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The Beliefs and Practices of Rastafari
Mythological Figures
Satanic Beliefs and Creeds
Other Religions Alternative Religions
Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images
by Catherine Beyer
Catherine Beyer is a practicing Wiccan who has taught religion in at Lakeland College in Wisconsin as well as humanities and Western culture at the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay.
Rastafari is an Abrahamic new religious movement that accepts Haile Selassie I, the Ethiopian emperor from 1930 to 1974 as God incarnate and the Messiah who will deliver believers to the Promised Land, identified by Rastas as Ethiopia. It has its roots in black-empowerment and back-to-Africa movements. It originated in Jamaica, and its followers continue to be concentrated there, although smaller populations of Rastas can be found in many countries today.
Rastafari holds to many Jewish and Christian beliefs. Rastas accept the existence of a single triune god, called Jah, who has incarnated on earth several times, including in the form of Jesus. They accept much of the Bible, although they believe that its message has been corrupted over time by Babylon, which is commonly identified with Western, white culture. Specifically, they accept the prophecies in the Book of Revelations concerning the second coming of the Messiah, which they believe has already occurred in the form of Selassie. Before his coronation, Selassie was known as Ras Tafari Makonnen, from which the movement takes its name.
Marcus Garvey, an Afrocentric, black political activist, prophesied in 1927 that the black race would be liberated soon after a black king was crowned in Africa. Selassie was crowned in 1930, and four Jamaican ministers independently declared the Emperor their savior.
Basic Beliefs
As an incarnation of Jah, Selassie I is both god and king to Rastas. While Selassie officially died in 1975, many Rastas do not believe that Jah can die and thus that his death was a hoax. Others think that he still lives in spirit although not within any physical form.
Selassie's role within Rastafari stems from several facts and beliefs, including:
His many traditional coronation titles, including King of Kings, Lord of Lords, His Imperial Majestic the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God, which correlates to Revelation 19:16: "He hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, King of kings and Lord of lords."
Garvey's view of Ethiopia being the origin of the black race
Selassie was the only independent black ruler in all of Africa at the time
The Ethiopian belief that Selassie is part of an unbroken line of succession descending directly from the Biblical King Solomon the Queen of Sheba, thus connecting him to the tribes of Israel.
Unlike Jesus, who taught his followers about His divine nature, Selassie's divinity was declared by the Rastas. Selassie himself stated that he was fully human, but he also strove to respect Rastas and their beliefs.
Connections With Judaism
Rastas commonly hold the black race as one of the tribes of Israel. As such, Biblical promises to the chosen people are applicable to them. They also accept many of the Old Testament injunctions, such as the forbiddance of cutting one's hair (which leads to the dreadlocks commonly associated with the movement) and eating of pork and shellfish. Many also believe that the Ark of the Covenant is located somewhere in Ethiopia.
The term Babylon is associated with oppressive and unjust society. It originates in the Biblical stories of the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews, but Rastas commonly use it in reference to Western and white society, which exploited Africans and their descendants for centuries. Babylon is blamed for a great many spiritual ills, including the corrupting of Jah's message originally transmitted through Jesus and the Bible. As such, Rastas commonly reject many aspects of Western society and culture.
Ethiopia is held by many to be the Biblical Promised Land. As such, many Rastas strive to return there, as encouraged by Marcus Garvey and others.
Rastafari's origins are strongly rooted in black empowerment movements. Some Rastas are separatists, but many believe in encouraging mutual cooperation among all races. While the vast majority of Rastas are black, there is no formal injunction against the practice by non-blacks, and many Rastas welcome a multi-ethnic Rastafari movement. Rastas also strongly favor self-determination, based on the fact that both Jamaica and much of Africa were European colonies at the time of the religion's formation. Selassie himself stated that Rastas should liberate their people in Jamaica before returning to Ethiopia, a policy commonly described as "liberation before repatriation."
Ganja is a strain of marijuana viewed by Rastas as a spiritual purifier, and it is smoked to cleanse the body and open the mind. Smoking ganja is common but not required.
Ital Cooking
Many Rastas limit their diets to what they consider "pure" food. Additives such as artificial flavorings, artificial colors, and preservatives are avoided. Alcohol, coffee, drugs (other than ganja) and cigarettes are shunned as tools of Babylon that pollute and confuse. Many Rastas are vegetarians, although some eat certain kinds of fish.
Rastas celebrate several specific days in the year including Selassie's coronation day (November 2), Selassie's birthday (July 23), Garvey's birthday (August 17), Grounation Day, which celebrates Selassie's visit to Jamaica in 1966 (April 21), the Ethiopian New Year (September 11), and Orthodox Christmas, as celebrated by Selassie (January 7).
Notable Rastas
Musician Bob Marley is the most well-known Rasta, and many of his songs have Rastafari themes. Reggae music, for which Bob Marley is famous for playing, originated among blacks in Jamaica and is unsurprisingly deeply interwoven with Rastafari culture.
Haile Selassie: Ethiopian Emperor and Rastafari Messiah
Is Ganja Legal for Rastas?
Monotheistic Religions of the World
What Cult Suicides Are and Why They Happen
What is Meant by 'The Joyous Life' in Tenrikyo Beliefs?
Can Jedi Teachings Apply to Everyday Life?
Zoroastrian Funerals and View of Death
What Are the Five Main Types of Magic?
Types of Western Occult Practices
Where Does the Occult Symbol Baphomet Come From?
6 Belief Types Used in the World's Religions
Magnum Opus: the Great Work in Alchemy
Why Don't Some Religions Proselytize?
How Do Tarot Cards and Readings Work?
Which Religions Count as Theism?
The Reciprocal Relationship with the Orishas


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FOOTBALL | KIRK BROADFOOT INTERVIEW
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Saturday September 04 2021, 12.01am, The Times
Kilmarnock fans may not have welcomed Broadfoot last week but former team-mates were happy to see him
ROB CASEY/SNS GROUP
What is it about Kirk Broadfoot? Why is it, as he says himself, that he appears to be "one of those footballers that people like to hate"? Achievement and dedication have marked this footballer's career on both sides of the border, and yet, in Scotland, the abuse flies his way.
Last weekend, Broadfoot returned with Inverness Caledonian Thistle to Rugby Park, a ground he graced for three seasons as a Kilmarnock player, to face his former club. The boos rang around whenever he touched the ball, and it's as well that Broadfoot is used to it.
"It was strange because I don't know what I ever did wrong there," he says. "I tried my best in every game I played for Killie and, for the

