text:
AGT's Comedian Michael Yo Survived 8 Days In The ICU Fighting COVID And Is Now Saving Lives
Comedian Michael Yo auditioned for America's Got Talent in March, and six days later he had COVID-19. Michael spent eight days in the ICU battling the virus, as well as pneumonia.
Michael has shared what it was like to have COVID, as well as how he's feeling now. It was just revealed this week that Michael will be moving on to the live shows after the Judge Cuts episode.
A post shared by yo (@michaelyo)
Michael Yo's COVID-19 Journey
Michael explained that his temperature went to 101 while he was self-isolating in his home. "On the fourth day, I woke up, and I couldn't breathe that well," he recalled in an interview with Wendy Williams. His wife called 911, and the paramedics immediately told him he had COVID.
The comedian was in the intensive care unit for eight days, and told Extra he was the first case of COVID at his area hospital. "It is the worst pain," he said to describe his experience. "I had the baddest headache. It felt like a migraine times a million in my head. Chills, fever … Body aches. I couldn't move. I couldn't eat."
RELATED: MEET MICHAEL YO: COMEDIAN ON 'AMERICA'S GOT TALENT' THAT ALMOST DIED OF COVID
"It's gonna go really good or really bad," the doctor apparently told Michael after diagnosing him with COVID and double pneumonia. After four days, the doctors told him he was going to be okay.
At one point, however, he typed out what could have been his "final words" to his family. "I typed it out because I wanted them to remember me by something," he told ET. "I wanted my wife to be able to read my kid something, you know, when I was gone. It got that bad. It was scary."
Michael said he lost 13 pounds while he was in the hospital. He gave a shoutout to the frontline workers, who are being "selfless." He pointed out that people are dying of COVID alone in the hospital because they can't see their families. He encouraged everyone to wear a mask.
How Is Michael Doing Now?
In April, Michael told Wendy Williams he felt "good," but he still had fluid in his lungs, and it was still hard to catch his breath at times. He said he was "about 85 percent better." In June, he told Extra that he still had fluid in his lungs.
Michael said it would probably take another few months to get the fluid out. However, he's feeling good enough to start working out again. "So I'm starting to feel like myself again, thank God," he said. "But it was rough."
RELATED: HEIDI KLUM TALKS TO KELLY CLARKSON ABOUT LEAVING 'AGT' DUE TO COVID SCARE [VIDEO]
The comedian also shared on his podcast that he gave the virus to his wife and his mother, who both "beat it in a day." In May, Michael shared that he had donated plasma which could help three people.
"I think my job now is to tell the world to wear a mask," Michael told ET. "You know, let's not make it political. Wear a mask. It can save lives. Because if you go to that hospital and you die, these people are alone and that's what I try to tell people, man."
WATCH Deaf Singer Mandy Harvey's Emotional Song That Had Simon Cowell Running To The 'AGT' Stage
America's Got TalentMichael Yo
A talent competition where participants possessing some form of talent from the US and abroad, aim to impress the audience and judges, Simon Cowell, Howie Mandel, Heidi Klum, Sofia Vergara.
Corey Cesare 7 hours ago
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AGT: Extreme
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Although they are both made up of the same substance, starch and cellulose are completely different types of polymers. This article provides a comprehensive comparison of the two.
Starch, also known as amylum, is a polymeric carbohydrate generated by green plants for energy storage. An odorless and tasteless powder made up of numerous glucose units, starch is one of the most common carbohydrates in the human diet.
Meanwhile, cellulose is an organic polymer that forms the cell wall of green plants, oomycetes, and algae. It is made up of linear chains of glucose units and it plays an important role in the production of commercial and industrial products.
Despite their notable similarities, there is a major difference between starch and cellulose, specifically in terms of structural composition, digestibility, application, and use.
Starch is a polymeric carbohydrate made up of two types of alpha-glucose, which is a type of glucose with an -OH group attached below the ring. The position of the -OH group enables the glucose rings to either form straight chains or branch out to create helical structures and multiple coils.
Cellulose, on the other hand, is made up of 1 type of beta-glucose units linked together by glycosidic bonds. Unlike starch, the -OH group in cellulose is linked above the ring, consequently restricting the polymer to create a branched chain. Since it can only form straight chains, it cannot coil or branch out.
The molecular structure of glucose greatly affects linkage. While the alpha-glucose molecules in starch are connected by alpha linkages, the beta-glucose molecules in cellulose are linked by beta linkages.
Starch exists in two forms: the linear amylose and the branched amylopectin. Cellulose, by comparison, is available as lignin, hemicellulose, and pure cellulose.
Between the two, cellulose is more crystallized and more resistant to distortion. Unlike starch that morphs between 60 to 70 °C, the integrity of cellulose can only change at a temperature as high as 320 °C.
Starch is a highly digestible, tasteless compound popularly used in the human diet. Cellulose, by contrast, cannot be incorporated into the human diet since it is not digestible. Only specific animals such as ruminants and termites are capable of digesting cellulose due to the unique microorganisms present in their gut.
Starch is a polymer generated by plants for energy storage, while cellulose mainly aids in providing structural support for plants by the use of microtubules.
Starch is one of the most common types of carbohydrates ideal for human consumption. It is abundant in food items such as corn, potatoes, rice, wheat, and cassava. When used for industrial purposes, starch is used for the production of whisky, beer, and biofuel.
Meanwhile, cellulose is widely used in manufacturing paper and paperboard. In other industries, it is also used in making cotton and wood pulp.
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text:
Morning Edition - August 12
Blessings on you and your family, and from all the Huckabee staff!
Today's newsletter includes:
Bible Verse of the Day - Ephesians 4:32
"Shhh!!" The most underreported story, DAY 2
"Irresponsible" Debt
Jailed Because Of Their Beliefs
32 And be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you.
Late on the first day of Mike Lindell's cyber symposium to examine evidence of election fraud, something unexpected happened that set the tone and direction for the rest of the conference. Thus, the second day was dominated not by discussions about Maricopa County or Fulton County, as one might have anticipated, but by the story emerging from Mesa County, Colorado.
Recall that while Tina Peters, the county clerk and recorder for Mesa County, was in the air, on her way from Colorado to South Dakota in Lindell's plane to attend the symposium as a whistleblower, she got word that her office had just been raided, presumably at the order of Colorado Secretary of State Jena Griswold, a Democrat who'd made it clear she would not allow any election auditing, what she called "frauditing," even going so far as to issue "rules" prohibiting that.
And now she reportedly is having Peters investigated for allegations of leaking Dominion passwords. (Ah, that's how she got the warrant to raid her office.) Peters says she has never had access to the passwords. The secretary of state's office is saying they don't have them, either. We'll bring you more on this when it makes any sense.
Tina had obviously not been expecting the raid of her office and was shaken by the news. (Some early reports said the hard drives had actually been stolen from her office, which would have been a crime, but this appears not to have happened. They took copies.) The decision was made Tuesday night to give the materials she'd brought to Lindell's team of cyber experts, led by "CodeMonkeyZ," to vet them before they were presented.
So that's what happened on Wednesday, in real time, right up on the stage on big screens while others were giving their own presentations in a roundtable moderated by New Mexico State University law professor and attorney David Clements. Going through all that data is a tedious process, to be sure. They said it requires a team of individuals with specialized, complementary skills. They explained that it normally takes about three weeks to go through that much data, so this first day was to see what was there and what was missing, to get an idea of the direction they needed to go. For example, it's "not normal to find an adjudication key on the desktop," but that's one thing they found.
"It would be really, really easy to hide a needle in a haystack here," said one. "All it takes is one needle."
And around midday, the cyber guys realized they might have found their needle. They said this was the SMOKING GUN that should trigger a FULL FORENSIC AUDIT.
They would never have discovered this if the county clerk hadn't had the presence of mind before an in-person software update by the Dominion Voting Systems to quietly make a forensic image beforehand. Because of her foresight, the cyber experts were able to compare images from before and after this "update." What they said they found was highly significant: the before-and-afters were different, and it looked to these experts as though information had been erased.
This is information that is, by federal law, supposed to be kept for 22 months after an election, so it appeared that laws might have been broken. "This is exactly the kind of funny business that [Tina] wants to see investigated," one of them said from the stage. I assume this is the sort of thing she was there to blow the whistle on.
