greater powers, while cooperation might be seen to run counter to localism's emphasis on inter-authority competition. Third, while the English may in principal favour increased local discretion over how money is raised and spent in their areas, for the most part they expect local services to be delivered in equal measure across the entire country. In that respect fiscal decentralisation poses some difficult challenges. Fourth, apart from the creation of new unitary authorities, through the amalgamation of local authorities, any major transformation of local government boundaries would be greeted with public mistrust.
In summary, apart from minor reforms, the likelihood is that in England Whitehall will maintain its continuing dominance. Short of a political earthquake, Whitehall's propensity for centralism, combined with variable local governance capacity and continued public spending cuts, present a set of barriers so great that attempts to engender genuine decentralisation seem doomed to fail. Indeed, many localities are likely to view new responsibilities, unless matched with guaranteed additional funds, as a poisoned chalice undermining assertions of any radical loosening in the grip of the Centre.


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Starts With A Bang — January 17, 2014
Why the Earth has a liquid core
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Under the tremendous pressure and at the incredible temperatures of the Earth's deep interior, there's a thick layer of liquid: our outer core. But why is it so?
"If you ever drop your keys into a river of molten lava, let 'em go, because, man, they're gone." –Jack Handey
Take a look at our home planet, Earth, and one of the things you'll notice is that over 70% of the surface is coated in water.
Image credit: NASA / Johnson Space Center / Apollo 17 mission.
We all know why this is, of course: it's because the Earth's oceans float atop the rocks and dirt that make up what we know as land.
This concept of flotation and buoyancy — where the less dense objects rise above the denser ones, which sink to the bottom — does much more than just explain the oceans.
Image credit: IceDream Project Director, Dassault Systemes, via http://www.workingknowledge.com/blog/innovation-in-3d-ice-dream-dscc11/.
This same principle explains why ice floats on water, why a helium balloon rises through the atmosphere or why stones sink to the bottom of a lake, the last one of which is that the less dense water rises around the stone. This same principle — of buoyancy — also explains why the Earth is layered the way it is.
Image credit: Jean Anastasia.
The least dense part of the Earth, the atmosphere, floats atop the watery oceans, which in turn float atop the Earth's crust, which lies above the more dense mantle, which itself cannot sink down into the densest section of the Earth: the core.
Image credit: education.com.
Ideally, the most stable state the Earth could conceivably be in is one that was perfectly layered like an onion, with the densest elements all towards its center, with each outward layer progressively made up of less dense elements. In fact, each earthquake that occurs on Earth is actually the planet moving one very tiny step closer towards that ideal state, as our rate-of-rotation speeds up slightly in the aftermath of each one.
And this picture of our world, layered by density with less dense layers surrounding the progressively denser, inner ones, explains the structure of not only the Earth, but all of the planets. All we have to do is remember where all of these elements came from in the first place.
Image credit: Tom Harrison of New Mexico State University, via http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/tharriso/ast110/class19.html.
When the Universe was very young — only a few minutes old — practically the only elements that existed were hydrogen and helium. All the heavier ones were made in stars, and it was only when these stars died that these heavy elements were recycled back out into the Universe, allowing new generations of stars to form.
Image credit: European Southern Observatory.
But this time, a mix of all of these new elements — not just hydrogen and helium, but carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, sulphur, iron and more — goes into forming not only new stars, but a protoplanetary disk around each of those stars.
The outward pressure from the newly forming star preferentially pushes the lighter elements out towards the outer parts of the solar system, while gravity causes instabilities in the disk to collapse and form what will become planets.
Image credit: NASA / FUSE / Lynette Cook.
In the case of our Solar System, the four innermost worlds are the four densest planets in our Solar System, with Mercury being composed of the densest elements. All four of these were unable to gravitationally hold on to the large amounts of hydrogen and helium they formed with, preventing them from becoming gas giants like our Solar System's other four planets.
Image credit: International Astronomical Union, via http://www.iau.org/.
But the outer planets, being both more massive and farther away from the Sun (and hence receiving less radiation), managed to hang on to large amounts of these ultra-light elements, and formed gas giants.
Each of these worlds, much like the Earth, has — overall — the densest elements concentrated at the core, with lighter ones forming progressively less and less dense layers surrounding it.
Image credit: iStockphoto/Baris Simsek
It should come as no great surprise that iron, the most stable element and the heaviest element made in great abundance outside of supernovae, is the most abundant element in the Earth's core. But it may surprise you to learn that, in between the solid inner core and the solid mantle, lies a liquid layer more than 2,000 kilometers thick: the Earth's outer core.
Image credit: Wikimedia commons user Washiucho; English version via Brews ohare.
Much like the disgusting gum your grandma used to carry around, the Earth has a huge liquid layer inside of it, containing a full 30 percent of our planet's mass! The way we know that the outer core is liquid is quite brilliant: from the seismic waves produced from earthquakes!
Image credit: Charles Sturt University.
There are two different types of seismic waves produced in earthquakes: the primary compression wave, known as the P-wave, which works like a pulse through a slinky,
Animation credit: Christophe Dang Ngoc Chan.
and the secondary shear wave, known as the S-Wave, which propagates like waves on the surface of the sea.
Both waves travel in a spherical shell outward from their point of origin on the Earth, striking and rippling through not only the surface near their epicenter, but all over the world! Seismic monitoring stations across the globe are equipped to pick up both P- and S-waves, but S-waves do not travel through liquid (they are attenuated, though), while P-waves not only do travel through liquid, they are refracted!
Image credit: Vanessa Ezekowitz and USGS.
As a result of this, we can learn that the Earth has a liquid outer core, a solid mantle exterior to that, and a solid core interior to it! So that's how come the Earth has the heaviest, densest elements at its core, and how we know its outer core is a liquid layer.
But why is the outer core liquid? Like all elements, whether iron is solid, liquid, gas or "other" depends on both the pressure and temperature of the iron.
Image credit: Wikimedia commons user Aushulz (main), MIT (upper right).
Iron, however, is much more complicated than many elements you may be used to. Sure, it can take on a variety of crystalline solid phases, as shown above, but we're not interested in these normal pressures, shown in the diagrams above. We're going all the way down into the core of the Earth, where the pressure isn't just a few times (or even a few hundred times) the atmospheric pressure we're used to, but rather millions of times what it is at sea level. What does the phase diagram look like for excessive pressures like that?
The wonderful thing about science is that even when you don't know the answer off the top of your head, chances are, someone's done the research where you can find the answer! In this case, Ahrens, Collins and Chen, 2001 have the answer we're looking for!
Figure 2 in their paper; Ahrens, Collins and Chen, 2001.
While this diagram shows tremendous pressures — up to 120 GigaPascals — it's important to remember that our atmosphere has only 0.0001 GigaPascals, while the inner core experiences pressures of an estimated 330-360 Gpa! The topmost solid line represents the boundary between molten iron (above the line) and solid iron (below it). But notice how, right at the very edge of the solid line, it takes a sharp upwards turn?
At 330 GigaPascals, it takes a tremendous temperature, something comparable to those found at the surface of the Sun, to melt iron. Those same temperatures, however, at lower pressures, will easily keep iron in its liquid phase, while at higher pressures will see iron form a solid. What does this mean for the core of the Earth?
Image credit: John C. Wiley and Sons, Inc.
The highest temperature — at the center of the Earth — that our planet achieves is a little under 6,000 Kelvin, while the melting temperature of iron at the inner core/outer core boundary is most recently estimated to be right around that value as well.
But here's the kicker: the Earth cools over time, as its heat is radiated into outer space faster than it generates its own heat from radioactive decay. Inside the Earth, its interior temperature drops, while its pressure remains constant.
Image credit: Bruce Buffett, Nature 485, 319–320 (17 May 2012).
In other words, when the Earth first formed, it was hotter; it's very likely that the entire core was once liquid, and as it continues to cool, the inner core continues to grow! And as this happens, because solid iron has a higher density than liquid iron, the Earth will contract slightly, necessitating what?
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons user Katorisi.
More earthquakes!
So the Earth's core is liquid because it's hot enough to melt iron, but only in places where the pressure is low enough. As the Earth continues to age and cool, more and more of the core becomes solid, and when it does, the Earth shrinks a little bit!
Travel the Universe with astrophysicist Ethan Siegel. Subscribers will get the newsletter every Saturday. All aboard!
If we want to look far into the future, we can expect to eventually acquire features like the great scarps found on Mercury!
Image credit: Walter Myers of http://www.arcadiastreet.com/.
Because it's so small, Mercury has already cooled and contracted a tremendous amount, and has hundred-mile-long cracks in it from where it was forced to contract due to this cooling!
So, ultimately, why does the Earth have a liquid core? Because it hasn't finished cooling yet! And every earthquake you feel is the Earth getting just a little bit closer to its final, cooled-off, solid-all-the-way-through state!
(Don't worry, though, the Sun will explode and you and everyone you know will be dead for a really long time before that ever happens!)
An earlier version of this post originally appeared on the old Starts With A Bang blog at Scienceblogs.
Could getting rid of old cells turn back the clock on aging?
More work is needed before declaring the technique a fountain of youth.
Trimurti: Meet the "Holy Trinity" of Hinduism
Hinduism emphasizes the journey, whichever path that takes. And it holds us responsible for our own self-improvement.
Riddle solved: Why was Roman concrete so durable?
An unexpected ancient manufacturing strategy may hold the key to designing concrete that lasts for millennia.
Quantum superposition begs us to ask, "What is real?"
Quantum superposition challenges our notions of what is real.
15 research-backed benefits of employee training
The benefits of employee training are felt far and wide, from improvements in workers' wellbeing to better customer interactions.
Antibiotic Surprise
Almost everyone these days uncritically accepts that the solution to antibiotic-resistant disease is to use fewer antibiotics.


