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Reply To Professor Craig (1995)
Graham Oppy
[This article was originally published as "Reply To Professor Craig", Sophia 34, 2, December 1995, pp.15-29]
I hold that the considerations adduced in kalam cosmological arguments do not embody reasons for reflective atheists and agnostics to embrace the conclusion of those arguments, viz. that the universe had a cause of its existence. I do not claim to be able to show that reflective theists could not reasonably believe that those arguments are sound; indeed, I am prepared to concede that it is epistemically possible that the arguments procede validly from true premises. However, I am prepared to make the same concession about the following argument: Either 2+2=5 or God exists; 2+2?5; therefore God exists. But nobody could think that this argument deserves to be called a proof of its conclusion (even if it is sound). Of course, this latter argument is obviously circular: (almost) no-one who was not antecedently persuaded of the truth of the conclusion would (have reason to) believe the first premise. But this fact does not entail that admittedly non-circular arguments, such as the kalam cosmological arguments, cannot fail to be equally dialectically ineffective. And, indeed, that is the view which I wish to defend: there is not the slightest reason to think that kalam cosmological arguments should be dialectically effective against reasonable and reflective opponents.
I take it that proponents of kalam cosmological arguments wish to maintain that the arguments are dialectically effective--i.e. that reasonable and reflective opponents ought to be persuaded by them. Moreover, I take it that in order to refute these arguments, it is sufficient to show that one can reasonably refuse to be persuaded by them. Of course, one might also seek to show that, in fact, one ought reasonably disbelieve one or more of the premises or the conclusion of the argument--but that would be a much more difficult undertaking, and one in which I have no interest. (Perhaps John Mackie wanted to argue for the stronger view; in that case, all I wish to claim is that his arguments can be adapted to substantiate the weaker thesis.)
At the outset, I take it that there is a prime facie presumption that there can be reasonable and reflective atheists, agnostics, and theists. It is epistemically possible that one or more of these positions should turn out to be logically inconsistent, or ad hoc with respect to uncontroverisal evidence, or clearly deficient in explanatory power, etc. However, it seems clear that, at the beginning of the dialectic between theists and their opponents, all sides should concede the (prima facie) reasonableness of their opponents views. For, if this is not conceded, then there is really no way of proceeding with the dialectic. Moreover, I assume that the aim of the debate is to bring one's opponent to see that, by her own lights, she ought to accept the conclusion for which one is arguing. In other words: in order to win, one needs to show that, by her own lights, a reasonable and reflective opponent will improve her view by adopting the conclusion(s) for which one is arguing.
Now, I do not know whether Professor Craig wishes to defend the claim that kalam cosmological arguments are dialectically effective. However, while some of his comments suggest that he only wishes to defend the view that theists can reasonably believe that the arguments are sound, I suspect that he does wish to defend this claim. At any rate, I shall proceed to respond to his objections under the assumption that it may be the case that he wishes to defend the claim that kalam cosmological arguments are dialectically effective. (Note that it would be pointless to say that all Craig wishes to do is to defend the view that kalam cosmological arguments are sound--i.e. that he has no interest in questions of dialectical efficacy. For, of course, all parties to the debate about these arguments will agree that what they are really interested in is the truth of the conclusion of the arguments. And moreover, each will surely be entitled to believe--and indeed will be obliged to believe--that her own beliefs on this matter are true. The only interesting question is whether one can be shown that one has reason to change one's beliefs. Note, too, that it would be equally pointless to suppose that what one wants to do is to produce arguments which serve to justify the beliefs which one is fact has. For how could the exhibition of logical relationships between propositions--e.g. a demonstration that it would be inconsistent for one to reject the conclusion of a kalam cosmological argument, given that one acccepts its premises--serve to show --even to oneself--that one is justified in believing that conclusion?)
One kalam cosmological argument relies on the premise that it is impossible for there to be physically instantiated infinities (e.g. infinite temporal sequences, hotels with infinitely many rooms, Thomson lamps, etc.) Professor Craig claims that, even though such things are narrowly logically possible--as is shown by the (apparent) consistency of Cantorian set theory--nonetheless, they are not broadly logically (or metaphysically) possible[2]. On the other hand, I see no reason to say that it is broadly logically impossible for there to be physically instantiated infinities. That is, I am not prepared to rule out the suggestion that it is broadly logically possible for there to be physically instantiated infinities. And that is enough to allow me to reasonably refuse to be moved by this kalam cosmological argument.
I also claim that, if one concedes that physically instantiated infinites are narrowly logically possible--by which I mean (roughly) that they can be consistently discussed in a partially interpretted first-order (or perhaps higher-order) logic which includes the axioms of arithmetic and other entirely a priori subject matters--then one should also concede that there are no purely a priori arguments which one can use to show that physically instantiated infinities are not broadly logically possible. Against this, pace Craig, it is no objection to insist that the (alleged) narrowly logical consistency of Cantorian set theory is compatible with the broadly logical impossibility of physically instantiated infinities--for questions of broadly logical possibility will quite obviously be a posteriori.[3]
Perhaps Craig might not be prepared to concede that Cantorian set theory is narrowly logically consistent in my sense. Indeed, his suggestion that there are "contradictions entailed by inverse arithmetic operations performed with transfinite numbers, operations which are conventionally prohibited in transfinite arithmetic in order to preserve logical consistency" (p.3) is perhaps evidence that he thinks that there are a priori objections to the idea that physically instantiated infinities are broadly logically possible. But of course, one who supposed that physically instantiated infinities are broadly logically possible will deny that the inverse arithmetic operations in question are merely "conventionally prohibited". Within the Cantorian theory, the inverse arithmetic operations simply cannot be defined: so why should one who thinks that Cantorian infinities might be physically instantiated lose any sleep over these operations? To one who supposes that physically instantiated infinities are broadly logically possible, Craig's argument is clearly question-begging. (And--I would add--the same is true of his other arguments which are intended to show that it is broadly logically impossible for there to be physically instantiated infinites, e.g. those concerning Hilbert's Hotel, Craig's Library, Tristram Shandy's Autobiography, etc. However, there is no space to provide the details here.)
Thus I hold that, even after one takes a "good sensible look", one can be perfectly justified in continuing to maintain that it is broadly logically possible for there to be physically instantiated infinities. Craig may be right that such infinities are not broadly logically possible--but I do not think that there is anything which he says in any of his work which shows that this is the case. And that is enough for the opponent of the argument.
Another kalam cosmological argument relies on the premise that physically instantiated infinities cannot be formed by successive addition. Professor Craig claims that it is "inconceivable" that either an w-series or an w*-series should be formed by successive addition. (p.4) On the other hand, I maintain that one can reasonably believe that even an w+w*-series can be formed by successive addition. Against this contention, Craig objects:
But how is such a series completable? One could count forever and never complete the w-series, much less arrive at [the end of the w*-series]. If I started counting now, when would I arrive at [the end of the w*-series]? Let us have no fictional suggestions about counting progressively faster so that the infinite supertask is completed in a finite time, for such scenarios are wholly unrealistic. ... The fact is that I would never arrive at [the end of the w-series]. (p.4)
This argument just begs the question against one who maintains that an w+w*-series can be formed by successive addition. In an infinite succession of moments of time, of order w+w*, it will be possible to traverse an w+w*-series. Moreover, the allusion to supertasks suggests a means of making this suggestion seem more plausible. For, we can begin with two finite intervals in which the infinite sub-series are traversed as supertasks, join the two sub-series, and then perform a topological transformation to stretch out the resultant series so that there is an equal distance between successive moments. If the first sub-series lies on the interval [0,1) and the second sub-series lies on the interval (1, 2], then the entire series can be contained in the interval [0, 2]. It may seem that there is still a question about what happens at 1 (a point which is contained in neither sub-series). But, of course, there are lots of points in both sub-intervals which do not belong to the relevant sub-series. When all of the excess points are deleted from the interval [0, 2], the apparently problematic point will also be deleted. So, in fact, it will be true that there is no point in the series which is not formed from earlier points by successive addition.
Perhaps it will be objected that, even though it is true in the above construction that every point is reached from some earlier point by successive addition, it is not true that every point is reached from every earlier point by successive addition. However, it seems to me that this objection just begs the point at issue: for, if you have performed enough successive additions to traverse the w-series, then you have performed enough successive additions to have traversed some of the w*-series. So, in fact, every point is reached from every earlier point by successive addition.
No doubt many will not find this argument convincing. (Perhaps I am not convinced by it myself.) No matter. For all that the opponent of the argument needs, in order to argue against the premise, is that an w*-series can be formed by successive addition. And here, there seems to be no problem: for we can model this with the interval (0, 1], without needing to worry about junction points. Perhaps, though, it will be objected that such a series cannot be traversed because it is "beginningless" or "non-constructible"?[4] But what is the content of this objection? Craig insists that it is not just the question-begging claim that any series which can be formed by successive addition must have a first member. But in that case, it seems to me that all we have is the expression of a question-begging intuition. Certainly, I have not been able to find anything in Craig's writings which gives one who believes that an w*-series can be formed by successive addition a reason to change her mind. Of course, this is not to suggest that there is an argument here which shows that Craig is unreasonable in thinking that an w*-series cannot be traversed; but, as I suggested above, no such argument is needed.
Craig claims that another premise of the kalam cosmological argument referred to in 2.--viz. that a temporal series of past events is a collection formed by successive addition--involves a commitment to an A-series (tensed, three-dimensional, anti-temporal-parts) conception of time. (p.6)[5] If this is correct, then I think that it is bad news for the proponent of the argument. For, of course, it is highly implausible to suppose that there are now available rationally compelling reasons for B-series (tenseless, four-dimensional, temporal parts) theorists to change their views. Each new, controversial metaphysical doctrine which is wheeled in to support the claim that kalam cosmological argument is sound--as in Craig's invocation of a relationist, as opposed to substantivialist, conception of space-time[6]--threatens to undermine the dialectical efficacy of the resulting argument. (Of course, this is not to deny that one might have a reasonable commitment to an A-series analysis; though, as I explained earlier, that is not enough to create problems for an opponent of the argument. However, pace Craig, the B-series theorist ought not to be saddled with the thesis that "temporal becoming is mind-dependent"[7]; Russell and Grunbaum erred in not opting instead for the thesis that there is simply no such thing as "temporal becoming".)
It should also be noted that there are A-series analyses which appear to undermine the kalam cosmological argument. In particular, those views which hold that only the present is real--and that the past and future are equally unreal--entail that there is no actual infinity of past events. On this view, one could hold that the universe did not begin to exist, while denying that this entails that there are any actual infinites. Of course, on this view there may be "infinite facts"--e.g. it may be true that there has been an infinite series of of past events--but it would seem that these facts are compatible with the idea that what there actually is is strictly finite. No doubt, the proponent of kalam cosmological arguments will also find these facts objectionable--but it may not be easy to explain why. (One interesting question to ask is whether God is supposed to have infinite attributes. If so, then it seems at least prima facie difficult to see how one could deny that the same could be true of what there actually is (excluding God) according to this kind of presentist.)
In his discussion of the question whether whatever begins to exist has a cause, Craig writes:
I cannot think of any good reason to believe that something's coming to exist out of nothing is metaphysically possible, even if there is no logical inconsistency in so conceiving. ... I do not see that the kalam proponent is obligated to provide any sort of argument for his causal premise. We do not require arguments against the possibility of solipsism or for the existence of other minds, for the truth concerning these matters is obvious and any argument in this regard would be based on premises less obvious than the conclusion. In the same way, the premise ex nihilo nihil fit is .. obvious. (pp.6ff)
Here is seems that Craig simply confesses that he does not have a good argument against those who claim that there are things other than God which do not have a cause of their existence. But if one can be reasonable in holding this opinion, then Craig is wrong: his argument is not entirely successful unless he provides compelling support for the causal premise. (Of course, he may be perfectly entitled to believe the causal premise; but that is a different issue.) Moreover, the comparison with solipsism and disbelief in the existence of other minds is surely inapt: for there is pragmatic incoherence in the supposition that one might try to defend these beliefs in debate. But there are people--myself included--who think that it might well be the case that there are non-abstract things other than God whose existence is uncaused, and who are not obviously irrational in this belief. No useful purpose is served by the insistence that such people are obviously mistaken: mere rhetoric is no substitute for argument.
Craig does mention one argument, due to Jonathon Edwards: if something can come into being uncaused out of nothing, then it is inexplicable why anything and everything does not do so. (p.7) Among the points which might be made in response to this argument, there are the following: (i) it should, I think, be granted that it is not physically possible for "real" entities to "pop into existence" in space-time, since this would involve violations of conservation laws; though, on the other hand, it seems that the "virtual particles" of the quantum-mechanical vacuum do just "pop into and out of existence"; (ii) it should be conceded that it is narrowly logically possible for things to "pop into existence" in spacetime--i.e. that there is no purely a priori objection to this form of denial of the causal principle; (iii) it is hard to see what could count as a decisive argument in favour of either answer to the question whether it is broadly logically (metaphysically) possible for things to pop into existence uncaused. (A regularity theorist about laws will be entirely unimpressed by Craig's argument from the claim that nomic necessity derives solely from the causal powers and dispositions of things which actually exist. (p.7)[8] Here is yet another controversial metaphysical assumption which is pressed into service to prop up Craig's argument.)
Furthermore, it seems to me that it could simply be denied that it is appropriate to describe the universe as an entity which "pops into existence" or which "begins to exist" even if it is true that the universe is temporally finite. Suppose we think of the universe as a distribution of properties over an at-least-four-dimensional finite manifold. (So we shall be B-series theorists and substantivalists.) Among the questions we need to answer, there are the following: (i) does the manifold in question have any boundaries?; (ii) if the manifold does have boundaries, are these boundaries open or closed?; (iii) if the universe does have boundaries, does time extend all the way to these boundaries (or is it a local phenomenon, restricted to some sub-portion of the manifold)? Suppose--to consider just one epistemically possible option--that the universe is bounded and closed, but that time is a local phenomenon. Then it could surely turn out to be the case that there is nothing which begins to exist which does not have a cause, and yet that the universe--which is not itself an entity in time--does not begin to exist (and hence does not need a cause to explain how it "pops into existence"). Even in a temporally finite universe, there needn't be any uncaused events--for the time-series might be appropriately modelled by an open interval on the real number line.[9]
At the very least, it seems to me that we are sufficiently ignorant of the global topology of the universe (especially at the quantum level) to leave it an open question--for at least some reasonable and reflective persons--whether there is a sense of "beginning to exist" ("coming to exist") in which it is true both (i) that the universe began to exist and (ii) that everything which begins to exist has a cause of its existence. Of course, this is not to say that one cannot reasonably believe that the question is closed--but, as I have insisted before, that is an entirely different issue.
Craig claims that, whereas Mackie's atheism is metaphysically absurd, his own theism is metaphysically unproblematic. In particular, he claims that there is no difficulty in the view that God is "timeless without creation and in time subsequent to creation". (p.8) However, it seems to me that there must be a version of Mackie's atheism which is on a metaphysical par with Craig's view, namely: the view that time is a local phenomenon in our part of the universe. On this view, those parts of the universe which are atemporal exist timelessly; the rest of the universe is in time. Moreover, on this view, conditions sufficient for the origination of the temporal part of the universe obtain in that part of the universe which is atemporal.
Both Craig's view and the atheistic alternative need to be treated with considerable care, least they lapse into inconsistency. Consider Craig's (implicit) claim that it is intelligible to suppose that God lead up to creation with the words "3, 2, 1, fiat lux!"[10] In order to make sense of talk about conditions prior to creation, we need to assume a time in which those conditions are embedded--for "prior to" is an essentially temporal notion. But, if there is such a time--perhaps, as Craig suggests, provided by God's thoughts--then the eternality of God leads to exactly the kind of infinite regress which Craig claims is unintelligible. If Craig's view is to be consistent, he must accept the conclusion that, without creation, God is essentially non-temporal--i.e. there is no sense in which a time series can be ascribed to him.[11]
Of course, Craig's opponents needn't subscribe to the atheistic view under discussion. But I do not see that there is anything in Craig's writings which shows that those who do have a position which is worse than the one to which he subscribes.
Craig claims that "[whether or not] the initial cosmological singularity is a real, physical state ... the singularity and hence the universe comes into being without any material or efficient cause and therefore originates ex nihilo". (p.10) However, it seems to me that one can be sceptical about whether the scientific evidence really does point towards anything like an initial cosmological singularity. The crucial point is that we still have no adequate theory to describe conditions before the Planck time; consequently, as most physicists will admit, we really have no idea what to say about those conditions (nor, indeed, whether to admit that we should give a realistic interpretation to our models of the universe at, and before, that time). But, in these circumstances, I see no good reason to accept the extrapolation beyond the Planck time which is required in order to arrive at an initial cosmological singularity. What there is good evidence for is the claim that the universe has expanded to its present size from a much smaller early universe; but this claim is quite compatible with the further claim that there was no initial cosmological singularity. (Note, by the way, that a bouncing, or oscillating universe, is not the only possible alternative. There are various other options--e.g. those involving world ensembles and wormholes--which might avoid an ex nihilo origination.)[12]
There is much else in Craig's reply on which I would like to comment, but I shall desist. Instead, I return to the methodological remarks with which I began. As Craig is well aware, in his defence of kalam cosmological arguments, he has occasion to discuss--and, in many cases, to opt for positions on--a large number of controversial issues, including: (i) the interpretation of quantum mechanics; (ii) the question of the ontological commitments of scientific theories (including quantum mechanics and general relativity) and of mathematical theories; (iii) relationism versus substantivalism about space-time; (iv) A-series versus B-series analyses of time; (v) the analysis of causation and laws of nature; (vi) the analysis of infinities; (vii) the interpretation of mathematics; (viii) the analysis of modality; and so on. Given this menu of issues--and given that many of his opponents have well-developed world-views in which they disagree with him on almost all of them--it is highly implausible to suppose that his work provides those opponents with a reason to change their views. (Of course, if Craig is right, then his opponents have an external reason to change their views, namely that, unless they do, they won't be in possession of the truth. But what is required to motivate a change in view is internal reason; yet I do not find it at all plausible to suppose that Craig's work provides any such motivation.) While this is not to say that Craig is wrong to suppose that his cosmological argument is sound, it is certainly to insist that it is hard to see what he could hope to achieve by advancing it.
[1] This paper is a reply to Professor William Lane Craig's "Graham Oppy On The Kalam Cosmological Argument" Sophia 32.1, 1993, pp.1-11. Further references to the literature are contained therein. (Note that all page numbers cited in the main text refer to this article.)
[2] Cf. "Graham Oppy On The Kalam Cosmological Argument", p.3.
[3] Cf. "Graham Oppy On The Kalam Cosmological Argument", p.3. I think it should be noted that other readers found it equally hard to make sense of Craig's talk of "real possibility"; see, e.g., William Wainwright's review of Craig's The Kalam Cosmological Argument in Nous, pp.328-334, at p.330.
[4] Cf. "Professor Mackie And The Kalam Cosmological Argument" Religious Studies 20, 1984, pp.367-375, at pp.369-370.
[5] Cf. "Time And Infinity" International Philosophical Quarterly 31, 1991, pp.386-401, at p.392; "God, Creation, And Mr. Davies" British Journal For The Philosophy Of Science 37, 1986, pp.163-175, at pp.170-171; and "Was Thomas Aquinas A B-Theorist Of Time?"New Scholasticism 59, 1985, pp.475-483, at p.483
[6] Cf. "God And Real Time" Religious Studies 26, 1991, pp.335-347, at pp.335-338; "God, Creation, And Mr. Davies" at pp.166, 171; "Wallace Matson And The Crude Cosmological Argument" Australasian Journal Of Philosophy 57, 1979, pp.163-170, at p.169; and "God, Time, And Eternity" Religious Studies 14, 1979, pp.497-503, at p.499
[7] Cf. "`What Place, Then, For A Creator?' Hawking On God And Creation" British Journal For The Philosophy Of Science 41, 1990, pp.473-491, at p.485
[8] Cf. "God, Creation, And Mr. Davies", p.168.
[9] In "The Origin And Creation Of The Universe: A Reply To Adolf Grunbaum", British Journal For The Philosophy Of Science 43, 1992, pp.233-240, at p.239, Craig claims that the suggestions made in the present paragraph of the main text are "mere word play". However, I say that this is unfair to Grunbaum (and to me): it is not mere word play to suggest that the universe could be temporally finite, and yet beginingless (in the sense that there is no first moment of time, or first event). In these circumstances it may be true --as Craig alleges-- that it is sensible to ask for the cause of the series of events; but surely it is also true that one could reasonably hold that there need be no such cause. (Remember that neither Grunbaum nor I has been persuaded that a temporal series of order type w* is broadly logically (metaphysically) impossible.)
[10] Cf. "The Origin And Creation Of The Universe: A Reply To Adolf Grunbaum", p..238
[11] In "The Origin And Creation Of The Universe: A Reply To Adolf Grunbaum", at p..239, Craig claims that "vacuum fluctutation models face, among other difficulties, the severe problem of explaining the existence of our relatively young cosmos if the quantum mechanical background space is supposed to have existed from eternity". But this is absurd. All that the eternity of the background space can amount to is that it does not exist in time--i.e. it is timeless. To suppose otherwise is just to make the mistake cautioned against in the main text.
[12] Amongst the complaints which Craig makes against Hawking and Davies, there is his claim that--their positivistic inclinations aside--Hawking and Davies are prone to "naive ontologising", i.e. to treating aspects of their models of the universe as representations of "metaphysical reality", when in fact these features should be treated as artefacts of the model. Perhaps there is some justice in this complaint--though one might try to press Quine's views on ontological commitment into service in constructing a defence--but, in any case, the important point to note is that exactly the same claim can be made about Craig's inference that the universe began from a singularity (whether or not the singularity itself was real). Until we have theories which describe what happened at, and perhaps before, the Planck time, it is hard to see any justification for the inference that the universe arose from a singularity.
Note, too, that Craig's complaint that Hawking's introduction of imaginary time is "an egregious example of self-deception" (p.483) seems to require an uncharitable--though understandable--interpetation of Hawking's text. What I take Hawking to be suggesting is that, from the standpoint of giving a simple account of the overall structure of the universe, imaginary time is one of the natural features of the universe. On the other hand, what we call "time" is, from this standpoint, merely a gerrymandered property which happens to be very important to us. This is not to deny--as Hawking's actual words do--that what we ordinarily call "time" is real; it is only to insist that a basic physical description of the universe need not pay any attention to this property (just as it need pay no attention to "visible light" or "potable water", etc.)


