text:
City in eastern Massachusetts
For the university city in the UK, see Cambridge.
City in Massachusetts, United States
From top, left to right Widener Library at Harvard University, Stata Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Central Square, Memorial Drive and the Charles River at night, view of Boston over the Mount Auburn Cemetery
Motto(s):
Literis Antiquis Novis Institutis Decora(Latin)
"Distinguished for Classical Learning and New Institutions"" [1]
Location in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Location in the United States
Show map of Massachusetts
Cambridge (the United States)
Coordinates: 42°22′25″N71°06′38″W / 42.37361°N 71.11056°W / 42.37361; -71.11056 Coordinates: 42°22′25″N71°06′38″W / 42.37361°N 71.11056°W / 42.37361; -71.11056
Settled
Named for
• Type
Council-City Manager
Sumbul Siddiqui [2]
• Vice Mayor
Alanna Mallon
• City Manager
Louis A. DePasquale
7.10 sq mi (18.38 km2)
18,529.42/sq mi (7,182.02/km2)
Cantabrigian
cambridgema.gov
Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ [4] KAYM-brij) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and part of the Boston metropolitan area as a major suburb of Boston. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city's population was 118,403, making it the fourth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, and Springfield. [5] It is one of two de jure county seats of Middlesex County, although the county's government was abolished in 1997. Situated directly north of Boston, across the Charles River, it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England, once also an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town's founders. [6] : 18
Adjacent municipalities
Federal and state representation
Primary and secondary public education
Primary and secondary private education
Television and broadband
Public library services
Sister cities and twin towns
Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Lesley University, and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge, [7] as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet" owing to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010. [8] [9]
See also: Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts
(university )
Map showing the original boundaries of Cambridge and other Massachusetts cities and towns
Native Americans inhabited the area that would become Cambridge for thousands of years prior to European colonization of the Americas. At the time of European contact and exploration, the area was inhabited by Naumkeag or Pawtucket to the north and Massachusett to the south, and may have been inhabited by other groups such as the Totant not well described in later European narratives. [10] The contact period introduced a number of European infectious diseases which would decimate native populations in virgin soil epidemics, leaving the area uncontested upon the arrival of large groups of English settlers in 1630. In 1639, the Massachusetts General Court would purchase the land that would become present day Cambridge from the Naumkeag Squaw Sachem of Mistick. [11] [12]
In December 1630, the site of what would become Cambridge was chosen because it was safely upriver from Boston Harbor, making it easily defensible from attacks by enemy ships. Thomas Dudley, his daughter Anne Bradstreet, and her husband, Simon Bradstreet, were the town's founders. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631. The settlement was initially referred to as "the newe towne". [13] [14] Official Massachusetts records show the name rendered as Newe Towne by 1632, and as Newtowne by 1638. [14] [15]
Located at the first convenient Charles River crossing west of Boston, Newtowne was one of several towns (including Boston, Dorchester, Watertown, and Weymouth) founded by the 700 original Puritan colonists of the Massachusetts Bay Colony under Governor John Winthrop. Its first preacher was Thomas Hooker, who led many of its original inhabitants west in 1636 to found Hartford and the Connecticut Colony; before leaving, they sold their plots to more recent immigrants from England. [13] The original village site is now within Harvard Square. The marketplace where farmers sold crops from surrounding towns at the edge of a salt marsh (since filled) remains within a small park at the corner of John F. Kennedy and Winthrop Streets.
In 1636, the Newe College (later renamed Harvard College after benefactor John Harvard) was founded by the Massachusetts Bay Colony to train ministers. According to Cotton Mather, Newtowne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court (the Massachusetts legislature) primarily for its proximity to the popular and highly respected Puritan preacher Thomas Shepard. In May 1638, [16] the settlement's name was changed to Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge, England. [13] [17]
The town comprised a much larger area than the present city, [13] with various outlying parts becoming independent towns over the years: Cambridge Village (later Newtown and now Newton) in 1688, [18] Cambridge Farms (now Lexington) in 1712 [13] or 1713, [19] and Little or South Cambridge (now Brighton) [lower-alpha 1] and Menotomy or West Cambridge (now Arlington) in 1807. [13] [20] [lower-alpha 2] In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge to Boston were pursued and rejected. [21]
Newtowne's ministers, Hooker and Shepard, the college's first president, the college's major benefactor, and the first schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton were all Cambridge alumni, as was the colony's governor John Winthrop. In 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the Cambridge Agreement, after the university. [22] In 1650, Governor Thomas Dudley signed the charter creating the corporation that still governs Harvard College. [23]
George Washington in Cambridge, 1775
Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles (13 km) by road from Boston, the colony's capital. By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with most of the town comprising farms and estates. Most inhabitants were descendants of the original Puritan colonists, but there was also a small elite of Anglican "worthies" who were not involved in village life, made their livings from estates, investments, and trade, and lived in mansions along "the Road to Watertown" (today's Brattle Street, still known as Tory Row).
Coming north from Virginia, George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3, 1775, [13] now reckoned the birthplace of the U.S. Army. [lower-alpha 3] Most of the Tory estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24, 1776, Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga, which enabled Washington to drive the British army out of Boston.
Map of Cambridge from 1873
Between 1790 and 1840, Cambridge grew rapidly, with the construction of the West Boston Bridge in 1792 connecting Cambridge directly to Boston, so that it was no longer necessary to travel eight miles (13 km) through the Boston Neck, Roxbury, and Brookline to cross the Charles River. A second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new Middlesex Canal. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts.
In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution. It was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires. The Fireside Poets—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes—were highly popular and influential in their day.
Soon after, turnpikes were built: the Cambridge and Concord Turnpike (today's Broadway and Concord Ave.), the Middlesex Turnpike (Hampshire St. and Massachusetts Ave. northwest of Porter Square), and what are today's Cambridge, Main, and Harvard Streets connected various areas of Cambridge to the bridges. In addition, the town was connected to the Boston & Maine Railroad, [24] leading to the development of Porter Square as well as the creation of neighboring Somerville from the formerly rural parts of Charlestown.
1852 Map of Boston area showing Cambridge and regional rail lines and highlighting the course of the Middlesex Canal. Cambridge is toward the bottom of the map and outlined in yellow, and should not be confused with the pink-outlined and partially cropped "West Cambridge", now Arlington.
Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846. [13] The city's commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the city's downtown around that time.
Between 1850 and 1900, Cambridge took on much of its present character—streetcar suburban development along the turnpikes, with working-class and industrial neighborhoods focused on East Cambridge, comfortable middle-class housing on the old Cambridgeport and Mid-Cambridge estates, and upper-class enclaves near Harvard University and on the minor hills. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge led to three major changes: the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave., Concord Ave. and Alewife Brook; the ice-cutting industry launched by Frederic Tudor on Fresh Pond; and the carving up of the last estates into residential subdivisions to house the thousands of immigrants who arrived to work in the new industries.
For many decades, the city's largest employer was the New England Glass Company, founded in 1818. By the middle of the 19th century, it was the world's largest and most modern glassworks. In 1888, Edward Drummond Libbey moved all production to Toledo, Ohio, where it continues today under the name Owens-Illinois. The company's flint glassware with heavy lead content is prized by antique glass collectors. There is none on public display in Cambridge, but the Toledo Museum of Art has a large collection. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Sandwich Glass Museum on Cape Cod also have a few pieces.
In 1895, Edwin Ginn, founder of Ginn and Company built the Athenaeum Press Building for his publishing textbook empire.