text:
Residents Left Behind as L.A. Stadium Project Surges Ahead
Inglewood had fallen on hard times, but then plans for a massive sports and entertainment complex came along. While the city's future is poised to change dramatically, the development is also displacing residents.
April 20, 2019, 1pm PDT | Camille Fink
Phillip Kalantzis Cope
Angel Jennings writes about Inglewood, California, the location of a new NFL stadium and entertainment district. The city in southwest Los Angeles County has a long history as a black middle-class enclave, but social and economic changes starting in the 1970s resulted in a city in severe decline struggling with major fiscal challenges.
The situation in Inglewood has changed significantly in recent years with the arrival of the new stadium and related development, plans for a basketball arena that are taking shape, and spillover from the region's technology sector. "But now that Inglewood is on the come up, longtime residents and city officials face a different challenge: Many who have weathered decades of hardship no longer can afford to live there and are being left out of the economic renaissance," says Jennings.
Housing prices are soaring in a city where three-quarters of residents are renters and the majority of the population is black and Latino. The result has been a flood of major rent increases and evictions that are displacing longtime residents. Uplift Inglewood, a tenants' rights group, is suing to halt the arena project, and the city council last month approved a 45-day moratorium to cap rent increases and stop evictions.
But activists say the city is not doing enough to help Inglewood's most vulnerable residents as the city's economic tides change. "The temporary cap was a win for Uplift Inglewood, which continues to apply pressure to City Hall. It also is taking the fight to Sacramento, pushing for an anti-price-gouging bill," notes Jennings.
One of California's last black enclaves threatened by Inglewood's stadium deal
Published on Wednesday, April 10, 2019 in Los Angeles Times
NFL Stadium
Low-Income Renters
NBA Arena
Entertainment Districts


