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Navinder Singh Sarao, 36, is a London-based trader who was arrested on April 21, 2015 on charges his firm, Nav Sarao Futures Limited PLC, contributed to the May 2010 "[[Flash Crash]]" in which the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 600 points in five minutes. UK authorities charged him with wire fraud, manipulation and commodities fraud, using illegal trading strategies such as [[spoofing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-man-arrested-on-charges-tied-to-may-2010-flash-crash-1429636758|name=U.K. Man Arrested on Charges Tied to May 2010 'Flash Crash'|org=The Wall Street Journal|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> He was also charged by the [[U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission]] with unlawfully manipulating, attempting to manipulate, and spoofing in the [[E-mini S&P 500 futures]] contracts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/pr7156-15|name=CFTC Charges U.K. Resident Navinder Singh Sarao and His Company Nav Sarao Futures Limited PLC with Price Manipulation and Spoofing|org=CFTC|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/22/business/dealbook/trader-in-britain-arrested-on-charges-of-manipulation-that-led-to-2010-flash-crash.html?_r=0|name=Trader Charged With Manipulation That Contributed to 'Flash Crash'|org=NYTimes.com|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/22/flashcrash-charges-profile-idUSL5N0XJ24020150422|name=London neighbours say "Flash Crash" suspect showed no sign of wealth|org=Reuters|date=April 22, 2015}}</ref>
Navinder Singh Sarao is a London-based trader who was arrested on April 21, 2015 on charges his firm, Nav Sarao Futures Limited PLC, contributed to the May 2010 "[[Flash Crash]]" in which the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 600 points in five minutes. UK authorities charged him with wire fraud, manipulation and commodities fraud, using illegal trading strategies such as [[spoofing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-man-arrested-on-charges-tied-to-may-2010-flash-crash-1429636758|name=U.K. Man Arrested on Charges Tied to May 2010 'Flash Crash'|org=The Wall Street Journal|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> He was also charged by the [[U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission]] with unlawfully manipulating, attempting to manipulate, and spoofing in the [[E-mini S&P 500 futures]] contracts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/pr7156-15|name=CFTC Charges U.K. Resident Navinder Singh Sarao and His Company Nav Sarao Futures Limited PLC with Price Manipulation and Spoofing|org=CFTC|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/22/business/dealbook/trader-in-britain-arrested-on-charges-of-manipulation-that-led-to-2010-flash-crash.html?_r=0|name=Trader Charged With Manipulation That Contributed to 'Flash Crash'|org=NYTimes.com|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/22/flashcrash-charges-profile-idUSL5N0XJ24020150422|name=London neighbours say "Flash Crash" suspect showed no sign of wealth|org=Reuters|date=April 22, 2015}}</ref>
The CFTC said its investigation revealed that he had profited substantially through this manipulation, which took place on the [[CME Group]]'s [[Globex]] electronic trading system.
The CFTC alleged that Sarao's scheme produced an estimated $40 million in profits for Sarao and his company from 2010 to 2014. U.S. authorities obtained court authorization to freeze Sarao's accounts, $7 million in assets so far, according to the CFTC. The allegations against him differed from a 2010 CFTC and Securities and Exchange Commission report that concluded the Flash Crash was triggered by a massive computer-driven sell program initiated by a [[mutual fund]] company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/04/21/stock-market-flash-crash-charges/26128813/|name=U.S. charges British trader with helping cause 'Flash Crash'|org=USA Today|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref>
The U.S. sought his extradition, and on March 23, 2016 a UK judge ruled against Sarao and said he should be sent to the U.S. to face criminal charges of fraud. His lawyer said Sarao would appeal the ruling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/navinder-sarao-faces-u-s-extradition-1458738749|name=Navinder Sarao Faces U.S. Extradition|org=The Wall Street Journal|date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-21/futures-trader-arrested-for-alleged-role-in-2010-flash-crash-i8rkkccm|name=U.K. Trader Accused of Manipulation Tied to 2010 Flash Crash|org=Bloomberg|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/2109516e-e8f1-11e4-87fe-00144feab7de.html#axzz3Y3VuW1OC|name=Navinder Singh Sarao extradition: the two big questions|org=FT|date=April 22, 2015}}</ref>
He spent four months in a London jail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1bcdc546-5286-11e5-b029-b9d50a74fd14.html#axzz3kmgCKB1w|name=Sarao allegedly wanted to 'spoof' markets|org=The Financial Times|date=September 4, 2015}}</ref>
Sarao was released on bail in August 2015 after being held in London's Wandsworth prison since his arrest in April.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1bcdc546-5286-11e5-b029-b9d50a74fd14.html#axzz3kmgCKB1w|name=Sarao allegedly wanted to 'spoof' markets|org=The Financial Times|date=September 4, 2015}}</ref>
In January of 2016, it was reported that a draft of a new study citing work from a group of economic, legal and astrophysics experts in California analyzing the Flash Crash suggested that it was "highly unlikely" that Navinder Sarao's spoofing orders, even if illegal, could have caused the Crash.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financial-crime/12127591/Flash-Crash-research-claims-Sarao-was-not-the-cause.html|name=Flash Crash research claims Sarao was not the cause|org=The Telegraph|date=January 28, 2016}}</ref>
In November of 2016 Sarao was extradited from the U.K. and pleaded guilty to spoofing and wire fraud in a Chicago federal court. He agreed to forfeit $12.9 million in ill-earned gains from his trades. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-09/accused-flash-crash-trader-sarao-to-plead-guilty-in-chicago|name=Flash Crash Trader Sarao to Plead Guilty in Chicago|org=Bloomberg|date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> He faces a maximum of 30 years in prison.
In November of 2016 Sarao was extradited to the U.S. and pleaded guilty in a Chicago federal court to spoofing and wire fraud. He agreed to forfeit $12.9 million in ill-earned gains from his trades. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-09/accused-flash-crash-trader-sarao-to-plead-guilty-in-chicago|name=Flash Crash Trader Sarao to Plead Guilty in Chicago|org=Bloomberg|date=November 10, 2016}}</ref>
In April 2019 Sarao returned to the Dirksen Federal Courthouse in Chicago to testify against [[Jitesh Thakkar]], the software executive from Naperville accused of helping Sarao commit his crimes. His testimony could potentially help to reduce his prison sentence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/flash-crash-trader-testifies-federal-trial-chicago-spoofing/|name='Flash Crash' trader back in Chicago, on the witness stand for the feds|org=Chicago Sun Times|date=April 4, 2019}}</ref>
In January 2020, the U.S. government said Sarao should not serve any further time in jail, recommending only time served, owing to his "extraordinary cooperation" with the government. In making its recommendation, the government said Sarao wasn't motivated by money or greed, and that his autism diagnosis should be taken into account.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-15/u-s-recommends-no-jail-time-for-flash-crash-trader-sarao?srnd=premium-europe|name=U.S. Recommends No Jail Time for Flash Crash Trader|org=Bloomberg|date=January 15, 2020}}</ref>
== Background ==
== John Lothian Newsletter Article ==
== John Lothian News Articles ==
'''[http://johnlothiannews.com/data-day-in-the-case-of-u-s-v-jitesh-thakkar/ Data Day in the case of U.S. v. Jitesh Thakkar]'''
Navinder Sarao
Nav Sarao Futures Limited
Navinder Singh Sarao is a London-based trader who was arrested on April 21, 2015 on charges his firm, Nav Sarao Futures Limited PLC, contributed to the May 2010 "Flash Crash" in which the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 600 points in five minutes. UK authorities charged him with wire fraud, manipulation and commodities fraud, using illegal trading strategies such as spoofing.[1] He was also charged by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission with unlawfully manipulating, attempting to manipulate, and spoofing in the E-mini S&P 500 futures contracts.[2] [3] [4]
The CFTC said its investigation revealed that he had profited substantially through this manipulation, which took place on the CME Group's Globex electronic trading system.
The CFTC alleged that Sarao's scheme produced an estimated $40 million in profits for Sarao and his company from 2010 to 2014. U.S. authorities obtained court authorization to freeze Sarao's accounts, $7 million in assets so far, according to the CFTC. The allegations against him differed from a 2010 CFTC and Securities and Exchange Commission report that concluded the Flash Crash was triggered by a massive computer-driven sell program initiated by a mutual fund company.[5]
He spent four months in a London jail.[6]
In January of 2016, it was reported that a draft of a new study citing work from a group of economic, legal and astrophysics experts in California analyzing the Flash Crash suggested that it was "highly unlikely" that Navinder Sarao's spoofing orders, even if illegal, could have caused the Crash.[7]
In November of 2016 Sarao was extradited to the U.S. and pleaded guilty in a Chicago federal court to spoofing and wire fraud. He agreed to forfeit $12.9 million in ill-earned gains from his trades. [8]
In April 2019 Sarao returned to the Dirksen Federal Courthouse in Chicago to testify against Jitesh Thakkar, the software executive from Naperville accused of helping Sarao commit his crimes. His testimony could potentially help to reduce his prison sentence.[9]
In January 2020, the U.S. government said Sarao should not serve any further time in jail, recommending only time served, owing to his "extraordinary cooperation" with the government. In making its recommendation, the government said Sarao wasn't motivated by money or greed, and that his autism diagnosis should be taken into account.[10]
According to the CFTC complaint (see below section), beginning in June 2009, Sarao started manipulating the CME Group E-mini S&P 500 futures market by placing large volume orders at different price points, thus creating a false appearance of substantial supply, and then modifying and cancelling the orders before they could be executed. This induced others in the market to react to the deceptive practice and artificially depressed contract prices. He then profited by executing other, real orders.
The CFTC backed up this claim with email evidence from June 12, 2009 that allegedly indicated that Sarao had asked his FCM for help in contacting the independent software vendor he used to trade futures. In the email, Sarao looked to the ISV for help modifying a trading function called "cancel if close", which cancels an order if the markets gets close to his price.
The complaint alleged that Sarao worked with the ISV to design "functions on his automated trading software that would allow him to simultaneously place numerous orders at different price points and automatically cancel those orders as the market approached them and before they could be executed." Sarao allegedly then implemented the layering strategy of "placing, repeatedly modifying, and ultimately canceling multiple 200-, 250-, 300-, 400-, 500-, 550-, 600-, and 900-lot sell orders." (The complaint said its research showed the average market size order was just 7 lots.)
The CFTC alleged that Sarao's layering technique "exerted downward pressure on the market." Sarao then exploited his own manipulative activity by repeatedly selling futures contracts only to buy them back at a slightly lower price. When he stopped layering and the markets moved back upward, he used the opposite strategy, repeatedly buying contracts and then selling them at a slightly higher price.
The CFTC's investigation looked at almost 400 days of trading activity by Sarao from April 2010 and April 2014. During that time, Sarao allegedly used the dynamic layering technique on 63 percent of those days. The CFTC said he also used a spoofing technique that placed 188-lot, and 289-lot orders on the sell side of the market and cancelled them before the orders could be executed. The agency also noted that Sarao used another trading technique where he "flashed" a large 2,000-lot order on one side of the market, executed an order on the other side of the market and then cancelled the 2,000-lot order before it could be executed. This technique and others gave market participants a false sense of volume and liquidity in the market, and artificially move the E-mini market, the complaint said.
The CFTC complaint said that investigators asked Sarao about his trading activity and that he admitted cancelling large volumes of orders, but claimed that he did so manually, rather than using an automated trading program. He called himself an "old school point and click prop trader."
Court documents showed that Sarao did business with MF Global, Marex, Knight Futures and R.J. O'Brien. A spokeswoman for R.J. O'Brien said the company "had no involvement in the trading decisions" made by Sarao or his company, and that they did not do any business with him during or for several years after the Flash Crash.[11] The documents also contained emails from Sarao to the software companies Trading Technologies and Edge Financial with instructions for customizing software for his trading needs - including functions that would cancel his orders if the market moved close to where his orders were resting.[12]
After leaving Brunel University, Sarao started his career with a back office job at a bank and then joined a graduate trainee program at Futex, a proprietary trading shop in Woking, Surrey. He was working there during the 2008 financial crisis. [13]