According to THE GATEWAY PUNDIT, the documents they've been examining prove that Dominion has remote access to their machines during elections.
https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/08/huge-update-codemonkeyz-files-released-lindell-cyber-symposium-not-stolen-reported-earlier-findings-game-changer/
The way they were looking at this, the Colorado secretary of state breached the public trust if she let data get deleted. And once you've breached the public trust, a full audit is necessary. Period.
Of course, the go-to excuse is "human error." (I imagine them channeling Hillary and say they didn't INTEND erase anything, to wipe it...like with a cloth?) But as one of the cyber guys asked, how do you introduce human error into a system that's supposed to work entirely by machine?
So much of the effort, they said, is just the fight to get it done, just to get compliance with subpoenas, as in Maricopa County, where they're flat-out refusing to cooperate, withholding routers, passwords and splunk logs. (The state attorney general has given them till 5PM on August 20 to hand over that splunk.) They said it's obvious that one side is for transparency, the other for shutting down, obfuscating and covering their tracks.
Some at the event were saying that software "updates" and "preventative maintenance" visits are hurriedly being done all over the country, county-by-county, and involve not just Dominion but other election services companies. (Voting machine fraud is suspected in all 50 states; Dominion has contracts in, we believe, 28 states.) THE GATEWAY PUNDIT has previously reported on this, and updates it here.
https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/08/destroying-evidence-lindell-symposium-reveals-voting-machine-companies-wiping-voting-machines-clean-wisconsin-new-hampshire-michigan-previously-reported-video/
In passing along these reports, we are not alleging wrongdoing, as we have no inside information proving or disproving them, but it could be that they're in a race to do this before other county clerks do what Tina Peters did and make those "before" copies.
One attendee from Wisconsin expressed dismay that on June 21, Dominion had called to ask that they be allowed to come in and do one of those in-person software updates. He wanted to know what he could do. The advice: get a forensic image of every server before company reps are allowed in to make any changes. The discussion then turned to how this might be done on a large scale, in counties across the country. It's a massive job.
A lot of discussion turned on the close relationship enjoyed between voting systems companies and state government offices. Dominion reportedly had two of its own staffers working with their own office right there in the Capitol at Sacramento. Counties across the country routinely give them temporary office space during election time, they said.
They also mentioned a strange clause that pops up in contracts between Dominion and individual counties. It requires that county officials not comply with any outside requests for information. Dominion also says it will pay applicable legal fees, which is extremely unusual. Conclusion: on any contract with any voting systems vendor, better read the fine print.
More has come out about Tuesday's raid on Peters' office, primarily that no one but the "raiders" were allowed to be in the office during the raid and witness what they did in there.
Moderator David Clements said it's time to get tough. "We need you to set your jaw," he told the crowd. "It's an attitude adjustment." The other side had hoped that by now we would have accepted this and gone on, but that's not happening.
In related news, a U.S. district court judge has ruled that the Dominion $1.3 billion (each) defamation lawsuits against against Sidney Powell, Rudy Giuliani and Mike Lindell may proceed. From his comments, I don't get the impression that Judge Carl Nichols is watching this week's cyber symposium. These three might want to ask CodeMonkeyZ to help with their case.
https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/11/judge-dominion-defamation-suits-powell-504000
I linked to this yesterday, but it's worth a separate story of its own: Democrat Sens. Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema are balking at voting for Chuck Schumer's massive $3.5 trillion leftist wish list spending orgy bill (that's not the official name, but it's more accurate.)
https://redstate.com/nick-arama/2021/08/11/more-good-news-may-be-coming-with-word-about-pelosis-next-move-n424528
Manchin said we've already saddled our children and grandchildren with $29 trillion in debt, and over the past year, Congress has injected $5 trillion in stimulus into the economy. We now have jobs going unfilled because of extra unemployment benefits and inflation rising to scary levels (consumer prices were up 5.8% from July 2020 to July 2021, the fastest rise since 2008.)
https://legalinsurrection.com/2021/08/july-consumer-prices-jumped-5-4-while-core-inflation-remained-high/
Manchin said it would be "simply irresponsible" to pour trillions more dollars we don't have, the kind of thing you do during a Great Depression, into an economy that's on the verge of overheating. But then, it would also be simply irresponsible to shove through massive, radical, America-changing legislation when your "mandate" consists of a tiny House majority and a tie broken by the Vice President's vote in the Senate.
Come to think of it, the Democrats should get rid of their official song, "Happy Days Are Here Again" (which doesn't reflect their current apocalyptic pessimism anyway) and replace it with Robert Palmer's "Simply Irresistible," only with the lyrics changed to "Simply Irresponsible."
(Note: I think it's a perfect example of Washingtonthink to claim that the deficit spending in the new bills isn't really deficit spending because some of it will be covered by as-yet unspent money allocated in the COVID relief bill -- which itself was paid for with deficit spending! Sing along with me now: "Simply Irresponsible!...")
God's creation is all around us. To learn more about Canyonlands National Park, visit its website here.
While Congressional Democrats keep overemoting like bad silent movie actors over the January 6th Capitol incursion (the greatest threat to American democracy since the Civil War), there was a sign this week that the DOJ's case against some of the defendants even for trespassing may be imploding.
The Legal Insurrection blog has details on the case against Cuoy Griffin, former pastor and New Mexico county commissioner, who was in Washington to protest the election results and capture events on video.
https://legalinsurrection.com/2021/08/jan-6-prosecutors-admit-to-possession-of-images-of-officers-hugging-or-fist-bumping-rioters-posing-for-photos-with-rioters-and-moving-bike-racks/
Griffin and his videographer reportedly made their way to the deck of the Capitol, led a group in prayer, and left voluntarily after about 90 minutes. He was charged under federal law with misdemeanor trespassing and disorderly conduct, violations that carry up to a year in prison. The blog notes that leftwing protesters who invaded the exact same area and disrupted Congress during the Brett Kavanaugh hearings were charged under a local law that carries only a 90-day maximum sentence.
Griffin was jailed for three weeks, and prosecutors argued that he should remain there without bail throughout his entire prosecution, because his rightwing political beliefs made him so dangerous. The judge replied that they made no allegations that he'd damaged any federal property, injured or risked injuring anyone, or had a weapon, and released him on bail in February.
Since then, his attorneys have struggled to get the DOJ to show them the evidence against him, as is his right. This week, the DOJ issued this astonishing excuse:
"[W]e are not in a position to turn over the universe of information we possess for Defendant to review. Although we are aware that we possess some information that the defense may view as supportive of arguments that law enforcement authorized defendants (including Defendant) to enter the restricted grounds, e.g., images of officers hugging or fist-bumping rioters, posing for photos with rioters, and moving bike racks, we are not in a position to state whether we have identified all such information."
Wait, what?! They have video of the cops moving obstructions, hugging and fist-bumping "rioters" and posing for photos with "rioters"? Those were some unusually congenial rioters. More to the point, the law requires that a defendant must have knowingly entered or remained in a restricted area without lawful authority and "acted with knowledge that his conduct was unlawful." If the DOJ has video showing the cops allowing them to enter, interacting peacefully with them and never telling them to leave (Griffin says he was never told he couldn't be there), then how were they to know they were acting unlawfully? And if not, there goes the DOJ's case. Or cases.
The DOJ knows this, yet they're arguing that Americans be jailed indefinitely without bail solely because of their rightwing political beliefs (while giving a pass to people with leftwing political beliefs) and not complying with his basic right to see any exculpatory evidence they might have.
The Democrats may be right about an assault taking place on the foundations of American democracy. But it sounds as if it's not all coming from where we've been led to believe, and it didn't end on January 6th.
Permalink: https://www.mikehuckabee.com/2021/8/morning-edition-august-12
Let's hope this is a positive sign that "cancel culture" is losing its grip on terrified Hollywood liberals.
President Biden's Department of Health and Human Services (which really should change its name) is reportedly considering declaring a "public health emergency" to promote access to abortion.
Morning Edition: Hunter Financially Tied To Chinese Espionage, Sent More "Classified" Email
As it becomes clearer that Hunter Biden, with his many shady business connections and shall-we-say freewheeling lifestyle, had access to top-secret material in his father's possession...
Morning Edition: A Closer Look At The 2022 Elections
Despite a strong challenge by Harmeet Dhillon, on Friday, Ronna McDaniel was reelected to an unprecedented fourth term as the chair of the Republican National Committee.