text:
About Turquie Santé
7 days a week, from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
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How it worksAbout usOur team
Surgery of hepatic hemangioma
Surgery for hepatic hemangioma in Istanbul Turkey
Hepatic liver angioma or otherwise called hemangioma affects the hepatic blood vessels. It's a kind of vascular malformation, a small mass that forms from abnormal vessels, which reside in an area of the liver. Its size is stable and less than 4 centimeters.
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Who is this procedure for?
Hepatic angiomas can be seen in:
Women (predominantly female)
People aged 30 to 50
Thrombosis (formation of a clot)
Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (SKM)
Intra-tumor hemorrhage
Effusion of blood in the peritoneum by rupture of the angioma (hemoperitoneum) ...
CT (Computed Tomography)
Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables to protect your liver and general health
The accuracy of the content has been reviewed by our Medical Commission.
Hepatic hemangioma Turkey
A hepatic hemangioma is a non-cancerous (benign) lump in the liver that is made up of an entanglement (a lymph node) hepatic vascularity, and affects up to 20% of the population.
Most cases of angioma of the livre are found on an imaging test for another condition. Thus, it is noticed with the appearance of symptoms of the disease in the body.
It can produce a lump in the liver, even if it is a benign lump. However, hepatocellular carcinoma causes cancer.
Symptoms of hepatic hemangioma
In most cases, a hepatic hemangioma does not cause any signs or symptoms. However, when the liver disease causes signs and symptoms, they can include:
Pain in the upper right abdomen
Feeling full after having a tiny quantity of food (early satiety)
Moreover, these symptoms are not limited to this condition and are often caused by something else, even in the case of a hemangioma, as it is often symptomless.
When do we have to consult a doctor?
Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you. Turquie Santé connects you with the best doctors and surgeons for your hepatic hemangioma treatment in Turkey. This surgery is practiced enough by our collaborating doctors in the best hospitals.
The causes of angioma of the livre
The main cause of hepatic hemangioma has not been determined. But according to doctors, hepatic hemangioma coincides with birth (a birth defect). On the other hand, hemangiomas in the liver usually form as a single, abnormal collection of blood vessels that are less than 1.5 inches (about 4 centimeters) wide. Sometimes, hepatic hemangiomas can be larger or more numerous. In rare cases, large hemangiomas can also occur in young children. This is because a hepatic hemangioma does not get bigger and does not cause any signs or symptoms in most people. But in a few people, it can get bigger, and cause symptoms that need treatment.
Risk factors for angioma of the liver
Factors that increase the likelihood of a diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma include:
Age: Hepatic hemangiomas occur at any age, but are more common in people between 30 and 50 years old.
Your gender: A hepatic hemangioma is more commonly diagnosed in females than males.
Pregnancy: Women who have been pregnant are more likely to be diagnosed with hemangioma of the liver than women who have never been pregnant. Estrogen, which increases during pregnancy, may play a role in the development of hepatic hemangioma.
Hormone replacement therapy: Women who use hormone replacement therapy to treat symptoms of menopause may be more likely to develop angioma of the liver than women who do not.
Complications of a hepatic hemangioma
Women who have been diagnosed with hepatic hemangioma face the possibility of complications if they become pregnant. However, it should be noted that estrogen, which is increased during pregnancy, causes an increase in the size of certain types of hepatic hemangioma. Often a hemangioma can cause signs and symptoms that require treatment, including pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, abdominal distension, or also nausea. However, having a liver hemangioma does not mean that you cannot get pregnant. But discussing potential complications with your doctor can help you make the right decision that is suitable for your condition.
Medicines that affect the hormones in your body, such as birth control pills, can cause the tumor to grow and lead to complications. However, there is controversy about this. If you are considering this type of medication, during a consultation with the doctor; he will explain its benefits and risks to you.
Hepatic Hemangioma Treatment in Istanbul Turkey: Cost
Are you looking to know the cost of treatment for hepatic hemangioma in Turkish hospitals? You can request a free and personalized quote with a hospital in Istanbul, Izmir, or Antalya. You will receive a quick response with well-studied rates. Liver surgery is performed by the most experienced surgeons in the best clinics in Turkey.
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An unusual program is using the resources of two organizations – and one generous homebuilder – to fill a need that advocates say is often overlooked: housing for military veterans.
The nonprofit Minnesota Assistance Council for Veterans is teaming with the Builders Association of the Twin Cities' Housing First Minnesota Foundation and Lennar Corp.'s Mendota Heights office to find and develop properties tailor-made for veterans. Sometimes the homes accommodate groups of veterans, other times a veteran and his or her family.
The Assistance Council for Veterans has a backlog of about 25,000 contacts, inquiries and requests from veterans who are either homeless or undergoing a crisis that could culminate in homelessness. To help build the next home in the initiative with Lennar and BATC, the council has raised more than $75,000 through various fundraising campaigns.
The consortium teamed up last fall to complete a five-bedroom, four-bath home on Minnehaha Avenue in St. Paul.
BATC had been looking to establish a partnership that could help provide housing for veterans, so he contacted the council, Bennett said.
This spring, Lennar and the BATC foundation will break ground on another home for the council. This five-bedroom, five-bath home, just north of 3M Co.'s headquarters campus in Maplewood, will help house single female veterans in transition. The lot was donated by the Minneapolis Area Association of Realtors Foundation and an August completion date is anticipated.
The goal is four homes per year for BATC, the Assistance Council for Veterans, and whichever contractors are involved, Bennett said. Lennar will likely be involved in at least two projects per year.
Both Bennett and Lovald said the two organizations would also like to work with other contractors to contribute labor and possibly materials to take some of the load off Lennar. Lovald is in the process of meeting with representatives from building trade unions to gauge their availability.
The Assistance Council for Veterans helps thousands of veterans with financial, legal and other issues. The association has partnered with government agencies to help find housing for veterans but not with a private contractor until the latest effort.
The association has almost 200 veterans on a waiting list for housing. Lovald said the goal is to keep partnering with BATC and Lennar – or with any other contractor that wants to pitch in – until the waiting list disappears.
Where those homes end up depends in part on the location of an available property that the council can develop for free or at a reduced cost. The association usually pitches in for the cost of materials while Lennar and BATC supply the labor.
"We want to do it where, financially, it makes the most sense," said Lovald. "We were offered a property in Redwood Falls, but we didn't have anyone up there to manage the project. But we were offered another property in Hibbing, and we have a team up north that can step in and manage that project.
"We find a way to say yes whenever we can," he said.


Call Lists | Sales, Trading & Research — NexJ Systems Inc.
During each call, the sales person is guided through the call log process allowing them to quickly specify the securities discussed, take notes and update a distribution list.
Key external events such market-driven events or trades can trigger call-to-action driving notifications. These notifications, in turn, can generate call lists, which can be filtered by key criteria.
Sales managers can leverage this features' filtering and sorting capabilities. On top of this, sales managers have the ability to apply additional filtering by call list or owner.


It was all about Lamborghini and Ferrari at the Blancpain GT Endurance Cup season premiere at Monza. On their homesoil, the Italian brands battled for victory, but it soon became clear that it would be Lamborghini taking the win. Bentley, for a short time, seemed like the only one able to mix it up with the Italians, until the British squad was penalized and then black flagged for its involvement in the enormous start crash.
Photos by Miguel Bosch, Daniele Paglino and Davide Stori.


A place to post announcements, local results and the like.
Dont forget the Tarland Winter Half Marathon on Sunday 17th December at 11:30am. Kindly organised by Richard Findlay.
Lovely warm weather with a cool breeze made for ideal running conditions on our regular Scolty routes which were enjoyed by Mark Crawford, Jan, Sarah, Lesley, Fiona, David Cutteridge, Gordon, Shirley, Jack and John Mac.
Tonight we met at Knockburn Loch to do the Robbie Simpson Challenge. After a few rounds of warmup, we divided into two groups and ran to the clock. The weather was fine and the scene just perfect, so we all found it quite fun and refreshing to do something a bit different. Runners were Elliot, Lesley, Jack, Alex, Fiona, Rachel, Lynsey, Wendy and John Mason. Well done all on times recorded. See the Strava leaderboard.
Small turnout tonight with Alex, Jack, Paul and Lesley.
Welcome aboard to Colin who joined us from the C25K course on this Crathes Castle run with Alex, Jack, Lesley, Wendy, Seb, Paul and Gordon too.
Tonight was the graduation of the JogScotland Banchory Running Club "Couch to 5k" course and we look forward to the next stage of their exciting path in this great sport. Regular runners tonight included Sarah, Jack, John Mac, John Mason, Lynsey, Mark and Rachel.