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Danville school to remove wind turbine, purchase solar
Caledonian-Record - Katherine Fiegenbaum - May 21, 2021
Dave Schilling, Danville Middle and High School principal, said in an email that he was surprised to find the noisy turbine not producing power when he arrived at the school in 2018. ...Schilling told the school board on May 4 that the cost of repairs needed to get an inverter working — between $4,000 and $11,000 — was not worth the small amount of power the unit could produce. In fact, it seems the system only generated a few hundred dollars of power to begin with.
Danville School's 90-foot-tall wind turbine, noticeable for miles around for the past 20 years, will soon be removed.
Dave Schilling, Danville Middle and High School principal, said in an email that he was surprised to find the noisy turbine not producing power when he arrived at the school in 2018.
"Neither my predecessor nor the assistant principal at the time knew when it had previously generated power," he said.
Schilling told the school board on May 4 that the cost of repairs needed to get an inverter working — between $4,000 and $11,000 — was not worth the small amount of power the unit could produce. In fact, it seems the system only generated a few hundred dollars of power to begin with.
"A 10KW hour grid-tied system doesn't really do much," said Schilling.
However, renewable energy will soon be a much bigger part of the school.
On May 17, the school board unanimously voted to enter into a net metering agreement with Norwich Solar Technologies. Eighty percent of the school's current energy usage will be provided through an installation adjacent to the school.
Power from the solar installation will be... more [truncated due to possible copyright]
Power from the solar installation will be provided at a fixed rate lower than the school's current electric bill.
"We set the amount of power purchased through credits at 80 percent to accommodate for future efficiency projects in the school building — we didn't want to agree to buy more power than we'd need!" Schilling said. "Given the low output of the wind turbine (should it even be able to be restored), this is a significant improvement in our use of renewable energy!"
Twinfield School will also be utilizing part of the installation and Cabot School may soon sign on as well.
"It would be an interesting outcome to have three schools in the SU consume the capacity of a solar farm that's built-in one of our towns," said Mark Tucker, CCSU superintendent, at the May 17 meeting.
The Cabot School Board is set to discuss the agreement at their regularly scheduled meeting on Monday, May 24.
There are no up-front, out-of-pocket or maintenance costs associated with the agreement.
According to Schilling, a summer off-grid installation is also planned on the tiny house on Danville School's property. The school is planning to involve students in the install.
The school received $33,000 from the federal government to erect the turbine back in 2002 as part of a now-defunct, small-scale wind demonstration project, with another $5,000 of in-kind funds coming from the town.
Schilling said that, according to the best of installer Tom Halnon's knowledge, recommended maintenance had never been done on the turbine.
A May 18 newsletter to the school community says that the turbine is expected to be removed before Danville School's eighth-grade and high-school graduations in mid-June.
http://wind3.herokuapp.com/posts/52452-danville-school-to-remove-wind-turbine-purchase-solar

