2009-01-23 Assigned to SCHWEITZER-MAUDUIT INTERNATIONAL, INC. reassignment SCHWEITZER-MAUDUIT INTERNATIONAL, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GUILCHET, PATRICK, HERVE, RAOUL, CLOITRE-CHABERT, JULIA, KRAKER, THOMAS A.
Smoking articles having reduced ignition proclivity characteristics are disclosed. The smoking articles include a paper wrapper containing cellulosic fibers and filler particles. The paper wrappers are treated with a film-forming composition in order to reduce the ignition proclivity characteristics of the smoking articles. In one embodiment, the film-forming composition contains an alginate combined with a starch. In an alternative embodiment, the film-forming composition contains a film-forming material combined with filler particles. The filler particles may comprise kaolin clay, magnesium oxide, mica, alum, or mixtures thereof.
The present application is based on and claims priority to a provisional application filed on Jul. 3, 2007 having Ser. No. 60/958,263.
There is an ongoing concern in the tobacco industry to produce cigarettes having wrappers which reduce the ignition proclivity of the smoking article, or the tendency of the smoking article to ignite surfaces which come into contact with the lit smoking article. Reports have been made of fires attributed to burning cigarettes coming into contact with combustible materials. A justifiable interest exists in the industry to reduce the tendency of cigarettes, or other smoking articles to ignite surfaces and materials used in furniture, bedding, and the like upon contact.
Thus, a desirable feature of smoking articles, particularly cigarettes, is that they self-extinguish upon being dropped or left in a free burning state in contact with combustible materials.
It has long been recognized in the tobacco industry that the cigarette wrapper has a significant influence on the smolder characteristics of the cigarette. In this regard, various attempts have been made in the art to alter or modify the cigarette wrappers in order to achieve the desired tendency of the cigarette to self-extinguish, or in other words to reduce the ignition proclivity characteristics of cigarettes.
The prior art describes the application of film-forming solutions to cigarette paper to reduce the paper permeability and control the burn rate. It has been shown that when these materials have been applied in discrete areas along the length of the cigarette, the cigarette shows a reduced propensity to ignite a substrate, and tends to self-extinguish.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,878,753 to Peterson and U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,998 to Hotaling, et al. which are incorporated herein by reference, for example, describe a smoking article wrapper being treated with a film-forming aqueous solution to reduce permeability. U.S. Pat. No. 5,878,754 to Peterson which is also incorporated herein by reference describes a smoking article wrapper being treated with a non-aqueous solution of a solvent soluble polymer dissolved in a non-aqueous solution to reduce permeability.
The present application is directed to further improvements in producing a wrapper for a smoking article with reduced ignition proclivity properties. In particular, the present disclosure is directed to improved formulations that may be applied to the paper wrapper.
The present disclosure is generally directed to paper wrappers for smoking articles with reduced ignition proclivity and to a process for making the wrappers. For example, in one embodiment, the paper wrapper can be made from a paper web. For example, the paper wrapper can contain flax fibers, softwood fibers, hardwood fibers and mixtures thereof. The paper wrapper can also include a filler, such as calcium carbonate and/or a magnesium oxide, in an amount from about 10% to about 40% by weight.
A film-forming composition is applied to the paper wrapper at particular locations. The film-forming composition forms treated discrete areas on the wrapper. The discrete areas are separated by untreated areas. The treated discrete areas are configured to reduce ignition proclivity of a smoking article incorporating the wrapper. For example, the treated areas can reduce ignition proclivity by reducing oxygen to a smoldering coal of the smoking article as the coal burns and advances into the treated areas.
In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the film-forming composition comprises the combination of a film-forming material, which may itself be a polysaccharide, and a polysaccharide, such as a starch, which may also be considered a film-forming material. It has been unexpectedly discovered that combining a film-forming material with a starch produces synergistic results. In particular, a film-forming composition containing both a film-forming material and a starch has been found to be more efficient at reducing the ignition proclivity characteristics of a smoking article in comparison to a film-forming composition containing a film-forming material alone or a film-forming composition containing a starch alone.
The film-forming material combined with the starch in accordance with the present disclosure can vary depending upon the particular application. Film-forming materials that may be used include, for instance, guar gum, pectin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, cellulose, cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and the like, alginates, and mixtures thereof. In one particular embodiment, for instance, a starch may be combined with an alginate in forming the composition.
The relative amounts of the starch and film-forming material, such as alginate, within the film-forming composition may vary depending upon the particular application. In one embodiment, for instance, the film-forming material may be present within the film-forming composition after being applied and dried on a paper wrapper in an amount from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the treated areas. Starch, on the other hand, may be present in the treated areas in an amount from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the treated areas.
In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the film-forming composition contains a film-forming material combined with specific filler particles.
The filler particles may comprise, for instance, magnesium oxide, mica, kaolin clay, or mixtures thereof. In the past, those skilled in the art have suggested combining a film-forming material with various particulate inorganic fillers. The present inventors have discovered, however, that the above fillers are unexpectedly more efficient at reducing the ignition proclivity properties of a treated paper wrapper in comparison to the particulate inorganic fillers used in the past.
The above listed filler particles may be contained in the film-forming composition (as applied to the wrapper) in an amount from about 0.25% to about 15% by weight of the composition, such as from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of the composition. The filler particles can have an average diameter from about 0.0001 microns to about 5 microns, such as from about 0.1 microns to about 3 microns.
The film-forming material combined with the filler particles can be any suitable film-forming material such as an alginate. In an alternative embodiment, the filler particles can be combined with a starch. In still another embodiment, the filler particles may be combined with a film-forming composition containing both an alginate and a starch.
Other film-forming materials that may be used solely or in combination with the filler particles include guar gum, pectin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, cellulose and cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and the like.
The film-forming composition made according to the present disclosure can be applied to the paper wrapper according to various methods. For example, the composition can be printed onto the paper using, for instance, flexography, direct gravure printing, and offset gravure printing.
In one embodiment, the discrete areas formed by the film-forming composition are in the shape of circumferential bands disposed longitudinally along the smoking article. The bands can have a width of greater than about 3 mm, such as from about 4 mm to about 10 mm. The bands can be spaced from each other at a distance of from about 5 mm to about 50 mm and particularly from about 10 mm to about 40 mm.
The amount of the film-forming composition that is applied to the paper wrapper depends upon the particular application and various factors. For example, the film-forming composition can be applied to the wrapper in an amount from about 1% to about 30% by dry weight based upon the weight of the wrapper within the treated areas, and particularly in an amount from about 2% to about 20% by dry weight.
Once applied to the paper wrapper, the treated areas can have a permeability of less than about 40 Coresta, particularly less than about 30 Coresta, and more particularly from about 1 Coresta to about 30 Coresta. The initial permeability of the paper wrapper can be from about 20 Coresta to about 150 Coresta or greater. For example, in one embodiment, the initial permeability of the paper wrapper may be greater than about 60 Coresta, such as greater than about 80 Coresta. In an alternative embodiment, the initial permeability of the paper wrapper may be less than about 60 Coresta, such as from about 20 Coresta to about 40 Coresta.
The film-forming composition when applied to the paper wrapper may be contained in an aqueous solution or may be contained in a non-aqueous solution. When contained in a non-aqueous solution, for example, an alcohol may be present.
The paper wrapper may have any suitable basis weight depending upon a particular application. In one particular embodiment, for instance, the paper wrapper may have a basis weight of from about 18 gsm to about 60 gsm. The paper wrapper may also be treated with a burn promoting agent over substantially the entire surface area of the paper wrapper. For example, the burn promoting agent may be applied to the paper wrapper prior to or after the treated areas are formed. The burn promoting agent may be applied to the paper wrapper in amounts from about 0.1% to about 8% by dry weight. The burn promoting agent may be, for instance, an acetic acid salt, a citric acid salt, a malic acid salt, a lactic acid salt, a tartaric acid salt, a carbonic acid salt, a formic acid salt, a propionic acid salt, a glycolic acid salt, a fumaric acid salt, an oxalic acid salt, a malonic acid salt, a succinic acid salt, a nitric acid salt, a phosphoric acid salt, or mixtures thereof. In one particular embodiment, the burn promoting agent is a citrate, a succinate, or mixtures thereof.
FIGS. 3-8 are graphical representations of the results obtained in the examples that follow.
Reference now will be made in detail to the embodiments of the disclosure, one or more examples of which are set forth below. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment, can be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover such modifications and variations.
For purposes of explanation of the disclosure, the embodiments and principles of the disclosure will be discussed in regards to a cigarette. However, this is for the purposes of explanation of the disclosure only and is not meant to limit the disclosure only to cigarettes. Any manner of smoking article is within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.
The present disclosure relates to a smoking article and a wrapper for a smoking article having improved ignition proclivity control characteristics. "Ignition proclivity" is a measure of the tendency of the smoking article or cigarette to ignite a flammable substrate if the burning cigarette is dropped or otherwise left on a flammable substrate. A test for ignition proclivity of a cigarette has been established by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) and is generally referred to as the "Mock-Up Ignition Test". The test comprises placing a smoldering cigarette on a flammable test fabric and recording the tendency of the cigarette to either ignite the test fabric, burn the test fabric beyond a normal char line of the fabric, burn its entire length without igniting the fabric, or self-extinguish before igniting the test fabric or burning its entire length.
Another test for ignition proclivity is referred to as the "Cigarette Extinction Test". The Cigarette Extinction Test is ASTM Test No. E2187-04. In the Cigarette Extinction Test, a lit cigarette is placed on one or more layers of filter paper. If the cigarette self extinguishes, the cigarette passes the test. If the cigarette burns all the way to its end on the filter, however, the cigarette fails. Smoking articles made in accordance with the present invention can be designed to pass one or both of these tests.
In addition to the above tests, smoking articles having reduced ignition proclivity cigarettes are typically also tested for "free air self-extinguishment" (FASE). During the free air extinguishment test, the smoking articles are allowed to burn in the free air without being puffed and without being placed on an adjacent surface. In some applications, it is desirable for a smoking article to pass the mock up ignition test or the cigarette extinction test while not self-extinguishing when left burning in the free air. Thus, lower FASE rates may be preferred. Of particular advantage, smoking articles constructed in accordance with the principles of the present disclosure may be configured to self extinguish when placed on an adjacent surface but yet have lower FASE rates in comparison to many prior products that are intended to have reduced ignition proclivity characteristics.
In general, smoking articles having reduced ignition proclivity are made according to the present disclosure by applying in discrete areas to a wrapping paper a film-forming composition. In one embodiment, the film-forming composition contains a film-forming material combined with a polysaccharide. The film-forming material may comprise, for instance, an alginate, guar gum, pectin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, cellulose, a cellulose derivative, or mixtures thereof. The polysaccharide may comprise, for instance, a starch. The starch may be a natural starch or may be a modified starch. The present inventors have discovered that when a polysaccharide and a film-forming material are combined together, various synergistic advantages and benefits are obtained.
In the past, the assignee of the present application has obtained various patents directed to smoking articles with reduced ignition proclivity characteristics. For example, paper wrappers treated with a film-forming composition that forms treated discrete areas on the wrapper are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,878,753; 5,878,754; 6,568,403; 6,779,530 and 6,725,867, which are incorporated herein by reference. The above patents disclose various different film-forming materials that may be used to form the treated discrete areas. In particular, the above patents disclose the use of alginate and disclose the use of starch. The present inventors, however, have found that various unexpected benefits and advantages are obtained when starch and a film-forming material such as an alginate are combined together.
For instance, although the rheology of starch and alginate are different, it has been discovered that the rheology of the two components are complimentary. When starch and alginate are combined, for instance, the resulting solution has improved printability.
The combination of a film-forming material such as an alginate and starch has also provided various efficiency improvements in the ability of the solution to form treated areas on paper wrappers that reduce the ignition proclivity characteristics of a smoking article incorporating the wrapper. In particular, on a weight basis, an alginate and starch solution is generally more efficient in lowering the permeability and diffusion capacity of the paper wrapper in comparison to a similar solution containing only starch or only alginate.
Although any film-forming material may be used in the composition in accordance with the present disclosure, in one embodiment, the film-forming material comprises an alginate. In general, an alginate is a derivative of an acidic polysaccaride or gum which occurs as the insoluble mixed calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium salt in the Phaeophyceae brown seaweeds. Generally speaking, these derivatives are calcium, sodium, potassium, and/or magnesium salts of high molecular weight polysaccarides composed of varying proportions of D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronic acid. Exemplary salts or derivatives of alginic acid include ammonium alginate, potassium alginate, sodium alginate, propylene glycol alginate, and/or mixtures thereof.
Any suitable alginate may be used in the present disclosure, including any suitable derivatives. The alginate contained in the film-forming composition, for instance, may have a relatively high molecular weight or may have a relatively low molecular weight. For example, in one embodiment, the alginate may have a viscosity of less than about 500 cP when contained in a 3% by weight aqueous solution at 25° C.
In one embodiment, for instance, KELGIN LB alginate from ISP Corporation may be used. KELGIN LB alginate is a low viscosity, pure sodium alginate.
The polysaccharide that is combined with the alginate in accordance with the present disclosure may also vary depending upon the particular application. When using a starch, the starch, for instance, may be modified or may be unmodified and may be obtained from various plants. In one embodiment, for instance, an oxidized corn starch may be combined with the alginate. One example of a commercially available oxidized corn starch is FLOKOTE 64 commercially available from the National Starch and Chemical Company of Bridgewater, N.J.
