text:
Homeostasis: If Not Cannabinoid Receptor Three, then Cannabinoid Receptor Third
The Cannabis Papers by Publius
In The Cannabis Papers: A citizen's guide to cannabinoids (2011), we noted evidence for a CB3 receptor in addition to CB1 and CB2. The research suggested that there was more happening (things to be accounted for, scientifically) and another receptor was proposed. In 2017 it looks like the best answer is a third category of activity and not a specific receptor; notably, this third activity involves many other kinds of receptors.
The Guide to Pharmacology website has an introduction page for cannabinoid receptors; at the bottom of the page there is a section on this third activity (non-CB1 and non-CB2 modulation). The site notes it is "generally accepted" that other receptor types, and thus other systems, are modulated by cannabinoids; this is true for endo, plant and pharmaceutical cannabinoids.
This third signaling effect connects progesterone and nuclear receptors to cannabinoids; it also suggests modulating endometriosis is similar to homeostasis: both depend on cannabinoids for healing and health.
*Next Up: Wednesday 21 June and a 2020: Virtual Representation and We the People.
Homeostasis: Endometriosis, Progesterone and Cannabinoid Systems
Progesterone-dependent regulation of endometrial cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1-R) expression is disrupted in women with endometriosis and in isolated stromal cells exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
The above title was published in Fertility and Sterility in 2012 and can be found on PubMed.
The research finds that endometriosis, where cells grow outside instead of inside the uterus (endometrium), is caused by a failure to communicate between progesterone and the cannabinoid system; this failure is painful and contributes to infertility. Summary quote from the research: "Our studies reveal a role for the anti-inflammatory actions of progesterone in regulating endometrial cannabinoid signaling, which is disrupted in women with endometriosis."
How does that work though? What is disrupted? If communication between progesterone and the CB1 receptor is disrupted (as cells grow, just in the wrong place), how do cells normally communicate in a healthy, undisrupted homeostatic way?
The answer involves cannabinoid and progesterone nuclear receptor signaling: let's just begin there next week.
*Next Up: 31 May and a homeostatic view of Progesterone Nuclear Receptors and Cannabinoid Systems.
2020: Bivalent Ligands Targeting Cannabinoid Receptors? Longer Linkers May Not Be The Solution
CNR1 is CB1 genetics
CB1 pharmacophore
Today's cannabinoid system science update looks at a piece of pharmaceutical research on bivalency and our CB1 receptors. Pharmaceutical researchers are trying to duplicate the cannabinoid bivalency trait found in our bodies, which is the ability to simultaneously influence two different kinds of receptors.
They understand what our bodies do ("evidence suggests that ligands enter CB1 through the lipid bilayer") yet don't know how to copy it ("linkers are unlikely to exit the receptor through its external face"). They conclude: "the entire premise of designing bivalent ligands targeting CB1 must be revisited."
Our bodies keep doing the bivalency shuffle, all the time and every day, while the pharmaceutical researchers revisit the drawing board, and maybe (perhaps) take Nixon's scheduling law with them.
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
PubMed 2016
One for the Price of Two…Are Bivalent Ligands Targeting Cannabinoid Receptor Dimers Capable of Simultaneously Binding to both Receptors?
Bivalent ligands bridging two G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) provide valuable pharmacological tools to target oligomers. The success of therapeutically targeting the cannabinoid CB1 receptor has been limited, in part due to its widespread neuronal distribution. Therefore, CB1 ligands targeting oligomers that exhibit restricted distribution or altered pharmacology are highly desirable, and several bivalent ligands containing a CB1 pharmacophore have been reported. Bivalent ligand action presumes that the ligand simultaneously binds to both receptors within the dimeric complex. However, based on the current understanding of CB1 ligand binding, existing bivalent ligands are too short to bind both receptors simultaneously. However, ligands with longer linkers may not be the solution, because evidence suggests that ligands enter CB1 through the lipid bilayer and, thus, linkers are unlikely to exit the receptor through its external face. Thus, the entire premise of designing bivalent ligands targeting CB1 must be revisited.
Next Up: The Union 2016 summer series continues on Sunday 10 July with part 4, Johnny Reb and Gus Kotka Nowhere Enemy Is Time.
Homeostasis: Publius' Sleep Political Cannabinoid Science
The Cannabis Papers by Publius (2011)
Sleep Edition
Today's political cannabinoid science looks at five 2014 PubMed articles on how the cannabinoid system (CS) modulates homeostasis and sleep; of political note, there's one on CS deficiency disguised as "cannabis withdrawal" (i.e., the pharmaceutical cannabinoid Nabilone). The line-up links to CS PubMed articles discussing: de-homeostatic sleep disturbances, REM transitions, aging with THC, the wake-inducing effects of CBD, and arousal sleep regulation.
Some (Sleepy) Shakespeare ~ Sonnet 27
"Weary with toil, I haste to my bed,
The dear repose for limbs with travel tired;
But then begins a journey in my head,
To work my mind when body's work's expired."
I. De-Homeostasis (Sleep Disturbances) and CS Withdrawal
"Chronic cannabis use has been associated with the development of a withdrawal syndrome on abrupt discontinuation. Withdrawal symptoms typically begin within 24 h of abstinence and manifest as irritability, nervousness, sleep disturbances and decreased appetite. There is growing evidence that supports the use of plant-derived and synthetic cannabinoids for the treatment of cannabis withdrawal. In this case report, we present 20-year-old woman who developed protracted nausea and vomiting secondary to cannabis withdrawal and was successfully treated with nabilone. Nausea and vomiting is not listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 diagnostic criteria for cannabis withdrawal syndrome and is an uncommon symptom presentation."
Nabilone therapy for cannabis withdrawal presenting as protracted nausea and vomiting.
Lam PW, Frost DW.
BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Sep 22;2014. pii: bcr2014205287. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205287.
II. Homeostasis (Astrocytes and the Reticular Activating System) and the CS/CB1
"The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is known as the cholinergic part of the reticular activating system (RAS) and it plays an important role in transitions of slow-wave sleep to REM sleep and wakefulness. … Taken together, we propose that cannabinoid receptor stimulation modulates PPN neuronal activity in the following manner: active neurons may elicit calcium waves in astrocytes via endogenous CB1 receptor agonists. Astrocytes in turn release glutamate that activates different metabotropic glutamate receptors of neurons and modulate PPN neuronal activity."
Endocannabinoid signaling modulates neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) via astrocytes.
Kőszeghy A, Kovács A, Bíró T, Szücs P, Vincze J, Hegyi Z, Antal M, Pál B.
Brain Struct Funct. 2014 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]
III. Homeostasis (Aging and the Effectiveness of THC) and the CS
"Overall, the pharmacodynamic effects of THC were smaller than effects previously reported in young adults. In conclusion, THC appeared to be safe and well tolerated by healthy older individuals. Data on safety and effectiveness of THC in frail older persons are urgently required, as this population could benefit from the therapeutic applications of THC."
Safety and pharmacokinetics of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy older subjects: A randomized controlled trial.
Ahmed AI, van den Elsen GA, Colbers A, van der Marck MA, Burger DM, Feuth TB, Rikkert MG, Kramers C.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Jun 28. pii: S0924-977X(14)00175-8. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.06.007. [Epub ahead of print]
IV. Homeostasis (CBD as a Wake-Inducing Agent) and the CS
"Over the last decades, the scientific interest in chemistry and pharmacology of cannabinoids has increased. Most attention has focused on ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆(9)-THC) as it is the psychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa). However, in previous years, the focus of interest in the second plant constituent with non-psychotropic properties, cannabidiol (CBD) has been enhanced. Recently, several groups have investigated the pharmacological properties of CBD with significant findings; furthermore, this compound has raised promising pharmacological properties as a wake-inducing drug. In the current review, we will provide experimental evidence regarding the potential role of CBD as a wake-inducing drug."
Potential effects of cannabidiol as a wake-promoting agent.
Murillo-Rodríguez E, Sarro-Ramírez A, Sánchez D, Mijangos-Moreno S, Tejeda-Padrón A, Poot-Aké A, Guzmán K, Pacheco-Pantoja E, Arias-Carrión O.
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2014 May;12(3):269-72. doi: 10.2174/1570159X11666131204235805.
PMID: 24851090 [PubMed]
V. Homeostasis (Arousal and Sleep) and the CS/CB1
"Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors are highly expressed in the brain and play a role in behavior control. ... The occurrence of multiple sleep alterations in KO [knock-out] indicates important roles of CB1 receptors in limiting arousal during the active period of the day, in sleep regulation, and in sleep EEG in mice."
Multiple sleep alterations in mice lacking cannabinoid type 1 receptors.
Silvani A, Berteotti C, Bastianini S, Lo Martire V, Mazza R, Pagotta U, Quarta C, Zoccoli G.
PLoS One. 2014 Feb 20;9(2):e89432. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089432.
eCollection2014.
PMID: 24586778 [PubMed - in process] Free PMC Article
Video: Density of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Brain and Human Body
Homeostasis: Publius' (Ultralow) THC Political Cannabinoid Science
Welcome Homeostasis!
Burning Man Edition
Today's science roundup looks at four 2014 articles on how the cannabinoid system (CS) modulates our health through homeostasis. The line-up links to CS PubMed articles discussing: hippocampus inhibition and excitation, pain relief from a Chinese herb (thunder God vine), GABA pain dis-inhibition, and brain protection from a single ultralow dose of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
The annual Burning Man festival in Black Rock City (NV) was last week; participants test their CS by enduring two Black Rock extremes ~ art and nature ~ which create space for mind and body to catch a glimpse of … spirit.
I. Hippocampus Homeostasis (Inhibition and Excitation) and the CS (Endos)
"Endocannabinoids (eCBs) modulate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in hippocampus via activation of pre-synaptic cannabinoid receptors. Here, we present a model for cannabinoid mediated short-term depression of excitation (DSE) based on our recently developed model for the equivalent phenomenon of suppressing inhibition (DSI). … Finally, we explore under which conditions the combination of DSI and DSE can temporarily shift the fine balance between excitation and inhibition. This highlights a mechanism by which eCBs might act in a neuro-protective manner during high neural activity."
Cannabinoid-mediated short-term plasticity in hippocampus.
Zachariou M, Thul R.
J Comput Neurosci. 2014 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]
II. Homeostasis (Pain Relief) and CS CB2 Signaling
"Celastrol, a major active ingredient of Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (thunder god vine), has exhibited a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and immunosuppression. … Taken together, our results demonstrate the analgesia effects of celastrol through CB2 signaling and propose the potential of exploiting celastrol as a novel candidate for pain relief."
Celastrol attenuates inflammatory and neuropathic pain mediated by cannabinoid receptor type 2.
Yang L, Li Y, Ren J, Zhu C, Fu J, Lin D, Qiu Y.
Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Aug 6;15(8):13637-48. doi: 10.3390/ijms150813637.
PMID: 25101848 [PubMed - in process] Free Article
III. Homeostasis (GABA Pain Dis-inhibition) and the CS
"At the cellular level, opioids and cannabinoids are hypothesised to activate descending analgesia through an indirect process of 'GABA disinhibition'-suppression of inhibitory GABAergic inputs onto output neurons which constitute the descending analgesic pathway."
Descending modulation of pain: the GABA disinhibition hypothesis of analgesia.
Lau BK, Vaughan CW.
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2014 Jul 24;29C:159-164. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.07.010. [Epub ahead of print] Review.
IV. Homeostasis (CS CNS Protection) from a Single Ultralow Dose of THC
"In our previous studies, we found that a single ultralow dose of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 0.002 mg/kg, three to four orders of magnitude lower than the conventional doses) protects the brain from different insults that cause cognitive deficits. … Our results suggest that an ultralow dose of THC that lacks any psychotrophic activity protects the brain from neuroinflammation-induced cognitive damage and might be used as an effective drug for the treatment of neuroinflammatory conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases."
Ultralow doses of cannabinoid drugs protect the mouse brain from inflammation-induced cognitive damage.
Fishbein-Kaminietsky M, Gafni M, Sarne Y.
J Neurosci Res. 2014 Jul 16. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23452. [Epub ahead of print]
Video: Cannabinoid Profiles - THC, THCA, THCV, CBD, CBG, CBN, CBC & Terpenes
Homeostasis: Publius' Alcohol Political Cannabinoid Science
Today's science roundup looks at four articles on how the cannabinoid system (CS) modulates our health through homeostasis ~ including one on the de-homeostatic (harmful) effects caused by chronic alcohol use on one's CS. The line-up links to 2014 PubMed articles discussing: heteromerization, chronic alcohol harms, sensory information salience and stress response attenuation.
I. Heteromerization (GPR55 and CB2) and the CS
"In HEK293 cells expressing GPR55 and cannabinoid CB2 R receptors, heteromers that are unique signaling units are formed. The signaling by agonists of either receptor is governed i) by the presence or absence of the partner receptors (with the consequent formation of heteromers) and ii) by the activation state of the partner receptor."
Heteromerization of GPR55 and cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulates signaling.
Balenga NA, Martínez-Pinilla E, Kargl J, Schröder R, Peinhaupt M, Platzer W, Bálint Z, Zamarbide M, Dopeso-Reyes I, Ricobaraza A, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Kostenis E, Waldhoer M, Heinemann A, Franco R.
Br J Pharmacol. 2014 Jul 22. doi: 10.1111/bph.12850. [Epub ahead of print]
II. De-Homeostasis (Chronic Alcohol Use) and the CS
"Chronic use of alcohol is associated with structural and functional alterations in brain areas that subserve cognitive processes. Of particular importance is the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that is involved in higher order behaviors such as decision making, risk assessment and judgment. … Overall, these results suggest that ethanol's down-regulation of cannabinoid signaling results in altered network activity in the prefrontal cortex."
Chronic ethanol alters network activity and endocannabinoid signaling in the prefrontal cortex.
Pava MJ, Woodward JJ.
Front Integr Neurosci. 2014 Jul 18;8:58. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00058. eCollection 2014.
PMID: 25100953 [PubMed] Free Article
III. Homeostasis (Sensory Information) and the CS
"Emerging evidence from both basic and clinical research demonstrates an important role for endocannabinoid (ECB) signaling in the processing of emotionally salient information, learning, and memory. Cannabinoid transmission within neural circuits involved in emotional processing has been shown to modulate the acquisition, recall, and extinction of emotionally salient memories and importantly, can strongly modulate the emotional salience of incoming sensory information."
The role of cannabinoid transmission in emotional memory formation: implications for addiction and schizophrenia.
Tan H, Ahmad T, Loureiro M, Zunder J, Laviolette SR.
Front Psychiatry. 2014 Jun 30;5:73. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00073. eCollection 2014. Review.
PMID: 25071606 [PubMed] Free PMC Article
IV. Homeostasis (Stress Response) and the CS
"Endocannabinoids are produced on demand and function to attenuate many of the physiological effects of the stress response. The endocannabinoid system is made up of cannabinoid receptors, the fatty acid signaling molecules that bind to and activate these receptors, and the enzymes that synthesize and catabolize these endocannabinoid signaling molecules."
The endocannabinoid system modulates stress, emotionality, and inflammation.
Crowe MS, Nass SR, Gabella KM, Kinsey SG.
Brain Behav Immun. 2014 Jun 19. pii: S0889-1591(14)00172-X. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.007. [Epub ahead of print] Review.
Brain Video:
Why Do Some People Become Alcoholics?
Homeostatic Cannabinoid Science ~ Publius' World Cup Edition
A World (Cup) of Cannabinoids: Fielders Edition
Today's science roundup looks at ten articles on how the cannabinoid system (CS) modulates our health and homeostasis; the line-up links to 2014 CS PubMed articles: four directly on homeostasis, two on the circulatory system, two on the central nervous system, and one each on our digestive and respiratory systems.
I. CNS (Pediatric Brain Injury) and the CS
"Paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability. Previous studies showed neuroprotection after TBI by (endo)cannabinoid mechanisms, suggesting involvement of cannabinoid receptors (CBR). … The results may provide explanation for the neuroprotective properties of cannabinoid ligands and future therapeutic strategies of TBI."
Early increase of cannabinoid receptor density after experimental traumatic brain injury in the newborn piglet.
Donat CK, Fischer F, Walter B, Deuther-Conrad W, Brodhun M, Bauer R, Brust P.
Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2014;74(2):197-210.
II. Digestive System (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) and the CS
"The activation of the ATP ion-gated channels, voltage-gated sodium (Nav) and calcium (Cav) channels, as well as the activation of protease-activated receptors (PAR2), transient receptor potential vanilloide-1, serotonin, cannabinoids and cholecystokinin are involved in the genesis of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS."
Main ion channels and receptors associated with visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome.
de Carvalho Rocha HA, Dantas BP, Rolim TL, Costa BA, de Medeiros AC.
Ann Gastroenterol. 2014;27(3):200-206. Review.
PMID: 24976114 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Free PMC Article
III. Respiratory System (Paraquat and Acute Lung Injury) and the CS
"Paraquat [PQ], a widely used herbicide, is well known to exhibit oxidative stress and lung injury. … The results suggested that activating CB2 receptor exerted protective activity against PQ-induced ALI [Acute Lung Injury], and it potentially contributed to the suppression of the activation of MAPKs and NF- κ B pathways."
CB2 Receptor Activation Ameliorates the Proinflammatory Activity in Acute Lung Injury Induced by Paraquat.
Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zheng Q, Xiao L, Zhao M.
Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:971750. doi: 10.1155/2014/971750. Epub 2014 May 22.
IV. Homeostasis (Indole Quinuclidine Analogs) and the CS
"Therefore, indole quinuclidines are a novel structural class of compounds exhibiting high affinity and a range of intrinsic activity at cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors."
Characterization of the intrinsic activity for a novel class of cannabinoid receptor ligands: Indole quinuclidine analogs.
Franks LN, Ford BM, Madadi NR, Penthala NR, Crooks PA, Prather PL.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Aug 15;737:140-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.007. Epub 2014 May 20.
V. Circulatory System (Ischemic Heart Disease) and the CS
"Ischemic heart disease is associated with inflammation, interstitial fibrosis and ventricular dysfunction prior to the development of heart failure. … Therefore, the endocannabinoid-CB2 receptor axis plays a key role in cardioprotection during the initial phase of ischemic cardiomyopathy development."
The endocannabinoid-CB2 receptor axis protects the ischemic heart at the early stage of cardiomyopathy.
Duerr GD, Heinemann JC, Suchan G, Kolobara E, Wenzel D, Geisen C, Matthey M, Passe-Tietjen K, Mahmud W, Ghanem A, Tiemann K, Alferink J, Burgdorf S, Buchalla R, Zimmer A, Lutz B, Welz A, Fleischmann BK, Dewald O.
Basic Res Cardiol. 2014 Jul;109(4):425. doi: 10.1007/s00395-014-0425-x. Epub 2014 Jul 1.
VI. Homeostasis, Endocannabinoid Deficiencies and the CS
"Subsequent research has confirmed that underlying endocannabinoid deficiencies indeed play a role in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and a growing list of other medical conditions. Clinical experience is bearing this out. Further research and especially, clinical trials will further demonstrate the usefulness of medical cannabis. As legal barriers fall and scientific bias fades this will become more apparent."
Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD) revisited: Can this concept explain the therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions?
Smith SC, Wagner MS.
Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2014 Jun 30;35(3):198-201. [Epub ahead of print]
VII. Homeostasis (Epilepsy, Neuronal Plasticity) and the CS
"Synaptic communication requires constant adjustments of pre- and postsynaptic efficacies. In addition to synaptic long-term plasticity, the presynaptic machinery underlies homeostatic regulations which prevent out of range transmitter release. In this mini-review we will discuss the relevance of selected presynaptic mechanisms to epilepsy including voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels as well as cannabinoid and adenosine receptor signaling."
Presynaptic mechanisms of neuronal plasticity and their role in epilepsy.
Meier J, Semtner M, Winkelmann A, Wolfart J.
Front Cell Neurosci. 2014 Jun 17;8:164. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00164. eCollection 2014. Review.
VIII. Homeostasis (Turning Agonists into Antagonists) and the CS
"However, we discovered that bivalency has an influence on the effect at both cannabinoid receptors. Moreover, we found out that the spacer length and the attachment position altered the efficacy of the bivalent ligands at the receptors by turning agonists into antagonists and inverse agonists."
Synthesis and biological evaluation of bivalent cannabinoid receptor ligands based on hCB2R selective benzimidazoles reveal unexpected intrinsic properties.
Nimczick M, Pemp D, Darras FH, Chen X, Heilmann J, Decker M.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2014 Jun 13. pii: S0968-0896(14)00454-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.008. [Epub ahead of print]
IX. Circulatory System (Blood Vessels-Heart) and the CS
"2-Arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG] plays an important role in the regulation of the circulatory system via direct and/or indirect, through their metabolites, effects on blood vessels and/or heart. Accumulating evidence reveals that 2-AG is involved in the pathogenesis of various shocks and atherosclerosis."
Role of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the physiology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system.
Karabowicz P, Grzęda E, Baranowska-Kuczko M, Malinowska B.
Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2014 Jun 12;68(0):814-27.
X. CNS (Brain Mitochondria) and the CS
"Our results show that the use of appropriate controls and quantifications allows detecting mtCB1 receptor with CB1 receptor antibodies, and that, if mitochondrial fractions are enriched and purified, CB1 receptor agonists reliably decrease respiration in brain mitochondria."