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Home > Chelsea > Chelsea, Manchester United must be patient in chase for Italian
Chelsea, Manchester United must be patient in chase for Italian
By Alex Hams on October 31, 2012 - 71 views
Manchester United and Chelsea have been told to wait until next summer before approaching Genoa defender Mario Sampirisi, according to talkSPORT.
The 19-year-old has been attracting the attention of the Premier League teams, as well as a variety of European sides, due to a string of impressive displays for the Serie A club.
However, reports suggest that the pair have been told by his employers to forget about making an approach until at least next summer.
Since his senior debut earlier this year, the full-back's displays have earned much adulation from the Italian media, leading to speculation that he could leave the club.
United and Chelsea scouts have reportedly watched the youngster, which may tempt them to make a bid in the near future.
The club's hierarchy are believed to be unwilling to let him leave during the winter transfer window as they hope to nurture his development ahead of a big money move in the future.
Alex Hams
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Star Alliance's matter, Luo Yang Subhuti and Old Ancestor two no longer spoke to discuss something.
With Star Alliance in comparison, they were insignificant like ants, Although the two of them down and Star Area in quite a reputable figure, However, the Star Alliance this enormous being, front of him, he really couldn't be considered anything.
Hearing those words, many of the young men and women's faces were revealing anticipation in his eyes.
To them, a mere abandoned planet, with their cultivation, only wanted to enter the Martial Dragon Continent, it was definitely a Peak of some sort, perhaps wasn't the strongest, but there were many methods of protection, they were all Martial Dragon Continent is in, they would be extremely safe.
If it were only Martial Dragon Continent on the native's words, To them, simply not training, their main goal was this Sky Devils.
The two Martial Dragon Continent within, only able to cause them some threat, even these Sky Devils.
"Hall 72 Sect is one of the Heavenly River Sect, Are you afraid that Martial Dragon Continent the natives?" A weird-sounding voice rang out.
Luo Yang turned his head to look, It was an old woman, it was looking at Luo Yang, The corner of his mouth contained ridicule.
"Chen Li, your Seven Profound Sect if they weren't worried, At this moment, would be able to go in." Luo Yang said indifferently.
The woman chuckled, but didn't say anything.
Seven Mysteries Sect and Heavenly River Sect, all of them belonging to the 72 Sect, because the two were very close, often disciples to train in, or seize resources of friction, Not long after, each other's relationship wasn't too good.
Not long after, a figure appeared, did not directly leave Martial Dragon Continent, It was from the Martial Dragon Will, and the many powers looked at each other from afar.
This person was Martial Dragon Continent in the starry sky to guide it, before carrying Hong'er left the Yu Lin!
This was the many factions, Yu Lin's face did not have any further, All of them were respectfully.
Luo Yang, the others didn't say anything and quietly listened to Yu Lin had said.
"Eight Streams Su?" Everyone's eyes lit up.
"Why do you need to pay attention to? Just because he swept through one of the Sky Sect?" Someone coldly snorted in disdain.
" Furthermore, this person did not know where so many techniques and resources, Within a short ten years, It would only tens of people, could be said to be from the small sects, created a hundred Super Big sect, the strongest power! In fact, after this period of time to develop, they would be able to contend against a super sect would not be comparable.
Said this, Yu Lin stopped, revealed a look of admiration.
" Just these few points?
Yu Lin secretly frowned, but eventually didn't speak.
For this young man's words, He was extremely dissatisfied, After all, he is also a Martial Dragon Continent human, earth birthed earth, to Martial Dragon Continent had extremely deep feelings, For the other party to such slander Martial Dragon Continent, How could he be happy?
Wasn't willing, so what? in front of these people, was not something he could afford to offend.
Hearing this, the young man immediately stopped speaking, However, the expression on his face was still filled with disdain.
"This training, make sure to be careful, Glory Sect had told you everything, don't be careless, No matter what level the cultivators, As long as the enemy was, they would have to go all-out, but the other party had not provoked you earlier, you had better not provoke him, there, there, understand?" Luo Yang and reprimanded with a sentence.
Ps, Alright, I began to recover more. This was the number 1 more.