The post Google Swipes at Nvidia With Learning-Capable Cloud TPU appeared first on ExtremeTech.
A new teardown of Nintendo's Switch confirms the system is based on a standard Tegra X1 processor, not the Pascal or customized architecture some fans speculated about.
The post Teardowns confirm Nintendo Switch is built on standard Tegra X1 processor appeared first on ExtremeTech.
The post Rumor: AMD may be planning a 16-core, 32-thread Ryzen titan to challenge Intel's Broadwell-E, Skylake-X appeared first on ExtremeTech.
The inclusion of Apple's latest and greatest processor and camera technology in the iPhone SE ensures that both customers and Apple will be able to stand by the device for years to come.
Apple on Thursday announced an agreement with Chinese card processor UnionPay to offer Apple Pay services in China, opening the vast Asian market to its in-house iOS-based payment product.
Apple on Thursday announced it has reached an agreement with Chinese bankcard processor UnionPay to offer Apple Pay services in China early next year, opening the iOS-based mobile payments product to an increasingly important — and vast — Asian market.
With next year's anticipated "A10" processor expected to power the next-generation iPhone, TSMC will likely gain complete control of Apple's processor manufacturing orders, according to a new report.
A dissection of Apple's new A9X processor powering the 12.9-inch iPad Pro has discovered a custom 12-cluster GPU, doubling the graphics power of the base A9 processor found in the iPhone 6s.
Preliminary testing of Apple's latest A-series mobile Application Processor shows that it brings a big jump in general CPU performance over last year's already speedy A8. It also advances Apple's lead in proprietary ARM core design performance over Samsung and Qualcomm.
Apple has engineered the iPad mini 4's version of the A8 processor to make it slightly faster than the original chip used in the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, a report said on Tuesday.
Taiwan's TSMC is set to become the exclusive manufacturer of an Apple "A10" processor for next-generation iPhones, cutting Samsung out of the loop, according to a new rumor.


text:
Shared leadership: Vincit and HRM Partners start cooperation
LaaS – Leadership as a Service is a modern leadership system developed by the software house Vincit. It helps companies to identify and provide leadership services that are important for their employees. Furthermore, it helps employees to develop themselves and their skills through self-management. Shared leadership means changes to operating models and leadership within organisations. When putting shared leadership into practice, HRM Partners is an expert in helping to complete the process successfully.
The cooperation between HRM Partners and Vincit started at these shared interfaces.
"LaaS is more than a mere tool. It's a system that provides a new perspective to leadership and its organisation. Implementing the new operating model means that the organisation must also change. In order to enable smooth deployment and efficient use of the system, we have looked for partners with a strong track record of supporting organisational change. That is why we chose HRM Partners as our LaaS partner at a very early stage," says Mikko Kuitunen, the founder of Vincit.
The development of LaaS was triggered by leadership-related challenges at Vincit, a company chosen as the Best Workplace in Europe. The company realised that leadership was too much based on guesswork by the management and HR staff, trying to figure out what the employees want or need.
"At the business level, it has been obvious to us for a long time that profitable business starts from understanding the customer's needs. We take good care of our external customers, so why not do the same to our internal customers – our employees – who implement our services," Mr Kuitunen continues.
As it was also evident that the personnel of the rapidly growing, data-intensive software house had many leadership-related needs, Vincit started to develop the LaaS leadership system.
At the centre of LaaS are the employees, who can request leadership services through the system in order to maintain and improve their expertise and, consequently, achieve their goals. The content of leadership is specifically tailored for each company, and the services can be provided by the company's own experts or external service providers.
Mr Kuitunen describes LaaS as a vasculature that reaches every corner of the organisation but will not do anything, unless someone pumps oxygen into the system.
"You need a partner who understands this change and helps to explain the implementation of the change to the organisation, and who understands how leadership services should be developed. HRM Partners is a true expert in handling these processes, helping us to put LaaS into practice in our customers' organisations," Mr Kuitunen explains.
LinkedIn sparring service in demand
Slightly over a year ago, Vincit tested the LaaS system as a pilot experiment in part of its organisation. Now the services are available to the entire personnel.
"We launched our own LaaS system in five different leadership categories: physical and psychological well-being, improvement of skills, sharing of information and career expertise. Through our experiments we have learned which contents work or which services are particularly in demand," says Johanna Pystynen, HR Director at Vincit.
According to the feedback from Vincit's employees, there were two areas of leadership in which they particularly needed support.
"The importance of sleep in promoting well-being was so strongly emphasised that we established a specific parent category for it," Ms Pystynen relates.
Vincit employees were also interested in leadership support for making their skills better known in the organisation.
"We have a flat organisation without hierarchical career paths. Therefore, making your own career development visible can be challenging. We developed the LinkedIn sparring service, which helps people to exhibit their skills more efficiently through various projects and customer feedback," Ms Pystynen explains.
Leadership service design arouses interest
Account Director Tiina Alho from HRM Partners says that the LaaS system developed by Vincit has aroused enthusiasm among customers and launched a discussion on leadership service design and the content of leadership.
"Workplace culture is changing rapidly, and so are employees' expectations of leadership. In the same company, there may be employees at the beginning of their career path, others in the middle of their busy years of family life and work, and some experts already close to retirement. All of them have different needs and expectations related to the development of their skills and the role of leadership is in this process," Ms Alho explains.
According to Ms Alho, modern leadership must take diversity into account, and LaaS delivers in this respect.
"With LaaS, the line manager or senior management no longer needs to randomly guess what might be the most efficient method for each individual to reach their targets. However, tools don't work alone. In addition to the use of the service, adequate communication and interaction must be ensured. LaaS does not remove the need for leadership. Instead, leadership becomes shared. In this way, individuals will take more responsibility for what they do," Ms Alho says.
The breakthrough of self-managed leadership
Paula Kilpinen, CEO of HRM Partners, says that the LaaS operating model and partnership with Vincit are particularly inspiring, because they promote HRM Partners' strategic goals.
"Workplace culture, talent requirements and leadership are in a huge transition. For a long time now, we have been coaching self-leadership, and we feel that its final breakthrough is at hand," Ms Kilpinen says.
"We want to participate in the promotion of our customers' ability and ambition to undergo a transformation and find solutions responding to the needs of new leadership. LaaS provides a new way of serving employees and teams, which are more and more steering themselves," she adds.
Today, people increasingly want to feel that their work is significant and their contribution is part of something larger. Employees want to participate in creating the content of their work and the working methods.
"The innovation developed by Vincit responds to this challenge. The opportunity to choose leadership services relevant to your well-being and skills encourages employees to actively develop themselves and their skills," Ms Kilpinen says.
At the same time, the company is always kept up-to-date on the personnel's needs and can easily respond to them by providing services that promote the development of skills and enhancement of productivity.
Deployment of the LaaS leadership system
Johanna Pystynen, HR Director at Vincit, says that a leadership system like LaaS means taking a completely new perspective on leadership. It requires flexibility, courage and accountability of supervisors and employees alike.
"For someone in a supervisor role, it may be challenging to give up the dominating position and distribute their leadership.
On the other hand, employees are responsible for reflecting on their skills and identifying obstacles that prevent them from becoming committed to the organisation's goals," Ms Pystynen comments.
She encourages organisations to analyse with an open mind how the LaaS leadership system would work for them. She gives five tips for putting LaaS in practice and encourages organisations to choose a partner for the transition process.
Analyse how modern your organisation's current management model is.
Consider which factors associated with the organisational hierarchy or the employees could be obstacles for the deployment of LaaS.
Define a specific area in your organisation for the piloting of the LaaS leadership system. Services related to well-being can be a good choice for testing the service model and its efficiency.
Test and modify the services in accordance with feedback from supervisors and employees.
Be prepared for a demanding transition period, when you are running the old and new leadership systems in parallel in the organisation.
Author: Olli Manninen, Photo: Lotta Kasi
HRM PARTNERS LTD
VATTUNIEMENRANTA 2
HRMPARTNERS.FI


