Mr. Hughes is an author and gemologist in Fallbrook, California. Mr. Galibert (FGA, hons.; ING, AG) is a gemologist and Hong Kong-based dealer in colored stones and pearls. Mr. Bosshart is chief gemologist, Research and Development, at the Gübelin Gem Lab, Lucerne, Switzerland. Mr. Ward, a gemologist, writer, and photographer, owns Gem Book Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland. Dr. Thet Oo is a gemologist and Yangon-based dealer in colored stones. Mr. Smith is a gemlogist and Bangkok-based dealer in colored stones. Dr. Tay is president of Elvin Gems and Far Eastern Gemmological Lab of Singapore. Dr. Harlow is curator of Gems and Minerals at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City.
Acknowledgments and references appear at the end of Part 2 of this article. Also included is a Palagems.com Jadeite Buying Guide.
Note: Portions of this article originally appeared in Gems & Gemology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 2–26.
Abstract: Part 1 of this article discussed the history, location and geology of Burma's jadeite mines, along with a description of the deposits themselves and mining methods. In this concluding part, the trading, grading and cutting of Burmese jadeite is detailed. Also included is a description of the various types of enhanced jadeite and assembled jadeites.
From the time jade is won in the Jade Mines area until it leaves Mogaung in the rough for cutting there is much that is underhand, tortuous and complicated, and much unprofitable antagonism. In my opinion the whole business requires cleansing, straightening and the light of day thrown on it.
Perhaps no other gemstone has the same aura of mystery as does jadeite. The mines' remote location in Upper Burma is certainly a factor (as discussed in Part 1 of this article). But most important is that jade connoisseurship is almost strictly a Chinese phenomenon. The people of the Orient have developed jade appreciation to a degree found nowhere else in the world, but this knowledge is largely locked away in arcane, non-Roman alphabet texts, adding further to the inscrutable nature of this precious stone.
It is said that success in the jade business involves "joss" (luck). That's akin to calling a lottery ticket an investment in the future. The jade trade is not about luck, it's about strapping your hopes and dreams onto the rim of the roulette wheel and letting the creator give it a long, hard spin. Just how much joss is involved is illustrated by the tale of U Tin Ngwe, one of Hpakan's many laopan (kingpins). Ironically enough, he got his start in the business while working as a taxi driver. One day, a local jade trader fare offered him a spin of the green wheel, in the form of a grab bag of jade boulders. Picking up each piece, he studied them carefully. "Why not?" he thought, "I feel lucky," and handed over 3,000 kyat ($23) for the heaviest boulder in the lot. He felt even luckier after selling the piece to another trader for 650,000 kyat ($5000). And that trader felt even luckier still after selling the exact same piece for over 3,000,000 kyat ($23,000). "Hmm," he thought to himself, "this is interesting." It was so interesting that, today, U Tin Ngwe owns several jade mines and is one of the biggest traders in the valley. When the steel ball finally came to rest, it had stopped at his number (U Tin Ngwe, pers. comm. to RWH, OG, MS & TO, June, 1996).
Because weathering usually removes damaged or altered areas, the best qualities are usually associated with river jade. In addition, the thin skin – and, therefore, greater likelihood of "show points" – in river jade allows a more accurate estimate of the quality and color within (figure 10). Mountain jade boulders tend to be clouded by a thick layer (termed "mist" by Chinese traders) between the skin and the inner portion of the boulder (Ho, 1996; figure 14).
Contributing to the aura of mystery that surrounds jadeite is the distinctive system of jadeite commerce in Burma. This includes the markets for rough jadeite, the boulder "taxes," and evaluation of the rough. The Chinese, who dominate the market for fine jadeite both within and outside of Burma, play an important role in this system.
Rough Jade Markets. Most of Burma's open jadeite markets are small, perhaps because the idea of free trade is still somewhat new. Nevertheless, there are markets in Hpakan, Lonkin, and Mogaung.
Burma's largest jade market is in south Mandalay (figure 12), a city that is said to operate on the three "lines" – white (heroin), red (ruby), and green (jade; Cummings and Wheeler, 1996). Trading is conducted in several places along 86th Street (Kammerling et al., 1995). Here, every morning, hundreds of people can be observed haggling over jadeite. Just south of the markets, cutting workshops are also found. Despite the toughness of jadeite, many cutters in Mandalay still shape cabochons on boards that have been coated with carborundum and hard wax, and then polish the jadeite on bamboo lathes (figure 13).
Taxes. Written on each jadeite boulder we saw in the markets was a registration number and the weight of the boulder; this signified that tax had been paid on the piece. A government-appointed committee evaluates the boulders in Hpakan and then levies a tax of 10% of the appraised value. Even though a boulder has been officially appraised, its purchase is inevitably a gamble for the trader.
Figure 19. Top left: This jadeite boulder shows the relatively thin skin and potentially good color that is usually associated with "river jade." Although from the outside this appears to be a normal jadeite boulder, oxidants that entered through cracks on the surface have produced a large area of discoloration. Bottom left: Note the thick yellow "mist" around the jadeite in this boulder of "mountain jade." Right: A key advantage to jadeite taken from in situ deposits is that the quality of the material is readily apparent. Photos © Richard W. Hughes.
Because weathering usually removes damaged or altered areas, the best qualities are usually associated with river jade. In addition, the thin skin – and, therefore, greater likelihood of "show points" – in river jade allows a more accurate estimate of the quality and color within (figure 10). Mountain jade boulders tend to be clouded by a thick layer (termed "mist" by Chinese traders) between the skin and the inner portion of the boulder (Ho, 1996; figure 19).
If a show point is not available or is inadequate, the owner will sometimes polish an "eye" or maw ("cut" or "window") through the skin (see figure 1). First, though, the owner will carefully examine the piece to determine the best location because, if good color shows through the window, the boulder's value rises tremendously. Conversely, if poor color is revealed, the value drops. Such windows should be checked for artificial coatings or other tampering, which may give a false impression of the material within (see, e.g., Johnson and Koivula, 1998).
If there are no show points or windows, a common technique is to wet the surface of the boulder in the hope that the underlying color will come through (again, see figure 10). Where even a little color is suggested, traders also use small metal plates in conjunction with a penlight. They place the edge of the plate on what appears to be a promising area and then shine the penlight from the side farthest from the eye (figure 20). The plate removes the glare from the light, so any color can show through. If light penetrates the underlying jadeite, this is an indication of good transparency. But, due to jadeite's aggregate structure, the color will have been diffused from throughout the boulder by the scattering of light. Thus, even a small area of rich color can make a piece appear attractive through the window. To see an example of this, take a jadeite cabochon that is white, but has a small green vein or spot. Shine a penlight or fiber-optic light through the cab from behind. Voilà, the entire cabochon appears green.
Certain experienced jade traders are said to have a "golden hand" when it comes to judging jade boulders; that is, they are able to predict, by studying the outside of the boulder, what the inner color will be. Nevertheless, the jade trade seems to be a competition between sellers, who want to show the best spot of color and not disclose the remaining bad points, and buyers, who want to imagine a fine interior in a stone that shows poorly in the few maws.
The evaluation of finished jadeite has been discussed by Healy and Yu (1983), Ng and Root (1984), and, most recently, by Christie's (1995b), Ho (1996), and Ou Yang (1995, 1999). The basic system is summarized below in a somewhat simplified fashion. Although we use the concepts discussed in the above publications, as much as possible we have chosen language that is comparable to that used for other colored stones.
While a number of fanciful terms have been used to describe jadeite, its evaluation is similar to that of other gemstones in that it is based primarily on the "Three Cs" – color, clarity, and cut (fashioning). Unlike most colored stones, the fourth "C" – carat weight – is less important than the dimensions of the fashioned piece. However, two additional factors are also considered – the "Two Ts" – translucency (diaphaneity) and texture. In the following discussion, Chinese terms for some of the key factors are given in parentheses, with a complete list of Chinese terms for various aspects of jade given in table 1.
Color (se). This is the most important factor in the quality of fashioned jadeite. As per standard color nomenclature, jadeite's colors are best described by breaking them down into the three color components: hue (position on the color wheel), saturation (intensity), and tone (lightness or darkness). Color distribution must also be taken into account. The necklace in figure 23 is an excellent example of top-quality hue, saturation, tone, and color distribution.
Hue (zheng): Top-quality jadeite is pure green. While its hue position is usually slightly more yellow than that of fine emerald and it never quite reaches the same intensity of color, the ideal for jadeite is a fine "emerald" green. No brown or gray modifiers should be present in the finished piece.
Saturation (nong): This is by far the most important element of green and lavender jadeite color. The finest colors appear intense from a distance (sometimes described as "penetrating"). Side-by-side comparisons are essential to judge saturation accurately. Generally, the more saturated the hue is, the more valuable the stone will be. A related factor is referred to as cui by the Chinese. Colors with fine cui are variously described as brilliant, sharp, bright, or hot. This is the quality that makes "shocking" pink shocking and "electric" blue electric.
Figure 23. This necklace, which contains a total of 65 beads (7.8–9.8 mm in diameter) and two matching hoops, illustrates the optimum "vivid emerald green" color in fine jadeite. Note also the very fine "old mine" texture and translucency. Photo courtesy of and © Christie's Hong Kong and Tino Hammid.
Jin si zhong "Golden thread" jadeite: A vivid green color is spread evenly throughout the stone. This type is quite valuable.
Zi er cui High-grade jadeite mined from rivers. Because of its high translucency, it is also known as bing zhong ("ice").
Lao keng bo li zhong Old-mine "glassy" (finer texture, more translucent) jadeite (see figure 24). In Imperial green, this type is the most valuable jadeite.
Clarity. This refers to imperfections that impair the passage of light. The finest jadeite has no inclusions or other clarity defects that are visible to the naked eye.
Figure 24. Referred to as "glass" jadeite, this rare pair of bangles (both 53.4 mm in interior diameter, with thicknesses of 9.6 and 9.7 mm) shows extraordinary translucency. These "glass" jade bangles sold for U.S. $116,000 at the November 1999 Christie's Hong Kong auction. Photo courtesy of and © Christie's Hong Kong and Tino Hammid.
Translucency (diaphaneity). This is another important factor in evaluating quality. The best jadeite is semi-transparent; opaque jadeite or material with cloudy patches typically has the least value.
It is interesting to note that even if the overall color is uneven or low in saturation, jadeite can still be quite valuable if it has good transparency. The "glass" jade bangles in figure 24 sold for U.S. $116,000 at the November 1999 Christie's Hong Kong auction.
Texture (zhong). In jadeite, texture is intimately related to transparency. In the authors' experience, typically the finer the texture is, the higher the transparency will be. Further, the evenness of the transparency depends on the consistency of the grain size. Our observations also suggest that coarse-grained jadeite tends to have more irregularities, blotches, or discolorations.
Texture is key to the classification of fashioned jadeite into three categories: fine (lao keng, or "old mine"), medium (jiu keng, or "relatively old mine"), and coarse (xin keng, or "new mine"), as described by Ho (1996). "Old mine" is considered the best, with the finest texture, translucency, and luster (again, see figures 24 and 25). Note that Chinese jadeite dealers also use the terms "old mine" (keng zhong) and "new mine" (xin shan zi) to describe rough. This is not really an expression of the age or location where the jadeite is mined, but more an indication of texture and translucency, with old-mine jadeite having a higher quality, being of finer grain size, and having greater luster and translucency (Ho, 1996). It probably derives from the belief that jade that is more compact and of finer texture is of greater age.
Mya yay or yay kyauk (Chinese = kingfisher = fei-ts'ui ) First grade green; bright, intense emerald green; used for expensive jewelry, such as cabochons, rings, necklaces, earrings, etc.
Fashioning. More so than for most gem materials, fashioning plays a critical role in jadeite beauty and value. Typically, the finest qualities are cut for use in jewelry – as cabochons, bracelets, or beads. Cutters often specialize: one may do rings, another carvings, and so on.
Polish is particularly important with jadeite. Fine polish results in fine luster, so that light can pass cleanly in and out of a translucent or semi-transparent piece. One method of judging the quality of polish is to examine the reflection of a beam of light on the surface of a piece of jadeite. A stone with fine polish will produce a sharp, undistorted reflection, with no "orange-peel" or dimpling visible.
Cabochons. The finer qualities are usually cut as cabochons (see figure 1). One of the premium sizes – the standard used by many dealers' price guides – is 14 x 10 mm (Samuel Kung, pers. comm., 1997). Material used for cabochons is generally of higher quality than that used for carvings (Ou Yang, 1999), although there are exceptions.
Since the 1930s, double cabochons, shaped like the Chinese ginko nut, have been considered the ideal for top-grade jadeite, since the convex bottom is said to increase light return to the eye, thus intensifying color (Christie's, 1996). Stones with poor transparency, however, are best cut with flat bases, since any material below the girdle just adds to the bulk without increasing beauty. Hollow cabochons are considered least valuable (Ou Yang, 1999).
Figure 25. Uniformity of a fine "emerald" green color, superb translucency, size, and symmetry all come together to produce the necklace known as the Doubly Fortunate. The 27 beads, which range from 15.09–15.84 mm, were all cut from the same piece of rough, a 1 kg portion of a much larger boulder. The name derived from the fact that the necklace's owners "doubled their fortunes" every time the boulder was cut (Christie's, 1997, p. 70). The necklace sold in 1997 for approximately US$9.3 million. Photo courtesy of and © Christie's Hong Kong and Tino Hammid.
Beads. Strands of uniform jadeite beads are in greater demand than those with graduated beads. The precision with which the beads are matched for color and texture is particularly important, with greater uniformity resulting in greater value (figure 25). Other factors include the roundness of the beads and the symmetry of the drill holes. Because of the difficulties involved in matching color, longer strands and larger beads will carry significantly higher values. Beads should be closely examined for cracks. Those cracked beads of 15 mm diameter or greater may be recut into cabochons, which usually carry a higher value than a flawed bead (Ng and Root, 1984).
Bangle Bracelets. Bangles are one of the most popular forms of jadeite jewelry, symbolizing unity and eternity. Even today, it is widely believed in the Orient that a bangle will protect its wearer from disaster by absorbing negative influences. For example, if the wearer is caught in an accident, the bangle will break so that its owner will remain unharmed. Another common belief is that a spot of fine color in a bangle may spread across the entire stone, depending on the fuqi – good fortune – of the owner (Christie's, 1995a). In the past, bangles (and rings) were often made in pairs, in the belief that good things always come in twos (Christie's, 1997).
Figure 26. Believed to date back at least four millennia in China, the jade bangle is both one of the oldest and one of the most important pieces of jewelry in the Chinese culture. This superb jadeite bangle sold for US$2,576,600 at the Christie's Hong Kong November 1999 auction. The interior diameter is 49.50 mm; the jadeite is 8.36 mm thick. Photo courtesy of and © Christie's Hong Kong and Tino Hammid.
Because a single-piece bangle requires a large quantity of jadeite relative to its yield, prices can be quite high, particularly for fine-quality material. The bangle in figure 26 sold for US$2,576,600 at the Christie's Hong Kong November 1999 auction. Multi-piece bangles are worth less than those fashioned from a single piece, because the former often represent a method of recovering parts of a broken bangle. Mottled material is generally used for carved bangles, as the carving will hide or disguise the imperfections. When a piece is carved from high-quality material, however, it can be a true collector's item (Ng and Root, 1984).
Huaigu (pi). The Chinese symbol of eternity, this is a flat disk with a hole in its center, usually mounted as a pendant or brooch. Ideally, the hole should be one-fifth the diameter of the entire disk and exactly centered. Small pairs are often used in earrings or cufflinks (figure 27).
Figure 27. These fine matched huaigu (each approximately 19 x 4.5 mm) have been set as cufflinks, with diamonds inserted into their center holes. Each is linked to a saddle top of comparable material. Photo courtesy of and © Christie's Hong Kong and Tino Hammid.
Saddle Rings (su an). Carved from a single piece of jadeite, these look like a simple jadeite band onto which a cabochon has been directly cut (figure 28). Saddle rings allow the most beautiful area to be positioned on top of the ring, while the lower part is relatively hidden, whereas a standard jadeite band should have uniform color all around. Saddle tops are the top piece of a saddle ring, without the band portion (again, see figure 27).
Figure 28. Note the small patches of a slightly paler color on the shank of one of these "emerald" green saddle rings (21.27 and 21.65 mm, respectively, in longest dimension). Photo courtesy of and © Christie's Hong Kong and Tino Hammid.
Double Hoop Earrings (lian huan). These require a large amount of rough relative to their yield, since they are cut from two pieces of the same quality, each of which must produce two hoops. A pair of these earrings (figure 29) sold for US$1.55 million at Christie's April 29, 1997, Hong Kong sale (Christie's, 1997).
Figure 29. The well-matched hoops and cabochons in these double hoop earrings set with rose-cut diamonds have been dated to the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). They sold for US$1.55 million in 1997. Courtesy of Christie's Hong Kong; photo © Tino Hammid.
Carvings. For the most part, the jadeite used in carvings is of lower quality than that used for other cutting styles, but nevertheless there are some spectacular carved jadeite pendants and objets d'art. The intricacy of the design and the skill with which it is executed are significant factors in determining the value of the piece. Carving is certainly one area where the whole equals more than the sum of the parts.
Recut Recovery Potential. As with many other types of gems, the value of poorly cut or damaged pieces is generally based on their recut potential. For example, it might be possible to cut a broken bangle into several cabochons. Thus, the value of the broken bangle would be the value of the cabochons into which it was recut (Ng and Root, 1984). If three cabochons worth $500 each could be cut from the bangle, its value would be about $1,500.
Enhancements and Imitations. Enhancements. Jadeite historically has been subjected to various enhancements to "finish" it, "clean" surface and interior stains, and even dye it to change the color altogether. In recent years, a three-part – A through C – classification system has been used in Hong Kong and elsewhere to designate the treatment to which an item has been subjected (Fritsch et al., 1992).
A-Jade is jadeite that has not been treated in any way other than cutting and polishing. Surface waxing is generally considered part of the "traditional" finishing process. Used to improve luster and fill surface fractures and pits, wax dipping is the final step in finishing virtually all cut jadeite (figure 30).
Figure 30. A process commonly used to enhance polished jadeite, waxing (or "wax dipping") is actually a simple procedure. First (top left), the bangles are soaked in a warm alkaline solution about 5–10 minutes to clean the residue left behind during polishing. Next they are rinsed, dried, and then soaked in an acidic "plum sauce" to remove any residue from the alkaline solution. Then, they are rinsed, dried, and placed in boiling water for several minutes (top right) to open the "pores" in the jadeite and bring it to the right temperature (to avoid cracking) before it is placed in a pre-melted wax solution for several minutes to several hours (bottom left). After waxing, the items are polished with a clean cloth to reveal their best luster (bottom right). Photos and description by Benjamin So.
Assembled Stones and Other Imitations. There are many assembled stones that resemble jadeite. These include triplets made by taking a highly translucent piece of pale-colored jadeite and cutting it as a thin, hollow cabochon. A second cabochon is cut to fit snugly into the first, with a green cement or jelly-like substance placed between the two. A third, flat piece of jadeite of lower transparency is then cemented onto the base. Another type of assembled stone is that made with a piece of extremely dark green jadeite hollowed out to eggshell thickness. This allows light to pass through, creating the appearance of fine Imperial jade (figure 32). To strengthen the piece, the hollow back is filled with an epoxy-like substance; and to hide the deception, the piece is then mounted in jewelry with the back hidden (Kammerling and McClure, 1995; Hughes and Slavens, 1999).
Figure 32. Lower right: This heart-shaped jadeite cabochon is actually hollowed out to near-eggshell thickness so that the color appears bright and lively. To protect it, the back is filled in with resin. Such stones are normally bezel set with a closed backing to hide the fraud.
Top left: Round gas bubbles are visible in the resin backing under magnification.
At Mandalay's jadeite market, two of the authors (RWH and FW) noticed many pale jadeite cabochons that had been coated on their upper surface with green plastic (figure 33) (Hughes, 1987). Another convincing imitation is produced by first placing a dye layer on the piece and then overlaying it with varnish (Koivula et al., 1994).
Repairs. Bangles in particular that have been broken during wear are sometimes cleverly reassembled with glue (figure 34). UV fluorescence is a good method of detecting such fraud, since the glues often fluoresce (commonly blue; DelRe, 1992). Gas bubbles also may be seen in the cement portions (Hughes and Slavens, 1999).
Assembled Rough. The authors have observed several types of assembled rough. One type involves grinding away the skin of a jade boulder, painting or staining the surface green, and then "growing" a new skin via immersion in chemicals, which deposit a new oxidation layer on the outside. Unlike the skin on genuine jadeite boulders, which is extremely tough and can be removed only by grinding, the fake skins are soft and easily taken off. Another type involves sawing or drilling a core out of a jade boulder, inserting a green filling and a reflector, and then covering the hole with a combination of epoxy and grindings from the surface of jade boulders.
In certain cases, even the cut windows of jadeite boulders may be faked. One method involves simply applying a superficial stain to the window area. Another is to break off a chip, stain it green and glue it back onto the boulder. When a window is then cut on the boulder, it "reveals" a fine green color.
At many of the early auctions, buyers would examine the jade and make offers to the seller using hand signals under a handkerchief (see, e.g., Ng and Root, 1984, for an illustration of these "finger signs"). This system, which has been used historically at the mines as well as in China, allows the seller to realize the highest price for each lot without letting others know the actual amount paid. Thus, the buyer can resell the material at whatever price the market will bear (Allan K. C. Lam, pers. comm., 1997). This technique can still be seen every morning in Hong Kong's Canton Road jade market. However, it is no longer used at the jadeite mines.
Recognizing the importance of the market for jadeite jewelry, Sotheby's Hong Kong initiated specialized jadeite jewelry auctions in November 1985 with just 25 pieces. Christie's Hong Kong followed suit in 1994 with a sale of 100 pieces. Since then, thousands of pieces have been auctioned off by Christie's Hong Kong in what are now biannual auctions of magnificent jadeite jewelry.
To give some idea of the importance of this market, the Mdivani necklace (Lot 898), which contains 27 beads (15.4 to 19.2 mm in diameter), sold for US$3.88 million at the October 1994, Christie's Hong Kong sale. The record price for a single piece of jadeite jewelry was set at the November 1997 Christie's Hong Kong sale: Lot 1843, the "Doubly Fortunate" necklace of 27 approximately 15 mm jadeite beads, sold for US$9.3 million (again, see figure 25). Indeed, out of the top ten most expensive jewels sold worldwide by Christie's in 1999, five out of ten were jadeite, including three of the top four (1999: Christie's captures its…, n.d.). These auctions clearly show that jadeite is among the most valuable of all gemstones.
Identification of jadeite in a boulder requires both luck and skill (and the presence of windows or "eyes"), although many dealers simply grind off the skin of the boulder or cut it in half. Once the taxes are paid (and the boulders marked accordingly), the rough jadeite is sold primarily to Chinese buyers who carry it to Hong Kong and elsewhere in China for resale and fashioning. Color, clarity, transparency, and texture are the key considerations in evaluating fine jadeite, which is cut into many different forms – such as cabochons, bangles, saddle rings, disks, and double hoop earrings, as well as carved for use as pendants or objets d'art.
The finest Imperial jadeite is a rich "emerald" green color that is highly translucent to semi-transparent, with a good luster. With both rough and fashioned jadeite, purchasers must be cautious about manufactured samples or enhancements. Although "waxing" of jadeite has been an accepted practice for many years, the more recent "B" jade – by which the stone is cleaned with acid and then impregnated with a paraffin wax or polymer – will affect the value of the piece. Jadeite is often dyed, and plastic-coated cabochons were seen even in the Burmese markets. Also of concern, because of durability, are those jadeite pieces that have been cut very thin and then "backed" or filled with an epoxy-like substance.
Figure 35. Roulette in Jade Land.
If jade is not polished, it cannot be made worth anything. If man does not suffer trials, he cannot be purified.
In jade, as in roulette and life itself, some win, some lose. Few who lived in Bangkok in the late-1970's can forget the story of one trader who invested a small fortune in a promising jade boulder. Others were also eager to possess it; one went so far as to offer him several times his money. But he refused to sell. Instead, giving the wheel a long, hard spin, he cut the stone open himself. Alas, it was not to be. The polishing wheel revealed no purity whatsoever, just a worthless lump. When the steel ball finally came to rest, it stopped right between his eyes – exiting from the muzzle of the weapon with which he blew out his brains.
Richard Hughes thanks Robert Weldon and Jewelers' Circular-Keystone for making his first trip possible. Thanks also to Robert Frey for a careful reading of the manuscript, Elaine Ferrari-Santhon and Dona Dirlam of the Richard T. Liddicoat Library and Information Center for helpful research on jade, and Dr. Edward Gübelin, whose earlier accounts of the mines provided inspiration. Olivier Galibert thanks the following: C. K. Chan of Chow Tai Fook, Edmond Chin of Christie's Hong Kong, Garry Dutoit of the AGTA Gemological Testing Center, Lisa Hubbard of Sotheby's Hong Kong, Benjamin So and Judith Grieder Jacobs of the Hong Kong Jade and Jewellery Association, Samuel Kung, Dominic Mok, and Eric Nussbaum of Cartier Geneva. George Bosshart thanks his wife, Anne, an outstanding trekking companion. Fred Ward and Richard Hughes thank Georg Muller, television producer and friend with enough foresight, insight, and connections to get his colleagues and himself into the Burmese jade localities. George Harlow and Richard Hughes also thank William Larson of Pala International for his help and advice. Photographer Tino Hammid was very helpful in providing photos of the Christie's Hong Kong auction items, and Harold and Erica Van Pelt supplied figures 1 and B-3, as well as the cover photo.
Christie's (1995a) Magnificent Jadeite Jewellery. Catalog for Christie's Hong Kong, May 1, 1995 auction.
Christie's (1995b) Magnificent Jadeite Jewellery. Catalog for Christie's Hong Kong, October 30, 1995 auction.
Christie's (1996) Magnificent Jadeite Jewellery. Catalog for Christie's Hong Kong, November 5, 1996 auction.
Christie's (1997) Magnificent Jadeite Jewellery. Catalog for Christie's Hong Kong, April 29, 1997 auction.
Christie's (n.d.) 1999: Christie's captures its largest share ever of the jewellery auction market. Christie's press release, 6 pp.
Damour A. (1863) Notice et analyse sur le jade vert: réunion de cette matière minérale à la famille des wernerites. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Vol. 56, pp. 861–865.
Griffith W. (1847) Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan, and the Neighbouring Countries. Bishop's College Press, Calcutta, reprinted in 1971 by Ch'eng Wen Publishing Co., Taipei, 529 pp.
Hansford S.H. (1950) Chinese Jade Carving, 1st ed. Lund Humphries & Co., London, 145 pp.
Ho L.Y. (1996) Jadeite, English ed. Transl. by G.B. Choo, Asiapac, Singapore, 127 pp.
Jackson J.A., Ed. (1997) Glossary of Geology, 4th ed. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 769 pp.
Lintner B. (1996) Land of Jade: A Journey from India through Northern Burma to China, 2nd rev. ed. White Orchid Press, Bangkok, 380 pp.
Tröger W.E. (1967) Optische Bestimmung der gesteinsbildenden Minerale. E. Schweizer-bart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Teil 2.
Richard Hughes is an author, gemologist, and founder of Lotus Gemology in Bangkok, Thailand.
Thet Oo is a gemologist and Yangon-based dealer in colored stones.
Fred Ward, a gemologist, writer, and photographer, owns Gem Book Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland.
George Bosshart is chief gemologist, Research and Development, at the Gübelin Gem Lab, Lucerne, Switzerland.
Introduction. The term jade is used for two different minerals, jadeite and nephrite. Only jadeite has value as a gem material in and of itself.
Color. For jadeite, the intensity of the green color, combined with a high degree of translucency are the key factors in judging value. Stones which are too dark in color or not so translucent are less highly valued. Ideally, color should be completely even to the unaided eye, without spotting or veins. In lower qualities, fine root- or vein-like structures that contrast with the body color of the stone may be considered attractive. However, dull veins or roots are less desirable. Any form of mottling, dark irregular specks, or blotches that detract from the overall appearance of the stone will reduce the value.
Translucency. This is another important factor in evaluating quality. The best jadeite is semi-transparent; opaque jadeite or material with cloudy patches typically has the least value. It is interesting to note that even if the overall color is uneven or low in saturation, jadeite can still be quite valuable if it has good transparency.
Texture. In jadeite, texture is intimately related to transparency. Typically, the finer the texture, the higher the transparency. Further, the evenness of the transparency depends on the consistency of the grain size.
Clarity. In terms of clarity, fine jadeite should be free from noticeable or distracting inclusion defects. This refers to imperfections that impair the passage of light. The finest jadeite has no inclusions or other clarity defects that are visible to the naked eye. Typical imperfections are mineral inclusions, which usually are black, dark green, or brown, but may be other colors. Black spots easily visible to the eye are a particular problem because the Chinese associate them with bad luck. White spots also are common, as are other intergrown minerals. The most severe clarity defects in jadeite are fractures (healed or unhealed), which can have an enormous impact on value because jadeite symbolizes durability and perfection. That said, virtually all jadeite has feathers that are visible under magnification.
Cut. Fine jadeites are usually cut as cabochons. Material used for cabochons is generally of higher quality than that used for carvings, although there are exceptions.
Prices. Next to certain rare colors of diamond (such as blue, pink and red), jadeite is the world's most expensive gem, with prices above even ruby and sapphire. The record price for a single piece of jadeite jewelry was set at the November 1997 Christie's Hong Kong sale: Lot 1843, the "Doubly Fortunate" necklace of 27 approximately 15 mm jadeite beads, sold for US$9.3 million (see figure 25). Indeed, out of the top ten most expensive jewels sold worldwide by Christie's in 1999, five out of ten were jadeite, including three of the top four. These auctions clearly show that jadeite is among the most valuable of all gemstones. The most valuable jadeites are those of high translucency and rich Cr-green color.
Stone Sizes. While jadeite sometimes occurs in pieces of several tons or more, top cut jadeite of even five carats is large and quite valuable.
Jadeite jewelry. Traditionally, when fine jadeite cabochons are mounted in jewelry, they are backed by metal. The metal acts as a foilback of sorts, increasing light return from the stone. Often, a silver-colored plating is added to the inside of this backing to further increase reflection. The metal generally contains a small hole in the center, so one can shine a penlight through the stone to examine the interior, or probe the back with a toothpick to determine the contours of the cabochon base. When this hole is not present, one needs to take extra care, as the metal may be hiding some defect or deception.
Name. The name "jade" is derived from piedra de hijada, the Spanish name for jade. The Spanish adventurers in the time of Cortes brought back the jade pieces which they found among the Indians. The Spanish translation means "stone of the flank or loins," or "colic stone." It is believed that the flat polished pebbles with rounded edges resembled the kidneys, and would, therefore, be efficacious in disorders of that organ. Hansford states that the Spaniards knew the stone as piedra de los rinones ('kidney stone'), a name which was translated into Latin as lapis nephriticus and this gives the word nephrite.
Sources. The most important source of gem quality jadeite is Upper Burma, near the small town of Hpakan. Today, virtually all top-quality jadeite is produced from these mines. Other jadeite localities include Guatemala, Russia, Kazakhstan, Japan and California, but all pale in comparison with Burma. No gem-quality jadeite is found in China. Ancient Chinese jade is nephrite, and was mined in far western China near Khotan. Nephrite is also produced in Taiwan, British Colombia, Alaska, Wyoming, Australia, Russia and New Zealand.
Enhancements. Today, the vast majority of jadeite is dipped in wax as a final finishing step. This is considered a normal trade practice. All other enhancements are considered abnormal and adversely affect value. Some jadeite is dyed green or other colors and these dyed colors may fade with time. Other jade is bleached and then impregnated with a polymer (b-jade). As with all precious stones, it is a good practice to have any major purchases tested by a reputable gem lab, such as the GIA or AGTA, to determine if a gem is enhanced.
Imitations. Synthetic jadeite was first produced by General Electric, and the process now produces material of quite fine quality. However, such material is rarely seen and is mostly experimental. Imitation jades abound. These include green glasses and natural gems such as hydrogrossular, serpentine and many others.