Morning Edition: Twitter Knowingly Used Fake "Russia" Stories; More On Biden Documents
When we promised some weekend reading, we didn't know how much news would be dropping at the end of the week.
Sharon Faulkner
You didn't mention Mike Lindell being attacked outside an elevator.
Chris Bender
Thanks for update. Need to get this out to the general public ....
They might wake up!
Sidney L Patin
I hope the Jan. 6 protesters are released soon, and then I hope they file a class action lawsuit against every one of the bureaucrats who violated their constitutional rights and held them in jail without hearing, bond, or speedy trial, all guaranteed by the US Constitution. The bureaucrats should be held personally liable for the millions and millions of dollars in personal damages. Starting with Biden, Pelosi, Schumer, and work the way down from there.
Mark Mittelstaedt
So, Jena Griswold says that the machines have to be destroyed because someone has the passwords ? I change passwords frequently. Is she saying that they can't change those passwords ? Could that be because...wait for it...Dominion used the same passwords on all their machines, and didn't provide for the ability to change passwords ( passwords might be in firmware memory so they are always available ). Not being able to change passwords ? Very strange. The overall stupidity in evidence is...galactic ! I'm looking forward to Lindell's bite-at-the-apple during the discovery phase ;-}
Mary Ann Sniff
Thank you for covering Lindell's cyber symposium. No one else seems to be doing it. I have been watching most of the three days, and I am horrified by outside manipulation of our elections nationwide!! Please continue to spread the word. In fact, if only your staff is reporting on what's going on at the symposium, I urge you to watch all three days yourself. The symposium will be archived at Frank speech.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Title 36 → Chapter XII → Subchapter C → Part 1252
Title 36: Parks, Forests, and Public Property
PART 1252—PUBLIC USE OF RECORDS, DONATED HISTORICAL MATERIALS, AND FACILITIES; GENERAL
§1252.1 Scope.
§1252.2 Definitions.
Authority: 44 U.S.C. 2104(a).
This subchapter prescribes rules and procedures governing the public use of records and donated historical materials in the custody of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Except for part 1250, this subchapter does not apply to current operating records of NARA. This subchapter also prescribes rules and procedures governing the public use of certain NARA facilities.
[59 FR 29191, June 6, 1994]
The following definitions are established for terms used in this subchapter.
Archives or archival records mean Federal records that have been determined by NARA to have sufficient historical or other value to warrant their continued preservation by the U.S. Government, and have been transferred to the National Archives of the United States.
Director means the head of a Presidential library, the head of a Presidential Materials Staff, the head of a NARA division, branch, archival center, or unit responsible for servicing archival records, the head of a regional archives, or the head of a Federal records center.
Documents mean, for purposes of part 1254 of this chapter, archives, FRC records, donated historical materials, Nixon Presidential historical materials, and Presidential records, regardless of the media on which they are contained. Document form may include paper, microforms, photographs, sound recordings, motion pictures, maps, drawings, and electronic files.
Donated historical materials means books, correspondence, documents, papers, pamphlets, magnetic tapes, pictures, photographs, plats, maps, films, motion pictures, sound recordings, and other documental media having historical or commemorative value accepted by NARA from a source other than an agency of the U.S. Government.
Federal records center includes the Washington National Records Center, the National Personnel Records Center, and the Federal records centers listed in §1253.6 of this chapter.
Federal records center records (FRC records) mean records which, pending their transfer to the National Archives of the United States or their disposition in any other manner authorized by law, have been transferred to a Federal records center operated by NARA.
Nixon Presidential historical materials has the meaning specified in §1275.16 of this chapter.
Presidential records has the meaning specified in §1270.14 of this chapter.
Records mean records or microfilm copies of records transferred to NARA under 44 U.S.C. 2107 and 3103; namely, archives and Federal records center records as the terms are defined in §1252.2. The term records does not include current operating records of NARA, the public availability of which is governed by part 1250 of this chapter, or donated historical materials as defined in this section.
Researcher means a person who has been granted access to original documents or copies of documents.
[33 FR 4885, Mar. 22, 1968, 42 FR 13022, Mar. 8, 1977, and 49 FR 33253, Aug. 22, 1984. Redesignated and amended at 50 FR 15723, 15726, Apr. 19, 1985; 59 FR 29191, June 6, 1994]


World Fiddle Day 2015 couldn't have been more successful – perfect weather, wonderful artists, great workshops and 96 fiddlers in our Around the World Jam!
a lovely little Cricket electric fiddle from sponsor Long&McQuade. Watch this space for details on our first annual members meeting in early October.


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text:
P R I N T E R - F R I E N D L Y F O R M A T Return to Article
D-Lib Magazine
Volume 22, Number 9/10
Quantifying Conceptual Novelty in the Biomedical Literature
Shubhanshu Mishra and Vetle I. Torvik
{smishra8, vtorvik}@illinois.edu
DOI: 10.1045/september2016-mishra
We introduce several measures of novelty for a scientific article in MEDLINE based on the temporal profiles of its assigned Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). First, temporal profiles for all MeSH terms (and pairs of MeSH terms) were characterized empirically and modelled as logistic growth curves. Second, a paper's novelty is captured by its youngest MeSH (and pairs of MeSH) as measured in years and volume of prior work. Across all papers in MEDLINE published since 1985, we find that individual concept novelty is rare (2.7% of papers have a MeSH ≤ 3 years old; 1.0% have a MeSH ≤ 20 papers old), while combinatorial novelty is the norm (68% have a pair of MeSH ≤ 3 years old; 90% have a pair of MeSH ≤ 10 papers old). Furthermore, these novelty measures exhibit complex correlations with article impact (as measured by citations received) and authors' professional age.
Keywords: Bibliometrics; MEDLINE; Novelty
In principle every published paper should have one or more novel aspects to it. However, not all papers are equally novel. Some papers introduce new, never before described ideas, while others increment or confirm established ones. Here we propose several measures of novelty guided by a literal interpretation of novelty as a function of time isolated from value, impact, or creativity. This allows us to study the intrinsic contribution of time as an aspect of novelty.
We argue that it should be measurable at the time of publication while the value and impact of any idea reflects what happens (long) after publication. A quantifiable measure of novelty of an article can help scholars in tracing the origin of concepts in science. Previously, scholars have used various methods for measuring novelty of an article and studied its correlation with its impact as well as correlation with collaboration patterns [19, 13, 12, 18]. Scholar's have also argued that novelty plays an important role in the evolution of science [19], while maintaining that novel articles are rare [19] and might not get enough attention early on [11, 16]. Additionally, novelty has also been identified as new ideas [13, 12, 18] or unconventional pairings of exiting ones [19]. However, many of these methods suffer from issues related to noisy identification of relevant concepts [13, 12, 18] or don't identify what concepts make an article novel [19]. We try to overcome this issue by using concepts identified by domain experts in a large corpus of biomedical articles and quantifying how novel the individual and pair of concepts on every article are.
We measure the scientific novelty of articles using a data set of 22.3 million articles published in MEDLINE. Each article is tagged with set of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), where each term is part of a larger hierarchy called MeSH tree. We propose the usage of MeSH terms for identifying a standardized set of important biomedical concepts mentioned in an article. Furthermore, for each article, its publication year is also recorded. Using the complete MEDLINE corpus we created a temporal profile for every individual and pair of concepts ever mentioned. Additionally, we propose a logistic growth curve for modelling four common temporal phases of a concept: (1) initial burn in, characterized by slow growth in the number of articles on the concept, followed by (2) rapid growth in publications related to the concept, leading to (3) a phase where growth starts to slow down, and finally (4) a near constant growth phase. Our model captures the various temporal trends for a majority of the MeSH terms in MEDLINE. These temporal profiles of individual and pair of concepts are then utilized for computing various novelty scores for every MEDLINE article. Our analysis of these article level novelty scores reveal that individual topic novelty is rare in bio-medicine while combinatorial pairing of concepts is the norm. Aggregation of the novelty scores for 150,000 prolific authors (> 50 papers) reveal a complex trend in how the novelty of articles published by the author changes across his/her career. For a majority of the authors the average novelty of their articles goes down during their career span. However, there is an even split between authors whose average combinatorial novelty of articles goes either up or down, as they age. Additionally, there is no consistent pattern indicating at what point in their professional career do authors publish their most novel work. Our article level novelty scores have a significant but weak predictive correlation with scientific impact (measured using citations received). We release a data set containing temporal profiles of all individual and pairs of MeSH terms in MEDLINE as well as pre-computed novelty scores for all articles, via an interactive user interface, GIMLI.