Demo of a layer with Zoomify tiles.
Demonstration of the Zoomify layer in OpenLayers.
You can have a look at Zoomify viewer for this picture, which is using the same tiles.
For change to our own image you have to specify 'url' (zoomifyImagePath in Zoomify terminology) and 'size' ('width' and 'height' from ImageProperty.xml file).
Custom tiles can be easily generated with original Zoomify software like with freely available ZoomifyerEZ or with Adobe PhotoShop CS3 (it has built in support for export into Zoomify tiles).
There is also a ZoomifyImage SourceForge Project, a tile cutter available under GPL license.
Zoomify tiles can be also served dynamically on the server side from JPEG2000 masters using J2KTileRender with available integration for DSpace and soon for Fedora Digital Repository.
IIPImage server can serve Zoomify tiles dynamically from TIFF files.
Development of the Zoomify support for OpenLayers was supported from the grant Old Maps Online.


The Legend of Zelda: Legendary Edition contains two volumes of the beloved The Legend of Zelda manga series, presented in a deluxe format featuring new covers and color art pieces by Akira Himekawa.
The battle for Hyrule and the Sacred Realm has begun! A young boy named Link must defeat evil on his long, perilous quest to find the spiritual stones that hold the key to the Triforce, and deliver them to Zelda, princess of the land of Hyrule.
Link finds himself broken into four different versions of himself-Green, Red, Blue and Violet Link-and pitted against a fifth, the malevolent Shadow Link, who has kidnapped Princess Zelda. The Links must find the Four Sword, the only thing that can combine them so that they are strong enough to stop Shadow Link and save the princess-and the world!


Abstract: Ever since the federal administration has introduced performance oriented budgeting, the gender-equality target of "Category 16 public revenues" aims to foster a more equal sharing of paid and unpaid work between women and men through the tax system. Achieving this gender-equality target depends on a number of factors. Both theoretical considerations and empirical evidence suggest that the tax system influences both the labour supply of women and the sharing of unpaid work between genders and thus the degree to which the Finance Ministry's gender-equality target will be met.
More articles in WIFO Monatsberichte (monthly reports) from WIFO Contact information at EDIRC.


text:
Q: linux command top: saving configuration I am learning command top, know how to change color and  columns mod, switch from one mode to another. After closing top's window and running again, all comes to default configuration - 4 default modes of columns and colors . Is there any way to save changes befor closing top's window.

A: Once you have your configuration set the way you want, type W (that is a capital W) and your configuration will be saved.
From the top manpage:

´W´ :Write_the_Configuration_File
This  will  save all of your options and toggles plus the current display mode and delay time.  By issuing this command just before quitting top, you will be able restart later in exactly that same state.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Peter Gatdet Yaka fou un militar sudanès originari del sud, de l'ètnia bul-nuer.

Com a oficial sudanès fou enviat a Iraq per lluitar amb els iraquians a la guerra contra Iran (1980-1988). A la seva tornada, abans del 1988, va desertar i es va unir a l'Exèrcit d'Alliberament del Poble Sudanès (SPLA).

El 28 d'agost de 1991 va donar suport a Riak Machar contra John Garang. El 1997 es van constituir les South Sudan Defence Forces com a branca militar del United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF), a les quals es van incorporar les forces de diverses milícies i grups entre els quals l'Anya-Anya II, i Gatdet fou destinat amb aquest grup, que estava dirigit per Paulino Matiep, que actuava de fet com a milícia del govern.

Aquest va disputar el control de l'estat Unity a les forces de la USDF i va formar la South Sudan Unity Movement/Army (SSUM/A) reconeguda pel govern sudanès el març de 1998; Gatdet fou el seu principal comandant sobre el terreny, lluitant contra les forces del comandant Tito Biel; el 1999 Gatdet es va revoltar contra Matiep i la seva unitat va lluitar contra el govern, coordinat amb Tito Biel i Peter Paar, sobretot a l'Alt Nil Occidental i l'estat Unity.

Al començament del 2000 va passar al SPLA i va començar a lluitar contra les unitats de la South Sudan Defence Forces fidels a Riak Machar, dirigides pel seu anterior aliat Peter Paar (juliol del 2000). El 2002 les South Sudan Defence Forces i el SPLA es van unir i va retornar amb el grup de Paulino Matiep que ara era el nominal cap de l'exèrcit unit; el 2003 va desertar i va passar al govern. En 2016 va admetre haver perdut el control del Partit Democràtic Federal i de les SSAF però tot i així es nega a dialogar amb el govern de Sudan del Sud.