When formulated into a film-forming composition and applied to a paper wrapper in accordance with the present disclosure, the film-forming material and polysaccharide can be combined with water or with any suitable solvent. For instance, in one embodiment, the film-forming composition may comprise an aqueous dispersion or an aqueous solution. Alternatively, the film-forming composition prior to being applied to the paper wrapper may comprise a non-aqueous solution or dispersion. For instance, an alcohol may be present and combined with the film-forming material and polysaccharide.
The amount of the film-forming material and polysaccharide present within the film-forming composition may depend upon various factors. When formulating an aqueous solution or dispersion, for instance, the film-forming material such as an alginate may be present in the film-forming composition in an amount from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the solution, such as from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the solution. For instance, in one embodiment, alginate may be present in an amount from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the solution. Starch, on the other hand, may be present in an amount from about 3% to about 25% by weight of the solution, such as from about 3% to about 20% by weight of the solution. For instance, in one embodiment, starch may be present in the film-forming composition in an amount from about 3% to about 15% by weight of the solution.
It should be understood that the above percentages are merely exemplary. When printing the film-forming composition onto a paper wrapper containing a film-forming material and polysaccharide, the film-forming material and polysaccharide can be contained in the composition in amounts sufficient so that the composition has Theological properties that make the composition amenable to a printing process. For instance, the relative amounts of film-forming material and polysaccharide can be present in the composition so that the composition has a viscosity of less than about 1500 cps.
Although unknown, it is believed that when a film-forming material and a polysaccharide are combined together, both components form a film on the surface of the paper that is well suited to extinguishing a smoking article should the article be left on an adjacent surface. Although unknown, it is believed that the film-forming material is better suited to forming a film on the wrapper while the polysaccharide maintains a lower viscosity and improves the properties of the treated areas. Once applied to the paper wrapper and dried, the treated areas may contain, in one embodiment, a greater amount of polysaccharide than film-forming material. In other embodiments, however, the polysaccharide and the film-forming material may be present in equal amounts or a greater amount of the film-forming material may be present. In general, for instance, the treated areas may contain a polysaccharide from about 1% to about 20% by dry weight of the treated area, while containing the film-forming material in an amount from about 1% to about 15% by dry weight of the treated area.
In an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure, the film-forming composition applied to the paper wrapper contains a film-forming material combined with filler particles. Specifically, the present inventors have discovered that certain filler particles provide unexpected advantages in improving the ignition proclivity characteristics of the wrapper in comparison to filler particles that have been proposed in the past. Specifically, in this embodiment of the present disclosure, the film-forming composition can contain magnesium oxide particles, kaolin clay particles, mica particles, or mixtures thereof.
In the past, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 6,725,867, those skilled in the art have proposed to combine a particulate filler into a composition used to form treated areas on a cigarette wrapping paper. In the '867 patent, for instance, the particulate filler is described as being chalk, clay, calcium carbonate or titanium oxide. The present inventors, however, have discovered that the above listed particles, as shown in the examples below, demonstrate unexpectedly superior results in comparison to the fillers listed in the '867 patent.
The magnesium oxide, mica, or kaolin clay may be present in the film-forming composition, for instance, in an amount less than about 15% by weight, such as from about 0.25% to about 15% by weight, and particularly, from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight. In many applications, for instance, the particles can be present in an amount from about 1% to about 3% by weight of the composition.
The size of the filler particles may vary depending upon the particular material used in the particular application. In general, the filler particles have an average diameter of less than about 5 microns. For instance, the average size of the particles may be from about 0.0001 microns to about 5 microns, such as from about 0.1 microns to about 3 microns. The shape of the particles may also vary. For instance, in one embodiment, kaolin clay particles may be used that have a plate-like shape.
As described above, in one embodiment, the filler particles comprise magnesium oxide particles. Although the reason is unknown, magnesium oxide particles provide superior results in comparison to many other filler particles. In particular, magnesium oxide particles have the ability to efficiently reduce the ignition proclivity properties of a smoking article containing a treated wrapper.
In general, any suitable magnesium oxide particles may be used in the film-forming composition. Magnesium oxide particles, for instance, are available from numerous commercial sources. For instance, in one embodiment, magnesium oxide particles may be used that are commercially available from Additek S.A.S. under the name Magnesium Oxide Super Leger Type 04. Magnesium oxide particles well suited for use in the present disclosure are also obtainable from Scora S.A. under the name Light Magnesium Oxide "I". The Light Magnesium Oxide "I" particles, for instance, are greater than 98% by weight magnesium oxide, have a bulk density of from about 0.15 g/cc to about 0.2 g/cc and have a particle size such that about 98% of the particles pass through a 325 mesh sieve.
In another embodiment, the filler particles contained within the film-forming composition may comprise mica. Mica comprises a group of minerals consisting of hydrous silicates of aluminum or potassium which are common in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Mica is typically found in groups of sheet silicate minerals having a highly perfect basal cleavage. Thus, mica particles when incorporated into a film-forming composition typically have a plate-like shape. Mica has a high dielectric strength and therefore is resistant to heat.
Mica particles are commercially available from numerous sources. For instance, mica particles that are well suited for use in the present disclosure are obtainable from Kaolins de Ploemeur under the trade name MICA MU M2/1. MICA MU M2/1, for instance, has a particle size such that greater than about 50% of the particles have a size less than about 5 microns.
In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the film-forming composition may contain kaolin clay particles. Kaolin clay is generally a hydrous aluminum silicate mineral found in sediments, soils, hydrothermal deposits and sedimentary rocks. Kaolin clay particles can have a plate-like shape typically being found as a layered silicate mineral. Kaolin clay particles typically contain silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide.
Kaolin clay particles are available from numerous commercial sources. For instance, kaolin clay particles can be obtained from Kaolins de Ploemeur under the trade name 7ASP20. 7ASP20 kaolin clay, for instance, has a particle size such that greater than 89% of the particles have a size less than 5 microns and greater than about 64% of the particles have a size less than about 1 micron.
The filler particles as described above, when contained in the film-forming composition, can be combined with any suitable film-forming material. For instance, in one embodiment, the filler particles may be combined with an alginate and a starch as described above. In other embodiments, however, the filler particles may be combined with alginate alone or with starch alone.
Other film-forming materials that may be combined with the filler particles include guar gum, pectin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, cellulose, cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, mixtures thereof, and the like.
Prior to application to the wrapper, the film-forming composition containing the filler particles may be water based. Alternatively, the film-forming composition may contain a non-aqueous solvent, such as an alcohol.
Film-forming compositions made according to the present disclosure, including film-forming compositions containing alginate and starch and/or film-forming compositions containing filler particles, can be applied to paper wrappers in discrete areas to form treated areas on the wrapper.
The manner in which the composition is applied to the paper wrapper can vary. For example, the composition can be sprayed, brushed or printed onto the wrapper. To form a treated area, the composition can be applied in a single pass or in a multiple pass operation. For instance, the composition can be applied to the wrapping paper in successive steps in order to form areas on the paper having reduced ignition proclivity. In general, during a multiple pass process, the treated areas can be formed by applying the composition during from about 2 to about 8 passes.
In order to assist in describing and explaining the present disclosure, one embodiment is illustrated generally in FIGS. 1 and 2. A smoking article (cigarette), generally 10, having improved ignition proclivity characteristics includes a tobacco column 12 within a wrapper 14. Article 10 may include a filter 26. Wrapper 14 may include any manner of commercially available cigarette wrapper.
Generally, the wrapping paper can be made from cellulosic fibers obtained, for instance, from flax, softwood or hardwood. In order to vary the properties of the paper as desired, various mixtures of cellulosic fibers can be used. The extent to which the fibers are refined can also be varied.
For most applications, the paper wrapper will contain a filler. The filler can be, for instance, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, or any other suitable material. The total filler loading added to the paper wrapper can be between about 10% to about 40% by weight.
The permeability of a paper wrapper for smoking articles made according to the present disclosure can generally be from about 10 Coresta units to about 200 Coresta units. In some applications, the permeability can be between about 15 Coresta units to about 55 Coresta units. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, however, the initial permeability of the paper wrapper is relatively high. For instance, in one embodiment, the permeability of the paper wrapper can be from about 60 Coresta units to about 110 Coresta units. In various embodiments, for example the initial permeability of the paper wrapper may be greater than about 70 Coresta units, greater than about 80 Coresta units, greater than about 90 Coresta units, or greater than about 100 Coresta units.
In other embodiments, the initial permeability of the paper wrapper may be less than about 60 Coresta units, such as less than about 50 Coresta units, such as from about 20 Coresta units to about 40 Coresta units.
The basis weight of cigarette wrapping paper is usually between about 18 gsm to about 60 gsm, and more particularly between about 15 gsm to about 40 gsm. Wrapping papers according to the present disclosure can be made within any of these ranges.
In one embodiment, the paper wrapper may be treated with a burn promoting agent. The burn-promoting agent, for example, may be applied over substantially the entire surface area of the wrapping paper, especially over the surface area of the wrapping paper where the treated areas are located including the untreated areas spaced between the treated areas. The burn promoting agent may comprise any suitable substance that enhances the burn rate. Examples of burn promoting agents include alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the burn promoting agent may comprise a salt of a carboxylic acid. In particular examples, for instance, the burn promoting agent may comprise an acetic acid salt, a citric acid salt, a malic acid salt, a lactic acid salt, a tartaric acid salt, a carbonic acid salt, a formic acid salt, a propionic acid salt, a glycolic acid salt, a fumaric acid salt, an oxalic acid salt, a malonic acid salt, a succinic acid salt, a nitric acid salt, a phosphoric acid salt, and mixtures thereof. In one particular application, for instance, the burn promoting agent may comprise potassium citrate, sodium citrate, potassium succinate, sodium succinate, or mixtures thereof.
The burn promoting agent may be applied relatively uniformly over the surface area of the paper wrapper in an amount from about 0.3% to over 8% by dry weight, such as from about 0.3% to about 2.5% by dry weight. The burn promoting agent may be applied to the wrapper prior to or after the treated areas are formed on the wrapper using the film forming composition.
The burn promoting agent may be applied to the wrapper for various reasons. For example, the burn promoting agent may be applied so as to further control the burn properties of the wrapper, especially in the untreated areas on the wrapper. The burn promoting agent may also serve as an ash conditioner.
Paper web 14 defines an outer circumferential surface 16 when wrapped around tobacco column 12. Discrete areas 18 of outer circumferential surface 16 are treated with a film-forming composition made in accordance with the present invention, such as an alginate composition blended with a burn promoting agent. It should also be understood that treated areas 18 could also be disposed on the inner surface of wrapper 14. In other words, wrapper 14 could be rolled around tobacco column 12 so that treated areas 18 are adjacent to the tobacco.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, treated areas 18 are defined as circumferential cross-directional bands 24. Bands 24 are spaced apart from each other longitudinally along the length of cigarette 10. The bands 24 are indicated in phantom in FIG. 2. However, it should be understood that the treated areas are essentially invisible in the formed cigarette as shown in FIG. 1. In other words, a smoker may not discern from any outward sign that the wrapper 14 has been treated in discrete areas 18. In this regard, treated areas 18 have a smooth and flat texture essentially the same as untreated areas 28.
The width and spacing of bands 24 are dependent on a number of variables, such as the initial permeability of wrapper 14, density of tobacco column 12, etc. The bands 24 preferably have a width so that oxygen is limited to the burning coal for a sufficient length or period of time to extinguish the coal. In other words, if band 24 were too narrow, the burning coal would burn through band 24 before self-extinguishing. For most applications, a minimum band width of 3 mm is desired. For example, the band width can be from about 4 mm to about 10 mm.
The spacing between bands 24 is also a factor of a number of variables. The spacing should not be so great that the cigarette burns for a sufficient length of time to ignite a substrate before the coal ever burns into a treated area 18. The spacing between bands 24 also affects the thermal inertia of the burning coal, or the ability of the coal to burn through the treated bands 24 without self-extinguishing. In the cigarettes tested, applicants have found that a band spacing of between 5 and 50 mm is appropriate and particularly between about 10 mm and 40 mm. However, it should be understood that the band spacing can be any suitable width as determined by any number of variables. For most applications, the smoking article can contain from 1 to about 3 bands using the above spacing.
Treated areas 18 have a permeability within a range which is known to provide improved ignition proclivity characteristics for the make-up of cigarette 10. As the coal of cigarette 10 burns into treated areas 18, oxygen available to the burning coal is substantially reduced due to the decreased permeability of wrapper 14 in the treated areas. The reduction of oxygen preferably causes the cigarette to self-extinguish in the treated areas 18 when in contact with a substrate. The permeability, for instance, may be less than 40 ml/min/cm2 (CORESTA), particularly less than 30 ml/min/cm2, and generally within a range of 5 to 25 ml/min/cm2.
Another property of the paper wrapper than can be used to indicate reduced ignition proclivity properties is diffusion capacity. In general, the treated areas 18 according to the present disclosure can have a diffusion capacity of less than about 0.5 cm/s, such than about 0.4 cm/s. For instance, the diffusion capacity can be from about 0 cm/s to about 0.3 cm/s.
Diffusion capacity of the paper wrapper, for instance, can be measured using, for instance, a carbon dioxide diffusion capacity tester that is marketed by SODIM Instrumentation Company.
The above described diffusion capacity ranges are particularly applicable to characterizing treated areas made from a combination of a film-forming material and a polysaccharide. In other embodiments of the present disclosure, such as when a film-forming material is combined with filler particles, the diffusion capacity may be higher than as described above. In particular, the filler particles of the present disclosure when contained in the film-forming composition may reduce the ignition proclivity properties of the paper because the particles are flame retardants. Thus, in some embodiments, the treated areas may have a diffusion capacity of higher than 0.5 cm/s.