Cannabinoid control of brain bioenergetics: Exploring the subcellular localization of the CB1 receptor.
Hebert-Chatelain E, Reguero L, Puente N, Lutz B, Chaouloff F, Rossignol R, Piazza PV, Benard G, Grandes P, Marsicano G.
Mol Metab. 2014 Apr 2;3(4):495-504. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.03.007. eCollection 2014 Jul.
See also: Alzheimer's, Cancer and Homeostatic Cannabinoid Science
Bonus Video: Homeostasis
Homeostatic Cannabinoid Science ~ Publius' May Roundup
Astrocyte / Blood-Brain Barrier by Ben Brahim Mohammed
Here are seven new 2014 findings on how the cannabinoid system (CS) modulates homeostasis and other systems in our bodies: the roundup links to recent PubMed articles on the urinary, neuroendocrine, digestive, central nervous and serotonin systems.
I. Urinary System (Kidney / Diabetes) and CS
"A functionally active endocannabinoid system is present within the kidney. The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is expressed by both inflammatory cells and podocytes, and its activation has beneficial effects in experimental diabetic nephropathy. … Thus, CB2 deletion worsens diabetic nephropathy, independent of bone marrow-derived cells."
Deficiency of cannabinoid receptor of type 2 worsens renal functional and structural abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
Barutta F, Grimaldi S, Franco I, Bellini S, Gambino R, Pinach S, Corbelli A, Bruno G, Rastaldi MP, Aveta T, Hirsch E, Di Marzo V, Gruden G.
Kidney Int. 2014 May 14. doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.165. [Epub ahead of print]
II. Neuroendocrine System (Skin) and CS
"Recent evidence has shown that the neuroendocrine regulation of human skin biology also extends to keratins, the major structural components of epithelial cells. For example, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin, opioids, prolactin, and cannabinoid receptor 1-ligands profoundly modulate human keratin gene and protein expression in human epidermis and/or hair follicle epithelium in situ."
Harnessing neuroendocrine controls of keratin expression: A new therapeutic strategy for skin diseases?
Ramot Y, Paus R.
Bioessays. 2014 May 13. doi: 10.1002/bies.201400006. [Epub ahead of print]
III. Digestive System and CS
"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a naturally-occurring acylethanolamide chemically related to the endocannabinoid anandamide, interacts with targets that have been identified in peripheral nerves controlling gastrointestinal motility, i.e. cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2 ) receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1), and peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα)."
Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide normalizes intestinal motility in a murine model of post-inflammatory accelerated transit: involvement of CB1 receptors and TRPV1.
Capasso R, Orlando P, Pagano E, Aveta T, Buono L, Borrelli F, Di Marzo V, Izzo AA.
Br J Pharmacol. 2014 May 12. doi: 10.1111/bph.12759. [Epub ahead of print]
IV. Central Nervous System and CS
"G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute an example of proteins that are the key factors in the framework needed to sustain brain and nerve structure and function. The versatility underlying nervous system anatomy takes advantage of a recently discovered feature of GPCRs, the possibility to form heteromers that, placed at specific neuronal subsets and at specific locations (pre-, post-, or peri-synaptic), contribute to attain unique neural functions."
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Heteromers as Key Players in the Molecular Architecture of the Central Nervous System.
Brugarolas M, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E, Angelats E, Casadó V, Lanciego JL, Franco R.
CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014 May 9. doi: 10.1111/cns.12277. [Epub ahead of print]
V. Serotonin System and the CS
"Serotonin (5-HT) plays pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS), and luminal 5-HT time-dependently modulates visceral nociception. We found that duodenal biopsies from PI-IBS patients exhibited increased 5-HT and decreased anandamide levels and that decreased anandamide was associated with abdominal pain severity, indicating a link between 5- HT and endocannabinoid signaling pathways in PI-IBS."
Vagal anandamide signaling via cannabinoid receptor 1 contributes to luminal 5-HT modulation of visceral nociception in rats.
Feng CC, Yan XJ, Chen X, Wang EM, Liu Q, Zhang LY, Chen J, Fang JY, Chen SL.
Pain. 2014 May 8. pii: S0304-3959(14)00225-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.005. [Epub ahead of print]
VI. Central Nervous System (Blood-Brain Barrier) and CS
"Early brain injury (EBI), following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), comprises blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and consequent edema formation. … We suggest that CB2R stimulation attenuates neurological outcome and brain edema, by suppressing leukocyte infiltration into the brain through TGF-β1 up-regulation and E-selectin reduction, resulting in protection of the BBB after SAH."
Cannabinoid type 2 receptor stimulation attenuates brain edema by reducing cerebral leukocyte infiltration following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.
Fujii M, Sherchan P, Krafft PR, Rolland WB, Soejima Y, Zhang JH.
J Neurol Sci. 2014 Apr 30. pii: S0022-510X(14)00270-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.04.034. [Epub ahead of print]
VII. Central Nervous System (Memory) and CS
"The reactivation of a memory can result in its destabilization, necessitating a process of memory reconsolidation to maintain its persistence. Here we show that the destabilization of a contextual fear memory is potentiated by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist Arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA). … These results indicate that memory expression and destabilization, while being independent from one another, are both dependent upon memory reactivation. Moreover, memory destabilization can be enhanced pharmacologically, which may be of therapeutic potential."
Inhibition and enhancement of contextual fear memory destabilization.
Lee JL, Flavell CR.
Front Behav Neurosci. 2014 Apr 28;8:144. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00144. eCollection 2014.
Bonus Video:
Passing the Alzheimer's Test and One's Cannabinoid System ~ An Update
In March we noted the relentless strength of Alzheimer's disease ~ and it's still going strong. Good thing so is the science. Here are five more 2014 National Institutes of Health (PubMed) research updates on Alzheimer's disease and cannabinoids.
The researchers in the third piece below make an interesting point concerning time; seems there haven't been enough "adequately powered trials" on the safety of cannabinoids in older test subjects. That is harmful and a symptom of our polity.
Talk cannabinoids please … waiting another generation is not acceptable.
Cannabinoid receptor-dependent metabolism of 2-arachidonoylglycerol during aging.
Pascual AC, Gaveglio VL, Giusto NM, Pasquaré SJ.
Exp Gerontol. 2014 Jul;55:134-42. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.04.008. Epub 2014 Apr 24.
Cannabinoids for pain in dementia: the good, the bad, and the ugly.
Ahmed AI, van den Elsen GA, van der Marck MA, Olde Rikkert MG.
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 May;62(5):1001-2. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12817. No abstract available.
Efficacy and safety of medical cannabinoids in older subjects: a systematic review.
van den Elsen GA, Ahmed AI, Lammers M, Kramers C, Verkes RJ, van der Marck MA, Rikkert MG.
Ageing Res Rev. 2014 Mar;14:56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.007. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
Parsing the players: 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis and degradation in the CNS.
Murataeva N, Straiker A, Mackie K.
Br J Pharmacol. 2014 Mar;171(6):1379-91. doi: 10.1111/bph.12411.
Cannabinoid agonists showing BuChE inhibition as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
González-Naranjo P, Pérez-Macias N, Campillo NE, Pérez C, Arán VJ, Girón R, Sánchez-Robles E, Martín MI, Gómez-Cañas M, García-Arencibia M, Fernández-Ruiz J, Páez JA.
Eur J Med Chem. 2014 Feb 12;73:56-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.026. Epub 2013 Dec 7.
Video ~ Holistic Alzheimer's Video: Cannabis Oil and Medical Marijuana
Preventing Carcinogenesis via One's Cannabinoid System ~ Publius' May 2014 Cancer Research Awareness
Cancer research awareness and the cannabinoid system (CS) are the focus of May's health update from Publius and The Cannabis Papers: A citizen's guide to cannabinoids (2011). This month: PubMed CS science on preventing skin and colon carcinogenesis, phototherapy, melanomas, eicosands, gliomas, mitochondria and the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA.
2014 ~ Skin Carcinogenesis, Inflammation and the CS
"Cancer is an environmental disease and skin cancer (melanoma and non-melanoma) is the most common of all cancers."
The role of inflammation in skin cancer.
Maru GB, Gandhi K, Ramchandani A, Kumar G.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;816:437-69. doi: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_17.
2014 ~ CB2 and Antitumor (Phototherapy)
"Moreover, CB2R appears to have great potential as a phototherapeutic target for cancer treatment."
Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor as a New Phototherapy Target for the Inhibition of Tumor Growth.
Jia N, Zhang S, Shao P, Bagia C, Janjic JM, Ding Y, Bai M.
Mol Pharm. 2014 May 8. [Epub ahead of print]
2014 ~ CB2 Receptor and Melanoma
"Extravasation of leukocytes through the BBB [blood-brain barrier] is decreased by the activation of type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2); therefore, in the present study we sought to investigate the role of CB2 receptors in the interaction of melanoma cells with the brain endothelium. … Our data identify CB2 as a potential target in reducing the number of brain metastastes originating from melanoma."
CB2 Receptor Activation Inhibits Melanoma Cell Transmigration through the Blood-Brain Barrier.
Haskó J, Fazakas C, Molnár J, Nyúl-Tóth A, Herman H, Hermenean A, Wilhelm I, Persidsky Y, Krizbai IA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2014 May 8;15(5):8063-74. doi: 10.3390/ijms15058063.
2014 ~ Colon Carcinogenesis and CBD ~ Botanical Drug Substance
"CBD BDS [botanical drug substance] attenuates colon carcinogenesis and inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation via CB1 and CB2 receptor activation."
Inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol.
Romano B, Borrelli F, Pagano E, Cascio MG, Pertwee RG, Izzo AA.
Phytomedicine. 2014 Apr 15;21(5):631-9. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.11.006. Epub 2013 Dec 25.
2014 ~ Eicosands, 2-AG and Cancer
"While THC and its derivatives have garnered notoriety in the eyes of the public, the endocannabinoid system consists of two endogenous signaling lipids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), which activate cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in the nervous system and peripheral tissues."
Chemical approaches to therapeutically target the metabolism and signaling of the endocannabinoid 2-AG and eicosanoids.
Kohnz RA, Nomura DK.
Chem Soc Rev. 2014 Mar 28. [Epub ahead of print]
2014 ~ Antitumor (Gliomas) and the CS
"These findings indicate that cannabinoids are promising compounds for the treatment of gliomas."
Systematic review of the literature on clinical and experimental trials on the antitumor effects of cannabinoids in gliomas.
Rocha FC, Dos Santos Júnior JG, Stefano SC, da Silveira DX.
J Neurooncol. 2014 Jan;116(1):11-24. doi: 10.1007/s11060-013-1277-1. Epub 2013 Oct 20.