Referències

Militars sud-sudanesos
Militars sudanesos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Updegraff Clinic for Allergy & Dermatology, PC is a father-daughter practice. Dr. Bryan Updegraff is a board certified dermatologist who has been practicing in the valley of the sun for over 20 years. He recently decided to team up with his daughter Devon Updegraff M.S, PA-C in order to fulfill both their dreams of practicing medicine side-by-side. Together, Dr. Updegraff and Devon Updegraff PA-C have focused their vision on doing what is best for their patients by providing excellence in patient care.
Our office knows that by providing our customers with the necessities they need and the customer service they deserve our company will continue to strive and grow. We at the Updegraff Clinic are also committed to the personal development of our employees. By having educated employees that have their own goals and aspirations we know we can continue to ensure excellence in our services and products. The Updegraff Clinic is your best choice for allergy management and quality skin care.


text:
Biografia
Il suo regno ebbe inizio nel 969  terminando poi nel 984. Il suo nome personale era .

Si trattava del quinto figlio dell'imperatore Murakami avuto dalla consorte Anshi, la figlia di Fujiwara no Morosuke. Salì al potere dopo che suo fratello abdicò dopo due anni di regno. Durante il suo impero ebbe 5 consorti.

Note

Altri progetti

Imperatori del Giappone


text:
Q: If $L_1$ and $L_2$ are regular then $L_1 \cup\;L_2\; = L$ is regular. Is the converse true? The following is an answer I found to the question.

For instance, $\sum^*$ is a regular language; but it can be decomposed into two languages $L_1= \{0^i1^i,\;i\ge0\}$ and $L_2 = \{0^i1^j\;,\;i,j\ge0\}$, both of which are not regular.

When we say $\sum^*$ is regular, it means that every string in $\sum^*$ is accepted by some DFA. The answer say that $\sum^*$ contain strings from two non-regular languages and still be regular. How is that ?

A: You haven't phrased the situation quite right. It's not that "every $s \in \Sigma^*$ is accepted by some DFA" – that's obviously and trivially true, but isn't what it means for a subset of $\Sigma^*$ to be regular. $L \subseteq \Sigma^*$ is regular iff there is one DFA that accepts $L$ – not a possibly different DFA for each $s \in L$.
The "answer you found" is wrong. Some DFA accepts $\Sigma^*$, so it's regular. But the two languages you give do not exhaust $\Sigma^*$, and $L_2$ actually is regular:
it's is just the language described by the regular expression $\mathsf{0}^*\mathsf{1}^*$. Clearly, $L_1 \subseteq L_2$. But $L_2 \neq \Sigma^*$ because for example $\mathsf{1} \mathsf{0} \notin L_2$.
However, it is true that if $L \subseteq \Sigma^*$ is regular, then so is $\Sigma^* \setminus L$. Thus if $L \subseteq \Sigma^*$ is not regular, then neither is $\Sigma^* \setminus L$ (why?). By the Pumping Lemma, $L_1$ is not regular; so take $L_2 = \Sigma^* \setminus L_1$.
Thus, the converse is false.

A: What you've quoted is false: $\{0,1\}^*$ is not the union of $L_1$ and $L_2$ as defined in that quotation. In fact $L_1\cup L_2=L_2$, which is the regular language corresponding to the regular expression $0^*1^*$. It is well-known, however, that $L_1$ is not regular; in fact it's the standard example of a context-free language that is not regular. Thus, $L_1\cup L_2$ is an example of a regular language that is the union of a non-regular language and a regular language, though that regular language is not $\{0,1\}^*$.
Note that if $L$ is any language over the alphabet $\Sigma=\{0,1\}$, then $L\cup\Sigma^*=\Sigma^*$ is regular: it makes no difference whether $L$ is regular or not. And since there are languages $L$ over $\Sigma$ that are not regular, regularity of $L_1\cup L_2$ cannot in general imply regularity of both $L_1$ and $L_2$.
In fact it does not imply that even one of $L_1$ and $L_2$ is regular. Let $L_1=\{0^m1^n:0\le m\le n\}$ and $L_2=\{0^m1^n:m\ge n\ge 0\}$; using the pumping lemma it's not hard to show that neither of these languages is regular. However, $L_1\cup L_2=\{0^m1^n:m,n\ge 0\}$, which is regular: as noted above, it corresponds to the regular expression $0^*1^*$. This means that although there is a DFA that accepts precisely the strings in $L_1\cup L_2$, there is no single DFA that accepts precisely the strings in $L_1$, and there is no DFA that accepts precisely the strings in $L_2$. Any DFA that accepts every string in $L_1$, for instance, necessarily accepts some strings that are not in $L_1$, and similarly for $L_2$.

A: When we say $\sum^*$ star is regular, we are saying that there is a single DFA which accepts exactly the strings within. However, it can be decomposed into two sets $L_1$ and $L_2$ such that there is no DFA accepting exactly the strings in $L_1$ (or in $L_2$).
That is, remember that "regular" applies to the whole language, not to the words within. You seem to be thinking "A language is regular if every string within is regular" which is not true, since there is no notion of a string being regular (as every string is accepted by some DFA). Rather, we might say "A language is regular if it is not too complicated a set of strings" - so the idea is to take a simple language $\sum^*$ and break it up into two complicated pieces.


I really wish I had not watched tonight. Far, far, far too much of Jacob and Maya. I find it completely repulsive to watch. I just don't feel that it belongs on tea-time telly. The sooner it finishes, the better.
Totally agree that it's not suitable for this time of day tele - I know these subjects have to be brought to peoples attention but there is a correct time and place where it does not offend people.
I only watched as I was hoping the whole Roblivion family would be on tonight.
Really good scenes with & Liv, just a shame that wasn't there to make it a full family discussion.
Hopefully that twisted woman is on her way out.
Aaron and Robert are in tonight's first episode. I'm not sure about the second episode.
Press centre spoilers for the week beginning 18/02/19. Week 8.
Monday 18th February - Dawn is confronted with her past. Billy and Tracy grow closer. A surprise turnaround shocks Nicola.
Tuesday 19th February - Ryan is put in an awkward situation. Paddy gives Marlon inspiration. Rishi assumes the worst.
Wednesday 20th February - Bernice is stunned by a revelation. Charity continues to meddle. Cain and Matty are thrown together.
Thursday 21st February 7pm - Matty deliberately ignores a warning. Charity's efforts are rebuffed. Rishi refuses to admit the truth.
Thursday 21st February 8pm - Livid Pete points the finger. Debbie's behaviour raises suspicion. Charity offers an apology.
Friday 22nd February - Jai and Priya reach a decision. Sarah attempts to intervene in Debbie's life. Matty struggles to make amend.
I know it's cruel but I really don't care how well or not Maya is in the next episode.
Some nice domestic scenes with the boys - first having a meal in the Cafe and then being the over protective Dads/Brothers with Liv. They both looked good too.
Has anyone else been having problems trying to post on here in the last 20 minutes.?
Agreed on Maya. I just don't care. As you all know, I hate this ****e with Jacob/Maya and daft David. I'm hoping it will end sooner rather than later.
PS - I've had no problems posting on here.
Anyone else now convinced that Jai and Manpreet are going to be lovers, behind Rishi's back? Obvious from a mile off.
Sorry but that was vomit inducing - wish I hadn't watched it.


When Toro was ready to launch its brand-new line of snow blowers, they turned to FUSE. Their new snow blowers offered some unique features, and they wanted to deliver that information in the best possible way.
Companies can get ideas across to their audience better with visuals, so we created a 3D animation for the SnowMaster.
Toro had a straightforward message, so that's what we delivered. We highlighted the line's most important features in just 30 seconds. Our short animation perfectly captures SnowMaster's superior snow throwing abilities and easier controls. We help companies like Toro build effective marketing materials in order to their product's story.