2 Related Works
Novelty, originality, and priority are three important concepts related to scientific publishing [10]. Some scholars have discussed novelty as being related to newness while others relate it to interestingness. Scholars who study the growth of science directly or indirectly have commented on the aspect of novelty, originality or innovation in science. Thomas Kuhn suggests that science moves forward through innovation and work on novel concepts [7]. Dirk uses a self-reported survey of the authors of Citation Classic papers in the biomedical field to adjudge the novelty of a paper using the topology of scientific originality based on the structural analysis of the paper [3]. The author defines novelty as a permutation of the novelty of the following three sections of the paper: Hypothesis, Methods and Results. Using a small sample of 209 articles the author reports that most papers have the following topology: new hypothesis/previously-reported methods/new results. Even though the study is focused on a small subset of articles, it establishes the need to understand novelty of a paper and identify its novel elements. However, a survey based approach is not feasible for a corpus as large as MEDLINE. Hence, there is a need for a more computational approach towards identifying novelty of a paper.
Trapido [18] discusses the effects of novelty on the recognition of authors. Their work shows that highly novel articles are at a higher risk of rejection. However, authors who have a history of publishing novel articles generally receive positive feedback for their future novel works. Additionally, disciples of authors with a history of novel publications tend to publish novel work. Recent work has shown that bibliometric indicators like early citation counts are biased against novel articles [16] and novel articles are more likely to be published in low impact factor journals. Uzzi et al. [19] define novelty of an article as a measure of its combination of cited journals, where every journal signifies a respective domain of science. Using a corpus of 17.9 million Web of Science articles from multiple fields, the authors argue that most articles have a high propensity for citing a conventional combination of journals, while few papers cite novel combinations. Their work claims that the highest impact articles demonstrate a mix of high conventional combination as well as introduce some novel combinations.
Teams are more likely to work on novel combinations compared to solo authors. Packalen et al. [13, 12] define novelty as newness of the concepts mentioned in an article. The authors describe a word/phrase-based analysis for identifying novel ideas in the MEDLINE database [13]. They manually remove synonyms of popular ideas and replace them with words with more canonical meaning. Their methods are limited to finding novel articles on popular ideas and only consider novelty of single ideas in a paper. Correlation of novelty with authors' professional age shows that younger authors co-author most of the novel work. The presence of an experienced co-author is correlated with higher novelty of that article. Methods for measuring novelty can be effectively applied to patent corpuses as their structure is similar to bibliometric corpuses of research articles, making these methods useful for a broader community of researchers.
In [12], Packalen et al. extend their approach from [13] for finding novel ideas in USPTO patents data set [12]. Youn et al. [20] discuss the combinatorial aspect of invention in patents and describe that the process exhibits a pattern of exploration and exploitation of new technologies. Schoenmakers et al. [14] discusses patterns of novelty in patents using an empirical examination of 157 patents. The authors find that radical inventions are based more on existing knowledge than non-radical inventions. They further explain that radical innovation is mostly a result of the combination of different knowledge domains. Evans et al. [5, 4] also present a detailed review of the various methods used for quantifying novelty in various fields.
The preceding works have motivated us to devise a simple yet consistent method of quantifying novelty of articles. We build upon some preliminary work presented in [8, 9] and present the details of our methods and the corresponding results in the sections which follow.
3 Temporal Profile of a Concept
Novelty scores capture the age of a concept (or pair of concepts) as measured in years (or number of prior articles) since its first appearance in the corpus, henceforth also referred to as empirical novelty scores. It is important to note that a more novel article will have a lower empirical novelty score and vice versa. We discuss the following two types of novelty in this paper:
Time novelty is based on the number of years since the first appearance of a concept in the corpus.
Volume novelty is based on the number of articles since the first appearance of a concept in the corpus.
Absolute value of number of articles on a concept (C) in an year (y) (Nc,y), is a noisy indicator of the growth patterns of that concept in MEDLINE as MEDLINE itself has grown exponentially through time. This automatically results in more papers on a concept in later years, which do not signify the growth of this concept relative to the growth of MEDLINE. To account for this effect, we define a log normalized count of articles (Nec,y) on concept C in year y as the log of Nc,y multiplied by a normalizing factor (Zy), such that Zy is the ratio of mean number of articles in MEDLINE and total articles in MEDLINE in year y. Hence, Nec,y = ln(1 + Nc,y * Zy).
Upon empirical observation of the temporal profile of concepts in MEDLINE, we found that most concepts' growth in MEDLINE is defined by the following four phases:
Burn-In Phase: Topic is new, publication rate is small, and growth is marginal.
Accelerating Growth Phase: Topic is bursting, publication rate is rapidly increasing.
Decelerating Growth Phase: Publication rate is still increasing but is starting to stabilize.
Constant Growth Phase: Growth is marginal and publication rate has stabilized.
In order to capture the above phases for each concept, we model f(t) = Nec,t as a function of age (t) of the concept measured in years, such that
where, Nec,t is Nec,y such that t = y — yo, yo is the first year after 1965, when the concept was used, No captures asymptotic max value the concept can attain, to captures the age when the concept goes from accelerating to decelerating growth phase, s captures temporal spread of both the growth phases. (Note that MeSH terms were introduced in 1965, hence data is very sparse for years before 1966 and many articles are indexed with few MeSH terms. This is important for proper curve fitting using least squares.)
Using the model described above, we also define the velocity and acceleration of a concept as f'(t) and f"(t), respectively.
4 Novelty of Articles in MEDLINE
This section explains how we assign a novelty score to each article in MEDLINE.
For generating the novelty scores we consider 22.3 million the articles published in MEDLINE between 1902 and 2015. Our study uses 27,249 MeSH terms as a basis for identifying the concepts of a MEDLINE article. (We use the 2015 MeSH tree.) From Figure 1, the rapid growth of MEDLINE after 1945 is quite evident. We also observed that the number of MeSH terms first indexed in a year saw a sharp spike in 1945, and after 1985 this trend has been stable. Similarly, the mean number of MeSH terms in an article has a steady trend of an average of 2 MeSH terms per year since 1985.
Figure 1: TOP: Growth of MEDLINE across the years and number of new MeSH terms added each year. BOTTOM: Mean number of MeSH terms used to index articles in MEDLINE across years. MEDLINE was started in 1965 and a lot of noise — with regard to many MeSH terms being wrongly spelled or older articles being indexed by too few MeSH terms — is present in our corpus around those years. The data after 1985 (shaded grey and marked as Analysis data) has a stable growth and is used for most of the results presented in the Results section.
MeSH terms are assigned by experts from National Institute of Health (NIH), resulting in a consistent identification of concepts in the article. This is a major reason for our choice of using a control vocabulary like MeSH. Another reason is that only well recognized concepts are included in the MeSH vocabulary, ensuring articles which coin new terms, not recognized by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), are not marked as novel by us. In a similar research work described in [13, 12], the authors use words and phrases extracted from the title and abstract of an article. We argue that these features suffer from several limitations of NLP based information extraction systems, mainly disaggregation of name variants and spelling errors for words and phrases describing the same concept. In [19], the scholars use co-citation of articles in defining the novelty of an article across four categories. This approach doesn't allow us to identify the novelty of an article across multiple fields. On average an article is indexed using 9.6 (±5.0) MeSH terms with the maximum MeSH terms for an article being 103 while the minimum is 1. On average each article contributes towards the novelty score of 45.5 (±22.9) MeSH terms, after each of the article's terms are exploded.
