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Surgeons save man's hand after seventeen hours of surgery
A superb team effort in saving a carpenters hand after an amputation with a circular saw – proud to have been a member of this group.
Plastic surgeons at St George's Hospital in Tooting have saved a man's hand following seventeen hours of surgery, after a chop saw accident resulted in a double-level amputation.
Anthony, 46, from Walton-on-Thames, feared he would lose his hand after catching it in a chop saw while cutting flooring on Thursday 30 May.
Consultant Plastic Surgeon, Mr Roger Adlard, was on call when Anthony was rushed to St George's MTC (major trauma centre) and performed the initial thirteen hour operation.
X-ray images before surgery (top) and after surgery (bottom)
Mr Adlard said: "When we took him to theatre I realised it was much worse than I'd first thought. It had been described as a sub-total hand amputation, which was true, however it had it been cut off almost completely in two places – at the base of his palm and again just below the fingers – resulting in a double-level amputation."
"I knew then that it was going to be a very long operation and if I proceeded on my own then the chance of saving all five fingers was slim. Time was also against us; his detached fingers were getting warm and left too long without blood they would rapidly decompose and be impossible to re-attach."
"I've done maybe three or four hand amputations in my lifetime – most units will see one or two every year. I'd say it's probably the most complex amputation I've had to deal with. There are many surgeons who, once they'd seen that level of injury, would think it was unsalvageable."
Mr Adlard called his colleague, Miss Farida Ali, who is also a plastic surgeon and specialises in microsurgery. She was at home and not on call but immediately agreed to help when she heard of the severity and complexity of the injury. The two surgeons worked through the night to save Anthony's hand, finishing at 9am the next morning.
Mr Adlard continued: "In that first operation I wanted to re-attach and get blood and nerve supply to as many of the fingers as possible. After fixing the broken bones we harvested nerve and vein grafts. This involved taking veins from his foot and nerves from his forearm and using them to bridge the gaps between the structures in his hand."
"If it was a straight single cut it would have been much easier. We would have been able to join things directly together instead of having to take parts from elsewhere to replace the swathe of tissue that was missing."
"Farida and I took it in turns, with one of us taking veins from his foot and the other stitching the veins to arteries in his hand using a microscope and a very small needle. Every microsurgical repair takes a lot of concentration, so it was useful to be able to alternate between two surgeons. We did the same thing for his nerve grafts harvested from his forearm and I repaired any tendons that I could."
"Following the operation, we noticed some of the skin on his palm wasn't surviving and what's more, his middle finger had insufficient bone stability or feeling to it, so we made the decision that to save the rest of his hand, we'd sacrifice his middle finger and effectively fillet it to help reconstruct the skin and bone which was missing from his palm. This was performed by my colleague, Miss Sonja Cerovac."
"The next problem was there wasn't enough skin to cover the exposed delicate microvascular repairs in his palm, so we decided to attach his hand to his groin to borrow skin from there. This procedure is called a pedicled groin flap and was performed by another hand surgeon, Mr Jamil Moledina."
"Mr Moledina cut a section of skin in Anthony's groin and lifted it like a flap to cover the missing skin from his hand. It was sewn in place and left there for two weeks. Eventually the skin from his groin grew new roots to where it had been transferred to his hand and we were able to cut his hand free."
Anthony lost a lot of blood at the scene and doesn't remember much about his accident.
Anthony said: "I threw myself off the saw. I don't know whether it was my brain playing tricks on me, but it was like an out of body experience; I could see myself and see what I'd done. There was blood spirting out everywhere."
"All I remember was coming through the doors into A&E and being greeted by a phenomenal amount of people; I couldn't count them."
"The care I've received has been fantastic and I've got so much gratitude for everyone; from the paramedics who were first on the scene to the staff working in the intensive care unit and on Vernon Ward at St George's. Words can't describe it because I was expecting to wake up without a hand. It's just trying to get it to work now. It's unbelievable really, I'm so grateful."
Mr Adlard said he never makes any guarantees to patients in these circumstances but always promises to do the best possible for them.
He said: "I always tell them that we're going to take them to theatre, do the best we possibly can and prepare them that there's a chance they may wake up without the limb that's involved. Until you actually get to theatre, you never know for sure how it's going to go."
Incredibly, Anthony has already regained some movement in his hand. He has regular sessions with St George's hand therapy team – a group of specialist physiotherapists who are helping to rehabilitate his hand.
(L – R) Anthony Lelliott, Mr Roger Adlard and Millie Chu
Millie Chu, Hand Therapist said: "When I first met Anthony his hand was incredibly sensitive to light touch which would cause severe pain. After just one month he is now able to tolerate his scar massage and exercises much more."
"We will continue to work on his function, particularly focussing on achieving pinch grip through various exercises and splinting. Rehabilitation can be challenging but Anthony has shown great courage and motivation by already demonstrating great improvements."
Commenting on what makes this type of surgery possible, Mr Adlard said: "St George's is a world-leading trauma centre and our surgeons are experts in their fields. We've also got a very good plastic surgery team who work well together. This case shows it's always a real team effort."
BAPRAS Winter Meeting 2019
Very pleased to have participated at the BAPRAS Winter Meeting with my own study at the upper limb section of the Congress.
BAPRAS announcement on breast implant safety
In collaboration with the MHRA, ABS and BAAPS, BAPRAS has recently announced a joint Association perspective on Breast Implant safety.
Has your hand injury been evaluated correctly?
Sonja Cerovac talks about the importance of hand injury evaluation in Spire St Anthony's Hospital GP Newsletter.
All enquiries are handled
by the Practice Manager:
Arabella Burwood
Email: contact@sonjacerovac.com
Miss Sonja Cerovac
Ashtead Hospital
Ashtead, Surrey KT21 2SB


Last night I was reading an old copy of The Beano with my daughter in bed. She's seven. The cover had Dennis the Menace and Barack Obama shooting people with a catapult in a storyline where Obama had hired Dennis to test his bodyguards to the limit.
There's a funny thing that happens between the ages of about four and seven. Kids learn how to forget things. You start to have to remind them of things that were very significant only recently. So even though I vividly recall my girl coming down the stairs on the morning Obama had been elected and sighing at the television, 'Not Barack Obama again', last night she had to ask who he was.
It's hard to tell your child about injustice in the world. I never know when it's a good time to bring it up. I don't want her to know how horrible we can be. I don't want her to be afraid that one day a government or a church might be horrible to her. But I also need her to know that there will always be people on her side.
It was that reaction that I wanted to write about. I didn't labour the point or give her a lecture about the current debate over marriage (we needed to get back to Dennis the Menace, after all) but although I wasn't surprised that she had reacted in that way it did cause me to take a breath and realise something; this is the reaction of someone who has come to this discussion from another planet.
It's not like my daughter hasn't noticed that Peterson and Glen are two boys and not a girl and a boy. It's not like she hasn't noticed that most couples she sees are male and female and that many people talk to her as if they fully expect her to end up in a couple with a male at some point in the future. She noticed these things years ago and we have had to consciously teach her that not all couples are going to be male and female and that this is a good thing and that we wouldn't be friends with the people we know and love if everyone was the same. But her reaction to the news that some people were actually *against* gay relationships was one of incredulity.
I had seen that kind of surprise before.
I had the privilege to teach for several years in an Integrated school here in N Ireland. For those of you not from this country you might be aware of how the Troubles here led to a segregated school system. That system remains today- most schools here are either Catholic schools or state schools (which end up being Protestant schools really). There are also a number of Integrated schools where not only are students educated together but they are also educated about being together– they learn about their own traditions and the traditions of other people.
I have many stories to tell about the experiences of teaching in that environment but the one I recalled this morning, when I was thinking about the chat about Obama, took me back to a discussion I once had with a class of mine where I told them that when I was their age I didn't know what camogie was. I didn't know what hurling was. I didn't realise that when some people said 'football' they didn't mean 'soccer'. I wasn't able to choose to learn Irish in school or to learn Irish dancing or to play Irish music. I also didn't know any Catholics, apart from a couple of my aunties (and one of them was English and was afraid to visit NI so I never saw her). I had no Catholic friends until I was an adult. Not one.
When I told the class this they were genuinely stunned. You could see it in their faces, the, 'How?? Why?!' It occurred to me that my words were like another language- there was no way they could comprehend what it might have been like to simply not know someone of the other religion here. To not have anyone you could ask about their tradition. To have to rely on what your own lot told you about the other lot for (mis)information. They just didn't get it.
Part of me wanted to explain to them what it was like- how working with them had been one of the greatest revelations of my life- how they had taught me more about integration and peace and difference than I could ever teach them about Shakespeare or when to take a new paragraph. And part of me just inhaled the moment- the recognition that those dreams of the future are sometimes realised in the now.
It was a bit like that last night with The Beano and my child and Obama. Some people are the revolution, even if they don't know it. But this doesn't happen by accident. Are you tired of people going on about LGBT equality all the time? They're doing it so that in the future no-one has to talk about it, because it will be a given. Sometimes I get a glimpse of what that will look like, and it looks pretty flippin' fantastic.