The Ethnological Museum Montseny Gabella (MEMGA),Since its inception in 1985, was conceived as a center for the conservation, research and dissemination of the cultural heritage of the Montseny. The relationship between man and the environment, Work and study the mechanisms involved in this relationship are part of the main lines of work, and involvement in cultural revitalization, social and economic territory.
Currently MEMGA, Set in a seventeenth century building completely restored and adapted, has an area of 1800m2, with 15 permanent exhibition in which visitors can observe the material evidence of human communities throughout history have inhabited the mountains.
Within its more noteworthy collections of samples of the first craft and industrialization, an extraordinary archeological background of XIV-XVI, testimoni in Seva major part, everyday men and women who lived during this period the castle Montsoriu.
The museum visit, at the same time allows, enjoy a spectacular journey through the world of imagination and magic mountain, Incorporated in multivisor Legends Montseny.
Museum hours are 11 am to 2 noon and 5 a 8 pm Tuesday to Friday. On Saturdays and Sundays it is open to the public from 11 to 2 noon and 2/4 of 5 a les 7 the take.


text:
New distribution company elevates Atlanta hip-hop
5 Best Emergency Loans For Bad Credit in 2021
The TECHNO exhibition opens in Italy at the Museion until March 2022
Rob Balint of group 519 offers young musicians a safe and creative experience
In 2023, Billy Strings will officially be an arena artist
Laurice Carlson November 4, 2022
Hip-hop veteran Luke Campbell gets his own football pitch
Universal Music Group announces new royalty program for legacy artists waiving unrecovered advances
Laurice Carlson April 3, 2022
Only 0.4% of artists in the UK make a living from streaming their music, according to a new study.
Meek Mill Rants on Atlantic Records, Says They Tried to Split Him From Roddy Ricch
Taking to Twitter to express his thoughts never really served Meek Mill, but he continues to do so anyway. A few months ago, he took to the social media platform to say he hadn't been paid by his label, but didn't say whether he was talking about Maybach Music Group or Atlantic Records.
Earlier this afternoon, he took to Twitter again. This time, he directed his frustrations at Atlantic. He says he made them hundreds of millions and they still took Roddy Ricch away from him. Supposedly, when Roddy was successful, they cut the connection there, which apparently caused some issues between the two rappers that have since been resolved.
He also claims that his label didn't put anything in his last album, dear pain. Despite this, they prohibit him from releasing another new album within 9 months of the release date of this album, which would bring us to July 1 of this year.
You can check out the series of tweets below.
So listen I made hundreds of millions of records on the Atlantic and I let them rape me Roddy an artist they came to see me in jail from…they always say I can't quit music till 9 months after my last album was blackballed, just wrapped buildings and Nina the art with talent…
— Sweet Mill (@MeekMill) February 1, 2022
Roddy my young is still…. But that tag broke us apart instantly when the millions came from him..same thing they tried to do with me and rozay..takes a long time to catch up too because most of them bonded over the love of money… the artist is afraid to speak
They didn't put anything in expensive pain and then said I couldn't drop another project for 9 months at the end of my contract after I made them hundreds of millions…..how could anyone he survive this… most rappers can't talk because they depend on these companies "I don't"
If I didn't have millions, I'd probably be doing something crazy…. They seduce young black kids into taking advantage and calling it business! Other artists speak and tell the truth while you're winning, not when you're down!
I must have thought that Roddy didn't come to see me, he was alone…they bought him and cut me as soon as the money came…the label shouldn't have paid me "Roddy" then they fed him like I was I was trying to lock him up… I was trying to help him and eating doesn't earn a Label Dolla!
Also, I had to fight for my life to get dc4 counted as an album because they said I called it a mixtape.
Me and Roddy alright now its not about him at all…they would let us go to war and still make money…I had to say I'm rich it's my young and turn to those people and ask wassup for my work they asked me to do! I don't get a dollar
Hip-Hop Icon Dr. Dre Opens "America's Coolest High School"
Portland's young hip-hop artists lead the way for music and justice
What hip-hop teaches us about fatherhood • EBONY
Hip-Hop and Pop Artist 'Red Devil Compilation' Debuts at 25 on the Billboard Compilation Album Chart | Music Industry News Wire
Previous Graham Nash removes music from Spotify, calling company 'enabler that costs lives' | Music
Next LeDuc will become the first openly non-binary athlete in the US Winter Games
Halftime hip-hop artists will rap to a louder beat – FOX13 News Memphis
Deaf musicians take part in Super Bowl halftime show for the first time – CBS Los Angeles
Super Bowl 2022 artists vow to open doors to more hip-hop – NBC Chicago
Every season of love and hip hop from VH1: New York, ranked
The most famous electronic music artists of all time
City Guide: Bogotá with Silicone Soul
Faster Than Sound: BabiBoi's Spitfire Soundtrack For The Club And Beyond: The Ballroom Rapper Joins The Long Center's Pride In Local Music On Saturday, And More Music News – Music
Lifestyle #40 Weekly Spotify Playlist


Price bouncing off from the daily channel support. Possibility of upward move.
Divergence can be seen in the Daily and 4 hours chart signalling an end of momentum for the downward move. The 4 hour channel resistance has been broken.
Current upward move can be wave 1 of wave c of Z.
Possible retracement to 0.767-0.77 in wave 2 (fibonachi levels 0.618 - 0.768) before the upward move in wave 3.
Probably buy opportunity in wave 3 after the retracement in wave 2.


The U.N. Security Council will vote on Friday on a resolution demanding an end to Israeli settlements, defying pressure from U.S. President-elect Donald Trump as well as Israel and several U.S. senators who urged Washington to use its veto.
The United States is likely to abstain on the resolution, which was abruptly withdrawn by council member Egypt on Thursday but later presented by four other members. This would be a relatively rare step by Washington, which usually shields Israel from such action.
A U.S. abstention would be seen as a parting shot by U.S. President Barack Obama who has had an acrimonious relationship with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and who has made settlements a major target of peace efforts that have proven ultimately futile.
Assuming the US really does abstain, well, damn. That's a huge, if fleeting, change in US policy and a nice parting gift–one I will admit I didn't see coming–from Obama to Netanyahu. I assume Abdel Fattah el-Sisi won't mind, since Egypt's fingerprints are now mostly off of its resolution, but I do wonder how his people will vote if they believe a US veto is not forthcoming.
It's important to understand that in the big scheme of things a resolution like this means nothing. Israel will continue annexing the West Bank and cleansing it of any Palestinian presence, and there's nothing that anybody can or will really do to stop it. Certainly the Trump administration, which–Defense Secretary-designate Mattis excepted–if anything looks like it might be more extreme on settlements than Israel's own radical right-wing government, isn't going to do anything to push Israel to slow settlement construction down or roll it back.
However, international pressure can work, sometimes, and Israel is sensitive to international pressure. At the very least, Benjamin Netanyahu seems to be taking this whole thing as a personal insult, and frankly it couldn't happen to a more deserving guy. And a resolution like this could also give the Palestinians some support when contesting settlements in other forums, like the International Criminal Court. The ICC is also effectively toothless, but the more institutions that condemn the settlements, the more incentive there is for governments, particularly in Europe, to begin considering the issue when making policy with respect to Israel. So this resolution (again, assuming it actually passes) would be only a small step in the right direction, but it would be a step.
UPDATE: And the resolution passes with the US abstaining. This is one of the few times where my pessimism about US foreign policy has proven to be misplaced.
"This is one of the few times where my pessimism about US foreign policy has proven to be misplaced." Exactly my feeling. I've been waiting for this for years . Finally the US steps in line with global opinion. Why shelter Israel so much anyway? What substantial benefit does the US get from them except some "ally" in the middle east and pleasant Christian feelings?


"By using these features, you explicitly authorize Microsoft or its designated agent to access and utilize the necessary information for updating purposes. Microsoft may use this information solely to improve our products or to provide customized services or technologies to you. Microsoft may disclose this information to others, but not in a form that personally identifies you.
Now do you really want to install it? I did on one of my tests machines, but it will be reimaged tomorrow anyway. I'm guess that many of you want. Just another reason to hate MS.
Personal firewalls: Not so safe?
Personal firewalls: Not so safe? The rush to get personal firewall applications to market has resulted in products that are easily compromised and often chock-full of security holes.
only is it fast becoming the backbone of a newly emerging global economy (for better or worse), but perhaps more important, it now offers people the opportunity to communicate with others around the world almost as if they were neighbors. Unfortunately, however, it hasn't taken long for the idea, and practice, of war to also come to the Internet. This perhaps isn't ironic. The Internet, after all, was designed by the U.S. military for war, as a way to maintain communication networks even in the case of a massive attack. The distributed nature of the Internet makes this possible.
Security experts: Denial-of-service attacks still a big threat | Computerworld News & Features Story Its just like all security problems, if the admins don't fix the systems they will always be open to attack.


text:
Georgia beats Alabama, 33-18, for first NCAA title since 1980 season
Published: Jan 11, 2022 at 12:54 AM
Chase Goodbread
Original Content Writer
Darron Cummings/AP
Georgia head coach Kirby Smart celebrates with Stetson Bennett after the College Football Playoff National Championship against Alabama in Indianapolis. Georgia won, 33-18. (Darron Cummings / AP)
Former walk-on quarterback Stetson Bennett and an opportunistic Georgia defense led the Bulldogs to their first national championship since 1980 on Monday night, toppling defending champ Alabama, 33-18, in the College Football Playoff National Championship in Indianapolis.
Bennett rebounded from a crucial fumble to fire two fourth-quarter touchdown passes to bring Georgia back from an 18-13 deficit.
Bennett completed 17 of 26 passes for 224 yards and two scores without an interception, overcoming a slow start to spark the late rally.
Defensively, Georgia turned Alabama away for field goals on three of its four red-zone possessions, and came up with a late pick-six of Crimson Tide quarterback Bryce Young to seal the victory.
Young, the sophomore Heisman Trophy winner, completed 35 of 57 passes for 369 yards and a touchdown, but found himself under far more pressure from the Bulldogs pass rush than he did in Alabama's 41-24 win over Georgia in the SEC Championship Game a month ago. Georgia's defense, ranked No. 1 in the nation, stuffed the Alabama rushing attack for most of the game and pressured Young well enough for four sacks.
A key play for Georgia, by one of many prospects for the 2022 NFL Draft playing in the game, came when running back James Cook broke a 67-yard run to set up Georgia's first touchdown. Cook, the younger brother of Minnesota Vikings RB Dalvin Cook, has accepted an invitation to play in the Reese's Senior Bowl in February. Cook finished with 77 yards on six carries.
Georgia defensive tackle Jordan Davis, a senior and another impressive draft prospect, helped anchor the line of scrimmage for a Bulldogs defense that held Alabama running back Brian Robinson, also Senior Bowl-bound, to 68 yards on 22 carries. Georgia linebacker Nakobe Dean (four tackles, pass breakup), defensive back Lewis Cine (seven tackles) and defensive end Travon Walker (sack), all draft-eligible juniors who have yet to announce whether they'll file for 2022 draft eligibility, played key roles for the Bulldogs.
Alabama wide receiver Jameson Williams, one of college football's most explosive downfield threats, was injured on a 40-yard reception down the middle of the field and did not return. Williams took an awkward step after the catch and fell untouched by a defender, clutching his knee, but returned to the sideline without crutches to watch the second half. A junior, Williams also is a promising draft prospect, but has not announced whether he intends to file for early eligibility.
The first half was a back-and-forth battle of field goals, highlighted by defensive stalwarts on both teams, as Alabama led 9-6 at the break.
Alabama linebacker Christian Harris sacked Bennett three times and freshman linebacker Dallas Turner sacked him twice, but the Bulldogs held Crimson Tide star pass rusher Will Anderson Jr., without a sack for the first time since Oct. 9 against Texas A&M.


CPS Recruitment is currently seeking Assemblers for a great company located in Oriskany, NY!
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text:
Home > Medical Services > Hematology > A Cape DJ can't wait to donate blood. Here's why.
A Cape DJ can't wait to donate blood. Here's why.
It took seven bags of blood to save Billy Teed's life. He wants to repay every drop of it.
Last July, Billy Teed, was playing kickball with some friends and was sluggish and out of breath.
"I had been feeling like garbage for a few days," said Teed, music director and on-air personality at FRANK FM (93.5). "I was sleeping a lot. I didn't have a lot of energy. I was winded all the time. I couldn't figure out why.
"The next day I came into work and my boss said to me, 'Billy you look like you're gray. You should probably go get looked at.'"
Teed went to the Stoneman Outpatient Center in Sandwich, one of Cape Cod Healthcare's urgent care centers.
"They did a couple of tests on me, and they told me that I should probably go the hospital, like now," said Teed, 37, who lives in Mashpee. "There was a sense of urgency in the doctor's voice.
"I went over to the ER at Cape Cod Hospital. They brought me a bag of blood and hooked me up, and basically told me I wasn't going to be leaving for a few days."
Doctors found that there had been bleeding internally into his digestive system and he had lost almost three-fourths of his blood.
"I had a slow leak, like if you had a tire that was leaking air over a lot of time," he said. "Not having your normal blood supply running through your body really drains you of your energy. My heart had been working overtime trying to keep up."
Teed underwent a 7-1/2 hour blood transfusion.
"I had four different needles going into my body, two in my wrist and two in my arms," he said. "I'd never seen so many needles in my entire life. I watched 'Family Feud' 15 times during the transfusion."
Teed says he felt "like a million bucks" following the transfusion.
"They figured out why it was happening and got that to stop. I'm on medication now and doing fine."
During his recovery, he thought about the donors who had saved his life.
"If I ever had a chance to meet one of them, I would say, 'Thank you for taking the time to donate your blood. Thanks for saving my life.' Then I would urge them to go give more blood!"
The Cod Comm radio group sponsored the recent Rock N' Roll Up Your Sleeve blood drive in Hyannis. During the drive, Teed was on the air telling his story. "If I can help motivate somebody to give blood, I want to do that," he said.
"I have to wait a year to be a blood donor after a transfusion. On my one-year anniversary this summer, I will donate blood instead of being in the hospital taking blood.
"I've never given blood and I promised myself, while I was sitting in the hospital, that I would. It really opened my eyes to how much blood is needed every day."
For information about upcoming blood drives, visit Cape Cod Healthcare's Blood Donor Center.
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Cape Cod Health News is your go-to source for timely, informative and credible health news. Engaging stories provide the latest health information, with expert advice and commentary from local doctors and other providers.
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text:
package awsecscontainermetrics

import (
	"testing"

	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/collector/pdata/pcommon"
	conventions "go.opentelemetry.io/collector/semconv/v1.6.1"
	"go.uber.org/zap"

	"github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/internal/aws/ecsutil"
)

func TestContainerResource(t *testing.T) {
	cm := ecsutil.ContainerMetadata{
		ContainerName: "container-1",
		DockerID:      "001",
		DockerName:    "docker-container-1",
		Image:         "nginx:v1.0",
		ImageID:       "sha256:8cf1bfb43ff5d9b05af9b6b63983440f137",
		CreatedAt:     "2020-07-30T22:12:29.837074927Z",
		StartedAt:     "2020-07-30T22:12:31.153459485Z",
		KnownStatus:   "RUNNING",
	}

	r := containerResource(cm, zap.NewNop())
	require.NotNil(t, r)
	attrMap := r.Attributes()
	require.EqualValues(t, 9, attrMap.Len())
	expected := map[string]string{
		conventions.AttributeContainerName:      "container-1",
		conventions.AttributeContainerID:        "001",
		attributeECSDockerName:                  "docker-container-1",
		conventions.AttributeContainerImageName: "nginx",
		attributeContainerImageID:               "sha256:8cf1bfb43ff5d9b05af9b6b63983440f137",
		conventions.AttributeContainerImageTag:  "v1.0",
		attributeContainerCreatedAt:             "2020-07-30T22:12:29.837074927Z",
		attributeContainerStartedAt:             "2020-07-30T22:12:31.153459485Z",
		attributeContainerKnownStatus:           "RUNNING",
	}

	verifyAttributeMap(t, expected, attrMap)
}

func TestContainerResourceForStoppedContainer(t *testing.T) {
	var exitCode int64 = 2
	cm := ecsutil.ContainerMetadata{
		ContainerName: "container-1",
		DockerID:      "001",
		DockerName:    "docker-container-1",
		Image:         "nginx:v1.0",
		ImageID:       "sha256:8cf1bfb43ff5d9b05af9b6b63983440f137",
		CreatedAt:     "2020-07-30T22:12:29.837074927Z",
		StartedAt:     "2020-07-30T22:12:31.153459485Z",
		FinishedAt:    "2020-07-31T22:12:29.837074927Z",
		KnownStatus:   "STOPPED",
		ExitCode:      &exitCode,
	}

	r := containerResource(cm, zap.NewNop())
	require.NotNil(t, r)
	attrMap := r.Attributes()
	getExitCodeAd, found := attrMap.Get(attributeContainerExitCode)
	require.EqualValues(t, true, found)
	require.EqualValues(t, 2, getExitCodeAd.Int())
	require.EqualValues(t, 11, attrMap.Len())
	expected := map[string]string{
		conventions.AttributeContainerName:      "container-1",
		conventions.AttributeContainerID:        "001",
		attributeECSDockerName:                  "docker-container-1",
		conventions.AttributeContainerImageName: "nginx",
		attributeContainerImageID:               "sha256:8cf1bfb43ff5d9b05af9b6b63983440f137",
		conventions.AttributeContainerImageTag:  "v1.0",
		attributeContainerCreatedAt:             "2020-07-30T22:12:29.837074927Z",
		attributeContainerStartedAt:             "2020-07-30T22:12:31.153459485Z",
		attributeContainerFinishedAt:            "2020-07-31T22:12:29.837074927Z",
		attributeContainerKnownStatus:           "STOPPED",
	}

	verifyAttributeMap(t, expected, attrMap)
}

func TestTaskResource(t *testing.T) {
	tm := ecsutil.TaskMetadata{
		Cluster:          "cluster-1",
		TaskARN:          "arn:aws:ecs:us-west-2:111122223333:task/default/158d1c8083dd49d6b527399fd6414f5c",
		Family:           "task-def-family-1",
		Revision:         "v1.2",
		AvailabilityZone: "us-west-2d",
		PullStartedAt:    "2020-10-02T00:43:06.202617438Z",
		PullStoppedAt:    "2020-10-02T00:43:06.31288465Z",
		KnownStatus:      "RUNNING",
		LaunchType:       "EC2",
	}
	r := taskResource(tm)
	require.NotNil(t, r)

	attrMap := r.Attributes()
	require.EqualValues(t, 15, attrMap.Len())
	expected := map[string]string{
		attributeECSCluster:                        "cluster-1",
		conventions.AttributeAWSECSTaskARN:         "arn:aws:ecs:us-west-2:111122223333:task/default/158d1c8083dd49d6b527399fd6414f5c",
		attributeECSTaskID:                         "158d1c8083dd49d6b527399fd6414f5c",
		conventions.AttributeAWSECSTaskFamily:      "task-def-family-1",
		attributeECSTaskRevision:                   "v1.2",
		conventions.AttributeAWSECSTaskRevision:    "v1.2",
		conventions.AttributeCloudAvailabilityZone: "us-west-2d",
		attributeECSTaskPullStartedAt:              "2020-10-02T00:43:06.202617438Z",
		attributeECSTaskPullStoppedAt:              "2020-10-02T00:43:06.31288465Z",
		attributeECSTaskKnownStatus:                "RUNNING",
		attributeECSTaskLaunchType:                 "EC2",
		conventions.AttributeAWSECSLaunchtype:      conventions.AttributeAWSECSLaunchtypeEC2,
		conventions.AttributeCloudRegion:           "us-west-2",
		conventions.AttributeCloudAccountID:        "111122223333",
	}

	verifyAttributeMap(t, expected, attrMap)
}

func TestTaskResourceWithClusterARN(t *testing.T) {
	tm := ecsutil.TaskMetadata{
		Cluster:          "arn:aws:ecs:us-west-2:803860917211:cluster/main-cluster",
		TaskARN:          "arn:aws:ecs:us-west-2:803860917211:cluster/main-cluster/c8083dd49d6b527399fd6414",
		Family:           "task-def-family-1",
		Revision:         "v1.2",
		AvailabilityZone: "us-west-2d",
		PullStartedAt:    "2020-10-02T00:43:06.202617438Z",
		PullStoppedAt:    "2020-10-02T00:43:06.31288465Z",
		KnownStatus:      "RUNNING",
		LaunchType:       "EC2",
	}
	r := taskResource(tm)
	require.NotNil(t, r)

	attrMap := r.Attributes()
	require.EqualValues(t, 15, attrMap.Len())

	expected := map[string]string{
		attributeECSCluster:                        "main-cluster",
		conventions.AttributeAWSECSTaskARN:         "arn:aws:ecs:us-west-2:803860917211:cluster/main-cluster/c8083dd49d6b527399fd6414",
		attributeECSTaskID:                         "c8083dd49d6b527399fd6414",
		conventions.AttributeAWSECSTaskFamily:      "task-def-family-1",
		attributeECSTaskRevision:                   "v1.2",
		conventions.AttributeAWSECSTaskRevision:    "v1.2",
		conventions.AttributeCloudAvailabilityZone: "us-west-2d",
		attributeECSTaskPullStartedAt:              "2020-10-02T00:43:06.202617438Z",
		attributeECSTaskPullStoppedAt:              "2020-10-02T00:43:06.31288465Z",
		attributeECSTaskKnownStatus:                "RUNNING",
		attributeECSTaskLaunchType:                 "EC2",
		conventions.AttributeAWSECSLaunchtype:      conventions.AttributeAWSECSLaunchtypeEC2,
		conventions.AttributeCloudRegion:           "us-west-2",
		conventions.AttributeCloudAccountID:        "803860917211",
	}

	verifyAttributeMap(t, expected, attrMap)
}

func verifyAttributeMap(t *testing.T, expected map[string]string, found pcommon.Map) {
	for key, val := range expected {
		attributeVal, found := found.Get(key)
		require.EqualValues(t, true, found)

		require.EqualValues(t, val, attributeVal.Str())
	}
}

func TestGetResourceFromARN(t *testing.T) {
	region, accountID, taskID := getResourceFromARN("arn:aws:ecs:us-west-2:803860917211:task/test200/d22aaa11bf0e4ab19c2c940a1cbabbee")
	require.EqualValues(t, "us-west-2", region)
	require.EqualValues(t, "803860917211", accountID)
	require.EqualValues(t, "d22aaa11bf0e4ab19c2c940a1cbabbee", taskID)
	region, accountID, taskID = getResourceFromARN("")
	require.LessOrEqual(t, 0, len(region))
	require.LessOrEqual(t, 0, len(accountID))
	require.LessOrEqual(t, 0, len(taskID))
	region, accountID, taskID = getResourceFromARN("notarn:aws:ecs:us-west-2:803860917211:task/test2")
	require.LessOrEqual(t, 0, len(region))
	require.LessOrEqual(t, 0, len(accountID))
	require.LessOrEqual(t, 0, len(taskID))
}

func TestGetNameFromCluster(t *testing.T) {
	clusterName := getNameFromCluster("arn:aws:ecs:region:012345678910:cluster/test")
	require.EqualValues(t, "test", clusterName)

	clusterName = getNameFromCluster("not-arn:aws:something/001")
	require.EqualValues(t, "not-arn:aws:something/001", clusterName)

	clusterName = getNameFromCluster("")
	require.LessOrEqual(t, 0, len(clusterName))

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Three new vice presidents at the European Patent Office have been announced, in elections held by the Administrative Council. Chaired by its vice chair, Josef Kratochvíl, the election of Christoph Ernst was followed with particular interest given recent, well-publicised changes in management at the EPO. The appointments are the first since new EPO president António Campinos took office in July.
Christoph Ernst, the current Chair of the Administrative Council will join the EPO management in early 2019.
Former chairman of the Administrative Council at the EPO, Christoph Ernst, has been announced as vice president for legal and international affairs at the EPO's Directorate-General, following a meeting of the Administrative Council in Munich. With the role starting in January 2019, Ernst is expected to remain in the post for five years.
In his former role since 2017, Ernst is also head of directorate at the German Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection and replaces fellow German, Raimund Lutz, who held the role from 2013 to 2018. Considered a moderate critic of previous EPO president Benoît Battistelli, Ernst played a key role as chair in the appointment of new EPO president António Campinos.
Ernst's new position is concerned with European and international co-operation, patent law and multilateral affairs, legal services and patent information. This is as well as overseeing the European Patent Academy, the external education and training arm of the EPO. At the time of publication there has been no confirmation as to who will replace Ernst as chairman of the Administrative Council. The meeting in which Ernst's new position was announced was led by Administrative Council vice chair, Josef Kratochvíl.
On the same day, the new vice president of general services was confirmed as Nellie Simon. An Austrian national, Simon is currently head of cabinet and acting director of the academy at the European Union Intellectual Property Office. In her new role, Simon is responsible for support services including human resources, information management, finance, general administration and central procurement. Simon succeeds previous post-holder, Željko Topić.
Speculation was rife around who would succeed Topić. A controversial figure, Topić is regarded by critics of Battistelli as operating in a similar manner to the former president, with little regard for the feelings of union members or EPO staff disillusionment in general. Given the well-documented differences in opinion between Ernst and Topić, his replacement was of key concern among the patent community.


Whilst I was in Chateaubriant earlier today working at the market, I noticed this poster displayed in a shop opposite our stall, displaying an international Horse Show this weekend, the 26th, 27th and 28th, at the Parc de Choisel, in Chateaubriant. Also on the 4th and 5th of October, there is a similar one for ponies as well.
I took a photo of the poster and placed it below, and you can get some more information if you visit www.cce-chateaubriant.com should you be interested in going.