4.1.1 Generating temporal profiles for MeSH terms
Articles in MEDLINE are indexed using MeSH terms that are organized in a hierarchy, although it should be noted that some terms have multiple parents. For example, Breast Neoplasms has two MeSH IDs, C04.588.180 and C17.800.090.500, which point to their positions in the hierarchy:
Neoplasms [C04] → Neoplasms by Site [C04.588] → Breast Neoplasms [C04.588.180]
Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases [C17] → Skin Diseases [C17.800] → Breast Diseases [C17.800.090] → Breast Neoplasms [C17.800.090.500]
A PubMed search for articles in MEDLINE, on any MeSH term, also lists the articles for any of its children MeSH terms. This means that for counting the number of articles published for a MeSH term, we can use the total number of articles index by that MeSH term or any of its children in the MeSH tree. For example, in the case of Neoplasms (Cancer), a growth in the number of publications about Neoplasms should not be gauged by a growth in the number of papers mentioning the exact MeSH. A growth in the number of publications involving any of the child terms should also be considered towards the growth of usage of the MeSH term Neoplasms. We count an article mentioning any children of a MeSH term as an article in the parent MeSH. This results in having a better estimation of how research has progressed in rarer MeSH categories. The list of MeSH in an article is considered to be a list of all exploded MeSH terms. So if an article has a MeSH term list with Breast Neoplasms, then the exploded MeSH list will be [Breast Neoplasms, Neoplasms by Site, Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms, Breast Diseases, Skin Diseases, Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases]. This exploded MeSH term list is used as the list of all concepts related to the article.
Some simple pre-processing steps were carried out. Misspelled terms were merged with the correct term in the MeSH tree by removing spaces and lower casing the terms. A preliminary investigation into the effect of incorrect assignment of MeSH terms by annotators at NLM was carried out by removing the spelling correction pre-processing step. But the resulting effect on the novelty scores was marginal. Additionally, the trends described in our results were not affected. We believe that errors in data such as indexing artifacts and incompleteness of the MeSH tree with respect to all the important terms in biomedical community, might also have a marginal effect on the presented results. Articles published before 1966 had multiple irregularities in assignment of MeSH terms. Hence, we only use the MeSH counts after 1965 for fitting the model to these MeSH terms. Model based scores were calculated for all MeSH terms. However, the model fitting algorithm failed to converge for 316 (1.2%) terms, most often due to sparse data or recent terms (116 were introduced after 2010). Of the MeSH terms which had more than five thousand articles, only three were introduced after 1965: Autophagy; Protein Multimerization; and Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, while the other 97 terms were introduced before 1965 with a majority (64) of them being first used in the year 1945 (see Figure 1). A closer inspection of the temporal profile of these MeSH terms revealed two major growth periods from which the algorithm was unable to pick one. Empirical novelty scores, velocity and acceleration of all MeSH terms for each year were computed using the complete MEDLINE corpus and the methods described in Section 3. Empirical novelty scores were also computed for every pair of MeSH terms for each year.
Figure 2 shows the profile of the HIV MeSH term in our dataset. We can observe that the data for HIV fits perfectly with our model and we observe the four distinct phases of growth of the MeSH term. Specifically, 1986 is the year the term enters a Decelerated growth phase and soon after that it enters a Constant growth phase. The observations are interesting because AIDS was first clinically discovered in 1981 and HIV was discovered in 1983 under two different names LAV [6] and HLTV-III [1], which matches clearly the accelerated growth in research on this topic. The terms were renamed HIV in 1986. We found that there were no articles mentioning HIV directly before 1986. This also proves why our method is robust in identifying the initial phases of a concept by using the exploded MeSH tree, merging name variants and fixing common spelling issues.
Figure 2: Temporal profile of MeSH term HIV including describing the empirical as well as predicted trends using our model. The figure describes the rapid growth in publications on HIV around 1985 marking a four year period of accelerated growth followed by a three year period of decelerated growth leading into a final phase of constant growth. The model was fitted on the normed count and the predicted values were rescaled to predict the actual number of articles on the concept.
4.1.2 Assigning novelty scores to an article
The following empirical novelty scores are assigned to each article:
Minimum concept age (years) or Individual time novelty: Minimum concept age in years among all concepts on the article.
Minimum concept-pair age (years) or Pairwise time novelty: Minimum concept-pair age in years among all concepts-pairs on the article.
Minimum concept age (papers) or Individual volume novelty: Minimum concept age in papers among all concepts on the article.
Minimum concept-pair age (papers) or Pair-wise volume novelty: Minimum concept-pair age in papers among all concepts-pairs on the article.
Using the velocity and acceleration of every concept on an article, the following growth scores are also assigned to every article:
Accelerated minimum growth: Minimum velocity among all concepts in the accelerated phase.
Accelerated maximum growth: Maximum velocity among all concepts in the accelerated phase.
Decelerated minimum growth: Minimum velocity among all concepts in the decelerated phase.
Decelerated maximum growth: Maximum velocity among all concepts in the decelerated phase.
Figure 3 shows the profile of an article published in MEDLINE in the year 2001. This was one of the first articles on microRNAs. As is evident from the figure, the most novel MeSH term in the article in microRNAs resulted in a Individual time novelty score of 0 and a Individual volume novelty score of 2. We also observe that the term has multiple pairs of MeSH terms occurring for the first time because of the novel nature of this paper, resulting in a Pairwise time novelty score of 0 and Pairwise volume novelty score of 1.
Figure 3: Temporal profile of all MeSH terms listed on PubMed ID 11779458 published in 2001, one of the first few papers listed for the MeSH term microRNAs. microRNAs saw a rapid growth after their introduction and MeSH terms like RNA Untranslated and RNA Antisense also experienced a phase of rapid growth in research output during the same years. MeSH terms like Animals, Genomes and Caenorhabditis elegans appear to be in their constant growth phase.
5 Results and Discussion
In this section we describe how our novelty scores can be utilized to study the distribution of novelty in biomedical literature, careers of authors and impact of an article.
5.1 Distribution of novelty scores in MEDLINE
Novelty scores were generated for all the articles in MEDLINE. A subset of 15.1 million articles published in MEDLINE after 1985 (as shown in Figure 1) was considered for the analysis of the distribution of novelty scores. Figure 4 shows the cumulative distribution of the various novelty scores. Using a cut-off of 3 years for time novelty scores and 20 years and 10 years for individual and pairwise volume novelty scores, respectively, we find that individual concept novelty is rare in MEDLINE. The distribution of novel articles with respect to our cutoff values are shown in Table 1. Further, it appears that pairwise novelty scores are better at capturing the prevalent kind of novelty in articles.
Figure 4: Cumulative distribution of novelty scores for 15.72M (15.71M with at-least a pair of MeSH terms) articles published in MEDLINE since 1985. Lower is more novel. Colored dotted lines represent the respective cutoff for marking an article novel.
Novelty type (years) (papers)
Individual concept 2.73% (< 3) 1.0% (< 20)
Pair of concepts 68.0% (< 3) 89.6% (< 10)
Table 1: Proportion of novel articles identified using specified cutoff for different novelty scores
An interesting trend depicted in Figure 4 is that for a majority of articles, their most novel individual concept is more than 1,000 prior papers. This might reflect a trend in the biomedical community of working on well established concepts, but at the same time quickly adopting new pairings of terms. From the figure it is also evident that the volume novelty scores are capturing more granular levels of novelty compared to time novelty scores. The model based novelty score identifies 61.1% of the articles, which have at least one concept fitting our model specification, a concept in an accelerated growth phase, where as 38.9% of articles have no concept in such phase. This might reveal that a majority of scientific articles are published on at least one topic which is hot at that time.
5.2 Modeling change in novelty across an author's career
How does the novelty of articles published by an author changes across his/her career? In order to answer this question, we consider a subset of Authority data set [17] of all authors who have published at least 50 papers and have started their careers after 1965. This results in a data set of 150K authors. For each author, a linear model was fitted for the log value of novelty scores (y) of each of their articles versus the professional age of the author x, measured as the years since the first publication by the author in MEDLINE. For every author, the model log10(1 + y) ~ mx + c is fitted using least squares method and slope m is recorded. If m ≥ 0, we infer that the average novelty of papers across an author's career is decreasing (higher novelty score means less novel paper). Similarly, if m < 0, the author is considered, on average, to publish more novel papers later in their career. Similarly, we also fit a model only on the minimum novelty scores per year of an author's career.
Table 2 presents the proportion of authors who have a decreasing novelty across their careers. We observe that a majority of the authors (85%) have a decreasing individual concept novelty across their careers. On the contrary, the proportion of authors who have decreasing concept-pair novelty (60%) is only slightly different from those who have an increasing concept pair novelty (40%) across their careers.