Place a ban on war with other nations for the next 10 years to rebuild the economy.
Submitted by Deja G. from AR in Foreign Policy & Military Dec. 11, 2014, 12:08 p.m.
Make the army an "open-door" hirer. Anyone who wants a job can join the army. Include in the Army's missions; disaster response and preparedness, civil engineering, habitat/environment restoration.
Submitted by John Norton in Foreign Policy & Military Dec. 18, 2014, 2:59 a.m.
A True Hero ; USMC General Smedley Butler a 2 time Congressional Medal Of Honer Recipient wrote " War Is A Racket " it always has been ! Tell Americans to End The Middle East Racket Of War NOW !!!!
Submitted by yes in Foreign Policy & Military Jan. 12, 2015, 5:28 p.m.
Jerusalem is the spiritual home to the world's three major religions. Islam, Judaism & Christianity. It is a hot bed of terrorist activity. Why not make it a nation state like the Vatican and hire the Swiss to police it?
Submitted by Baalthamel in Foreign Policy & Military Jan. 3, 2015, 6:50 p.m.
Support self-determination [Kosovo-style] and oppose ethnic chauvinism that violates human rights declarations, conventions, treaties, and covenants, especially in Israel, Ukraine, and the Baltic States where the moral high ground is ceded to Russia which is gaining an advantage by coming to the defense of beleaguered ethnic Russians.Restore national security by prosecuting torturers and terrorists who alienate allies and make enemies with their criminal behaviour that offends human decency.
Submitted by roger in Foreign Policy & Military Dec. 10, 2014, 11:10 p.m.
immediately legislate the abolition of the CIA, THE COST IS RELATIVELY SMALL COMPARED TO WHAT IT SPENT. WE WILL UNEMPLOY ABOUT 5,000 PEOPLE. ALL OFNWHOMMUST TALE LIE DETECTOR TESTS TO ECOE RE-EMPLOYED IN THE REPLACEMENT AGENCY, EXCEPT FOR THOSE HOLKDING APPOINENT LEVEL POITIONS -- NONE OF WHOM CAN EVER AGAIN WORK FOR THE FED. EVER!
Submitted by ed in Foreign Policy & Military Dec. 10, 2014, 7:51 p.m.
A major reason for our diplomatic failures is the inability of our people involved in foreign relations decisions do not grasp other people think nor the details of their wants & needs. Everyone involved in those decisions, bar none, elected appointed or employed, should spend their first year of employment taking new courses & internships in the mental geography of the world.
Submitted by Jack Siler in Foreign Policy & Military Jan. 4, 2015, 5:05 p.m.
End Cannabis Prohibition Our war on drugs hurts us Nationally and Internationally. Plus our soldiers deserve to have access to medicine that is effective on their specific conditions. High on the list of military conditions cannabis has been proven to relieve is pain management and PTSD.
Submitted by BtheBiggerPerson in Foreign Policy & Military Jan. 15, 2015, 12:26 p.m.
Allow our military to carry out confidential (secret as allowed prior to the end of World War II) retaliation against terrorists foreign or domestic. We were once a country feared for retaliation of any harm to our citizens.
Submitted by Grey Haired Citizen (inventor & consultant) in Foreign Policy & Military Dec. 11, 2014, 4:12 p.m.
Submitted by linosmama2 in Foreign Policy & Military Jan. 13, 2015, 4:35 p.m.
Reactivate the Women's Army Corps and transfer all female soldiers out of traditional fighting units.
Submitted by davco in Foreign Policy & Military Dec. 11, 2014, 9:18 a.m.
Mandate every citizen into re vitalized Civil Defense. Assign and train everyone with a role. Keep " defense weapons" in local arsenals.
Submitted by disgusted with "experts" in Foreign Policy & Military Jan. 3, 2015, 11:11 a.m.


text:
Q: How to remove a very thin screen protector from an iPad? I have an iPad with a "Paper-Feels Like" screen protector, which I now want to remove. I have tried toothpick, fingernails, etc., but it is so thin and well-placed that I cannot find an edge.
Apple support are convinced there is no protector at all.
Any other suggestions what I could try?

A: Take and post a macro photo of the corner of the screen with very good light (and possibly use a prop to keep the camera still) and you might not need a magnifying glass to show if the cover was removed by someone when you didn't realize it.
If you're sure it's on and cant make a purchase, I suppose you would want to use a copper wire or nail that you know is less hard than the glass and try to scratch the screen in a corner area to deform the protector material. There's no way the cover and adhesive are going to be harder than glass. And if you're wrong, you're not super likely to damage the glass trying to locate a cover someone else might have removed for you already.

*

*https://geology.com/minerals/mohs-hardness-scale.shtml
If you don't mind a minor scratch, you could use a knife or razor blade to score enough of the corner to get the cover off or make a lip you could then slip the blade under. I don't recommend that and let the cover wear or just pay for a replacement screen when yours no longer makes you happy. I worry if your screen has adhesive, and is that bonded, you might not like the glass or be able to clean the residue unless you know from the manufacturer what chemical will remove the adhesive and not damage the glass or the coating on the iPad.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
package com.microsoft.azure.management.storage.v2019_04_01;

import java.util.Collection;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
import com.microsoft.rest.ExpandableStringEnum;

/**
 * Defines values for ImmutabilityPolicyState.
 */
public final class ImmutabilityPolicyState extends ExpandableStringEnum<ImmutabilityPolicyState> {
    /** Static value Locked for ImmutabilityPolicyState. */
    public static final ImmutabilityPolicyState LOCKED = fromString("Locked");

    /** Static value Unlocked for ImmutabilityPolicyState. */
    public static final ImmutabilityPolicyState UNLOCKED = fromString("Unlocked");

    /**
     * Creates or finds a ImmutabilityPolicyState from its string representation.
     * @param name a name to look for
     * @return the corresponding ImmutabilityPolicyState
     */
    @JsonCreator
    public static ImmutabilityPolicyState fromString(String name) {
        return fromString(name, ImmutabilityPolicyState.class);
    }