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fou un director de cinema, productor i guionista nord-americà.

Fill de pares separats, cursà estudis al Programa d'Escriptura Cinematogràfica a la Universitat de Califòrnia del Sud i guanyà tres premis universitaris, entre els quals destaquen el Premi John Nicholson (1989) i el Premi Robert Riskin (1990).

Poc després fou contractat per Columbia Pictures per portar al cinema Els nois del barri. Singleton fou escollit per a realitzar el seu propi projecte i això el portà a ser nominat als Oscar en les categories de millor director i millor guió original. A més, Singleton fou el primer director afroamericà i el cineasta més jove de la història en ésser nominat.

Té una estrella al Passeig de la Fama de Hollywood situada al 6915 de Hollywood Boulevard.

El 17 d'abril de 2019 va patir un vessament cerebral. El 25 d'abril es va informar que estava en coma, però la seva filla va declarar el contrari. El 29 d'abril va morir a l' hospital Cedars-Sinai.

Filmografia

Filmografia com a director
 Els nois del barri (1991)
 Justícia poètica (Poetic Justice) (1993)
 Higher Learning (1995)
 Rosewood (1997)
 Shaft: El retorn (Shaft) (2000)
 Baby Boy (2001)
 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003)
 Four Brothers (2005)

Filmografia com a productor
 Justícia poètica (1993)
 Higher Learning (1995)
 Shaft (2000)
 Baby Boy (2001)
 Hustle & Flow (2005), de Craig Brewer
 Black Snake Moan (2006), de Craig Brewer

Filmografia com a guionista
 Els nois del barri (1991)
 Justícia poètica (1993)
 Higher Learning (1995)
 Baby Boy (2001)

Referències

Enllaços externs

 The Films of John Singleton

Directors de cinema de Los Angeles
Productors de cinema de Los Angeles
Actors de Los Angeles
Alumnes de la Universitat del Sud de Califòrnia
Alumnes de l'Escola d'Arts Cinematogràfiques de la Universitat del Sud de Califòrnia
Alumnes del Pasadena City College
Morts a Los Angeles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Attendees at my "You Gotta Know the Rules if You're Gonna Play the Game" seminars have heard me say this, but here's a few examples of what the words in this blog post title really mean.
The way we handled the first and third statements of factual inaccuracy during the meeting was by challenging the person that spoke the words to "please find that language in the federal statute," then sliding the Wrightslaw Special Education Law book across the table. Of course they couldn't find it because it's not there!
That's parent-led advocacy, that's teamwork, that's getting the meeting refocused on the unique needs of the child!


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Rafael Marques Lusvarghi (ur. 14 listopada 1984 w Jundiaí, Brazylia) – brazylijski żołnierz, policjant oraz aktywista polityczny. Były żołnierz Francuskiej Legii Cudzoziemskiej, partyzant Rewolucyjnych Sił Zbrojnych Kolumbii (FARC) oraz były członek brazylijskiej żandarmerii Polícia Militar.

Biografia
Urodził się w 1984 r. w brazylijskiej rodzinie mającej korzenie węgierskie (w innych wypowiedziach w mediach deklarował, iż jego przodkowie byli Białorusinami). Po ukończeniu zaocznej szkoły agronomii wyjechał do Francji i został żołnierzem Francuskiej Legii Cudzoziemskiej – służył w misjach w Afryce. Po trzech latach powrócił do Brazylii, gdzie rozpoczął pracę jako funkcjonariusz brazylijskiej żandarmerii w São Paulo. W 2010 r. przeniósł się do Rosji, gdzie próbował wstąpić do wojsk lądowych tego państwa, jednak bezskutecznie. Następnie wyjechał do Ameryki Południowej, gdzie wstąpił do Rewolucyjnych Sił Zbrojnych Kolumbii (FARC). W 2014 r. wziął udział w protestach podczas piłkarskich mistrzostw świata w Brazylii, gdzie poparł powstanie Ługańskiej Republiki Ludowej na Ukrainie. We wrześniu 2014 r. przyjechał na Ukrainę, gdzie dołączył do Brygady Prizrak i uczestniczył w walkach o lotnisko donieckie, Debalcewo i Gorłówkę – tam też otrzymał przydomek "Wiking Donbasu". W walkach o lotnisko w Doniecku został ranny, niedługo po tym powrócił do Brazylii.

W październiku 2016 r. został internowany przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa Ukrainy (SBU) na lotnisku Kijów-Boryspol. Pod koniec stycznia 2017 r. został skazany na 13 lat więzienia za służbę dla prorosyjskich separatystów i działalność terrorystyczną. W sierpniu 2017 r. wyrok 13 lat więzienia uchylono, a dla Lusvarghiego zastosowano karę tymczasowego więzienia. W grudniu 2017 r. został wypuszczony z więzienia i przeszedł z germańskiego neopogaństwa na prawosławie. Następnie wstąpił do prawosławnej Pustelni Gołosiejewskiej pod Kijowem, należącej do Ukraińskiego Kościoła Prawosławnego Patriarchatu Moskiewskiego. W klasztorze pozostawał do wiosny 2018 r. Na początku maja został schwytany przez żołnierzy z Batalionu "Azow" i bojówki neofaszystowskiego ugrupowania "C14" ("Sicz") i przewieziony do kijowskiej komendy SBU, która przejęła Brazylijczyka. 7 maja 2018 r. sąd rejonowy w Dnieprze orzekł o umieszczeniu go w areszcie na okres 60 dni.

Przypisy

Brazylijscy wojskowi
Separatyści prorosyjscy na Ukrainie
Urodzeni w 1984
Żołnierze Legii Cudzoziemskiej


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By Diana Vilibert
Safer Futures
20 athletes, 16 countries, 15,200 miles, 95 days.
How far do you walk every day for a glass of water? A few feet to the kitchen? Down the block to the supermarket?
If you were living in Asia or Africa, that distance could be almost four miles. Each day, women in Africa, Afghanistan, India, other parts of Asia, and Central and South America spend hours on foot searching for a safe source of water. And despite their efforts, 6,000 friends, family members, and neighbors will die every 24 hours as a result of an inadequate supply of safe drinking water. Over the span of a year, the death toll climbs to 2.2 million.
The Blue Planet Run Foundation is not taking this statistic sitting down. Created in 2002 by industrialist and philanthropist Jin Zidell, the Blue Planet Run Foundation is on a mission to provide safe drinking water to 200 million people for the rest of their lives by 2027.
And they're making progress, one step at a time. On June 1, 2007, a team of 20 athletes, representing 13 nationalities and ranging in age from 23 to 60, will lace up their sneakers and join the Blue Planet Run Foundation in their efforts to spread the message of the need for safe drinking water. The team will circumnavigate the Earth's Northern Hemisphere, running in 10-mile nonstop shifts, 24 hours a day, seven days a week from June 1, 2007 through September 4, 2007.
This is no jog in the park. The 15,200-mile running route passes through four continents and 16 countries, including Russia, France, England, Ireland, Mongolia, and Japan. Cities along the route will host local events to raise awareness about the lack of safe drinking water, and educate people on how they can make a difference.
"If I can make a difference and create that awareness, then I feel I have done my bit in my lifetime," says Melissa Moon, one of the runners selected out of 300 applicants, who is no stranger to volunteering for a good cause.
The 37-year-old special-needs teacher from Wellington, New Zealand, a self-proclaimed peacekeeper and potato-lover, has worked at a soup kitchen for seven years, delivered Meals on Wheels, helped out with Project K and the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and is now doing relief teaching at the Compassion Centre in Wellington.
An international runner for 12 years, Melissa has traveled to more than 30 countries. It was during her travels that she realized the importance of safe drinking water. So when a friend e-mailed her about Blue Planet Run while she was in Nigeria, where she experienced firsthand the need for clean water, Melissa jumped at the chance to participate. Naming her hero and inspiration as the Dalai Lama, Melissa tells the Blue Planet Run Foundation that she has compassion and understanding for the suffering that exists in other parts of the world.
"I do not perceive this as something I must do, but something I am compelled to do," Laurel Dudley tells Blue Planet Run Foundation.
For Laurel Dudley, a 26-year-old ecotourism guide and fellow in the East West Center's Asia Pacific Leadership Program, Blue Planet Run is the perfect outlet for her interest in travel and global issues. Born in Vermont and currently living in Honolulu, Hawaii, Laurel has followed her wanderlust all over the world, spending time in France, Gambia, Taiwan, Mali, Morocco, and Vietnam.
The issue of sustainability and water usage strikes a chord with Laurel, having experienced the benefits of a newly installed water pipe while in Mali. She recently participated in a conference in Vietnam on sustainable development, and stresses the importance of taking interest in the well-being of those around the world.
A runner for 10 years, Laurel couldn't wait to participate in Blue Planet Run, and combine her passions for running, travel, and promoting sustainable development.
Luckily, we don't all have to be top athletes to make a difference in the water crisis. Just $30 is enough to provide a lifetime of safe drinking water to one person. A donation of $100 will be enough to supply an entire family. To donate or learn more about the Blue Planet Run Foundation, go to www.blueplanetrun.org.
Also worth checking out is the Peer Water Exchange, developed by the Blue Planet Run Foundation, a grassroots online community where donors, nongovernmental organizations, and observers work together to democratically manage and monitor rural water projects worldwide. To learn more about Peer Water Exchange, go to www.peerwater.org.
More From Charities & Volunteering
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The Abuse Epidemic Hiding in Idyllic French Towns
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These custom made 1920's Birthday Invite is the perfect addition to your Flapper's Themed Party. This invite has been sized 11" by 8.5", if they are printed on a larger scale, the quality of the image could be lost.
This is for the DIGITAL FILE ONLY, we will personlise the invite according to your specification outlined below but in order to print, you will need to organise this yourself once you have received the files from us. You will receive both a high resolution JPEG and also the PDF of the final product.