Type of novelty Average Minimum
Concept Age (years) 84% 59%
Concept Age (papers) 85% 58%
Concept-pair Age (years) 64% 67%
Concept-pair Age (papers) 56% 68%
Table 2: Proportion of authors with increasing average novelty of articles over careers
These results indicate that the average novelty of articles published by most of the prolific authors (> 50 papers in MEDLINE) decreases as their career progresses. However, exactly when these authors published their most novel articles didn't have any specific trend. Further investigation revealed that an author's most novel articles based on either of the novelty scores can occur any time in their career, but are less likely to occur at the beginning of their career. The relation of an author's mean article novelty with the author's age also varied based on when that author started his/her career. These patterns indicate that the relationship of an author's age with the novelty of their article is rather complex.
5.3 Correlation of novelty with impact
One of the most common evaluations of any bibliometric measure is its correlation with the impact measured in terms of citation count. We use the citation information available using a collection of Web of Science PubMed citations, Microsoft Academic Graph [15] and PubMed Central. The impact of an article is measured in the following ways:
Total citation count
Journal normalized citation score, which normalizes the citations received by an article using the average citations received by all articles published in that journal in the same year.
Analyzing the correlation of our novelty scores with the journal normalized citation score allows for comparison after removal of journal specific citation impact (e.g. articles published in high impact journals on average receive more citations compared to those published in low impact journals). The journal normalized citation score of an article published in a given journal is the ratio of the total citation count divided by the average citation counts of all articles published in the same journal in the same year.
Figure 5 shows the relation between the mean impact scores versus the various novelty scores of articles aggregated in time windows of 5 years. The figure depicts a positive correlation between more novel articles and higher impact scores. However, the trends are not consistent across the years and we observed that the articles on novel individual concepts, which were published in more recent years, have lower impact scores. No such trend was visible in articles on novel pairs of concepts in the same years. This might suggest that articles which introduce completely new topics take some time to achieve their potential impact as has been discussed in an earlier literature [16], however articles which are among the first few to merge existing topics require less time to achieve their potential impact. A possible reason for the observation of this trend might be that there is slow adoption of research in new concepts in the biomedical community, resulting in a low impact of articles published on these concepts in their earlier years, but as the concepts age, a larger number of papers refer to these concepts leading to higher impact later on. We plan to further investigate this effect of novelty on rate of gaining impact in our future analysis.
[ See large version of Figure 5. ]
Figure 5: Novelty scores correlated with mean impact as measured using total and journal normalized citation count. Y axis in each sub plot represents the mean impact (black — total cites, red — journal normalized). X axis in each subplot column measures the concept age as denoted in the column title.
A series of regression tests revealed significant (p-value < 0.001) negative correlation between novelty scores (lower is more novel) of an article and its impact measured through total citation counts and journal normalized citation score. However, our models were not very predictive (R-squared values ~ 0.1) of the impact of the article. Furthermore, inclusion of factors like mean journal citation, year of publication and number of MeSH terms improved the model's predictive ability (R-squared values ~ 0.47). This indicates that the novelty of an article is not the most significant factor which contributes towards its high impact, although it helps to be novel. Additionally, other factors such as impact of the publishing journal, reputation of listed authors, year of publication, and topic of the article might play a greater role in determining its impact.
5.4 Public data set and user interface for exploration of novelty scores
In addition to our analysis and the results presented in this paper, we also make available all the novelty scores and the code generated by our model with a web-based user interface GIMLI for interactively exploring the novelty profiles of each article, along with the temporal trends of each MeSH term. Our interface also includes a feature for tracking the change in novelty across an author's career.
Figure 3 is an example of the temporal profiles of all the MeSH terms presented on an article. Figure 6 shows the screen shot of our web page displaying the most novel terms across various top level categories in the MeSH tree for a given article. The interface also allows a user to explore the profile for each individual MeSH term in the MeSH dictionary, and provides a comparative view of the temporal profiles of all individual, as well as pairs, of MeSH terms on a given article. We believe this resource can be useful for researchers who are studying innovation in biomedical literature, and those who want to study trends in the growth of concepts in biomedicine.
Figure 6: Screen shot of the web interface GIMLI for exploring novelty profiles of articles in MEDLINE, temporally modelled growth of individual MeSH terms, and change in novelty across an author's career. Figure 6 shows the novelty profile of an article indexed by the listed MeSH terms. The profile of every individual and pair of MeSH terms is displayed along with their empirical and model based profile scores. The interface also mentions the most novel individual and pair of concepts in top level MeSH categories, such as Drug, Disease and Organisms.
We propose several measures of quantifying conceptual novelty of a MEDLINE article. From our experiments we conclude that using using individual and pairs of MeSH terms to measure novelty uncovers interesting trends in the biomedical domain. Pairwise scores are more resonant with our general idea of novelty, where an article published on a combination of topics can be considered novel even if it is not novel in any of its individual topics. By modelling the change in novelty across an author's career we discover that, for the majority of the authors, the average individual concept novelty of their published articles goes down as they age. However, authors might publish their most novel work at any time during their careers.
Our measures uncover a complex relationship between novelty and the impact of an article. The methods presented here for quantifying the novelty of an article can be applied to any corpus, given that the articles are annotated with a consistent hierarchical set of categories, e.g. ACM Computing System Classification for ACM articles [2] or Microsoft Academic Graph's hierarchy of fields of study and paper keywords [15]. We complement our study with an online resource which allows a user to visually inspect the temporal profiles of all the MeSH terms assigned to a given MEDLINE article. Our system uses pre-computed novelty scores to present the most novel concepts in an article, aggregated into relevant biomedical categories such as Drug, Disease and Organism. Other scholars can utilize our data set of novelty scores in studying the evolution of concepts in biomedical literature.
Research reported in this publication was supported in part by the National Institute on Aging of the NIH (Award Number P01AG039347) and the Directorate for Education and Human Resources of the NSF (Award Number 1348742). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the NSF. We would also like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback regarding this paper.
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Shubhanshu Mishra is a 4th year doctoral student of the iSchool at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He completed a 5 year integrated bachelor's and master's degree in mathematics and computing from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur. He was a fellow of the KVPY fellowship program, funded by the department of science and technology of the government of India, from 2007 to 2012. His research interest includes using data mining, network analysis, machine learning, and text analysis techniques for studying large scale socio-economic data. More details about his work can be found at: http://shubhanshu.com/.
Vetle I. Torvik is an Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he teaches courses on text and data mining, statistical modeling, informetrics, and information processing. His current research addresses problems related to scientific discovery and collaboration using complex models and large-scale bibliographic databases. He has built a suite of bibliographic data mining tools and datasets that are available from ABEL.
Copyright © 2016 Shubhanshu Mishra and Vetle I. Torvik


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House appropriators restrict funds for Space Development Agency
The legislation restricts funds for the SDA and provides $15 million to further study the establishment of a Space Force.
WASHINGTON — House appropriators would block funding for the Pentagon's Space Development Agency until 90 days after the secretary of defense submits a detailed plan for the new agency. The language is included in the draft of the proposed fiscal year 2020 funding bill for the Defense Department released on Tuesday by the House Appropriations Committee.
The HAC defense subcommittee will mark up the bill in a closed session on Wednesday. The bill provides $690.2 billion in discretionary spending for the Defense Department, an increase of $15.8 billion above the fiscal year 2019 enacted level, and $8 billion below the Trump administration's request.
The legislation restricts funds for the SDA and provides $15 million to further study the establishment of a Space Force, compared to $72 million requested by the Pentagon to begin standing up the new service headquarters.
The language on the SDA reflects concerns voiced by lawmakers in recent hearings about the Pentagon creating a new Space Development Agency but providing few specifics about its role and responsibilities, including how the SDA fits into the larger landscape of military organizations that develop space technologies.
The same provision that fences SDA funds also blocks 50% percent of the funding for the Next-Generation Overhead Persistent Infrared program to develop a new constellation of missile defense satellites.
According to the draft legislation, no appropriated funds could be obligated or expended by DoD for the Space Development Agency, and no more than 50% of the funds appropriated for the Next Generation Overhead Persistent Infrared can be obligated or spent, until 90 days after the secretary of defense submits several reports to the congressional defense committees:
• A description of the programs and projects the SDA plans to carry out over the next three years, including associated funding requirements.
• A description of how the Air Force and the SDA will coordinate and cooperate to develop an agreed-upon integrated space architecture that will guide both SDA and Air Force investments.
• The process by which the SDA and the Air Force will cooperate in demonstrating and prototyping new capabilities, and transition to programs of record.