    /**
     * @return known ImmutabilityPolicyState values
     */
    public static Collection<ImmutabilityPolicyState> values() {
        return values(ImmutabilityPolicyState.class);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Health Alert: U.S. Embassy Dublin, Ireland June 23, 2020
Event:  COVID-19
The Irish Health Service Executive confirmed cases of COVID-19 within its borders.
To see recent U.S. Embassy Health alerts, go here.
For additional current information go to the Irish government's COVID-19 webpage.
Many travelers worldwide have reported unexpected flight cancellations and limited flight availability. Transatlantic flights continue from Dublin, but schedule changes and restrictions mean options for returning to the USA from Ireland are extremely limited. If you plan to travel, we recommend you do so now unless you are prepared to remain abroad for an indefinite period. U.S. citizens who are considering returning to the United States from Ireland are urged to work directly with their airlines to make travel arrangements. Aer Lingus is the only carrier flying to the United States from Ireland with limited service from Dublin to Boston, Chicago, and New York.  Please contact your airline directly to schedule flights. The U.S. government does not anticipate arranging repatriation flights from Ireland.
Ireland has implemented social-distancing and quarantine measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Travelers should be prepared for the Irish government to put into effect travel restrictions with little or no advance notice. Irish health authorities require anyone entering Ireland from abroad, except Northern Ireland, to either self-quarantine or self-isolate on arrival for 14 days, without exception. Passengers arriving from overseas must complete a COVID-19 Passenger Locator Form indicating where they will self-isolate.  Visit the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs' website for additional information on these measures. Health Service Executive (HSE) staff are present at Dublin Airport to assist arriving passengers with concerns related to COVID-19. If you are in Ireland and experience the known coronavirus symptoms, phone a doctor or dial 112 or 999 locally. If someone tests positive for the virus, the Department of Health (DOH) will isolate and treat the individual.
The Irish government announced on May 1 a five-phase roadmap for reopening Irish society and business. Phase 2 started on June 8, and many businesses are reopening where social distancing and hygiene requirements can be maintained. Ireland's schools remain closed, while many retail shops have reopened. Services involving personal contact such as hairdressers, barbers, beauty salons, and piercing services remain closed. Outdoor public amenities and tourism sites such as parks, beaches, mountain walks, heritage, and cultural sites are now open. Sporting events, festivals, and large gatherings of people (unless from the same household) remain prohibited, and are not expected to be recommenced until late summer 2020, at the earliest. The requirement for travelers to self-quarantine or self-isolate on arrival for 14 days remains in place. Visit the Irish government COVID-19 website or the Roadmap website for updated information.
On March 14, the Department of State authorized the departure from any diplomatic or consular post in the world of U.S. government personnel and their family members who have been medically determined to be at higher risk of a poor outcome if exposed to COVID-19.
Effective March 16, the U.S. Embassy has suspended routine consular services. The U.S. Embassy will continue to only provide emergency Consular services until further notice. Please visit our website for information on emergency American Citizens Services, including emergency passports: ie.usembassy.gov.
The Department of State has issued a Global Level 4 Health Advisory for COVID-19.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued a Level 3 Travel Notice for COVID-19 in Ireland advising travelers to avoid non-essential travel to Ireland.
Actions to Take:
Consult the CDC websitefor the most up-to-date information.
For the most recent information on what you can do to reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19, please see the CDC's latest recommendations.
Visit the COVID-19 crisis page on travel.state.govfor the latest information.
Check with your airlines, cruise lines, or travel operators regarding any updated information about your travel plans and/or restrictions.
Visit our Embassy webpage on COVID-19 and Ireland's COVID-19 website for information on conditions in Ireland.
Visit the Department of Homeland Security's website on the latest travel restrictions to the United States
U.S. Embassy/Consulate Dublin, Ireland
42 Elgin Road
+353 1 668-8777
ACSDublin@state.gov
ie.usembassy.gov
State Department – Consular Affairs
Ireland Country Information
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Alerts, News


text:
Sunday Nov 3, 2013
England get the better of Australia with strong second half at Twickenham
England came from behind to beat the Wallabies 20-13 in a scrappy game at Twickenham on Saturday. If the tourists had won the match they would have moved resumed their spot at number three on the world rankings. Instead it's another disappointing loss in 2013.
Mike Brown had a stellar game from fullback for England, claiming Man of the Match with an impressive performance that included some neat touches, runs and some great defence.
Opposite number Israel Folau was dangerous for Australia and although they had led 13-6 at the break, Chris Robshaw scored in the second half, then a fairly controversial Owen Farrell try gave England the win, pleasing coach Stuart Lancaster.
"This time last year the scoreline was the other way around. It is better to have won than lost, that's for sure," he said, also heaping praise on fullback Brown, who he described as outstanding.
"His ability to beat people with his feet and break tackles and the general fight he shows in his game, it's a real important quality we want in the team.
"And I thought Chris and Tom Wood were outstanding. They both led from the front. While they are still relatively new in terms of caps, I thought both of them led the pack very well. Chris scored a good try and was involved right the way through the game, as he always is," Lancaster added.
It was Australia's eighth defeat in eleven Tests this year. The Grand Slam, which was last achieved in 1984, will have to wait for another year. They face Italy next weekend.
"It's hugely disappointing," said Ben Mowen, who replaced James Horwill as captain for this fixture.
"Just after half-time was a real opportunity for us to skip ahead and put pressure on England but we missed a few opportunities and they were extremely urgent.
"When you have that urgency, married up with a few things going your way, they created that momentum and took those two tries, so you've got to give them that respect," he added.
To his credit, Mowen brushed off talk of the second try – where Dylan Hartley appeared to obstruct Stephen Moore and create a channel for Farrell to slip through – being a questionable call.
"It doesn't matter what you feel. The refs decision is the refs decision and we'll always back that."
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England get the better of Australia with strong second half at Twickenham | RugbyDump - Rugby News & Videos


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Snickers Workwear - Sustainability
THIS season Snickers has added three new styles to its stretch assortment, developed from the reportedly popular 6241.
Stretch is added to Snickers workwear to give maximum freedom of movement, the company says. It is added to specific areas of the garment and is said to facilitate ventilation and comfort. Stretch is either placed in the bending directions or where your body expands. For example it can be placed on the arms, on or above your knees, reportedly designed to optimise your ability to move and use your full potential.
Snickers says using stretch fabrics means it can tailor the garments to a slimmer fit when needed, resulting not only in a new look but that the garment follows your every move.
The company says it is proud to present a set of work trousers and jacket made of BCI (Better Cotton Initiative) cotton and recycled polyester. By using recycled materials in our workwear, Snickers is said to reduce its carbon footprint without compromising on the strength or performance of the products.
The polyester in these work trousers is made of recycled polyester. By using recycled materials in its workwear, Snickers says it reduces its carbon footprint without compromising on the strength or performance of the products.
The Better Cotton Initiative (BCI) is reportedly the largest cotton sustainability programme in the world. It aims to make global cotton production better for the people who produce it as well as for the environment it grows in.
www.snickersworkwear.co.uk