The CFTC alleged that on May 6, 2010, the day of the so-called Flash Crash, Sarao was active in the E-Mini S&P market on the CME Group. The agency alleged that Sarao's use of the dynamic layering technique contributed to an order book imbalance between buy-side and sell-side orders. It also claimed that he used the layering technique continuously from 11:17 am to 1:40 p.m. on May 6, 2010, as well as using the spoofing technique between 12:33 p.m. and 1:45 p.m. This created downward pressure on prices in the market, especially given the sizes of orders he was placing. The CFTC said that Sarao made $879,018 in net profits in the E-minis that day and made more than $40 million between 2010 and 2014.
The agency also alleged that he used the strategies on several days in 2010 and into April 2014.
Authorities also said that Sarao created a company in the Caribbean island of Nevis called Nav Sarao Milking Markets.
John Lothian News Articles
Data Day in the case of U.S. v. Jitesh Thakkar
In an abbreviated third trial day, the U.S. Department of Justice rested its case against Jitesh Thakkar and Edge Financial Technologies. Thakkar is on trial for allegedly facilitating the criminally fraudulent spoofing trading of Navinder Sarao, who pleaded guilty to two criminal counts related to his spoofing of E-mini S&P futures in the first half of this decade.
US v Thakkar: "MasterChief" Day
The second day in US v Jitesh Thakkar and Edge Financial Technology began Tuesday morning with defense attorney Renato Mariotti's cross examination of Navinder Sarao, the prosecution's headline witness. Sarao, a cooperating witness, is awaiting sentencing for convictions on two criminal charges in a separate case, which could include up to 30 years jail time. The government is waiting to see how cooperative (effective?) Sarao turns out to be as a supporting player on Team USA and will condition his sentencing recommendations on his cooperation. Finishing up a few hours of cross examination, Mariotti struggled a bit to flesh out Sarao's role as the mastermind. Sarao, for his part, struggled not to show impatience with the tedium of these proceedings that are so important for him and his prospects for freedom. Thakkar, the defendant, took notes and looked on.
US v. Jitesh Thakkar: An Exercise in Justice
April 1, 2019 was the first day in the criminal trial U.S. v Thakkar, in which the government charges that Jitesh Thakkar aided and abetted spoofing in a manipulative and deceptive scheme carried out by another person. It is a serious allegation and everyone is taking it seriously. There are four prosecuting and three defending attorneys. If things run as scheduled, yesterday was just the first of a half-dozen or so days of testimony and arguments as the Federal Government endeavors to right the wrongs allegedly perpetrated by Jitesh Thakkar, president of Edge Financial Technologies, a software development firm that programs applications for the trading industry.
Sarao attending Brunel University in west London.[14]
↑ U.K. Man Arrested on Charges Tied to May 2010 'Flash Crash'. The Wall Street Journal.
↑ CFTC Charges U.K. Resident Navinder Singh Sarao and His Company Nav Sarao Futures Limited PLC with Price Manipulation and Spoofing. CFTC.
↑ Trader Charged With Manipulation That Contributed to 'Flash Crash'. NYTimes.com.
↑ London neighbours say "Flash Crash" suspect showed no sign of wealth. Reuters.
↑ U.S. charges British trader with helping cause 'Flash Crash'. USA Today.
↑ Sarao allegedly wanted to 'spoof' markets. The Financial Times.
↑ Flash Crash research claims Sarao was not the cause. The Telegraph.
↑ Flash Crash Trader Sarao to Plead Guilty in Chicago. Bloomberg.
↑ 'Flash Crash' trader back in Chicago, on the witness stand for the feds. Chicago Sun Times.
↑ U.S. Recommends No Jail Time for Flash Crash Trader. Bloomberg.
↑ Flash crash trader used rapid series of brokers: documents. Reuters.
↑ Flash crash trader an impatient businessman for others. Reuters.
↑ From Woking to Wall St: UK day traders dream of glory in daily grind. CNBC.
↑ Flash crash trader Navinder Singh Sarao 'sat on £27m fortune while his mother worked two jobs'. The Telegraph.
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BlogFeaturesNewsReviews
Report from the Medium Festival of Photography
Daune Michals as Sidney Sherman
The 2014 Medium Festival of Photography is over and it is time to reflect on my weekend in San Diego. I didn't know what to expect when I left home Friday morning October 24th. I had missed the first day of Eye to Eye Portfolio Reviews, the Open Portfolio Walk and a lecture by Mary Virginia Swanson, so I was anxious to get to the Lafayette Hotel & Swim Club in the North Park region. The first person I met was Amanda Ashley Toombs, the festival's Communications Manager who was extremely courteous and helpful. Within moments of my arrival I had been checked in, given a goodie bag, a VIP pass and was introduced to the Director of Medium Festival of Photography, scott b. davis. I thought to myself, "Wow, now that's service!" The entire staff at the Medium Festival of Photography was sociable, knowledgeable and helpful the whole weekend. Their interaction with festivalgoers fostered a friendly and intimate environment.
The second day of Eye to Eye Portfolio Reviews were in progress but I hadn't made the few hundred-dollar fee to have my work reviewed so I didn't get to witness the process. Those who partook in the reviews had positive things to say about their experience. The majority of the feedback was that the Eye to Eye Portfolio Reviews were excellent starting points for long-term relationship building and worth the investment; that it is important to respect yourself enough to invest in your career. I found it difficult to argue with that logic, as I was at the Medium Festival of Photography investing in my career in another way: through connecting with peers and meeting new colleagues. The first lecture of the day was by Chantel Paul, the assistant curator at the Museum of Photographic Arts (MOPA). She spoke about her curatorial process and about her recent exhibition at the MOPA titled After Ansel Adams.
Duane Michals lecturing
Duane Michals signing
By 7pm a large crowd had gathered to listen to Duane Michals speak and he did not disappoint. It can be said that lectures tend to be dull and dry but Michals' keynote address was more like a stand up comedy routine. He was engaging and lucid; totally present and in the moment as he inserted humorous anecdotes on a whim. Michals spoke with the charisma, wit and confidence of a mature photographer who knows exactly who he is and what his vision is. It was refreshing and inspiring. After his talk, the amassed group of revelers gathered in the lobby area of the Lafayette Hotel to purchase copies of Michals' new book Storyteller and get them autographed. Duane Michals continued to be effervescent as he joked with each person and answered questions while taking pictures with his fans. He was certainly the highlight of the evening.
Saturday morning the festival shifted into to a higher gear with the addition of pop-up shops, more lectures, workshop demonstrations and a roundtable discussion. The three events that left the most impression on me were the Points of Entry roundtable discussion, artist Soo Kim's lecture and the LYTRO Illum demonstration. The sentiment about investing in one's own artistic career continued during the group talk. Financial investment wasn't the only factor because relationship building was also heavily stressed. We were reminded that we are "in this together" and that there is not a division between artists, curators, collectors and gallery owners. Each person participates in conjunction with the other for a common goal; to celebrate creative photography.
Soo Kim is an artist that views photography as a reductive process. Much of her work is comprised of landscapes that have elements meticulously cut out. Her works are delicate sculptural photo-objects that reward critical looking. She spoke elegantly about her process along with the difficulties of framing and presenting them. The topic of her framing solution directly tied back to the roundtable discussion about forming long-term professional relationships. Kim has been working with Fine Art Solutions, who was one of the festival's sponsors and whose owners were panelist during the group discussion. Kim had voiced the benefits of working with company for a number of years and the amount of help they provided her in solving her presentation problems.
LYTRO was another festival sponsor and they had brought a couple of their new Illum Light Field digital cameras to give demonstrations with. The 40 Megaray Light Field CMOS sensor was a huge jump up from the debut LYTRO camera. The Illum Light Field camera was designed for the professional artist as a supplementary image-making device. This camera is not designed to replace your favorite DSLR but it can do things a DSLR never could. By incorporating megaray technology the camera essentially creates a three dimensional image where the photographer can adjust the depth of field infinitely after the picture has been taken. The photographer can also adjust the parallax of the point of view as well. For the demonstration LYTRO brought 3D televisions but explained that the Illum Light Field camera will be able to be used in conjunction with three-dimensional printing as well.
By Sunday the festival had calmed down a bit but wasn't any less vibrant. There were four more lectures and the pop-up shops continued. Matt Black is an honored photojournalist that shared his work set in Mexico's Mixteca region. He spoke with great reverence about the changing human relationship to land, farming, food and community. He stressed the importance of not seeing the people he photographs as subjects but as collaborators and that each individual is actively helping him tell an important story. Black is an excellent example of a photojournalist active in modern times. The final lecture I attended was Joni Sternbach talking about her tintype photographs of surfers. Even though it was the last lecture of the day the room was still crowded and animated. Sternbach gave a detailed history of her process, beginning with her early seascape photographs that eventually led to photographing surfers. Sternbach's incorporation of a wet collodion process gives her images a vintage feel and the surfers appeared as if they were from another time. Once the lecture was over scott b. davis thanked everyone for coming and making the third year of Medium Festival of Photography a huge success and announced the dates for next year. Overall, the festival was an excellent experience. The manageable size and friendly atmosphere provided plenty of connecting opportunities and was definitely a valuable investment for each participant. I look forward to attending next year.
Andrew K. Thompson
#mediumsd2014Andrew K. ThompsonCAMedium Festival of Photographymediumphotographymediumsandiego.orgnewsPhotoPhotographyProfilesreviewreviews
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text:
Editorial: Take village to court on meeting violations
A recent article celebrating Sunshine Week, the annual reminder that New York has laws to keep public matters public, focused on regular violations of those laws in the Village of Kiryas Joel.
The revelations added up to a blanket condemnation of a government that acts regularly in private and in secret, that does not meet at scheduled times, does not provide required notification of such meetings to the public and the press, then does not answer questions about those violations.
None of this is new. Allegations and examples have been readily available concerning the government of the village for decades. Yet despite all that evidence, nobody in a position to do something about it seems to be willing to act.
There is no doubt that the village and its expansion are a major force in the region. Municipalities and the county have regularly gone to court to oppose village plans for pipelines, zoning changes, annexation. Much of what comes out of Kiryas Joel comes out of official actions at meetings that are held without the required public notice, that occur on a schedule that does not match anything approaching an official village calendar.
One elected official, Assemblyman James Skoufis, D-Woodbury, introduced legislation in 2015 that would have pushed back. It would have created a state commission to investigate not only activities in Kiryas Joel but also any alleged violations of the Open Meetings Law and Freedom of Information Law throughout the state and provide for fines for repeat offenders.
The bill did not advance in the previous session and Skoufis has reintroduced it now, saying that "In the court of public opinion, Kiryas Joel is Exhibits A, B and C as to why my Integrity in Government Act is essential legislation … Basic information about meeting times and places - never mind other legal obligations - is not a lot to ask for."
He is right and others in the Legislature, especially those who represent this region in the Assembly and Senate, need to support this legislation or explain why not.
In the meantime, we need something else, a determination by somebody in local public office to do what present law allows and take on the practices by the Village of Kiryas Joel.
One problem with the state Open Meetings Law, one that would be helped by the Skoufis bill, is the weak powers of enforcement and the lack of consequences. In most cases, a regular offender is subject at most to an adverse opinion from the state Committee on Open Government and some bad publicity. The leaders in Kiryas Joel do not care about publicity outside the village limits and have become so used to being the villain in local disputes that any complaints have little effect.
But they do have to respond in court and the law does provide for "any aggrieved person" to try to make the case that violations of the Open Meetings Law have occurred.
Those who believe that sunshine is the best disinfectant when it comes to secrecy in government need to see that somebody in public office in the region is interested in ensuring that the village follows these laws.