By 1920, Cambridge was one of New England's main industrial cities, with nearly 120,000 residents. Among the largest businesses in Cambridge during the period of industrialization was Carter's Ink Company, whose neon sign long adorned the Charles River and which was for many years the world's largest ink manufacturer. Next door was the Athenaeum Press. Confectionery and snack manufacturers in the Cambridgeport-Area 4-Kendall corridor included the Kennedy Biscuit Factory (later part of Nabisco and originator of the Fig Newton), [25] Necco, Squirrel Brands, [26] George Close Company (1861–1930s), [27] Page & Shaw, Daggett Chocolate (1892–1960s, recipes bought by Necco), [28] Fox Cross Company (1920–1980, originator of the Charleston Chew, and now part of Tootsie Roll Industries), [29] Kendall Confectionery Company, and James O. Welch (1927–1963, originator of Junior Mints, Sugar Daddies, Sugar Mamas, and Sugar Babies, now part of Tootsie Roll Industries). [30]
Only the Cambridge Brands subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries remains in town, still manufacturing Junior Mints in the old Welch factory on Main Street. [30] The Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company (1886), the Kendall Boiler and Tank Company (1880, now in Chelmsford, Massachusetts), and the New England Glass Company (1818–1878) were among the industrial manufacturers in what are now Kendall Square and East Cambridge.
In 1935, the Cambridge Housing Authority and the Public Works Administration demolished an integrated low-income tenement neighborhood with African Americans and European immigrants. In its place, it built the whites-only "Newtowne Court" public housing development and the adjoining, blacks-only "Washington Elms" project in 1940; the city required segregation in its other public housing projects as well. [31] [32] [33]
As industry in New England began to decline during the Great Depression and after World War II, Cambridge lost much of its industrial base. It also began to become an intellectual, rather than an industrial, center. Harvard University had always been important as both a landowner and an institution, but it began to play a more dominant role in the city's life and culture. When Radcliffe College was established in 1879 the town became a mecca for some of the nation's most academically talented female students. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's move from Boston in 1916 reinforced Cambridge's status as an intellectual center of the United States.
After the 1950s, the city's population began to decline slowly as families tended to be replaced by single people and young couples. In Cambridge Highlands, the technology company Bolt, Beranek, & Newman produced the first network router in 1969 and hosted the invention of computer-to-computer email in 1971. The 1980s brought a wave of high-technology startups. Those selling advanced minicomputers were overtaken by the microcomputer.[ citation needed ] Cambridge-based VisiCorp made the first spreadsheet software for personal computers, Visicalc, and helped propel the Apple II to major consumer success. It was overtaken and purchased by Cambridge-based Lotus Development, maker of Lotus 1-2-3. (This was in turn replaced in the market by Microsoft Excel).
The city continues to be home to many startups. Kendall Square was a major software hub through the dot-com boom and today hosts offices of such technology companies as Google, Microsoft, and Amazon. The Square also now houses the headquarters of Akamai. [34]
In 1976, Harvard's plans to start experiments with recombinant DNA led to a three-month moratorium and a citizen review panel. In the end, Cambridge decided to allow such experiments but passed safety regulations in 1977. This led to regulatory certainty and acceptance when Biogen opened a lab in 1982, in contrast to the hostility that caused the Genetic Institute (a Harvard spinoff) to abandon Somerville and Boston for Cambridge. [35] The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have since thrived in Cambridge, which now includes headquarters for Biogen and Genzyme; laboratories for Novartis, Teva, Takeda, Alnylam, Ironwood, Catabasis, Moderna Therapeutics, Editas Medicine; support companies such as Cytel; and many smaller companies.
By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most costly housing markets in the Northeastern United States. [36] While considerable class, race, and age diversity persisted, it became harder for those who grew up in the city to afford to stay. The end of rent control in 1994 prompted many Cambridge renters to move to more affordable housing in Somerville and other cities or towns.
Until recently, Cambridge's mix of amenities and proximity to Boston kept housing prices relatively stable despite the bursting of the United States housing bubble. [37] Cambridge has been a sanctuary city since 1985 and reaffirmed its status as such in 2006. [38]
A view from Boston of Harvard's Weld Boathouse and Cambridge in winter. The Charles River is in the foreground.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Cambridge has a total area of 7.1 square miles (18 km2), of which 6.4 square miles (17 km2) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) (9.82%) is water.
Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by:
the city of Boston to the south (across the Charles River) and east
the city of Somerville to the north
the town of Arlington to the northwest
the town of Belmont and
the city of Watertown to the west
The border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of Somerville passes through densely populated neighborhoods which are connected by the MBTA Red Line. Some of the main squares, Inman, Porter, and to a lesser extent, Harvard and Lechmere, are very close to the city line, as are Somerville's Union and Davis Squares.
Through the City of Cambridge's exclusive municipal water system, the city further controls two exclave areas, one being Payson Park Reservoir and Gatehouse, a 2009 listed American Water Landmark located roughly one mile west of Fresh Pond and surrounded by the town of Belmont. The second area is the larger Hobbs Brook and Stony Brook watersheds, which share borders with neighboring towns and cities including Lexington, Lincoln, Waltham and Weston.
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Cambridge has been called the "City of Squares", [39] as most of its commercial districts are major street intersections known as squares. Each square acts as a neighborhood center. These include:
Kendall Square, formed by the junction of Broadway, Main Street, and Third Street, has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", owing to its high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010. [8] [9] Technology Square is an office and laboratory building cluster in this neighborhood. Just over the Longfellow Bridge from Boston, at the eastern end of the MIT campus, it is served by the Kendall/MIT station on the MBTA Red Line subway. Most of Cambridge's large office towers are located in the Square. A biotech industry has developed in this area. The Cambridge Innovation Center, a large co-working space, is in Kendall Square at 1 Broadway. The Cambridge Center office complex is in Kendall Square, and not at the actual center of Cambridge. The "One Kendall Square" complex is nearby, but not actually in Kendall Square.
Central Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street, and Western Avenue. Containing a variety of ethnic restaurants, it was economically depressed as recently as the late 1990s; it underwent gentrification in recent years (in conjunction with the development of the nearby University Park at MIT), and continues to grow more costly. It is served by the Central Station stop on the MBTA Red Line subway. Lafayette Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, and Main Street, is considered part of the Central Square area. Cambridgeport is south of Central Square along Magazine Street and Brookline Street.
Harvard Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and JFK Street. This is the primary site of Harvard University and a major Cambridge shopping area. It is served by a Red Line station. Harvard Square was originally the Red Line's northwestern terminus and a major transfer point to streetcars that also operated in a short tunnel—which is still a major bus terminal, although the area under the Square was reconfigured dramatically in the 1980s when the Red Line was extended. The Harvard Square area includes Brattle Square and Eliot Square. A short distance away from the square lies the Cambridge Common, while the neighborhood north of Harvard and east of Massachusetts Avenue is known as Agassiz, after the famed scientist Louis Agassiz.
Porter Square, about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square, at the junction of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues. It includes part of the city of Somerville and is served by the Porter Square Station, a complex housing a Red Line stop and a Fitchburg Line commuter rail stop. Lesley University's University Hall and Porter campus are in Porter Square.
Inman Square, at the junction of Cambridge and Hampshire streets in mid-Cambridge. It is home to restaurants, bars, music venues, and boutiques. Victorian streetlights, benches, and bus stops were added to the streets in the 2000s, and a new city park was installed.
Lechmere Square, at the junction of Cambridge and First streets, adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping mall. It is the MBTA Green Line's northern terminus, at Lechmere Station.
Cambridge skyline in November 2016
Areas of Cambridge
Central Square
Other neighborhoods
Cambridge's residential neighborhoods border but are not defined by the squares.
East Cambridge (Area 1) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the east by the Charles River, on the south by Broadway and Main Street, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. It includes the NorthPoint development.