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Katherine "Kay" Ann Mills
Katherine "Kay" Ann Mills, age 93, of Muskegon and formerly of Fremont was welcomed into Heaven on Sunday, October 10, 2021. Kay was born June 26, 1928, in Pellston, MI, to Stephen and Cressie (Boyle) Dubel. Kay loved her childhood on the farm in Pellston, a place she remembered and spoke of fondly her entire life. Although her given name was Elizabeth, she was called "Kay" from an early age and later changed her name to Katherine. She met the love of her life, Robert M. Mills, in Grand Rapids and they were married October 28, 1950, in Pellston. They resided in Grand Rapids as newlyweds and later moved to Fremont where together they enjoyed 44 years of marriage before Bob passed away on December 1, 1994. Kay and Bob raised their four children in Fremont and were members of Trinity Christian Reformed Church. Kay enjoyed working as an LPN in a doctor's office, and she and Bob enjoyed boating on White Lake for many years. Upon retirement, they began wintering in Florida and made many beautiful memories with family and friends during their time there. Kay always looked forward to heading south and reuniting with special friends, but she also loved her summers up north where she often found herself surrounded by a multitude of grandchildren while spending time at Lake Skegemog. She was happiest when she was in the midst of the commotion and encircled by family, as she loved to watch everyone in action. She adored babies and children and was blessed to meet so many grandchildren, great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren during her lifetime. Known for her ability to clean just about anything to a sparkling shine, she kept any home in which she stayed looking pristine, inside and out. She leaves behind a host of sweet memories that her family will forever cherish, not the least of which is her well-known departure catchphrase: "See you 'round like a donut!" Kay will be forever loved and missed by her four children: Sharon (Bill) DeVries of Fremont, Sandy (Mike) Ferrier of Muskegon, Bob (Sandy) Mills of Oconomowoc, WI, and Paula (Scott) Meyers of New Era; 18 grandchildren: Carissa (Eric) Schugars, Ben DeVries, Sara DeVries, Kate (Mike) Korr, Steve Wiersema, Bob (Misty) Wiersema, Kim (Jeremy) Goorman, Tom (Kate) Wiersema, Kaitlin (Mike) Poliak, Jessica (Greg) Guenther, Jennifer (Craig) Sytsema, Amy (Dexter) Weesies, Carli (Andrew) Sciba, Jeremy Meyers, Todd DeVries, Tammy (Brian) Nelson, Tim DeVries, and BJ (Beth) DeVries; 42 great-grandchildren; five great-great-grandchildren; and numerous nieces and nephews. She was preceded in death by four sisters and one brother. A private family memorial celebration will be held. Interment will take place in Maple Grove Cemetery in Fremont. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions to the West Michigan Christian Education Collaborative (West Michigan CEC, ATTN: Dan DeKam, 1279 E. Apple Ave., Muskegon, MI 49442) are appreciated.
Katherine "Kay" Ann Mills, age 93, of Muskegon and formerly of Fremont was welcomed into Heaven on Sunday, October 10, 2021. Kay was born June 26, 1928, in Pellston, MI, to Stephen and Cressie (Boyle) Dubel. Kay loved her childhood... View Obituary & Service Information
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I never really shared about returning to Bangkok, so here it goes. At first I was quite apprehensive. My first couple months in Bangkok were quite the roller coaster. The first month was all exciting and new and almost like the 'honeymoon' stage. Setting up home, nesting, watching God provide, and meeting all new people and family. Then month 2 set in and the routine....and the reality of my situation. Along with that came loneliness, gosh, I realized yet once again how important community is for the human soul. We all need it- attention, fellowship, an awareness of our existence from others. There were days where I didn't have an actual conversation with someone...let alone in my natural tongue. This is an immediate recipe for the drying of the soul. And somehow in these times we know God's presence will fill us and make us whole but it's often the last thing we try. I love how the Bible calls us sheep. Sheep are the dumbest animals, literally. And that's what God calls us, because we run from the thing we KNOW will make us better. Why is that? So to say it lightly, that was a rough month.
Next my friends came and I got a break and fellowship for 6 weeks and spent some time with family and with my adorable nieces. Nothing makes my heart smile more than little kids, so it was the perfect refreshment for my soul. The return to Bangkok was kinda looming over me. Anxiety, fear, apprehension... I can not return to that last season-- I just can't. So I prepared my mind, soul, and heart for the battle I was about to enter.
When I returned, my sweet little landladies were the first to greet me right out of the taxi with great big smiles. They knew my return date and were just waiting for me, with my mail in hand. They wanted to hear all about it. The security guard was smiling and more than willing to help carry my luggage upstairs for me. It was like coming home to family, honestly. Out on my street the next day, I ran into some neighbors who I met at church--- more community, more family-- wondering where I've been and how I've been. I'm not alone.
I started the next Module (#3) at language school and met all new people. Things seemed to be on the right track, a healthy start. But within a matter of days I felt the fear, insecurity, and anxiety rising back up. It was overwhelming, all-consuming, and so not me. I don't usually have fear, definitely not to this level, so I knew Satan was up to something. My stomach was in absolute knots, I could hardly eat for a week... (lost some healthy weight, thanks satan :) I thought, no way this is happening. Not again. Not on my watch. I'm wiser this time and fully know when the devil is attacking me and I'm not going to take it. For if God is with me, who can be against me? No weapon formed against me shall prosper. I clung to that with dear life.
So I pressed in. I sought the Presence at every spare moment. I prayed without ceasing. The fear came at school- a near panic attack- but with the lovely gift of tongues I was able to dispel it. I could not move with out God. I clothed myself in the armor of God daily (Eph. 6:10-18) and took communion daily. And you know what?!?
God's word is true. When we call out to Him, He will come. He is the author of Peace. He freely gives us what we need. He wants to protect us, to fill us; for us to be healthy and whole. He wants to be our perfect Daddy, our all-loving, unconditional Father. And all we have to do is run to Him. Collapse in His arms. Pour our heart out to Him. And just LET Him love us. It's so simple, and yet our human minds complicate it and we act like sheep.
I have been given everything I need to combat the devil. So I have nothing to worry or fear. And if anything, the devil's attacks just confirms I'm exactly where I'm supposed to be or he wouldn't be trying to paralyze me. Experience has made me wiser and the testimony of God's provision makes me further unconquerable because Revelation 12:11 says, "And they overcame him (Satan) by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony; and they loved not their lives unto the death".
And this whole pressing in for God and His Presence makes for a pretty sweet season with the Lord. This is what we were made for, for constant communion with the Lord. We were made specifically to be in relationship with God. Why does it usually take a battle or trial to make us press in? I pray I never stop pressing, especially when life is sabaay sabaay (thai for good and comfortable). I want to finish this race strong. I will finish strong.