The amount of composition that is added to the paper will depend upon various factors, including the type of composition that is used and the desired result. For most applications, the film-forming composition can be added to the paper in an amount from about 1% to about 30% by dry weight of the paper within the banded region, and particularly from about 2% to about 20% by dry weight of the paper within the banded region after the bands have been formed and dried. Although not always the case, generally the amount of the composition applied to the paper will generally increase as the permeability of the paper increases. For instance, for wrapping papers having a permeability of less than about 30 Coresta units, the composition can be applied to a paper in an amount from about 1% to about 20% by weight. For wrapping papers having a permeability greater than about 60 Coresta units, on the other hand, the composition can be applied to the paper in an amount from about 3% to about 30% by weight.
As described above, the composition can be sprayed, brushed, or printed onto the wrapper. In general, any suitable printing process can be used in the present invention. Applicants have found that suitable printing techniques include gravure printing, or flexographic printing.
Various paper wrappers were made containing cellulosic fibers in combination with a filler. In this example, the filler comprised calcium carbonate having a medium particle size of 2 microns. The calcium carbonate particles were present in the paper wrapper in an amount of 30% by weight. The wrappers had a basis weight of 27 gsm and a base permeability of 53 Coresta.
Various film-forming compositions were formulated and printed onto the paper wrapper. In particular, the following film-forming compositions were formulated.
1. Aqueous composition containing 1.5% by weight alginate.
2. Aqueous composition containing 10% by weight starch.
3. Aqueous composition containing 11.5% by weight starch.
4. Aqueous composition containing 8% by weight alginate.
5. Aqueous composition containing 11.5% by weight alginate.
6. Aqueous composition containing 1.5% by weight alginate and 10% by weight starch.
In this example, the alginate used was KELGIN LB obtained from International Specialty Products. The starch used was an oxidized starch sold under the trade name FLOKOTE 64 obtained from the National Starch and Chemical Company.
After the above compositions were applied to the paper wrapper and dried, the permeability within the treated areas was measured and compared to the untreated paper wrapper. The results are shown in FIG. 3. As shown, the combination of alginate and starch was more efficient at reducing the permeability of the paper wrapper in comparison to the other compositions. In each case, the same amount of composition was applied to the paper wrapper.
In this example, various film-forming compositions were formulated containing both sodium alginate and an oxidized starch. In particular, the same alginate and starch as described in Example 1 were used.
In one set of tests, the film-forming compositions were applied to a paper wrapper as described in Example 1 having a permeability of 53 Coresta. In a second set of tests, the film-forming compositions were applied to a paper wrapper having a base permeability of 80 Coresta.
As shown above, both of the smoking articles were very effective at self-extinguishing when placed on adjacent surface. Of particular advantage, both smoking articles also had a low FASE rating indicating that smoking articles have a lower tendency to self-extinguish when left in a free-burning state.
In this example, various filler particles were added to a sodium alginate film-forming composition and applied to a paper wrapper. In particular, film-forming compositions were made containing kaolin clay particles and magnesium oxide particles. These formulations were then compared with film-forming compositions containing no particles and film-forming compositions containing calcium carbonate particles and talc particles.
In particular, the following filler particles were added to an aqueous solution containing 9.5% by weight sodium alginate. The sodium alginate used in this example was KELGIN LB sodium alginate obtained from International Specialty Products.
The above film-forming compositions were applied to the same paper wrappers described in Example 2 above. In particular, the film forming compositions were printed onto a paper wrapper having a base permeability of 53 Coresta and a paper wrapper having a base permeability of 80 Coresta. The permeability within the treated areas was then measured after the film-forming compositions had dried on the paper. The results are illustrated in FIG. 4.
As shown in FIG. 4, kaolin clay particles and magnesium oxide particles unexpectedly reduced the permeability of the wrappers to a much greater extent than the film-forming composition containing no filler particles and in comparison to the film-forming compositions containing talc or calcium carbonate.
In this example, different amounts of the same filler particles were added to a sodium alginate solution and tested.
Specifically kaolin clay particles and magnesium oxide particles were added to a 9.5% by weight sodium alginate composition. The sodium alginate used was KELGIN LB sodium alginate obtained from the International Specialty Products. The following film-forming compositions were formulated.
The above film-forming compositions were then applied to the 80 Coresta paper wrapper described in the preceding examples. Various tests were then conducted on the compositions and on the paper wrappers. In addition, some of the paper wrappers were made into smoking articles and tested. The results are illustrated in FIGS. 5-8.
FIG. 5, for instance, shows the permeability within the treated areas for Sample Nos. 1-4 containing the kaolin clay particles. The viscosity of the film-forming compositions was also tested and appears in the graph. As shown, the permeability of the treated areas decreases as the amount of kaolin clay particles increases.
Referring to FIG. 6, the effect of the amount of magnesium oxide in the film-forming composition on the permeability on the treated areas is shown. As illustrated, as the amount of magnesium oxide increases, the permeability of the treated areas decreases. In FIG. 6, the amount of magnesium oxide in the film-forming composition varies from 0 to 4%.
Paper wrappers containing the various amounts of magnesium oxide were then used to construct cigarettes that were tested according to ASTM Test No. E2187-04 and according to the FASE Test. The ASTM Test measures the ability of the treated areas to extinguish the cigarette when left resting on an adjacent surface. A higher number is generally preferred. The FASE Test, on the other hand, evaluates whether or not the cigarette self-extinguishes when left free-burning. Generally, a lower FASE result is preferred but not necessary or critical. For many applications, for instance, ASTM test results can be more important than the FASE results.
The results of these tests are illustrated in FIG. 7. As shown, the presence of magnesium oxide within the film-forming composition improves the ASTM ranking. Increasing the amount of magnesium oxide within the film-forming composition, however, has a tendency to increase the FASE ranking. As shown, when magnesium oxide particles are present within a film-forming composition containing 9.5% by weight alginate, better FASE results are achieved when magnesium oxide is present in an amount less than about 3% by weight.
Referring to FIG. 8, further FASE and ASTM results are shown for an alginate composition containing no filler particles, for an alginate composition containing 5% by weight magnesium oxide particles, and for an alginate composition containing 10% by weight magnesium oxide. As shown, the control formulation containing 9.5% alginate did not pass the ASTM Test. It is believed that the permeability of the treated areas was too high.
In this example, magnesium oxide particles were added to an oxidized starch solution and applied to a paper wrapper with a base permeability of 60 Coresta.
Specifically 3% by weight magnesium oxide particles were added to a 22% by weight starch composition. The starch used was an oxidized starch sold under the trade name FLOKOTE 64 obtained from the National Starch and Chemical Company.
The solution was then applied to a paper web in bands, dried, and tested for permeability. The resulting band permeability was 6 Coresta.
As shown above, the smoking article was very effective at self-extinguishing when placed on adjacent surface.
a paper wrapper surrounding the column of the smokable tobacco, the paper wrapper including discrete areas treated with a film-forming composition, the treated areas being separated by untreated areas, the treated areas having characteristics sufficient to reduce ignition proclivity, the film-forming composition applied to the paper wrapper comprising a film-forming material and a polysaccharide.
2. A smoking article as defined in claim 1, wherein the film-forming material comprises an alginate and the polysaccharide comprises a starch.
3. A smoking article as defined in claim 2, wherein the film-forming material comprises the alginate in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the treated areas and the starch in an amount from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the treated areas.
4. A smoking article as defined in claim 2, wherein the alginate comprises sodium alginate.
5. A smoking article as defined in claim 2, wherein the starch comprises an oxidized starch.
6. A smoking article as defined in claim 1, wherein the treated areas have a diffusion capacity of less than about 0.5 cm/s.
7. A smoking article as defined in claim 1, wherein the treated areas are printed onto the paper wrapper.
8. A smoking article as defined in claim 2, wherein the film-forming material comprises the alginate in an amount of from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the treated areas and the starch in an amount from about 3% to about 20% by weight of the treated areas.
9. A smoking article as defined in claim 1, wherein the treated areas comprise a plurality of discrete circumferential bands disposed longitudinally along the smoking article.
10. A smoking article as defined in claim 9, wherein the bands are spaced from each other at a distance of from about 5 mm to about 50 mm, the bands having a width of greater than about 3 mm.
11. A smoking article as defined in claim 1, wherein the treated areas have a permeability of less than about 30 Coresta.
12. A smoking article as defined in claim 1, wherein the paper wrapper has a basis weight of from about 18 gsm to about 60 gsm.
13. A smoking article as defined in claim 1, wherein the untreated areas of the paper wrapper have a permeability of greater than about 80 Coresta.
14. A smoking article as defined in claim 1, wherein a burn-promoting agent is applied uniformly over substantially the entire surface area of the paper wrapper.
15. A smoking article as defined in claim 14, wherein the burn-promoting agent comprises of an acetic acid salt, a citric acid salt, a malic acid salt, a lactic acid salt, a tartaric acid salt, a carbonic acid salt, a formic acid salt, a propionic acid salt, a glycolic acid salt, a fumaric acid salt, an oxalic acid salt, a malonic acid salt, a succinic acid salt, a nitric acid salt, a phosphoric acid salt, or mixtures thereof.
16. A smoking article as defined in claim 1, wherein the film-forming composition contains filler particles.
17. A smoking article as defined in claim 16, wherein the filler particles comprise magnesium oxide, mica, kaolin clay, or mixtures thereof.
a paper wrapper surrounding the column of the smokable tobacco, the paper wrapper including discrete areas treated with a film-forming composition, the treated areas being separated by untreated areas, the treated areas having characteristics sufficient to reduce ignition proclivity, the film-forming composition applied to the paper wrapper containing filler particles, the filler particles comprising magnesium oxide, mica, kaolin clay, or mixtures thereof.
19. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the film-forming composition comprises an alginate.
20. A smoking article as defined in claim 19, wherein the film-forming composition further comprises a starch.
21. A smoking article as defined in claim 20, wherein the film-forming material comprises the alginate in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the treated area and the starch in an amount from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the treated area.
22. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the filler particles have an average particle size from about 0.0001 microns to about 5 microns.
23. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the filler particles have an average particle size from about 0.1 microns to about 3 microns.
24. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the filler particles comprise magnesium oxide.
25. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the filler particles comprise kaolin clay.
26. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the filler particles comprise mica.
27. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the filler particles are present within the film-forming composition in an amount from about 0.25% to about 15% by weight.
28. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the filler particles are present within the film-forming composition in an amount from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight.
29. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the untreated areas of the paper wrapper have a permeability of greater than about 60 Coresta.
30. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the treated areas have a permeability of less than about 40 Coresta.
31. A smoking article as defined in claim 18, wherein the film-forming composition comprises a starch.
a paper web designed to surround a smokable filler, the paper web including discrete areas treated with a film-forming composition, the treated areas being separated by untreated areas, the film-forming composition applied to the paper wrapper comprising an alginate combined with a starch, the treated areas having an inherent permeability of less than about 30 Coresta, and a diffusion capacity of less than about 0.4 cm/s, the paper web having a basis weight from about 18 gsm to about 60 gsm, the alginate being present in the film-forming composition amount from about 1% by weight to about 15% by weight, while the starch being present in the film-forming composition in an amount from about 1% by weight to about 20% by weight.
a paper web designed to surround a smokable filler, the paper web including discrete areas treated with a film-forming composition, the treated areas being separated by untreated areas, the film-forming composition comprising a film-forming material combined with filler particles, the filler particles comprising magnesium oxide, mica, kaolin clay, alum, or mixtures thereof, the filler particles being present in the film-forming composition in an amount from about 0.25% by weight to about 15% by weight, the paper web having a basis weight from about 18 gsm to about 60 gsm.
34. A paper wrapper as defined in claim 33, wherein the film-forming composition comprises an alginate.
35. A paper wrapper as defined in claim 34, wherein the film-forming composition further comprises starch.
36. A paper wrapper as defined in claim 33, wherein the filler particles comprise magnesium oxide.
37. A paper wrapper as defined in claim 33, wherein the filler particles comprise kaolin clay.
38. A paper wrapper as defined in claim 33, wherein the filler particles comprise mica.
a paper web designed to surround a smokable filler, the paper web including discrete treated areas treated with a composition, the treated areas being separated by untreated areas, the composition comprising starch combined with filler particles, the filler particles comprising magnesium oxide, mica, kaolin clay, alum, or mixtures thereof, the filler particles being present in the composition in an amount from about 0.25% by weight to about 15% by weight, the paper web having a basis weight of from about 18 gsm to about 60 gsm.
applying to the paper wrapper a film-forming composition at particular locations, the film-forming composition forming treated discrete areas on the wrapper, the discrete areas being separated by untreated areas, the film-forming composition comprising an aqueous composition, the film-forming composition containing an alginate and a starch, the treated areas reducing ignition proclivity of the smoking article incorporating the paper wrapper.
41. A process as defined in claim 40, wherein the alginate is present in the film-forming composition applied to the paper wrapper in an amount from about 1% to about 15% by weight, while starch is present within the film-forming composition in an amount from about 1% to about 20% by weight.
applying to the paper wrapper a film-forming composition at particular locations, the film-forming composition forming treated discrete areas on the wrapper, the discrete areas being separated by untreated areas, the film-forming composition comprising an aqueous composition, the film-forming composition containing a film-forming material and filler particles, the filler particles comprising magnesium oxide, mica, kaolin clay, or mixtures thereof, the treated discrete areas reducing ignition proclivity of the smoking article incorporating the paper wrapper.