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BETTE BARNETT "Steel & Gold - A Love Story"


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Jenbach Museum
In the Jenbach museum you can see on 700 square metres and 19 rooms exhibits, fotos and documtens to this themes:
industrie: Locomotives, General Electric, scythe-production
nature: butterfly, births, mushrooms, snails, bivalves
sport: alpine- and wintersports
history: Jenbach history, famous people from Jenbach
Rack railway locomotives
Since 1889, the oldest rack railway locomotives in the world connect Jenbach with the Achensee lake. The 7 km long line has a maximum gradient of 1:62 and trains take just 45 minutes to reach the pier at Seespitz. Whistling, stamping, snarling and hissing...No, it´s not a dragon - although one would have fit into the wildly romantic landscapes well - it´s one of the three locomotives of the Achensee Railway with their 180 horsepower. A trip like this is not easily forgotten and it´s a special treat for steam railway enthusiasts, given that this is one of the oldest rack railways in europe that is exclusively steam-powered.
Tratzberg Castle
Built in 1500, Tratzberg Castle is one of Austria´s architectural jewels. Overlooking the Inn Valley it served Emperor Maximilian I and the Fugger family as a hunting retreat. Beauntiful furnished and renovated in the Renaissance style the castle has been owned by the Enzenberg family since 1848. Emperors, Knights and other formers owners of Tratzberg "personally" lead you through the castle with the help of a fascinating walkman tour.
Observatory Königsleiten
Heaven so near, in the highest observatory in europe. The first look into a telescope is for a lot of people a unforgettable experience. Look into our telescopes and detect the space and let your sences come to other areas.
Krimml Waterfalls
With their impressive fall of 380 metres over three levels, the Krimml Waterfalls are the largest in Europ and the fifth highest waterfalls in the world. A path created by the Austrian Alpine Association leads directly to this breathtaking natural sectacle. Experience the refreshing rain of spray and the imposing power of water with the enchanting backdrop of mountains of the Hohe Tauern National Park.
Planetarium Schwaz
The Schwaz Zeiss Planetarium is a multimedia show, entertainment and educational facility, with special attractions for all generations. With a constantly changing show, the Zeiss Planetarium is effectively a cosmic cinema. With the help of precision instruments, effect projectors, audio- and video facilities, the events that play about us in the cosmos are represented and explained.
Silbermine Schwaz
Mother of all mines. Experience how 500 years ago more than 10.000 miners searched for silver and copper and made the Tyrol one of the richest countries of Europe. Once Schwaz was the largest mining metropolis with more than 85% of the world´s silver production. 800 metres deep at the core of the mountain you will dive into the unique world of the reknown Silver Mine of Schwaz.
Candleworld Brixlegg
In our inimitable wax museum we show you handmade and invalubale wax figures in full-scale. Have a look to our fingers! We show you free of charge how candles be made.
Rattenberg, 60 km
The medieval town of Rattenberg nestles between the Inn River on one side and the Schlossberg Mountain on the other . Around 600 people (the smallest town in Austria) live in the carefully restored civic houses, jewels of medieval urban construction. Rattenberg is also known as the glass town, where beautiful creations of engraved glass, painted glass, crystal glass, plates, bowls etc. can be found. Glass blowers can also be watched at work.
Wolfsklamm St. Georgenberg, 63 km
St. Georgenberg near Stans is the most romantic place of pilgrimage in Tyrol. The baroque pilgrims church, and the "Lindenkirchlein" in gothic style are Tyrols best example of sacral art. A special experience is a hike through the "Wolfsklamm" (gorge).
"Deathless Model" Cemetry, 65 km
A vistit to the town of Rattenberg can be combined with a trip to what is known as the Model Cemetry. The "Deathless Cemetry" is the result of intensive efforts by the Guggenberger family, and provides a worthy place for gems of ancient handicrafts. The inscriptions inspire the visitor to reflect cheerfully and contemplatively about life and death.
Chrystal Worlds in Wattens, 68 km
The visit to the Swarovski Crystal Worlds begins in the main hall, which contains the largest and the smallest crystals in the world. The fantastic journey takes you past works in crystal by major artists such as Keith Haring, Salvador Dali and Niki de St. Phalle, and through the 6 chambers of wonders.
Hasegg Castle and Hall Mint Tower
The castle, the first documentary evidence of which dates back to the 13th century, was built to protect the salt mines, the local shipping, the bridge over the river Inn and the old salt route. Its name comes from the "Pfannhäuser" in which the brine was dehydrated to produce salt and the corner of which the castle was situated. After the mint was moved to the castle the Hall Mint achieved worldwide fame, before being shut down by the bBavarian occupiers in 1809. Only as recently as 1975 did coin-making beginn here and the castle open to visitors.
Innsbruck, 85 km
The provincial capital. Different cultures, historical eras and a stunning landscape merge at the heart of the Alps. There are so many things to see - don't miss the "Golden Roof" in the old town! The Alpine Zoo will provide an unforgettable experience for children.
Goldenes Dachl
Interactive museum with recently adapted show rooms dedicated to the life and work of Emperor Maximilian I. (1459-1519) and his times. The new "Children´s World" invites young visitors on an exiting tour of discovery in the museum! Views form the magnificent bay window of the Golden Roof.
Alpenzoo
More than 2000 Alpine animals of 150 species from the entire region of the Alps invite you to a rewarding visit in Europe´s highest-lying zoo (750 m).
Large and small feel at home in the Alpenzoo: the goldcrest with ists 5 grams is a true lightweight, the bearded vulture with its wingspread of 3 m is the largest bird of the alps.
Festung Kufstein
The fortess of Kufstein was officially documented for the first time in a deed in 1205; for centuries it was a militay base. Before it passed into Austrian possenssion in 1814, it has been owned by Bavarian and Tyrolean dukes. Today, we can offer you the opportunity to explore the landmark of Kufstein and its multi-faceted past.


text:
Sergi Roberto agrees new Barcelona deal with mammoth €500m clause
Robin Bairner
Manchester United had been linked with a move for the Spain international, but he will be going nowhere for the foreseeable future
Sergi Roberto has ended speculation over his future by agreeing a deal with Barcelona that will keep him with the Camp Nou club until 2022.
Manchester United had been linked with the versatile Spain international, but he has signed on with the Catalans for another four years.
In a statement, the Primera Division leaders said: "FC Barcelona and Sergi Roberto have reached an agreement on a contract renewal, which will keep the player at the Camp Nou through to 30 June 2022. His buyout clause has been set at €500m."
The converted right-back – who initially started his career as a central midfielder – came through the youth ranks at Barca following his signing as a 14-year-old and has gone on to defy his doubters.
Roberto seemed to struggle with the weight of expectation during his early days in the Barca first-team squad and he rarely looked like becoming anything more than a rotation option.
But, following the departure of Dani Alves, Roberto has established himself as one of La Liga's most impressive right-backs and he continues to be first choice, despite the purchases of Nelson Semedo and Aleix Vidal, who appears set for the exit door this month.
Roberto's development has now been rewarded with a new long-term contract, as the 25-year-old looks set to remain at the club until June 2022.
The release clause inserted into his contract will stand at €500m, the same figure as Gerard Pique, who also agreed a new deal until 2022 on Thursday.
Roberto has played 15 of Barca's 19 La Liga games this season, with Ernesto Valverde's men well on track to lift the title at the end of the campaign.