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Posted by Keri Stephens | Oct 1, 2019 | Machine Learning & AI |
Experts in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology, from many of the world's leading radiology, medical physics, and imaging informatics groups, have published an aspirational statement to guide the development of AI in radiology. The multi-society statement focuses on three major areas: data, algorithms and practice.
Simultaneously published in the Journal of the American College of Radiology, Radiology, Insights into Imaging and the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, the paper also sought to address and incorporate feedback received from patients, radiologists, regulators, and other stakeholders during a comment period that ended in April 2019.
The authoring societies include the American College of Radiology (ACR), European Society of Radiology (ESR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine (SIIM), European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics (EuSoMII), Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) and American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM).
As a new technology, AI lacks clear standards guiding its development and use. Authors emphasize that ethical use of AI in radiology should promote well-being and minimize harm resulting from potential pitfalls and inherent biases. It should also ensure that benefits and harms are distributed among stakeholders in a just manner that respects human rights and freedoms, including dignity and privacy.
"Radiologists remain ultimately responsible for patient care and will need to acquire new skills to do their best for patients in the new AI ecosystem," says J. Raymond Geis, MD, FACR, FSIIM, ACR Data Science Institute senior scientist and one of the paper's leading contributors. "The radiology community needs an ethical framework to help steer technological development, influence how different stakeholders respond to and use AI, and implement these tools to make the best decisions for—and increasingly with—patients."
"Developments in artificial intelligence represent one of the most exciting, and most challenging, changes in how radiology services will be delivered to patients in the near future," says Dr. Adrian Brady, chairperson of the ESR Quality, Safety and Standards Committee and co-author. "The potential for patient benefit from AI implementation is great, but there are also significant risks of unexpected or unplanned harmful effects of these changes. It's incumbent on professionals working in this area to ensure that patient and public benefit and safety are paramount."
"With the prospect of integration of AI into radiology research and clinical practice, it is incumbent upon the radiology community to develop codes of ethics and practice to guide the utilization of this powerful technology and ensure the privacy and safety of patients," says co-author Matthew B. Morgan, MD, MS, associate professor and director of IT and quality improvement in breast imaging, department of radiology and imaging sciences, University of Utah, and member of the RSNA Radiology Informatics Committee.
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TILGHMAN v. TILGHMAN
Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 5, California.
Gerry Ann TILGHMAN, Petitioner, v. The SUPERIOR COURT of the State of California FOR the COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, Respondent; Walter W. TILGHMAN, Real Party in Interest.
Decided: July 11, 1974
Dryden, Harrington & Swartz, Miles J. Rubin and Peter Abrahams, Los Angeles, for petitioner. No appearance for respondent. Callister & Callister, Los Angeles, for real party in interest.
This is a proceeding in certiorari to review an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County refusing to adjudge petitioner's former husband in contempt for failure to make spousal support payments.
An interlocutory judgment of dissolution of the marriage between Gerry Ann Tilghman, petitioner (wife), and Walter W. Tilghman, real party in interest (husband), was rendered on June 12, 1970. As part of this interlocutory judgment the court approved a marital settlement agreement entered into between the parties on January 1, 1970. On December 30, 1970, a final judgment of dissolution was made and entered by the court, which incorporated and made binding all of the provisions of the interlocutory judgment. The parties and the trial court agreed that the marital settlement agreement was an 'integrated agreement.'1
Paragraph VI of the property settlement agreement provides for the support and maintenance of the wife.2 The interlocutory judgment dissolving the marriage had attached to it an 'Exhibit A' which was part of the court order. Pertinent parts are as follows: 'The Marital Settlement Agreement between the parties dated January 1, 1970, is approved. . . . Respondent shall pay to petitioner for her support, the sum of $1,700.00 per month payable on the first day of each month commencing July 1, 1970 plus an additional sum of $1,000.00 payable annually on December 1 of each year. After both of said minor children reach maturity and no further child support payments are payable by respondent to petitioner, husband shall increase support payments to wife by the amount of such child support payments so that after both children reach majority respondent shall pay petitioner the sum of $2,000.00 per month for her lifetime. As additional support, respondent shall pay to petitioner all medical expenses of said children during their minority, and all medical expenses of wife except for charges for psychiatric care. The community property of the parties has been divided as provided in the Agreement. . . .'3 The court's order did not include the last sentence in paragraph VI of the property settlement agreement which provided that payments were non-modifiable and would continue after wife's remarriage.
On July 11, 1973, on wife's petition, the Superior Court issued its Order to Show Cause and Declaration in re Contempt. The petition alleged that husband was behind in spousal support in the sum of $26,500. The hearing on the petition was held on July 31, and August 1, 1973. On November 19, 1973, the court made its order and ruled: '(T)he order for spousal support contained in the Interlocutory Judgment incorporated a non-modifiable, integrated Property Settlement Agreement as it pertains to spousal support, which is a contractual obligation, therefore not enforceable by contempt, since it does not constitute a separate law imposed duty.'
California decisional law has long played a predominant role in the convoluted field of the integrated property settlement agreement. Many of the decisions concern the right of the court to use its contempt power to enforce spousal support payments. The decisions have been controversial and often challenged, and it was appropriate that the California Legislature, urged on by resolutions of the State Bar, in 1967 passed an amendment to former Civil Code section 1394 (now embodied in sections 4811 and 4380) that seeks to clarify the confusion that existed. Briefly, the theory of the integrated agreement is that it is a negotiated contract between husband and wife providing for simultaneous settlement of support, maintenance and property rights. Often the key provisions are intentionally or unintentionally entwined. Now, and prior to the above legislation, generally speaking an agreement not tainted by fraud or compulsion is binding on the court. (Adams v. Adams, Supra, 29 Cal.2d 621, 624, 177 P.2d 265.) Originally, even where support payments were non-modifiable, they could be enforced by contempt if ordered by the court. (Miller v. Superior Court, 9 Cal.2d 733, 738, 72 P.2d 868.) Then, in 1957, our Supreme Court decided Bradley v. Superior Court, 48 Cal.2d 509, and said on pages 521 and 522, 310 P.2d 634, on page 641: 'But where the parties bargain with each other and agree that the terms of their contract shall thereupon and thenceforth grant, delimit and exclusively define their respective rights and obligations Inter se, then it is to the contract alone, and to conventional civil proceedings for the enforcement of contract rights, that they must look for a remedy in the event of breach. Inclusion of such a contract in a judgment of divorce may furnish a basis for subsequent proceedings leading to issuance of a writ of execution but cannot support a commitment to imprisonment for failure to pay the judgment debt. . . .
'We are satisfied that the better view is that payments provided in a property settlement agreement which are found to constitute an adjustment of property interests, rather than a severable provision for alimony, should be held to fall within the constitutional proscription against imprisonment for debt. That is, if the obligation sought to be enforced is contractual and negotiated, as distinguished from marital and imposed by law, even though the contract relates to marriage obligations, the remedy must be appropriate to the right asserted. Payments which fall into the category of law-imposed alimony or separate maintenance are based upon the statutory obligation of marital support may be modified by the court upon a proper showing, ordinarily terminate with the death of either party, and may properly be held not to constitute a 'debt' within the meaning of the constitutional provision. No such case for special exemption from the constitutional proscription can be made where the payments represent the result of a bargain negotiated by the parties in adjustment of their respective interests, and any implications to the contrary which may be found in the following cases are disapproved. (Citations.)'
Justice Traynor filed a dissent in Bradley, arguing in part on p. 523, 310 P.2d on p. 643: 'The majority opinion concedes that an alimony award based on the agreement of the parties is enforcible by contempt (citation) since it is sufficiently related to the statutory duty of support incident to the marriage relationship as to be outside the constitutional prohibition of imprisonment for debt. Cal.Const., art. I, s 15. Rights and duties with respect to property growing out of the marriage relationship and crystallized in a court order are likewise outside the scope of that provision. Such an order has not less a special character because it is based on an agreement of the parties than an alimony award based on such an agreement.'
Shortly thereafter, the court reaffirmed its decision, and even enlarged it, to include integrated child support payments in Plumer v. Superior Court, 50 Cal.2d 631, 328 P.2d 193. For this reason, the two cases are often cited together. Justice Traynor also dissented in Plumer.
The Bradley and Plumer decisions received more criticism than praise from members of the bar and legal academicians. The primary objection was that remedy by contempt is the only practical means of enforcing support payments in many instances. Further, by eliminating it as a weapon for collection, it reduces the wife's bargaining power during negotiation stages. Accordingly, organized support to change the decisional law by legislative action was mounted, and in 1967 the Committee of the State Bar of California sponsored an amendment to section 139 of the Civil Code.5
Section 139 as amended became law the same year. It has now been included verbatim in California's Family Law Act in two Civil Code sections, namely 4811 and 4380, that became law on January 1, 1970.
Here we are concerned only with section 4811, subdivisions (b) and (c), and section 4380.6
In essence section 4811, subdivision (b) provides that support provisions in an integrated agreement are deemed separate from property provisions and are law-imposed. The support provision can be non-modifiable if the parties agree. Section 4380 authorizes the use of contempt proceedings to enforce the order.
The trial court in the case before us based its ruling on the premise that Bradley and Plumer have not been overruled. The practical effect of this ruling is that said sections are unconstitutional because the two quoted cases proclaim the constitutional principle that a person cannot be jailed for a debt. (Calif.Const., art. I, s 15.) The constitutionality of said sections as applied to this problem is the sole issue facing us.
Property settlement agreements are drawn in a variety of ways. Adams v. Adams, Supra, 29 Cal.2d 621, 177 P.2d 265, lists three principal categories. They are: (1) contracts in which the support and maintenance provisions are separable from the provisions that divide the property; (2) contracts in which the support and maintenance provisions are not in the nature of alimony, but are part of the division of property; and (3) contracts in which the wife waives all support and maintenance, or all support and maintenance except as provided in the agreement, in consideration of receiving a more favorable division of the community property. These agreements, regardless of category, often are only Approved by the court. It makes no difference whether spousal award provisions are separate. The court does not Order all or certain provisions therein carried out, nor are they merged by reference into the divorce decree. Prior to the 1967 amendment to section 139 mere 'approval' of an extrinsic agreement was not sufficient to give the court power to enforce the spousal support provision by contempt. (Miller v. Superior Court, Supra, 9 Cal.2d 733, 737, 72 P.2d 868.) A clear and specific order was required. The amendment to section 139 and section 4811, subdivision (b) did not change the rule. The pertinent language therein says, '(a)ll orders for the support of either party Based on such agreement shall be deemed law-imposed. . . .' (Emphasis added.) The present law thus envisions some form of court order and not just approval of the agreement if enforcement through contempt proceedings is sought. Where the agreement contains property and spousal support provisions that are clearly severable and the entire agreement is merged into the divorce decree by incorporation, or the support provision is lifted therefrom and recited in the court's own order, the severable spousal support provision may be enforced by contempt. Other variations are possible where it is clear that the provisions are severable And court ordered.7 It is the complex integrated agreement (where the property settlement provisions and spousal support provisions are commingled) that raises the issue of the court's right to use contempt proceedings to enforce payments. This is the dual nature concept of the integrated agreement discussed in Dexter, supra, 42 Cal.2d 36, 265 P.2d 873, Bradley and Plumer, et al., and commented on later in this opinion. The spousal support payments include sums for the statutory obligation of marital support (not considered a debt) and adjustment of community property rights (generally considered a debt.)8
The spousal support payments in the present case probably include both types of payments; however, the interlocutory decree included a verbatim portion of the spousal support provisions, and by eliminating other portions, created a hybrid situation. The community property of the parties consisted of two cars, household furniture and fixtures, and the husband's medical practice. Wife received one car and the household furniture and fixtures. Husband was given the other car and the medical practice. The record is silent on the value of the assets. Wife would be entitled to one-half of the value of the goodwill of the medical practice, the fixtures and equipment; however, she has no community property claim to husband's future earnings because they are his separate property after the dissolution of marriage. (In re Marriage of Fortier, 34 Cal.App.3d 384, 388, 109 Cal.Rptr. 915.) She is also entitled to law-imposed marital support from his earnings if her needs require it. Although paragraph VI refers only to spousal support payments, it is likely they are dual in nature embodying marital support and community property adjustment payments.9
When the Bradley court considered this type of integrated agreement, it did not have any codified law similar to sections 4811 and 4380, expressing the legislative intent that spousal support payments should be deemed court-imposed and, therefore, not a debt within the meaning of the Constitution. It was Bradley of course that induced the 1967 amendment to section 139. When the intent of the legislature is clear, it is incumbent on the courts to find the law constitutional if the terms are by fair and reasonable interpretation capable of a meaning consistent with the requirements of the Constitution. (People v. Davis, 68 Cal.2d 481, 483—484, 67 Cal.Rptr. 547, 439 P.2d 651, citing County of Madera v. Gendron, 59 Cal.2d 798, 801, 31 Cal.Rptr. 302, 382 P.2d 342.) With this rule in mind, it would have been entirely consistent for the Bradley court to have found sections 4811 and 4380 constitutional based on its decision in Miller v. Superior Court, Supra, 9 Cal.2d 733, 72 P.2d 868.
The present code sections emphasize the 'law-imposed' support characteristic. The rationale is that, although integrated support payments may be contractual they directly satisfy the legal obligation of marital support and are analogous to 'law-imposed' alimony.10 This was the concept as stated in Miller. The husband in Miller was found guilty of contempt for failure to pay alimony. He claimed he was not subject to contempt proceedings because his obligation rested on a negotiated property settlement agreement. The court on page 739, 72 P.2d on page 872 stated: 'The state has an interest in the support of the wife, lest she become a public charge. A property settlement agreement where the wife is the innocent party and hence entitled to alimony represents an effort by the parties to fix the amount to be paid by the husband as a substitute for, and in compensation for, the marital support which the wife loses through no fault of her own, And, in some cases, also in lieu of a share in the community property which the wife who procures a divorce is by statute entitled to have set aside to her. . . . The basis of the obligation in the case of an approval and order to pay, as in the case of an award of allowance not based on agreement, is the statutory obligation of marital support which is not a 'debt' within the meaning of the constitutional provision. We are of the view that the order to pay a monthly allowance, even though in accordance with the agreement of the parties, Is not a 'debt' within the meaning of the constitutional prohibition.' (Emphasis added.)
Legal writers have pondered the apparent inconsistencies between Miller and Bradley. In an article titled 'Family Law: Order Out of Chaos,' ((1965) 53 Cal.L.Rev. 121), the author, Professor Armstrong,11 commenting on the two cases, writes at page 148: 'In searching for a probable or even possible, explanation of the About face decision in Bradley, it occurred to the writer of these comments that the split on the court which began with the Flynn case,12 became four to three with the Foust case,13 and thereafter persisted as a pattern, may have played a part. A continuous division on the same subject throughout a series of cases cannot be a comfortable situation for a review court. The explosive Bradley decision perhaps cleared the air. If so, it was at the cost of crippling a useful unique institution, for it is beyond argument that execution is not a practical method of enforcing the obligation to make recurring support payments. It follows also that because a challenger of its doctrine had to face a majority of six members of the supreme court, the case eliminated for the time being at least, the likelihood of an opportunity for the court to reconsider the constitutional theory which it had espoused in Bradley. There is some hope that it is only 'for the time being' in view of the 1963 case of DiMarco v. DiMarco.14 '
The writer of a Comment, 'Integrated Property Settlement Agreements: Constitutional Problems with the 1967 Amendment to California Civil Code Section 139' (1967) 8 Santa Clara Lawyer 84, while agreeing Bradley contradicted Miller, stated the comparison differently. On page 92, the author states: 'However, Bradley itself was a contradiction of the law as it had been established twenty years earlier in Miller v. Superior Court. . . .
'It is significant that the court in Bradley did not expressly overrule Miller. Instead, Miller was distinguished. Bradley determined that the holding in Miller allowed Support payments to be enforced through contempt. The court then concluded that, since it was determined in the lower court that the payments in Bradley were Not for Support, Miller did not apply.
'Aside from the validity of the distinction, it is notable that Bradley agreed with Miller, that if payments are determined to be in satisfaction of the marital obligation of Support, they will be enforceable by contempt. Thus, Bradley implied that if the payments (in Bradley) had been for Support they would have been enforceable by contempt. Therefore, if it is determined that certain payments are in satisfaction of the marital obligation of Support, they will be enforceable by contempt according to Bradley, Miller, and section 139. Accordingly, throughout section 139 reference is made only to Provisions for support or Orders for support, providing that only these are enforceable by contempt.'
Professor Armstrong found encouragement in DiMarco because, beginning with Dexter, Justice Traynor consistently emphasized the dual nature of the support payments in an integrated agreement. This concept was important in his dissents in Bradley and Plumer, where after quoting Dexter on this dual characteristic he states in Bradley on p. 524, 310 P.2d on p. 643: 'So long as the wife has not remarried, the characteristics of the support and maintenance obligation remain and alone justify enforcement by contempt. Such a rule is implicit in the Miller case. . . .'
It was Professor Armstrong's hope that the court, in reaffirming the dual nature concept, will in light of section 4811, subdivision (b) again emphasize the marital support concept instead of the property adjustment theory. We conclude this expectation is justified.
Section 4811, subdivision (b) separates the spousal support from the property provisions. Only the orders relating to support are enforceable by contempt. The section accomplishes its goal by accentuating the public policy aspect that requires marital support payments. The marital agreement is a creature of the marital relationship and is outside the scope of the usual debtor-creditor situation envisioned by the Constitution. For example, In re Trombley, 31 Cal.2d 801, on page 809, 193 P.2d 734, on page 740, states, 'The historical background of section 15 of Article I and similar constitutional guaranties of other states clearly shows that the provisions were adopted to protect the poor but honest debtor who is unable to pay his debts, and were not intended to shield a dishonest man who takes an unconscionable advantage of another.' The Supreme Court of the State of Washington (another community property state) on a related issue15 recognizes a distinction by saying, 'We believe the constitutional prohibition against imprisonment for debt relates to run-of-the-mill debtor-creditor relationships arising, to some extent, out of tort claim, but principally, out of matters basically contractual in nature. In such cases the judgment of the court is merely a declaration of an amount owing and is not an order to pay. Problems of domestic relations involving alimony, support payments, property settlements, together with court orders in connection therewith, do not normally fall into the debtor-creditor category.' In sum the above arguments are persuasive that a debt for spousal support is not within the constitutional concept that protects this type of debtor. Adding weight to this is the requirement that the court must find that the obligor has the ability to pay and wilfully refuses. This condition not only gives added protection to the debtor, it also determines he is not in the class the Constitution seeks to protect if found in contempt of court.
Decisional law since the passage of the amendment to section 139 further supports our conclusion. In Garrett v. Garrett, 258 Cal.App.2d 407, 416, 65 Cal.Rptr. 580, the court refers to the 1967 amendment to section 139 and acknowledge it makes child and spousal support payments law-imposed obligations that may be enforced by contempt proceedings, even though such support was provided for in an integrated agreement.
In In re Fontana, 24 Cal.App.3d 1008, 101 Cal.Rptr. 465, the court order made on the dissolution of marriage required the husband to make payments on an automobile awarded to his former wife. The court made a distinction between spousal support payments and car payments and held the latter to be a debt and not enforceable by contempt of court. However, in analyzing the problem, the court said on page 1010, 101 Cal.Rptr. on page 466: 'Petitioner contends that to imprison one for failure to make payments in accordance with a property settlement agreement pursuant to a court order would violate article I, section 15 of the California Constitution, which prohibits imprisonment for debt. Real party in interest (hereinafter referred to for convenience as 'respondent') contends that newly enacted Civil Code section 4380 * * * makes this contention untenable.
'The pre-1967 rule was that an agreement which ordered a spouse to make payments to the other spouse, but which was found to constitute an adjustment of property interests rather than several provisions for support, could not be enforced by contempt. (Bradley v. Superior Court (1957) 48 Cal.2d 509, 522, 310 P.2d 634.) However, this rule was changed in 1967 when section 139 of the Civil Code was amended to provide that support provisions found in an integrated property settlement agreement could be enforced by contempt. (Cont.Ed.Bar., 2 The Family Lawyer, 1969 Supp., p. 85.) . . . Thus, even though the interlocutory judgment appears to contain an integrated agreement, any support provisions contained therein can be enforced by contempt.
'Only spousal support and child support orders, and orders for necessary attorney's fees and costs, may be enforced by contempt proceedings. These matters are not considered debts within the constitutional guaranty against imprisonment for debt. (In re Hendricks (1970), 5 Cal.App.3d 793, 796, 85 Cal.Rptr. 220.)'
Turning to the case at bar, paragraph VI of the settlement greement is entitled, 'Support and Maintenance of Wife' and all of the provisions contained therein are directed to this singular purpose. Nothing else in the paragraph detracts from this theme. It clearly expresses the parties' intentions, and for whatever other purpose the payments are made, if any, the paragraph over-accentuates the marital support obligation. The wording could not be more appropriate in expressing the concept of section 4811, subdivision (b). However, our analysis cannot end with the agreement. Exhibit A of the court's order states that the marital settlement agreement is approved. Had the interlocutory judgment gone no further, this agreement would have remained merely a contract between the parties. The spousal support provision would be unaffected by section 4811, subdivision (b) because of the absence of a court order; thus unenforceable by contempt proceedings. But the court order continued and cited verbatim the major portion of paragraph VI cited earlier. Significantly, the order did not include the portion of the paragraph providing that payments should continue after remarriage. The record is silent concerning the court's reason for eliminating this sentence, but it is compatible with the theory stated earlier that so long as the wife has not remarried, the characteristics of the support obligation remain and alone justify enforcement by contempt.16 It is conceivable that either the parties agreed to the change to comply with the intent of section 4811, subdivision (b), or that the court made the severance on its own motion for the same reason. In any event the reason is immaterial—the order carries out the mandate of section 4811, subdivision (b). Based on the court order in this case, we conclude for the reasons stated earlier that sections 4811 and 4380 are constitutional and permit enforcement by contempt proceedings of the spousal support obligation that originated in the integrated agreement.
Before concluding this opinion, we note that the trial court Approved the agreement, and then incorporated from the agreement in its decree most of paragraph VI, but omitted the provision that the spousal support could not be modified. We raise this point to dispose of any misconception that the trial court, by partial severance, has the power, after approving the agreement, to make the payments modifiable without permission of the parties. Section 4811, subdivision (b) specifically prevents modification when the parties so agree. The trial court, pursuant to said section, had the power to sever the support payments from the agreement, but would lack jurisdiction to modify them at a later date. Just as there is a sound public policy for permitting contempt proceedings to enforce support payments, there is also strong justification for non-modifiable provisions. Except for child support payments, the husband is entitled to the security of certainty on spousal support payments so that he can plan his affairs in the assurance that they could not be increased by the court.
We do not agree with the trial court's statement that, for an order to be 'law-imposed', it must also be modifiable when the court deems modification justified. Our Supreme Court put this argument to rest in 1937 when it decided Miller and acknowledged contempt proceedings were available to enforce contractual alimony provisions in a settlement agreement, even though the court could not modify the provision.
The order is annulled.
1. We do not elaborate on the essentials of an 'integrated agreement' because they are well known to attorneys practicing in the field of family law. For others that are interested we cite a few key cases: DiMarco v. DiMarco, 60 Cal.2d 387, 33 Cal.Rptr. 610, 385 P.2d 2; Plumer v. Plumer, 48 Cal.2d 820, 313 P.2d 549; Messenger v. Messenger, 46 Cal.2d 619, 297 P.2d 988; Dexter v. Dexter, 42 Cal.2d 36, 265 P.2d 873; and Adams v. Adams, 29 Cal.2d 621, 177 P.2d 265.
2. VI. SUPPORT AND MAINTENANCE OF WIFE:Commencing January 1, 1970, the Husband shall pay to the Wife as and for her support and maintenance the sum of ONE THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED DOLLARS ($1,700.00) per month. On December 1st of each year, Husband shall pay to the Wife an additional sum of One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00). The Parties acknowledge that Husband presently has heavy obligations to retire certain indebtedness, and may be in arrears in making the support payments to Wife herein provided. Although support payments from Husband to Wife shall accrue at the rate of One Thousand Seven Hundred Dollars ($1,700.00) per month, it is agreed between the Parties that Husband shall not be deemed in default for this payment provided that he pays not less than Seven Hundred Dollars ($700.00) per month of his support obligation to Wife during the months of January and February, 1970, not less than One Thousand Four Hundred Dollars ($1,400.00) per month of his support obligation to Wife during the months of March through May, 1970, inclusive, thereafter pays the sum of One Thousand Seven Hundred Dollars ($1,700.00), or more, per month on the first day of each succeeding calendar month, and completely pays all arrearages in full to Wife on or before December 31, 1970.After both of the said minor children reach majority and no further child support payments are payable by Husband to Wife, then at such time, Husband shall increase the support payments to Wife by ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY DOLLARS ($150.00) per month, so that after both children reach majority, Husband shall pay TWO THOUSAND DOLLARS ($2,000.00) per month to Wife for her life. As additional support, Husband shall pay all medical expenses of Wife except for psychiatric bills. The support provisions of this paragraph shall not be subject to change by any Court, and shall remain an obligation of Husband whether or not there is any subsequent Divorce between the Parties and whether or not Wife shall remarry.
3. The portions deleted from said Exhibit pertain to child support and additional support to wife in the form of premium payments on life insurance.
4. Unless otherwise stated, all code section references are to the Civil Code.
5. 'This proposal had its origin in 1963 State Bar Conference Resolutions 22, 40 and 61. Legislation was introduced in 1965 (AB 50 and AB 227) and was sent to interim study; those bills were not sponsored by the State Bar. After study and report by the Committee on the Administration of Justice, the Committee on Family Law, and a special Conference Committee, the Board of Governors of the State Bar of California placed this measure on the 1967 Legislative Program in August, 1966.This bill does two things: 1) It permits the enforcement of all support orders by contempt; and 2) It provides that all support orders will survive bankruptcy.Everyone agrees that one of the most effective means of enforcing support orders is the remedy of contempt; however, contempt is not now an available remedy for a support order contained in an integrated property settlement agreement. The reason is that such agreements are considered contractual, and enforcement by contempt would fall within the constitutional prohibition against imprisonment for debt. (Bradley v. Superior Court, 48 Cal.2d 509, 310 P.2d 634 (1957). This is true even if the agreement is merged in the decree, the payments are modifiable and refer to child support. (Plummer (sic) v. Superior Court, 50 Cal.2d 631, 328 P.2d 193 (1958); Hull v. Superior Court, 54 Cal.2d 139, 5 Cal.Rptr. 1, 352 P.2d 161 (1960).'(From material prepared by Herbert E. Ellingwood, Legislative Representative, State Bar of California, used to obtain enactment of the bill that eventually became the amendment to section 139).
6. Section 4811 provides in pertinent parts:'(b) The provisions of any agreement for the support of either party shall be deemed to be separate and severable from the provisions of the agreement relating to property. All orders for the support of either party based on such agreement shall be deemed law-imposed and shall be deemed made under the power of the court to make such orders. The provisions of any agreement or order for the support of either party shall be subject to subsequent modification or revocation by court order, except as to any amount that may have accrued prior to the date of filing of the notice of motion or order to show cause to modify or revoke, and except to the extent that any written agreement, or, if there is no written agreement any oral agreement entered into in open court between the parties, specifically provides to the contrary.'(c) This section shall be effective only with respect to property settlement agreements entered into on or after January 1, 1970, and shall not be deemed to affect agreements entered into prior thereto, as to which the provisions of Chapter 1308 of the Statutes of 1967 shall apply.'Section 4380 provides:'Any judgment, order, or decree of the court made or entered pursuant to this part may be enforced by the court by execution, attachment, the appointment of a receiver, contempt, or by such other order or orders as the court in its discretion may from time to time deem necessary.'
7. The support provision is modifiable by the court unless the agreement, or oral stipulation by the parties in court, provides otherwise. (Civil Code, s 4811, subd. (b).)
8. The possibility of modifying an order for support based on this type of agreement is also covered by Civil Code section 4811, subd. (b).
9. While we have used 'wife' throughout, we do not mean to preclude the 'husband' if proper circumstances exist.
10. 'Espousal' or 'spousal support' terminology has, under the Family Law Act, replaced the word 'alimony', although the same are interchangeable.
11. Barbara N. Armstrong, LL.D., Professor of Law, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley.
12. Flynn v. Flynn, 42 Cal.2d 55, 265 P.2d 865.
13. Foust v. Foust, 47 Cal.2d 121, 302 P.2d 11.
14. DiMarco v. DiMarco, Supra, 60 Cal.2d 387, 33 Cal.Rptr. 610.
15. See Decker v. Decker, 52 Wash.2d 456, 458, 326 P.2d 332, 333.
16. The facts peculiar to this case determine our decision, therefore we do not add dictum to the opinion by discussing the effect of the court order if the eliminated sentence had remained.
HASTINGS, Associate Justice.
KAUS, P.J., and STEPHENS, J., concur.


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One wonderful approach to change the inside design of your home is to introduce patterns. Lots of people draw back from patterns, because they assume, patterns are overwhelming. The reality is that stripes, swirls and different patterns can add drama to the looks of a room. Begin with small pieces and spot the rapid difference. Clean up. Before starting any interior design, it's a good idea to verify all the things is very clean. Your carpet could look terrible, but it could not should be replaced. It is possible that it just wants a superb cleaning! Gt every little thing cleaned up earlier than deciding on what to do subsequent, and you may save your self time and cash.
Space rugs can change the look of a room. But, you should make sure that the rug you select fits the room the proper means. In bigger rooms, make sure you get a big enough area rug for the room so it appears to be like as if it belongs there. Likewise, rooms with space square footage will want to have a rug that does not hog the room. Even in case you love your exterior landscaping, give your timber and bushes a trimming every now and then. Overgrown outside plants and bushes can block gentle from entering your home, leading to dull looking interior design. Just with a minimal quantity of trimming, you'll be able to actually brighten up the rooms in your home.
Use many levels of lighting. By utilizing lighting in your design you can accomplish a number of looks in a single room. An overhead gentle is usually needed, however attempt installing a dimmer switch so you can range the extent and create ambiance in the night. Set up accent lighting to convey focus to art pieces. Process lighting can also be important for reading nooks or kitchen prep areas. Multi-stage lighting will can help you create many vibes with one design.
Remain optimistic, and everything ought to turn out properly.
Should you really feel that inside design ideas do not simply come to you, collect concepts for your self. Many cities have embellished showhouses designed by inside designers to assist the public gain perception into designing. When you don't feel like visiting a showhouse, have a look at totally different books, dwelling adorning and designing magazines or use the Internet as inspiration. If you are seeking to fill up your walls with some artwork, you'll be able to place a few small items collectively in a bunch. It's worthwhile to ensure that they are not too terribly shut collectively and that the spacing is right. A great rule of thumb is about 2 to 3 inches between frames relying on the space that you've got.
Your rooms ought to replicate your character. Whereas it ought to appear nice for firm, you may be living in it. Design your room with your individual preferences in mind. You can always get new stuff if you decide you actually do not prefer it. Does the room you propose on adorning have a hearth? If that's the case, it's vital you properly decorate the area. Create a sense of balance and equilibrium, which may yield the right stream in your space. If the mantle is unbalanced, then all the feel and appear of the room gets thrown off.
If possible, you may want to cinder integrating your own home together with your arduous. If you don't have a great deal of natural gentle in your home, think about organising an outside lounge right exterior your again door to offer the effect of another room in the home. That is significantly helpful when entertaining guests. Once you've got mastered the art of interior design, refreshing a room will be a breeze. Good interior design expertise may even save you money. Whereas some people might spend hundreds on expensive renovations, you possibly can determine learn how to repair the room up on a budget. Hopefully, these tips will help you become an incredible interior designer.
When choosing inside paint hues for the home, it is very important consider a room's amount and kind of publicity to the solar. If you concentrate on what time it is you'll know what partitions are getting what solar! Make sure you enhance your mantle appropriately. You may make sure the mantle objects are correctly balanced. Your total room might be thrown off if the objects on the mantle are unbalanced. Be sure to keep your area purposeful whenever you design an office. Lighting is a vital a part of an office, and so is the chair and desk. To make a spot that you wish to spend time in while working, implement some design choices which have visual attraction.
Use lamps. Put money into great artwork for a sophisticated look. This depends on the size of the mirror; however step again and make this determination while you're placing them.


The latest project gallery update showcases the demolition of the old Tappan Zee Bridge's east anchor span. You can also watch the operation in this video.
Tappan Zee Constructors lowered the 672-foot section of steel this week, using charges to deliberately fail vertical members supporting the span. Portions of the old east anchor span, currently above the water line, will remain visible as it is removed from the Hudson River by marine salvage experts.


The Silicon Institute of Technology is located in Bhubaneswar, India and is approved by the AICTE. The institute is affiliated to BPUT Rourkela and recognised by Government of Odisha. The institute has residential facility for boys and girls inside the campus. The college library is housed in a large hall of 4000 sqft. with more than 12,000 volumes. Library books are classified according to DDC. The library also has a1500 sqft reading zone that can seat 60 students at a time. The library has more than 2,000 titles, non technical books like Novels, Puzzles, Personality development, and Research Methodology books. There are 2,000 reference collections consisting of Dictionaries, Manuals, Yearbooks, Question Banks, Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers in reference section. The varsity library also subscribes to 40 National and International Journals, covering areas like Science & Technology, Basic Science & Humanities, Health, and Social Science.


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2016 Design Awards Announced
Posted on October 3, 2016 - January 6, 2017 by cguske
AIA Virginia > Featured > 2016 Design Awards Announced
AIA Virginia honors work done by Virginia architects with 2016 Awards for Excellence in Architecture. Also known as the Design Awards, these honors celebrate projects no older than seven years that contribute to the built environment and are clear examples of thoughtful, engaging design. This year juries have identified one Honor + Excellence Award, five Honor Awards, nine Merit Awards and four Honorable Mentions. Award categories include Architecture, Contextual Design, Residential Design, Interior Design and Historic Preservation.
These projects will be on display at The Branch Museum of Architecture and Design in 2016 Awards for Excellence in Architecture: An Exhibition of Winning Work, Thursday, Nov. 10, 2016-Sunday, Jan. 1, 2017.
In the ARCHITECTURE category
The jury considers aesthetics, adherence to the client program, proven and projected building performance and concept development during its deliberations.
Architecture Honor Award Recipients:
East Quad Renovation/ University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Mich.) by Hanbury
"This project demonstrated superlative architectural stewardship of University of Michigan's East Quad building complex," says the jury.
Regional Plant Teaching Facility (Raleigh, N.C.) by Clark Nexen
The jury states, "It put technology on display in a well thought out architectural language that would make even an architect want to learn about what's going on inside."
Architecture Merit Award Recipients:
Mundo Verde Charter School (Washington, D.C.) by Studio Twenty Seven Architecture
Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.) by Hickok Cole Architects
Intelligence Community Campus/Bethesda (Bethesda, Md.) by AECOM / Leo A. Daly / DBI
Architecture Honorable Mention Recipients:
Safeway Lifestyle Store (Alexandria, Va.) by Cunningham | Quill Architects PLLC with Associate Architect Freeman Morgan Architects
Air Traffic Control Tower (mobile/modular unit) by Jacobs
In the CONTEXTUAL DESIGN category
The awards for contextual design are chosen based on outstanding architecture that perceptibly reflects the history, culture, and physical environment of the place in which it stands and that, in turn, contributes to the function, beauty, and meaning of its larger context.
Contextual Merit Award Recipients:
Duke Hall (Harrisonburg, Va.) by Clark Nexsen in association with GUND Partnership
Contextual Honorable Mention Recipient:
7001 Arlington Road (Bethesda, Md.) by KGD Architecture
In the RESIDENTIAL DESIGN category
Aesthetic appeal and functionality are two long-established criteria for home design as are affordability and resource efficiency. The jury looks at each submission in its totality toward meeting those goals.
Residential Design Honor + Excellence Award Recipient:
James River House (Scottsville, Va.) by ARCHITECTUREFIRM
"This project captured the jury from the first slide and was the favorite of all entries submitted this year," says the jury.
Residential Design Honor Award Recipients:
Casa Abierta (Chevy Chase, Md.) by KUBE architecture PC
The jury notes "By borrowing space from the outdoors the house has a scale and grandeur that belies its small footprint."
Salt and Pepper House (Washington, D.C.) by KUBE architecture PC
"An extraordinary renovation of a traditional row house — of Shaker simplicity — into a colorful and astonishingly contrasting environment within," says the jury.
Ontario Residence (Washington, D.C.) by David Jameson Architect Inc.
"The garden façade with its dancing wooden figure leads inside to a dancing stair that inhabits the volumes and modulates the plan," says the jury.
Residential Design Merit Award Recipient:
Brandywine House (Washington, D.C.) by Robert M. Gurney, FAIA, Architect
Residential Design Honorable Mention Recipient:
Kits of Parts Home (Charlottesville, Va.) by HAUSCRAFT
In the HISTORIC PRESERVATION category
The historic preservation category focuses specifically on excellence in strategies, tactics, and technologies that advance the art, craft, and science of preserving historically significant buildings and sites. The jury takes into consideration adherence to local, state, and national criteria for historic preservation.
Historic Preservation Merit Award Recipient:
Union Station (Washington, D.C.) by Michael Winstanley Architects & Planners
In the INTERIOR DESIGN category
Interior design projects are judged on mastery of composition, functionality, material and color palettes, and well-integrated adherence to the highest levels of accessibility, health and safety, environmental, and occupant-comfort considerations, standards, and regulations.
Interior Design Merit Award Recipients:
STM Laboratories at Gallaudet University (Washington, D.C.) by Studio Twenty Seven Architecture
Park Avenue Apartment (New York, N.Y.) by ARCHITECTUREFIRM
Sharma Mathur (Washington, D.C.) by Robert M. Gurney, FAIA, Architect
East Quad Renovation/University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Mich) by Hanbury. Photo copyright 2013 Robert Benson Photography
Regional Plant Teaching Facility (Raleigh, N.C. ) by Clark Nexsen. Photo by Mark Herboth.
Mundo Verde Charter School (Washington, D.C.) by Studio Twenty Seven Architecture. Photo ©Anice Hoachlander/ Hoachlander Davis Photography
Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.) by Hickok Cole Architects. Photo ©Anice Hoachlander
Intelligence Community Campus/Bethesda (Bethesda, Md.) by AECOM. Photo by William Baxley.
Safeway Lifestyle Store (Alexandria, Va.) by Cunningham|Quill Architects PLLC with Associate Architect Freeman Morgan Architects. Photo ©Dan Cunningham.
Air Traffic Control Tower by Jacobs. Photo by Matt Becker and Derrick Steltzer – JACOBS
Duke Hall (Harrisonburg, Va.) by Clark Nexsen in association with GUND Partnership. Photo by Alan Karchmer.
7001 Arlington Road (Bethesda, Md.) by KGD Architecture. Photo by John Cole Photography.
James River House (Scottsville, Va.) by ARCHITECTUREFIRM. Photo by James Ewing.
Casa Abierta (Chevy Chase, Md.) by KUBE architecture PC. Photo by Paul Burk photography.
Salt and Pepper House (Washington, D.C.) by KUBE architecture PC. Photo by Greg Powers photography.
Ontario Residence (Washington, D.C.) by David Jameson Architect Inc. Photo by Mark Herboth Photography.
Brandywine House (Washington, D.C.) by Robert M. Gurney, FAIA, Architect. Photo ©Anice Hoachlander.
Kits of Parts Home (Charlottesville, Va.) by HAUSCRAFT. Photo by Melissa Batman Photography.
Union Station (Washington, D.C.) by Michael Winstanley Architects & Planners. Photo by Jessica Marcotte.
STM Laboratories at Gallaudet University (Washington, D.C.) by Studio Twenty Seven Architecture. Photo by Anice Hoachlander.
Park Avenue Apartment (New York, N.Y.) by ARCHITECTUREFIRM. Photo by Ayla Christman.
Sharma Mathur (Washington, D.C.) by Robert M. Gurney, FAIA, Architect. Photo ©Anice Hoachlander.
Posted in Featured, Membership News Tagged Awards for Excellence in Architecture, design awards


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Welfare Moves for Children Fall Short of Expectation
One stop centre \'Sakhi\' is working in the Capital Hospital for providing quick service to victims of domestic violence.
BHUBANESWAR: Though more than Rs 10,000 crore has been spent by the State Government under different schemes for the welfare of women and children in the last five years, their lot does not seem to have improved noticeably during the period.
While Rs 1100 crore has been spent for the welfare of women during 2010 to 2015, Rs 8,964 crore has been spent for children in the same period under various schemes and programmes.
The Women and Child Development (WCD) department has provided assistance to lakhs of Women Self-help Groups (SHGs) during these years while the State Government has provided nutritious food to pregnant women and infants between the age group of six months to six years under different schemes.
Committees have also been set up at the State and district levels for providing security to orphans. Sources in the WCD department maintained that 13 special adoption agencies are working in the State to rehabilitate them.The State Government has also launched operations like 'Muskan' and 'Smile' to rescue missing children. As many as 399 registered childcare agencies are working for rehabilitation of abandoned and orphaned children in the State. Besides, the State Government is also providing financial assistance of Rs 2,000 per month to inmates of 89 childcare agencies.
Besides, Child Welfare Committees and Juvenile Justice Boards are also working for security of children in the State. The State Government has implemented Central scheme 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao' to address the issue of declining sex ratio. The scheme aims at generating awareness and improving the efficiency of welfare services meant for women. Several initiatives have been launched for safety of girl child.
One stop centre 'Sakhi' is working in the Capital Hospital for providing quick service to victims of domestic violence and special units have been constituted in the districts to prevent children and women trafficking.
Sexagenarian, minor trampled to death by elephant herd in Jharkhand
Jailed Saravana Bhavan owner can be sent to private hospital for treatment: Madras HC
Suzuki Motorcycle India launches updated Access 125 priced at Rs 61,788
Jofra Archer grieved cousin's death during World Cup
Khamenei: Iran to keep rolling back its commitments under 2015 nuclear deal
Mumbai building collapse: Congestion, crowds add chaos to rescue work


EYE IN THE SKY: An agricultural drone in flight at Growtopia and Sorbello Farms in Gloucester County. The farm began using the drone earlier this year.
August is peak harvest in the Garden State.
Drones are helping Growtopia/Sorbello Farms in Gloucester County, N.J., to keep better track of its tomatoes.
"The drones are a tremendous asset and help us see the development of the plants," says Kris Wilson, farm manager of Growtopia and Sorbello Farms. "It saves us time in surveying the plants ourselves and can pinpoint exactly what areas may need extra attention."
Douglas Fisher, state agriculture secretary, recently visited the farm to see how the technology is helping the operation and to highlight the state's tomato crop.
Fisher, along with county and local officials, also saw a drone demonstration.
"The delicious Jersey Fresh tomato is widely known, and we want to highlight Sorbello Farms and others who produce outstanding tomatoes year after year," Fisher says. "The Sorbellos also are at the forefront of technology with the use of drones. It allows for a more efficient growing process and is a prime example of how farmers in the 21st century are always discovering better ways to deliver high-quality products to the marketplace."
Tomatoes were the No. 3 crop in New Jersey for 2017, with a production value of more than $39 million on 4,000 acres totaling 112 million pounds. New Jersey ranks in the top 10 in the U.S. for production of tomatoes.
RIGHT OFF THE VINE: Douglas Fisher, New Jersey ag secretary, left, and Kris Wilson and Steve Vazquez, Growtopia Farms, hold freshly picked tomatoes in the farm's packing house.
"The tomatoes in the field are ripe for picking," Wilson says. "We had the early rain to get us started, and now the warm weather has made for great growing conditions."
Growtopia and Sorbello Farms is a third-generation family farm that has 900 acres with nearly 200 acres of vegetables. The farm has its own packing facility.
Along with tomatoes, the farm operation also grows asparagus, zucchini squash, cucumbers and bell peppers throughout the year, and has a community-supported agriculture venture during the harvest season.
The tomato season for New Jersey lasts through October, with peak harvest during the first two weeks of August. There are many different types of tomatoes grown in New Jersey, such as Ramapo, Quick Pick, Jet Star, Pik-Red, Floramerica, Celebrity, Supersteak, Supersonic, Mountain Pride as well as cherry-shaped, pear-shaped and novelty varieties.


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Q: How to add a trainable weight to an LSTM in Keras/Tensorflow I would like to add a trainable weight to my LSTM and when I use the following wrapper provided by Keras, the tensor is initialized but isn't added to the LSTM layer. When I use the same code on Dense layers or convnets it works properly. Is there any other way to add a variable to a recurrent model?
def __init__(self, output_dim, **kwargs):
    self.output_dim = output_dim
    super(MyLayer, self).__init__(**kwargs)

def build(self, input_shape):
    assert isinstance(input_shape, list)
    # Create a trainable weight variable for this layer.
    self.kernel = self.add_weight(name='kernel',
                                  shape=(input_shape[0][1], self.output_dim),
                                  initializer='uniform',
                                  trainable=True)
    super(MyLayer, self).build(input_shape)  # Be sure to call this at the end

def call(self, x):
    assert isinstance(x, list)
    a, b = x
    return [K.dot(a, self.kernel) + b, K.mean(b, axis=-1)]

def compute_output_shape(self, input_shape):
    assert isinstance(input_shape, list)
    shape_a, shape_b = input_shape
    return [(shape_a[0], self.output_dim), shape_b[:-1]]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This site exists to keep you updated, entertained and informed to some degree. Historical, recreational and environmental information as well as other ideas and thoughts on our past, present, and future will be presented. The DP Alumni site also will continue as part of this site. I will continue to try to make positive changes, lead hikes and bike rides, preserve woodlands, stop illegal dumping, and hopefully help see some truly smart growth take place instead of more suburban sprawl. LIGHT (LI Greenways and Healthy Trails) will hopefully succeed in the quest to make LI connected via bicycle and walking trails. We hope for a future where people can safely get around on two feet or two wheels some of the time. There's a whole other world right here on LI and most of you have never seen it, and it is a great place to get out and work up a sweat instead of boring treadmills and stationary bikes.
THE WWW.DENISBYRNE.COM SITE IS NOT AN OFFICIAL SITE OF THE DEER PARK SCHOOL SYSTEM, GLOBALDYNE CONSULTING CORPORATION, GLOBAL MACHINE DYNAMICS, FRIENDS OF EDGEWOOD, OR ANY OTHER KNOWN ENTITY IN THIS GALAXY. IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY STATE ANY OFFICIAL VIEWS, OPINIONS, FACTS, OR POLICIES OF ANY PERSON OR ENTITY. IT IS RUN BY A FORMER STUDENT OF THE LOCAL SCHOOLS AND CURRENT LI RESIDENT DENIS BYRNE. IT DEPENDS ON VARIOUS SOURCES FOR THE ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF IT'S INFORMATION. THEREFORE, NO RESPONSIBILITY IS ASSUMED BY THE SITE OR ITS AGENTS, AUTHORS, AND OWNERS FOR ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OUT OF DATE INFORMATION, IMPROPERLY POSTED INFORMATION OR ANY INCIDENTS OR INJURIES TRACEABLE TO THE SITE, ON ANY PAGES DISPLAYED, OR ANY OTHER LINKED SITES OR PAGES. THE DENISBYRNE.COM SITE FURTHER EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. USE OF THIS WEBSITE OR PARTICIPATING IN ANY OF THE MENTIONED ACTIVITIES, AND THOSE OF ANY LINKED SITES IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK. PROCEED WITH EXTREME CAUTION AND AT YOUR OWN RISK.
Denis Byrne has resigned from the president's position on the board of directors of the Friends of the Edgewood-Oak Brush Plains preserve and will instead be active as committee chair of LIGHT (LI Greenways and Healthy trails), hopefully leading to a large network of trails connecting all of the great open spaces of LI, including Edgewood, together. You might still see me at Edgewood, or other wild places, making sure they stay safe, secure from dumping... and fun.


Hello Monday! We have a great gal to start off a fresh week of Free Patterns!
Please welcome Rubyellen from Cakies!
Now she has THREE with one more on the way! My how times have changed!
What caught my eye was her ethereal photography and adorable softies! Her life is like something out of a fairytale, whimsical and warm.
All of her projects and posts come from a place where crafting and motherhood intersect. She crafts to make her life more beautiful and homey. You can definitely feel the love for her family in her posts! Some publisher really needs to contact her! I can just see a book featuring her family oriented crafts!
See her Hannah and Gretel post. What fun!
Or her three little piggies post!
I love reading about her thrifting finds! See the Vintage Here, Vintage There series. It will make you run to your nearest thrift store and start finding some treasures! Wish Rubyellen and I lived closer. I'd go on a thrift hunt with her any day! But Rubyellen is also fantastic at making her own clothes!
And clothing for her sweet little girls!
Says Rubyellen, "I love making things and this blog originally intended to just document our everyday crafting, but it has turned into so much more. It has become a family journal of sorts, more rather a personal journal, that documents how I try to enjoy each aspect of my life and how I can love God through it. I once was a teacher, but went into early retirement because it has always been my dream to be a stay home mom."
She's also super talented at hand embroidery!
Rubyellen's life certainly does seem like a dream! Check out her etsy shop for a taste of it!
Thank you Rubyellen for joining me in Free Pattern Month on Grosgrain! I'm completely delighted to share your inspiration with my readers.
Hello Grosgrain readers!!! I am Rubyellen from Cakies and I am delighted to be able to share with you a fun tutorial on how to make the A-frame tent. I am sure your kids will be squealing in delight once they see what you whipped out for them!
(I was going to use the twine to make sure the mouldings stayed in place, but I no longer needed to because the hole already had such a tight grip on the dowel).
1. From the top of each of the 4 mouldings, measure and mark 6'' down with your pencil.
2. With your drill and 3/4'' spade bit, drill a hole at your mark. Try to center the hole on your moulding.
3. Place 2 mouldings on top of each other, make sure the holes are lined up.
4. Push dowel through the holes of the two mouldings. The hole should have a pretty tight grip and keep the dowel in place.
5. Repeat step 4 and put together the other side with the two remaining mouldings.
1. Hem the perimeter of the rectangular fabric using a straight stitch with a 1/2'' hem. Desired size of the cover is 44'' x 83.5''.
2. Cut 4- 5'' inch elastic strips.
3. Fold elastic over and pin in place at each corner of the tent cover.
4. Sew elastic onto the corner of the tent cover. Repeat with the remaining 3 corners.
5. Drape cover over the A-frame and loop elastic to the bottom of wooden tent leg.
6. Arrange and straighten fabric cover. Then, spread frame to desired height and width of tent opening. Call your kids over and enjoy!!!
This tent can easily be taken apart and stored, since there are no screws or nails involved. In addition, the tent cover is easy enough to recreate in different patterns. It is a great place for reading, napping, and pretending, but most importantly making memories! I am already thinking this will be my go-to birthday gift as I am sure this would be loved very much. Don't you think?!!
Thank you Kathleen for having me as your guest! I look forward to your many more posts that will continue to inspire and awe all of us in the blogosphere!!!
Stay tuned tomorrow for Jaime & Jacinda of Prudent Baby!
Spread the word! It's a 30 day FREE for all!
This is a must for long hot summer days!
I love this tent. I may have to make one for my nieces!
Thanks so much for this tutorial/pattern! I have really really been wanted to make my kiddos one.
I'm obsessed with little tents! I can't wait to make this!
I want to make a taller version of this with no fabric cover and beans growing up it.
Am I reading this right that you could probably take a twin-size sheet and cut it down to size?
amy- yes! i actually used a vintage twin bed sheet for the project. i failed to mention that in the tutorial. good catch!
When my grandson comes to visit this summer I am going to make this with his help. He loves wood working, and I'll teach him to sew with this project, and I know he'll love it! Thank you for such a nice project and beautifully done instructions!
This is such a great tutorial. Any child would be thrilled to have one of these. Thank you.
this kids things are so sweet, Just a little tuch of ebroidery, and you get a perfect dress, or skirt, etc.
I am going to get some camouflage fabric and make one of these for my nephew.
I can't wait to make this! My son will love it. Thanks for gathering and sharing all these patterns this month. I've bookmarked so many of them, I'll need to take a month off from work to make them all!
beautiful sheet, and a beautiful blog. You have a great sense of line and color.
LOVED this tutorial!!! Made one this morning in less than an hour!
it's adorable! the fabric... the idea... the room it's in... ALL of it!!!
Just finished mine!! Thx for the tutorial!!
Love this! Adding it to my never ending list of possibilities for birthday/Christmas gifts! Mental Note: Start thinking about and making these gifts before November this year!
So great...I don't know what it is but kids just love them. I know I would have been in heaven as a kid.
I'm so excited about Rubyellen's blog and about this project! My girls and I made a list of 100 things to do this summer and an indoor campout was one of them. Now, we'll have fun making our own tents for the experience. Fabulous!!!
This is wonderful. So easy and low cost. We just made ours. We have hardwood floor, so we made a fabric band to hold the tops together to prevent the tent to open all the way up.
Thanks, what a great idea, my toddler would love this!
Just made one for my daughter's birthday. I am going to make two more for presents! Thank you.
Thanks for the tutorial - your tent turned out so nice too! I've got this linked to my play tents post as well today, nice job!
hi! i just followed the instructions (thanks!) and my wooden dowel is loose with the wood planks. I tied some string, which helped, but you do have any other advice for making it more sturdy?
I love this idea do much that I'm at the store gathering the supplies. I can't wait to show this off on my blog! Come visit me at mamajillof2crafts.blogspot.com.
You made it look so simple to do, and it is very cute thanks.
I really like tents and this one is no exception. I made this for my nephew and he loves the canopy tent, in fact he has slept in it for the past three nights!
I love this tent, you did a great job with the instructions! I was thinking of making a tee-pee for when my grandson is here for a week but I like this better!
This would be easy to take to the beach for shade too!
Check out her newest on the asymmetric dress and blouses. She built an information site on them.
Has anyone found the size would mentioned that is untreated? If not the same size but it is untreated I would be interested as well.
Would you please share where you found? Links would be great!


IDF Unveils 'Tunnel Lab' That Destroys Hamas Terror Tunnels - Breaking Israel News | Latest News. Biblical Perspective.
Established two years ago, and currently headed by Captain 'Bet,' a chemical and electrical engineer, the lab employs the brightest minds the IDF has to offer in their respective fields, including members of the IDF Technological Corps, physicists, biologists and intelligence personnel. The lab combines knowledge from the various fields in order to locate, monitor and destroy tunnels, as well as to develop new groundbreaking technologies to combat the growing threat.
״We have the ability to coordinate between technology, operational requirement and the soldiers in the field," Captain Bet said in a video released by the IDF as he spoke with his back to the camera to conceal his identity.
"What happens here is that the combat soldiers scan the field and provide us with the data. We use that data to compile various different types of graphs that can point to changes under ground, and that is essentially how you discover a tunnel," one of the lab's soldiers added.
In recent months, the Tunnel Lab has been responsible for the location of five different tunnels which were later destroyed in coordination with the IDF Engineering Corps. Recently, the lab was awarded a certificate of excellence by the IDF's Technology and Logistics division.