text:
Q: Redirection based on another site's cookies? I'm looking for something to add to my .htaccess that will redirect any incoming traffic that has a cookie set by another website.
For example, if I have a website called DogsPaws.com and someone visits DogsNose.com (which sets a cookie), I want to redirect the incoming traffic I am receiving from DogsNose.com to a specific welcome page.
If I have a link on the DogsNose.com page, I can redirect based on a Referrer rule, but what happens if the person visits DogsNose.com and then closes out their browser and comes back the next day and types DogsPaws.com directly in their browser, I still want my redirection rule to apply.  I know that cookies expire and people clear them occasionally but for the most part, if the cookie is there, I want to redirect.  Is there any clear way to do this?

A: You can't read cookies from other websites. The client doesn't send them.
There isn't any solution with .htaccess and if DogsNose.com doesn't belong to you there aren't any solutions at all.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Is This How Brandon Blackstock Really Felt About Kelly Clarkson Before Their Split?
By Sam Ramsden/Aug. 18, 2021 9:54 am EST
Singer-turned-talk show host Kelly Clarkson is reportedly feeling "extremely confident" following her split from her soon-to-be ex-husband, Brandon Blackstock. According to Us Weekly, an insider revealed how things are looking up for Clarkson as she waits for her divorce from music manager Blackstock to be finalized, adding that her ex had become increasingly jealous of the "American Idol" winner's success.
"The relationship had been on the rocks for a long time," a source revealed, adding, "She was the high-income earner with a wildly successful talk show, and is the star of another hit show 'The Voice.' Brandon was extremely jealous of it and made her know it." Speaking to the publication, the insider went on to say that Clarkson "can finally enjoy her success without feeling ashamed," adding, "Kelly doesn't take credit for her success but shares it with the team she works with. It's just who she is."
Per The Sun, Clarkson and Blackstock first met during a rehearsal for the Academy of Country Music Awards in 2006. Six years later, in December 2012, the couple became engaged and tied the knot a year later in Tennessee. On June 4, 2020, the "Because of You" singer filed for divorce after seven years of marriage, citing "irreconcilable differences."
Kelly Clarkson is moving on quickly from her divorce
During their marriage, Kelly Clarkson and Brandon Blackstock had two children together, daughter River Rose and son Remington Alexander. Although the divorce process has reportedly been difficult, Clarkson was awarded primary custody of their two children (via The Sun). Per Us Weekly, Clarkson's expanding income, which currently stands at around $2 million per month, is said to have driven a wedge between her and Blackstock. Speaking about the breakdown of the couple's marriage, an insider alleged that Blackstock "was just using her for her money and lifestyle" ahead of their split.
"The marriage was really, really awful at the end ... Kelly felt that she could no longer trust Brandon. She had a lot of questions that he just couldn't answer." In a statement to the publication, the source added how there was "tremendous resentment" between the couple and a lot of "tension in the family home." Thankfully, it seems the "Kelly Clarkson Show" host is moving onward and upward, and recently purchased a $5.4 million residence in Toluca Lake, California. "Buying a new house for the kids was also a new beginning for Kelly ... It was freedom," the insider concluded.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Since 2014, Vacon and Danfoss have teamed up together to become the industry leaders of AC drives around the world. Following the success of this merger, at Bauer GMC we can confidently say that a fruitful tomorrow will be driven by Danfoss drives, also known as AC drives. AC drives are known for their ability to control the speed of electrical motors in varying devices. A great AC drive can help reduce energy usage, enhance control, and optimize operations in different machines.
At Bauer GMC, we offer a wide selection of Danfoss drives for varying applications!
Driven by Drives: Danfoss gives 100% when manufacturing and innovating high-quality, application-optimized AC drives. Danfoss drives can help save energy by maximizing process performance and minimizing emissions. This is the primary reason why our business, Bauer GMC, has partnered with Danfoss. We share the same goal of providing a competitive product to our valued clients across different industries. Within the ever-changing world of AC drives, we put great stress on agility and speed in every area of our business.
Trendsetting Technology: There are many trends concerning drives technology today that are well recognized and addressed by innovating better product that can help the environment and your business. This is made possible with the decades of experience in the industry that specialize in motor control management and other application. With this, Danfoss drives are able to become technological trendsetters. The products we proudly distribute help push the limits of innovation and enable us to achieve more in the future with less.
Independent Technology: Danfoss AC drives differ from others because of their independence from motor and control systems. This means you can select the motor technology that will suit your specific application, ensuring improved energy consumption and performance. It results in achieving energy savings as high as 60%.
At Bauer GMC, we are proud distributors of a wide selection of high-quality Danfoss drives and other products. Our products are perfect for your industrial applications. No matter what industry you are in, if you are looking for a new AC drive, we got you covered. Call or email us today to learn more about our products and services!