Thriveal CPA Network | Become a Thriveal Lab Partner!
Become a Thriveal Lab Partner!
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I invite you to join us today. There isn't currently a stated dollar figure to become a Lab Partner. Instead, choose that amount which represents to yourself your commitment to the risk of creativity and experimentation. For those who'd like a guide, healthy businesses typically allocate somewhere between 1% to 5% to research and development costs — consider choosing a number somewhere between there, and treat the Thriveal Laboratory as part of your R&D expense. But any amount that makes a difference to you, makes a difference to us.
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And within the past month the Lab was happy to be joined by a strong string of forward-thinking accounting firms: Magen Smith CPA, Vivid Numbers, Bryan J. Coleman CPA, Justin M. Sadler, CPA LLC, Holland Solutions LLC, Michael Wall CPA, Lizotte CPA LLC, JF Bell Group, Erin Rue CPA LLC, Accountech, Tally Accounting, and Lord & Associates.
I am really excited about the happenings at Thriveal Laboratory and look forward to being a Lab Partner.


This Swedish holiday soda outsells Coca-Cola during the Christmas season.
When the clock strikes midnight on the third Thursday of November, fans gather to celebrate the release of this fresh, fruity wine.
Making this wine-flavored treat requires peeling two pounds of Concord grapes.
Saison dell'Aragosta is made with tasty Maine lobster.
The seasonal treat that descends from the sky in swarms.
In Sardinia, pasta gets a savory sprinkling of the dried and grated organ.


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text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}
	A glass behaves mechanically like a solid but structurally
like a liquid with relaxation times varying from a few minutes to several centuries. The elasticity of a solid is described in terms of phonons, which are quantized vibrational excitations. Propagating acoustic phonon-like excitations have been observed in glasses and glass-forming liquids down to wavelengths comparable to inter-particle distance \cite{sette}. However, their description is rendered difficult
since glasses lack the translational invariance of crystalline solids. A ubiquitous feature in the physics of glasses is the anomalous behavior of the low-frequency part of the vibration spectrum and the corresponding thermal properties \cite{anomalies}. While the origin of the linear low-temperature specific heat is commonly attributed to the existence of double-well potentials or two-level systems, there is a considerable debate about the so-called {\em boson peak} \cite{nakayama,ShirmacherEPL}. This peak shows up in the vibrational density of states(VDOS), $g(\nu)$ as an excess contribution, compared to the usual Debye behavior[$g(\nu)\propto \nu^{2} $].
It is called boson peak because the temperature dependence of its
intensity scales roughly with the Bose-Einstein distribution.
In addition to the presence of boson peak (BP) (or excess density of states) at low frequencies, one also observes a high-frequency exponential tail \cite{chumakov} in the reduced density of states spectrum.

      The interpretation of the boson peak has been a challenge to
experimentalists and theoreticians and is a subject of controversial
discussions. While some authors attribute it to local/quasi-local vibrations \cite{nakayama, schober, vainer, gurevich}, some others attribute it to collective motions \cite{chumakov, shirmacher}.
A universal mechanism of the
BP formation in glasses was proposed based on the concept of interacting
quasi-local oscillators \cite{gurevich}. Boson peak has also been explained in terms of
the affine-non-affine crossover at a certain
mesoscopic length scale\cite{barrat}.
It has also been interpreted as the signature of a phase transition in the space of the stationary points of the energy, from a
minima-dominated phase (phonons) at low energy to a saddle
dominated phase (without phonons)\cite{parisi}.
The boson peak has also been linked
to those motions giving rise to the
two-level-like excitations seen at still lower temperatures \cite{wolynes}. Recently evidence was presented from
numerical studies suggestive of the equality of the boson peak frequency to the Ioffe-Regel limit for transverse phonons above which transverse phonons do not propagate, and the boson peak was attributed to transverse vibrational modes associated with defective soft structures in the disordered state \cite{shintai}.

      Optical heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect
data on supercooled acetylsalicylic acid and dibutylpthalate display
highly damped oscillations with a period of a few pico seconds
as the temperature is reduced to and below the Mode Coupling Theory
temperature, $T_{MCT}$ \cite{fayer}. The authors interpret this as
the time domain signature of the boson peak and explain that the increased
translational-rotational coupling is responsible for the boson
peak as $T < T_{MCT}$. The main experimental tools used for the
investigation of VDOS and boson peak in glasses
are Raman scattering and the quasi-elastic neutron scattering(QENS).
Recently, single-molecule spectroscopic studies have
also emerged as a potential tool to study the boson peak
in glasses \cite{vainer}. The main difficulty here is the conflicting interpretations regarding the origin of the boson peak. For instance, nuclear inelastic scattering studies of ferrocene probe molecules in toluene, ethylbenzene, dibutylphthalate and glycerol glasses show that
a significant part of the modes constituting the boson peak
is of collective character \cite{chumakov}. However, from the single molecule spectroscopic studies of many single tetra-tert-butylterrylene molecules embedded to amorphous polyisobutylene the authors conclude that the low-energy vibrational excitations have a local character \cite{vainer}.

      The theoretical as well as experimental studies are done on
systems/samples in the glassy state. However, since the the phonon-like excitations also persist at elevated temperatures in the supercooled liquid regime \cite{sette}, once can study the vibrational dynamics of supercooled liquids via molecular dynamics simulations. Various groups have studied the vibrational dynamics of supercooled liquids \cite{rahman,violette, laird,mazzacurati}, where the focus has been on the characteristics of the high-frequency or low-frequency vibrational modes. The main emphasis of these studies have been on the collective/local nature of the vibrational modes.

      In this study we investigate the vibrational dynamics and
boson peak in a polydisperse Lennard-Jones liquid. Polydisperse liquid is one of the simplest model systems that exhibit glass transition and can be conveniently studied
via both experiments \cite{WeekSc,glotzerJCP} and computer simulations
as the size distribution of particles prevents crystallization \cite{murarka,sneha,snehapre}. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section \ref{comp_details} we describe the model and
computational details. In section \ref{results_dis} we present our results and give detailed discussions on the same. We give our concluding remarks in section \ref{conclusion}.

\section{COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS}\label{comp_details}

	Micro canonical ensemble molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are
carried out in three dimensions on a system of Lennard-Jones (LJ) particles of mean diameter $\overline \sigma$ with polydispersity in both size and mass. The polydispersity in size is introduced by random sampling from the Gaussian distribution of particle diameters $\sigma$,
\begin{equation}
P(\sigma) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}\delta}exp[-\frac{1}{2}(\frac{\sigma - \overline \sigma} {\delta})^{2}]
\end{equation}
The standard deviation $\delta$ of the distribution divided by its mean $ \overline \sigma$ gives a dimensionless parameter, the
polydispersity index, $S$
\begin{equation}
 S = \frac {\delta} {\overline \sigma}
\end{equation}
The mass $m_{i}$ of particle $i$ is scaled by its diameter,
\begin{equation}
 m_{i} = \overline m(\frac{\sigma_{i}}{\overline \sigma})^3
\end{equation}
We have chosen $\overline m=1.0$.
The simulations are carried out at different values of the polydispersity index, $S$ but at fixed volume fraction, $\phi = 0.54$.
Three different system sizes were chosen, $N = 256$, $500$ and $864$.
The results are found to be qualitatively the same for the
three different system sizes studied.

The interactions between the particles are given by the
shifted-force LJ potential
\begin{equation}
U_{ij} = 4\epsilon_{ij}[ ( \frac{\sigma_{ij}}{r_{ij}} )^{12} -  ( \frac{\sigma_{ij}}{r_{ij}} )^{6} ]
\end{equation}
where $i$ and $j$ represent any two particles and
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{ij} = ( \frac{\sigma_{i}+\sigma_{j}}{2})
\end{equation}
The LJ interaction parameter $\epsilon_{ij}$ is assumed to be
the same for all particle pairs and set equal to unity.
The particles are enclosed in a cubic box and periodic boundary conditions are used. The cutoff radius $r_{c}$ is chosen to be $2.5 \overline \sigma$.
The time step used for integrating the equations of motion is $0.001$. All quantities in this study are given in reduced units (length in units of $\sigma$, temperature in units of $\frac{\epsilon}{k_{B}}$ and time in units of $\tau=( \frac{\overline m  \overline \sigma^{2}}{\epsilon } ) ^{\frac{1}{2}}$).

The vibrational density of states is obtained from the
Normal Mode Analysis by solving the secular equation,
\begin{equation}\label{secular}
 |{\bf F} -\nu^{2}{\bf I}|=0
\end{equation}
Here $F$ is the mass-weighted potential energy matrix (also
known as the Hessian matrix),
\begin{equation}
 F_{ij}=\frac{V_{ij}}{\sqrt{m_{i}m_{j}}}
\end{equation}
Equation \ref{secular} can be solved to yield a set of
eigen values (the square of the vibrational frequencies, $\nu^{2}$) and corresponding eigen vectors (normal mode displacement vectors), ${\bf e}_{i}$. From the equilibrium liquid configurations generated by the MD simulations, one constructs the potential energy minima or the inherent structure via conjugate gradient minimization. From the potential energy minima, one generates the Hessian matrix, the diagonalization of which would yield the eigen values  and the eigen vectors. The normal modes thus obtained are called the {\em quenched normal modes} (QNM).

Instantaneous normal modes (INM) can be obtained
by diagonalizing the Hessian constructed for the equilibrium liquid configurations. Since the instantaneous liquid configuration
is not necessarily a potential energy minimum, one gets both
unstable modes (negative eigen values or imaginary frequencies) and
stable modes (positive eigen values).

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
 \epsfig{file=INM-QNM.eps, width=3.4in,height=3.4in}
 \caption{(a)Quenched normal mode spectra at
different values of $T$. The data is for $S=0.20$ and system size $N=256$.
(b)Instantaneous normal mode spectra for different values of $T$. As $T$
decreases the INM spectra approaches closer to the quenched spectrum (dark circles).}
 \label{qnm-inm}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
 \epsfig{file=differencespectra.eps, width=3.4in,height=2.4in}
 \caption{(\textbf{a}) $g(\nu)$ for $S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ systems and
their difference (inset) (\textbf{b}) Same as (\textbf{a}) but for
$S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ systems without mass polydispersity. Data shown for a system of $N=256$ particles.}
 \label{diff-dos}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

\section{RESULTS AND DISCUSSION}\label{results_dis}

\subsection{Polydispersity Effects on Vibrational Density of States}\label{vdos}

The configuration-averaged vibrational density of states, $g(\nu)$ for
the quenched normal modes is shown in FIGURE \ref{qnm-inm}(a) for
$S=0.20$ at different values of temperature. The width of the
bin chosen to build the histogram is $0.50$.
The VDOS is rather featureless as has been observed by
Rahman et al \cite{rahmanJCP} for single-component Lennard-Jones system.
From FIGURE \ref{qnm-inm}(a), we see that the quenched normal density
of states are only weakly sensitive to the temperature of the parent
liquid. The rather narrow sensitivity of the quenched normal mode spectra to temperature is to be contrasted with the instantaneous normal mode spectra obtained from equilibrium liquid configurations
(See FIGURE \ref{qnm-inm}(b)). The imaginary modes in the INM spectra
are displayed on the negative side of the frequency axis.
Both the stable (positive frequencies) and unstable (imaginary
frequencies) modes of the INM spectrum show a pronounced change with temperature. As the temperature decreases, the fraction of the unstable modes decreases whereas that of the stable modes increases.
At low temperature ($T \le 0.40$), the fraction of the
unstable modes is considerably less, indicating that most of the particles are located near the potential energy
minima most of the time.

Polydispersity has three noticeable effects on the
vibrational density of states.
Firstly, as polydispersity increases, the number of low frequency modes increases whereas the number of high frequency modes
decreases (See FIGURE \ref{diff-dos}). Because of these compensating changes occurring in the high and low frequency regions, one observes
a crossover in the density of states between
$S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ systems. For the data shown in FIGURE \ref{diff-dos},
this happens at a frequency
$\nu \sim 12.0$ for systems with mass polydispersity and
$\nu \sim 16.0$ for systems without mass polydispersity.

Secondly, when mass polydispersity is present, there
is a second crossover point in the density of states between
$S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ systems at a frequency, $\nu \sim 32$ (FIGURE \ref{diff-dos}(a)).
For frequencies higher than this value, there
is an excess of high-frequency modes that increases with $S$. This
is best seen in the semi-log plot of $g(\nu)$ in FIGURE \ref{dos-semilog}.
The plot clearly shows that as polydispersity increases there is
a substantial increase in the number of high frequency modes.
The polydispersity-dependence of the INM spectra is
shown in FIGURE \ref{inm-s1s2}. The $S=0.20$ system has
relatively higher number of high frequency modes
for both the stable and unstable branches.
In FIGURE \ref{dos-semlog-eqmas}, we show the semi-log plot
of VDOS for different $S$ but without mass polydispersity (i.e. all
masses set equal to unity, $m_{i}=1.0$). As we can see from the figure,
the number of high-frequency modes decreases
with $S$ for systems having no mass polydispersity.
Thus the excess high frequency modes (whose fraction
increases with increase in polydispersity) is due to the
mass polydispersity effect rather than size polydispersity effect.
(Below we show that the high frequency vibrations are all localized.)
Thirdly, the vibrational density of states spectrum becomes
narrower with polydispersity.
In FIGURE \ref{fwhm} we plot the full width at half maximum (FWHM)
of $g(\nu)$ for $S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ as function of $T$.
The FWHM decreases sharply with $S$ but shows only a weak
increase with temperature.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=256-dos-semilog.eps, width=3.in,height=2.in}
\caption{Semilog plot of density of states. The data is for $T=0.50$.
The high frequency modes are localized (See Fig \ref{pratio})}
\label{dos-semilog}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
 \epsfig{file=inm-dos-s1s2.eps, width=3.in,height=2.in}
 \caption{Instantaneous normal mode spectrum for
$S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ systems at $T=0.80$.}
 \label{inm-s1s2}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=dos-semlog-eqmas.eps, width=3.in,height=2.in}
\caption{Semilog plot of density of states for
different $S$ without mass polydispersity. The data is for $T=0.50$.
}
 \label{dos-semlog-eqmas}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
 \epsfig{file=fwhm.eps, width=2.5in,height=2.5in}
 \caption{Full width at half maximum, FWHM
for $S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ as a function of $T$.}
 \label{fwhm}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

The localization properties of the normal modes can be
quantified via the participation ratio (PR) which is a measure of the
number of particles participating in a given vibrational mode.
The participation ratio of mode $i$ is defined as
\begin{equation}
 PR_{i}=[N\sum_{\alpha = 1}^{3N} (e_{i}^{\alpha}.e_{i}^{\alpha})^{2}]^{-1}
\end{equation}
The participation ratio is of the order of $\frac{1}{N}$ for localized modes and is of the order of $1$ for extended modes.
In FIGURE \ref{pratio}, the participation ratio of the modes is plotted. The averaging is done over modes corresponding to eigenvalues
in a histogram bin of width $0.50$. As one can see from the
plot, for $\nu > 30.0$, the participation ratio is very low, indicating
that the high-frequency modes are all localized.
Therefore the high-frequency tail of the normal mode spectrum
can be attributed to the localized vibrations.
In a crystalline solid, localized vibrations occur due to the
presence of very light impurity atoms or interstitial atoms (that cause
large lattice strains).
It has been shown that when the mass of the impurity atom in a crystal is
smaller than that of the other particles, the vibrations do not
propagate through the system but gets localized around the
impurity particle \cite{takizawa}.

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
 \epsfig{file=PR-256-864.eps, width=3.2in,height=2.4in}
 \caption{Participation ratio (PR) of the modes for system sizes, (\textbf{a}) $N=256$ and (\textbf{b}) $N=864$. PR gives the
number of particles participating in a given mode. The data is shown for
different $S$ at $T=0.50$. The plot shows that a  $S$ increases, the number
of particles participating in a given mode decreases for all frequencies.
}
 \label{pratio}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

In the frequency range $3.0 \le \nu \le 35 $, one finds
delocalized modes as implied by the high values of PR.
The participation ratio of the modes decreases with polydispersity
for modes of all frequencies(See FIGURE \ref{pratio}) implying that
the number of particles participating in a mode of given
frequency decreases with $S$. Thus the vibrations
become more localized with $S$. This means that as size disparity among the particles increases, the system cannot sustain propagating modes.
It is interesting to note here that the large size disparity among the particles also leads to the suppression of growth of dynamic
heterogeneity with polydispersity in supercooled liquids(See \cite{snehapre}). Dynamic heterogeneity in supercooled liquids in its
simplest sense means clusters of fast-moving particles that
move together for a certain amount of time before they get decorrelated.
When size disparity is large, the particle motion gets decorrelated much faster and hence the formation of \textit{dynamic} clusters is suppressed at higher polydispersity. In the inherent
structure formalism developed by Stillinger and Weber \cite{still-weber,stillinger}, the configuration space of the liquid
is divided into basins of local potential energy minima(or inherent structures). In the harmonic approximation, which is valid at
sufficiently low temperatures, each basin is treated
as a harmonic well. In FIGURE. \ref{curvature} we plot the quantity
$N^{-1}\sum_{k=1}^{3N-3} log(h\nu_{k})$ as a function of $T$ for
$S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ systems. This quantity is an indicator
of the average curvature of the basins \cite{mossa}. Since it
is a sum of logarithms it is very sensitive to the tail of the spectrum.
From the plot we see that the average curvature of the basins
increases with $T$ but decreases sharply with polydispersity.
In other words, increasing polydispersity leads to a \textit{flattening}
of the basins which would in turn facilitate inter-basin
transitions and thus enhances the mobility of the system.
The latter has been termed the lubrication effect \cite{sneha}.

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
 \epsfig{file=256-curvature.eps, width=2.2in,height=2.2in}
 \caption{Basin curvature as a function of temperature for $S=0.10$
and $S=0.20$ systems.}
 \label{curvature}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

\subsection{Boson Peak}\label{bosonpeak}

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
\epsfig{file=bosonpeak-FULL.eps, width=3.2in,height=2.5in}
\caption{Excess density of states (Boson Peak),
$\frac{g(\nu)}{\nu^{2}}$ versus $\nu$. Data shown for different $S$ with the temperature of the parent liquid at $T=0.50$ and for system sizes,
(\textbf{a}) N = 256 (\textbf{b}) N = 256 but without mass polydispersity (\textbf{c}) N = 500 and (\textbf{d}) N=864.}
 \label{bp}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=bp-all.eps, width=3.in,height=2.in}
\caption{Temperature dependence of the Boson Peak.
The data is shown for $S=0.10$ for different temperatures
of the parent liquid.}
\label{bp-tdep}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We plot the reduced density of states, $g(\nu)/\nu^{2}$ in FIGURE \ref{bp} for three values of S, namely $S=0.10$, $0.15$ and $0.20$.
All the three systems exhibit the boson peak feature viz. excess density of states as compared to the prediction of the Debye model
($g(\nu)\sim \nu^{2}$). As seen from the figure, the intensity
of the boson peak, $I_{BP}$ increases with $S$ for all the
three system sizes studied. However, \textit{there is no noticeable change in the frequency of the Boson peak, $\nu_{BP}$}.
The boson peak feature is seen even when we switch off the
mass polydispersity (See FIGURE \ref{bp} (b)) implying that
the size polydispersity effect alone can give rise to the observed
features.
Furthermore, the boson peak feature is seen even for the quenched normal modes obtained from equilibrium
configurations at very high temperature (i.e. $T \gg T_{MCT}$),
as shown in FIGURE \ref{bp-tdep}.
As $T$ increases, the
boson peak height increases but the peak shifts to lower
frequencies. Such a trend has been observed in experiments
as well \cite{tao,enberg}. However, the temperature-dependence
is weak here.
The boson peak feature at high temperatures
shown in FIGURE \ref{bp-tdep} is to be contrasted with the
observation made in an earlier paper\cite{parisi} where the authors
studied the appearance of the boson peak in soft sphere binary
mixture. In their study, the authors found that as $T$ increases
above $T_{MCT}$, the boson peak feature disappears.
The authors interpret the boson peak as a manifestation
of an \textit{underlying crossover of the parent liquid's configuration from a saddle dominated dynamics to a minima dominated behavior}.
However, the observation of boson peak at high temperatures makes
such an interpretation questionable.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file= lsd-full.eps, width=2.8in,height=2.4in}
\caption{The level spacing distribution, $P(s)$ for $S=0.10$
and $S=0.20$ systems for the full eigen value spectrum. Data is shown for $S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ systems at $T=0.50$. The symbols are the data points and the thick lines are fit to the data according to the
equation, $P(s)=As^{\beta}exp(-Bs^{2})$. The values of $\beta$ are $1.02$ and $1.08$ for $S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ systems, respectively.}
 \label{lsd}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

The fragility of the current model polydisperse  supercooled liquid
decreases with polydispersity index, $S$ \cite{sneha}.
This suggests an inverse correlation between the fragility of the liquid and the intensity of the boson peak.
Such a correlation has actually been observed previously for many liquids in experiments \cite{sokolov}
as well as in the simulation studies of model glass formers \cite{shintai}.
Shintani and Tanaka \cite{shintai} carried out extensive
simulations on 2D spin liquid glass former in which the
fragility can be varied over an extremely wide range. This was
achieved by varying the anisotropic part of the potential, $\Delta$
which is a measure of the strength of frustration against crystallization.
As already mentioned, the authors found an inverse correlation between
the fragility and the intensity of the boson peak.
In the current model system the polydispersity index, $S$
plays the same role as $\Delta$. Auer and Frenkel have shown that crystal
nucleation in a polydisperse colloid is suppressed due to the increase of the surface free
energy \cite{frenkel} and studies by several groups \cite{pinaki} show that
the glassy amorphous phase  becomes the equilibrium phase beyond a terminal value of polydispersity.

 If a correlation between the fragility and the intensity of the boson peak exists, then it would mean that
there is also a link between the fast intra-basin vibrational
dynamics and the slow inter-basin diffusive dynamics (See \cite{scopigno}).
However, it appears hard to reconcile such a \textit{link} with the Adam-Gibbs paradigm as the latter predicts
a relationship between the relaxation time, $\tau$ and
the configurational entropy, $S_{c}$ ($\tau \sim exp(\frac{A}{TS_{c}})$).
Clearly, on the time scale typical of vibrational dynamics (few pico seconds), the system would not
have sampled sufficient configurations
as would be necessary to define $S_{c}$. Hence it is difficult to understand the correlation between the intensity of the
boson peak and fragility from this perspective.

It is interesting to note in this connection that Angell et al \cite{angell-jphys} have
already suggested that
the Boson peak can serve as a signature of configurational excitations
of the ideal glass structure i.e. the topologically diverse defects
of the glassy solid state. This means that the boson peak is
related to the topographical features of the potential
energy landscape and is thus involved in determining the
fragility of the liquid. As already discussed in Section \ref{vdos},
at higher polydispersity we have \textit{flatter} basins (FIGURE \ref{curvature}).
This is consistent with the decrease in the fragility
with $S$,  as fragile liquids have rugged heterogeneous landscape
whereas strong liquids have smoother landscapes, in accord with
their constant activation energy predicted by their Arrhenius
behavior \cite{debenedetti-stillinger}.

The strong liquids in Angell's fragile/strong classification are usually network glass formers
like $SiO_{2}$, $GeO_{2}$ etc., and they appear to lie almost on the opposite spectrum
of our polydisperse liquid system.
For a polydisperse LJ liquid, the decrease in
fragility with polydispersity is via dynamic facilitation by smaller particles \cite{sneha, snehapre}.
An obvious manifestation
of the dynamic facilitation is the size-dependent glass transition temperature \cite{sneha}; as temperature is lowered
the larger particles freeze in first, followed by the smaller ones.
Therefore dynamic facilitation by polydispersity implies that
at higher polydispersity not only the system has smaller barriers to diffusion
but it also has more relaxation channels available to it.

Here it is interesting to note that Shirmacher at al \cite{shirmacher} have shown that if a
system of coupled harmonic oscillators (with spatially
fluctuating nearest-neighbor force constants on a simple
cubic lattice) is near the borderline of stability a low-frequency
peak appears in $ g(\nu)/\nu^{2}$ as a precursor of the instability.
In their model system, when the amount of the negative force
constants becomes too large, the system becomes unstable and the
boson peak feature shows up. Furthermore, as the fraction of
negative force constants increases the peak intensity
increases and the peak shifts towards lower frequencies.
Instantaneous normal mode analysis shows (see again FIGURE \ref{inm-s1s2}) that the fraction of unstable modes
increases with polydispersity which implies more
pathways for diffusion \cite{violette} at higher polydispersity. Thus the increase in the intensity of boson
peak with polydispersity can be understood in terms of dynamic
facilitation by polydispersity. The relationship with the strength/fragility of the system, however, still
remains a bit unclear.

One of the key issues in the interpretation of the boson peak feature is whether the modes comprising
it are localized or extended.
Figure \ref{pratio} shows that the modes at the frequency range where boson peak appears
are largely delocalized with high values of participation ratio ($PR > 0.6$). For frequencies less
than $\nu_{BP}$, the participation ratio drops suddenly. This
sudden drop of $PR$ at low frequencies
has been attributed to finite size effects \cite{mazzacurati}. These
low-frequency modes have been shown to be extended, notwithstanding their low $PR$ values.
However, note that the frequency of the boson peak
coincides with the frequency below which $PR$ suddenly drops.
The reason for this behavior is not clear to us.
Furthermore, at the boson peak frequency, the $PR$ decreases with $S$
indicative of a correlation between localization of modes
and boson peak intensity. These features are common to all the three system sizes (N=256, 500 and 864)
studied.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file= lsd-w.eps, width=2.8in,height=2.2in}
\caption{The level spacing distribution, $P(s)$ for the eigen values
in the range $3.0 \le \nu \le 4.0$ (near the boson peak) shown in circles and for eigen values in the high frequency range ($\nu > 35.0$) shown by squares. Data is shown for $S=0.10$ at $T=0.50$. The symbols are the data points and the thick lines are fit to the data according to the
the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (thick line) and
Poissonian distribution (dashed line)}
 \label{lsd-w}
 \end{center}
 \end{figure}

An alternate way to check whether the boson peak is indeed
associated with localized modes (or not) is by means of level distance
statistics \cite{shirmacher,izrailev}. The level spacing distribution, $P(s)$ for the
random-matrix models is defined as the probability of finding the next-nearest-neighbor
eigenvalue of the spectrum to be at a distance $s$, i.e. $s=\frac{\nu_{i+1}-\nu_{i}}{D} $, where $D$ is
the mean level spacing. In the case of delocalized states, according
to the Gaussian orthogonal random matrix ensemble, we get
\begin{equation}
P(s)=As^{\beta}exp(-Bs^{2})
\end{equation}
For localized states, one gets a Poissonian distribution, $P(s)=exp(-s)$.
This is due to the fact that the delocalized states show level repulsion, whereas localized ones do not.
In FIGURE \ref{lsd} we have plotted the level spacing distribution $P(s)$
for the full eigenvalue spectrum along with the fit
for the orthogonal random matrix model.
The values of $\beta$ obtained from the
fit are $1.02$ and $1.08$ for $S=0.10$ and $S=0.20$ systems, respectively.
This shows that these systems display the behavior according to the Wigner surmise.
In FIGURE \ref{lsd-w}, we plot the level spacing distribution for frequencies near the
boson peak ($3.0 \le \nu \le 4.0$) and also for
the high frequencies ($\nu > 35.0$) where the modes are truly
localized (See \ref{pratio}). From the plot it is clear that
statistics at high frequencies follow Poissonian distribution
as expected for localized states. In the vicinity of the boson peak, however, we find a
Gaussian distribution according to the
Gaussian orthogonal random matrix ensemble, which means that
the corresponding states are delocalized. However, it should be noted
here that the transverse phonons are shown to be localized
at the boson peak frequency according to the
Ioffe-Regel criterion \cite{shintai, shirmacher}.

\section{CONCLUDING REMARKS}\label{conclusion}

Let us first summarize the main results of this paper.
We have computed the vibrational density of states, $g(\nu)$
in a polydisperse Lennard-Jones system, for three system sizes and three different polydispersity.
Polydispersity is shown to have  a significant effect on the vibrational density of states.
Increase in the  polydispersity leads to an increase in the
localized high frequency modes. As polydispersity increases, there is a
softening of vibrational modes manifested in the population shift from modes with
frequencies above the maximum in $g(\nu)$ to that below the maximum.
The reduced density of states, $g(\nu)/\nu^{2}$ exhibits the boson peak feature.
The boson peak is seen to exist even for high
temperature liquid configurations and shows a rather
narrow sensitivity to temperature.
The intensity of the boson peak increases with polydispersity,
which can be understood in terms of dynamic
facilitation by polydispersity by increase in fraction of the unstable modes.

The results clearly show a correlation between an increase in the peak height of the BP with
an increase in the strength of the liquid  -- both are consequences of increase in
polydispersity. This is in agreement with known experimental results.
We find that while the modes comprising the BP are largely delocalized, there is a sharp
drop in the PR of the modes that exist just below the BP. The last observation could be due to
the finite size of the system. The delocalized nature of the BP appears to be quite robust, within
the three system sizes considered here,
as supported both by the participation ratio and level spacing statistics.

The observed weak temperature dependence of the boson peak seem to suggest absence of any
temperature mediated phase transition in the
stationary points of the energy landscape from a saddle dominated to a minima dominated
regime. However, all the evidences do suggest a close relation between boson peak and unstable modes
of the system. The precise nature of these unstable modes, however, remains unclear at this point.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Professors Chandan Dasgupta and Srikanth Sastry for discussions.
This work was supported in parts by grants from DST, India.
S. E. Abraham acknowledges CSIR, India for a research fellowship.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Use after Purify & Hydrate Cream Cleanser and/or Soft Buff Skin Exfoliator. Apply to your face, neck and décolletage with light tapping motions.
Follow with Cell Enrich Facial Oil to prime your skin before applying make-up.
This organic extract is obtained using a patented process from fresh buds of the Beech tree (also known as the Everlasting Youth Tree) which are especially rich in a range of phytostimulines including hormones, flavonoids and peptides which in turn stimulate cellular metabolism.


Washington — OSHA's efforts to require employers to report occupational fatalities and certain injuries in a timely manner lack "sufficient guidance on how to detect and prevent underreporting," the Department of Labor Office of Inspector General states in its semiannual report to Congress. OIG also points out inconsistencies in agency citations for late reporting.
The report, released Nov. 30, contains many of the same recommendations included in another OIG report – also issued in November – on DOL's top management and performance challenges.
OIG also is concerned about the agency's ability to measure the impact of its policies and programs, as well as those of the 28 OSHA-approved State Plans, and notes that some employers are not correcting cited hazards.
OSHA changed its regulations in 2015 to require employers to report fatalities and specified injuries within certain time periods. The agency has issued at least 400 citations semiannually for late reporting or failure to report since the beginning of December 2015, according to an OIG audit.
Among OIG's concerns for the Mine Safety and Health Administration is that the agency "lacks a consistent approach to logging, assessing and responding to complaints of hazardous mine conditions." The report also notes an underreporting of injuries and illnesses in mining.
OIG states that MSHA hasn't provided sufficient oversight to coal mine operators' emergency response plans, and that it needs a course of action for the increasing occurrence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis – also known as black lung – in Appalachian coal-mining states.
In its legislative recommendations, OIG once again calls on Congress to clarify MSHA's authority to order the closure of mines, specifically the language in Section 103 of the Mine Safety and Health Act.


text:
Q: Why is the ability to define functions in an environmental variable not a security risk in itself? As I understand it, generally it is considered safe to let anyone provide information that will be stored in an environmental variable. The shellshock vulnerability is an issue here because it means that code at the end of a function definition inside an environmental variable will be executed when a new instance of bash launches and you obviously don't want anyone to run any code they please on your server. Function definitions themselves are apparently not a security risk though and are allowed because they have to be explicitly called for their code to be executed.
My question is why can't a malicious user simply define a function, containing their malicious code as a common command like ls and then hope that the script (or whatever is being run) will use this command at some point?
An example of what I have in mind:
$ export ls='() { echo "doing bad things..."; }'
$ bash -c ls
doing bad things...

A: I'd say it is, when bash is your /bin/sh.  It's a not feature of bourne shell, and I'd bet it's not a feature of posix shell either, in fact they might want to expressly forbid it.
Bash is really more of korn derivative shell, than a bourne shell, despite its name, and its the only Korn like shell that has the feature, and in my opinion it's kitchensink feature that has no practical virtues. Developers who avoid bash features for standards, like the bourne shell, the posix shell, or the ksh88 subset that modern shells have in common, or in other words, committed themselves to good practices, and standard idioms, are shocked when their software is on linux and mac and now potentially vulnerable, since the exploit authors are free to use the 'bashisms', despite their intents.  As far improved compatibility,  when invoked as /bin/sh, over other korn shell derivatives, it's only if /bin/sh is your login shell, or interactive shell, when bash behaves more like a bourne shell, than a korn shell, but when used in scripts you're free to do anything that bash can do, and it never complains or warns you that you are using features that really korn shell features, or unique to bash.
I'll try to persuade you that it's kitchen-sink feature, with 2 cases:
you're an embedded dev, who makes devices like routers, network-attached-storage
 1st bigger env, means more , memory, so, more cost, so less profits,
so, if this was a reason to consider to using this feature of bash, shouldn't you instead
use FPATH and autoload, ksh88 features instead? instead of passing the whole function byte for byte in the environment? You could even consider parsing and the pruning the environment wholesale, before it it gets to a shellscript that could misparse a variable, like just filter out ^$(.*)$ , and the like...
That does underscore what's unique about this, it doesn't matter what the variable is, and the script doesn't have to reference or use the variable, it could still be vulnerable.
#!/bin/sh
exec /usr/local/myapp/support/someperlscript.pl

For everthing else under the sun, the above is should as safe as the perl script,
you're not using the any variables how could you misparse any? Changing to
#!/bin/bash -norc
exec /usr/local/myapp/support/someperlscript.pl

Doesn't help either, this had nothing to with ENV or anything like it -- everybody gets burned because bash needs to be unique.  The fact that bash version 2 has the issue, to me proves that nobody ever uses this feature for their applications, because otherwise
it should not have lurked around this long. And what's worse there's basically no avoiding this feature .
Here's an example with: with 'su -', which if you would ask someone, the explanation would be it discards the environment, check the man page, and you'll find just 99.9% .  I tested that right way, since on this system /bin/sh is root's login shell, and /bin/sh is bash BUT, in this example I try to harden my .bash_profile.   I renamed my existing for root (which is enabled), but my thinking was if su, then  possibly sudo, anyway, I changed to this:
exec env -i TERM=vt102 LOGNAME=root USER=root HOME=/var/root /bin/ksh -i

So, I'm actually tossing the environment completely, and use a minimal env, and then running a shell that shouldn't have the issue, in place of current process.  Then in place of the standard example try:
%dock='() { echo -e "\e[2t\c"; echo dockshock;} ; dock' su

This illustrates how it has nothing to do with parsing any particular function, and an exploit can refer to and use, the function. You can imagine the function having logic to test if root, etc. In this case, it's just a modified form a function to iconify or dock a terminal window, using an escape sequence, that's pretty standard, so after I
clicking to deiconify, I see dockshock -- but, so what?  Now try this:
%TERM='() { echo -e "\e[2t\c"; echo dockshock;} ; TERM' su -

And, guess what? The window gets sucked into the dock.  Here's what it looks like
afterwards..
%TERM='() { echo -e "\e[2t\c"; echo dockshock;} ; TERM' su -
Password:
dockshock
# env
_=/usr/bin/env
HOME=/var/root
LOGNAME=root
TERM=vt102
USER=root
# echo $0
/bin/ksh
#

So, so, much for that! The exported functions actually have priority over rc scripts.
You can't dodge it.

A: It is a security risk. That's generally why you can't do it when switching to another context (remote control of a system, changing users, etc).
If you have the ability to create any environment variable you want, there are any number of potential ways you can execute arbitrary code.
Take $LD_PRELOAD as an example. If you have the ability to set that variable, you can replace library functions, and stick your code in there. You can set the $DISPLAY variable, and redirect the X display the program connects to so that you get control of the app.
This is why things like sudo strip the environment of all variables. sudo only allows a few select variables through. And of those variables, it sanitizes them (it passes through the $TERM variable, but it won't if it contains unusual characters).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Georgia NOT On My Mind
If it looks like a peach, taste like a peach and smells like a peach it must be a peach right? Welcome to the great state of Georgia where not everything is as it might first seem. Georgia, a down home kind of place where God and guns are as American as peach cobbler, peanut farmers, Delta Airlines and the Atlanta Braves major league baseball team. What exactly do these thing have in common? Probably not a whole lot other than the notion they all likely feel a keen responsibility to look out for their own communities. No matter whose life it might cost. What are we if not a community? God bless 'Merica. An eye for an eye. We are who we associate with are we not? There's plenty of saying the good ole boys are quite fond of spouting off in their haste to remind us all they won't lay down their so called 2nd Amendment rights so quickly. In fact, they dead set on making certain Democrats, filthy liberal animals and the black guy in their White House get a big fat F- you too.
Yet Georgia, the bedrock of the south is also a place where great statesmen and former presidents like James Earl Carter Jr. come from seems to have gone 'plum crazy'. When was the last time a president actually fed poor children or helped the less fortunate build a home through Habitat for Humanity? A great man who unlike the majority of his predecessors and successors alike puts his money where his mouth is, dedicating his life to the service of others. A man who is deeply committed to social justice and basic human rights. Yet the Grand Ole Party speaks of this great man like an ignorant country bumpkin. There used to be so many great things to say about Georgia.
Yes sir the Great state of Georgia has spoken! They have seen the light! They will lead the way for 'Merica. Yet eventually reality sets in and you realize a once great state seems to have lost its cotton pickin' mind. Even their state motto "Wisdom, Justice, Moderation" says everything about how far off the path of sanity they have strayed. Their illustrious politician's spew their pro-American "Johnny git jer" gun rights crap while thumping the Lord's Bible and spitting out verse and scripture instructing others how to live. They're also fond of telling us who and who will not get through the Gates of Heaven.
There was a time in America when laws were created to enhance the quality of life and correct inequalities and deficiencies in our society. A time now long gone. Laws these days are fabricated purely to inflate dicks and egos. Those responsible for crafting and creating legislation today are devoid of any desire to effect positive social advancement much less protect the rights of the average American for whom they were elected to work. Any benefit to society is purely accidental, any positive result without merit. One's manhood used to be measured by hard work, doing right by loved ones, pushing on in the face of adversity and making a positive contribution to society. For the less civic minded individual the measuring stick might rest between one's legs. Sadly, even the latter trumps today's interpretation of masculinity which is solely measured by the size of the gun strapped to one's hip.
The state of Georgia's recently passed House Bill 60, the Safe Carry Protection Act of 2014 has made it official, and America has finally lost its goddamn mind. In a world which is, out of necessity to survive, becoming increasingly socially conscious we as a society have allowed America to be reduced to quite possibly the most socially regressing first world nation on the planet. I mean let's be honest, with politicians the likes of Georgia's Governor Nathan Deal at the helm what else helm what else can we expect? America at a crossroads and make no mistake it's Governor Deal who wants to put us all in the cross hairs. Georgia's Safe Carry Protection Act effectively allows everybody and his brother to pack a gun not only in the street but in bars and restaurants serving alcohol, in the Church pews, school zones and buildings with kids present, government buildings and even airports. You read right, airports! Just imagine, the next time a TSA agent pisses you off you can just shoot him. A gun owner with a license requiring no more background check than a fishing license is now allowed to conceal carry by law right up to the gates of airport security. Even better, the annoying drunk seated next to you at the bar has one too many and decides well, he wants to shoot you, so you decide in self-defense to shoot him back, then his buddy decides to get in on the action just like back in the good ole days of OK Corral. Sound extreme? Think again.
Remember when schools were a place to feel safe? Yep, a kid might not be allowed to wear a gay rights t-shirt, profess a religious belief or expect a decent lunch, but be sure adults can strap a gun to their hip and during school hours! After all, what's more important here, education or raising a generation of gun toting kids? Where went the good ole days when everyone in town turned out at church because it was the House of God, a place to feel safe and protected from the evils of men? Not anymore folks those days are long gone too. Thanks to Governor Deal and the Georgia State Legislature the church is no longer designated a feel good, safe zone. Not even the preacher can protect his flock as it will now infringe on your rights to carry a gun wherever you damn well please. How long do you think it will be before some pissed off citizen strolls into a courthouse or government building to contest a traffic ticket, pay a fine or address some manner of official business and some lowly civil servant gets blasted?
I have to wonder how all those Georgia law enforcement officers feel now knowing every character they pull over from the drunken fool who just got behind the wheel of their car to the pissed off citizen involved in a domestic dispute is now packing a piece. No doubt folks America as you knew it no longer exists. The move by Georgia and Governor Deal is nothing more than extremism in action. Their idea is not to protect the rights of Americans at all, it is no more than extremist leaders attempting to flex their muscles and send a big fat F**K YOU to the moderate, liberal and socially conscious Americans their paranoia tells them want to take 'their 'Merica' away. Governor Deal and his posse effectively said 'we will do what we want and we don't care what America thinks'.
America is in a seriously bad place when we've afforded our elected officials the power to allow guns in schools, churches and airports. The great state of Georgia sacrificed the safety of our children, ignored the true word of God and endangered public safety all for a few votes from 2nd amendment crackpots and NRA extremists. The irony is not lost on a passage of a bogus bill pandered to a desperate public as means for citizens to protect themselves will result in no one being safe anymore. In addition to serious the potentially deadly consequences and serious social ramifications which will sooner than later effect the good citizens of Georgia are huge legal and financial liabilities. Liabilities Governor Deals and his gun rights posse has now laid squarely on the taxpayer doorstep through his blood legislation. At a news conference he was so busy patting himself on the back while chewing his cud, pumping his fist in the air and inciting the gun toting Christian masses, "we won so screw you liberals", his ignorance and their own was lost on the state of Georgia itself.
Governor Deal's gloating and self-adulation in his intentional protection of extremist gun rights activists has put every citizen at risk. Why merely stop at allowing everyone to strap on a holster? Georgia hasn't gone far enough, let's go a step further and bring back the age old sport of dueling to the death. Let the good citizens settle squabbles over good old fashioned state sanctioned shootout. Everybody from the gun and ammo manufacturer to local undertakers can now turn a profit, we can even have a picnic in the ole town square. This, is essentially what we have come to, turning a profit for gun rights.
One wonders how the State of Georgia would react if we as responsible citizens were to how to address the issue in extremist ways of our own? What if we were to turn the tables on Governor Deal and his posse through a series of economic sanctions on the state of Georgia not unlike we've done to Russia and other countries when we want something? Hit them right where it matters most to these people, in the pocketbook. Maybe we can begin by a boycott of Georgia peaches? Hell, why stop there let's boycott peanuts while we're at it! Surely the good citizens of Georgia will sit up and take note of sane Americans great displeasure especially in light of economic sanctions. While we're at it let's go even further and refuse to fly Delta Airlines head quartered in Atlanta Georgia or skip the Atlanta Braves games whenever they come to a city near you. Money it seems is the only motivator in America today, not social consciousness, or moral responsibility, so it's about time we bring it to them where it hurts the most. It's about time we get serious and get serious quick to stop Governor Deal and his Georgia pro-gun rights posse and the countless of other extremists in America or we're in for big trouble. Trouble we may not be able to so easily turn back.
The truth is, if we don't do something to stop the madness that is called gun rights soon we as a nation soon we are surely destined for a great deal more pain and division than we already know. If we allow it to happen, America as we know it will quickly slip out of our hands and into the control of a much uglier, extremist element. Will we as socially responsible Americans stand and take a stand against the madness of Governor Nathan Deal and others like him? Will we take a stand against the insanity of the NRA and those who call themselves Americans? Or will we allow ourselves to as a nation to regress and watch America to slip into the social abyss in which we are headed? An eye for an eye right? Isn't that what they say down home in Georgia?
This entry was posted on May 22, 2014 by agypsyroad.
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