MIT Campus (Area 2) is bordered on the north by Broadway, on the south and east by the Charles River, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
Wellington-Harrington (Area 3) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the south and west by Hampshire Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Referred to as "Mid-Block".[ clarification needed ]
The Port, formerly known as Area 4, is bordered on the north by Hampshire Street, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Prospect Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Residents of Area 4 often simply call their neighborhood "The Port" and the area of Cambridgeport and Riverside "The Coast". In October 2015, the Cambridge City Council officially renamed Area 4 "The Port", formalizing the longtime nickname, largely on the initiative of neighborhood native and then-Vice Mayor Dennis Benzan. The port is usually the busier part of the city. [40]
Cambridgeport (Area 5) is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by River Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
Mid-Cambridge (Area 6) is bordered on the north by Kirkland and Hampshire Streets and Somerville, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Peabody Street, and on the east by Prospect Street.
Riverside (Area 7), an area sometimes called "The Coast", is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by JFK Street, and on the east by River Street.
Agassiz (Harvard North) (Area 8) is bordered on the north by Somerville, on the south and east by Kirkland Street, and on the west by Massachusetts Avenue.
Neighborhood Nine or Radcliffe (formerly called Peabody, until the recent relocation of a neighborhood school by that name) is bordered on the north by railroad tracks, on the south by Concord Avenue, on the west by railroad tracks, and on the east by Massachusetts Avenue.
The Avon Hill sub-neighborhood consists of the higher elevations within the area bounded by Upland Road, Raymond Street, Linnaean Street and Massachusetts Avenue.
Brattle area/West Cambridge (Area 10) is bordered on the north by Concord Avenue and Garden Street, on the south by the Charles River and Watertown, on the west by Fresh Pond and the Collins Branch Library, and on the east by JFK Street. It includes the sub-neighborhoods of Brattle Street (formerly known as Tory Row) and Huron Village.
North Cambridge (Area 11) is bordered on the north by Arlington and Somerville, on the south by railroad tracks, on the west by Belmont, and on the east by Somerville.
Cambridge Highlands (Area 12) is bordered on the north and east by railroad tracks, on the south by Fresh Pond, and on the west by Belmont .
Strawberry Hill (Area 13) is bordered on the north by Fresh Pond, on the south by Watertown, on the west by Belmont, and on the east by railroad tracks.
In the Köppen-Geiger classification, Cambridge has a hot-summer continental climate (Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters, that can appear in the southern end of New England's interior. Abundant rain falls on the city (and in the winter often as snow); it has no dry season. The average January temperature is 26.6 °F (- 3 °C), making Cambridge part of Group D, independent of the isotherm. There are four well-defined seasons. [41]
2,115 +33.7%
15,215 +80.9%
104,839 +14.1%
109,694 +4.6%
110,879 −2.4%
107,716 −10.8%
Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data. [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53]
Source: U.S. Decennial Census [54]
Racial composition
White 66.6% 75.3% 91.1% 95.3%
—Non-Hispanic 62.1% 71.6% 89.7% [57] n/a
Black or African American 11.7% 13.5% 6.8% 4.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 7.6% 6.8% 1.9% [57] n/a
Asian 15.1% 8.4% 1.5% 0.3%
Two or more races 4.3% n/a n/a n/a
As of the census [58] of 2010, there were 105,162 people, 44,032 households, and 17,420 families residing in the city. The population density was 16,354.9 people per square mile (6,314.6/km2). There were 47,291 housing units at an average density of 7,354.7 per square mile (2,840.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 66.60% White, 11.70% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 15.10% Asian (3.7% Chinese, 1.4% Asian Indian, 1.2% Korean, 1.0% Japanese [59] ), 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.10% from other races, and 4.30% from two or more races. 7.60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race (1.6% Puerto Rican, 1.4% Mexican, 0.6% Dominican, 0.5% Colombian & Salvadoran, 0.4% Spaniard). Non-Hispanic Whites were 62.1% of the population in 2010, [55] down from 89.7% in 1970. [56] An individual resident of Cambridge is known as a Cantabrigian.
In 2010, there were 44,032 households, out of which 16.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.4% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.76.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 13.3% of the population under the age of 18, 21.2% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $47,979, and the median income for a family was $59,423 (these figures had risen to $58,457 and $79,533 respectively as of a 2007 estimate [update] [60] ). Males had a median income of $43,825 versus $38,489 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,156. About 8.7% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.
Cambridge has been ranked as one of the most liberal cities in America. [61] Locals living in and near the city jokingly refer to it as "The People's Republic of Cambridge." [62] For 2016, the residential property tax rate in Cambridge was $6.99 per $1,000. [63] Cambridge enjoys the highest possible bond credit rating, AAA, with all three Wall Street rating agencies. [64]
In 2000, 11.0% of city residents were of Irish ancestry; 7.2% were of English, 6.9% Italian, 5.5% West Indian and 5.3% German ancestry. 69.4% spoke only English at home, while 6.9% spoke Spanish, 3.2% Chinese or Mandarin, 3.0% Portuguese, 2.9% French Creole, 2.3% French, 1.5% Korean, and 1.0% Italian.
See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income
Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. [65]
ZIP Code (ZCTA)
1 02142 $67,525 $100,114 $150,774 2,838 1,385
2 02138 $52,592 $75,446 $120,564 35,554 13,868
3 02140 $50,856 $75,446 $120,564 18,164 8,460
Cambridge $47,448 $72,529 $93,460 105,737 44,345
Middlesex County $42,861 $82,090 $104,032 1,522,533 581,120
4 02139 $42,235 $71,745 $93,220 36,015 14,474
5 02141 $39,241 $64,326 $76,276 13,126 6,182
Massachusetts $35,763 $66,866 $84,900 6,605,058 2,530,147
United States $28,155 $53,046 $64,719 311,536,594 115,610,216
Buildings of Kendall Square, center of Cambridge's biotech economy, seen from the Charles River
Manufacturing was an important part of Cambridge's economy in the late 19th and early 20th century, but educational institutions are its biggest employers today. Harvard and MIT together employ about 20,000. [66] [67] As a cradle of technological innovation, Cambridge was home to technology firms Analog Devices, Akamai, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN Technologies) (now part of Raytheon), General Radio (later GenRad), Lotus Development Corporation (now part of IBM), Polaroid, Symbolics, and Thinking Machines.
In 1996, Polaroid, Arthur D. Little, and Lotus were Cambridge's top employers, with over 1,000 employees, but they faded out a few years later. Health care and biotechnology firms such as Genzyme, Biogen Idec, bluebird bio, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Pfizer and Novartis [68] have significant presences in the city. Though headquartered in Switzerland, Novartis continues to expand its operations in Cambridge.
Other major biotech and pharmaceutical firms expanding their presence in Cambridge include GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Shire, and Pfizer. [69] Most of Cambridge's biotech firms are in Kendall Square and East Cambridge, which decades ago were the city's center of manufacturing. Some others are in University Park at MIT, a new development in another former manufacturing area. [70] [71]
None of the high-technology firms that once dominated the economy was among the 25 largest employers in 2005, but by 2008 Akamai and ITA Software were. [66] Google, [72] IBM Research, Microsoft Research, and Philips Research [73] maintain offices in Cambridge. In late January 2012—less than a year after acquiring Billerica-based analytic database management company, Vertica—Hewlett-Packard announced it would also be opening its first offices in Cambridge. [74] Also around that time, e-commerce giants Staples [75] and Amazon.com [76] said they would be opening research and innovation centers in Kendall Square. And LabCentral provides a shared laboratory facility for approximately 25 emerging biotech companies. [77] [78] [ unreliable source? ]
The proximity of Cambridge's universities has also made the city a center for nonprofit groups and think tanks, including the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cultural Survival, and One Laptop per Child.[ citation needed ]
In September 2011, the City of Cambridge launched the "Entrepreneur Walk of Fame" initiative. The Walk recognizes people who have made contributions to innovation in global business. [79]
In 2021, Cambridge was one of approximately 27 US cities to receive a AAA rating from each of the three major credit rating agencies in the nation, Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings. 2021 marked the 22nd consecutive year that Cambridge had retained this distinction. [80]
As of 2019 [update] , the city's ten largest employers are: [67]
# of employees
1 Harvard University 12,565
2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 9,311
3 City of Cambridge 3,256
4 Takeda Pharmaceuticals 3,484
5 Biogen 2,421
6 Novartis Inst. For Biomedical Research 2,267
6 Cambridge Innovation Center 2,267
8 Cambridge Health Alliance 1,806
9 Mt. Auburn Hospital 1,789
10 Sanofi Genzyme 1,782
Fogg Museum, Harvard
Harvard Art Museum, including the Busch-Reisinger Museum, a collection of Germanic art, the Fogg Art Museum, a comprehensive collection of Western art, and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, a collection of Middle East and Asian art
Harvard Museum of Natural History, including the Glass Flowers collection
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard
List Visual Arts Center, MIT
Semitic Museum, Harvard
Cambridge has a large and varied collection of permanent public art, on both city property (managed by the Cambridge Arts Council) [81] and the Harvard [82] and MIT [83] campuses. Temporary public artworks are displayed as part of the annual Cambridge River Festival on the banks of the Charles River, during winter celebrations in Harvard and Central Squares, and at university campus sites. Experimental forms of public artistic and cultural expression include the Central Square World's Fair, the annual Somerville-based Honk! Festival, [84] and If This House Could Talk, [85] a neighborhood art and history event.
Street musicians and other performers entertain tourists and locals in Harvard Square during the warmer months. The performances are coordinated through a public process that has been developed collaboratively by the performers, [86] city administrators, private organizations and business groups. [87] The Cambridge public library contains four Works Progress Administration murals completed in 1935 by Elizabeth Tracy Montminy: Religion, Fine Arts, History of Books and Paper, and The Development of the Printing Press. [88]
Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
Stata Center, MIT
Simmons Hall, MIT
See also: List of tallest buildings and structures in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Despite intensive urbanization during the late 19th century and the 20th century, Cambridge has several historic buildings, including some from the 17th century. The city also has abundant contemporary architecture, largely built by Harvard and MIT.
Notable historic buildings in the city include:
The Asa Gray House (1810)
Austin Hall, Harvard University (1882–84)
Cambridge City Hall (1888–89)
Cambridge Public Library (1888)
Christ Church, Cambridge (1761)
Cooper-Frost-Austin House (1689–1817)
Elmwood House (1767), residence of the president of Harvard University
First Church of Christ, Scientist (1924–30)
The First Parish in Cambridge (1833)
Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church (1891–93)
Harvard Lampoon Building (1909)
The Hooper-Lee-Nichols House (1685–1850)
Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site (1759), former home of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and headquarters of George Washington
The Memorial Church of Harvard University (1932)
Memorial Hall, Harvard University (1870–77)
Middlesex County Courthouse (1814–48)
Urban Rowhouse (1875)
O'Reilly Spite House (1908), built to spite a neighbor who would not sell his adjacent land [89]
See also: List of Registered Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Contemporary architecture:
Baker House dormitory, MIT, by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto, one of only two Aalto buildings in the US
Harvard Graduate Center/Harkness Commons, by The Architects Collaborative (TAC, with Walter Gropius)
Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard, the only Le Corbusier building in North America
Harvard's Science Center, Holyoke Center and Peabody Terrace, by Catalan architect and Harvard Graduate School of Design Dean Josep Lluís Sert
Kresge Auditorium, MIT, by Eero Saarinen
MIT Chapel, by Eero Saarinen
Design Research Building, by Benjamin Thompson and Associates
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, by Kallmann McKinnell and Wood, also architects of Boston City Hall
Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard, one of the few buildings in the US by Pritzker Prize winner James Stirling
Harvard Art Museums, renovation and major expansion of Fogg Museum building, completed in 2014 by Renzo Piano
Stata Center, home to the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the Department of Linguistics, and the Department of Philosophy, by Frank Gehry
The two MIT Media Lab buildings by I. M. Pei and Fumihiko Maki
Simmons Hall, MIT, by Steven Holl
The city has an active music scene, from classical performances to the latest popular bands. Beyond its colleges and universities, Cambridge has many music venues, including The Middle East, Club Passim, The Plough and Stars, The Lizard Lounge and the Nameless Coffeehouse.
Alewife Brook Reservation
Consisting largely of densely built residential space, Cambridge lacks significant tracts of public parkland. Easily accessible open space on the university campuses, including Harvard Yard, the Radcliffe Yard, and MIT's Great Lawn, as well as the considerable open space of Mount Auburn Cemetery and Fresh Pond Reservation, partly compensates for this. At Cambridge's western edge, the cemetery is known as a garden cemetery because of its landscaping (the oldest planned landscape in the country) and arboretum. Although known as a Cambridge landmark, much of the cemetery lies within Watertown. [90] It is also an Important Bird Area (IBA) in the Greater Boston area. Fresh Pond Reservation is the largest open green space in Cambridge with 162 acres (656,000 m2) of land around a 155-acre (627,000 m2) kettle hole lake. This land includes a 2.25-mile walking trail around the reservoir and a public 9-hole golf course. [91]
Public parkland includes the esplanade along the Charles River, which mirrors its Boston counterpart; Cambridge Common, a busy and historic public park adjacent to Harvard's campus; Danehy Park, formerly a landfill; and the Alewife Brook Reservation.
Voter registration and party enrollment as of February 12,2020 [update] [92]
Number of voters
Democratic 39,916 56.48%
Republican 2,126 3.01%
Unaffiliated 27,922 39.51%
Minor Parties 213 0.31%
Cambridge is split between Massachusetts's 5th and 7th U.S. congressional districts. The 5th district seat is held by Democrat Katherine Clark, who replaced now-Senator Ed Markey in a 2013 special election; the 7th is represented by Democrat Ayanna Pressley, elected in 2018. The state's senior United States senator is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, elected in 2012, who lives in Cambridge. The governor of Massachusetts is Republican Charlie Baker, elected in 2014.
Cambridge is represented in six districts in the Massachusetts House of Representatives: the 24th Middlesex (which includes parts of Belmont and Arlington), the 25th and 26th Middlesex (the latter of which includes a portion of Somerville), the 29th Middlesex (which includes a small part of Watertown), and the Eighth and Ninth Suffolk (both including parts of the City of Boston). [93] The city is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the 2nd Middlesex, Middlesex and Suffolk, and 1st Suffolk and Middlesex districts. [94]
From 1860 to 1880, Republicans Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and James Garfield each won Cambridge, Grant doing so by margins of over 20 points in both of his campaigns. Following that, from 1884–1892, Grover Cleveland won Cambridge in all three of his presidential campaigns, by less than ten points each time.
Then from 1896 to 1924, Cambridge became something of a "swing" city with a slight Republican lean. GOP nominees carried the city in five of the eight presidential elections during that time frame, with five of the elections resulting in either a plurality or a margin of victory of fewer than ten points.
The city of Cambridge is extremely Democratic in modern times, however. In the last 23 presidential elections dating back to the nomination of Al Smith in 1928, the Democratic nominee has carried Cambridge in every election. Every Democratic nominee since Massachusetts native John F. Kennedy in 1960 has received at least 70% of the vote, except for Jimmy Carter in 1976 and 1980. Since 1928, the only Republican nominee to come within ten points of carrying Cambridge is Dwight Eisenhower in his 1956 re-election bid.
Presidential election results [95]
2020 91.7%50,233 6.4% 3,519
2012 86.0%43,515 10.8% 5,476
1984 76.2%32,582 23.4% 10,007
1976 [96] 68.7%29,052 24.6% 10,424
1968 [98] 76.8%29,386 17.9% 6,840
1960 [100] 70.3%34,029 28.3% 13,691
1924 [109] 37.2% 11,321 49.5%15,048
1916 [111] 55.6%7,999 42.8% 6,149
1908 [113] 43.5% 5,562 51.6%6,595
1860 [125] 24.6% 888 50.0%1,805
See also: Cambridge, Massachusetts municipal election, 2013
Cambridge City Hall in the 1980s
Cambridge has a city government led by a mayor and a nine-member city council. There is also a six-member school committee that functions alongside the superintendent of public schools. The councilors and school committee members are elected every two years using proportional representation. [126]
The mayor is elected by the city councilors from among themselves and serves as the chair of city council meetings. The mayor also sits on the school committee. The mayor is not the city's chief executive. Rather, the city manager, who is appointed by the city council, serves in that capacity.
Under the city's Plan E form of government, the city council does not have the power to appoint or remove city officials who are under the direction of the city manager. The city council and its members are also forbidden from giving orders to any subordinate of the city manager. [127]
Louis DePasquale is the City Manager, having succeeded Lisa C. Peterson, the Acting City Manager and Cambridge's first woman City Manager, on November 14, 2016. [128] Peterson became Acting City Manager on September 30, 2016, after Richard C. Rossi announced that he would opt out of his contract renewal. [129] Rossi succeeded Robert W. Healy, who retired in June 2013 after 32 years in the position. In recent history, the media has highlighted the salary of the city manager as one of the highest for a Massachusetts civic employee. [130]
In office since
At-large Dennis J. Carlone Jan. 2014–present
At-large Alanna M. Mallon Jan. 2018–present
At-large Marc C. McGovern** Jan. 2014–present
At-large Patty Nolan Jan. 2020–present
At-large Sumbul Siddiqui* Jan. 2018–present
At-large E. Denise Simmons** Jan. 2002–present
At-large Jivan Sobrinho-Wheeler Jan. 2020–present
At-large Timothy J. Toomey, Jr. Jan. 1990–present
At-large Quinton Y. Zondervan Jan. 2018–present
* = current mayor
** = former mayor
On March 8, 2021, Cambridge City Council voted to recognize polyamorous domestic partnerships, becoming the second city in the United States following neighboring Somerville, which had done so in 2020. [131]
Cambridge was a county seat of Middlesex County, along with Lowell, until the abolition of county government. Though the county government was abolished in 1997, the county still exists as a geographical and political region. The employees of Middlesex County courts, jails, registries, and other county agencies now work directly for the state. The county's registrars of Deeds and Probate remain in Cambridge, but the Superior Court and District Attorney have had their operations transferred to Woburn. Third District Court has shifted operations to Medford, and the county Sheriff's office awaits near-term relocation. [132]
Aerial view of part of MIT's main campus
Dunster House, Harvard
Cambridge is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual center. Its colleges and universities include:
Cambridge School of Culinary Arts
Hult International Business School
Longy School of Music of Bard College
Radcliffe College (now merged with Harvard College)
At least 258 of the world's total 962 Nobel Prize winners have at some point in their careers been affiliated with universities in Cambridge.
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is also based in Cambridge.
Amigos School
Baldwin School (formerly the Agassiz School)
Cambridgeport School
Fletcher-Maynard Academy
Graham and Parks Alternative School
Haggerty School
Kennedy-Longfellow School
King Open School
Martin Luther King, Jr. School
Morse School (a Core Knowledge school)
Peabody School
Tobin School (a Montessori school)
Five upper schools offer grades 6–8 in some of the same buildings as the elementary schools: [133]
Cambridge Street Upper School
Putnam Avenue Upper School
Rindge Avenue Upper School
Vassal Lane Upper School
Cambridge has three district public high school programs, the principal one being Cambridge Rindge and Latin School (CRLS). [134]
Other public charter schools include Benjamin Banneker Charter School, which serves grades K–6; [135] Community Charter School of Cambridge [136] in Kendall Square, which serves grades 7–12; and Prospect Hill Academy, a charter school whose upper school is in Central Square though it is not a part of the Cambridge Public School District.
The 1888 part of the Cambridge Public Library
Cambridge also has several private schools, including:
Boston Archdiocesan Choir School
Buckingham Browne & Nichols School
Cambridge Montessori school
Cambridge Friends School
Fayerweather Street School [137]
International School of Boston (formerly École Bilingue)
Matignon High School
Shady Hill School
St. Peter School
Cambridge is served by the Cambridge Chronicle , the oldest surviving weekly paper in the United States. Another popular online newspaper is Cambridge Day.
Cambridge is home to the following commercially licensed and student-run radio stations:
WHRB 95.3 FM Cambridge (Harvard) Harvard Radio Broadcasting Co., Inc. Musical variety
WJIB 740 AM/101.3 FM Cambridge Bob Bittner Broadcasting Adult standards/Pop
WMBR 88.1 FM Cambridge (MIT) Technology Broadcasting Corporation College radio
Cambridge Community Television (CCTV) has served the city since its inception in 1988. CCTV operates Cambridge's public access television facility and three television channels, 8, 9, and 96, on the Cambridge cable system (Comcast). The city has invited tenders from other cable providers, but Comcast remains its only fixed television and broadband utility, [138] though services from American satellite TV providers are available. In October 2014, Cambridge City Manager Richard Rossi appointed a citizen Broadband Task Force to "examine options to increase competition, reduce pricing, and improve speed, reliability and customer service for both residents and businesses." [139]
Cable television service is provided by Comcast Communications.
Parts of Cambridge are served by a district heating systems loop for industrial organizations that also cover Boston.
Electric service and natural gas are both provided by Eversource Energy.
Landline service is provided by Verizon Communication. All phones in Cambridge are connected to Verizon's series of central office locations in the metropolitan area.
The city maintains its own Public, educational, and government access (PEG) known as Cambridge Community Television (CCTV).
Cambridge obtains water from Hobbs Brook (in Lincoln and Waltham) and Stony Brook (Waltham and Weston), as well as an emergency connection to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. [140] The city owns over 1,200 acres (486 ha) of land in other towns that includes these reservoirs and portions of their watershed. [141] Water from these reservoirs flows by gravity through an aqueduct to Fresh Pond in Cambridge. It is then treated in an adjacent plant and pumped uphill to an elevation of 176 feet (54 m) above sea level at the Payson Park Reservoir (Belmont). The water is then redistributed downhill via gravity to individual users in the city. [142] A new water treatment plant opened in 2001. [143]
In October 2016, the City of Cambridge announced that, owing to drought conditions, they would begin buying water from the MWRA. [144] On January 3, 2017, Cambridge announced that "As a result of continued rainfall each month since October 2016, we have been able to significantly reduce the need to use MWRA water. We have not purchased any MWRA water since December 12, 2016 and if 'average' rainfall continues this could continue for several months." [145]
Sewer service is available in Cambridge. The city is inter-connected with the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA)'s sewage network with sewage treatment plant in the Boston Harbor.
See also: Boston transportation
Massachusetts Avenue in Harvard Square
Several major roads lead to Cambridge, including Route 2, Route 16, and the McGrath Highway (Route 28). The Massachusetts Turnpike does not pass through Cambridge but provides access by an exit in nearby Allston. Both U.S. Route 1 and Interstate 93 also provide additional access on the eastern end of Cambridge at Leverett Circle in Boston. Route 2A runs the length of the city, chiefly along Massachusetts Avenue. The Charles River forms the southern border of Cambridge and is crossed by 11 bridges connecting Cambridge to Boston, including the Longfellow Bridge and the Harvard Bridge, eight of which are open to motorized road traffic.
Cambridge has an irregular street network because many of the roads date from the colonial era. Contrary to popular belief, the road system did not evolve from longstanding cow-paths. Roads connected various village settlements with each other and nearby towns and were shaped by geographic features, most notably streams, hills, and swampy areas. Today, the major "squares" are typically connected by long, mostly straight roads, such as Massachusetts Avenue between Harvard Square and Central Square, or Hampshire Street between Kendall Square and Inman Square.
Central Station on the MBTA Red Line
Cambridge is served by the MBTA, including the Porter Square Station on the regional Commuter Rail; the Lechmere Station on the Green Line; and the Red Line at Alewife, Porter Square, Harvard Square, Central Square, and Kendall Square/MIT Stations. Alewife Station, the terminus of the Red Line, has a large multi-story parking garage (at a rate of $7 per day as of 2015 [update] ). [146]
The Harvard bus tunnel, under Harvard Square, connects to the Red Line underground. This tunnel was originally opened for streetcars in 1912 and served trackless trolleys (trolleybuses) and buses as the routes were converted; four lines of the MBTA trolleybus system continue to use it. The tunnel was partially reconfigured when the Red Line was extended to Alewife in the early 1980s.
Besides the state-owned transit agency, the city is also served by the Charles River Transportation Management Agency (CRTMA) shuttles which are supported by some of the largest companies operating in the city, in addition to the municipal government itself. [147]
Cambridge has several bike paths, including one along the Charles River, [148] and the Linear Park connecting the Minuteman Bikeway at Alewife with the Somerville Community Path. A connection to Watertown is under construction. Bike parking is common and there are bike lanes on many streets, although concerns have been expressed regarding the suitability of many of the lanes. On several central MIT streets, bike lanes transfer onto the sidewalk. Cambridge bans cycling on certain sections of sidewalk where pedestrian traffic is heavy. [149]
While Bicycling Magazine in 2006 rated Boston as one of the worst cities in the nation for bicycling, [150] it has given Cambridge honorable mention as one of the best [151] and was called by the magazine "Boston's Great Hope". Boston has since then followed the example of Cambridge and made considerable efforts to improve bicycling safety and convenience. [152]
Cambridge has an official bicycle committee. [153] The LivableStreets Alliance, headquartered in Cambridge, is an advocacy group for bicyclists, pedestrians, and walkable neighborhoods. [154]
The Weeks Bridge provides a pedestrian-only connection between Boston's Allston-Brighton neighborhood and Cambridge over the Charles River.
Walking is a popular activity in Cambridge. In 2000, among US cities with more than 100,000 residents, Cambridge had the highest percentage of commuters who walked to work. [155] Cambridge's major historic squares have changed into modern walking neighborhoods, including traffic calming features based on the needs of pedestrians rather than of motorists. [156]
The Boston intercity bus and train stations at South Station, Boston, and Logan International Airport in East Boston, are accessible by subway. The Fitchburg Line rail service from Porter Square connects to some western suburbs. Since October 2010, there has also been intercity bus service between Alewife Station (Cambridge) and New York City. [157]
Main article: Cambridge Police Department (Massachusetts)
In addition to the Cambridge Police Department, the city is patrolled by the Fifth (Brighton) Barracks of Troop H of the Massachusetts State Police. [158] Owing, however, to proximity, the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth (Boston) Barracks of Troop H, as well. [159] The campuses of Harvard and MIT are patrolled by the Harvard University Police Department and MIT Police Department, respectively.
Engine 2, Paramedic Squad 2, Ladder 3 firehouse
The city of Cambridge is protected by the Cambridge Fire Department. Established in 1832, the CFD operates eight engine companies, four ladder companies, one rescue company, and two paramedic squad companies from eight fire stations located throughout the city. The Acting Chief is Gerard Mahoney. [160]
The city of Cambridge receives emergency medical services from PRO EMS, a privately contracted ambulance service. [161]
Main article: Cambridge Public Library
Further educational services are provided at the Cambridge Public Library. The large modern main building was built in 2009, and connects to the restored 1888 Richardson Romanesque building. It was founded as the private Cambridge Athenaeum in 1849 and was acquired by the city in 1858, and became the Dana Library. The 1888 building was a donation of Frederick H. Rindge.
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United States
Cambridge's sister cities with active relationships are: [162]
Coimbra, Portugal (1982)
Gaeta, Italy (1982)
Tsukuba, Japan (1983)
San José Las Flores, El Salvador (1987)
Yerevan, Armenia (1987)
Galway, Ireland (1997)
Les Cayes, Haiti (2014)
Cambridge has ten additional inactive sister city relationships: [162]
Dublin, Ireland (1983)
Ischia, Italy (1984)
Catania, Italy (1987)
Kraków, Poland (1989)
Florence, Italy (1992)
Santo Domingo Oeste, Dominican Republic (2003)
Southwark, England (2004)
Yuseong (Daejeon), Korea (2005)
Haidian (Beijing), China (2005)
Cienfuegos, Cuba (2005)
↑ Brighton was annexed by Boston in 1874.
↑ Part of West Cambridge joined the new town of Belmont in 1859; the rest of West Cambridge was renamed Arlington in 1867.
↑ The name of today's nearby Sheraton Commander Hotel refers to that event.
Middlesex County is located in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,632,002, making it the 22nd most populous county in the United States, and the most populous county in both Massachusetts and New England. Middlesex County is one of two U.S. counties to be amongst the top 25 counties with the highest household income and the 25 most populated counties. As part of the 2010 national census, the Commonwealth's mean center of population for that year was geo-centered in Middlesex County, in the town of Natick at. Middlesex County is included in the Census Bureau's Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Brookline is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, in the United States, and part of the Boston metropolitan area. Brookline borders six of Boston's neighborhoods: Brighton, Allston, Fenway–Kenmore, Mission Hill, Jamaica Plain, and West Roxbury. The city of Newton lies to the west of Brookline. Brookline was first settled in 1638 as a hamlet in Boston, known as Muddy River; it was incorporated as a separate town in 1705.
Newton is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is approximately 7 miles (11 km) west of downtown Boston. Newton resembles a patchwork of thirteen villages, without a city center. According to the 2020 U.S. Census, the population of Newton was 88,923.
Lincoln is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. The population was 7,014 according to the 2020 United States Census, including residents of Hanscom Air Force Base that live within town limits. The town, located in the MetroWest region of Boston's suburbs, has a rich colonial history and large amounts of public conservation land.
Medford is a city 6.7 miles (10.8 km) northwest of downtown Boston on the Mystic River in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. At the time of the 2020 U.S. Census, Medford's population was 59,659. It is home to Tufts University, which has its campus along the Medford and Somerville border.
Somerville is a city located directly to the northwest of Boston, and north of Cambridge, in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city had a total population of 81,045 people. With an area of 4.12 square miles (10.7 km2), the city has a density of 19,671/sq mi (7,595/km2), making it the most densely populated municipality in New England, and the 16th most densely populated incorporated municipality in the country. Somerville was established as a town in 1842, when it was separated from Charlestown. In 2006, the city was named the best-run city in Massachusetts by The Boston Globe. In 1972, 2009, and 2015, the city received the All-America City Award. It is home to Tufts University, which has its campus along the Somerville and Medford border.
Charlestown is the oldest neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts. Originally called Mishawum by the Massachusett tribe, it is located on a peninsula north of the Charles River, across from downtown Boston, and also adjoins the Mystic River and Boston Harbor waterways. Charlestown was laid out in 1629 by engineer Thomas Graves, one of its earliest settlers, in the reign of Charles I of England. It was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Belmont is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. It is a western suburb of Boston, Massachusetts, United States; and is part of the greater Boston metropolitan area. At the time of the 2020 U.S. Census, the town's population stood at 27,295, up 10.4% from 2010.
Kendall Square is a neighborhood in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, with the square itself at the intersection of Main Street and Broadway. It also refers to the broad business district east of Portland Street, northwest of the Charles River, north of MIT and south of Binney Street. Kendall Square has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.
Union Square is a neighborhood in the southeastern part of Somerville, Massachusetts. It is centered on Union Square proper, which is located at the intersection of Washington Street, Webster Avenue, and Somerville Avenue.
Inman Square is a neighborhood and historic district in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It lies north of Central Square, at the junction of Cambridge, Hampshire, and Inman Streets near the Cambridge–Somerville border.
Greater Boston is the metropolitan region of New England encompassing the municipality of Boston and its surrounding areas. The region forms the northern arc of the Northeast megalopolis, so Greater Boston means both a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and a combined statistical area (CSA), which is broader. The MSA consists of most of the eastern third of Massachusetts, excluding the South Coast and Cape Cod; the CSA additionally includes the municipalities of Providence, Manchester, Worcester, the South Coast region, and Cape Cod. While the city of Boston covers 48.4 square miles (125 km2) and has 675,647 residents as of the 2020 census, the urbanization has extended well into surrounding areas and the CSA has a more than 8.4 million people, making it one of the most populous such regions in the U.S. The CSA is one of two in Massachusetts, the other being Greater Springfield. Greater Boston is the only CSA in New England that lies in three states.
Central station is an Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) rapid transit station in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It serves the Red Line and has a street-level terminal for the MBTA bus system. It is located at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue with Western Avenue, Prospect Street, and Magazine Street at Central Square.
Kendall/MIT station is an underground rapid transit station in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It serves the MBTA Red Line, Located at the intersection of Main Street and Broadway, it is named for the primary areas it serves - the Kendall Square business district and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Opened in March 1912 as part of the original Cambridge subway, Kendall/MIT has two side platforms serving the line's two tracks. The Kendall Band, a public art installation of hand-operated musical sculptures, is located between the tracks in the station with controls located on the platforms. Kendall/MIT station is accessible. With 17,018 weekday boardings by a FY2019 count, Kendall/MIT has the fourth highest ridership among MBTA subway stations.
Central Square is an area in Cambridge, Massachusetts centered on the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street and Western Avenue. Lafayette Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street and Main Street, is also considered a part of the Central Square area. Harvard Square is to the northwest along Massachusetts Avenue, Inman Square is to the north along Prospect Street and Kendall Square is to the east along Main Street. The section of Central Square along Massachusetts Avenue between Clinton Street and Main Street is designated the Central Square Historic District, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
Allston is an officially recognized neighborhood within the City of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It was named after the American painter and poet Washington Allston. It comprises the land covered by the zip code 02134. For the most part, Allston is administered collectively with the adjacent neighborhood of Brighton. The two are often referred to together as "Allston–Brighton". Boston Police Department District D-14 covers the Allston-Brighton area and a Boston Fire Department Allston station is located in Union Square which houses Engine 41 and Ladder 14. Engine 41 is nicknamed "The Bull" to commemorate the historic stockyards of Allston.
The Urban Ring was a proposed project of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation, to develop new public transportation routes that would provide improved circumferential connections among many existing transit lines that project radially from downtown Boston. The Urban Ring Corridor is located roughly one to two miles from downtown Boston, passing through the Massachusetts cities of Boston, Chelsea, Everett, Medford, Somerville, Cambridge, and Brookline. The project was expected to convert 41,500 car trips to transit trips daily.
East Cambridge is a neighborhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Referred to in modern times as Area 1, East Cambridge is bounded by the Charles River and the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston on the east, the Somerville border on the north, Broadway and Main Street on the south, and the railroad tracks on the west. Most of the streets form a grid aligned with Cambridge Street, which was laid out to directly connect what is now the Charles River Dam Bridge with what in 1809 was the heart of Cambridge, Harvard Square. The northern part of the grid is a roughly six by eight block residential area. Cambridge Street itself is retail commercial, along with Monsignor O'Brien Highway, the Twin Cities Plaza strip mall, and the enclosed Cambridgeside Galleria. Lechmere Square is the transportation hub for the northern side. The southern half of the grid is largely office and laboratory space for hundreds of dot-com companies, research labs and startups associated with MIT, biotechnology firms including Genzyme, Biogen and Moderna, the Athenaeum Press Building, light industry, an NRG Energy power station, and various small businesses. This half of the neighborhood is generally identified with Kendall Square. Along the waterfront are several hotels and taller apartment buildings.
This is a timeline of the history of the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
The 155th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met from January 1, 1947, to June 18, 1948, during the governorship of Robert F. Bradford, in Boston.
↑ Cambridge Historical Commission. "Frequently Asked Questions". City of Cambridge. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
↑ "Mayor Siddiqui" . Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
↑ "Cambridge". CollinsDictionary.com . HarperCollins . Retrieved May 2, 2017.
↑ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States". USDOC. Population, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
↑ Degler, Carl Neumann (1984). Out of Our Pasts: The Forces That Shaped Modern America. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-131985-3 . Retrieved September 9, 2009.
↑ Accessed December 1, 2016.
1 2 "Kendall Square Initiative". MIT. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
1 2 Lelund Cheung. "When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?". Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
↑ Smith, John (1837). A description of New England; or, The observations, and discoveries of Captain Iohn Smith (admirall of that country) in the north of America, in the year of our Lord 1614; with the successe of sixe ships, that went the next yeare 1615; and the accidents befell him among the French men of warre: with the proofe of the present benefit this countrey affoords; whither this present yeare, 1616, eight voluntary ships are gone to make further tryall. Washington: P. Force.
↑ Town of Cambridge (2021). "Brief History of Cambridge, Massachusetts".
↑ "Medford Historical Society Papers, Volume 24., The Indians of the Mystic valley and the litigation over their land". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 EB (1878).
1 2 Abbott, Rev. Edward (1880). "Cambridge". In Drake, Samuel Adams (ed.). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 1. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. pp. 305–16. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
↑ Report on the Custody and Condition of the Public Records of Parishes. Boston: Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. 1889. p. 298. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
↑ (1) Arthur Gilman, ed. (1896). The Cambridge of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-six. Cambridge: Committee on the Memorial Volume. p. 8.
(2) Harvard News Office (May 2, 2002). "This month in Harvard history". Harvard Gazette . Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012. . (This source gives May 12, 1638, as the date of the name change; others say May 2, 1638, or late 1637.)
↑ Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. (1907). Historic Guide to Cambridge (Second ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. pp. 20–21. On October 15, 1637, the Great and General Court passed a vote that: "The college is ordered to bee at Newetowne." In this same year the name of Newetowne was changed to Cambridge, ("It is ordered that Newetowne shall henceforward be called Cambridge") in honor of the university in Cambridge, England, where many of the early settlers were educated.
↑ Ritter, Priscilla R.; Thelma Fleishman (1982). Newton, Massachusetts 1679–1779: A Biographical Directory. New England Historic Genealogical Society.
↑ "History", Lexington Chamber of Commerce, 2007, archived from the original on March 10, 2007
↑ William P., Marchione (2011). "A Short History of Allston-Brighton". Brighton-Allston Historical Society. Brighton Board of Trade. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
↑ (1) "Annexation And Its Fruits" (PDF). The New York Times . January 15, 1874. p. 4. Archived from the original on January 15, 1874.
(2) "Boston's Annexation Schemes.; Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near-By Towns" (PDF). The New York Times . March 26, 1892. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 27, 1892. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
↑ "Descendants of the Great Migration". The Winthrop Society. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
↑ (1) "Harvard Charter of 1650". Harvard University Archives . Retrieved September 7, 2013.
(2) "Chapter V: The University at Cambridge, and encouragement of literature, etc.". Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The General Court of Massachusetts. September 1, 1779. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
↑ EB (1911), p. 96.
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1 2 From 15% sample
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↑ "Schools". Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
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(2) "Cable TV franchise agreements in Massachusetts". Commonwealth of Massachusetts Office of Consumer Affairs & Business Regulation (OCABR).
↑ "Broadband Task Force – City Manager's Office – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". cambridgema.gov. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
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↑ MacLaughlin, Nina (2006). "Boston Can Be Bike City...If You Fix These Five Big Problems". The Phoenix – Bicycle Bible 2006. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.
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(5) "Drivers, bicyclists clash on road sharing". Turner Broadcasting System. October 18, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
(6) Filipov, David (July 29, 2009). "Hub's bike routes beckon, white knuckles and all". Boston Globe. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
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↑ "Station H-5, SP Brighton". Archived from the original on December 4, 2011.
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1 2 "Sister Cities Overview - City of Cambridge, MA". City of Cambridge. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
See also: Bibliography of the history of Cambridge, Massachusetts
Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Cambridge (3.)" , Encyclopædia Britannica , 4 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 732
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Cambridge (Massachusetts)" , Encyclopædia Britannica , 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 95–96
Drake, Samuel Adams, ed. (1879). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: Containing Carefully Prepared Histories of Every City and Town in the County. Volume 2 (L-W). Estes and Lauriat. |volume= has extra text (help)
Cambridge article by Rev. Edward Abbott in Volume 1, pages 305–358.
Eliot, Samuel Atkins. A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1630–1913. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Cambridge Tribune, 1913.
Hiestand, Emily. "Watershed: An Excursion in Four Parts". The Georgia Review . Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia (Spring 1998): 7–28.
Paige, Lucius. History of Cambridge, Massachusettse: 1630–1877. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press, 1877.
Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Mid Cambridge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1967. ISBN 0-262-53012-0.
Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Cambridgeport. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1971. ISBN 0-262-53013-9.
Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Old Cambridge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1973. ISBN 0-262-53014-7.
Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Northwest Cambridge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1977. ISBN 0-262-53032-5.
Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: East Cambridge (revised edition). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1988. ISBN 0-262-53078-3
Sinclair, Jill (April 2009). Fresh Pond: The History of a Cambridge Landscape. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19591-1.
Seaburg, Alan (2001). Cambridge on the Charles. Billerica, Massachusetts: Anne Miniver Press. ISBN 978-0-9625794-9-3.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cambridge, Massachusetts .
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cambridge (Massachusetts) .
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Cambridge, Massachusetts .
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MusicBrainz place


You can now play Munchkin Match for PC on a desktop/laptop running Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and MacOS/OS X. This can easily be done with the help of BlueStacks or Andy OS Android emulator.
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text:
An incredible Earth Wind & Fire classic demo unvaulted - listen now
Photo credit: Rubie Stepney
(July 10, 2022) For an all too brief decade, Chicago native Charles Stepney (1931-1976) put his indelible stamp on records by everyone from Muddy Waters to Rotary Connection. It was his compositional, arranging, and production prowess with Earth, Wind & Fire, however, that remains most eternally embedded in his legacy. Group co-leader Philip Bailey has personally attested to the essential role that Stepney played in cultivating its sonic foundation. Now, that impact is being explored for the first time—half a century later—on an upcoming compilation of his home recordings.
International Anthem Recording Company began previewing the LP, entitled Step on Step, this spring. Yet, it's the newest release that is by far the most revelatory. Stepney's four-track demo of "That's the Way of the World," a definitive EW&F classic which he co-wrote with Maurice and Verdine White, is an enthralling glimpse into the creative process of the masterful musician. He would arrange the version on the 1975 LP and film of the same name, and it went on to be named one of the 500 greatest songs of all time by Rolling Stone and the accompanying album was voted by SoulTracks readers at the best disc of the decade.
Created with an early drum machine, synthesizer, and piano, the brilliance of Stepney's instrumental blueprint of "That's the Way of the World" lies in its unaffected sophistication. While the canvas might feel bare-bones in comparison to the final version, many of the subtle melodic flourishes that became an integral part of Bailey's vocal and the band's performance can be heard in the lead lines of the home recording. The sound is exceptionally progressive considering that it was created outside of a professional studio in a pre-disco era largely devoid of the fancy electronic equipment that would come to permeate popular music over the following decades.
Listen to Charles Stepney's original demo of "That's the Way of the World" below and visit the Summer of Stepney website for further information on the under-sung musician and events taking place to celebrate his legacy.
by Justin Kantor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We were at Gramps and Grammy's house in Texas for the holidays and we had managed to not completely ransack the house – yet. True, we had a stellar game of tag through a pile of dog poop but we learned not to carry it into the house like we did last year with the new game: run through glitter – naked. Needless to say, my in laws are fantastic sports.
This particular morning we thought we would keep them entertained with a trip to the Frisco library; it is perfect for rambunctious kids. We managed to get through our first obstacle successfully, using the revolving door without losing a child or breaking it. Yes, we caused it to shake and left our face implants on the glass, but it is still usable for the other patrons. Obstacle two: my daughter was too old for the very cool interactive pirate ship playground, but she happily played with Grammy while I took the twin tornadoes in. Phew. All was quiet.
Until the baby of the family decided he wanted to qualify for the Olympics. He had previously demonstrated his desire to run, once into oncoming traffic, but we thought it had been curtailed. Unfortunately, the "everything is bigger in Texas" motto also refers to the amount of space to run rampant at the public library and off he went.
Lap two was more of the paranoid phase. Did he run into the elevator?
Lap three, Man, I should start a yoga class. I'm getting a little sore.
Last four, We are so getting kicked out.
Until finally, I heard the boom of what could only be one thing: a head into a blunt object. Instant wailing.
He uncurled himself from this kind stranger and exposed a crime scene worth of blood.
Of course he would be fine. A typical nose bleed doesn't take that long to stop but of course, I do not have typical children. This one has a condition called ITP which creates excessive bleeding and bruising. The lack of platelets in his body mean three things: I am now an expert on blood, he will never play professional hockey, and this nosebleed will be a while.
The blood was everywhere: the floor, the chair, my clothes, his face, the lollipop he stole from my backpack. It was a splatter paint of stress. We all worked together: Grammy got the wipes, his twin held his hand, I applied pressure, and my daughter ran to the librarian to get one solitary tissue. Thanks, honey.
"Okay." She went back and got two.
I bashfully assured her we just needed a bit of time and would be leaving shortly. Everyone stayed exceptionally calm. Thank goodness my mother in law always knows what to do in an emergency and I didn't have to manage this mayhem alone.
When the excitement subsided, we dragged ourselves towards the exit. We lacked a bit of the luster we had when we first entered. Piles of bloodsoaked backpacks, coats, and children really make a statement.
Her words were so gentle. Maybe it was the Southern accent, but I felt like if it was acceptable, she would have just scooped me up and held me. It was just a box of one ply tissues but it was a truly kind gesture. I could feel her empathy and frankly, really appreciated it.
If you ever find yourself in the Frisco area, I recommend stopping by the 2nd floor of the library. There will you find one of the kindest strangers I have ever met, and I am confident she will share her tissues with you, even if you don't leave a pool of blood near the Fiction section.