MR ELROY CORNELIUS MORRIS better known as SKIPPER of Dauphine died on Wednesday 19th March in Jamaica at the age of 26. The funeral takes place on Saturday 5th April at the Glad Tidings Tabernacle at Gomea. The body lies at the church from 1:00 p.m. The service begins at 2:30. Burial will be at the Belair Cemetery.
MR ERDEN SHADRACH PETER better known as GRADER of Richland Park, Simon and Biabou died on Thursday 27th March at the age of 79. The funeral takes place on Sunday 6th April at the Richland Park Seventh Day Adventist Church. The body lies at the church from 1:30 p.m. The service begins at 2:30. Burial will be at the Richland Park Cemetery.


text:
Plicnatí (Pulmonata) je skupina (např. řád, podřád či "neformální skupina") plžů charakteristická tím, že její zástupci dýchají vzduch přes plicní dutiny (na rozdíl od ostatních plžů získávajících kyslík přes žábry).

Jsou to suchozemské, sladkovodní či vzácně i mořské druhy. Jsou to obojetníci s přímým vývojem (nemají larvy), jsou většinou hermafroditi. V plášťové dutině vznikají "plíce" se stažitelným přístupovým otvorem, ktenidia nemají (možná vyjma rodu Siphonaria). Nervová soustava má silnou tendenci tvořit shluky.