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Photo by Guido Petruccioli
Church, state, faith and nation are all expressions of identity, and sources of consensus and violent dissent. Current debates often co-opt history in their argumentative frameworks. This theme explores these interconnected discourses.
The importance of studying early Christianity within the context of its contemporary pagan and Jewish world is now clearly recognised. Moreover, the study of the modern Church is inextricably linked to broader themes of identity, internationalism and political studies.
The important theme of ecumenism from the origins of Christianity to the modern day allows us to explore crucial and still relevant issues about the nature of religion and its relationship with politics.
The study of Italy as a nation, particularly inspired by the 150th anniversary of Italian unification, remains a fruitful area of research. This nationhood is bound up with images of the Italian past, back to the Roman period, and this symbolism has been hugely significant in shaping modern action, internally and with regard to neighbours around the Mediterranean.
Award-Holders since 2008
Joanne Allen (Warwick): Ritual and reform in Renaissance Italy: sacred space and church furniture before the Council of Trent
Claudia Baldoli (Newcastle): In search of the white international: the Catholic-Communist movement between the wars
Stefano Bragato (Reading): The Roman avant-garde: art, culture, politics (1910–40)
Federico Casari (Durham): Roman journalism between 1901 and 1925
Alec Corio (Open): Historical Perceptions of Roman Catholicism and National Identity 1869-1919
Stephen Cummins (Cambridge): Enmity and peace-making in the kingdom of Naples, c. 1550-1750
Jessica Dalton (St Andrews): Jesuit confession and the private absolution of heresy in sixteenth-century Italy
Catherine Fletcher (Royal Holloway/Birkbeck/Open): Our men in Rome: ambassadors and agents at the papal court, c. 1450–1550
Rebecca Gill (Reading): Galeazzo Alessi and the Sacro Monte: architecture and pilgrimage in Cinquecento Italy
Joseph Hammond (St Andrews): Art and patronage of the Carmelite order
Carol Harrison (Oxford): Sensuous objects: sense, image and representation in early Christian baptism
Maria Harvey (Cambridge): Santa Caterina at Galatina: late medieval art in Salento at the frontier of the Latin and orthodox worlds
Paul Howard (Oxford): 'Tu sei nimmico/der tale o dder tar re: ffàje la guerra': Casus Belli — Giuseppe Gioachino waging war between tradition and experimentation
Sam Kennerley (Cambridge): John Chrysostom between Ambrogio Traversari and the Council of Trent: the reception of a church father 1413-1544
Hannah Malone (Cambridge): Italian Fascism and the ossuaries of the Great War
James Norrie (Oxford): Transforming ideology and the cult of saints: social change and radical religion in eleventh-century Rome and Italy
Edward Payne (Courtauld): Violence and corporality in the art of Jusepe de Ribera
Emiliano Perra (Bristol): The Holocaust in Italian television
John Pollard (Cambridge/Anglia Ruskin): Religion and the Right in Italy
Rebecca Raynor (Sussex): Byzantine art passed through Italian hands: the church of Santa Barbara, Matera
Sofia Serenelli (Reading/UCL): The cult of the Duce and the 'mountain of Rome': Terminillo, collective memory and legacies of Fascism, 1934-2012
Marcella Pellegrino Sutcliffe (Cambridge): Salvatore Morelli, Liberal Italy and the transnational network of women emancipationists
Mattia Toaldo (Roma 3; School of Advanced Studies, University of London): The Libyan-Italian post-colonial relationship under Qadhafi from 1969 to today
Tom True: Power and place: the Marchigian cardinals of Sixtus V
Lucy Turner Voakes (EUI, Florence): The Risorgimento and English Liberal culture, 1850–1918
Lucy Underwood (Durham): 'Hatred' or 'praise' of the English name? Catholics representing England in Italy, c. 1558-1660
Cordelia Warr (Manchester): Representing and performing stigmata in medieval and Renaissance Italy
Arthur Westwell (Cambridge): The dissemination and reception of the ordines romani in Carolingian Europe, c. 750–900
Selected Publications since 2008
Anne ALWIS (Rome Scholar 2001–2) (with Ellen Swift), 'The role of late antique art in early Christian worship: a reconsideration of the iconography of the 'starry sky' in the 'Mausoleum' of Galla Placidia', Papers of the British School at Rome 78 (2010): 193–218.
Matthew DAL SANTO (Rome Award 2007–8), Debating the Saints' Cults in the Age of Gregory the Great (Oxford University Press, 2012).
Simon MARTIN (Rome Fellow 2006–7) Sport Italia: the Italian Love Affair with Sport (I.B. Tauris, 2011).
Forthcoming events in this theme
Past events in this theme
Religious Minorities and Catholic Reform in Early Modern Rome
The papacy in the making of Roman Catholicism as a world religion 1500-1700
Saints and violence: the communication of religious reform in eleventh-century Italy


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Q: want to call one phtml file in another phtml file using anchor tag I'm using Magento.
I want display and call one phtml file as a link in another phtml file…
I have the new.phtml file on the home page. On that I put one link CHECK ALL which display all new products as category page.. It looks like category page. For that I create another phtml file named newproductpage.phtml which has same code of new.phtml. Now I try to call this newproductpage.phtml file @homepage as CHECK ALL link for that I write this code....
<a href="<?php echo $this->getUr('newproductpage.phtml')?>">CHECK ALL

But its not working....
thnx..

A: Use the below code for rendering your phtml file in another phtml file.
<?php echo $this->getLayout()->createBlock('core/template')->setTemplate('templatefolderpath/filename.phtml')->toHtml(); ?>

For more refinement of your code, you can use the block name and block file name instead of core/template because core/template use the core resources.

A: You can not call directly one phtml file to another phtml file.
But there are two way to call your phtml file either create one controller and create one action and call action from your anchor tag or create one cms page which call your phtml file.
if you create one module, so in your layout file something you can write
<modulename_controllername_controlleraction>
    <reference name="content">
        <block type="catalog/product_new" template="custom/newproductpage.phtml" />
    </reference>
</module_controllername_controlleraction>

Or you can directly put this code in your cms page content area
{{block type="catalog/product_new" template="custom/newproductpage.phtml"}}

and in anchor tag give cms page link.

A: <?php echo $this->getLayout()->createBlock('core/template')->setTemplate('catalog/product/new.phtml')->toHtml(); ?>

you can also check the link.
Display .phtml page in another .phtml page

A: you call newproductpage.phtml in any phtml file using below code
<?php echo $this->getLayout()->createBlock('core/template')->setTemplate('custom/newproductpage.phtml')->toHtml(); ?>

A: I believe you and I want to do precisely the same thing.  I'm creating a modal from bootstrap and I need to call in a partial using the href attr.
So far, I think this might be possible by creating a page in the CMS and then using something like this:

<a href="<?php echo $this->getUrl("page-name-in-CMS") ?>">Home

But honestly, I'm just starting out with Magento and know very little.

A: you can use iframe for same and load this another page content using AJAX call


The principal systems of units used in scientific work, late 19th – early 20th centuries. In the United States, it was abbreviated cgs (no periods); in the rest of the world, C.G.S.. The form cm-gm-sec is sometimes encountered.
A cgs system had been recommended by the great German physicist Wilhelm Weber. Its use was firmly established by the endorsement of a committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1872, influenced by the equally great J. Clerk Maxwell.
Cgs systems were gradually superseded by meter-kilogram-second-ampere (MKSA) systems, and finally rendered obsolete in 1960 by the CGPM's adoption of SI, which is a MKSA system. Many cgs units, however, are still in daily use; for example, in the controversy concerning the effect of electromagnetic fields on health, the field strengths have almost always been reported in milligauss.
During the transition from cgs to MKSA it was often necessary to convert data expressed in units in a cgs system to units in MKSA. However, there is no easy way to do this, as the cgs systems are based on three fundamental quantities and the MKSA on four. If a cgs system could be created which had four dimensions and in which each unit in the cgs system corresponded to a unit in the four-dimensional cgs system, and physical quantities had the same numerical values, then values in this "generalized cgs system" could be converted to values in MKSA units by simple conversion factors.
Last revised: 6 August 2001.