text:
https://cressetcapital.com/post/china-back-peddles-on-capitalism/
China Backpedals on Capitalism
Jack Ablin
08/11/2021: Emerging market equities have trailed the US and developed markets so far in 2021. The S&P has expanded nearly 20 per cent and developed markets are up over 11 per cent. But emerging market equities are barely positive despite having surged to a nearly 12 per cent start through the beginning of February. The MSCI Emerging Market Index has virtually flat-lined this year, but that belies the extent of diffusion underneath the surface. The Index comprises 20 countries, including Russia, Taiwan, Mexico and China; countries like the Czech Republic and Jordan have advanced more than 20 per cent, while Colombia and Peru have retreated by a similar amount.
Notwithstanding the diversity of countries, China represents nearly one-third of the index – a share that's larger than the technology allocation in the S&P 500. That means that an emerging market allocation has been increasingly a bet on China. Yet China has become increasingly engaged in a tug-of-war between capitalism and communism.
Emerging market equities peaked in mid-February and rolled over to coincide with the assertive moves of Beijing's heavy hand in Chinese business. The Communist Party, led by President Xi, has targeted public and private companies which they believe have gotten too powerful or profitable at the expense of Chinese employees or customers. The crackdown has wiped out more than $1.2 trillion in market value for many powerful Chinese companies, according to CNN. High profile e-commerce company Alibaba (BABA) was slapped with a record $2.8 billion fine after regulators accused the e-commerce company of behaving like a monopoly. Other firms, including social media and gaming giant Tencent (TCEHY), were hauled in front of authorities investigating alleged anticompetitive behavior as well. The latest research report by Cornerstone Macro counted 52 major regulatory moves by Beijing since last November, with seven actions so far this month alone.
Meanwhile China's economy is slowing. Blame the global pandemic, but China's exports are contracting, according to China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing data. Financial conditions are tightening, despite the PBoC's recent reduction of the banking systems' reserve requirement. China's manufacturing data is growing at a slower pace, due in large part to disruptions at one of the nation's largest ports caused by the COVID-19 outbreak.
Beijing's regulatory sweep, combined with China's growth deceleration, suggests the world can no longer rely on the world's second-largest economy as a growth engine, a role it has served for the last decade or more. That means demand for commodities, including energy and industrial metals, will likely slow as the country turns inward. Given China's outsized importance, it could exert some gravitational pull on countries like Vietnam and Malaysia that have historically relied on Chinese demand.
Nonetheless, we are maintaining our emerging market equity allocation, thanks in large part to its relative attractiveness on a valuation basis. We also note that that slowing growth doesn't suggest an economic contraction. China's GDP expanded 12.7 per cent over the first half of the year and is on target to achieve 6 per cent growth in 2021; this is hardly a recession. Institutional investors so far appear undaunted by Beijing's heavy hand: they've contributed nearly $3.9 billion into China equities in recent weeks, according to Barron's. Given China's outsized influence, we recommend investors take an actively managed approach to the asset class.
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Five Themes For 2022
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text:
Око́пи (колишня назва Око́пи Свято́ї Трі́йці, ) — село в Україні, у Мельнице-Подільській селищній громаді Чортківського району Тернопільської області.

Відповідно до Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України від 12 червня 2020 року № 724-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Тернопільської області» увійшло до складу Мельнице-Подільської селищної громади.

Населення — 557 осіб (2001).

Околиці Окопів — зона відпочинку, що належить до регіонального ландшафтного парку «Дністровський каньйон». Неподалік від села розташована пам'ятка природи — Силурійські відклади в Окопах.

Назва
Перша назва поселення — «Окопи Гори Святої Трійці» — походила від того, що фортеця розташовувалася на горі Трійця. Теперішня назва — скорочена — від окіп «оборонна траншея».

Географія

Село розташоване на відстані 363 км від Києва, 127 км — від обласного центру міста Тернополя, 40 км від  міста Борщів та 26 км від  міста Кам'янець-Подільський, на півострові, між річками Збруч та Дністер, на південному сході району на межі між Тернопільською, Хмельницькою і Чернівецькою областями.

Окопи є найсхіднішим населеним пунктом Тернопільської області.

Історія

Поблизу Окопів виявлено археологічні пам'ятки трипільської культури і фракійського гальштату. Трипільське поселення — одне з найраніших в Україні, матеріали розкопані тут датуються 5265-5269 рр. до н. е.

Замок, відомий в польській науковій літературі як Окопи Святої Трійці, побудований на місці давньоруського городища. Створювали цю твердиню за сприяння великого коронного гетьмана Речі Посполитої Станіслава Яна Яблоновського та воєводи київського Марціна Концького для блокування доріг, що вели до захопленого тоді турками Кам'янця.

25 березня 1692 року Яблоновський заклав перший камінь нової фортеці. 6 тижнів ціла армія насипала тут вали та будувала оборонні споруди. Вже на кінець жовтня будівництво було повністю завершене. Коронний гетьман Яблоновський Станіслав Ян назвав нову фортецю «Окопи Гори і Трійці — Блокада Кам'янця», згодом перейменував на «Окопи Святої Трійці». Креслення форту виконав М.Контський (зберігається у відділі рукописів Львівській національній науковій бібліотеці України імені Василя Стефаника). 1-й комендант фортеці — полковник М.Брант.

1693 року гарнізон Окопів успішно воював із турецько-татарськими ордами; влітку того ж року відбив напад турецько-татарських військ під проводом Мустафа-аги.

1694 у Торуні (Польща) видали повість «Кам'янецька брама», присвячену форту.

У вересні 1699 року в Окопах відбувся сейм.

1700 населений пункт отримав магдебургію з правом щотижневих торгів і двох річних ярмарків. Того ж року Польща повернула собі Кам'янець-Подільський, і стратегічне значення Окопів різко зменшилося. Через нестачу коштів фортеця почала занепадати. 1769 року, переслідуючи барських конфедератів, її взяли російські війська під проводом генерала Ізмайлова.

Після переходу Галичини під владу Габсбурґів 1783 Окопи відвідав австрійський імператор Йосиф ІІ.

У 1870-х роках відомий львівський краєзнавець А. Шнайдер запропонував для Окопів проєкт герба із зображенням Святої Трійці (з натяком на давню назву містечка «Окопи Святої Трійці»). Проєкт не було затверджено; місцева громада користувалася «написовою» печаткою без герба (ЛНБ ім. В.Стефаника. - Відділ рукописів. - Ф. 144. - Оп. 7. - Спр. 1. - Арк. 17).

До 1914 через Окопи пролягав кордон між Російською імперією й Австро-Угорщиною; від 1921 річкою Збруч пролягав кордон між СРСР та Польщею, річкою Дністер — з Румунією (2002, відновлено пам'ятний знак «Півень, що на три держави піяв»; нині тут межа між Тернопільською, Хмельницькою і Чернівецькою областями).

В Окопах 27 лютого 1918 УГА на чолі з командантом Осипом Микиткою перейшли р. Збруч і вирушили в напрямку м. Кам'янець (нині Кам'янець-Подільський Хмельницької області) на допомогу військам УНР.

У міжвоєнний період діяли «Просвіта», «Рідна школа», «Сільський господар» та інші товариства.

До 2015 року належало до Вигодської сільської ради. Від вересня 2015 року ввійшло у склад Мельнице-Подільської селищної громади.

17 липня 2020 року, в результаті адміністративно-територіальної реформи та  ліквідації Борщівського району, село увійшло до складу Чортківського району.

22 січня 2022 року відбулася акція єднання  делегацій Хмельниччини, Тернопільщини та Буковини з нагоди 103-ї річниці проголошення Акту Злуки українських земель на межі Тернопільщини. З нагоди святкування Дня Соборності України встановлено спільний рекорд України. За ініціативою голів Хмельниччини, Тернопільщини та Буковини, у селі Окопи, яке в давнину називалося містом Святої Трійці, на межі трьох областей, у місці, де колись проходив кордон трьох держав, засвічено найбільший в Україні трисвічник, виготовлений у формі Тризуба. Його розміри 750 см х 1,8 м. Свічі єдності запалили від Вифлеємського вогню, який передали українським громадам представники Пласту. Ініціаторами встановлення рекорду були очільники трьох обласних державних адміністрацій: Сергій Гамалій, Володимир Труш та Сергій Осадчук.

Населення
Згідно з переписом УРСР 1989 року чисельність наявного населення села становила 588 осіб, з яких 268 чоловіків та 320 жінок.

За переписом населення України 2001 року в селі мешкало 556 осіб. 100 % населення вказало своєю рідною мовою українську мову.

Пам'ятки

Збереглися дві брами: західна — Львівська і східна — Кам'янецька (реставровані 1905), залишки стіни дозорної вежі.

Є костел Пресвятої Трійці (1693), церква святої Трійці (1780, мурована), 2 каплички (2002 та 2004).

Споруджено пам'ятник воїнам-односельцям, полеглим у німецько-радянській війні (кінець 1980-х), невеликий пам'ятний хрест на честь загиблих німецьких солдат, встановлено пам'ятний хрест на честь скасування панщини.

Соціальна сфера
Працюють ЗОШ І ступеня, клуб, бібліотека, ФАП, аптека, 3 торговельні заклади.

Відомі особи

Народилися
 єврейський релігійний реформатор Бешт (Баал-Шем-Тов),
 польський історик Олександр Миколайович Прусевич.

Див. також
 Фортеця Святої Трійці
 Жванецький замок
 Поділля
 Подоляни
 Подільський говір
 Децентралізація

Примітки

Джерела
 Дідич П., Клименко О., Пиндус Б., Уніят В. Окопи // .

Посилання

 Окопи св. Трійці  // Замки України.
 Топографічні карти з розташуванням села
 Окопи (текст, фото) // Тіні Гардаріки.

Населені пункти над Збручем
Населені пункти над Дністром
Села Тернопільської області
Населені пункти з історичною єврейською громадою
Фортеці України
Мельнице-Подільська селищна громада
Населені пункти Чортківського району

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