2013 ~ Anticancer Effects of CBD
"Thus, VDAC1 [voltage-dependent anion channel 1] seems to serve as a novel mitochondrial target for CBD. The inhibition of VDAC1 by CBD may be responsible for the immunosuppressive and anticancer effects of CBD."
Direct modulation of the outer mitochondrial membrane channel, voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) by cannabidiol: a novel mechanism for cannabinoid-induced cell death.
Rimmerman N, Ben-Hail D, Porat Z, Juknat A, Kozela E, Daniels MP, Connelly PS, Leishman E, Bradshaw HB, Shoshan-Barmatz V, Vogel Z.
Cell Death Dis. 2013 Dec 5;4:e949. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2013.471.
2010 ~ Preventing Carcinogenesis and the CS
"Our findings suggest that the expression of cannabinoid receptors and of FAAH in some tumour cells could well influence the effectiveness of DHA and EPA or their ethanolamide derivatives as anticancer agents."
Cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent anti-proliferative effects of omega-3 ethanolamides in androgen receptor-positive and -negative prostate cancer cell lines.
Brown I, Cascio MG, Wahle KW, Smoum R, Mechoulam R, Ross RA, Pertwee RG, Heys SD.
Carcinogenesis. 2010 Sep;31(9):1584-91. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgq151. Epub 2010 Jul 25.
PMID: 20660502 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article


You might be wondering, what exactly are microgreens? Are they the same things as sprouts? Microgreens are the seedling sprouts of many different types of vegetables and herbs, including spinach, kale, chard, beets, arugula, basil, lettuce, broccoli, cilantro, and others.
The difference between microgreens and sprouts is that microgreens are a bit older than sprouts and have developed at least a couple of true leaves and a small root system. You'll harvest and eat microgreens a little later, after they've developed true leaves - whereas sprouts are eaten right after they germinate.


text:
Uptown Messenger (https://uptownmessenger.com/category/congress/page/2/)
Katz and Columbus
Danae Columbus
Owen Courrèges
Cedric Richmond
jewel bush
Danae Columbus: Villere touts Republican successes in Louisiana
By Robert Morris | February 1, 2018
Louisiana Republican Party chair Roger Villere believes Louisiana citizens are already living the "new American dream," that President Trump described in his SOTU speech Tuesday night. In Washington this week for the annual winter meeting of the Republican National Committee where President Trump and Vice President Mike Pence also are speaking, Villere praised Trump's remarks. "I believe that SOTU speeches matter and Trump's will help his poll numbers significantly," Villere said yesterday. Indeed, the latest Monmouth poll shows that President Trump's approval ratings have taken an upward swing after all-time lows in December. The longest serving state GOP chair in the U.S., Villere was recently honored by numerous state and national GOP officials including former White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus at the Elephant Stomp, LAGOP's premiere fundraiser.
Danae Columbus: Addressing climate impacts could become New Orleans' equalizer
By UptownMessenger.com | June 23, 2017
This week's tropical storm Cindy is just the latest example that the New Orleans region and the entire Gulf Coast must become better at living with water rather than merely struggling to defeat it. From powerful waves breaking over the sea walls on Lakeshore Drive and in Covington to flooding caused by storm surge in Venetian Isles, Myrtle Grove and Grand Isle, we must employ what the Dutch call "inventive urbanism" to make our towns and cities more resilient. Though President Trump suggests climate change is not a reality, residents along America's coasts probably don't agree. More cities and states are paying attention to the lessons from Hurricane Katrina and superstorm Sandy. Storm surge warnings are becoming commonplace.
Danae Columbus: New Orleans political consultant finds opportunity in Trump's election
By UptownMessenger.com | March 23, 2017
Early next week New Orleans based Republican lobbyist Brian Trascher will be escorting CEO Ed Carlson of Odyssey House New Orleans to meet with former Georgia Congressman Tom Price, now Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Donald Trump. "It will be my first meeting with a cabinet member," said Trascher proudly. Trascher meet Trump and his attorney in 2011 in New Orleans and offered to help if Trump ever ran for president. When Trascher received the call, he jumped onboard to play an important role in Louisiana and around the country. Trascher says he knew Trump was going to win about a week before the election when he saw the change in direction of highly targeted phone banks he was supervising in other states.
Tulane law scholars to discuss Trump's ban on travel from Muslim countries
A panel of experts from Tulane Law School on Wednesday afternoon will discuss the executive order by President Trump that attempted to halt travel to the United States from seven Muslim countries before it was blocked by a federal judge. The "Implications of Executive Action on Immigration" panel discussion will run from 4:30 to 5:30 p.m. Wednesday, Feb. 8, in room 110 of Tulane Law School at 6329 Freret Street. Panelists will include immigration and refugee-law expert Laila Hlass, immigration law professor and lawyer Kathleen Gasparian, former State Department diplomat Kali Jones, constitutional law professor Stephen Griffin and human-rights professor Adeno Addis.
Danae Columbus: Why Congressman Richmond will attend Trump's inauguration
By UptownMessenger.com | January 19, 2017
Though recent polls (including one from the Wall Street Journal/NBC News) call President-Elect Donald Trump the most unpopular incoming President in decades, more than a thousand Louisiana residents including Fenn French, Louis Gurvich, Adrian Bruneau, Eric Skrmetta, Brian Trascher, Billy Nungesser, Jeff Landry, and State Republican Party Chair Roger Villere with granddaughter Madison are taking in all the Washington's sights and sounds this week in preparation for the 45th Presidential Inauguration. Villere – who has been in the nation's capitol all week – rattled off a long list of tantalizing events in addition to the inauguration itself for well-heeled insiders, including a breakfast hosted by the Louisiana Congressional Delegation at the Capitol Hill Club, the RNC Prayer and Praise Worship Celebration, a special event with long-time Beltway titan Newt Gingrich, a pre-inauguration concert at the Lincoln Memorial, and Trump's wreath-laying ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery. Earlier this morning, Villere attended the RNC's gathering where former presidential candidate Mitt Romney's niece, Ronna Romney McDaniel, became RNC Chairman. She ran unopposed, of course. Villere was pleased to be appointed to McDaniel's transition team.
Danae Columbus: Former Congressman Bob Livingston praises Trump on Larry King
By UptownMessenger.com | January 5, 2017
Former Congressman Bob Livingston, now a Washington D.C.-based lobbyist, told talk show host Larry King on Tuesday night that President-Elect Donald Trump is making a good start on his pledge to "drain the swamp" in Washington. "President-elect Trump has hired some outstanding people and is headed in the right direction," said Livingston. Livingston, who represented Louisiana's first Congressional District for 22 years, was one of the first lobbyists to endorse Trump's presidential bid back in March, 2016. Though Livingston initially supported the failed presidential campaign of Florida Senator Marco Rubio, he quickly jumped onboard with Trump to counter the "Never Trump" movement. Livingston says he only met President-elect Trump once but has been in touch with his transition team.
Danae Columbus: Steve Scalise basks in Republicans' prospects for the New Year
By UptownMessenger.com | December 22, 2016
House of Representatives Majority Whip Steve Scalise took his own victory tour this week when area Republicans came to honor him as their Man of the Year. An early supporter of President-elect Donald Trump and nationally recognized as a conservative leader, Scalise will have Trump's ear and the ability to shape legislation to benefit Louisiana. In his introduction of Scalise, long-time friend Jeb Bruneau reflected on Scalise's early political days at LSU where he was twice served as speaker of LSU's student government association. After a brief career as a systems engineer, Scalise was elected to the Louisiana House in 1996 and later to the State Senate before winning an easy race for Congress in 2008. His district includes a slice of Uptown New Orleans and Lakeview as well as all or parts of Jefferson, Lafourche, Plaquemines, St.
arts, books and music
Will connections to Congressman help or hinder investigations into sex workers' deaths?
By Robert Morris | September 21, 2016
When journalist Ethan Brown began researching the interconnected, unsolved slayings of eight women in rural Louisiana for what would become his new book, "Murder in the Bayou," he knew he had immersed himself in a chronicle of the abuse of police power and easily discarded lives. What Brown didn't know until much later, however, was that a central location in those women's lives and deaths would lead him straight to a well-known employee of U.S. Rep. Charles Boustany, in a connection that is now drawing more attention than the unsolved murders themselves. "That was a really surprising moment, to say the least," Brown said. "I never imagined it would be someone who works for a Congressman." Brown — whose work has appeared in publications like Rolling Stone and The New York Observer and whose most recent book was the acclaimed "Shake the Devil Off" — began researching the unsolved killings of the women known as the Jeff Davis 8 in 2011.
In New Orleans, U.S. Senate candidate Caroline Fayard calls for student-debt reform, equal pay for women
By Robert Morris | July 17, 2016
In the competitive race for the U.S. Senate seat soon to be vacated by David Vitter, attorney Caroline Fayard sought to distinguish herself in a New Orleans campaign stop Saturday by focusing on two themes that have played a role in this year's Democratic Presidential primary — reducing the burden of student debt to spur small-business creation, and promoting equal pay for women. Fayard's rally and fundraiser — hosted at Urban South Brewing on Tchoupitoulas Street by council members Susan Guidry and Jared Brossett, as well as other local Democrats — began with an introduction by brewery founder Jacob Landry that could not have fit better with her themes. The brewery has been open only four years, Landry said, but the journey to its creation began years ago when he was able to attend college debt-free through the state TOPS program. After college and graduate school (funded by AmeriCorps and scholarships), Landry was able to begin saving his wages immediately to buy a house, and then later was able to use that house as collateral to open the brewery, he said. Had he been burdened with student debt, however, his now-growing business would never have gotten off the ground.
Danae Columbus: With Gov. Edwards' help, Foster Campbell brings U.S. Senate race to New Orleans
By UptownMessenger.com | June 2, 2016
Dozens of heavy hitters from throughout metro New Orleans arrived at the Windsor Court Tuesday night to greet Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell who, according to a poll released yesterday, is the leading Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by David Vitter. The fundraiser was hosted by Gov. John Bel Edwards whom Campbell endorsed early on and raised significant dollars for last year. Fans of the governor will automatically like Campbell because of his common sense, straight-talking approach. Though qualifying does not take place until mid July, if early trends persist Campbell will find himself well positioned in the November primary election. Having served an as elected official for more than 39 years, Foster was a savvy leader in the Louisiana Legislature before joining the Public Service Commission where he has been a strong advocate of the working class.