Klasifikace
Plicnatí se běžně dělí na dvě hlavní skupiny:
 Basommatophora - spodnoocí
 Plovatka bahenní, okružák ploský
 Stylommatophora - stopkoocí
 Hlemýžď zahradní, páskovka keřová, plzák lesní, slimák

Novější studie však volí poměrně odlišné systémy:
 Basommatophora
 Eupulmonata
 Systellommatophora (= Gymnomorpha)
 Stylommatophora
 "limacoid clade" (různí nazí plži)

Reference

Externí odkazy

Plži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Conservative media figure Debbie D'Souza, who was born in Venezuela, said her native country was once wealthy and its people prosperous until they fell for the lie of socialism promised by the late Hugo Chavez.
In an interview with Fox News' "Fox & Friends" last week, D'Souza recounted how growing up in what used to be the richest country in South America was no different than someone growing up in the U.S. or a similarly prosperous country.
"It was not a tyrannical dictatorship like it's become now," she said.
Importantly, D'Souza noted that despite being a wealthy country, Chavez managed to tap into his people's emotions when selling his socialist policies of "equality" without really understanding what it meant and how he planned to achieve it.
Today, nearly two decades later, co-host Dean Cain said that nearly 90 percent of all Venezuelans live in poverty, according to the most recent statistics, inflation is at 10 million percent, and there are chronic shortages of everything from basic food items to medicines and other goods. Also, 5,000 Venezuelans are leaving the country every day, he added.
Noting that many Democrats running for their party's 2020 presidential nomination are pushing the very same policies as Chavez and his successor, now-embattled President Nicolas Maduro, whom the U.S. no longer considers the country's valid leader, Cain asked D'Souza her thoughts about those who say what's going on in Venezuela could never happen in America.
"Well, my family said it could never happen there," she said. "They were convinced that Hugo Chavez was not going to turn the country into a Communist country, and he did it. For the last 20 years, Venezuela has been on the road to socialism," noting that the changes didn't happen overnight.
Currently, Democratic presidential contenders like Sens. Kamala Harris (California) and Elizabeth Warren (Massachusetts) are proposing substantially higher taxes on "the wealthy," which is exactly what Chavez did — until he found that eventually just taxing 'the rich' wasn't enough to sustain all of the benefits like free college, housing, and guaranteed wages he had promised.
But by then, there were no more wealthy Venezuelans to finance the benefits because they had either lost all of their prosperity and businesses or had fled the country.
"Socialism is equal misery," D'Souza continued. "Anybody that thinks otherwise needs to go to Venezuela and see for themselves. You can't find food, you go from grocery store to grocery store just to find the basics. You line up, and if you don't get in by the time they close, you don't get food.
Meanwhile, scenes on the streets of the capital of Caracas and other Venezuelan cities are pure chaos, as demonstrators and protesters clash with police and security forces on a daily basis.
As for Warren, she is calling her plan the "ultra-millionaires tax" because it would only affect a small percentage of earners — those making over $50 million a year.
But as D'Souza notes, that's only the beginning; socialists can never confiscate enough wealth because the cost of their promised benefits continue to escalate as they encapsulate more and more people.
And inevitably, as even socialist Gov. Andrew Cuomo of New York State discovered this week, you can only go to the "wealthy" well so many times before your tax schemes become counterproductive and you raise less money.
"That's exactly how it happened" in Venezuela, D'Souza said, noting that Chavez's policies impacted "those who were hard-working and making money" first.
"They ran out of people's money, and now they have horrific poverty and horrific crime," said D'Souza.
Socialism (Third Way or original) and communism are forms of organized crime government.
Socialism works, until you run out of other peoples money….
You are entirely correct! Socialism is a politically correct word/code for COMMUNISM! Thug dictatorship. Those remaining after they close the exit door (A Wall) endure a life style lower than a pet in any American household! Those who love that system are hoping to participate in this forced slavery system! They own you. A slave plantation of 100 years ago is FAR better than living in a communist hell unless your one of the slave holders!
Don't listen to the lying spirit in these depraved souls shilling for the devil! This is pure EVIL. The spirit of ISIS is in America.
Communism has failed in every country in which it has been adopted, and Communist regimes have repeatedly quickly morphed into oppressive, regressive, freedom-squashing dictatorships that send people to the gulag for having political differences from those in power. That is exactly what the New World Order has planned for all of humanity, and bear in mind that those corrupt NWO billionaire elites are pedophiles, baby killers, ungodly, power-mad psychopaths who will exterminate those members of humanity that they deem expendable. They want a smaller population on our planet so that humanity will be of a more controllable size. How Democrats and RINOs can be on board with such evil is beyond my understanding, but we have got to stop them.
Chavez was an incredible speaker. He was charismatic, even with the sound turned off, his gestures and facial features projected an aura of incredible authority. He hypnotized the majority of voters with the leftist promise of a fairer redistribution of Venezuela's immense wealth. He also preached resentment, hatred of the rich for being rich, and demanded Justice for the poor. Democracy can also support the revolt of the illiterate masses. Chavez was elected by a majority of voters. Yes it was a socialist Ponzi scheme, perhaps Chavez believed it.
We are constantly told that the wealth of Venezuela was oil. No it wasn't. It was a civil government that was essentially honest; it was a degree of political equality; it was a free market economic system and a motivated citizenry. The financial inequality in Venezuela was due to the unequal distribution of intelligence and ability. The surging inequality was poverty's greatest enemy. Participation in the economy lifted many, for others less able or less ambitious, it triggered only resentment.
This surging inequality which is a result of the free market is also a danger for Democracy, both rich and poor. New York City, San Francisco, etc., one by one, the cities vote for the welfare party. Bill DiBlasi is Chavez. Ocasio Cortez is Maduro. The State of Oregon just voted for state-wide Rent Control, but Jimmy Carter is 100 years old and still has no idea why the South Bronx and Spanish Harlem self-destructed into a maze of burned out buildings. It was Rent Control.
Rent Control and Rent Stabilization purchased the tenants votes. Landlords, being outnumbered, were outvoted and criminalized as greedy profit-seekers. The Jews had rented to Negros and Puerto Ricans when the Italians and Irish wouldn't. The only crime of the Jews was their liberality; as punishment, they were blamed for the destruction. I'm liberal, but I learned that welfare for the poor usually helps the politicians more than the poor.
Under the original Bill of Rights, America was a land of endless opportunity to earn and keep what you created. But the monetary form of wealth is artificial, and somebody intelligent always has to create wealth before you can steal it. After the so-called Second Bill of Rights, America became the land of endless welfare opportunities, paid for by those who were most creative, often paid to those who are least creative. Is this moral? Nancy thinks so.
The Democrats know that pandering to ignorance can win elections. Open Borders and Welfare are a critical part of their platform. But America is learning that welfare is costly, we honestly can't afford too many poor people. I hope we get that wall built soon.


This is your guide to memory care in Ward, AR. Memory care communities offer housing and care for older adults with Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia. Memory care empowers seniors with memory impairment to stay as active and engaged as they possibly can, while living in a dignified, safe and supervised environment. Our local Senior Living Advisors understand dementia care in Ward, AR and surrounding areas. After an initial consultation, your advisor will prepare a list of memory care communities that fit your loved one's individual imperatives for care and living preferences, as well as your family's budget.
The official website for the city of Ward is http://www.bestofward.com.
Ward is the fourth most populous city in Lonoke County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 2,580 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Nurses are on staff, the community is secured for the safety of memory care patients that might be prone to wander, staff monitors medication and reminds residents when it's time to take them, wheelchair accessible showers are available at this location, and hospice is an option available at this location.
Licensed nurses are on staff to help you, an on-call doctor is available to help, the facility has staff that can administer insulin to manage diabetic needs, resident parking is available to residents who drive, and this community was built in 2007.
An occupational therapist visits and helps residents, wheelchair accessible showers are available at this location, respite care is offered, the staff speaks Spanish at this location, and the community is licensed for 59 residents.


text:
Der Spiegel ist eine deutsche Nachrichtenwebsite. Sie wurde am 25. Oktober 1994 vom Nachrichtenmagazin Der Spiegel als redaktionell unabhängiges Web-Angebot mit dem Namen Spiegel Online (kurz SPON) gegründet und am 8. Januar 2020 in Der Spiegel umbenannt, nachdem am 1. September 2019 die Redaktion mit der des Nachrichtenmagazins zusammengelegt worden war. Betrieben wird sie von einer Tochtergesellschaft des Spiegel-Verlags, weshalb sie rechtlich und wirtschaftlich weiterhin vom Nachrichtenmagazin getrennt ist. Sie gehört zu den fünf reichweitenstärksten Nachrichtenportalen in Deutschland.

Wirtschaftliche Grundlagen
Betreibergesellschaft des Nachrichtenportals ist die Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG, die bis August 2018 als Spiegel Online GmbH firmierte und bis August 2019 als Spiegel Online GmbH & Co. KG. An der Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG ist die Spiegel-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG mit 99,99 Prozent beteiligt und die Spiegel Beteiligungsmanagement GmbH mit 0,01 Prozent.

Spiegel Online machte 2006 bei einem Umsatz von 15 Millionen Euro zwei Millionen Euro Gewinn. Für das Jahr 2011 belief sich der Werbeumsatz laut Zeit Online auf ungefähr 30 Millionen Euro bei einem Ertrag von über 10 %. Horizont rechnete für 2013 mit einem zweistelligen Erlös- und Ergebniszuwachs und mit einem Umsatz von über 35 Millionen Euro. 2016 kamen über 80 % der Einnahmen aus Werbung und 20 % aus dem Verkauf von Inhalten.

Reichweite
Nach Angaben der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Online Forschung (AGOF) frequentierten im Januar 2017 monatlich etwa 19 Millionen Nutzer das Online-Nachrichtenportal Spiegel Online. Damit erzielte die Seite damals im deutschsprachigen Raum hinter Bild.de und Focus Online unter den Online-Nachrichtenportalen die drittgrößte Reichweite. Im Dezember 2019 lag Spiegel Online noch auf Platz 2 der reichweitenstärksten Nachrichtenportale in Deutschland. Nach den IVW-Zahlen für April 2020 liegt Der Spiegel auf dem fünften Platz nach Bild.de, t-online.de, n-tv.de und Focus Online.

Entwicklung der Besucherzahlen

Die Besucherzahlen des Nachrichtenportals Der Spiegel sind nach IVW-Zählung bis 2015 sehr stark angestiegen, seitdem verlangsamt sich das Wachstum. Im Januar wurden für Der Spiegel  Mio. Besuche der Internetseite gezählt, bei denen im Mittel  Seiten abgerufen wurden.

Redaktion
Bis zur Fusion der Redaktionen von Nachrichtenmagazin und Nachrichtenportal am 1. September 2019 bestand die Redaktion von Spiegel Online nach eigenen Angaben aus 160 Redakteuren. Neben dem Stammsitz in Hamburg gab es ein Hauptstadtbüro in Berlin mit 16 Redakteuren. Auslandskorrespondenten waren an den Standorten Brüssel, Moskau, New York, Sydney, Washington und Wien vertreten. Darüber hinaus schrieben auch Redakteure des gedruckten Spiegels für das Online-Angebot und Online-Redakteure für die Print-Ausgabe. Die Redaktion nutzte die Nachrichtenagenturen AFP, AP, Dow Jones, dpa, Reuters und sid.

Ab dem 1. Dezember 2000 war Mathias Müller von Blumencron Chefredakteur von Spiegel Online, der am 5. Februar 2008 zusammen mit Georg Mascolo Chefredakteur des Spiegels wurde. Ab dem 27. Mai 2008 führten Wolfgang Büchner und Rüdiger Ditz die Redaktion von Spiegel Online gemeinsam, bis Büchner am 1. Juli 2009 zur dpa wechselte und Ditz alleiniger Chefredakteur wurde. Am 21. Februar 2011 übernahm Müller von Blumencron die Leitung aller digitalen Spiegel-Angebote einschließlich Spiegel Online und Mascolo die Verantwortung für das gedruckte Nachrichtenmagazin. Am 9. April 2013 wurden Mascolo und Müller von Blumencron "wegen unterschiedlicher Auffassungen zur strategischen Ausrichtung mit sofortiger Wirkung abberufen und beurlaubt". Vom 1. September 2013 bis zum 31. Dezember 2014 war Wolfgang Büchner Chefredakteur des Spiegels und von Spiegel Online. Am 13. Januar 2015 wurde Florian Harms Chefredakteur von Spiegel Online und Klaus Brinkbäumer Chefredakteur des Spiegels und Herausgeber von Spiegel Online. Am 6. Dezember 2016 wurde Harms durch Barbara Hans ersetzt.

2011 wurden tägliche Kolumnen eingeführt. Sie schrieben Sibylle Berg (seit Januar 2011), Sascha Lobo (seit Januar 2011), Jan Fleischhauer (Januar 2011 bis Juni 2019), Jakob Augstein (Januar 2011 bis Oktober 2018), Georg Diez (Januar 2011 bis September 2018), Steffi Kammerer (Januar 2011 bis Mai 2011), Wolfgang Münchau (November 2011 bis Januar 2016), Silke Burmester (Dezember 2011 bis März 2014), Margarete Stokowski (seit Oktober 2015), Thomas Fricke (seit April 2016), Christian Stöcker (seit September 2016), Ferda Ataman (April 2018 bis Februar 2020), Thomas Fischer (seit August 2018), Stefan Kuzmany (November 2018 bis Februar 2020), Samira El Ouassil (seit Februar 2020), Nikolaus Blome (seit Mai 2020), Franziska Augstein (seit Januar 2021) und Bettina Gaus (April bis kurz vor ihrem Tod im Oktober 2021).

Geschichte

Das Nachrichtenportal ging am 25. Oktober 1994 unter dem Namen Spiegel Online online. Damit war Der Spiegel das weltweit erste Nachrichtenmagazin im Internet. Einen Tag später folgte das Time-Magazin. Allerdings wurde die Internetadresse www.spiegel.de erst ein Jahr später genutzt. Zuvor war Spiegel Online unter http://hamburg.bda.de:800/bda/nat/spiegel/ oder unter http://muenchen.bda.de/bda/nat/spiegel/ zu erreichen. Das Startangebot hatte mit den späteren Versionen wenig gemein. Anfangs wurde die Website mit ausgewählten Artikeln aus dem gedruckten Spiegel bestückt. 1995 erschienen dann in der Rubrik "Scanner" erstmals speziell für das Internetangebot verfasste Artikel. Aktuelle Berichterstattung gab es seit 1996, als das Design der Website erneut überarbeitet wurde.

Die Trojan-Room-Kaffeemaschine, das erste per Webcam überwachte Objekt der Welt, wurde 2001 durch Spiegel Online ersteigert und im Redaktionsbüro wieder in Betrieb genommen.
2006 wurde sie dem Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum in Paderborn als Dauerleihgabe zur Verfügung gestellt.

Seit Oktober 2004 bot Spiegel Online den Spiegel auch als kostenpflichtige elektronische Zeitung an. Im selben Monat startete eine Rubrik mit englischsprachigen Artikeln. Seit Frühjahr 2006 besteht ein Video-on-Demand-Angebot.
Ab Oktober 2006 gab es eine eigenständige Satire-Redaktion, ehemals unter Leitung von Martin Sonneborn, die auf Spiegel Online die Rubrik "Spam" füllte. Die Satire-Rubrik wurde im August 2016 eingestellt.

Im Oktober 2007 wurde das Zeitgeschichte-Portal einestages gestartet, das ab März 2014 als reguläres Ressort von Spiegel Online fortgeführt wurde und im Januar 2020 zugunsten eines neuen Geschichtsressorts eingestellt wurde. Von April 2008 bis Dezember 2017 wurde im Rahmen einer Kooperation mit dem Kicker das Videoangebot kicker.tv auf Spiegel Online ausgestrahlt.

Von April 2010 bis Februar 2012 bestand eine Kooperation mit Legal Tribune Online, bei der Inhalte von beiden Seiten gegenseitig eingebunden wurden und Spiegel QC die Werbevermarktung von Legal Tribune Online übernahm. Ab Januar 2011 kooperierte Spiegel Online mit dem Medienunternehmen Vice und strahlte deren Videoreportagen aus.

Am 4. Juni 2013 wurde die Website umgestaltet. In der Hauptspalte wurden nun die wichtigsten Nachrichten aus der aktuellen Printausgabe aufgeführt und das kostenpflichtige E-Paper verlinkt. Ab dem 27. Juni 2016 wurden unter der Marke Spiegel Plus einzelne Artikel des Spiegels und von Spiegel Online auf Spiegel Online zum Kauf angeboten und am 16. Mai 2017 startete die von Spiegel und Spiegel Online gemeinsam herausgegebene digitale Abendzeitung Spiegel Daily. Zum 28. Mai 2018 wurden Spiegel Plus, Spiegel Daily und die digitale Ausgabe des Spiegels zu Spiegel+ zusammengelegt. Die Marke Spiegel Daily wurde anschließend für einen täglichen Newsletter benutzt, der im Januar 2020 in die Die Lage am Abend umbenannt wurde.

Am 8. Januar 2020 wurden die Website und die Apps umbenannt und umgestaltet. Seitdem treten das gedruckte Nachrichtenmagazin und das Online-Nachrichtenportal beide unter dem Namen Der Spiegel und in einheitlicher Gestaltung auf, nachdem die Redaktionen bereits am 1. September 2019 in einer Gemeinschaftsredaktion vereint wurden.

Archiv
Ab 2002 waren Abrufe von Archiv-Beiträgen zunächst kostenpflichtig. 2007 wurden Artikel der letzten zwei Jahre kostenlos abrufbar. Am 13. Februar 2008 wurden alle seit 1947 erschienenen Artikel des gedruckten Spiegel im gemeinsam mit der Bertelsmann-Tochter Wissen Media Group (Wissen Media Verlag und damals wissen.de) gegründeten Portal Spiegel Wissen kostenlos verfügbar. Auch Inhalte der Bertelsmann-Lexika und -Wörterbücher und Artikel der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia waren darüber abrufbar.

Mit einem Relaunch im August 2009 wurden die Inhalte aus Spiegel Wissen in die Suchergebnisse und die neu geschaffenen Themenseiten bei Spiegel Online integriert, die Subdomain wissen.spiegel.de wird seit Dezember 2009 nicht mehr genutzt.

Der Bundesgerichtshof (BGH) hat in einer Entscheidung (Az.: VI ZR 243/08 und VI ZR 244/08) vom 9. Februar 2010 bestimmt, dass im Archiv von Der Spiegel (damals noch Spiegel Online) weiterhin Artikel gespeichert werden dürfen, in denen bei schweren Straftaten die Täter mit Namen genannt werden. Das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung und das Recht der Öffentlichkeit auf Information habe Vorrang vor den Persönlichkeitsrechten der Kläger. Vorhandene Bilder gehörten zu den Zeugnissen der Zeitgeschichte.

Kritik
Im April 2019 startete Spiegel Online das Projekt Globale Gesellschaft, bei dem Reporter aus Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika und Europa über Ungerechtigkeiten in einer globalisierten Welt, gesellschaftspolitische Herausforderungen und nachhaltige Entwicklung berichten. Die Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation unterstützt das Projekt im Dezember 2018 mit 2,5 Millionen US-Dollar und im Oktober 2021 mit 2,9 Millionen US-Dollar. Wegen dieser Zahlung zweifelte Oliver Neß in M – Menschen Machen Medien die journalistische Unabhängigkeit eines Berichts des Spiegel-Printmagazins über das Kerntechnikunternehmen TerraPower an, bei dem Bill Gates Mehrheitseigentümer ist.

Während das Spiegel-Statut im Jahre 1949 noch erklärte, dass alle im Spiegel verarbeiteten und verzeichneten Nachrichten, Informationen, Tatsachen unbedingt zutreffen müssen, "jede Nachricht und jede Tatsache ist […] peinlichst genau nachzuprüfen..."
gilt das für die Onlineausgabe nicht mehr: "Ein Verzicht auf eine solche Prüfung kommt allerdings bei Texten, die ausschließlich online publiziert werden, häufig vor: Die Dokumentation kann aufgrund der großen Zahl an aktuellen Texten nur einen Teil davon prüfen." Dies erklärten die Herausgeber nach der Veröffentlichung dreier Artikel mit Fehlinformationen zum letztlich nicht nachgewiesenen Tod eines Flüchtlingskindes an der EU-Außengrenze.

Forum und Kommentarfunktion
Im Forum hatten die Nutzer die Möglichkeit, Kommentare zu Artikeln zu veröffentlichen, ähnlich den Leserbriefen in einer Zeitung. Ein Link zum Forum befand sich unterhalb der Überschrift, ein weiterer am Seitenende. Die Kommentare wurden nach den Regeln einer hauseigenen Netiquette redaktionell geprüft und danach chronologisch geordnet wiedergegeben. Über eine sogenannte Flagfunktion konnten zweifelhafte Kommentare gemeldet werden.

Eine Analyse des Kommentarbereichs von Spiegel Online zwischen Mai 2014 und Dezember 2016 ergab im Durchschnitt etwa 70 Prozent kommentierbare Spiegel-Online-Artikel. Der Anteil sank zeitweilig jedoch zwischen Mitte 2015 und März 2016 von fast 80 Prozent kommentierbaren Artikel auf nahezu 50 Prozent. Kommentarsperrungen sind häufig bei Artikeln mit den Themen Terrorismus, Flüchtlinge, Justizberichterstattung, Kriminalität, Nahostkonflikt und Israel.

Bei der Umgestaltung der Website am 8. Januar 2020 wurde auch ein neuer Kommentarbereich eingeführt. Die alten Kommentare wurden aus technischen Gründen nicht übernommen und sind daher online nicht mehr abrufbar.

Bento (2015–2020)

Mit dem Format Bento wurde am 1. Oktober 2015 ein Angebot gestartet, mit dem die Zielgruppe der 18- bis 30-Jährigen erreicht werden sollte. Die eigenständige Redaktion wurde zunächst von Frauke Lüpke-Narberhaus und Ole Reißmann geleitet, die am 1. September 2019 von Viktoria Bolmer und Julia Rieke abgelöst wurden.

Umstritten innerhalb des Spiegel-Verlags war hierbei die Verwendung der Werbeform Native Advertising, bei der sich Werbebeiträge nicht optisch von redaktionellen Beiträgen unterscheiden. Die Werbebeiträge wurden von Bento-Mitarbeitern für Werbekunden verfasst und im Bento-Layout veröffentlicht. Sie wurden nicht als Werbung oder Anzeige bezeichnet, sondern lediglich mit einem grünen Rahmen und einer Markierung als "Sponsored Post" gekennzeichnet. Noch 2014 wurde Native Advertising in einem Spiegel-Artikel als "bewusste Irreleitung der Leser" und "riskanter Tausch von Glaubwürdigkeit gegen Geld" bezeichnet. Werbung, die aussieht wie ein Text der Redaktion, wurde für den Spiegel ausgeschlossen.

Am 16. Oktober 2019 fand ein umfassender Relaunch statt, bei dem Bento optisch und inhaltlich an den Spiegel herangeführt wurde. Außerdem wurde für 2020 der Start der Printbeilage Bento Start angekündigt, die als Nachfolger des Uni Spiegels vierteljährlich den Studentenabos beigelegt und an Universitäten verteilt werden sollte. Am 10. Juni 2020 gab der Spiegel-Verlag bekannt, dass Bento im Herbst eingestellt und durch das neue Angebot Spiegel Start ersetzt wird. Spiegel Start behandelt als Teil des Ressorts Job und Karriere die Themen Studium und Jobeinstieg. Es ist im Gegensatz zu Bento in das Bezahlangebot Spiegel+ eingebunden. Beim nachhaltig in die Verlustzone geratenen Bento erschienen dem Spiegel-Verlag zusätzliche Erlöse durch Bezahlmodelle nicht realistisch. Eine gleichnamige Printbeilage soll vierteljährlich dem Spiegel beigelegt und an Universitäten verteilt werden. Am 29. September 2020 wurde Bento durch Spiegel Start abgelöst.

Podcasts
Seit März 2017 werden wieder Podcasts angeboten, nachdem von 2006 bis 2007 mit Urlaub für die Ohren ein erster Versuch in diesem Bereich unternommen worden war. Im November 2017 wurde zusammen mit Audible der kostenpflichtige Podcast Sagen, was ist gestartet und im September 2019 der dreimal täglich erscheinende Nachrichten-Podcast Spiegel Update.

Weblinks
 Website spiegel.de

Einzelnachweise

Deutschsprachiges Medium
Onlinemagazin

Nachrichtenwebsite
Ersterscheinung 1994
Träger des Grimme Online Award


Mon., March 25, 2019 5:30 a.m. | Monday, March 25, 2019 5:30 a.m.
Ianni's Pizzeria in Vandergrift serves fresh wood-fired thin crust pizza in addition to hoagies and salads.
Specialty cocktails at Ianni's Pizzeria in Vandergrift include: Chocolate Mudslide, Moscow Mule, Strawberry Martini, Orange Crush and Homemade Sangria.
Ianni's owners Paula and Billy Johns and Jonelle and Wesley Harris with four wood-fired specialty pizzas: The Margherita, Rickey, Rocket and Agway. Billy Johns serves as chef, and each pizza is his own creation— made with fresh dough and homemade pizza sauce.
Ianni's Vandergrift location is in the iconic building that formerly housed Carino's.
Ianni's Pizzeria in Vandergrift beckons the faithful with its wafting smell of burning hardwood.
Family-owned and operated for more than 90 years, Ianni's (pronounced e-on-ees) serves homemade specialty pizzas in a completely renovated open, airy and industrial-styled two-level space formerly occupied by Carino's.
The flagship Ianni's, located in New Derry, opened in 1927, originally as a rollerrink and soda fountain.
A Delmont location was added next and, while scouting a third Ianni's location, Vandergrift looked appealing, said owners Billy and Paula Johns along with their son Wesley and daughter-in-law Jonelle Harris.
"The people of Vandergrift are so welcoming," Paula Johns said.
Customers flock here for the specialty wood-oven pizzas, cooked with radiant high heat (fueled with seasoned hardwood) with freshly made dough and homemade sauce.
More than 45 gallons of pizza sauce are made daily at the Vandergrift location.
Choose from 16 custom pizza creations such as the Popeye, topped with spinach, almonds and a red wine garlic vinaigrette or the OTC (off the charts), which lets the customer choose their toppings and level of heat (from a one to five).
The Margherita has bragging rights here as most popular, said Johns.
The true Naples pie features plum tomatoes, sea salt, extra virgin olive oil, provolone cheese and fresh basil.
Custom pizzas are the culinary creation of Billy Johns, who experimented for months back in 2003, perfecting thin-crust wood-fired pizzas before selling them to the public.
"I was in the bar business and the liquor laws became terrible and I thought 'we have to do something,' " he said.
Johns always dreamed of baking good French bread and pondered the age-old art of cooking with fire.
"That's the way people have been cooking for thousands of years, so I decided to put a wood fire in my old bar in New Derry. I started making my pizza there and giving them away free," Johns said.
The pizzas quickly became popular with his customers and they began insisting on paying for them.
Prices range from $7-$20 and pizza are available in small, medium or large.
Most of the pizzas are thin-crust except for the Ricky and the Domenica, which are thicker-crust top-sellers.
A full-service bar offers craft beers and signature cocktails such as Moscow mules, martinis and homemade sangria.
New this season is outdoor seating.
Billy, who Paula John nicknamed the "Einstein of pizza," won't budge on revealing his pizza sauce secrets.
But, if he likes you enough, he'll name a pie after you — like the Domenica, which boasts the thick crust and cooked cheese but a cold sauce "sweeter than Grandma" — for whom it's named.


text:
Els numerals etruscos van ser usats pels antics etruscs. El sistema va ser adoptat dels nombres àtics usats pels antics grecs i van servir d'inspiració per a les xifres romanes.

(*) forma aproximada dels símbols, ja que aquests no estan inclosos dins de l'estàndard de caràcters disponibles en ordinador. A més, existeix una segona forma per al 100, una X amb una línia vertical travessant-la pel centre - el signe per a 50 és la meitat inferior)

Les restes de l'ús d'aquests nombres que han arribat fins a nosaltres són molt escasses. Es coneixen exemples per a nombres majors, però es desconeix quin nombre representa cada símbol. Com a resultat, els estudiosos moderns no estan d'acord en gaires aspectes de la numeració etrusca. Per exemple, existeix una discussió activa sobre la combinació dels següents nombres i noms de nombres associats:
2, 3, 4, 6 → ci/ki, huth, ša/sa/ça, zal/(e)sal

A causa que es troben sobre un dau, existeix un ampli consens que es tracta dels nombres fins al 6. Tanmateix, a part de l'1 i el 5, no se sap exactament quin és el nom de cada nombre. La combinació depèn de la resposta a la pregunta de si les cares oposades del dau etrusc en sumen set, com en els daus moderns.

Un aspecte interessant de la numeració etrusca és que alguns nombres, com en el sistema romà, es representen com restes. Per exemple: 17=20-3, 18=20-2, 19=20-1.

Referències

Vegeu també
 Numeració romana

Enllaços externs

  http://users.tpg.com.au/etr/etrusk/tex/grammar.html#num
  http://www.lostlanguages.com/etruscan.htm
  http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/language.html

Sistemes de numeració
Civilització etrusca