• The proposed physical location of the SDA, the proposed number of government and contractor personnel expected to comprise the SDA in the first three years; and a plan to transition the SDA into the Air Force not later than fiscal year 2022, or into a Space Force.
With regard to the Space Force, the bill includes $15 million for expenses "necessary to study and refine plans for the potential establishment of a Space Force as a branch of the Armed Forces." The legislation notes that "nothing in this provision shall be construed to authorize the establishment of a Space Force."
Appropriators also restrict DoD from transferring any assets or funds from the National Reconnaissance Office to the Space Force. "None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this or any other Act may be used to transfer any element, personnel, property, or resources of the intelligence community, as defined in section 3 of the National Security Act of 1947, to the Space Force."
This article was originally published by Spacenews.com. Read the original article here.
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Gender-based violence has a high cost – it costs lives as well as restricting opportunities and perpetuating inequality. It affects everyone in Bristol, not only those who directly experience gender-based violence, but also their families, communities and our economy.
In 2017-18, the Bristol Quality of Life survey reported that 95% of respondents agreed that domestic abuse was not a private matter and 35% felt sexual harassment is an issue in Bristol. In 2013 78% of respondents felt that tackling violence against women and children should be a priority in Bristol.
The evidence of the need to address gender-based violence is compelling:
The March 2016-March 2017 ONS Crime Statistics show that Avon and Somerset Police recorded 16,892 domestic abuse offences, there were also 8,952 child protection referrals for domestic abuse related incidents between 2016-2017. We also know that reporting is still low and this does not represent the full extent of those experiencing domestic abuse. Bristol also has a higher than average number of ongoing Domestic Homicide Reviews.
In addition, compared to other core cities in England, Bristol is ranked the third highest reported for sexual offences per thousand population. Estimates suggest that 43,340 women in Bristol are likely to have been raped or sexually abused at some point in their lifetime.
Bristol has one of the highest numbers of recorded cases of female genital mutilation (FGM) in England. The Bristol Joint Strategic Needs Assessment 2016-17 found that during 2015-16 there were 385 newly-recorded FGM cases in Bristol. This is the second highest number of cases in all individual Local Authorities in England.
Sexual exploitation has also been highlighted as a key issue in Bristol with a number of high profile cases. The South West Regional Child Sexual Exploitation Problem Profile Appendices 2016 found that in Avon and Somerset between November 2014 and October 2015 it was determined that there were 1,194 sexual offence crimes against under 18s, and of these 422 (35%) were deemed to constitute child sexual exploitation (CSE) or indecent images of children (IIOC) offences.
Bristol Zero Tolerance gathered evidence on street harassment locally as part of The Bristol Street Harassment Project (117 responses to the survey and 38 incidents reported on the online map between April – September 2017). This #snapshotofharassment shows that:
35% of people experienced street harassment weekly
58% of people first experienced harassment when they were between 10-15 years old
The most common forms of harassment were being honked at in a vehicle and someone making a comment about their appearance (both 78% of respondents)
70% experienced being called a pet name by a stranger
67% were regularly whistled at
76% of people experienced street harassment during the day
98% of harassers were male and 92% of respondents were female
81% of people had not reported the harassment they experienced to the police.
Since being introduced in Avon and Somerset in October 2017, gender/misogyny hate crime is the second highest reported category, according to the police.
Bristol Zero Tolerance hopes to raise awareness about what gender-based violence, abuse, harassment and exploitation entails and how prevalent it is across Bristol as a way to work towards creating a zero tolerance to this behaviour and ultimately preventing it from happening in the first place.


Grab a Mikano steak board from Mikano.
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After reading the story, I honestly believe the circus is starting early in Helena this season.
Rep. Brad Tschida, R-Missoula, is seeking a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction against Jonathan Motl, the commissioner of political practices, saying he faces "a credible threat of penalties" from his actions.
I would like to thank Rep. Tschida for giving bloggers something to write about during the time after the election when blogging is kind of slow!
I am hoping that the upcoming state legislature will once again have little or no adult supervision so that they can provide us with some wonderful material (bloggers must make a living some way).
The Bozeman Daily Chronicle (BDC) Editorial Board has decided that Montana Legislators deserve an 82% pay increase.
Here at The Western Word, I asked my readers if Montana Legislators deserved a pay raise and 64% of those participating voted NO. Some people sent me emails saying put it on the ballot in two years and let "we the people" decide.
One reason the BDC said Montana Legislators needed a raise is so more people might serve.
That's silly. If they want more people to serve in the Montana Legislature, make it easier for independent candidates to get on the ballot. People are tired of the Democrats and Republicans making asses out of themselves (and Montana) every two years.
Does any legislator have the guts to introduce a bill to make it easier for independent candidates to run for office in Montana? Email me!
Today and for the last few sessions, I trust a teenager flipping burgers to get that right more than I trust Montana Legislators to do their jobs correctly.
I've been saying for a long time that the VA has many problems and some of those problems stem from the fact that hardly anyone at the top has been fired for wrongdoing. They need fresh leadership – not continually promoting from within because the leaders within are the problem. Each regional headquarters and the Integrated Service Networks are in their own little kingdoms.
Recently it was reported that one of the VA whistleblowers was forced to resign because of retaliation. The Associated Press reported that he was reassigned to an office with no computer access, no significant duties, and no social contact. After that, he resigned.
The VA should promote him.
After spending the last 10 years fighting for Montana's veterans as the state's only member of the Veterans Affairs Committee, Senator Jon Tester has doubled-down on his commitment to our service men and women by becoming Ranking Member of the Senate's Veterans Affairs Committee.
Congratulations to Tester. Now do something. There's more to being the ranking member of the Senate VA committee than getting a few friends to give your press folks a quote to say how incredibly wonderful it is (which is not that big a deal).
I did not agree with President-elect Donald Trump on much, but one thing I did agree with is they need to "Drain the Swamp" in Washington. The "Swamp Draining" needs to include the Department of Veterans Affairs.
If Tester wants to be known as a difference maker, he should lead the way.
The Associated Press reported Thursday that the interim Montana State Administration and Veterans Affairs Committee on Thursday suggested appropriating $500,000 for the state's suicide prevention program and another $500,000 for grants for suicide prevention programs for military veterans. The funding amounts could be changed as the bills move through the appropriations process during the 2017 Legislature.
The AP also reported that there were 555 suicides reported in Montana between January 2014 and March 1, 2016, including 121 among military veterans.
Although that is a nice start, if Montana legislators want to really help people, especially veterans, they should add more money for suicide prevention.
Every Montana veteran should be sent information on where to go for help if they have bouts of depression or suicidal thoughts.
This Saturday (tomorrow) at noon the Montana State Bobcats and the Montana Grizzlies tangle in the "Brawl of the Wild" football game that started in 1897. Saturday's game is in Missoula.
The Bobcats are 3-7 and the Grizzlies are 6-4.
On Monday I said that both teams have played so poorly this year that I've heard a rumor that they are thinking of changing the team names to the "Kittens" and "Teddy Bears." That's probably because their offense and defense are so soft and cuddly.
Just kiddin…no matter the records it should be fun to watch.
This entry was posted in Caught My Eye... and tagged Brad Tschida, Brawl of the Wild, Department of Veterans Affairs, Donald Trump, Great Falls Tribune, Jonathan Motl, Montana Grizzlies, Montana Legislature, Montana State Bobcats, Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, Veterans, Whistleblowers by Jackie M. (Mike) Brown. Bookmark the permalink.
Tester has done so poorly for veterans that I hope he loses in 2018. The monumental Dem losses this year weren't enough for them to get it through their thick heads that they need to change. The largest part of that change is kicking our current 'leaders' in the Party to to the curb.
Tester is a big part of that swamp. I hope he loses in 2018. I'll vote for Zinke before I vote for him. He's terrible. I mean, all the money Tester has taken from Wells Fargo and then JP Morgan Chase? Heck, JP Morgan is breaking laws when it's hiring Chinese workers that are related to high-up officials in their government.
Tester abides that corruption. It's time Montana no longer abides him.
The only reason he won in 2012 was because of all the dark money friends he had that poured money into the race so people would vote for the Libertarian. You saw the Dems crowing on Cowturd about how they kept the Green Party from getting enough votes this year for them to do the same to Dems in 2018. It's sad.
I hope Tester loses and I hope he loses bad.