Thanks to Our Ad Partners
Advertiser specials Annunciation armed robbery arts, books and music Audubon‑Riverside Audubon Charter Audubon Park blight and demolition books and literature Broadmoor business carjacking Carnival Carrollton Central City Christmas Christy Lorio church city government Claiborne Cohen Coliseum Square colleges community meetings Congress coronavirus court COVID‑19 Craig Giesecke crime Danae Columbus elections Encore environment events Featured Festivals film and television fire flood protection and drainage food and drink Freret Freret Street fundraisers Garden District good works health historic preservation Hollygrove home burglary homicide Hurstville International School Irish Channel Jean‑Paul Villere jewel bush Johnson Katz and Columbus Krewe of House Floats Kristine Froeba land use & development LaToya Cantrell Letters to the editor LFNO Lower Garden District Loyola Lusher Lusher Charter Magazine Magazine Street Maple Mardi Gras Milan music neighborhood groups Newman Nix NOLA College Prep NOPD Oak Oak Street opinion Owen Courrèges package theft parade parades parks and greenspace Photo‑story politics Prytania Theatre public safety purse snatching recognition recovery roadwork Robbery Saints schools second line Sewerage and Water Board shooting shootings Shopkeeper Stories social action Sophie B. Wright sports and recreation St. Charles stabbing Stacy Head state government Susan Guidry sustainability Tchoupitoulas theft This Week at The Broad transportation Tulane Tulane University Uncategorized Upper Hurstville UptownMessenger.com vehicle burglary vehicle theft weather

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home Sale & Clearance The Fragment (hardback)
The Fragment (hardback)
published by Franciscan Media | Hardback - With dust jacket | 176 pages
It's 1923, and Paris is beginning to recover from the ravages of World War I and the Spanish Flu Epidemic. Naïve young American Muriel Ross stumbles into a plum assignment photographing antiques for a globetrotting U.S. senator. But events take a dangerous turn when she discovers that her employer is on a mission far more momentous—and potentially deadly—than a mere shopping trip. Soon, Muriel is enmeshed in a covert alliance dedicated to authenticating a fragment of the True Cross—and protecting it from those who will stop at nothing to steal and discredit it. Stock #: B53084
Patricia Mulin
I haven't read it yet.
Davis Bunn, a professional novelist for twenty-four years, has sales in excess of seven million copies in twenty languages. He has appeared on numerous national bestseller lists, and his titles have been Main or Featured Selections with every major U.S. bookclub. Davis serves as Writer-In-Residence at Regent's Park College, Oxford University, and has served as lecturer in Oxford's new creative writing program. In 2011, his novel Lion of Babylon was named a Best Book of the Year by Library Journal. The sequel, Rare Earth, won Davis his fourth Christy Award for Excellence in Fiction in 2013. In 2014, Davis was granted the Lifetime Achievement award by the Christy board of judges.
Trim Size: 139.7 mm X 215.9 mm X 5.08 mm
(Approx. 5.5 in X 8.5 in X 0.2 in X )


text:
State Health Insurance Scheme hits roadblock
DC | KANIZA GARARI
Published Jan 3, 2014, 1:22 pm IST
Updated Mar 19, 2019, 4:22 am IST
Hospitals refuse Memorandum of Understanding for health insurance scheme.
Hyderabad: The State Employees' Health Insurance Scheme has reached a roadblock with 15 major corporate hospitals refusing to sign the Memorandum of Understanding with the state government as they claim that it was a loss-making venture and would deteriorate their health infrastructure.
Dr Bhaskar Rao, president of the All Super Speciality Hospitals' Association, has categorically told the government that no packages can be offered to insurance patients as they are "paid patients" and can opt for the best.
"For Aarogyasri, a package was designed keeping the cost in mind. But a 'paid patient' can ask why a drug-eluting stent is being used and not a biodegradable stent? Given a variety of choice, patients may demand things that can't be ascertained in a package. And the government is not ready to understand that. Our cost compulsions don't allow us to opt for the scheme," Dr Rao said.
The moot problem is the cost of diagnosis, which in case of employees, will have to be done for free, and claims can be made only for those who are admitted as in-patients.
In hospitals, out of 100 patients, only five may require admission but the cost of diagnosing for the remaining 95 can be tremendous.
These anomalies are not acceptable to the hospitals and they have categorically asked the government to "spare" them. While the pressure from the government is mounting, general secretary of ASHA, Govind Hari said, "We are very clear that we will not accept the scheme in the present state. It requires a lot of fine tuning and till that is done, it is not acceptable."
While the backdoor tactics of exerting pressure from the vigilance department is increasing, the ASHA members are not ready to budge.
A senior state government official with Aarogyasri said, "We can't leave these hospitals out as they are the best. Employees are keen that these hospitals must accept as they often frequent these hospitals for treatment. Of 252 empanelled hospitals, 125 small hospitals and nursing homes have signed. For the success of the scheme, the corporate hospitals' agreement is required."
Covid effect: Only 5k-8k people to be allowed to attend Republic Day parade this year
Illegal sand mining: ED raids multiple locations in Punjab ahead of polls
PM Modi tells CMs to fight Covid locally
Restrictions imposed in several states as Covid-19 cases rise
Supreme Court issues notice to Centre, others on Haridwar, Delhi hate speeches


text:
Rectron Rewards ReSeller Application Price List Download
About Rectron
Click here for more on Rectron Rewards >>
Cloud and Storage Solutions
Datacentre Solutions
Why partner with Rectron?
Rectron Rewards
Rectron News
Working at Rectron
Internship Skills Programs
Cooler Master Announces Case Mod World Series 2019: Celebrating the Event's 10 Year Anniversary
The world's biggest modding competition just got bigger. Celebrating a decade of dedication to the modding community, Cooler Master announces Case Mod World Series 2019 (CMWS19). With two different leagues and the largest cash prize in CMWS history, contestants can look forward to a total prize pool worth $24,000 USD. Cooler Master raised the winning pot to recognize the inspiring commitment that modders have shown over the last 10 years. This year's event also welcomes up-and-coming talent to be a part of this community, and an opportunity to take their modding to the next level. #CMWS19 will consist of two separate leagues: The Master League and The Apprentice League. For more detailed information visit here.
CMWS19 kicks off with a grand total prize of $24,000 USD up for grabs and a staggering $10,000 reserved for the best tower winner in the Master League – a tribute to the competition's 10th Anniversary. The 2nd place winner will take $5,000, while the 3rd place winner will be going home with $1,000. The sole victor of the best Scratch Build wins $3,000.
The Master League of the competition is dedicated for established and experienced modders who will be crowned the best of #CMWS19. This category will host both technical wonders and artful masterpieces. Winners will craft their way into modding history, marking their name in the world's largest modding competition.
The Apprentice League welcomes newcomers and up-and-coming talent looking to take their hobby of modding to the next level. Apprentices will have a different stage to compete in and be given the opportunity to gain the support they need. A total of 5 winners will be chosen from the Apprentice League and each winner will receive $1,000 USD worth of CM store vouchers and a chance to work closely with Cooler Master after the event.
Click here to register before 15th June 2019
We have a NATIONAL footprint in
Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth and Bloemfontein
We are in a city near you!
Drone Regulations (RPAS)
©Copyright 2020 Rectron. All rights reserved
Website Design Company - Smudge


text:
I tooke a bodkineJonathan Rée
Vol. 35 No. 19 · 10 October 2013
I tooke a bodkine
Jonathan Rée
Newton and the Origin of Civilisation
by Jed Buchwald and Mordechai Feingold.
Princeton, 528 pp., £34.95, October 2012, 978 0 691 15478 7Show More
The life of Isaac Newton falls into two halves, and the main problem for Newton studies is how to fit them together. In the first half he was a sulky Cambridge mathematician who, at the age of 44, astonished the world with a work of natural science that was soon recognised as one of the greatest books ever written. In the second he was a sleek London gentleman wallowing in power, wealth and prestige and devoting his intellectual energy to esoteric studies of the Bible. How could they be the same person?
Newton's first biographer, Jean-Baptiste Biot, proposed the classic solution in 1822: Newton was 'the greatest of mankind in science', Biot said, until the midpoint of his life, when he suffered a 'fatal aberration of his intellect', started dabbling in theology, and 'ceased to think of science'. That was how the matter was left until 1936, when a stash of Newton's papers turned up at a London auction house, providing clear evidence that the great scientist had been a fanatical biblicist all along. Maynard Keynes, who rescued many of the documents from the sale, concluded that Newton could not have ceased to be a scientist, because he had never been one in the first place. He was not the 'first of the age of reason', Keynes said, but 'the last of the magicians': not a modern scientist treating the world as a collection of impersonal facts, but an old-style magus for whom it was a 'riddle' propounded by a teasing God. Since Keynes's time, however, we've come to accept that irrationality can have a part to play in the growth of science, and the exuberant new book by Jed Buchwald and Mordechai Feingold raises the stakes by arguing that Newton's biblical lucubrations are just as scientific as his theory of gravitation, and scientific in much the same way.
One thing everyone can agree on is that Newton's mind was shaped by his miserable childhood. He was born in 1642, into a prosperous farming family in Lincolnshire, but his father was already dead, and his mother had other things on her mind besides her son. Young Isaac found consolation wherever he could: he dreamed of killing his mother, and burning the house down around her, and he took revenge on the other boys at Grantham grammar school by doing better at lessons than them. His mother wanted him to become a farmer, but he defied her by getting a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge at the age of 18. He remained surly and solitary throughout his four undergraduate years, and insisted on reading modern authors like Descartes rather than the Aristotelians he was supposed to be studying. He was befriended by an enlightened professor of mathematics, Isaac Barrow, but showed no signs of intellectual distinction, and when the university was closed in 1665 – on account of the Great Plague – he had no choice but to slink back to his mother's house. He was still refusing to take any interest in farming, and devoted his next two years to making notes on everything he saw and messing around with glass prisms in darkened rooms.
By that time he had settled into a steady habit of suspicion: he trusted nobody, and refused to believe anything that he couldn't reduce to mathematical terms and prove for himself from first principles. In particular, he trained himself to doubt the evidence of sensory experience: sensible qualities were events in our bodies rather than features of the objective world, and sense organs, like any other mechanical instruments, were liable to bias, inconsistency and malfunction. He stared at the sun to give himself delusive after-images, and manipulated his eyeballs with a brass skewer. 'I tooke a bodkine,' he wrote in his notebook, '& put it betwixt my eye & bone as neare to [the] backside of my eye as I could: pressing my eye [with the] end of it … there appeared severall white & darke & coloured circles … which circles were plainest when I continued to rub my eye [with the] point of [the] bodkine.' After many months with his bodkins, notebooks and prisms he came to the conclusion that our eyes can deceive us even about something as obvious as daylight, which appears plain and simple to us, but is in fact composed of lights of many different colours. Appearances can conceal as much as they reveal.