This is the official Towing Procedures Manual for hang glider & paraglider towing in Canada. It is a work in progress.
Give us a hand! We want this manual to be a compilation of all the best, safest, and most effective information about all methods of towing hang gliders and paragliders. If the procedures we describe are different than the ones that your group uses, or you have something to add, please email your comments to Scare! Please be specific about exactly where and to what section your comments apply to by referring to the section numbers used in the manual.


Following the runaway success of Founders' coffee-forward Breakfast Stout, brewers have developed innovative ways to bring the bold flavors and distinct ingredients of the morning meal into our pint glasses. Case in point, you can now find beers brewed with grits — yes, grits, that southern breakfast staple. Bacon fans may be contributing to the resurgence of the Rauchbier style, which mimics the salty, smoky flavors that we know and love. There's even a beer named Biscuits & Gravy that (thankfully) doesn't taste like its namesake.
But in many brewhouses, the most successful and widely-used breakfast standard is maple syrup. The natural sugar in maple syrup is a perfect catalyst for boosting a brew's alcohol content, adding a touch of sweetness, or infusing a bit of childhood nostalgia into your ale. Even if you'd never pour a beer for breakfast (which, let's be real, you probably needs to try once in your life, just to say that you have), you'd likely welcome the rich, warming goodness of maple syrup in these beer selections any time of day.
While big, toasty stouts may be the obvious choice for a beer to utilize maple syrup, NoDa (named for the hip North Davidson area of Charlotte, North Carolina) has flipped that concept with a Double IPA that is sweet, citrusy and yes, boozy at over 12 percent alcohol by volume.
One of the beers that kickstarted the Funky Buddha empire back in 2010, Maple Bacon Coffee Porter is just as impressive today. It's malty, creamy and drips with maple syrup goodness. You shouldn't expect any less from the brewery known for replicating diverse food flavors in its beer lineup.
Boasting two gallons of Vermont maple syrup per barrel, this cellar-aged beer from Lawson's combines maple, coffee, and dark chocolate flavors into a complex beer that is surprisingly easy to drink. It's the perfect beer for pairing with robust holiday meals.
As part of an exclusive club of beers that require their own ticketed release day, Mornin' Delight is as hype-worthy as they come. Folks trek from around the country to Toppling Goliath's Decorah, Iowa brewery for the opportunity to buy a strict allotment of only two bottles. The beer's "World Class" rating at Beer Advocate leads one to believe it may be worth the effort.
For similar seasonal flavor profiles, check out the best sweet potato and pumpkin beers.