text:
De fandango is een dansvorm in ¾ maat, oorspronkelijk gezongen maar in de loop der tijd steeds vaker puur instrumentaal uitgevoerd. Zij heeft een karakteristiek ritme van een kwart, vier zestienden en opnieuw een kwart, en bestaat uit een copla (couplet of strofe) en een estribillo (refrein). Rond het midden van de 18e eeuw dook de fandango op in Spanje, om zich over het gehele Spaanse grondgebied te verspreiden, met uitzondering van Catalonië. Er bestaan tal van varianten van die vernoemd zijn naar de plaats (de fandango van Alosno, Cartagena, Lucena enz.) of de streek (Málaga, Taranta enz.). In het Spaanse taalgebied onderscheidt men de fandanguillo (de fandango als dans) en de fandango (uitsluitend gezongen). Een karakteristiek kenmerk van de Spaanse dans is het gebruik van gitaar en castagnetten.

Een opmerkelijke fandango – met castagnetten – is verwerkt in het gitaarkwintet in d groot van Luigi Boccherini. Mozart maakte een vrije verwerking van een Andalusische fandango in het ballet uit het derde bedrijf van Le Nozze di Figaro.
.

Dansstijl
Flamenco
Muziek in dans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Connectivity represents a contemporary house design based on traditional narrow plan, designed to reflect advanced technology and sustainable objectives, and modern lifestyles while at the same time respecting the significance of buildings in the rural countryside, and in particular the characteristics that contribute to the rural character of Kildare.
Two simple forms, arranged on the site to gain the most benefit of the path of the sun over the course of the day and year, to maximise the views available, to the Wicklow Mountains, and to enclose external spaces, informed by microclimate and the lifestyle of the applicant.
Upgrade Works to existing building fabric, to achieve building regulation compliance, increase energy performance, and reformatting to achieve a modern space which can adapt to future cafe use, revitalising this village centre site in Hollywood, Co. Wicklow.
Orientate sets up around the lifestyle of the occupant. Narrow Plan design ensures lively, light filled spaces to animate the daily life of the young couple. Views to rolling hills are achieved from each of the important spaces in the house. Living spaces are located with direct linkages to external spaces, orientated to achieve the best of the afternoon and evening sun.
Energy efficient design fundamentals - A simple form, highly insulated envelope, with simple detailing, will achieve a reduction in energy load in the first instance. Natural cross ventilation is possible with a single room plan, and each space will benefit from solar gain .
Reformatting the existing 1930's house to suit modern living standards.
This two storey house, benefitted from an entire envelope upgrade to include necessary structural repair works, insulation to roof space and walls, new double glazed windows and doors, and finishes throughout.
Kitchen re-orienttion - Internal alterations and a new roof transforms this north facing return, popping up to face west and bringing sunlight into the heart of the house.
Knitted into the landscape of rural Co. Wicklow, this small house fits around the needs of our clients and their growing family.


Steve Bergeron: blacksmith and knifemaker.
Steve is a combat veteran and Purple Heart recipient who has been working with metals, both professional and as a hobby, off and on over a period of twenty years.
He became a certified welder at 18 after showing great interested in the machine and welding shops in his high school. Steve worked in plumbing and pipe-fitting industries for six years before joining the army.
Upon his return home, he turned to traditional blacksmithing as a therapeutic outlet: handcrafting tools, hardware, gates, and artwork. The occasional knife or ax was thrown into the mix to keep things interesting. He began bladesmithing professionally, in addition to his artistic blacksmithing, 5 years ago.
Steve is very hands-on with nearly every project Allenson Armory produces, and his passion for historical accuracy and his pursuit of perfection in his craft shines through with each piece that comes off his anvil.


Donkeys have been used to ferry human cargo up Santorini's notoriously steep steps for generations, but holidaymakers are being urged to think twice before riding mules on the Greek island, after some of the animals were found to have spinal injuries and saddle sores.
Welfare groups have partly blamed overweight tourists for the travails of Santorini's donkeys, which are often overburdened and typically spend long days in the sun with little access to shade or water.
In a bid to improve conditions for the animals, The Donkey Sanctuary, a UK-based charity, has launched a new campaign called In Their Hooves, which urges visitors to rethink whether or not they accept rides on the beasts of burden.
The campaign is being supported by Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), whose members disgorge as many as 17,000 passengers onto the island every day during summer.
More than two thirds of European cruise companies docking at Santorini are members of the CLIA; their passengers will be shown an animated video encouraging them not to accept rides on donkeys that show signs of injury, are overburdened, don't have access to water and whose owners appear to be mistreating them.
The Donkey Sanctuary has also been working with the island's authorities to promote better treatment of donkeys, and is training local enforcement officers to look out for signs of mistreatment.
"We hope visitors to Santorini are able to make informed decisions about the welfare of working equines they will see there," said Barbara Massa, The Donkey Sanctuary's regional director for Europe.
According to CLIA, a number of cruise passengers have raised the alarm about the condition of Santorini's donkeys.
"Over recent years we have had several complaints from cruise passengers about the way donkeys were being treated on islands such as Santorini: for example, where rides are offered on donkeys and mules that have been tethered for hours on end in the hot sun unable to access water," said Tom Boardley, secretary general at CLIA Europe.


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I had my last drink of alcohol on July 24th 1999. I 'll spare you the details, but suffice it to say, I had enough. It had quit working. My ways of fixing me had quit working too. I went to AA the next day. There I found a community of people that immediately welcomed me and seemed to have a solution. I discovered that I was a sick person trying to get well, not a bad person trying to get good. They explained that I had a fatal, progressive illness with no known medical cure. But there was a solution. One day at a time, just keep coming back and drink this bad coffee and pray and follow direction and take the steps and try to help somebody and don't drink and you won't get drunk and life will improve. Seek God, Clean House, Work With Others. They were and are right. Since then I have been an active member of the fellowship and an active participant in my recovery and that of many others. I haven't had a drink since I showed up and my life has improved exponentially.
A few months after sobering up, a recovery friend invited me to the local friendly Non-Denominational Mega Church. I loved the music, the atmosphere, the shiny everything. The motivational seminar attitude and vibe was hopeful and vibrant. I soon responded to an altar call, prayed the prayer, repented from not tithing all these years and went through the new members class. I quit the bar band, became a Contemporary Christian Praise and Worship Artist and joined a home group.
Therefore, they no longer needed 12-Steps, they needed 1-Step – Jesus.
Therefore, they didn't need to be part of the program or go to meetings anymore.
The problem with this was that most of them had started drinking again, and they all did eventually. The good news is that after several divorces, treatment center stays and years of other punishment, all but one is back in recovery and sober today. The bad news is that Earl didn't make it. He died drunk and took 5 more with him driving the wrong way up I-35.
It was then I decided that Christians really needed recovery.
About this same time I was in a meeting when a long-time member started sharing about spirituality and religion. He had grown up in a church-going family but was now more of a "New Thought" guy (Emmet Fox etc.). He still occasionally attended church. He told a story about being in his yard raking leaves when his charcoal grill caught his eye. He thought to himself – "If my son did something wrong or didn't believe the right stuff, would I fire up the grill and stick him on there for eternity? No eff-ing way." He went on to say he was convinced that church and religion were for people who were afraid of hell and recovery and spirituality were for people who had already been there.
It was then I decided that recovery people really needed to see Christianity from a new perspective.
After surveying the "Christian Recovery" options and finding them long on a certain "Christian" view and short on "Recovery", my sponsors (mentors) and I decided to start The Pioneer Group in the summer of 2001. The meeting has met every Friday night at 7:15 ever since. It is an open study/discussion meeting. Members come from AA, Alanon, Narcotics, Cocaine, Overeaters, Sexoholics, S-Anon etc. Practicing Catholics, Protestants, Jews and those with no church affiliation are members. Other interested people with no recovery connection attend as well. They are always blown away by our transparency, our commitment to the program and the fellowship. They also get to see discipleship through sponsorship that lasts a lifetime in many cases.
We study recovery literature and the Bible. We read it out loud and discuss it in the style of a 12-Step meeting. We try to do so in English or Recovery talk, not Christianese. At first, many of us were learning to understand the Bible through the lense of our own experience and our understanding of the recovery literature. We soon began to also understand the recovery literature and our experiences through the lens of the Bible as well.
We are adamant that people don't consider our group as a replacement for their regular 12-Step groups and meetings. God didn't sober us up so we can hide under a lampshade and bless each other. We also encourage people to not use regular recovery meetings as a place to evangelize and sermonize. It isn't appropriate or effective.
We have had some success in our spheres of influence. The Christians in my orbit have come around to understand why we identify the way we do, the disease concept and need for abstinence, the value of practicing the 12-Step program and going to meetings. My "spirtitual not religious" recovery friends are more accepting of the Christian roots of the 12 Step movement. They trust me as a "Spiritual Church Going Christian" who gets recovery and doesn't preach at them.
Despite our efforts to bridge the gap between our "spiritual not religious" recovery friends and the church, many of them are reluctant to embrace Christianity in either its traditional or more contemporary practice or in doctrine. Resentment towards organized religion is a barrier to entry for some. However, most recovery people recognize resentment as the gateway to relapse, misery and death and therefore deal with it in the program.
The atheism and agnosticism of much of our culture is not much of a factor among my friends in recovery. Our very lives depend on the power of God. We all believe in Him and experience His Power.
The problem seems to me to be that many in recovery see their 12-Step programs and fellowships as their "church" and see no need or reason to embrace Christianity as now practiced in its traditional or contemporary form or doctrine.
Since stumbling into or upon the Emergent Conversation over the last few years, I have become convinced that it holds the key to bridging some of the gap.
I've become increasingly uncomfortable with and unconvinced of aspects of the prevailing Christian narrative. So much of it doesn't line up with my experience in recovery and my understating of the Bible. For years I have intentionally avoided certain study notes in the Life Recovery Bible we use that hammer home some of these doctrines. Emergents are doing a wonderful service to all by holding up much of this entire narrative and its doctrines for examination.
The recovery movement points to an 80-year legacy of millions of people being transformed by the power of God. It offers a model of discipleship that often continues for decades and only works if the sponsees become sponsors themselves. You've got to give it away to keep it. We live by a set of principles (the Steps) that any follower of Jesus would do well to emulate.
The Emergent Conversation offers a compelling way to look at religion, the Church, Christianity and Jesus. It honors and does not ignore the Hebrew Scriptures and the Jewish Roots of the faith. It embraces the idea of "God as we understand Him" rather than the idea of "God as we say He is according to our 6-line narrative." (Tip of the hat to Brian McLaren). Most "Christian Recovery" expressions attempt to fit the 12-Steps into the prevailing "Perfection, Fall, Condemnation, Salvation, Perfection or Eternal Conscious Torment" paradigm. Most churches attempt to present the Christian Faith along the same lines.
We have started to look at the steps in light of emergent ideas. Here is an example. In July we had a meeting on Step 7 – Humbly asked to remove all these defects of character.
The scripture was Philippians 2:5-11. The discussion centered on humility and transformation in light of the Solidarity Theory of Atonement. God, through Jesus, totally understands our "defects" from the position of one who has experienced everything human including temptation, failure, foresakeness and death! He understands in the same way our sponsors understand our addiction, failure and foresakeness from actual experience. He and our sponsors demonstrate a way to live by humble reliance on and obedience to the Father.
Later that month we discussed Step 2 – Came to believe that a power greater than ourselves would restore us to sanity. This could have gone in the direction of "Because of Adam, I'm a piece of crap destined for eternal conscious torment if not for the love of a God that killed his son instead of me. If I take the steps, I'll be pleasing to God and he will accept me and keep me sober. Also, if I pray the right prayer he'll let me go to Heaven when I die". Instead, we talked about the how the Bible starts in Genesis 1 not Genesis 3. We are already accepted as sons and daughters of God. Sobriety, transformation and abundant, eternal life are ours already. We take the steps to awaken to it.
I am in looking for partners in a dialogue regarding Recovery and Emergent ideas.
Recovery people and Emergents have much common ground from which to develop a dialogue. My primary purpose is to carry the message of recovery to those that still suffer. My hope is to be part of a dialogue that opens up the Church world to many of my friends in recovery.
If you would like to partner with Chris in this, please leave a comment for him. Also in the comments, share your experiences with 12 Steps and the church.


damn i really wanted this one for my gf. but i have been so behind on fendent raffles i didnt know the picture was the form. I saw it too. big rip.
post mod edit: tootall is a commie. and i wasnt being serious.
Anyone got a complete list of all Murrays to date? Preferably with pics.
Thanks friend! I've seen that page before, but had forgotten the URL. So that one is kept updated continously? I noticed a handful of Murrays got pics, but lack names.
Just the sales pic man. I couldn't find it in the thread.
Working on shipping this week!
Why skip? Cause you beat me to that dev/tty/69 on reddit???!!
Someone nabbed it before I could and your PM was right before mine. Gotta be quick on the secondary Murray market!
Invoices out! Thanks so much everyone. Will be working through shipping through this week.
Just checking in to see if you have any shipping estimates in relation to recent sales.
Tracking has gone out for all sales up through Toxic Galaxy. Have had a busy few weeks but will have them in the mail by tuesday. Orion, Blood In The Sand, and Polita will follow shortly thereafter.
Icedream, Babby, Pinky, and Toxic Galaxy are out. Orion, Blood in the Sand, and Polita will follow this week.
yesss! Im so excited to get my first two Polymer Salon caps in the mail!
IF anyone can post pics of the HFO murrays so i can add them to the catalog - that would be swell.
hey Fendent, hope all is well! any update on shipping?
Going out today! Appreciate everyone's patience.
Awesome, thanks! Is that for all the colourways listed, or just the first four?
As doedoe said, all outstanding keycaps are on their way.
Heads up: As mentioned earlier the tracking info may be in your spam folders if you use Gmail as both mine and one other person I've confirmed with had theirs showing up there. Might be something with the polymer.salon domain name not being recognized properly.
you were right! mine was in my spam folder HYPED for polita!!!!
Email deliverability remains an ongoing challenge, though it seems success rates have dipped recently. I'll work on improving that. In the mean time, if you see that your email has landed in your spam folder, tag it as not spam if you can. This helps improve deliverability for everyone else!
topre revival time - back to the roots!
Well he did it, this thing looks amazing from every angle. Out of this world Fendent!


Increase your potential and enjoy pursuing your interests.
Do online students turn out more employable, responsible & effective? Some say yes.
"Formal learning can teach you a great deal, but many of the essential skills in life are the ones you have to develop on your own."
The benefits of online high school are becoming better known all the time, and many are surprised to learn how online schooling can give you an edge even after graduation.
Unsurprisingly, online students almost always have above average abilities in reading, writing, independent study and internet technology. But the real advantages of taking online high school classes are the life skills students in traditional schools tend to learn later (or not at all).
The traits of an excellent online learner are the same as the traits of a successful person. By coming to eAchieve Academy, students are offered the opportunity to get a head start on life by developing personal skills they will use throughout their lives.
In a traditional public high school your schedule is made for you. You have teachers, hall monitors, classmates and bells to remind you throughout the day. Because online high schools offer flexibility, it's up to students to learn how to manage their time and work effectively. Balancing school commitments with other obligations serves students well in college and beyond.
Traditionally, a public education involves giving students information and explaining how to use it to complete schoolwork. Online learning helps students develop better research skills and the ability to apply new information to the task at hand. Online students have more opportunities to practice making decisions without overreliance on instructions. Internet research teaches patience and the critical ability to judge the reliability of a source.
Without daily facetime with teachers and fellow students, it's up to you to keep track of your assignments and exam schedule. Online students are held accountable for completing the necessary work and asking for help when they need it. Developing the ability to get something done—especially when you don't feel like it—will help you build up priceless discipline. No matter what you want to succeed in, you need self-discipline to get you there.
Is online high school the right path for you? Try a class and find out!
Online high school gives you a head start in college.
AP classes offered at eAchieve help prepare students for college courses and can even earn you college credit ahead of time.
Taking one or two online classes each semester while still attending your regular school can help you graduate early.
Mastering time management and independent study skills in high school means you're better prepared for a challenging university schedule.
Online education makes you a more desirable employee.
Being able to meet deadlines and ask for help are skills employers in practically any industry value highly.
Many jobs require being comfortable using technology and the internet and strong communication skills, two things online students get plenty of practice in.
eAchieve offers free online high school classes in web design, accounting, event marketing, programming and many other 'real world' skills.
Online learning cultivates leadership skills.
Choosing to take greater responsibility for your own education means more practice problem-solving and learning to trust your instincts.
Online education takes you farther along in the evolution from dependent child to self-directed adult.
Whether you choose college, employment, entrepreneurship or a different path after graduation, you'll have more of a say in what happens to you.
There are important pros and cons of virtual high school. One of the biggest advantages is the opportunity to take ownership of your education rather than following a prescribed course, or falling in with a crowd and adopting their goals and values. Online high school classes are also a great way for students to earn high school credits online for free if they need to make up a class or want to graduate early.
Active learners who ask questions, request help and participate in discussions are most likely to find success in virtual classrooms and in life.
Apply for enrollment in online high school today or contact eAcheive Academy for more information.


When you own a vehicle, make sure to bring it in for proper maintenance inspections. Over time, parts will wear out and need to be repaired or replaced. The engine is also a part of the vehicle that can wear out. When driving, heat and friction will cause wear and tear on the components and systems. By replacing worn or faulty parts, regularly scheduled inspections can help you maintain the safety and performance of the vehicle. It will also help to achieve the best fuel mileage your vehicle can get. When the engine is maintained, the fuel filter and PCV valve will be inspected and if it is damaged, they will be replaced. There will also be a replacement of all spark plugs and wires. Other various ignition components such as the distributor cap and rotor may be replaced if they are worn enough. The serpentine belts will also be inspected and will be replaced if necessary. If your vehicle has a manual transmission, the clutch may be adjusted depending what condition it is in. After we inspect it, other parts may be replaced after we see what the condition they are in. You might notice an issue with your vehicle if it runs or ideal roughly. In other cases, the vehicle may even stall out when you stop. You will be able to notice an overall loss of power with your vehicle. Be aware of any noises that your vehicle may start to make. If the engine knocks when you are accelerating, or even after you turn the engine off, you may need to bring your vehicle in so we can look at it. The vehicle's response, torque, or power may begin to deteriorate and you may notice the lack of it each time you drive. No matter what the issue is, make sure to bring the vehicle in so we can locate the issue and get you back to a great driving experience.
Having the brakes inspected on your vehicle is important. This is because without the brakes, your vehicle will not be able to slow down or stop. Driving with poor quality brakes can increase your chance that an accident would occur. Make sure to bring your vehicle in regularly so we can inspect the brakes and other parts of if it to ensure it is operating efficiently. If you notice an issue between inspections, make sure to schedule an appointment so we can inspect it for you. One of the most common issues you might notice with the brakes is if there is an odd noise. If the brakes constantly make noise, it is a sign that something more serious could be wrong. If squealing or screeching noises occur, this can be caused by contact of metal on metal parts. The brake pads may have worn down and need to be replaced. If you ignore fixing the brake pads, it could start to do damage to the brake rotors. This can end up being a time consuming repair. It could also have a costly repair bill the longer the issue goes on without being fixed. Another indication can be an odor from the brakes when you apply them. This could smell like burning rubber. It could mean that a part is wearing incorrectly and might need to be replaced. If a part is damaged and ignored it can lead to other parts wearing down as well. Also be aware of any vibrations against the brake pedal when you apply it. This could be a sign that the brake rotors are starting to warp. After the brake pad wears down, it will have contact on the brake rotors incorrectly. This will result in vibrations from the brake pedal. If you notice that the brake pedal has become spongy, there also could be an issue in the brake line. It could also mean that the brakes are starting to go out. No matter what issue you notice with the vehicle and brakes, bring it in so we can inspect it for you.


This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Closed source, FOSS, FOSS4G, open, Open Source, OpenSource, OSS. Bookmark the permalink.
I, at least, loved meeting with ESRI at FOSS4G! I met Andy Gup and Christine White at a SDI breakout session!
Seems that a little microcosm of what you have described is playing out in the company i am working for at the moment. If people stop beating each other over their heads with their own immovable viewpoints we can truly achieve something incredible.Imagine if both sides combined their knowledge and experience.First sane artucle i have read in a long time about this.( and yes i would like to beat people over the head with this viewpoint but hope they come to the same conclusion i have in their own way).


Mark's (formerly Mark's Work Wearhouse) has launched a national campaign to change the face of its brand. Jeff's piece, featuring cellist Judith Manger and produced by The Eggplant Collective, is the sound of this new direction for the stalwart Canadian company. Read more here.


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Former RNC deputy counsel Alex Vogel and Third Way co-founder Matt Bennett react on 'Bill Hemmer Reports' Vogel Law Firm exemplifies its core values:. Paul Buchanan Award. Whether representing an individual or a Fortune 500 company, the firm strives to handle all matters aggressively and efficiently. The Vogels live in a multimillion-dollar estate that once belong to Rachel "Bunny" Mellon, a wealthy arts patron and political financier. Alex N. Vogel, Partner . But it's not a soap opera. All Rights Reserved. Phone (865) 546-7190. Jill Holtzman Vogel, Virginia … Those records list the phone number associated with the account as matching the cellphone of Vogel's husband, Alex Vogel. Her campaign manager, Pat Trueman, said Reeves' "repeated attempts to mischaracterize the facts are disturbing and reckless. Trust Vogel Law … Reeves, a former police detective, and Vogel were once close, and both are part of a younger group of ambitious Republican senators. We provide proven representation and peace of mind for the most important issues to you or your … Alex Vogel has spent the last decade counseling members of Congress, campaigns, corporations and trade associations on effective strategies for navigating Washington's legal and regulatory challenges. THE VOGEL GROUP filed a lobbying registration on Jan. 21 to represent Max Schachter, effective Jan. 21. ago. Alex started the company after a decade leading Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti, one of the most successful lobbying and government affairs … 7610 Gleason Drive, Alex Vogel has spent the last decade counseling members of Congress, campaigns, corporations and trade associations on effective strategies for navigating Washington's legal and regulatory challenges. Alex Vogel, who has served as the RNC's deputy counsel, is managing partner of VogelHood Group, which bills itself as "Washington's premier policy research and consulting firm." View Alex Vogel's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Home; Privacy Policy; Sitemap; Website design and development by Ironistic [ Footnote 4 ] The remainder of the Vogel Popcorn stock - voting preferred stock - was owned by Vogel as trustee of the Alex Vogel Family Trust. Jill Vogel is a former attorney for the Republican National Committee who advises clients on political election law and other issues. Alex Vogel. 9:00 am Buses Depart for Capitol Hill 9:30 am – 5:00 pm Constituent Meetings With Members of Congress or Staff on Postal & Tax Issues Copyright 2017 The Associated Press. A once close friendship destroyed. Law … Original Filing: 301127694.xml Issue(s) they said they'd lobby about: Regulations around school safety, Threat Assessment, Prevention, and Safety (TAPS) Act of 2019 (H.R. "We do not need any more morally bankrupt and deceitful politicians," the email said. 15, 18, 634 F.2d 497, 499 (1980). Prior to serving the Majority Leader, Alex served as General Counsel for the National Republican Senatorial … Vogel is also a partner in the government affairs firm of Mehlman & Vogel, Inc. "Vogel attended the University of California at San Diego, and received his J.D. In a statement, Jill Vogel said she was "horrified" by the episode and regrets that Reeves went public with the "partial information he had obtained without giving us time to investigate and respond.". Trump legal team meets with Pa. lawmakers over election results. The letter asks the Vogels not to destroy any emails or related devices "due to the likelihood of litigation.". View Alex Vogel's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Alex Vogel is the Chief Executive Officer of The Vogel Group. The information found on NPIdb.org is provided "AS IS" and in accordance with the NPPES Data Dissemination Notice, Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and e-FOIA ammendments.The NPI … A Republican, her district is located in exurban and rural parts of Northern Virginia, and it includes all of Clarke, Fauquier, and Frederick counties, Winchester city, as well as pieces of Culpeper, Loudoun, and Stafford counties. Alex Vogel. Chris Wall, The Policy Group. Find Alex Vogel's phone number, address, and email on Spokeo, the leading people search directory for contact information and public records. Vogel served as Deputy General Counsel in the Department of Energy, before starting her own law firm, Holtzman Vogel Josefiak Torchinsky. Alex Vogel, The Vogel Group . Though largely a ceremonial position with little political power, the lieutenant governorship is often used as springboard to run for governor. Randy Kozel, associate dean, Notre Dame law school. The title character, portrayed by Raymond Burr, is a fictional Los Angeles criminal-defense lawyer … However, in the film adaptation she is not given a name and is credited with having the same name as the actress who plays her, Nóra Hörich. Vogel is also a partner in the government affairs firm of Mehlman & Vogel, Inc. "Vogel attended the University of California at San Diego, and received his J.D. Alex Vogel is a Lawyer with Holtzman Vogel Josefiak Torchinsky Law Firm, PLLC, a Law Firm in Warrenton, Virginia. It's the GOP primary for lieutenant governor in Virginia. Vogel Law Firm is one of the oldest continuing law firms in North Dakota with more than 45 attorneys in diverse practices. Under the attribution rules of 26 U.S.C. © Holtzman Vogel Josefiak Torchinsky PLLC. Knoxville Area Attorneys. Contact Alex Vogel (540) 341-8808 . David Niven, Union (TN), Head Coach - RealGM. Jill Kendrick Vogel (née Holtzman, July 6, 1970) is an American politician and attorney serving as the Virginia State Senator from the 27th district since 2008. It's the kind of spat you'd expect to find on daytime TV. "We certainly did not send, approve or authorize any anonymous communications," Vogel said. Vogel recalled, "When I was newly out of law school, I remember lingering outside Jan's office hoping for more opportunities to work for him. O'Neil, Parker & Williamson ("OPW") has proudly served over 90 years in the heart of Knoxville, Tennessee and with a second location in Dandridge, Tennessee we are able to serve more clients with their legal needs. Alex Vogel first met Jan 25 years . We represent our clients in both the state and federal courts of Tennessee. Vogel became the Chief Counsel of the Republican National … RealGM Trade Checker™ Step 1: Select the Teams Choose at least two teams from the menus below to start your trade. 1/20/2021 Pro Bono Series Free CLE - Tech Platforms and Security & Technology and the Mediator Trump legal team meets with Pa. lawmakers over election results. 1/20/2021 Pro Bono Series Free CLE - Tech Platforms and Security & Technology and the Mediator Reeves filed a defamation lawsuit against the email address, staffordforfreedom@gmail.com, and was able through subpoenas to obtain some of the email address' digital footprint. Join Facebook to connect with Alex Vogel and others you may know. Her husband is a well-connected national Republican … Ivy Law Group, PLLC - practicing family, criminal, personal injury, and probate law - combining our aggressive trial skills and social service background. Earlier this week, state Sen. Bryce Reeves' lawyer wrote to Sen. Jill Vogel and her husband saying there is "strong evidence" they, or someone at their direction, sent an email to state Republicans alleging Reeves was having an affair with a campaign staffer. In 2011, the association selected him for its prestigious Hon. For businesses and individuals alike, we offer an unrivaled breadth of knowledge and services to our clients. from the George Washington University Law School, where he was a member of the GW Law Review and a member of the National Moot Court Team. In the novel Helena Vogel is the confirmed wife of Alex Vogel and mother to his two children Victor Vogel and Eliza Vogel. Alex Vogel, The Vogel Group; Hamilton Davison, ACMA Messrs. Vogel and Davison will break down our group into sub groups and prep everyone to help bring the catalog cause to the House and Senate. Son of Alex and Jill Vogel. Socialize. The subpoenaed records also showed two IP addresses linked to the email account belonging to the Vogels' rural home in Northern Virginia and that of their neighbors. Quentin Kidd, a political science professor at Christopher Newport University, said the fallout from the feud still isn't clear but Reeves may benefit if voters believe Vogel was behind the email. Jill Vogel is a former attorney for the Republican National Committee who advises clients on political election law and other issues. Kidd said Vogel has a "pretty short window" to convince voters she had nothing to do with the email. The Vogels' neighbor, Lisa Gable, told The Washington Post that the two families had a shared wireless system that did not require a password and could have been easily accessed by someone outside of either home. View Alex Vogel's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. 153. Knoxville, TN 37919. Alex Vogel, who has served as the RNC's deputy counsel, is managing partner of VogelHood Group, which bills itself as "Washington's premier policy research and consulting firm." Alex Vogel in Ohio. All content Copyright © 2021, O'Neil, Parker & Williamson. Prior, Alex was General Counsel for the National … Recriminations. He has represented clients in Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, Michigan, Montana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and numerous counties across Indiana. An anonymous email alleging an affair. Perry Mason is an American legal drama series originally broadcast on CBS television from September 21, 1957, to May 22, 1966. View the profiles of people named Alex Vogel. Alex Vogel is the Chief Executive Officer of The Vogel Group. Alex Vogel is a Lawyer with Holtzman Vogel Josefiak Torchinsky Law Firm, PLLC, a Law Firm in Warrenton, Virginia. Location 7610 Gleason Drive Suite 200 Knoxville, TN 37919 . Vogel is married to attorney Alex Vogel, a partner at the firm and co-founder and managing partner of VogelHood Research, based in Georgetown, … Her husband is a well-connected national Republican strategist and consultant. Vogel Law Firm traces its roots back more than 130 years and currently holds the distinction as one of the largest law firms in North Dakota. All Rights Reserved. 45 N Hill Dr Ste 100 Warrenton, VA 20186-2678 Fauquier County . Home; Privacy Policy; Sitemap; Website design and development by Ironistic Alex Vogel is CEO of The Vogel Group and was chief counsel to Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist when the Millennium Challenge Corporation was created in 2004. View detailed alleged violation information from Maricopa County, AZ about the July 27th, 2012 arrest of Alex Vogel. Contact Alex Vogel (540) 341-8808 . Prior to launching the firm, Alex served as Chief Counsel … Voyles is an active member of the Indianapolis Bar Association, having served terms as both vice president and president. Our firm provides its clients with over 280 years of combined legal experience in areas of alternative dispute resolution, appellate law, business litigation, civil litigation, class actions, complex tort litigation, construction law, contract & commercial litigation, explosion & fire cases, governmental entities, healthcare litigation, insurance law, mass torts, medical malpractice, personal injury, products liability, professional malpractice, transportation litigation, workers' compensation and wrongful death. ", Reeves' campaign spokesman, Sam Azzarelli, fired back that "the facts distinctly point to the Vogels.". Alex Vogel, Vogel Group. Accusations. Knowledgeable: Our attorneys' depth and breadth of knowledge covers more than 20 practice areas and spans generations. Alex has 1 job listed on their profile. Angela Vogel counsels employers on complex leave and sick time laws, including the new Washington Paid Family Medical leave law and the Families First Coronavirus Response Act.She regularly advises on workplace issues, including investigations, accommodation issues and also provides training on various topics to managers and employees. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. © Holtzman Vogel Josefiak Torchinsky PLLC. Alex started the company after a decade leading Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti, one of the most successful lobbying and government affairs firms in Washington, DC. 45 N Hill Dr Ste 100 Warrenton, VA 20186-2678 Fauquier County . Vogel is married to attorney Alex Vogel, a partner at the firm and co-founder and managing partner of VogelHood Research, based in Georgetown, a political analytics firm specializing … I am thrilled to work with … 1563(d)(2), (e), Vogel is not deemed to own this stock for tax purposes. Alex has 1 job listed on their profile. Our attorneys actively engage in the communities we serve, … Courageous: We represent clients in difficult cases. b; j, 151. View the profiles of people named Alex Vogel. Former RNC deputy counsel Alex Vogel and Third Way co-founder Matt Bennett react on 'Bill Hemmer Reports' Stanley Mosk was attorney general from 1959 until he resigned in 1964 to become a state Supreme Court justice, according to Alex Vassar, communications … Alex Vogel's arrest data and mugshot. Her husband … Senior Attorney. In the years prior to launching Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti Inc., Alex served as Chief Counsel to Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, M.D. Very few problems arise that have not been encountered previously. Law Firm Affiliation. Glenn Davis is seeking the party's nomination in the June primary. 152. O'Neil, Parker & Williamson holds an AV rating from Martindale-Hubbell. "We're willing to help pay for an independent, third-party forensic expert to look into the remote possibility that the Vogels were hacked. Join Facebook to connect with Alex Vogel and others you may know. Besides Reeves and Vogel, House Del. The letter is the latest step in increasingly hostile feud between Reeves and Vogel, who were once good friends. 'Becoming Brazilian is a comprehensive analysis of how racial mixture became heralded as a positive feature of Brazil over the course of the twentieth century. Last September, an anonymous Google mail account sent an email to Republicans, including a state lawmaker and an influential conservative pastor, saying Reeves was "carrying on an open and obvious adulterous relationship" with an aide. We made this offer four days ago and are still waiting on a response from Jill," Azzarelli said Thursday. ... Richard King and Alex Gibson THE SHAPE OF WATER Nathan Robitaille and Nelson Ferreira STAR WARS: THE LAST JEDI ... Ruth Emily Vogel. Former Bush-Chaney recount counsel and Holtzman Vogel attorney Alex Vogel discusses the Trump election lawsuits. Alex has 4 jobs listed on their profile. from the George Washington University Law School, where he was a member of the GW Law … We take pride in the tradition of excellence, applying the knowledge and experience forged in generations of practice in the courtrooms of East Tennessee. Alex Vogel has spent the last decade counseling members of Congress, campaigns, corporations and trade associations on effective strategies for navigating Washington's … Alexander J. Faria - Rennert Vogel Mandler & Rodriguez, P.A. WTTW reporter Amanda Vinicky … Members of the firm have also been recognized as being among the Best Lawyers in America, Mid-South Super Lawyers and Top Attorneys in Knoxville. See 225 Ct. Cl. A contest that's typically a little-watched election has turned into a messy public scandal. Former Supreme Court clerk and Campaign Legal Center VP Paul Smith discusses the recent Supreme Court case dealing with children in foster care with same-sex couples. Knoxville web design and hosting by Slamdot. Alleged affair, accusations heat up usually quiet Virginia campaign, Virginia COVID-19 cases rise by 4,904 on Saturday, Va senator who defended Capitol rioters faces censure effort, Rocky Mount officers at Capitol riot suspended without pay, Waynesboro's WARM getting ready to open church shelter for area homeless, Virginia National Guardsmen to remain in D.C. through the end of January, West Virginia to allow limited number of fans at home games, Prosecutor: Officers justified in shooting murder suspect. Our team creatively seeks the best solution for your legal issue. Attorney General Kamala Harris looks over some of the guns seized from individuals legally barred from possessing them following a news conference in … Prior to launching the firm, Alex served as Chief Counsel to Senate Majority Leader, Bill Frist, M.D. All rights reserved. What is clear is that there will be awkward moments in the coming legislative session, as Reeves and Vogel will see each other daily at private caucus meetings, committee hearings, and on the Senate floor, where they sit a few feet from one another. Electronic records that suggest a surprise culprit. O'Neil, Parker & Williamson ("OPW") has proudly served over 90 years in the heart of Knoxville, Tennessee and with a second location in Dandridge, Tennessee we are able to serve … Vogel has strongly denied any connection to the email and has indicated she may have been set up. Suite 200, Jill Vogel is a former attorney for the Republican National Committee who advises clients on political election law and other issues. 18, 634 F.2d 497, 499 ( 1980 ) … Trump legal team meets with Pa. lawmakers over results. `` we do not need any more morally bankrupt and deceitful politicians, '' Azzarelli said Thursday politicians, Vogel! 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alex vogel attorney 2021

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Women of the Future scholar Marina Lucic is looking forward to embarking on a PhD at Essex after an amazing year studying for her Masters in Molecular Medicine at Colchester Campus.
Marina, from Croatia, was one of 30 women on the scholarship scheme, created to support intelligent and inspiring women from around the world and equip them with the skills and knowledge needed to empower them to become leaders and drivers of change.
She chose Essex because, for her, the curriculum would challenge her and give her more insight and knowledge about protein chemistry and gene technology, an area of knowledge she wished to strengthen.
Her Masters was spent as a member of the Protein Structure and Function Group in the School of Biological Sciences and she will continue there for her PhD.
Read about our other Women of the Future Scholars Annalivia Polselli, Rebeca Nader López and Raíza Ponticelli.


As far as anthologies go this one ranks pretty close to Joshi's "Black Wings". And while not every tale struck a chord with me, those that did I consider to be some of the finest weird fiction being published today. The absolute standouts: Thomas Strømsholt's "Devouring Darkness Hovers", Blake Wilson's "The Door to Nowhere", and Paul Mackintosh's "The People of the Island". All of these are five-star stories, and make this anthology a must to acquire.


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From observing the team to becoming part of it – Dr Mike describes his Magpas Air Ambulance experience
Magpas Air Ambulance Doctor Mike Thompson
For the majority of clinicians at Magpas Air Ambulance, becoming a Pre-Hospital Emergency Medicine (PHEM) doctor or paramedic has been a life-long goal. The Magpas doctors, for example, spend about a decade undergoing rigorous training, sitting countless exams and working in some very demanding conditions in hospital emergency departments in preparation for the role.
Doctor Mike Thompson, one of Magpas Air Ambulance's newest recruits shares his experience on becoming a Magpas medic. He explains, "I actually visited Magpas Air Ambulance as an observer several years ago. At the time I was a junior doctor and had only recently graduated from medical school. I'm now thrilled to have finally made it here after years of hard graft in the hospital, and a multitude of exams along the way!"
"I don't think people realise quite how different being a doctor in and out of the hospital really is! Despite only working with Magpas Air Ambulance for a few months I have already been called to a wide variety of patients in need. The incidents that really stand out to me are leading the resuscitation of a premature baby born in the community, performing my first general anaesthetic outside of a hospital to a man who was having a heart attack, and managing a cardiac arrest in a heavily pregnant young woman. In isolation, these events are statistically very rare, but the nature of our job at Magpas means that we are always called to the rare and complicated situations, and so it is these situations that we are constantly preparing for."
"It's a real privilege to be able to work with such an excellent team of doctors, paramedics and support staff at Magpas Air Ambulance. The on-duty medical team is made up of just one doctor and one critical care paramedic. This small-team working allows us to work effectively with each other when the pressure is on and ensure our patients always get the best possible care."
Mike sums up, "There are so many good bits about working at Magpas Air Ambulance, but I think one of my biggest highlights was getting my first letter of thanks from one of the first patients I treated. It was wonderful to hear that they had made such a full recovery and only stayed in hospital for a few days. These outcomes are why we do this job, and why it is so important we continue to deliver these advanced medical skills, as quickly as possible, to the people who need them."