When the university reopened in 1667, Newton returned to Trinity, with Barrow as his mentor and protector. He became a college fellow, took his MA, and started using a wooden building behind the chapel as a laboratory, conducting chemical experiments and building a telescope to a new design based on curved mirrors instead of lenses. He was still averse to public attention, but Barrow was impressed by his talents and arranged for Newton to succeed him when he retired from his chair in 1669. The nervous young professor was required to give lectures, but chose to focus on optics rather than mathematics, and wasn't disappointed if attendance was sparse. Meanwhile, his fame was beginning to spread in spite of himself. He gave Barrow permission to take the reflecting telescope to London for a demonstration at the Royal Society, which brought him unwanted acclaim and election to a fellowship in 1672. He wasn't prepared to attend meetings of the society, but submitted a communication in which, as he put it, 'light is declared to be not Similar or Homogeneal … and Colours are affirm'd to be not Qualifications of Light.' The paradoxical paper was printed in the Royal Society's Transactions, provoking a controversy which confirmed him in his horror of publicity.
For the next decade Newton stayed in Cambridge, working privately on an ambitious theoretical programme, in two parts: first, to reduce the 'phenomena of motions' to hidden 'powers' or 'forces' acting according to 'mathematical principles', and second, to apply these principles to astronomy so as to 'deduce the motions of the heavens a priori' and vindicate a heliocentric system of the world. In 1684, he received a visit from the young astronomer and explorer Edmond Halley, who was astonished at how much he had achieved. Eventually Newton was persuaded that his results should be published, though it took him three anguished years to get them into a form with which he was satisfied. His principal discoveries – the three laws of motion and the explanation of gravity and planetary motion in terms of universal attraction – were simple and elegant and easy to understand, and one of his early drafts was written methodo populari, as he put it, to ensure that it 'could be widely read'. But then he had second thoughts, and the final version was presented more Mathematico – in lifeless Latin, purged of specific observations, metaphors and anecdotes, and with thickets of definitions, axioms, corollaries, lemmata, propositions and theorems to keep frivolous amateurs at bay.
Halley covered the printing costs, and wrote a prefatory ode hailing Newton as 'closer to the gods' than any other mortal. The book itself – a large quarto volume of five hundred pages entitled Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica – appeared in 1687, with the imprimatur of the Royal Society, and the edition of around three hundred copies sold fast. But its sales were nothing compared with its burgeoning fame. Halley's idea of him as a man with special access to the mind of God became a commonplace.
Following the publication of the Principia Newton began to refashion himself as a public figure. When the provostship of King's College fell vacant in 1689, he campaigned to get himself appointed, and was indignant when he failed. But he succeeded in getting elected as MP for Cambridge University, and soon developed a taste for politics and power. In 1696, he moved to London to take charge of the Royal Mint: a serious job, which involved overseeing a vast programme of recoinage, pursuing cheats and counterfeiters and earning enormous sums of money. In 1703 he became president of the Royal Society too. In both these offices he would fulfil his obligations with zeal and efficiency until his death in 1727, at the age of 84.
During his London years, Newton set about dismantling some of the barriers he had placed between himself and his public. Opticks, which came out in 1704, was as substantial in its way as the Principia – its principal arguments had been in place for thirty years – but it was written in pleasant English, with plenty of explanations, remarks and outlines of practical experiments, rounded off with a set of 'queries' that might form suitable topics for polite conversation. 'May not the harmony and discord of Colours arise from the proportions of the vibrations propagated through the fibres of the optick Nerves,' he asked winningly, 'as the harmony and discord of sounds arise from the proportions of the vibrations of the Air?'
Apart from trying to please his readers, Sir Isaac – as he became in 1705 – also sought to reassure them about his theological opinions. He was known to have ducked out of ordination in the Church of England, which was formally a condition of his professorship, and his reputation as a divine genius had a whiff of blasphemy about it. He had avoided any discussion of God or creation in the Principia (in the first edition, that is, where God is mentioned only once), and could not pretend to be interested in priests, rituals or religious ceremonies. On top of that there were well-founded rumours that he regarded the doctrine of the Trinity as a papist fabrication. But if his version of orthodoxy differed from that of the established church, there could be no doubt about his reverence for the Bible. To anyone wondering about the truest form of Christian worship, his advice was clear: 'search the scriptures thy self,' he said, with 'constant meditation upon what thou readest, & earnest prayer to God to enlighten thine understanding'. He was convinced the Bible was, essentially, a sacred text, and he sought to honour his maker by studying it closely, every day, sometimes for hours on end. He read it repeatedly, in English, Latin, Greek and Hebrew, weighing every word, syllable and letter. 'Mr Newton is really a very valuable man,' as John Locke put it, 'not onely for his wonderfull skill in Mathematicks but in divinity too & his great knowledge in the scriptures where in I know few his equals.'
Newton read the Bible with the same exactness he brought to his mathematical inventions or his experiments with prisms, and with the same disregard for tradition and common sense: he always refused, as one critic put it, to acknowledge 'any one's having ever consider'd the same Things before him'. He fled from controversy in religion as he did in mathematics, but he was convinced that his discoveries in the two domains supported each other, maintaining that the leading doctrines of the Principia – heliocentrism and universal gravitation – had formed part of the primitive biblical religion from which all others derived, and were explicitly endorsed by Moses before being passed to the Greeks and winning general assent in 'the earliest ages of philosophy'. Mathematics could thus unite with the biblical narrative to proclaim the reasonableness of Christianity.
Newton produced a revised edition of Principia in 1713, adding a scholium generale in which he argued that the solar system in all its beauty 'could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being' – not a passive and impersonal 'soul of the world', but a domineering potentate and 'Lord over all'. He extended his list of 'Queries' as the Opticks went into further editions, noting a 'wonderful Uniformity' in the bodies of animals and the system of stars, and suggesting that it must be 'the Effect of Choice', and testimony to the 'Wisdom and Skill of a powerful ever-living Agent'. If the heathens who flourished in the millennium before Christ had only stuck with primitive religion instead of chasing after 'false Gods' they would never have ceased to 'worship our true Author and Benefactor, as their Ancestors did under the Government of Noah and his Sons before they corrupted themselves'.
In 1717, when he was well into his seventies, Newton was summoned to meet Caroline, Princess of Wales, who wanted to know how his biblical researches were progressing. When she realised that he had worked out a comprehensive new chronology of the ancient world, based on the Bible, she persuaded him to prepare a summary for her. Before long an unauthorised copy turned up in Paris, where anything connected with 'le chevalier Newton' was greeted with excitement, often seasoned with envy. 'They say that Newton's celebrated chronology … is destined to bring marvellous changes to the science of time,' as one wit put it: 'otherwise, why would the great mathematician have spent so many years working on it?' To cast light on the question, a Parisian printer commissioned a translation of the pirated abstract and published it as a pamphlet in 1725, along with a detailed confutation. Newton was incensed, and decided to prepare a full account of his work for publication. He died two years later, and after his spectacular funeral at Westminster Abbey the still incomplete manuscript was found among his papers. It was sold for the huge sum of £350, and printed soon afterwards as The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended.
With the publication of the Chronology, the divine Newton at last entered terrain where common readers felt entitled to their own opinions. Anyone who reads through the Old Testament is bound to consider totting up the lifespans of the patriarchs and the reigns of the kings in the hope of arriving at a consolidated biblical dateline. In the second century AD, Jewish scholars had reckoned some four thousand years back to the date of creation: to be precise, they placed it at what we would call 3760 BC or, by the less parochial system of dating known as Anno Mundi, they could say that Christ was born in 3760 AM. The early Christians couldn't agree: they put their trust in the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint), which added around a hundred years to the age at which the patriarchs begat their offspring, moving creation back to around 5500 BC. In the eighth century, the Venerable Bede returned to the Hebrew text and argued that the date should be brought forward again, to 3952 BC. The proposal got him into trouble at the time, but the later date began to prevail in the 16th century, with Luther, Melanchthon, Scaliger and Kepler all coming up with similar estimates, until Archbishop Ussher settled the controversy in 1650 with an authoritative proposal of 4004 BC.
This was the field in which Newton hoped to make his last great contribution to human knowledge. He accepted Ussher's chronology, but wanted to extend it from the Jews to the Gentile nations. Greek and Roman history had never been satisfactorily synchronised with the biblical narrative, and the problem had sharpened in 1655, when the French theologian Isaac La Peyrère published his Prae-Adamitae, alleging that the annals of other civilisations, including the American and the Chinese, went back far beyond the creation of Adam around 4000 BC. It followed, according to La Peyrère, that these nations had been created separately, long before the Jews, and that they had been spared devastation in the great flood. La Peyrère believed that his doctrine was thoroughly biblical, and entirely compatible with Christianity, but Newton would have none of it. 'All nations,' he claimed, 'have been prone to raise their Antiquities' – in other words, to overstate their age. The Chaldeans were the worst, pretending that their civilisation went back 473 millennia, followed by the Egyptians, who stuffed their chronicles with 'feigned Kings, who had done nothing' in order to claim a pedigree of more than 11,000 years. The Greeks and Romans were much better, but both exaggerated by several hundred years. The Jews were a solitary exception: their bible, in the original Hebrew version, was an honest narrative of their past, and Newton undertook to show that the whole of ancient history could be fitted into the Jewish framework. The universality of the flood would thus be restored, together with a common ancestry for the whole of humanity, going back through Noah and his wife to Adam and Eve.
After the flood, according to Newton, the remnants of humanity had 'lived together in Chaldea under the government of Noah and his sons'. They remained of 'one language, one society, and one religion' for about 250 years, and held themselves to 'the two great commandments, of loving the Lord our God with all our heart and soul and mind, and our neighbour as ourselves'. ('This is the primitive religion of both Jews and Christians,' Newton remarked, 'and ought to be the standing religion of all nations.') They bred with gusto, as they had to in order to repopulate the earth, and prospered mightily until they succumbed to the folly of Babel around 1860 BC. At that point they split into several nations, each of which spent the next eight centuries progressing through pastoral and agricultural forms of life until they started building towns and linking them up into kingdoms and empires subject to the rule of judges and kings, thus by gradations arriving at the state of civilisation.
Civilisation as such, according to Newton, had its beginnings about 1125 BC among the Egyptians, followed by the Jews under King David in 1059, and then the Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians (and no doubt the Chinese and the Americans too, though Newton didn't mention them). But the main focus of Newton's efforts was the Greeks. He dated the beginning of their entry into civilisation to the time of Daedalus, who invented 'the saw, the turning-lath, the wimble, the chip-ax and other instruments of Carpenters and Joyners' in 989 BC. The oracles got under way a couple of years later, and then Theseus killed the Minotaur and became king, before sending Jason and his Argonauts on an embassy to Egypt in 937. The Trojan War took place in the decade between 905 and 895 – far later than usually supposed – and Dido founded Carthage in 883, where Aeneas showed up shortly afterwards.
Newton's Chronology elicited dozens of hasty reactions, in France as well as England, but within a year or two it had won acceptance as a worthy sequel to the Principia and the Opticks. The critics found it hard, as Voltaire observed, to 'allow one and the same Man the Glory of having improv'd natural Philosophy, Geometry and History', but the fact was that Newton's revised chronology displayed the same 'creative Genius' as the rest of his researches, and the same capacity to 'unravel and disintangle Chaos'. Diderot agreed, though on different grounds: 'I prefer Newton's chronology,' he wrote, 'because, if he has calculated accurately, it makes Aeneas the contemporary of Dido,' thus saving the world's greatest love story from the charge of anachronism. Gibbon too was enchanted by Newton's reasoning: 'His system of chronology alone suffices to ensure him immortality,' he wrote, and he too approved of the way it allowed for Dido to get her heart broken. After Gibbon, however, Newton's work as a historian fell into a long oblivion, from which Frank Manuel rescued it in the 1960s; but his elegant study, Isaac Newton: Historian, has now been dwarfed by the labours of Buchwald and Feingold.
Not that they hold the Chronology in much affection: the book to which they have dedicated many years of their lives is, in their opinion, 'stupefyingly tedious'. On the other hand, they argue, quite persuasively, that it may be the source of one of the formative ideas of our time: that every society must pass through the same stages – savagery, pastoralism and agriculture – on the way to civilised maturity. But their main concern is to demonstrate parallels between the intellectual methods of the Chronology and those of Newton's contributions to natural science. Newton questioned the evidence of his historical sources, they say, just as he questioned the evidence of the senses, subjecting it to a characteristic blend of experimental manipulation and mathematical synthesis. When it came to estimating the lengths of reigns and generations in antiquity, he used the technique he had pioneered in making physical measurements: compensating for the lack of any single reliable number by juggling discrepant ones, and arriving at various kinds of averages to fill the gap.
Their favourite exhibit is a passage where Newton referred to Clement of Alexandria, who wrote in the second century about the 'asterisms' or star patterns associated with someone called Chiron – presumed to be Chiron the Centaur, who nurtured Jason the Argonaut. 'Now Chiron delineated the asterisms,' Newton wrote, 'as … Clemens Alexandrinus informs us: for Chiron was a practical astronomer.' Newton concluded that the star map passed down by the classical Greeks was originally devised by Chiron to help the Argonauts navigate the Mediterranean. But Newton and his contemporaries knew – as the early Greeks did not – that star maps suffer from built-in obsolescence, because the entire sphere of the heavens, as it appears to an earthbound observer, moves one degree westward every 72 years. Newton could therefore calculate the original date of the Greek map as 936 BC, which gave him a date for the Argonauts setting out to sea.
Newton spent a few paragraphs on the argument, Voltaire expatiated on it for a few more, but Buchwald and Feingold give it more than a hundred dense and delightful pages, at the end of which the reader is likely to agree that Newton applied all his scientific ingenuity to his chronology. His skill with texts, on the other hand, looks rather questionable. 'Greek Antiquities are full of Poetical Fictions,' he wrote, 'because the Greeks wrote nothing in Prose, before the Conquest of Asia by Cyrus the Persian' – in other words, before the sixth century BC. But Newton's notion of poetic fictions was bizarre: he assumed that, rather like optical illusions, they must have some palpable reality behind them. For him, the gods and heroes of the pagan nations – from Zeus and Hera to Dido and Aeneas – were historical heroes and heroines: 'Deified Kings and Princes', as he put it, or Queens and Princesses for that matter, rather than figments of sheer fancy. Ceres, he explained, was a fine lady who sailed from Sicily to Greece in 1030 BC, and taught the natives to cultivate corn – 'for which Benefaction,' Newton says, 'she was Deified after death.' In the following generation we might note the clean-limbed Apollo, whose admirers included 'some singing women, called the Muses', and then Hercules, who rescued Prometheus in 937 BC, and Ulysses, who escaped from Calypso in 896 BC; and if we notice some inconsistencies in Newton's numbers, we ought perhaps to regard them as a reflection of the difficult conditions under which the scientific historian has to operate. Or we might say that one of the most inventive scientists in history was obtuse and literal-minded, and incapable of appreciating the power of imagination.
Jonathan Rée's Witcraft: The Invention of Philosophy in English is out in paperback.
Mend and Extend: Ernst Cassirer's Curiosity
The Young Man One Hopes For: The Wittgensteins
Peas in a Matchbox: 'Being and Nothingness'
More by Jonathan Rée
I was awed and envious to see Jonathan Rée describe himself as a 'freelance philosopher' (LRB, 10 October). What does a freelance philosopher do? What's the hourly rate? Can I be one?
Daniel Davies
London N17


To provide an efficient and effective mechanism to coordinate, initiate, fund, complete and communicate on Environmental research needed by the industry and government regulators enabling a prosperous upstream oil and gas industry achieving socially and environmentally responsible recovery of Canada's petroleum resources through effective, market-driven collaboration.
The Alberta Upstream Petroleum Research Fund (AUPRF) is an industry-sponsored fund supported by the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) and the Explorers and Producers Association of Canada (EPAC). The AUPRF Fund is managed and administered through PTAC Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada. PTAC is a neutral facilitator of multi-stakeholder industry research and technology development projects.
This fund supports applied, peer-reviewed research that increases knowledge, assists in decision-making, and develops solutions to industry environment, health and safety/social issues. The science supporting AUPRF projects is based on independent, peer-reviewed research performed by consultants and university and government scientists. The reports arising from this research are thorough and objective. They identify required improvements as well as practical cost-effective solutions.
The long-term success of the oil and gas industry in Canada depends on the collective advancement of this environmental agenda between all stakeholders. AUPRF research is not undertaken in isolation. Industry funds are leveraged by government, institutional and other stakeholder support, often at the rate of four to five dollars for every industry dollar. Through PTAC, industry works closely with all stakeholders to ensure projects focus on high-priority issues and coordinates research efforts with other organizations. Industry and government work together in the early design of research projects to address environmental issues resulting in efficiency in financial and technical resources and buy-in and uptake of results.
To view full Terms of Reference document – download here.


text:
Cottonseed hulls gaining favour in Canadian show cattle
December 6, 2018 Features
Beware of toxic plants in pastures
Is that an economic or financial decision?
December 4, 2018 Livestock
Tranberg takes the lead at Alberta and National Cattle Feeders' Association
Put the land first… and everything else will follow
December 3, 2018 Beef Cattle
Some producers in the U.S. are turning cattle out on cotton fields after harvest to graze
By Piper Whelan
Features, Livestock
It doesn't look like much but cattle love cottonseed hulls. Photo: Supplied/Doug Roxburgh
It may not be pretty, but a roughage source popular south of the border is drawing interest from Canadians on the show circuit. Cottonseed hulls, a popular livestock feed in the United States, is becoming more sought-after in Canada, particularly for exhibitors looking for extra fill in their show cattle.
Byproducts of the cotton industry, such as cottonseed hulls, whole cottonseeds and cottonseed meal, are available in the U.S. as raw ingredients or within a ration. This is particularly common in the southeastern states. Some producers in these states turn cattle out on cotton fields after harvest to graze the remaining byproducts.
Take-aways from the 2018 beef summit, Part 1
Strategies for year-round grazing
Polycrop grazing goes under the microscope
"Cottonseed hulls are essentially a fibre source. There's nothing really fancy to it. It's low protein, low calcium, low (phosphorus)," said Doug Roxburgh, beef specialist for northern Alberta with Masterfeeds. "When you see it it's the ugliest-looking stuff you've ever seen in your life, but for whatever reason cattle really like it."
Because of its high fibre content, cottonseed hulls are used throughout the U.S. as a roughage source in a variety of operations. "There seems to be some benefit as a bit of an appetite enhancer by including cottonseed in the diet, but… essentially what it's really for is it's a high-fibre source, and a lot of producers will use it as a fill product to help their cattle look full on feed," said Roxburgh.
Currently, Masterfeeds sells texturized show cattle rations that include cottonseed hulls in the formulas available in Eastern Canada. "They were the first area to bring them up out of the U.S.," he said. While the Masterfeeds show ration formulas available in Western Canada don't yet include cottonseed hulls, there is considerable curiosity about this ingredient. "There's been a lot of people that have been purchasing show feed from us that have now had quite a bit of interest in cottonseed hulls."
Roxburgh also has a number of clients who purchase cottonseed hulls separately. "We have a lot of producers who are just buying the bagged cottonseed, the raw ingredient, and then they're top-dressing cottonseed at their own discretion," he said.
"If I put it into the complete diet, I would probably put (about) 50 kilograms a tonne of it in. A lot of producers out here feel that's not enough," he continued. "They buy the raw ingredient and they top-dress with the level at which they want so they can get a better volume of fill, versus what I can put into the complete feed out here."
Roxburgh has had the opportunity to try this out on his own show cattle. He and his wife Katie, run Dun Rite Stock and Stables at Bentley, Alta., raising Maine-Anjou and MaineTainer cattle as well as registered Quarter horses. They first top-dressed with cottonseed hulls for their show string last year. "We've always found our cattle at the shows, even when they eat and drink, lack a little bit of what I call that upper gut fill. I found the cottonseed hulls tend to be light and fluffy and fit high in the rumen, and because of that, I found that the product seemed to give them that fullness that we were looking for," he explained. "We've had good luck with it."
He can attest to the palatability of the feed, given how much his own cattle enjoy it. "It's amazing. The stuff comes up from the States in cardboard-paper bags, and last year at Olds Fall Classic, the bag was leaning up against the panels and we had two heifer calves that literally ate through the paper bag just to sit and munch on cottonseed hulls."
While it's not yet an economically friendly option in Canada, beef producers in the U.S. have been feeding whole cottonseeds on a large scale for some time. According to a 2013 article by the University of Georgia Co-operative Extension, "the southeastern states east of the Mississippi River typically produce 4.5 million acres of cotton each year, with a yield of 1.5 bales per acre. One 480-pound bale of cotton also yields approximately 740 pounds of seeds." The Hi-Pro Feeds U.S. website states that whole cottonseed has a moderate protein level, ranging from 17 to 26 per cent total protein, and a high energy level coming from the seed's oil, or fat, compared to the starch found in other roughage sources.
There is a slight risk of gossypol toxicity when feeding whole cottonseeds to cattle. Gossypol is a yellow pigment found in the cotton plant, and it is most highly concentrated in the seeds. If consumed in large quantities, this can be toxic to cattle. One of the problems related to gossypol toxicity is reproductive issues in bulls, particularly those that are younger; however, research in the U.S. has shown that it's doubtful that feeding the recommended amount of whole cottonseeds will result in fertility issues. As well, this is significantly less of a concern when feeding only the cottonseed hulls, as they contain very little gossypol.
Roxburgh has yet to see whole cottonseeds in Canada through his work, though the popularity of the hulls has been rising since Masterfeeds first offered it last fall. "This year we're seeing growth in sales on it in terms of the hulls," he said. "We haven't brought any complete cottonseed up to Canada to utilize. We've only been bringing the hulls in."
Importing cottonseed hulls from the southeastern U.S. to use on a larger scale isn't yet cost-effective given the transport involved, he explained. "The price point of it in terms of Canada is just too great to be utilizing it outside the show world. So in terms of any of my producers that are feed yard or background-type operations, no, cottonseed hasn't made its way into any of those diets simply in terms of the cost."
For producers interested in top-dressing their show feed with cottonseed hulls, Roxburgh recommends considering the product's traits when determining how much to feed. "The big thing to remember about cottonseed hulls is it's extremely light and fluffy, and so we have to treat this more as a volume-based feed instead of just simply on weight," he said. "It's important, I think, to start these cattle off on a small amount of this stuff just to let them get adjusted to it, then to work them up to a higher volume."
Given this, Roxburgh doesn't have a set number of pounds that he advises producers to feed. "I would say everyone of my producers is really going off of more feeding it by eye or by volume, how they see their cattle react to it and get them to the fill point."
He does note that because of its high fibre content, there is the risk of feeding too much and causing problems in the rumen. "I don't think that's something that's a huge issue, but it's something I always caution people on."
Piper Whelan
Piper Whelan is a field editor with Canadian Cattlemen. She grew up on a purebred, Maine-Anjou ranch near Irricana, Alta., and previously wrote for Top Stock, Western Horse Review, and various beef breed publications.
Piper Whelan's recent articles
Satellite ear tags for livestock coming to Canada January 6, 2021
The power of storytelling December 14, 2020
New opportunities to apply embryo transfer December 11, 2020
Features, cattle feed
Free-choice silage pit grazing a simple winter feeding option
Feed efficiency and beef quality
Don't delay planning your winter feed supply
Livestock, cattle feed
Balancing your nutrients will pay off
Forage quality from the perspective of 1-billion bacterial cells
Biochar could be a game changer


Because of the increased rate of acquiring energies from the wilderness location, since the vaccuum was added to game the rate of div charges has increased beyond what we were comfortable with, which has also decreased their price."
This change, invoked comments from you, from this I want to use this opportunity to talk about the change and on the back of this here are changes we are looking to make in the communication process to you the players as well as internally.
So how do we improve the communication process for you the players?
For future updates that we consider to be contentious we'll look into providing a more thorough explanation as to why we're making the change instead of just providing a release note.
Additionally, how do we improve the process internally?
From this change today, we identified an issue which we're now in the process of resolving that relates to CM being involved in Skilling Council meetings, in this meeting the CM representative can then be informed of integrity changes being made and work with the council to write something that helps to explain the change that much more.
As always, we'll continue to monitor feedback that comes in and circulate them across the teams where possible!
Can you give cursed wisps a level 85 divination requirement now so bots can't get cursed energies? There is no reason cursed wisps should be f2p. The brightest ideas are the most undervalued.
The bots will keep doing it.
You ruined a skill money maker for high skillers please go ruin bossing like this.
make bossing you lose your most valuable piece on death.
then see how the community reacts.
Hilarious, the double standards is unreal here: when it comes to the wilderness, apparently game integrity is very important for the RS3 team, but when it comes to MTX, game integrity is utterly ignored.
If you're going to care about game integrity, Jagex, care about it across the whole game, instead of cherrypicking what you do and don't care about.
But a couple ironmen in my CC suggests possibly making the divine-o-matic kept, but lose the empty charges. Kind of reduces the amount being made and still risks stuff.
Oh BS how many times have i heard, "in the future", "how we will communicate better".
Well - it's just yet another failed wilderness update - guess I couldn't add much more to that. Even if it isn't dead on release, griefers eventually manage to kill it. It wasn't the first wilderness update to fail, it obviously won't be the last since the BH removal is ready to come.
Nah whats funny is you still complaining about an overly dead horse.


text:
Infinx unveils the Hot 9 and Hot 9 Pro in India today.
By O. Christopher - May 29, 2020
Officially, the Infinix Hot 9 and Hot 9 Pro have been launched in India today. The smartphone line up debuts with large sized punch-hole displays, massive batteries, and quad camera systems on the rear.
Both the Infinix Hot 9 and the Hot 9 Pro will sport a 6.6-inch display with support for HD+ resolution. The screen has a 20:9 aspect ratio and an 8-megapixel camera in the dedicated punch-hole at the top left corner of the display.
As for the security, we expected Infinix to adopt the in-screen fingerprint sensor design, but the fingerprint scanner is at the back of the device. The phone also carries support for face unlock.
On the back panel of the device is a rectangular-shaped module that houses the camera system. The module consists of a 13-megapixel main with f/1.8 aperture, a 2-megapixel depth sensor, a 2-megapixel macro lens, and a low-light sensor.
Alongside the AI-powered quad-camera set up is a triple LED flash for capturing in low-light. The Hot 9 series will come pre-installed with Android 10 OS along with OXS 6.0.
The Infinix Hot 9 and Hot 9 Pro will ship with 4GB of RAM and 64GB storage. Both phones will feature dual SIM slots, Bluetooth 5.0, 3.5mm audio jack, GPS, 4G VoLTE, and Wi-Fi 802.11b/g/n.
The Infinix Hot 9 duo will be powered by the MediaTek Helio P22 chipset. A massive 5,000maAh battery will serve as its source of power.
The Infinix Hot 9 will be available as from June 8 through Flipkart while the Pro variant will go on sale on June 5. The Hot 9 will be starting at Rs. 8,499 (~$112) while the Hot 9 Pro will be starting at Rs. 9,499 (~$125).
Both devices will debut in four color editions; Midnight Black, Ocean Wave, Quetzal Cyan, and Violet.
Tags: #infinix hot 9 #infinix hot 9 pro
Previous Post MainOne funded by the World Bank to provide connectivity in Burkina Faso.
Next Post Meizu dual-screen smartphone leak shows device will feature Samsung chipset.


text:
Eija Hakakari
Former Senior Vice President-Human Resources & Member-Executive Board at Rautaruukki Oyj
Eija Hakakari is on the board of Aalto University Executive Education Oy. In her past career Ms. Hakakari was Senior Vice President-Human Resources of Stora Enso Oyj, SVP-Human Resources & Member-Executive Board at Rautaruukki Oyj and Senior Vice President-Human Resources for Finnair Oyj.
RelSci Relationships are individuals Eija Hakakari likely has professional access to. A relationship does not necessarily indicate a personal connection.
Sami Sarelius
Senior Vice President & General Counsel at Finnair Oyj
Pekka Vauramo
President & Chief Executive Officer at Metso Outotec Oyj
Arja Helena Suominen
Senior Vice President, Corporate Communications & Corporate Responsibility at Finnair Oyj
Anna Kaisa Vikkula
President & Chief Operating Officer at Soprano Oyj
Jaakko Schildt
Senior Vice President-Operations at Finnair Oyj
Allister Paterson
President at Canada Steamship Lines, Inc.
Juha Järvinen
President & Director at Airline Passenger Experience Association, Inc.
Ville Iho
President & Chief Executive Officer at Terveystalo Oyj
Erno Hildén
Former Chief Financial Officer at Finnair Oyj
Gregory Kaldahl
Former Senior Vice President-Resources Management at Finnair Oyj
Finnair Prepares for Growth and Plans an Organisational Renewal
Finnair: Eija Hakakari appointed Finnair's SVP Human Resources
Paths to Eija Hakakari
Senior Vice President-Human Resources
Prior - 2014
Stora Enso Oyj
Stora Enso Oyj engages in the manufacturing and marketing of newsprint, book paper, magazine paper, fine paper, consumer board, industrial packaging, and wood products. It operates through the following divisions: Consumer Board, Packaging Solutions, Biomaterials, Wood Products, and Paper. The Consumer Board division develops and provides consumer packaging boards for printing and packaging applications. The Packaging Solutions division develops fibre-based packaging, and operates at every stage of the value chain from pulp production, material and packaging production to recycling. The Biomaterials division offers a variety of pulp grades to meet the demands of paper, board, tissue, textile and hygiene product producers. The Wood division provides versatile wood-based solutions for building and housing. The Paper division provides paper solutions for print media and office use. The company was founded in 1998 and is headquartered in Helsinki, Finland.
Finnair Oyj
Finnair Oyj engages in the provision of airport transport and supporting services. It offers flight connections to people travelling between Asian megacities and Europe. The company was founded on November 1, 1923 and is headquartered in Vantaa, Finland.
Senior Vice President-Human Resources & Member-Executive Board
Rautaruukki Oyj
Rautaruukki Oyj provides energy-efficient steel solutions. The company produces advanced high strength steels, quenched & tempered steels, standard strip, plate and tubular products as well as offer construction solutions. It operates through five divisions: SSAB Special Steels, SSAB Europe, SSAB Americas, Tibnor and Ruukki Construction. The company was founded in 1960 and is headquartered in Helsinki, Finland.
Member, Executive Board
Aalto University Executive Education Oy
Eija Hakakari is affiliated with Stora Enso Oyj, Finnair Oyj, Rautaruukki Oyj, Finnair Oyj, Aalto University Executive Education Oy
This web site is not endorsed by, directly affiliated with, maintained, authorized, or sponsored by Eija Hakakari. The use of any trade name or trademark is for identification and reference purposes only and does not imply any association with the trademark holder. The Presence of Eija Hakakari's profile does not indicate a business or promotional relationship of any kind between RelSci and Eija Hakakari.


text:
P&G Contributes to Canadian Coronavirus Relief initiatives
Procter & Gamble (P&G), parent company of Procter & Gamble Professional, announced the company has donated more than US$2.5 million in financial contributions and in-kind product donations to support COVID-19 relief efforts in Canada.
P&G has donated 33,000 hygiene kits totaling over $500,000 to local shelters and food banks. In addition, the company has donated more than $1 million in cash and products to Food Banks Canada and the United Way.
"During these unprecedented times, P&G is committed to doing everything possible to ensure the health and safety of all our employees, to continue to serve our consumers with essential products, and to take meaningful action to help communities in need and those on the frontlines," said Eric Breissinger, president of P&G Canada. "Now more than ever, the company and our people are stepping up to be a force for good for those who have always been there for us."
About Procter & Gamble Professional
Procter & Gamble Professional is the away-from-home division of Procter & Gamble, serving the food service, building cleaning and maintenance, hospitality, and convenience store industries. For more information, visit www.pgpro.com.