Presume yourself were being advised the Refreshing Orleans Saints may well work the ball and participate in protection, and Drew Brees was even now their quarterback. And your self were being mindful that the Los Angeles Rams experienced a dynamic offense in direction of shift with a actual physical safety. What yourself would consist of is a wonderful matchup of office leaders. It transpires Sunday at the Los Angeles Coliseum. Fresh new Orleans is displaying much more stability than at any period simply because Brees came inside of 2006 and started out surroundings passing information Javien Elliott Jersey. Los Angeles Rams contains manufactured a quick and progressive turnaround down below initial-calendar year educate Sean McVay, who is made up of quarterback Jared Goff taking part in such as a very first in general draft option must. The Saints commenced with 2 losses and havent been upon the limited close of the ranking considering that. Specially, we opened at Minnesota, which is in a natural way a constructive soccer staff members and a difficult position towards perform, and didnt participate in nicely ample, practice Sean Payton suggests. And then the right after 7 days from Fresh England. I believe that we did as a workers seem to be such as these future 2 months upon the street at Carolina and then upon the highway in the direction of London we went immediately against Carolina towards London we felt that 2-activity extend was moving towards be important for this employees if we have been relocating in the direction of aspire in the direction of do a little something. I believe Carolina was a very good get for us and then carried it about toward London for the minute earn ahead of our bye. That 2-match extend would surely be, not simply considering that it was our initially 2 wins, nonetheless it was acquiring some self esteem and that yourself can believe that it or motivation it or assume in the direction of comprise it, still it typically exactly will come versus established electrical power. The very similar tested electrical power is made up of been Give with the Rams. Unless of course they didnt fight early, rather successful a few of their 1st 4. Wade Phillips security incorporates scored 84 facts off 19 turnovers. Phillips was the Saints defensive coordinator in opposition to 1981-85, and interim thoughts practice for 4 months immediately after dad Bum was fired. Inside the a few Thanksgiving online games, the Los Angeles Chargers combat Dallas 28-6, Minnesota crowned Detroit 30-23, and Washington battle the Contemporary York Giants 20-10, Within just Arlington, Texas, Philip Rivers threw for 434 yards and a few touchdowns, and Desmond King returned an interception 90 yards for the punctuating touchdown for San Diego. The Chargers moved inside of 1 1 2 video games of AFC West-top Kansas Town. The protecting NFC East winner Cowboys shed their 3rd instantly through at bare minimum 20 specifics, all without the need of star managing again Ezekiel Elliott. Inside of Detroit, Circumstance Keenum threw 2 touchdown passes and ran for a ranking all within just the initially fifty percent for Minnesota. The Vikings received their 7th right and took a a few-sport add earlier mentioned minute-Area Detroit within the NFC North. In just Landover, Maryland, Kirk Cousins threw 2 touchdown passes in direction of compensate for a choose-6, and Washington battle Fresh York, Cousins led Washington upon 2 TD drives inside the moment 50 %, connecting with Jamison Crowder upon a 15-yarder in just the 3rd quarter that broke a 3-all tie, and with Josh Doctson upon a 14-yarder with 3 1 2 minutes getting in just the video game https://www.thebuccaneersshop.com/Freddie_Martino_Jersey-111. The Giants lost toward 2-9. Carolina at Refreshing York Jets Tampa Bay at Atlanta This is the epitome of the entice match for the Panthers, who subsequent experience office leaders Contemporary Orleans and Minnesota. Nonetheless they moreover arrive off a bye, Although train Ron Rivera definitely was reminding his avid gamers not toward take careless. Carolina is exhibiting loads of stability previously as Cam Newton contains conquer an inconsistent early aspect of the period. The safety includes been lighting-out. Clean York additionally was off past 7 days. Right here a neat real truth Panthers DE Julius Peppers and Jets QB Josh McCown are 2 of a few avid gamers even now hectic who were being drafted within 2002. Peppers went No. 2 in general in direction of Carolina, though McCown was a 3rd-spherical choice through Arizona. Dwight Freeney, by now with Detroit, is the other. The Falcons escaped inside Seattle upon Monday night time, and at present experience a person of Matt Ryan patsies. Within the beyond 7 residence video games in opposition to Tampa Bay, Ryan is made up of 14 TDs and 1 interception. The Bucs arrive off their least complicated effectiveness this period, routing Miami and forcing 5 turnovers even though not taking any. Mike Evans incorporates prospered towards Atlanta, with 5 TDs inside his very last 5 conferences David Rivers III Jersey. He wont incorporate Jameis Winston throwing in the direction of him, although, as Ryan Fitzpatrick, a champion within just the final 2 video games, goes all over again for the wounded newbie. Fitz requirements towards seem to be out for Adrian Clayborn. The DE is made up of 6 sacks, 2 compelled fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries and 1 touchdown within the over and above 2 game titles. Jacksonville at Arizona Tennessee at Indianapolis The AFC South chief and runner-up strike the street in opposition to groups they must manage. Jacksonville covers every person around with that sack-delighted safety rated No. 1 in general. Groups can function a little bit upon the Jaguars, as a result Adrian Peterson may be chaotic for Arizona. Still the Cardinals are down in the direction of their No. 3 quarterback, Blaine Gabbert, who experienced greater realize the place prior Cardinals DE Calais Campbell is at all moments. This is Jacksonville initially visual appearance at Faculty of Phoenix Stadium, which opened in just 2006. Profitable at Indy contains been problematic for the Titans. They include missing 9 directly highway video games in direction of the Colts and are nonetheless trying to get initially earn at Lucas Oil Stadium. They will need to have far better operate towards Marcus Mariota, who threw 4 selections in just previous 7 days reduction in direction of Pittsburgh. With the Colts position 30th within move protection, Mariota ought to do nicely. A substantial activity via Indy RB Frank Gore will stream him up the job speeding checklist. Gore necessities 89 yards in the direction of go Jerome Bettis for 6th destination, and 111 yards in the direction of go LaDainian Tomlinson for 5th. Inexperienced Bay at Pittsburgh Brett Hundley and the Packers took a Lambeau Jump backward in just becoming blanked through Baltimore. Any playoff aspirations are fading quick upon the tundra, and the Pack hasnt received within just Pittsburgh simply because 1970. That was even right before the Metal Curtain emerged. Pittsburgh incorporates gained 5 right considering that a 3-2 start out. This is the instant of 4 immediately leading-season game titles for the Steelers, who are 32-16 inside of top rated year underneath train Mike Tomlin. Pittsburgh is 23-7 within evening game titles at Heinz Business considering the fact that it opened within 2001. Houston at Baltimore Monday night time Even whilst this appears to be like in direction of comprise small appeal, the real truth each of these types of squads are alive in just playoff cases delivers some consideration. Baltimore previously incorporates a few shutout wins, which include closing weekend within just Environmentally friendly Bay. The preceding season the Ravens experienced these types of gaudy defensive figures, they had been successful Tremendous Bowls with Ray Lewis at in just linebacker. The Ravens are 11-1 inside of top rated year beneath teach John Harbaugh. Their 9-recreation successful streak inside of major year is the longest fast paced work inside the NFL. Avid gamers toward keep an eye on upon hurt-ravaged Houston are DE Jadeveon Clowney, who ambitions for a 5th instantly activity with a sack, and WR DeAndre Hopkins, who is made up of 62 catches for 879 yards and 9 TDs. Miami at Refreshing England That freight prepare operating during the AFC is what anyone feared each time the period started off Fresh new England upon a roll. The Patriots contain received 6 within just a row, and they are blowing out competitors. Currently, they attain an undermanned Dolphins squad that previous received inside of Foxborough within just 2008, every time Tom Brady was sidelined through a knee damage. General, Miami incorporates misplaced 4 immediately and hasnt led at the begin of a fourth quarter all year https://www.thebuccaneersshop.com/William_Gholston_Jersey-36. The Dolphins consist of one particular hurrying touchdown, closing inside of the NFL. With a victory, the Patriots will make sure a successful background for the 17th specifically period, breaking a tie with the 49ers and Cowboys for highest consecutive successful seasons because the 1970 merger. Buffalo at Kansas Town When the Chiefs Alex Smith is battling, at minimum he doesnt include towards tension over a QB carousel. Smith experienced 18 TD throws devoid of a pick out towards begin the time. He thrown a few interceptions with out a touchdown because as KC consists of missing 4 of 5. Charges train Sean McDermott goes again toward veteran Tyrod Taylor just after McDermott gamble in the direction of start off Nate Peterman backfired at San Diego as the untested beginner was picked out off 5 situations in just a person 50 percent. In addition of challenge is how Buffalo protection consists of sprung leaks. Chicago at Philadelphia Mismatch Metropolis? It would appear that course, specifically given that the one particular detail the Bears do lovely properly is function the ball with Jordan Howard and Tarik Cohen. Philly, on the other hand, is made up of the NFL supreme dashing safety. The Eagles are at 9-1 for the 5th period within just franchise record. They received the NFL championship the very first 2 days , dropped the Tremendous Bowl inside of the other 2 . They as well contain scored 20 facts in just 14 specifically game titles https://www.thebuccaneersshop.com/Joel_Hale_Jersey-138, the league longest recent streak. Pay attention, this is the Nationwide Soccer League and youre looking at it each and every 7 days If on your own dont appear well prepared in the direction of engage in, youll buy your tail combat, Eagles practice Doug Pederson suggests. This is no choice this 7 days. This is a optimistic soccer workers have been actively playing. Their historical past may possibly be a choice path and they comprise experienced some personal injury, specifically upon security currently, however it nonetheless a positive soccer personnel, and they most likely must contain gained that activity past 7 days, and they include been inside some conclude video games this 12 months. Hence your self cant move towards snooze upon Individuals . Seattle at San Francisco After a sour competition that extensive into playoff video games, this 1 consists of strike the rocks mainly because the 49ers comprise, properly, strike the rocks. The Seahawks comprise gained 8 immediately within just the sequence commencing with the NFC name activity in just January 2014. With all of their harm upon security, despite the fact that, they may need to have an additional heroic efficiency versus Russell Wilson, even in opposition to the lowly Niners. Wilson demands just one earn in direction of split a tie with Joe Flacco and turn out to be the winningest QB inside of his to start with 6 a long time with 63. San Francisco arrives off its merely gain, versus the Giants, and a bye. Denver at Oakland Whatsoever took place in direction of the AFC West remaining the NFL least difficult office? The collapses of such 2 groups, that what. Denver contains misplaced 6 immediately, the longest solitary-period skid considering the fact that 1990. The very last season the Broncos dropped 7 inside a row was all through a 9-activity streak inside 1967 that done with a 51-0 reduction at Oakland within the AFL times. Coincidentally, either golf equipment fired coordinators this 7 days, Oakland freeing Ken Norton Jr., versus the protection, even though Mike McCoy received the ax against Denver offense Evan Perrizo Jersey. 1 explanation Norton is long gone Oakland is tied for fewest takeaways for the duration of 10 video games within just NFL heritage with 6. Cleveland at Cincinnati If it wasnt for the extensive-open up race for the very last AFC wild-card playoff location, no just one outdoors of the Buckeye nation possibly would be viewing. The Bengals incorporate received 6 directly within the sequence and 20 of the beyond 26. A reduction listed here and they dont are entitled to toward be wanting to know over quite possibly sneaking into the postseason.


Smart Differentiation Powers Wholesale Fish Purveyor – StratGo Marketing. Plug-in marketing department services.
You wouldn't expect to hear "differentiation" and "wholesale fish" in the same sentence.
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← Has Crowdsourcing Gone Too Far?


text:
Prostitute Union elections turns bloody as member is stabbed
The election conducted by the National Association of Nigerian Prostitutes ended in a crisis.
Nigerian prostitutes could not hold their elections
It was a free for all fight session and blood flowed freely when members of the National Association of Nigerian Prostitutes (NANP), gathered to conduct an election to elect officers into various positions, as the election venue became rowdy, with tempers flaring and violence taking over the venue, a popular hangout in Lagos.
According to eyewitnesses, the fracas broke out after the former secretary of the sex workers, Jessica Elvis, was declared the National President, after polling a total of 300 votes to beat the incumbent president, Madam Efoyo Felix who got 153 votes while Tamar Tion, from Nasarawa State, got a meagre 63 votes.
But rejecting the results, Felix pointed out that it was marred with irregularity and rigging perpetuated by the electoral committee chairman, Franka Chikam.
In the melee that followed Felix's demand for another election to be conducted, a fight broke out and a member who was said to be loyal to her, was stabbed with a broken bottle while several others sustained various degrees of injuries.
Singer Ric Hassani opens up on relationship with Waje


Psychologists found that a Third Force filled the void left by earlier approaches to understanding the workings of the human mind in its pursuit of genuine fulfillment and personal happiness. This Third Force centers on the unconditional worth of the individual, which guides him in his journey to optimal self-discovery and self-acceptance. But first, he must meet a hierarchy of needs likewise inherent in his body-soul combination. Meeting these, he reaches self-actualization. The Third Force, or humanist psychology, has achieved widespread acceptance and application to current-day disciplines.
Psychology is one of the youngest sciences, which developed into a formal discipline only in the late 19th century (Kassin, 2009). But its foundation pre-existed in the ancient past when philosophers and religious thinkers pondered over the nature of the mind and the soul. The term "psychology" originated from the Greek words "psyche," which means soul, and "logos," which means study. The term was first used in the 16th century when the human soul, spirit or mind was perceived as distinct from the body. Psychologists endeavor to understand the mysterious operations of human nature. They study why people think, feel and act the way they do. In the pursuit of this task, they investigate a wide range of phenomena. These include learning and memory, sensation and perception, motivation and emotion, thinking and language, personality and social behavior, intelligence, infancy and child development and mental illness. They study phenomena from varying perspectives to achieve their goal. They conduct biological studies of the brain, explore how the mind processes information, analyze evolutionary processes and investigate the influence of culture and society (Kassin).
Psychologists in the 50s and the 60s felt that something was missing in the prevalent concept of human nature (Kassin, 2009). Sigmund Freud grabbed much attention to the dark forces of the unconscious mind. On the other hand, Burrhus Frederick Skinner focused on the effects of reinforcement on observable behavior. A third alternative, called "the third force," evolved to fill in the void. It would understand the conscious mind, man's free will and dignity and his capacity for self-reflection and growth. It would be an alternative to Freud's psychoanalysis and Skinner's behaviorism (Kassin).
American psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow led the humanist movement (Kassin, 2009). Rogers believed that all human beings are born with an innate drive for full capacity and that they behave consistently with their true selves. He developed the person-centered psychotherapeutic approach. It would help patients see themselves clearly and facilitate their own healing process. Maslow, on the other hand, taught that human beings are inherently motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs. These are basic physiological needs, needs for safety and security, belonging, love, self-esteem and achievement. Maslow argued that the human person instinctively seeks self-actualization. When he achieves it, he reaches the ultimate state of personal fulfillment wherein he is at peace with himself (Kassin).
Humanistic psychology evolved as the adverse reaction to the unacceptability of psychodynamic psychology and behaviorism (Moore, 2001; Katz, 2009). Advocates of the new psychology rejected the psychodynamic view of selfish pursuit as at the base of all human behavior. They also refused the notion that human behavior proceeds from environmental influences, as interpreted by behaviorism. Both concepts placed human behavior at the mercy of outside factors. Humanists argued that human beings possess the innate potential, ability and inclination to fulfill themselves and determine their own destinies. The ultimate goal of humanistic psychology is to help people or patients discover their own potential and achieve it. The two theoretical approaches of the Third Force, or humanistic psychology, are the person-centered approach by Carl Rogers and the self-actualization approach by Abraham Maslow (Moore, Katz).
The Third Force was a departure from the first force psychology, which focused on animals and sick persons to functioning human beings (Cassell & Reiger, 2000). But it drew heavily from the second force, which dealt with neurotic and psychotic patients for methodology. Humanistic psychology puts the individual person at the center of things. It aims at emotional development, improvement of interpersonal relations and enhance self-actualization through a goal-setting and goal-striving process (Cassell & Reiger). The term "the Third Force," was first used by Abraham Maslow in his work, "Toward a Psychology of Being," published in 1962 (Van Wagner 2009). Although the Third Force deviated from the perspectives of the first two schools of thought, all three made separate contributions to the better understanding of the human mind and behavior. The Third Force is different from the first two in that it offers a more holistic perspective of the individual (Van Wagner).
Humanistic psychology was a reprieve at impersonal times of mechanical health care, biochemical and pharmacologic forms of therapy, and computer-generated outputs (Corlis, 2008). It restored attention to the human person. It is of particular benefit to the vulnerable sector, such as the disadvantaged. The typically disadvantaged are the economically deprived ethnic minorities. They are subject to a number of stressors, including poverty, poor housing conditions, culture requirements, unemployment or underemployment, unsanitary or unsafe living conditions, insufficient health care and psychosocial stressors. These psychosocial stressors include alcoholism, domestic violence, and child abuse or neglect (Corlis).
The person-centered approach of human psychology deals squarely and deeply with the present life conditions of the disadvantaged (Corlis, 2008). It enables the disadvantaged patient confront his situation and determine what needs to change and how to do it. It is very likely that he has been subjected to institutional discrimination or indifference in addition to other stressors. Humanistic psychology asserts that, despite this, he or his life is of unconditionally valuable. The therapist shows this by giving the patient undivided attention and constant assurance. The therapist infuses realistic hope into the patient. If the therapy succeeds, the patient develops the capability to formulate realistic and achievable goals to change his life. The therapist may use a teleological or optimistic approach towards the patient's actualization, growth and development. The therapy is essentially an interpersonal relationship between the therapist and the patient. It develops into a "learning laboratory" wherein the therapist is a present and grounded confidant, rather than a black screen or a high-handed mentor. The encounter has to be thoroughly genuine in order to achieve their common goal. Anything less will yield artificial or minimally desirable results. A poor, distressed, traumatized, ethnic and marginalized patient can be guided towards self-actualization only by a genuine, present and focused, as well as available, therapist. He is among the most proper recipients of the therapy (Corlis).
Carl Rogers suggested that trusting one's experience and believing in oneself are paramount in self-fulfillment (Moore, 2001; Katz, 2009). Failure to do these distorts one's self-view and results in abnormal behavior. His view of himself is not aligned with his ideal. The therapist helps the patient understand and accept himself. The therapist does this by assuring and making the patient feel that he is accepted and that his individual worth is unconditional. Research has shown that the relationship established between therapist and patient is instrumental to the success of therapy. Success level has been so significant that empathy, warmth and acceptance became the "core conditions" or "common factors" in counseling. Psychologists use these conditions or factors in assisting patients to feel and act differently.
2001). This is self-actualization. The process, however, goes through stages in the fulfillment of a hierarchy of needs. These needs must be satisfied in their respective stage and sequence for self-actualization to occur. Physical and safety needs must be met before a sense of belonging. When these needs are met, the person may work towards the need for self-esteem and then self-actualization. Maslow believed that it is in fulfilling self-esteem needs that trouble happens and impedes self-actualization. This is also where therapy is needed to correct the patient's inaccurate view of himself. It is aimed at improving, reinstating or installing self-esteem to help him achieve self-actualization (Moore, Katz, Encyclopedia of Psychology).
Research showed mixed reactions to Maslow's theory (Moore, 2001; Katz, 2009).
The findings of one important study did not match the assumption that physiological and safety needs have to be met before self-actualization can occur. The respondents were placed in a stressful situation, which threatened the fulfillment of those needs. Maslow theorized that creativity would be thwarted if these needs were unmet or threatened. But results of this study showed that the respondents became more creative in reacting to their problem of survival (Moore; Katz; Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence, 1998).
"Humanistic Psychology." 27 July 2009. Web. 25 April 2019. <https://www.essaytown.com/subjects/paper/humanistic-psychology/38102>.
"Humanistic Psychology." Essaytown.com. July 27, 2009. Accessed April 25, 2019.


text:
A classified detail of Putin's decree. What did the Kremlin hide?
in Bez kategorii
A classified item 7 of Russian President Vladimir Putin's decree allows the Defense Ministry to mobilize one million people. Officially, the authorities are talking about 300,000 people.
Independent media pointed out as early as Wednesday that the published scan of the president's decree on "partial mobilization" for war with Ukraine contains an undisclosed passage.
"In the content of the decree published on the Kremlin's website, point 7. was omitted, and in the version presented on the state legal portal it is hidden and marked 'for official use'." – emphasized the Meduza portal.
The Novaya Gazeta interlocutor relayed that the idea of labeling the entire contents of the document as "for official use" was initially discussed. Representatives of the Defense Ministry were in favor of this. However, only point 7 on the number of people who should be mobilized was kept secret.
"The number was changed several times, and in the end it stood at one million." – says the source.
Asked about the content of the item, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said he "could not disclose it," but specified that it refers to the number of people to be mobilized. He also cited Defense Minister Sergei Shoygu, who said it was to be 300,000 people.
Popular mobilization
"Mobilization is de facto universal, and not at all partial. They can appoint everyone, except those who are unsuitable due to age and health," a lawyer for opposition leader Alexei Navalny's team, Vyacheslav Gimadi, assessed on Wednesday.
"They have the right to call up all but those completely unfit for service due to health and due to age (soldiers up to 50, and junior officers up to 60). As the defense ministry wishes," Gimadi wrote.
Source: Nowaja gazieta
Tags: classifieddefense ministrykremlinmilionmobilizationrussiawarwar in ukraine
Love during the war, what does it look like?
Music for Ukraine. The Abracadabra band performs around Poland in benefit for Ukrainian families
Michał Kasjanowicz
News from the world and Poland on politics and business.
by Aranxa Albarrán
Have you ever seen it? This mural express not only heroism to Poland but it inspires others.
Warsaw officials have decided to change Warsaw's logo. - The new Siren is more serious and has the profile of...
Popeyes will enter Poland. The chain has restaurants all over the world
Popeyes originated in the United States, but locations of this chain can be found in many places around the world:...
Poland considering NATO Article 4 activation
It is highly likely that Poland's ambassador to NATO Tomasz Szatkowski will request the activation of Article 4 of the...
Joy, redish skies and smiles were seen during Poland's 104 Independence Day
People felt more Polish than ever during Independence Day.
All Saints' Day is one of the most special holidays in Warsaw. This November Powązki cemetery was illuminated.
Morawiecki and Kaczynski on their way to Kiev. The head of the KPRM gave details
Five Russian soldiers raped a 14-year-old girl from Bucza. The girl is pregnant


text:
Q: Detect when no previous posts available in Facebook Graph posts edge? I'm accessing the Facebook Graph API for posts and am trying to figure out the pagination handling. I understand the use of paging.next and paging.previous properties of the results but I'd like to know when there are actually previous results. Particularly, when I make the first 'posts' call, I get back a paging.previous url even though there are no previous values. Upon calling that url I get a response with no results.
For example, calling "168073773388372/posts?limit=2" returns the following:
{
  "data": [
    {
      "story": "Verticalmotion test added a new photo.",
      "created_time": "2015-12-02T17:04:56+0000",
      "id": "168073773388372_442952469233833"
    },
    {
      "message": "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QD2Rdeo8vuE",
      "created_time": "2013-12-16T23:19:30+0000",
      "id": "168073773388372_184840215045061"
    }
  ],
  "paging": {
    "previous": "https://graph.facebook.com/v2.6/168073773388372/posts?limit=2&format=json&since=1449075896&access_token=****&__paging_token=enc_AdA69SApv4VoBZB0PPZA7W5EivCYQal8KMFmRNkyhr8ZBk4w0YmFEQUJWV3JZBS70ihyMpbqieQaERhY50enqNCMBuIZATadeopYj8xPvQL7Y8KueaQZDZD&__previous=1",
    "next": "https://graph.facebook.com/v2.6/168073773388372/posts?limit=2&format=json&access_token=****&until=1387235970&__paging_token=enc_AdAVMaUlPmpxjBmq5ZClVdNpFp7f9MyMFWjE7ygqsMLW7zvSx3eGHLkfwDxdCx0uO3ooAZCKDmCwMWHZA9RNyxkYUPJyjMtO3kynKm5uF2PhoPZB2gZDZD"
  }
}

How can I tell if it's the first set of results?
From tidbits scattered around the documentation and web, it seems like the previous url shouldn't be there.
I don't think it matters because I get the same results in the Graph Explorer but I'm using OpenFB to access the API.

A: You can set the order to be reverse then get the 1st result
https://developers.facebook.com/docs/graph-api/using-graph-api
Ordering
You can order certain data sets chronologically. For example you may sort a photo's comments in reverse chronological order using the key reverse_chronological:
GET graph.facebook.com
  /{photo-id}?
    fields=comments.order(reverse_chronological)

order must be one of the following values:
*chronological*
*reverse_chronological*

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences
The Writing Program
About the Writing Program
Creative Writing Minor
Undergraduate Awards
Faculty and Alumni Books
Living the Literary Life
Have Something to Brag About?
Give to English
At Parturient
Porta Vestibulum
Integer Sociosqu
Vitae Aptent
Aptent Praesent
Rhoncus Urna
Steffan Triplett
Teaching Assistant Professor
Assistant Director of CAAPP
Steffan's Affiliations: CAAPP, CEC Hill District
Steffan Triplett is a writer and educator from Joplin, Missouri. He received his MFA in Nonfiction from the University of Pittsburgh and is a graduate of Washington University in St. Louis where he was a John B. Ervin Scholar.
His work appears in The Iowa Review, Fence, Lit Hub, Vulture, and DIAGRAM. Steffan's work has been anthologized in Nepantla: An Anthology Dedicated to Queer Poets of Color (Nightboat 2018), Revisiting the Elegy in the Black Lives Matter Era (Routledge 2019), and It Came From The Closet: Queer Reflections on Horror (Feminist Press 2022). Steffan is an Editor at The Offing and has received fellowships from Cave Canem, Lambda Literary, Callaloo, and is a VONA/Voices alum.
His first book, Bad Forecast, will be published on Essay Press in 2024.
stt37@pitt.edu
For more information about our graduates and their professional activities, please check out our Twitter and Facebook pages.
Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences
2117 Cathedral of Learning
University of Pittsburgh English Department
University of Pittsburgh Writing Center
The William S. Dietrich II Institute for Writing Excellence


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Part of the problem now wants to be part of the solution!
All those things — all of it — happened while Brennan was in charge of U.S. Central Intelligence (and while Obama was president). But I wouldn't expect the media to be very vocal in pointing all that out while listening to the same people who allowed the problem to grow explain how it should all be fixed. It's always fun when part of the problem wants to be part of the solution.
We live in a bizarre time.


text:
Thoughts on Infallibility (Interlude III): What the Catholic Church Believes About Scripture
The Series so Far
Article IIa
Article IIb
Article IIc
Article IId
Article IIe
Article IIIa
Article IIIb
Article IVa
As I work my way through various Protestant Sources to make sure I understand Sola Scriptura, I have noticed one troubling trend which appears constantly: The misstating of what educated Catholics believe about Scripture.
Now of course it is one thing to understand but reject the Catholic understanding of Scripture. It is entirely another thing to misrepresent what Catholics believe, knowingly or not. To pass on what one knows to be false, or to pass on false statements without verifying if they are true is to bear false witness.
Ultimately God is the one who will judge the level of culpability of those who bear false witness. For the person who has no way of finding out otherwise, the degree of responsibility is far less than the person who can find out what Catholics teach on the subject but refuses to do so.
It is not my intent to declare what the level of culpability exists in an individual. Nor do I have any idea whether a particular non-Catholic visitor to my site holds to these sorts of views. Rather, my intention is to point out to the non-Catholic what we in fact do believe to avoid misunderstanding us and charging us wrongly.
I believe it is important to state what we believe here before moving forward because it is possible some, not knowing what we do believe, may take the rejection of the Protestant view as a denial of the Inspiration and authority of Scripture.
The Catholic Views on Scripture in the Catechism of the Catholic Church
The Catechism of the Catholic Church has this to say on the Inspiration of Scripture:
101 In order to reveal himself to men, in the condescension of his goodness God speaks to them in human words: "Indeed the words of God, expressed in the words of men, are in every way like human language, just as the Word of the eternal Father, when he took on himself the flesh of human weakness, became like men."63
102 Through all the words of Sacred Scripture, God speaks only one single Word, his one Utterance in whom he expresses himself completely:64
You recall that one and the same Word of God extends throughout Scripture, that it is one and the same Utterance that resounds in the mouths of all the sacred writers, since he who was in the beginning God with God has no need of separate syllables; for he is not subject to time.65
103 For this reason, the Church has always venerated the Scriptures as she venerates the Lord's Body. She never ceases to present to the faithful the bread of life, taken from the one table of God's Word and Christ's Body.66
104 In Sacred Scripture, the Church constantly finds her nourishment and her strength, for she welcomes it not as a human word, "but as what it really is, the word of God".67 "In the sacred books, the Father who is in heaven comes lovingly to meet his children, and talks with them."68
105 God is the author of Sacred Scripture. "The divinely revealed realities, which are contained and presented in the text of Sacred Scripture, have been written down under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit."69
"For Holy Mother Church, relying on the faith of the apostolic age, accepts as sacred and canonical the books of the Old and the New Testaments, whole and entire, with all their parts, on the grounds that, written under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, they have God as their author, and have been handed on as such to the Church herself."70
106 God inspired the human authors of the sacred books. "To compose the sacred books, God chose certain men who, all the while he employed them in this task, made full use of their own faculties and powers so that, though he acted in them and by them, it was as true authors that they consigned to writing whatever he wanted written, and no more."71
107 The inspired books teach the truth. "Since therefore all that the inspired authors or sacred writers affirm should be regarded as affirmed by the Holy Spirit, we must acknowledge that the books of Scripture firmly, faithfully, and without error teach that truth which God, for the sake of our salvation, wished to see confided to the Sacred Scriptures."72
108 Still, the Christian faith is not a "religion of the book." Christianity is the religion of the "Word" of God, a word which is "not a written and mute word, but the Word which is incarnate and living".73 If the Scriptures are not to remain a dead letter, Christ, the eternal Word of the living God, must, through the Holy Spirit, "open [our] minds to understand the Scriptures."74
109 In Sacred Scripture, God speaks to man in a human way. To interpret Scripture correctly, the reader must be attentive to what the human authors truly wanted to affirm, and to what God wanted to reveal to us by their words.75
110 In order to discover the sacred authors' intention, the reader must take into account the conditions of their time and culture, the literary genres in use at that time, and the modes of feeling, speaking and narrating then current. "For the fact is that truth is differently presented and expressed in the various types of historical writing, in prophetical and poetical texts, and in other forms of literary expression."76
111 But since Sacred Scripture is inspired, there is another and no less important principle of correct interpretation, without which Scripture would remain a dead letter. "Sacred Scripture must be read and interpreted in the light of the same Spirit by whom it was written."77
The Second Vatican Council indicates three criteria for interpreting Scripture in accordance with the Spirit who inspired it.78
112 1. Be especially attentive "to the content and unity of the whole Scripture". Different as the books which compose it may be, Scripture is a unity by reason of the unity of God's plan, of which Christ Jesus is the center and heart, open since his Passover.79
The phrase "heart of Christ" can refer to Sacred Scripture, which makes known his heart, closed before the Passion, as the Scripture was obscure. But the Scripture has been opened since the Passion; since those who from then on have understood it, consider and discern in what way the prophecies must be interpreted.80
113 2. Read the Scripture within "the living Tradition of the whole Church". According to a saying of the Fathers, Sacred Scripture is written principally in the Church's heart rather than in documents and records, for the Church carries in her Tradition the living memorial of God's Word, and it is the Holy Spirit who gives her the spiritual interpretation of the Scripture (". . . according to the spiritual meaning which the Spirit grants to the Church"81).
114 3. Be attentive to the analogy of faith.82 By "analogy of faith" we mean the coherence of the truths of faith among themselves and within the whole plan of Revelation.
She also exhorts the faithful to read the Scriptures:
131 "And such is the force and power of the Word of God that it can serve the Church as her support and vigor, and the children of the Church as strength for their faith, food for the soul, and a pure and lasting fount of spiritual life."109 Hence "access to Sacred Scripture ought to be open wide to the Christian faithful."110
132 "Therefore, the study of the sacred page should be the very soul of sacred theology. The ministry of the Word, too - pastoral preaching, catechetics and all forms of Christian instruction, among which the liturgical homily should hold pride of place - is healthily nourished and thrives in holiness through the Word of Scripture."111
133 The Church "forcefully and specifically exhorts all the Christian faithful. . . to learn the surpassing knowledge of Jesus Christ, by frequent reading of the divine Scriptures. Ignorance of the Scriptures is ignorance of Christ.112
I hope this citation makes clear what Catholics do in fact believe about Scripture against any claims to the contrary.
Labels: Bible, Catholic Church, Scripture, What We Believe
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Yesterday was the first day I noticed something pure and green beginning to bud up under the brown grass. And on the bus ride home I saw a robin and then another and another. It was cold this week, but it suddenly lifted and Spring awoke.
I'm still thinking about buying one of those astrological charts I blogged about a few weeks ago. These stargazing samplers put me in mind of them again.
And I enjoyed reading this Orlando Gough piece over on Toast Travels this week too. Although some of his examples don't sit quite right, I love the rhythm of his words, the tug-of-war expressed that seems to resonate so deeply, not just with food.
I've been reading Deborah Levy's Swimming Home too. Actually, it's been a while since I did a book report and I owe you many. Perhaps I'll compile them all in one post next week. But Levy's book is something special. It doesn't immediately remind me of anything I've read before, or even imagined, and that's exciting to read.
I've also been writing; a spontaneous flash piece on the subway on the way to work yesterday and a short story that's going to need much more marinating before I decide where to try to place it. There'll be more writing this weekend, I hope, but also easy-going things and, fingers crossed, dreamless sleep.
Inspired by Jessica's amazing pop of colour, I'll hit the flower market too.
What are you up to? Happy weekend!


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11 September 2018, 09:35 (BST)
Forest of Imagination heads riverside for 5th Anniversary
City-based arts pop-up Forest of Imagination is to take place in Bath again from 28 -30 September 2018, connecting people to nature with a series of fantastical forests, art trails and innovative sculptures.
Returning to the city for its fifth consecutive year, this year's free event will see spaces in Kingsmead Square, down Avon Street to the River Avon at Bath Quays North, all transformed into a series of 'Future Forests' designed to spark people's imaginations.
Each Forest will offer a sensory kaleidoscope of playful installations, art trails and workshops, exploring different aspects of forest life - from the forest floor to the forest canopy.
This year's event is also being launched in partnership with Bath Children's Literature Festival (28 September – 7 October 2018), one of the city's most popular annual events.
Amongst a host of creative installations by artists, schools and local businesses, highlights for this year's Forest of Imagination event will include:
· A 'Courtyard of Creativity', designed by architect Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios featuring architectural street furniture, providing a venue for eating, learning and creating.
· Interactive street theatre from children's art charity The House of Fairy Tales
· A 3D forest soundscape created by Illustrious, led by Heaven 17's Martyn Ware
· Forest pyramids built by Carpenter Oak & Woodland with architect Piers Taylor
· An inflatable forest by landscape architects Grant Associates
· A floating forest on the River Avon by Grant Associates
· Installations and workshops by local artists and designers including Alison Harper, Jessica Palmer and Matthew Leece
· An immersive installation in collaboration with Shai Akram and the egg theatre Incubator project
· Illustrations of the river ecology with Conor Busuttil and local schools
· A collaboration with Three Ways Special School involving artists Luke Woodbury, Matt Cleary and Juliann Worrall Hood
· Artworks on the River Avon by River is the Venue (RIV) – a collaboration between art gallery 44AD artspace, arts charity Art at the Heart of the Royal United Hospital (RUH) and the University of Bath, celebrating the history of Bath's river
Forest of Imagination 2018 has been made possible thanks to generous funding from Arts Council England, Grant Associates and Herman Miller Cares, together with the support of a host of other local businesses and organisations including Bath Spa University, Bristol Zoo, Wessex Water and Bath BID.
A 'home grown' event, Forest of Imagination was co-founded by Bath based landscape architect Andrew Grant of Grant Associates, whose work on the iconic Gardens by the Bay featured in Planet Earth 2 - the BBC's most watched natural history programme to date.
Grant Associates is part of a collective of local companies and creatives who co-design the event including arts charity 5x5x5=creativity, Bath Spa University and Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios.
This year the project returns to the city centre and aims to celebrate the connection between the city and the River Avon through the transformation of Kingsmead Square, Avon Street and linked spaces. These will be animated with installations and creative possibilities, providing a thought-provoking series of experiences for all ages. Andrew Grant, Director, Grant Associates
Forest of Imagination 2018 will invite everyone to experience the power of nature in the city to inspire their imagination and creativity. Taking place alongside the Bath Children's Literature Festival, we'll also be celebrating the wonder of childhood and the importance of play for our wellbeing. We've the privilege once again of working with a host of wonderful artists including Martyn Ware, Shai Akram, Alison Harper, Jess Palmer and Matthew Leece, as well as local creative industries and staff and students from both the city's universities and Bath College. Penny Hay, Co-founder of Forest of Imagination (Director of Research, 5x5x5=creativity and Senior Lecturer at Bath Spa University)
Forest of Imagination is a wonderful celebration of nature and creativity. We are really excited that it will be running at the same time as Bath Children's Literature Festival this year giving families even more reason to visit the city and celebrate creativity, art, stories and the power of imagination! Gill McLay, Artistic Director and Founder of Bath Children's Literature Festival
Bath Spa University is delighted to once again be providing major support for Forest of Imagination. This event is a wonderful example of creativity and partnership across the city, and the University is pleased to be playing its part, as one of the centres of creativity and enterprise in Bath and the wider West of England region. Professor Sue Rigby, Bath Spa University Vice Chancellor
Bath BID is delighted to support Forest of Imagination and this dynamic approach to activating public space. We're delighted to be part of this collaborative activity with the businesses of Kingsmead Square, Avon Street and Bath Quays, working to bring a weekend of imagination and inspiration. Allison Herbert, CEO at Bath BID
Forest of Imagination 2017
Forest of Imagination
Forest of Imagination is a contemporary arts event transforming spaces in and around Bath each year into a magical forest to showcase the city's often hidden creativity with a series of artworks and temporary architectural structures. 2018 sees the event brought back into central Bath in partnership with Bath Children's Literature Festival. Meanwhile the House of Fairy Tales is bringing a playful programme of workshops and events. Forest of the Imagination is created in partnership with 5x5x5=creativity, Grant Associates, Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, and Bath Spa University. www.forestofimagination.com
5x5x5=creativity
5x5x5=creativity, is an arts-based action research organisation with charitable status that supports children and young people in their exploration and expression of ideas, helping them develop creative skills for life. www.5x5x5creativity.org.uk
Grant Associates
Grant Associates is a British Landscape Architecture consultancy specialising in creative, visionary design of both urban and rural environments worldwide, working with some of the world's leading architects and designers. www.grant-associates.uk.com
Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios
Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios is an award-winning practice with an international reputation for design quality, for pioneering environmental expertise and a radical architectural approach. www.fcbstudios.com
Three schools from Bath Spa University are collaborating for the Forest of Imagination - The School of Art and Design, Education, and Humanities and Cultural Industries. Recognised as one of the UK's top creative universities in the Which? University Student Survey, Bath Spa University is a leading university for creativity, culture and enterprise, offering a wide range of creative degree courses across visual arts and design, heritage and publishing, and education. www.bathspa.ac.uk
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Finding treasures in antiques stores is always a thrill. The hunt is half the fun, but the real rush is the realization that you have found something truly stupendous. Last week I found a beautiful, shimmering six piece set in a local antiques store and fell in love.
The six pieces include a gravy boat with saucer, as well as a lovely two handled piece whose use I can only speculate at. I'm going to assume it's some sort of sauce recipient that should have some sort of ladle perhaps? It's a fun mystery. If you have an idea of what this odd saucier was for, let me know. (And no it is not missing a lid since the inside is covered in gold).
The next three pieces include a cream and sugar combo with a saucer for the cream pitcher. The use for this seems a lot more obvious but no less majestic and would be the perfect addition to any tea party.
Here is a close up of the luxurious peacock and vines pattern that covers all six pieces of this set. I love peacocks and was very attracted to the matching set. So imagine my surprise when I took the set home with me and looked at the bottom of the pieces (as I always do) and found different porcelain maker's marks!
I was now presented with a puzzle. The piece was obviously unified by the all-over gold peacock pattern but came from different manufacturers. I'd never seen anything like this before and decided to focus my attention on the golden lion mark instead of the porcelain mark in itself since all six pieces shared the golden blason.
Pickard is a renowned name, a china company founded in Chicago in 1893. It started out as a china decorating franchise where students from the art institute and local artists would design one of a kind pieces. They were not producing the china pieces themselves but instead buying them from outside sources (namely European ones), decorating them and selling them in the United States. In 1911, founder Wilder Pickard invented a new kind of decoration, the "all-over gold" which covered the china in a fine coating of 24 carat gold before imprinting a pattern on said gold. Pickard is known for it's "daisy and rose" patten especially. That being said, they started manufacturing their own porcelain in 1933 and have become the providers for the White House china as well as providing for the US embassies across the world and the formal china sets of heads of state and royalty.
As for my particular lion mark… It was used by the Pickard company from 1925 to 1930.
I've researched as much as I could online and haven't found heads or tails (or feathers) of Pickard peacocks. I can only assume that it's quite rare and I've truly found a great addition to the collection.
Today, we examine the Medieval 'peasant'.


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Realme has just celebrated its second anniversary in May this year. The company that started as an Oppo sub-brand with the release of the mid-range Oppo Realme smartphone now is sailing international waters with its own name. In a short period of time, the brand become the fastest-growing smartphone brand globally with its presence solidified in 61 countries and regions. Li Bingzhong (Sky Li), the brand's founder and CEO shared some of the company's breakthroughs along with their next targets on Weibo.
The Realme CEO shared a letter on his Weibo profile in the form of an image. It goes into detail regarding the brand's achievements in the last two years. In this letter, the company executive mentions that Realme continued to be the fastest-growing smartphone brand in four consecutive quarters. Apart from this, the company also ranked number 7 globally in the last quarter in terms of market share.
Sky Li states that people questioned if there's a place for a new smartphone when Realme was established. It's funny to think about it now that Realme is one of the most solid names in the smartphone scene. However, two years ago this was a thought that would easily pass through our minds especially in a competitive market like the one for smartphones. According to Mr. Sky, his brand exceeded expectations by proving that new brands do have a place in the market.
"Realme will focus more on AIoT, but will ship 100,000 smartphones annually"
He also revealed that in the next two years, Realme will be much more than just a smartphone maker. The company will focus more on AIoT and will expand its presence in more markets. Realme already stated a dozen times that it wants to be considered a "lifestyle" brand that pushes much more than smartphones. The company gave important steps to expand its name this year with the release of a smartwatch, smart TVs, and even TWS earphones.
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The executive wishes his company to become a leading player in almost all regions. The list includes South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Europe, Latin America, China, and Russia. Last but not least, the executive states that his brand wants to sell more than 100 million units of smartphones annually. If Realme hits this milestone, then it will be sitting beside mainstream brands.
Realme also has been a leading company by helping to expand 5G connectivity in China. The company already released several smartphones offering support for the fifth-gen network in the country. On September 1, it will reveal the Realme X7 series featuring compelling specifications and 5G connectivity.
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Marco Lancaster
A technology enthusiast. Fascinated for technology. Currently a student of Computer Engineering, passioned for Chinese world of Smart Devices and their innovation in the pricing and quality. I like to take photos and venture myself in natural places.
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