Do a rough check of the terrain and any obstacles that lie in the path.
4.1 Locate tower in Google Earth.
B. Click the [KLM] link.
C. Select "Open with" and press OK.
D. A new Google Earth Placemarker is dropped at the location of the tower.
Click the to view site summary & links to site details.
Street View - ACTUAL tower location.
If the location of the tower is not obvious from the first Sky View, you may need to use Street view to visually locate the tower.
1. With the mouse, click-n-drag the Street View icon to a position where it appears you'll get a good view of the tower.
2. Scanning around look for the tower. It may help to draw a line to where you expect the tower to be.
3. Drop a Placemarker Pin at the exact Tower location and name it.
4.2 Draw the Path from your location to the tower.
A. Zoom out so that you can see both your placemarker and the tower marker.
B. Click the ADD PATH icon select the [Style, Color] tab.
- Set the Color to RED or BLUE, something that stands out.
C. Zoom out so that you can see both your placemarker and the tower marker.
A. Right-mouse-click on the Line you've just drawn and select Show Elevation Path.
TIP. The profile becomes more accurate as you zoom in on parts of the path line. Double click on sections of the elevation profile to zoom in and load that section of the contour.
A. Note the position highlighted red above, at the position of the first hill (obstacle) closest to your location.
This hill is about 14m higher than your location and may obstruct the Line-of-Sight (LOS) to the tower.
B. The distance is only 7.2km which is quite a short distance and will give stronger signal to counter act the effect of obstacles in the path.
This also means that the effect of the earths curvature will be negligible.
Distances of 26km must take into account the curvature of the earth.
Google Earth does not account of this curvature, so we need to use a more sophisticated calculator .
C. This example Cell Tower is quite elevated in altitude. This will also help with getting signal over obstacles.


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Getting a Proper Valuation of Your BusinessIs important to hire a business broker/advisor they can maximize the potential of your business sale. When you have said, "I am going to sell my business," you need a company with an extensive set of skills that incorporates business valuation services, marketing, and negotiation capabilities to facilitate a successful business sale.
If you are the owner of a large firm that brings in tens of millions of dollars in revenue each year, a business broker can help you reach an excellent reward based on the value of your business. If your businesses smaller, a business broker can also help you optimize your profit margin and deliver you the successful outcome you need with your business sale transaction.
Notifying Your Target Market of BuyersOne excellent advantage of working with an experienced business broker is that they may already have a list of qualified buyers in mind for your business. Instead of you having to seek out potential buyers, your professional broker can do this work for you and make sure your offer is presented in front of a targeted list of buyers in order to help ensure your sale is carried out in a timely manner and also at the profit margin you desire.
If you are looking to sell/buy your business, contact an experienced business broker to gather information about your options.


VIENNA — Although hepatitis C medications can cure infection, a vaccine is needed to eradicate the virus, Eleanor Barnes, MBBS, PhD, said here at the International Liver Congress 2019.
"The drugs are good — I often hear people say they're so fantastic you don't need a vaccine — but we still have 1.7 million new infections every year," she told physicians during a think-tank session.
And because the drugs are "very good," a hepatitis C vaccine can be tested in healthy humans who are then infected with the virus, said Barnes, who is from the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
If the vaccine doesn't work, direct-acting antiviral drugs can be administered, she pointed out.
Hepatitis C is the first virus for which a cure was developed just 30 years after discovery, but there is currently no vaccine. The opposite is true for hepatitis B, which has a vaccine but no cure.
Effective drugs for hepatitis C have brought treatment time down to 8 weeks, leaving many convinced that the road to eradication is to follow World Health Organization (WHO) targets to reduce the number of deaths by two-thirds and increase treatment rates to 80% by 2030.
But despite the medications, there were 71 million people living with the virus in 2015, according to the 2017 WHO global hepatitis report.
The problem is that not all the infections look the same, said Barnes. Genetic variability is still a big challenge with this disease.
And even with a treatment-induced cure, patients are not protected from viral reinfection, she pointed out. For example, in some high-risk populations, such as people who inject drugs or prisoners, the 5-year recurrence rate is 10.67% (Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:683-694).
Barnes is not alone in advocating for human testing.
In a recent review of hepatitis C, researchers from the ESCMID Study Group for Viral Hepatitis conclude that treatment alone will not eradicate the virus (Liver Int. 2019;39:416-426).
"Although elimination could be close to reality in selected virtuous countries, global HCV eradication appears to be a pipe dream without the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine, able to control the HCV epidemic in all populations worldwide," they write.
"We have the direct-acting antiretrovirals, but now a more sobering reality comes into play," said Ralf Bartenschlager, PhD, from Heidelberg University in Germany.
A good vaccine needs to be a vector that induces T- and B-cell response, have multiple antigens from different genotypes to overcome variability, and be a protein prime for E1 and E2, he explained during the think-tank session.
"We need to understand what's happening" with the people with hepatitis C — about 20% — who are able to resolve infection without any treatment.
Some vaccine candidates are already in trials. The first hepatitis C vaccine efficacy trial in humans, which Barnes was involved in, used chimpanzee adenoviral and MVA vectors to prime, boost, and sustain functional hepatitis C–specific T-cell memory (Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:261ra153). The AdCh3NSmut–MVANSmut combination induced antiviral immunity that worked much like the control of a natural infection, with broad and durable polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses across hepatitis C genotypes.
The AdCh3NSmut1–MVANSMut hepatitis C vaccine is now being tested in a two-stage, phase 1/2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (NCT01436357). The trial of 500 at-risk uninfected intravenous drug-using volunteers followed for 18 months assumes that the drug users will continue their risky behavior, Barnes explained, although they are warned against such behavior when the vaccine is administered.
"The last patient was recruited in 2016," she reported, and results are expected in June.
And findings from a trial of a candidate vaccine that induces specific T-cell immune responses in humans — being conducted at the University of Oxford — are expected in the next few weeks, said Barnes.
But, she reiterated, to really develop an effective cross-reactive vaccine, a challenge in healthy humans is needed.
There is really no other way to test the vaccine effectively, said Naglaa Shoukry, PhD, an immunologist from the University of Montreal and director of the Canadian Network on Hepatitis C.
The only animal that can be tested is the chimpanzee, "but there's a moratorium on chimpanzees," she explained.
The idea of vaccinating and then challenging people with a pathogen is not new. "It was done for malaria," she pointed out.
Although Shoukry said she is eager to see the AdCh3NSmut1–MVANSMut trial results, she is doubtful that the infection will be prevented altogether.
Barnes, Bartenschlager, and Shoukry have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
International Liver Congress (ILC) 2019. Presented April 10, 2019.


Publish by anggun in Category furniture at May 5th, 2018. Tagged with easy christmas table decorating ideas. easy christmas table decoration ideas. easy christmas table decoration ideas to make.
Furniture, Easy Christmas Table Decorations Ideas was posted May 5, 2018 at 12:45 am by Home Design Ideas . More over Easy Christmas Table Decorations Ideas has viewed by 296 visitor.


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Le Pic grenadin (Picus puniceus) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des Picidae, dont l'aire de répartition s'étend sur la Birmanie, la Thaïlande, la Malaisie, Brunéi et l'Indonésie. Il a disparu de Singapour.

Liste des sous-espèces
 Picus puniceus observandus (Hartert, 1896)
 Picus puniceus puniceus Horsfield, 1821
 Picus puniceus soligae Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley, 1940

Liens externes

Picidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Pandas to_datetime - setting the date when only times (HH:MM) are input I'm new(ish) to python, pandas in particular, and cannot work out how to correctly produce datetimes with pandas.to_datetime, when only hours and minutes are provided.
Specifically, I am working with a series consisting of strings such as "08:40 AM", "09:15 AM" ect, stored in a dataframe as df.hhmm.
times  = pandas.to_datetime(df.hhmm) completes, but associates the times with today's date. e.g. 2015-03-06 09:19:00
I wish to be able to set the date that these times are associated with e.g. 2015-04-15 09:19:00
I have a solution that works, but is ugly, e.g.
for t in times:
    t.replace(year=2015,month=04,day=15)

I'm sure there is a much better way to do this, any tips?
Thanks,
Luke

A: just create a string with the full date/time you want and parse that.
so, assuming that hhmm is a string, do:
pd.to_datetime('20140415 ' + df.hhmm)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange