text:
Optische Kommunikation ist die Übertragung von Daten mit Hilfe von Licht. Das Frequenzspektrum reicht vom sichtbaren Licht bis in das nahe und mittlere Infrarot. Terrestrisch werden die Daten mittels Lichtwellenleitern in Glasfasernetzen übertragen. Ein eher neuer Bereich der optischen Kommunikation ist die optische Freiraumkommunikation, bei der die Daten auf einen Laserstrahl aufmoduliert und über große Entfernungen durch den freien Raum, also nicht fasergebunden, übertragen werden.

Entdeckung von Licht als Nachrichtenübermittler
Schon früh erkannte der Physiker Alexander Graham Bell die Eigenschaften des Lichts für das von ihm entwickelte Photophon. Es gilt als erstes Prinzip zur optischen Kommunikation und verwendete ein Bündel von Lichtstrahlen zur Übertragung der menschlichen Sprache. Eine weitere Form, die man zur optischen Datenübertragung bzw. zur optischen Übertragung von Informationen hinzuzählen kann, ist das sogenannte Lichtmorsen, wie es in der Seefahrt genutzt wird. Die Information wird hierbei ähnlich wie bei der digitalen Übertragung dadurch übertragen, dass ein Wechsel zwischen eingeschaltetem und ausgeschaltetem Licht stattfindet.

Optische Datenübertragungssysteme
Optische Datenübertragungssysteme bezeichnen Datenübertragungssysteme, die Licht als Träger für Informationen verwenden. Sie sind generell mit herkömmlichen Übertragungssystemen auf metallischer Basis vergleichbar, erfordern aber zusätzliche komplexe Technik zur Modulierung der Information auf den breitbandigen Informationsträger Licht.

Geschichte

Motivation

Die von Manfred Börner bei der Firma Telefunken in Ulm entwickelte Technik eines "mehrstufigen Übertragungssystems für in Pulscodemodulation dargestellte Nachrichten" war die bahnbrechende Entwicklung in der optischen Nachrichtentechnik überhaupt. Börners Leistung bestand darin, den Nutzen der vorhandenen technischen Komponenten wie Halbleiterlaser, Glasfasern und Photodioden für die Datenübertragung zu erkennen und sie zu einem Übertragungssystem zu kombinieren, welches analoge Signale in einer Sendeeinheit in digitale Signale umwandelt, diese einem optischen Sender aufmoduliert und die entstehenden Lichtimpulse in einen Lichtwellenleiter einstrahlt. Damit diese Technik für Weitverkehrsnetze interessant wurde, musste durch die Entwicklung und den Einbau von Verstärkern die Dämpfung der auftretenden Signalverluste kompensiert werden. Dieses von Manfred Börner entworfene Prinzip hat sich bis in die heutige Zeit durchgesetzt, weshalb die meisten technischen Entwicklungen im Bereich der optischen Datenübertragung auf seiner Erfindung aufbauen.

Am 21. Dezember 1966 meldete er seine Erfindung für die Firma Telefunken als "Mehrstufiges Übertragungssystem für in Pulscodemodulation dargestellte Nachrichten" zum Patent an. Es wurde eineinhalb Jahre später, am 16. Mai 1968, offiziell anerkannt.

Anhand einer für den Patentantrag erstellten, schematischen Zeichnung kann Börners System in drei grundsätzliche Bestandteile eingeteilt werden:

 Sendeeinheit
 Übertragungseinheit
 Verstärker und Empfangseinheit.

Sendetechnik

Die Sendetechnik beschreibt Börner in der Patentanmeldung zu seinem Übertragungssystem folgendermaßen:

Nach dieser Beschreibung verwendet Börner hierbei 300-mal dasselbe Verfahren, um 300 Glasfasern, die in einem Mehrfaserkabel gebündelt sind, als optisches Datenübertragungsmedium nutzen zu können. Damit verdeutlicht er, dass dieses Verfahren für jede einzelne Faser extra durchgeführt werden muss, da jede Faser eine vollständig eigenständige Übertragung darstellt die lediglich in dem Mehrfaserkabel gebündelt ist. In jedem der 300 Codierer werden 1200 je 4 kHz breite Kanäle in Form von trägerfrequenten analogen Signalen mithilfe von Puls-Code-Modulation in digitale Binär-Codewörter umgewandelt. Hierbei wird das trägerfrequente analoge Signal abgetastet. Es wird dabei abgeflacht und in ein zeitdiskretes, also zu bestimmten Zeitpunkten abgestuftes PAM-Signal umgewandelt, welches auf festgelegten Spannungsstufen verläuft. Damit aus diesem PAM-Signal ein Binär-Codewort entsteht, müssen diese Spannungsstufen einzelnen Binären-Codewörtern zugeordnet werden. Man bezeichnet diesen Schritt als Quantisierung. Je mehr Bits für die Quantisierung bereitgestellt werden, desto feiner können die Spannungsstufen eingeteilt werden. Mit z. B. 4 Bits können 7 Stufen positiv sowie negativ dargestellt werden. Das erste Bit legt hierbei das Vorzeichen des Spannungswertes fest. Bei diesem Vorgang der Digitalisierung wird aus einem analogen Signal ein digitales 4 Bit langes Codewort mit Nullen und Einsen erstellt.

Damit diese digitalen Signalimpulse mittels elektrisch-optischen Wandlern dem Licht aufmoduliert werden können, müssen die Impulse verstärkt werden, um eine ausreichend starke abgegebene Lichtleistung für die Übertragung zu erhalten. So genannte E/O-Wandler können optische Sender wie LEDs oder Laserdioden sein. Für komplexere Verfahren werden jedoch externe Modulatoren, die den optischen Sendern nachgeschaltet sind, verwendet.  Als optische Sender werden für kleinere Übertragungsstrecken LEDs verwendet, da sie wesentlich billiger und einfacher zu beschalten sind als Halbleiterlaserdioden. Ihr Nachteil liegt darin, dass LEDs Flächenstrahler sind, d. h., sie strahlen ungerichtetes Licht aus. Deshalb sind sie für eine Weitverkehrsübertragung mit Singlemode-Fasern nicht geeignet. Halbleiterlaser werden dagegen heute in Systemen eingesetzt, die eine Übertragungsrate von mehr als 1 Gbit/s benötigen, oder wenn ein Weitverkehrsnetz betrieben werden soll. Sie haben gegenüber der LED den Vorteil, dass sie Kantenstrahler sind, senden dadurch nur auf einer Schwingungsebene und können wegen ihrer technischen Funktionsweise geringere Schaltzeiten und damit eine wesentlich größere Bandbreite erreichen. Doch stellten gerade Laser zur damaligen Zeit noch ein großes Problem dar, sie waren sehr temperaturempfindlich und hatten dadurch eine nur sehr geringe Lebensdauer. Ein Großteil der Forschung in der Optoelektronik konzentrierte sich in den Folgejahren auf den Laserbereich. Noch 1974 bezeichnete Börner in einem Fachreferat das Problem der Lebensdauer als ungelöst, es würden typischerweise nur 1000 Stunden pro Bauteil erreicht. Er betonte aber auch, dass eine Optimierung der Temperatur- und Spannungseinflüsse zum Erfolg führen könnte.  In seinem Patent gibt Börner auch keinerlei konkrete Methode zur Einstrahlung des Laserlichts in die Faser an. Erste Steckertypen entstanden Mitte der 1970er Jahre und gegen Ende jenes Jahrzehnts wurde mit dem F-SMA der erste Typ von der IEC international standardisiert.

Übertragungsmedium und Verstärker
Im Unterschied zu anderen Lösungsansätzen anderer Forschungsgruppen verwendete Börner keinen innenverspiegelten Hohlleiter und er versuchte auch nicht, optische Signale über die Luft zu übertragen. Er entwickelte ein System, das auf Glasfasern, sogenannten Lichtwellenleitern aufbaut. Diese können im Gegensatz zu Hohlleitern relativ unkompliziert in beliebigen Kurven und Bahnen verlegt werden und sind durch ihren geringen Durchmesser von ca. 250 µm sehr platzsparend. Der Lichtwellenleiter wurde erst 1960 durch die Erfindung des Lasers für informationstechnische Aufgaben interessant, da hierdurch der enorme Lichtverlust, welcher bei normaler Lichteinstrahlung (siehe auch Numerische Apertur) in eine Glasfaser auftritt, durch die gebündelte Einstrahlung und ausnutzen der Totalreflexion wegfiel. Börner nutzte die bis dahin gemachten technischen Entwicklungen und vereinte sie zum ersten "optoelektronischen Lichtwellenleiter-System". In seinem Patentantrag beschreibt er zwei grundsätzlich verschiedene Arten von Lichtwellenleitern. Der von Börner so bezeichnete "Lichtwellen-Mod-Faserleiter" ist heute besser bekannt unter dem Namen Singlemode- oder Monomodefaser. Dieser Fasertyp ist bis heute der technisch hochwertigste und in der Herstellung anspruchsvollste Fasertyp. Durch den geringen Kerndurchmesser von 9 µm ist sichergestellt, dass sich in ihm keine weiteren Lichtmoden ausbreiten. Die zweite Art, die er in seinem Patent aufführt, sind "Lichtwellen-Intensitäts-Fasern". In diesen Fasern, welche heute einen Kerndurchmesser von meist 62,5 µm oder 50 µm aufweisen und als Multimode-Fasern bezeichnet werden, breiten sich mehrere Moden aus, so dass beim Empfänger eine Mischung verschiedener Wellentypen ankommt. Diese Fasern haben allgemeinen eine stärkere Impulsverformung und eine größere Dämpfung. Börner sah den Einsatzzweck dieser preisgünstigeren Fasern in Bereichen, wo ohnehin eine größere Verzweigungsdichte von Verstärkern herrschen müsse, um Abzweigungen zu schaffen. Dort würde sich die Impulsverformung auf kurzen Distanzen weniger bemerkbar machen. Heute werden Multimodefasern größtenteils nur noch auf Firmengeländen oder innerhalb von Gebäuden verwendet.

Da in beiden Faserarten Dämpfung und Impulsverformung auftritt, entwickelte Börner ein Verstärkersystem. Es besteht aus einem Empfängermodul, einem Regenerator und einem Sendemodul. Der Regenerator nimmt die verformten Impulse, die noch als solche zu erkennen sind, auf und bildet daraus frische Impulse. Diese werden im Sendemodul wieder verstärkt und mit Halbleiterlasern in die 300 Fasern der Mehrfaserleitung eingespeist. Heutige Verstärker, wie sie zum Beispiel in interkontinentalen Seekabeln eingesetzt werden, sind ausschließlich rein optische Verstärker, welche die optischen Signale nicht zuerst wieder in elektrische Signale umwandeln, sondern lediglich das optische Signal auffrischen und neu formen. In LAN-Rechnernetzen, die aus Lichtwellenleiter-Strecken bestehen, werden auch heute noch Verstärker, die nach Börners Prinzip arbeiten, eingesetzt. Da Verstärker elektrische Energie benötigen, ist es gerade in großen Mehrfachleitungen wie etwa Seekabeln unabdingbar, Kupferdrähte oder Kupferummantelungen für die Energieversorgung mitzuführen.

Empfangstechnik
Die Empfangstechnik wird von Börner nicht direkt beschrieben. Aus der Beschreibung der Funktionsweise des Verstärkers ist erkennbar, dass die ersten drei Bauteile des Verstärkers, die Photodiode, Verstärker und Impulsregenerator, dem Empfängermodul entsprechen. Börner geht in seinem System davon aus, dass ein Signal bzw. die Lichtintensität nach einer Strecke von mehreren Hundert Metern ohne Zwischenverstärkung noch groß genug ist, damit Empfänger es als solches noch identifizieren können. Damit ist gemeint, dass die durch Dämpfung geschwächten und durch Dispersion in die Breite verformten Impulse an Intensität verloren haben, aber das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis am Impulsregenerator immer noch groß genug ist um ein Signal vom Rauschen der Photodioden und Verstärker zu unterscheiden. Photodioden sind lichtempfindliche Halbleiterelemente die auftreffendes Licht in einen elektronischen Stromfluss umwandeln. Die in Form von Lichtimpulsen auftreffenden Signale werden so in einen elektrischen Impuls umgeformt. Da die Lichtintensität beim Empfang jedoch nur noch sehr gering ist, entstehen schwache elektrische Signale, die von einem nachgeschalteten Verstärker wieder aufgefrischt werden und die Signalimpulse wieder neu geformt werden. Was mit den immer noch digitalen Signalen am Empfänger geschieht, wird von Börner bewusst nicht mehr erwähnt. Je nach Anwendungsart werden die Signale dort digital weiterverarbeitet oder mit einem Demodulationsverfahren wieder in das ursprüngliche analoge Signale umgeformt, wie zum Beispiel bei einer analogen Telefonverbindung.

Entwicklung der optischen Kommunikation
Die optische Datenübertragung in Form von Glasfasertechnik musste sich zunächst gegenüber dem bewährten elektrischen System auf Kupferbasis profilieren und sich mit diesem vergleichen lassen. So dauerte es noch über ein Jahrzehnt, bis das 1965 auf Laborbasis erforschte Glasfasersystem die Marktreife erlangen konnte. Der Kupferleiter war daher zunächst weitere Jahre erste Wahl im Bereich der festverbundenen Datenübertragung. Diesen Sachverhalt beschrieb Manfred Börner 1976 in einem Artikel mit den Worten:

Es entfaltete sich ab den 1960er Jahren ein Wettrennen der Forschung in verschiedensten Bereichen der Optoelektronik. Die beiden wichtigsten waren wohl die Glasfaserforschung an sich und die Lasertechnik. 1970 wurden am "Joffe-Institut" in St. Petersburg zum ersten Mal Laserdioden kontinuierlich bei Raumtemperatur betrieben. Im selben Jahr präsentierte die Firma Corning das erste verlustarme Glasfaserkabel, kurz darauf konnte Charles K.Kao von der ITT in England ein Kabel mit einer Übertragungsrate von damals schon 100 Mbit/s entwickeln. 1973 konterte Corning mit einem Kabel von 2 dB/km Dämpfung, dieser Wert konnte bis 1979 auf 0,7 dB/km verringert werden. Im Jahre 1976 wurde ein nur 1,27 cm dickes Glasfaserkabel vorgestellt, welches 144 einzelne Glasfasern beinhaltete. Über dieses Kabel konnten für damalige Verhältnisse unvorstellbare 50.000 Telefongespräche abgewickelt werden, entwickelt wurde es von den damals auch in der Laserforschung stark vertretenen Bell-Laboratories. Gegen Ende der 1970er Jahre war dann auch die Lasertechnik mit einer Lebensdauer von einigen 1000 Stunden so weit, dass überall auf der Welt erste kommerzielle Versuchsstrecken aufgebaut wurden. Im April 1977 war die "General Telephone and Electronics" aus Kalifornien das erste Unternehmen, welches Telefonverbindungen über eine Glasfaser mit 6 Mbit/s abwickelte. Erste Versuche in Deutschland wurden 1978 von der Deutschen Bundespost auf einer Strecke von 4,3 km mit 34 Mbit/s durchgeführt.  Von diesem Zeitpunkt an war die optische Datenübertragung auf dem Vormarsch und schon wenige Jahre später hatten sämtliche Industrienationen Glasfaserverbindungen für ihre Weitverkehrsnetze installiert. 1986 wurde mit dem letzten großen Meilenstein dann auch der Bereich der Seekabel erschlossen, am 30. Oktober ging damals eine Glasfaserverbindung durch den Ärmelkanal in Betrieb.

Stand der Technik in der optischen Freiraumkommunikation

Optische Freiraumkommunikation wurde neben rein terrestrischer Anwendung bereits für den Einsatz auf Satelliten erprobt.

Optische Inter-Satelliten-Verbindungen
 Artemis-Spot-4 (50 Mbps, Artemis seit 2001)
 Artemis-OICETS (50 Mbps)
 TerraSAR-X (Start 2007, 5,6 Gbps)

Downlinks von Satelliten
 Artemis – ESA-OGS (50 Mbps), Teneriffa, Spanien
 OICETS – DLR-OGS (50 Mbps), Oberpfaffenhofen, Deutschland
 OICETS – NICT-OGS (50 Mbps), Japan

Weblinks
 www.dlr.de
 Optical Communication Group DLR
 Optical Communication Group JPL
 Capanina Stratospheric Balloon – OGS (DLR) (1.25Gbps)
 Interaktive Darstellung einer kohärenten optischen Übertragung

Literatur
 Gerhard Schiffner: Optische Nachrichtentechnik. Teubner, 2005, ISBN 3-519-00446-1.
 Manfred Börner, Gert Trommer: Lichtwellenleiter. Teubner, 1989, ISBN 3-519-00116-0.
 Volkmar Brückner: Elemente optischer Netze. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8348-1034-2

Einzelnachweise

Nachrichtentechnik
Visuelle Kommunikation


text:
Can a lawyer represent me at a university misconduct hearing?
Students that have found themselves subject to misconduct proceedings at their university, frequently ask for the right to be legally represented at their misconduct hearing. Universities are often reluctant to allow this, with many stating that any attendee at the hearing other than the defending student is solely there in a silent support capacity, with some extending this to only permitting other students registered with that university to act in this capacity. This effectively puts the onus on the defending student to speak and answer on their own behalf and restricts the lawyer's ability to act as an advocate.
However, the question of a student's right to legal representation at these hearings has recently been tested through the courts in AB v The University of XYZ (Rev 1) [2020] EWHC 2978 (QB)
The student in the above case was a student studying at a Russell group university, for privacy purposes this is referred to as "University XYZ." Whilst studying abroad on an Erasmus exchange programme, the student found himself accused of sexual assault. This complaint was subsequently raised with the university who carried out an investigation as per their internal disciplinary process. The student was invited to a disciplinary committee to consider the allegation against him.
Upon receipt of the invite to the disciplinary committee, the student's legal representative requested to attend, but they were informed that should they attend the hearing, this would only be in a support capacity and not one of an advocate.
Following the hearing, the allegations were found proven, and the student was permanently excluded from the university. The student then raised several complaints against the university for breach of contract, including for a refusal to be allowed legal representation.
Court Decision
Considering all the factors of the case, the court found that there was an implied contractual right that these proceedings would be fair and consistent with natural justice. The judge stated that "Although both the 2018 and 2019 Regulations appear to provide for a student to be accompanied by someone rather than represented by them, those provisions do not exclude the need to ensure "natural justice" and so need to be read in light of the overriding duty to ensure "natural justice", and as such legal representation could be required when that was necessary for fairness.
The judge went on to consider the criteria set out in ex p Tarrant [1985] QB 251 and confirmed that the criteria set out in that case is still the best guidance when deciding if legal representation is required in a particular case, the factors to be considered are:
The seriousness of the charge;
Whether any points of law are likely to arise;
The capacity of the individual to understand the case against them;
Procedural difficulties;
The need to avoid delay;
The need for fairness between the student and those making the allegation.
In the circumstances of AB, the court found that it was unreasonable to deny legal representation given the seriousness of the allegation and the potential consequences that the student may suffer.
It is important to note that not every one of the above criteria must be satisfied, in AB not every criteria pointed towards the need for legal representation but rather a number of important factors did.
So can I have a lawyer?
Each case needs to be assessed on an individual basis against the criteria above. Universities seem to fear that the involvement of a legal representative on the student's behalf could cause the proceedings to become too adversarial, cause a power imbalance or worry that it would cause a potential delay.
Despite this, there are a number of benefits for the organisation, should a student instruct a lawyer. The process is less likely to be subject to appeal and challenge through the courts and the lawyer can in many cases act as a buffer between the student and those who have made the allegation. Particularly in cases involving sexual misconduct, the "seriousness" criteria ought to warrant a legal representative being able to make submissions to a panel.
The above case is an important reminder to universities that where there is an express contractual term regarding disciplinary processes, there is likely an implied term to ensure that process is handled fairly and in accordance with natural justice.
Whatever the circumstances, our team is happy to help students facing misconduct and/or fitness to practise investigations by their universities. Our experience in student misconduct inquiries shows that instructing us at the earliest opportunity gives us the best chance of affecting the result in your favour. Should the above criteria not allow representation at your hearing we can still help you to prepare for the hearing.
Please get in touch to see how we can best assist you.
Written by Ben Shellard
Ben joined Richard Nelson LLP in 2021 as a Legal Assistant and supports our criminal defence team and a range of other solicitors. He graduated from Nottingham Law School in September 2020 with a Bachelor's Degree in Law and is currently studying on the Masters of Laws and Legal Practice Course. Read more about Ben Shellard

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Mitochondria's Bacterial Origins Upended
Contrary to some hypotheses, the organelles did not descend from any known lineage of Alphaproteobacteria, researchers find.
Fibroblast cells with mitochondria shown in greenFLICKR, D. BURNETTE, J. LIPPINCOTT-SCHWARTZ/NICHDSince the 1970s, when researchers turned up similarities between DNA in eukaryotes' mitochondria and bacterial genomes, scientists have suspected that the organelles descended from symbionts that took up residence within larger cells. A diverse class of bacteria called Alphaproteobacteria soon emerged as a likely candidate for the evolutionary origins of mitochondria. But a new analysis, published today (April 25) in Nature, suggests that mitochondria are at best distant cousins to known alphaproteobacteria lineages, and not descendents as previously thought.
"We are still left hungry for the ancestor of mitochondria," says Puri Lopez-Garcia, a biologist at the University of Paris-South who was not involved in the study.
While it's generally agreed that Alphaproteobacteria includes the closest bacterial relatives of mitochondria, that relationship doesn't reveal much about how mitochondrial ancestors made a living or how they made the jump to acting as organelles. That's because "Alphaproteobacteria is a particularly diverse group of organisms in terms of kinds of metabolism," Lopez-Garcia explains. "You find more or less everything in there." Some studies have found genetic similarities between mitochondria and an order of alphaproteobacterial symbionts known as Rickettsiales, but other, free-living candidates have also emerged.
I do find myself with as many questions at the end of reading the paper as I did at the beginning of reading it, probably just different questions.
—James McInerney,
The question of where on the alphaproteobacteria family tree the mitochondrial ancestor fell has pestered study coauthor Thijs Ettema throughout his scientific career. "Now, with all the available data from all these new lineages in all sorts of environments, we thought we should just do one bold approach and see where this ends up," says Ettema, an evolutionary biologist at Uppsala University in Sweden.
Much of the genomic data he and colleagues used in their analysis came from the Tara Oceans dataset, which includes metagenomic sequences from microbes in ocean waters sampled from various depths. "For reasons that are not extremely clear . . . it seems that oceanic waters are extremely enriched for Alphaproteobacteria, and not just one species—it seems to be a whole array," Ettema explains. The datasets were "good and deep enough to make an effort to reconstruct near-complete genomes."
"They've done their analyses well," says evolutionary biologist Andrew Roger of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada, who was not involved in the study. For example, the researchers accounted for the fact that endosymbionts' genomes tend to get paired down over time, he explains, and they may lose DNA repair enzymes that fix copying errors that put in an A or a T for another nucleotide. If a substitution falls in a spot where it doesn't change the amino acid sequence coded for by the gene, it's likely to stick around, and thus the genomes of mitochondria or organisms such as Rickettsiales grow more AT-rich over time—which can make them seem more closely related than they really are.
One step the research team took to counter that bias was to compare not just the genes of Alphaproteobacteria and mitochondria, but the amino acid sequences of the proteins they produced. Indeed, the investigators found no close relationship between mitochondria and Rickettsiales, or, for that matter, any of the other sampled microbes. "Rather, our analyses indicate that mitochondria evolved from a proteobacterial lineage that branched off before the divergence of all sampled alphaproteobacteria," they write in their paper.
Tick cells infected with Rickettsia rickettsii, which causes Rocky Mountain spotted feverWIKIMEDIA, CDC"I do find myself with as many questions at the end of reading the paper as I did at the beginning of reading it, probably just different questions," evolutionary biologist James McInerney of the University of Nottingham tells The Scientist. McInerney coauthored a 2006 paper suggesting mitochondria should be grouped with Rickettsiales—an analysis he says was based on available data on Alphaproteobacteria that were much less robust than what exists today. While crediting the authors with a strong analysis, he finds the new study's outcome unsatisfying. Among the questions left open, he says, is what type of metabolism mitochondrial ancestors had—that is, how did they get their energy?
Another researcher left unsatisfied by the results is Ettema himself. His group plans to continue the search for the long-lost relatives of mitochondria by analyzing samples from non-ocean environments. "It might be that they're extinct and we're looking for something that might no longer exist," he concedes. "Personally, I'm convinced that we'll find something that will, in the end, be more informative about the origin of mitochondria."
J. Martijin et al., "Deep mitochondrial origin outside the sampled alphaproteobacteria," Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0059-5, 2018.
bacterial evolution
endosymbionts
ocean microbes
phylogenetics
Infographic: Selective Autophagy
From Little Things Big Things Grow
The Role of DNA Base Modifications
Parasitologist, Reprogrammed: A Profile of David Roos


text:
Training League
CYC League
High School League
Referees/Staff
Leagues / High School League
The St. Alban Roe High School Basketball League continues to provide parish and community high school students with a faith based recreational basketball league. This league requires that all players follow the league rules and play as a team player. If any player is not willing to follow those rules, they will be asked to sit out for a week to think about it. If the actions continue they will be asked to leave the program
High School Director
Eric Kvam
Eric.Kvam@concur.com
Sign Ups for the upcoming Fall/Winter St. Alban Roe Recreational High School Basketball League (Grades 9-12) are on-line from Oct 1 - Oct 31. The cost will be $100 per player, but will be increased to $120 after Oct 31st. Players must specify their team captain and game jersey size as part of registration. Players without a team can contact eric.kvam@concur.com and I will try to connect you with a team.
Program Links
High School Code of Conduct
High School League Rules
Games will begin the first week of December and be played Saturday and Sunday nights at either 6:30, 7:30, or 8:30 pm. Each team will have a 1 hour practice time each week and 8 league games. The cost is $100 per player and includes a game t-shirt. Space is limited so please contact eric.kvam@concur.com or 636-236-4237 if you are interested in sponsoring a team.
Sign Ups for the upcoming Fall/Winter St. Alban Roe Recreational High School Basketball League (Grades 9-12) are on-line from Sept 1 - Oct 31. The cost will be $100 per player, but will be increased to $120 after Oct 31st. Players who make the high school basketball team will have registration fees refunded. Players must specify their team captain as part of registration, but if you don't have a team we will try to place you with a team.
Copyright 2019 by St. Alban Roe Athletics Association : Terms Of Use : Privacy Statement


text:
Q: Fail Deploy the Java Web Project using Docker [no main manifest attribute] I am building a website using Spring  MVC. Now I am trying to deploy the project using Docker. By deploying the jar file.
I have try this in my terminal:
sudo docker build -t springmvc:1.0 .

And this is the result:
Sending build context to Docker daemon  44.25MB
Step 1/3 : FROM java:8
 ---> d23bdf5b1b1b
Step 2/3 : COPY mavenspringmvc.jar /home/mavenspringmvc.jar
 ---> Using cache
 ---> d82a8a4083b2
Step 3/3 : CMD ["java", "-jar", "/home/mavenspringmvc.jar"]
 ---> Using cache
 ---> 280a69737e48
Successfully built 280a69737e48
Successfully tagged springmvc:1.0

And this is the content of Dockerfile:
FROM java:8
COPY mavenspringmvc.jar /home/mavenspringmvc.jar
CMD ["java", "-jar", "/home/mavenspringmvc.jar"]

I tried this syntax:
sudo docker run -it -p8080:8080 springmvc:1.0

And the error appeared:
no main manifest attribute, in /home/mavenspringmvc.jar

This is my pom.xml file:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>com.converter</groupId>
  <artifactId>maven-springmvc</artifactId>
  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <packaging>jar</packaging>

  <name>maven-springmvc Maven Webapp</name>
  <!-- FIXME change it to the project's website -->
  <url>http://www.example.com</url>

  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <maven.compiler.source>1.7</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>1.7</maven.compiler.target>

    <java-version>1.7</java-version>
    <org.springframework-version>4.1.1.RELEASE</org.springframework-version>
  </properties>

  <dependencies>
    <!--dependency-->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>junit</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
      <version>3.8.1</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
      <artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
      <version>1.7.21</version>
    </dependency>

    <!--j2ee, servlet、jsp、jstl-->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
      <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
      <version>3.1.0</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
      <artifactId>jsp-api</artifactId>
      <version>2.2</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
      <artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
      <version>1.2</version>
    </dependency>

    <!--mysql-->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>mysql</groupId>
      <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
      <version>5.1.35</version>
    </dependency>

    <!--springframework-->
    <!-- Spring Framework -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
      <version>5.0.4.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
      <version>5.0.4.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
      <version>5.0.4.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>
      <version>5.0.4.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
      <version>5.0.4.RELEASE</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
      <version>5.0.4.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>

    <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-orm -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-orm</artifactId>
      <version>5.0.7.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>

    <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.hibernate/hibernate-core -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
      <artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
      <version>5.3.2.Final</version>
    </dependency>

    <!--apache.commons-->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId>
      <version>3.4</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-fileupload</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-fileupload</artifactId>
      <version>1.3.1</version>
    </dependency>

    <!--Servlet-Api -->
    <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/javax.servlet/javax.servlet-api -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
      <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
      <version>4.0.0</version>
      <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>

    <!--additional for uplaod-->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
      <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
      <version>3.1.0</version>
      <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
      <artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp-api</artifactId>
      <version>2.3.1</version>
      <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-dbcp2</artifactId>
      <version>2.0</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-fileupload</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-fileupload</artifactId>
      <version>1.3.1</version>
    </dependency>

    <!-- File Upload Dependencies -->

    <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
      <version>2.5</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId>
      <artifactId>gson</artifactId>
      <version>2.8.4</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.activation</groupId>
      <artifactId>activation</artifactId>
      <version>1.1.1</version>
    </dependency>

  </dependencies>

  <build>
    <finalName>maven-springmvc</finalName>
    <plugins>
      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
        <configuration>
          <source>8</source>
          <target>8</target>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>

      <plugin>
        <!-- Build an executable JAR -->
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>3.1.0</version>
        <configuration>
          <archive>
            <manifest>
              <addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
              <classpathPrefix>lib/</classpathPrefix>
              <mainClass>com.converter</mainClass>
            </manifest>
          </archive>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>

      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>1.2.5.RELEASE</version>
        <executions>
          <execution>
            <goals>
              <goal>repackage</goal>
            </goals>
          </execution>
          <execution>
            <id>docker-build</id>
            <phase>package</phase>
            <goals>
              <goal>build</goal>
            </goals>
          </execution>
        </executions>
      </plugin>
    </plugins>
    <resources>
      <!--Said that the java directory under the relevant xml file, properties file compile / package when placed in the resource directory-->
      <resource>
        <directory>${basedir}/src/main/java</directory>
        <includes>
          <include>**/*.properties</include>
          <include>**/*.xml</include>
        </includes>
      </resource>
      <resource>
        <directory>${basedir}/src/main/resources</directory>
      </resource>
    </resources>
    <pluginManagement><!-- lock down plugins versions to avoid using Maven defaults (may be moved to parent pom) -->
      <plugins>
        <!--Servlet container jetty plugin-->
        <plugin>
          <groupId>org.eclipse.jetty</groupId>
          <artifactId>jetty-maven-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>9.3.10.v20160621</version>
        </plugin>
        <plugin>
          <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
          <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
          <configuration>
            <source>1.6</source>
            <target>1.6</target>
          </configuration>
        </plugin>
        <plugin>
          <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
          <executions>
            <execution>
              <goals>
                <goal>repackage</goal>
              </goals>
            </execution>
          </executions>
          <configuration>
            <executable>false</executable>
          </configuration>
        </plugin>
      </plugins>
    </pluginManagement>
  </build>
</project>

The question is how to solve this problem? So that, I can deploy the project using Docker?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Tianqi Finco Co., Ltd
Tianqi Lithium Corporation
Credit Opinion: Tianqi Lithium Corporation: Update following rating downgrade
Credit Opinion: Tianqi Lithium Corporation: Update following ratings placed under review for downgrade
Rating Action: Moody's assigns Ba2 CFR to Tianqi Lithium and withdraws Baa3 issuer rating; outlook negative
Rating Action: Moody's reviews Tianqi Lithium's Baa3 ratings for downgrade
Announcement: Moody's: Tianqi Lithium's ratings unaffected by proposed rights issue
Moody's assigns first-time Baa3 issuer rating to Tianqi Lithium Corporation; outlook stable
Hong Kong, November 14, 2017 -- Moody's Investors Service has assigned a first-time Baa3 issuer rating to Tianqi Lithium Corporation.
At the same time, Moody's has assigned a Baa3 senior unsecured rating to the proposed bonds to be issued by Tianqi Finco Co., Ltd -- an indirectly wholly owned subsidiary of Tianqi Lithium -- based on the unconditional and irrevocable guarantee provided by Tianqi Lithium.
The ratings outlook is stable.
The bond rating reflects Moody's expectation that Tianqi Lithium will complete the bond issuance upon satisfactory terms and conditions, including proper registrations with the National Development and Reform Commission and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in China (A1 stable).
The proceeds from the proposed issuance will be used for Tianqi Lithium's general corporate purposes.
"Tianqi Lithium's Baa3 issuer rating reflects the positive demand outlook for lithium chemicals products, the company's strong position in the lithium chemicals industry, and its robust profitability and low leverage that reflects in turn its prudent financial management," says Gerwin Ho, a Moody's Vice President and Senior Analyst.
Counterbalancing these strengths, Tianqi Lithium's Baa3 rating considers its product concentration in lithium minerals and lithium chemicals with limited revenue scale and its exposure to regulatory risks.
Tianqi Lithium benefits from its leading positions in the lithium minerals and lithium chemicals markets. With its predecessor established in 1995, the company has extensive experience and a long track record in the lithium chemicals industry.
It also owns and has access to high quality lithium minerals, a characteristic which benefits its lithium chemicals business by providing upstream vertical integration. Tianqi Lithium owns 51% of a lithium mine in Greenbushes in Australia. It is one of largest spodumene -- a type of solid lithium mineral -- mines in the world, with high quality lithium deposits and is the company's core source of lithium minerals supply. The US specialty chemicals company, Albemarle Corporation (Baa2 stable), holds the remaining 49% stake in the mine.
At the same time, continued growth in demand for rechargeable batteries used in electric vehicles, computers, communications equipment and consumer electronics and energy storage will likely support sustained growth in lithium chemicals over the next 3-5 years.
Based on the positive demand outlook and Tianqi Lithium's leading market positions, Moody's expects that the company's revenue will grow about 10% to 12% year-on-year in 2018 and 2019, driven by a rise in sales volumes and supported by capacity expansion.
Tianqi Lithium's profitability is robust. The company's adjusted EBITDA margin improved to 70% in 2016 from 33% in 2014, driven by strong demand for its lithium chemicals products, its integrated business model, and its large production scale.
Moody's expects that Tianqi Lithium's adjusted EBITDA margin will improve to about 80% over the next 12-18 months, driven by continued strong demand for its lithium chemicals products. This level of profitability is strong for its Baa3 rating.
Tianqi Lithium's robust profitability and prudent financial policies have resulted in low financial leverage and positive free cash flow generation. While Moody's expects debt leverage — as measured by debt/EBITDA — to rise to about 2.0x in 2017 from 1.6x in 2016, as the company prefunds its capacity expansion during 2017-2019, leverage will likely improve to below 2.0x in 2018 as EBITDA rises. Such a leverage level is strong for its Baa3 rating.
On the other hand, the company's product concentration in lithium minerals and chemicals exposes it to volatility in product prices and demand levels — driven by changes in the supply and demand balance — and constrains its revenue scale. Its product concentration risk, however, is mitigated by the diverse range of end-markets for its offerings, which span the consumer and capital goods markets.
Tianqi Lithium is also exposed to regulatory risks relating to: (1) mining and chemicals production safety that could affect its production and costs; (2) international trade and taxation; and (3) the promotion of new energy vehicles (NEV), and potential changes in government subsidies that could affect NEV demand and sales levels.
In Tianqi Lithium's rating, Moody's also considers proceedings relating to Tianqi Lithium's subsidiary Talison Lithium Pty Ltd, which owns and operates Tianqi Lithium's Greenbushes lithium mine in Australia. In July 2017, Global Advanced Metals Pty Ltd (GAM) commenced proceedings against Talison Lithium for failing to obtain prior written consent from GAM for Talison Lithium's expansion plans.
According to disclosure from Tianqi Lithium's 1H 2017 interim report, GAM's proceedings do not affect Tianqi Lithium's existing lithium minerals operations in Greenbushes.
Moody's also notes that the lithium minerals and lithium chemicals industries are evolving rapidly in response to growing demand. As a result, companies in these industries, including Tianqi Lithium, are exposed to event risks relating to investments, acquisitions and technological advances.
Moody's expects Tianqi Lithium will demonstrate its extensive experience in the lithium chemicals industry and prudent financial management when facing such event risks. Deviations from our expectation will pressure Tianqi Lithium's ratings.
Tianqi Lithium's liquidity position is adequate. Its cash of RMB2.3 billion at end-June 2017, short-term principal protected investments of RMB100 million and expected operating cash flow over the next 12 months will be sufficient to cover its short-term debt of RMB2.2 billion, dividend payments and capital expenditure over the same period.
Tianqi Lithium's issuer rating is not affected by subordination to claims at the operating company level, because the latter are not seen as material, especially as we expect the majority of claims will remain at the holding company.
The stable rating outlook reflects Moody's expectation that Tianqi Lithium will: (1) maintain its leading position in the lithium chemicals industry; (2) continue to grow its revenue scale and show strong profitability; and (3) demonstrate prudent financial management, as characterized by low leverage, good liquidity, and disciplined capital expenditure and acquisitions.
Upward rating pressure could arise, if Tianqi Lithium: (1) expands its revenue scale and maintains or improves its market position; (2) diversifies its product and customer exposures; and (3) improves its cash flow and maintains prudent financial management, with debt/EBITDA below 1.5x on a sustained basis.
On the other hand, downward rating pressure could emerge, if the company shows that: (1) it cannot expand its revenue scale; (2) its profitability weakens meaningfully; and (3) its liquidity or credit profile deteriorates, such that its adjusted debt/EBITDA exceeds 2.5-2.75x on a sustained basis.
The principal methodology used in these ratings was Global Chemical Industry Rating Methodology published in December 2013. Please see the Rating Methodologies page on www.moodys.com for a copy of this methodology.
Headquartered in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, Tianqi Lithium Corporation is a leading lithium chemicals producer that mines, makes and sells lithium minerals and lithium chemicals. The company owns a 51% stake in a lithium mine in Greenbushes in Australia.
Tianqi Lithium's revenue reached RMB3.9 billion in 2016.
Tianqi Lithium was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2010, and was 35.8% owned by Chengdu Tianqi Industry Group Co., Ltd. at end-June 2017.
The first name below is the lead rating analyst for this Credit Rating and the last name below is the person primarily responsible for approving this Credit Rating.
Gerwin Ho
Moody's Investors Service Hong Kong Ltd.
24/F One Pacific Place
88 Queensway
China (Hong Kong S.A.R.)
JOURNALISTS: 852 3758 1350
Client Service: 852 3551 3077
Gary Lau
MD - Corporate Finance


text:
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed | The Movie (All Cutscenes Only)
November 12, 2019 December 23, 2021 Lisa Clark other starwars games
Here's an oldie but goodie for you! This video from The Gaming Library from back in 2017 has all the cutscenes of Star Wars: The Force Unleashed. There's an explanation below of what it is and why they did it. And then you can get right to the video if you've never seen it for yourself.
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed completely re-imagines the scope and scale of the Force to epic proportions. Players are cast into the role of Darth Vader's secret apprentice, Starkiller, who has been trained to hunt down and destroy Jedi. During his quest, Starkiller will ally himself with a most unlikely set of heroes and be forced to make decisions that could change the course of his destiny and set events in motion that will forever shape the galaxy!
This is a cutscene only video with no gameplay. We know some people don't care about anything that happens in between, so we decided to start posting this as an option as well as an option from the regular game movies on the main channel or the episodes here
It's almost an hour-long so grab the popcorn and snacks and give it a watch. If you played The Force Unleashed, or if you're just a Star Wars (and Star Wars game) fan, then it's a fun watch.
It is such a wonderful story of Starkiller! I really, really want to see a movie about Starkiller now. Can you imagine how good that would be?
Lisa Clark
Lisa has been an avid gamer since she was old enough to hold her first controller and a game writer for more than a decade. A child of the Nintendo generation, she believes they just don't make games like they used to but sometimes, they make them even better! While consoles will always be her first love, Lisa spends most of her gaming time on the PC these days- on MMOs and first-person shooters in particular.
How to Gear Up at Level 75 in SWTOR
Star Wars: The old Republic Nearing $1 Billion in Lifetime Revenue


At Dutch Passion we aim to keep up with the latest genetics, and our North American network have supplied a real high fidelity offering: the result of our latest project is HiFi 4G. It involves some great genetics from WiFi OG and our prize winning resin-drenched Glueberry OG!
This THC-rich feminised seed variety combines a creative feel-good high with top quality mental anaesthesia.
Harvests are easy with this uncomplicated variety, she is simple to grow under a wide range of grow conditions.
A great terpene profile, vigorous growth and a thick coat of glistening trichomes makes this XL yielding plant perfect for concentrate producers and extractions.


text:
The Conversion of Saul
(Acts 22:6–16; 26:12–18)
10 Now there was a disciple in Damascus named Ananias. The Lord said to him in a vision, "Ananias." He answered, "Here I am, Lord." 11 The Lord said to him, "Get up and go to the street called Straight, and at the house of Judas look for a man of Tarsus named Saul. At this moment he is praying, 12 and he has seen in a visiona a man named Ananias come in and lay his hands on him so that he might regain his sight." 13 But Ananias answered, "Lord, I have heard from many about this man, how much evil he has done to your saints in Jerusalem; 14 and here he has authority from the chief priests to bind all who invoke your name." 15 But the Lord said to him, "Go, for he is an instrument whom I have chosen to bring my name before Gentiles and kings and before the people of Israel; 16 I myself will show him how much he must suffer for the sake of my name." 17 So Ananias went and entered the house. He laid his hands on Saulb and said, "Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus, who appeared to you on your way here, has sent me so that you may regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit." 18 And immediately something like scales fell from his eyes, and his sight was restored. Then he got up and was baptized, 19 and after taking some food, he regained his strength.


text:
Hans-Hartwig Trojer (Birthähn, Zevenburgen, Transsylvanië, 22 januari, 1916 - Noord-Atlantische Oceaan, 27 september 1943), was een Kapitänleutnant in de Kriegsmarine tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. In zijn vijf oorlogspatrouilles was hij bijzonder succesvol, vooral tijdens de aanval op konvooi SC-104. In totaal bracht hij 77.545 ton aan scheepsruimte tot zinken.

Persoonlijke informatie
Hans-Hartwig Trojer begon zijn carrière bij de Duitse Marine in april 1936. Hij was toen lid van het zogenaamde "Olympisch Team". Omdat hij was geboren in Transsylvanië, Roemenië, kreeg hij al snel de bijnaam "Graaf Dracula" van zijn kameraden. In oktober 1938 trad hij in dienst bij de U-bootstrijdmacht en bracht de eerste twee jaren van de oorlog door als wachtofficier op de U-34 en de U-67. Na het voltooien van zijn U-bootcommando-opleiding, kreeg Trojer het bevel over de schoolboot U-3. Trojer werd bevorderd tot Oberleutnant-zur-See. In maart 1942 kreeg hij de opdracht voor een werkelijke oorlogspatrouille met de U-221. Hij werd toegewezen met zijn nieuwe commando met de Type VIIC-boot, de U-221. Op 3 september 1942 vertrok hij vanuit Kristiansand, Noorwegen, naar zijn nieuwe Franse basis St. Nazaire, waar hij na 50 patrouilledagen, op 22 oktober aankwam.

Trojer bracht zes schepen voor een totaal van 29.682 BRT tot zinken op zijn eerste oorlogspatrouille en hij en zijn bemanning verdienden een vermelding en werden vernoemd in het Wehrmachtsbericht. Op zijn derde patrouille werd Trojer met een radiobericht gemeld dat hij het Ridderkruis van het IJzeren Kruis zou ontvangen. Op 1 april 1943 ontving hij een bevordering tot Kapitänleutnant. Hans-Hartwig Trojer werd echter gedood toen de U-221 tot zinken werd gebombardeerd met alle hens nog aan boord, door een aanval van een Britse Handley Page Halifax-bommenwerper, ten zuiden van Ierland op 27 september 1943. Hans-Hartwig Trojer was 27 jaar toen hij sneuvelde...

U-boot - Vertrek en Aankomst
 1. U-221 - 1 sep. 1942: Kiel - 2 sep. 1942: Kristiansand: 2 dagen (Geen daadwerkelijke oorlogspatrouille)
 2. U-221 - 3 sep. 1942: Kristiansand - 22 okt. 1942: St. Nazaire: Patrouille van 50 dagen
 3. U-221 - 23 nov. 1942: St. Nazaire - 23 dec. 1942: St. Nazaire: Patrouille van 31 dagen
 4. U-221 - 27 feb. 1943: St. Nazaire - 28 maart 1943: St. Nazaire: Patrouille van 30 dagen
 5. U-221 - 3 mei 1943: St. Nazaire - 21 juli 1943: St. Nazaire: Patrouille van 80 dagen
 6. U-221 - 20 sep. 1943: St. Nazaire - 27 sep. 1943: (+) (Tot zinken gebracht na een patrouille van 8 dagen)
 5 oorlogspatrouilles: 199 dagen op zee

Successen
 11 schepen gezonken voor een totaal van 69.589 BRT
 10 oorlogsschepen verzonken voor een totaal van 759 ton
 1 schip beschadigd voor een totaal van 7.197 BRT
 Met een totaal van 77.545 ton aan scheepsruimte

Militaire loopbaan
 Offiziersanwärter: 3 april 1936
 Seekadett: 10 september 1936
 Fähnrich zur See: 1 mei 1937
 Oberfähnrich zur See: 1 juli 1938
 Leutnant zur See: 1 oktober 1938
 Oberleutnant Zur See: 1 oktober 1940
 Kapitänleutnant: 1 april 1943

Decoraties
 Ridderkruis van het IJzeren Kruis op 24 maart 1943 als Oberleutnant Zur See en Commandant van de U-221
 IJzeren Kruis 1939, 1e Klasse (5 augustus 1940)en 2e Klasse (7 februari 1940)
 Onderzeebootoorlogsinsigne 1939 op 12 november 1939
 Dienstonderscheiding van Leger en Marine voor (4 dienstjaren) in 1940
 Hij werd eenmaal genoemd in het Wehrmachtsbericht. Dat gebeurde op:
 14 oktober 1942

U-bootcommando
 U-3 - 3 juli 1941 - 2 maart 1942: (Geen oorlog patrouilles)
 U-221 - 9 mei 1942 - 27 september 1943 (+)
 5 oorlogspatrouilles (199 dagen * overleden tijdens deze patrouille)

Externe links
 Uboat.net: Hans-Hartwig Trojer
 Uboat.net: Konvooislag SC-104 - Hans-Hartwig Trojer

Trojer, Hans-Hartwig
Trojer, Hans-Hartwig

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Mongolia maintains rate after first meeting of new MPC
Mongolia's central bank kept its policy rate at 10.0 percent, saying the outlook for inflation is stable around the target level of 8 percent and economic growth is expected to pick up further.
The decision to maintain the rate comes after the Bank of Mongolia (BOM) slashed its key rate by 500 basis points since December 2016, including a 100 point cut in March when it also said it expected inflation to stabilize around its target level.
Despite the rising price of global oil prices, BOM said prices of some of its export commodities had been improving and this lead to a relatively stable outlook for the terms of trade.
The decision by BOM's monetary policy committee (MPC) comes after Mongolia's parliament approved a new central bank law that named the MPC as the official body that takes monetary policy decisions in a collective framework.
Decisions will now be made after meetings held in two phases, and the first meeting of the new committee took place on June 11, followed by a second meeting on June 15 in which economic conditions, the economic outlook and risks, and the monetary policy stance was discussed.
In its statement issued June 18, the central bank said the MPC set a ceiling on debt to income ratio for personal consumption credit issued by banks at 70 percent to prevent an accumulation of risk in the financial sector from a rapid acceleration of consumer credit and household debt.
The new 7-member committee includes four members that are appointed by the parliament for six-year terms. Previously, all members of the MPC were appointed by the governor of BOM.
The other three members of the MPC include the central bank's governor, the first deputy governor and the deputy governor of the BOM.
Mongolia's inflation rate rose slightly to 6.1 percent in May from 6.0 percent in April while economic activity has been accelerating in the first quarter as mining investments are continuing to expand and investor and consumer confidence has recovered.
Surges of imports, however, in tandem with higher exports may pose a downside risk to the balance of payments, BOM said.
Mongolia's economy was hit hard in 2016 when foreign investment collapsed following a fall in the prices of its major exports such as coal and copper.
In May 2017 the IMF and Mongolia agreed on a 3-year, $425 million loan as part of a total financing package worth $5.5 billion that was supported by Japan, Korea, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, the fourth-largest aid package in IMF history.
Since then commodity prices have been rising, with Mongolia's coal exports to China up as China has been closing its mines and banned the import of coal from North Korea.
Last month the IMF reached staff-level agreement on the fourth review of Mongolia's extended fund facility, releasing another US$434.3 million.
"Macro-economic performance under the program remains positive, with all quantitative targets met," the IMF said, adding fiscal results in the first quarter were much better than expected as revenues rose 21 percent and net international reserves rose by $200 million.
The exchange rate of the tugrik, which tumbled in the second half of 2016, has been relatively stable since September last year and was trading at 2,421 to the U.S. dollar today, unchanged from 2,422 at the start of this year.
Labels: Bank of Mongolia, Central Asia, Central Banking, Foreign Exchange, interest rates, Monetary Policy


Can you be taught to take powerful photographs?
Or is it something that only comes through learning to see light and landscapes in a very personal way?
We are featuring Scotland's best landscape photographers as part of a series. Eilidh Cameron, an ambassador for Visit Scotland, has been chasing Scotland's most beautiful views for many years. Here she shares her favourite images and an insight into how to progress your own landscape photography.
See our previous article with Colin Prior.
The second episode in the series – Somhairle Macdonald.
The third episode in the series – Eilidh Cameron.
The fifth episode in the series – David Russell.
My advice to anyone wanting to get into landscape photography would simply be to get out into the countryside and take photographs. People may disagree with me here but I believe that you can teach someone to use a camera but you can't teach someone to make a photo; that's something that's got to come naturally or be self taught with practice and experimentation.
What I mean by that is it's fairly easy to teach someone how to use the (aperture, shutter speed etc) settings on their camera and you can explain techniques like the rule of thirds for creating pleasing compositions but actually applying these techniques requires more than an expensive camera and an understanding of how the camera technically works, to make a good photo you need to have an eye for it.
Hence that is why I believe the best thing you can do is just go out and take loads of photos and practice, that way you'll learn what makes a good photo and what doesn't. Also by doing this you'll begin to understand how light, weather and time of day can totally change how the landscape photographs. But most importantly enjoy being out in the landscape making pictures and all the joy that comes with it as at the end of the day that's what is important.
This photograph of Jura was taken late January of this year from one of my favourite viewpoints in Argyll. I had hiked up the hill with the intention of capturing the surrounding landscape during Golden Hour however I was not expecting the conditions to be as good as this. About 10 minutes before sunset the sun slipped behind the clouds, I was happy with the shots I had taken so started packing up to leave but suddenly rays of light burst through the clouds and across the peaks of the Paps. It was truly a magnificent sight. This is my favourite photograph I've taken so far.
The making of this photo was down to sheer luck, I had been out for a walk one evening last summer and what seemed like out of nowhere the sky began to explode with colour and I just happened to be in the right place at the right time to capture it. It has to be the most dramatic sky I have ever seen.


Wayside Inspection Devices Inc. (WID) will be exhibiting at Innotrans for its second show. WID will be a part of the Québec-Canada Pavilion, booth at Hall 11, 2nd floor, stand 205.
WID has revealed a sneak-peek of one of the exciting new developments of the TBOGI technology to be released at Innotrans: data collected by the TBOGI wayside systems can now be accessed via iOS devices (iPads and iPhones) using a new dedicated app.
TBOGI is a wayside system installed next to the tracks, that measures the tracking geometry and stability of each wheelset and bogie that goes past. Each time the same bogie goes past the system, TBOGI tracks the degradation of these conditions, and points maintenance to the root causes.
"TBOGI is used by both freight and passenger railways to reduce derailments, reduce service interruptions, improve rail life, and improve wheel life," says Denis D'Aoust, President of WID. "We are excited to formally unveil the new iOS app at Innotrans."
"The standard method of interrogating data from wayside condition monitoring systems has been either desktop applications, or web browser-based interfaces," says Paul Bladon, VP business development of WID.
"TBOGI systems have always provided access via browser interfaces, and will continue to do so, but the iOS app is an innovation we are very proud of – I believe it is an industry first in this area."
"The iOS app will provide access to the data collected by TBOGI from anywhere; so can be queried in the office, on the road, or even during maintenance itself," Paul explains. "It also incorporates intelligent reporting options to help users target the root cause of issues, and to be able to extend maintenance windows. The app will provide users with actionable data – not just tables of raw data – so intervention and maintenance decisions can be made with greatest efficacy."
"The full feature set will be revealed at Innotrans, and we are excited to be able to announce the iOS innovation," Paul concluded. "We look forward to demonstrating it in details at Innotrans along with our other new developments."


text:
Cobra Transcript Interview with Prepare For Change Turkey
February 2, 2017 by Nova Biscotti
(Note from Summer Sun: Personally and on behalf of the Prepare for Change-Turkey group, I would like to thank you Cobra for taking the time and answering our questions. When my awakening started with a "dream" back when you did the second IS:IS Portal activation, I wasn't able to find much information online that would help me understand what was happening to me. The only place I found information that made sense was Cobra Portal. Reading your blog and especially listening to your interviews made such a big difference for me and helped me in the process of remembering the forgotten. So, thank you for doing these interviews. These interviews make such a big difference for us.
Below questions were prepared by PFC-Turkey group. We have asked our members on our Facebook group what questions they wanted to ask you. Many questions were sent, however. A lot of them had been answered in earlier interviews – so some had to be eliminated as we had too many questions. Given this, I would like to apologize to those group members who will not find their questions below.
Thank you again Cobra.)
Q1: As you might remember, there was a big earthquake on Aug 17th, 1999 where the epicenter of the earthquake was Golcuk, Turkey. This location was also where the biggest Turkish Naval Base was located at the time. I was personally one of the ones lived that earthquake and a lot of people I knew died there.
USGS instantly measured the earthquake as 8.3 according to the Richter scale, then in time they lowered it to 7.4 . It was huge and lasted more than 40 seconds causing the death of thousands of people.
Later, there were theories about H.A.A.R.P effect. Or it could be a deep underground tactical nuclear bomb like Fukushima.
What do you think? If it was not natural, what would be the purpose? Just a test or a threat for the Turkish government to convince them for doing an unacceptable act?
C: It was a natural earthquake which was a direct response to the opening of a cosmic portal on August 11th, 1999 and subsequent evacuation of the vast majority on non-incarnated humans from the astral plane to the motherships of the Galactic Confederation. Such intense events put a great stress upon the planetary energy grid and upon the tectonic plates. Actually, drastic cataclysms were expected globally for 1999 and only because of the intervention of the Light forces they did not happen.
Q2: USS Saratago (CV-60) fired two See Sparrow missiles in 1992 during a NATO drill and shut down TCG Muavenet (DM 357). After this event, there was no logical explanation as to why this happened. We all learned from mass media that it was an accident.
Do you have any information about the real reason behind this attack?
C: Communication mismatch in the chain of command.
Q3: Was Ottoman Empire a plan of the Cabal? And was the collapse of the empire also the plan of the Cabal? Can you give us a different perspective on the Ottoman history?
(link provided by C) http://www.schillerinstitute.org/conf-iclc/1990s/conf_feb_1994_brewda.html
Q4: Who is behind the terrorist attacks that have been happening in Turkey?
C: The Jesuits and several CIA factions
Q5: We were surprised to see that the Reina Night Club attack came right after Erdogan claimed that the US-led coalition had been supporting IS and the Islamist terrorists, and that they had proof of this claim.
So, was Reina Night Club attack a message to Erdogan?
C: Yes.
Q6: Have the nuclear weapons in Incirlik Base moved to Romania?
C: No.
Q7: We have seen that many US tanks have been transferred in Romania.
Is the US really getting ready for a war with Russia?
C: Certain hotheads yes, USA as a country no.
Q8: You sometimes talk about mystery schools, masonic lodges which included the members of the Brotherhood of the Star that located in Europe and elsewhere. We have not heard you mention any schools/lodges from Anatolia. Here in Turkey we grew up with the teachings of the mystics such as Mevlana Celaddiin-i Rumi, Shams of Tabriz, and Yunus Emre.
So were there such organizations in Anatolia? And were Mevlana Celaddiin-i Rumi, Shams of Tabriz, and Yunus Emre members of the Brotherhood of the Star? Were Rumi and Shams of Tabriz twin flames?
C: They were part of the Sufi tradition. Sufis have their own mystery school, not only in Anatolia but all across Middle East. Rumi and Shams of Tabriz are not twin souls.
Q9: Turkey, especially Anatolia is filled with ancient ruins, huge underground cities with circular heavy stone gates that can only be opened from inside. Recently, Gobekli Tepe has become well-known with 10,000+ year old remains that prove that the history of the humanity as it is told to us is not correct.
Can you tell the purpose of Gobekli Tepe? Who built/used these structures?
C: Gobekli Tepe was built by a civilization that survived the Atlantean flood.
Q10: Do you know any other significant information regarding the underground caverns and passageways under Urgup and Cappadoccia?
Were these underground cities used by reptilians or other races in time? Are they still used for different purposes?
And are these underground tunnels connected to other tunnels in the planet?
C: There is a huge network of undergorund tunnels that extends far beyond Anatolia. There are may layers of this tunnel system, some used by positive races and yes, some were used by the Reptilians. Deeper layers of the tunnels system are used by the Agartha Network and the Resistance.
Q11: Last year, people close to Isparta and Burdur heard low frequency sonic booms emanating from underground mostly at night, and observed some lights sync to those booms and these events lasted for one week. Then we heard rumors about the Pleiadians clearing out underground bases.
Is there any active underground reptile, draconian or secret program base in Anatolia? Especially close to Isparta and Burdur?
C: There was a secret underground military base near Isparta that was cleared.
Q12: On your Situation Update on March 25th, 2016 you wrote:
"Dragon sources have communicated that in the near future, Turkey may be the trigger for a short but intense military escalation just before the planetary breakthrough. If that happens, a mass meditation will be announced on this blog to counteract that."
Has this escalation happened? Were you referring to the coup?
C: That siutation has not happened yet and may be prevented.
Q13: Are there important goddess vortexes in Turkey? Can you talk about some of the goddesses and their roles in our history, may be about Aphrodite ,Artemis, Mother Goddess?
C: Catal Hoyuk and Sanliurfa are Goddess vortexes of planetary importance. Peaceful neolithic civilization in Anatolia was the source of the Goddess energy for the whole region. Ku-bi-le-ja (Cybele) is an ancient Anatolian Goddess:
(link provided by C) http://www.thewisemag.com/mystery/anatolia-the-land-of-goddesses/
Q14: Turkey is on a very important geopolitical place situated between east and west, Europe and Asia. Different spiritual sources state that Turkey also holds important key points spiritually.
What can you say about this? What is the role of Turkey in this cosmic shift period? Turkey never had a democratic social order and governance. Why do they want to suppress Turkey so much?
C: Turkey sits on an important Goddess vortex and that is the reason for suppression. You can study the neolithic history of Turkey, you will find interesting things and also the spiritual key for Turkey.
Q15: Was Mustafa Kemal Ataturk a member of the Sirian Mission? Was he poisoned by the Cabal?
C: He was not a member of the Sirian team.
Event Related Questions
Q16: Are there people specifically selected by the resistance ready in Turkey to take over for the interim government after the event?
C: It is not the highest purpose to answer this question.
Q17: Lately, some channeled messages from a group called "the Guardians" included information that some people will pass on during the Galactic Pulse because of the intense energies. Is this correct?
Q18: If we die before the Event, is it possible to get out of the quarantine and go home now? Has there been recent changes regarding this situation?
C: It is possbile, but very difficult. You would need to attain a vibrational frequency high enough. There are constant improvements of this situation taking place.
Q19: Can you talk about Archangels Uriel and Aurora? Are they incarnated as humans on the surface right now? What is their role before, during, and after the Event?
C: They are not incarnated. Uriel brings wisdom, Aurora anchors energies of the New Age
Q20: A few months ago, we saw some information in alternative news sites about a mysterious box found by the Saudis underground during a construction. The source claimed that the unusual events like crane collapse killing 107 people and the stampede that killed 717 happened in September 2015 was caused by this box. According to the article, Saudi's informed Putin about it and Putin sent Russian navy to take it to Antarctica. A speculation was made that the box contained Arc of Gabriel.
Is this true? If so what else can you say about this information?
Q21: Have the beings that were supposed to go to the Galactic Central Sun who hijacked one of the teleportation portals been caught yet? If not, if they will ever be caught? Can these beings take over the control of other planets if they are not captured?
C: Yes, most of them were caught. The rest will be caught soon.
Q22: Was the quarantine of our Solar System by the Light Forces temporarily breeched? Have the Light Forces entered into our Solar System arrived because it was realized that the Chimera found a way to escape? What will be the role of the Light Forces that have come to help? How much can they speed up the process of Compression Breakthrough?
C: The only thing I can say about this situtation is that it has been resolved
Q23: Why are Middle East and Africa the least developed places in the world? Why are these places so important that they are always controlled either by religious authorities or dictatorships?
C: Middle East is not the least developed, but Africa is. It is because Africa is the planetary anchor for the Reptilian race and concentration of Reptilians is there the highest. Reptilians (as opposed to Dracos) are against development.
Q24: Is the black stone in Kaabe brought from another planet? If yes from which planet? And was its color green and then turned to black from negative energies? And what is the function of this stone?
C: It is meteorite from the asteriod belt. It is now the focus of many occult rituals .
Q25: What was found in the caverns in Bucegi mountains in Romania in 2003 that triggered Romania to be added to NATO? What is the significance of these findings? (http://www.hiddenfromhumanity.com/)
C: Advaced extraterrestrial technology and time capsules.
Q26: What is the purpose of creating / developing super soldiers? Were super soldiers chosen among star seeds?
C: Military wants to get stronger against their perceived enemy. Many super-soldiers were chosen among starseeds because they have extraordinary abilities.
Q27: Why did they develop Montauk project? Did they achieve time travel with that technology? What were they planning with time travel? Did they end this project?
C: They wanted to achieve time travel, unsuccessfully.
Q28: Now that The Illuminati is being shown as defeated in some alternative media and new government is taking place in the USA in the leadership of Trump. And it is being shown as Trump is going to do all the good things, disclosure, the revaluation, economic change, etc. Can we come to a conclusion that now the Illuminati seems to be fading from the scenes and the Jesuits are taking the stage and they are showing like a new world is dawning but they will stage the new world order and deceive all of us when we look at the events taking place now in the world.
Is this their final game against the Event or the cosmic shift?
Q29: What are the differences between Jesuits and Freemasons? Are they both included in Illuminati/Cabal group? Are Jesuits higher in the hierarchy compared to Freemasons?
C: Freemasons were created as a positive group in the 18th century and higher ranks were inflitrated by the Jesuits in the 19th century.
Q30: A few weeks ago an announcement of a symposium was made about public disclosure of Agarthans which will be held in New York in May . Do you have any information about this? The link is here : http://www.agarthaworldsymposium.com/
C: It is simply an event created by a surface person having some general knowledge about the Agarthans.
Q31: Cobra, you have said multiple times that Earth is not flat. You even posted a picture on December 8, 2015 on Cobra Portal taken by a StratoProbe 4, 24 km above where we can see the curvature. However, the number of people that believe in the Flat Earth Theory is really high. Why there is a strong campaign for this theory? Have you personally seen Earth from distance yourself? Did you see entry points into Agartha?
C: It is a disinfo campaign to discredit the alternative movement. Yes I have see the Earth from the orbit and it is NOT flat. I did NOT see any polar openings.
Q32: Corey Goode has mentioned in his recent updates that there is a group of people called "the banished" that live on the surface. Can you confirm that these people really exist? Are they negative beings? What is their agenda?
C: Yes. Many of them are quite frustrated and resentful and can be negative.
Q33: Was St. Mohammed an incarnate of Ashtar?
Q34: What is Anchara continuum? Can you explain?
C: It is a term used by Sheldan Nidle for the dark forces
Q35: Did Anunaki have war with Reptilians? And are some of the deserts results of the nuclear wars between ETs as Wilcock revealed recently?
C: Anunaki is a disinfo term invented by Zecharia Sitchin so I can not answer this question.
Q36: Did Reptilians come to this planet before Annunaki? Where was the first place where Anunaki landed? Middle East or Gulf of Aden?
C: See above.
Q37: What are the Muhammed Accords? Who signed them and what was their agenda?
C: It is a term used by Corey Goode to describe a non-interviention agreement between the Light and the dark forces.
Q38: Is it possible to invent some type of shot/injection which is made of some type if healing energy that can heal people or stabilize their frequencies on Earth? Equivalent to the shots/injections we get but only in energy? May be plasma/etheric shots/injections?
C: Yes but it is not very practical. Better technologies will be available after the Event.
Q39: Is there a possibility that the lightworkers will be evacuated from the surface of the planet by the Galactic Federation ships if natural disasters (like volcanos, earthquakes, pole shift, tsunamis, etc.) get intense? Are we far away from this reality? Did we pass the timeline of big disasters? There are still some information going around that there will be a time for the star seeds to be taken to the ships.
Q40: Someone claims that dark entities come through our tvs, phones, laptops, desktops etc because these things act as black mirrors when turned off. Act as microwaves when on. And this is one of the elites' most important occult secrets used against us. Is this correct?
C: Yes plasma entities can use a turned-off screen as a portal, but it happens less often than some people fear.
Q41: If various 'entities' represent electromagnetic manipulations of our memory and emotions, how do various forms of protection actually work to combat these entities – such as the "Pink Egg" protection technique which creates a membrane blocking negative energies. Do these visualizations as well as chanting "OM" actually alter the electromagnetic field around our physical body to create a kind of shield?
C: Yes they change the structure of the plasma field around our body
Q42: What can you say about the souls of persons who are identical or fraternal twins? It seems that there is a strong connection between identical twins, but sometimes even fraternal twins have a special awareness of each other. Is it possible that there are strong past-life connections? Does anything change with triplets or more?
C: Many times there is a strong past life connection.
Q43: Is the statement that "nobody will rescue you, you are alone in this planet and the only savior of you is yourselves" true? Because with all of these physical, spiritual and mind manipulations and ignorance of our free will it seems it is impossible to awaken to see the truth and to rescue ourselves.
C: It is not true in the way it is presented. The rescue happens as a coopperation between us as sovereign inidividuals and the Light forces.
Q44: Do these statements "love what it is, accept what it is, everything is perfect whatever it is, forgive everyone" bring someone to spiritual pacifism? Are these statements manipulation by the dark forces to leave people in a hypnotized state?
C: Yes it is a manipulation by the Archons to block any initiative to change things that are not acceptable.
Q45: Why are most of the channeler from the USA? Are some of these channelers taking messages from the dark forces via the Voice of God technology?
C: USA was a great force for spiritual awakening from circa. 1950 to 1995. There were many genuine channels in that time period, later hijacked by the Archon grid.
Q46: The question our Hungarian friends asked you about asking which you didn't get a chance to answer:
"How can I become who I really am?"
C: Be absolutely honest with yourself.
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Healing energy of the prehistoric tunnels beneath the Bosnian Pyramid Complex
21 thoughts on "Cobra Transcript Interview with Prepare For Change Turkey"
Thank you for sharing your wisdom. All my truth, worth and love to you.
Not so clear & satisfactory info & remarks in general.
Rosa Mariana
México nesecita mucha ayuda también,desde la incongruencia colectiva,hasta la negligencia en las conciencias de todos, tantos años de manipulación y programacion mental para mantener a la población con la mentalidad de abeja obrera de la cual los gobernantes han aprovechado y sangrado a la población manteniéndola en una lucha constante para sobrevivir económicamente y sacando fuerzas de donde no las hay,luchando por que este país no se convierta en otros países de Latinoamérica sumido en la pobreza y la violencia ,desde el rechazo de los otros países hasta el orgullo mal dirigido, este hermoso país se ha degradado y a mantenido una mala reputación con el resto del mundo,sin embargo alberga un gran potencial de luz y amor que debe ser rescatada y limpiada, los recursos naturales de esta tierra encierran una belleza muy particular y las cosas positivas de unión dentro del lazo familiar sería un gran aporte a otras culturas carentes de ellas por la manipulación de los obscuros… Por favor no se olviden de México y de todos los trabajadores de la luz que luchamos día a día por nuestros congéneres y por este cachito hermoso de la madre Gaia, todo el potencial del Mexicano ha dicho manipulado,reprimido o nulificado por generaciones… Que esto no siga pasando, compartan buenos deseos también para nosotros por favor.
Grácias
Newage Biscuit
February 8, 2017 at 11:14 PM | Reply
(Google Translate – English)
Mexico needs a lot of help too, from collective incongruity to negligence in the consciences of all, so many years of manipulation and mental programming to keep the population with the mentality of worker bee from which rulers have exploited and bleeding the population Keeping it in a constant struggle to survive economically and drawing strength from where there are none, fighting for this country not to become other countries of Latin America plunged in poverty and violence, from the rejection of other countries to misguided pride , This beautiful country has degraded already maintained a bad reputation with the rest of the world, however it harbors a great potential of light and love that must be rescued and cleaned, the natural resources of this earth enclose a very particular beauty and positive things Of union within the family bond would be a great contribution to other cultures lacking them for the manipulation of the obscure … Please do not forget Mexico and all the workers of the light that we struggle day by day for our fellows and for this little Beautiful mother Gaia, all the potential of the Mexican has said manipulated, repressed or nullified by generations … May this not continue to happen, share good wishes also for us please.
Bill Keidan
I think the critics of Cobra need to understand that just because questioners ask Cobra a question it is not always possible for them to be told the answer. There are a number of reasons for this including breaches of privacy or trust, or even that the answer may prove harmful to the questioner. I have been listening to answers from enlightened sources for many years, and I would like to offer the opinion that Cobra has an encyclopedic knowledge of everything he is asked and gives just as much information as he can that would be deemed helpful.
Very eloquently stated, Bill. It was this very quality of Cobra's that won me over a few years ago.
Jenaceae
Very interesting. I've been really feeling an urge to go to Turkey and was thus drawn to watching all kinds of Turkish soap opera (Ottoman Empire period), listening to Turkish music, and now this. Really appreciated the link cobra provided about the young Turks and overthrow of the Ottoman Empire. Seems banal, but when we are really drawn to something, rest assured that some part of your spirit is engaged with that timeline or grid. Also read recently that there is a strong soul connection of turkey to Lemuria.
I see others had the same reaction as I did about Cobra not answering all the questions. One example:
He never answered the question about the purpose.
I wish the interviewers would not ask more than one question at a time.
I've read so many interviews and Cobra's material and the truth is that you come to the conclusion that in reality he does not say anything, nothing at all, it's all a twirling thing over and over again … all this is a disappointment, bla bla bla Rubbish !!!
If that is you choose to interpret the questions and answers compiled in this interview, then your free will on the matter must be respected. However, the entire comment is a more accurate portrayal of "your" viewpoint (instead of vaguely implying yourself to be the spokesperson for all readers) with a subtle but profound alteration of words used:
"I've read so many interviews and Cobra's material and the truth is that "I" come to the conclusion that in reality he does not say anything, nothing at all, it's all a twirling thing over and over again … all this is a disappointment, bla bla bla Rubbish !!!"
glad to see that these comments are not "censored". Although i do not agree with Tony that "Cobra's material is rubbish" , i do think that the lack of his fully answering the questions, which i have alluded to in my own comments, does favor a strong likelyhood of "disappointment " in me and perhaps other readers as far as not truly addressing many of the questions.
wondering who reads these comments and seems to not want to post my views ?
People approve the comments from their own posts… sometimes hard to find the time to monitor/approve comments with 10,000 other things going on in these crazy times.
Don't take it personally – just consider '3D interference & stress' as the primary cause to the annoyances you are experiencing.
i am grateful to hear the information offered in this interview with Cobra. However some of these questions in this "interview" seem quite full in their own right and i find that frequent "answers" (particularly plain "yes" or "no") do not fully answer the question. Even if the literal question is answered by a yes or a no, it would be helpful to expound somewhat on the information that was given leading up to the question. Thank you also to the light workers in Turkey who are involved in the liberation of the planet and seem to be playing a strategic role .
Every Q&A has its own energy which is heavily influenced by the daily lives and circumstances of the interviewer as well as Cobra. So many things are going on behind the scenes right now… I'm frankly surprised and grateful everything came together with relative ease. Much more goes into any interview than is visible on the surface… it's more than just 2-3 people involved as well.
nzayran
THANK YOU – particularly, for me, for the reply to Question 44 !!
Charlie Marie
I had a very realistic dream once where I was in a place that was like a theater production filmed at an ancient temple. A woman whom I new by the same name I had given my guardian angel when I was 7 years old was standing in front of me and we were in what looked like church pews. She was wearing beautiful ancient looking regal attire and said to me "We are Anatole" (she pronounced it like Anatolie with a long ee sound) I had never heard this word before. I looked it up and didn't find it, but found Anatolian and learned about Anatolia. Can you tell us a bit about the alien or spiritual history of Anatolia and any significance to current events that may help us in any way, especially those of us who might have lived there in a past life?
Daisy Naquira
Muchas gracias. Bendiciones
shweta anwar
Shashwat pranam, Namastey dear Cobra. Thank you so much for the information. Victory of the light love and peace forever more. Namastey
Fates De Whynot
Thank you so much. I really appreciated the information presented in this interview. I am interested in learning more about Turkey for many reasons and was thankful for the region specific questions as well as the more general questions. Thank you PFC Turkey, and thank you Cobra. Victory of the Light, Now!


text:
Q: Is there a way to read/respond to iPhone text messages on a Windows computer? I would like to be able to read/respond to my text messages on a computer.  I only seem to find a place to do this if you have a Mac.  Can this be done on a Windows computer or Chromebooks running Chrome OS?

A: No, you can only use iMessages on iOS and Mac OS devices.


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If you're going to buy social media "likes," Instagram is the platform to do it. Since the format is centered on the sharing of pictures, Instagram allows for users to experience everything your brand has to offer in the palm of their hand. Even Facebook took notice of the incredible impact of Instagram, and purchased the application for a whopping $1 Billion dollars in 2012. Both applications link together seamlessly, making sharing across multiple platforms a breeze for clients, and from there, the sky's the limit. Once trust is established for your business, your following will grow, and your content will continue to be compelling and relevant. The first step in this miraculous process is to build engagement. When you buy Instagram likes, you are positioning your brand to be exposed to diverse markets of incomprehensible size and influence.
Your brand could use a kick-start.
It's rough out there. The road to a healthy organic Instagram following is long and hard, and developing consistent profile traffic means putting in lengthy hours. According to Social Media Growth Specialist, Talia Koren, building a following on any platform takes dedication, skill, and, you guessed it, lots and lots of time. By purchasing likes on Instagram your brand will receive a leg-up on the journey to a widespread social media presence by immediately amplifying engagement. This will in turn lead to rapidly increased visibility and brand presence, not to mention save you valuable hours and energy that can be better utilized toward your other business initiatives.
"Social Proof" is a term used to denote a powerful phenomenon where individuals identify correct social behavior based off of the behavior of others. Humans are pack animals by nature. If individuals see a post with a high number of "likes," those individuals are likely to conclude that it is appropriate, or even necessary, for them to "like" said content as well. Instagram is essentially a way to personify your brand, and to make it more relatable to the consumer. An Instagrammer might consider their personal friend's profile with low engagement unpopular, in the same way that a business profile with low engagement could be considered unpopular. This creates what is called a "legitimacy gap," where there is a discrepancy between the intended identity of a brand, and how that identity is received by the consumer. So if your brand's profile has a catchy bio about how you are community oriented and well-connected, but no one is engaging with your content, the consumer will infer that you are not as well-connected or popular as you say you are. When you buy Instagram likes, you can bridge the gap for the customer, and increase brand legitimacy and following.
ROI is the bottom line. Your brand's participation with Instagram ultimately has the goal of increasing profits and converting individuals from viewers to patrons. The number of "likes" you receive on a specific post is essentially a review of the post's content. Buying Instagram likes has a high return on investment because your product is perceived as better or more reliable, and consumers viewing your page are more likely to purchase that specific item. Audience members are no longer willing to be guided by standard network commercials filled with glittering generalities. They are turning to review sites like Yelp and Google, and yes, Instagram, to gain information about products from their fellow consumers. The more "likes" you have on your content, the more your products will be sought after. Purchasing "likes" drives business profits up by showing consumers that your products are high quality and in-demand.
If you've already taken the step and made a business profile on Instagram for your brand, good for you, you're on the right track. The value of the platform is pivotal in connecting brands with consumers and providing an immersive view of an organization's culture and concept for potential clients. A strong Instagram presence is essential to any business's marketing plan, and that presence boils down to "comments," "shares" and "likes". Remember, Instagram has 500 million daily users, and in order get noticed by those users, your brand must have high levels of engagement. Buying Instagram "likes" immediately delivers rapid engagement growth, exposes your brands to a wider audience, increases brand legitimacy, and could serve as just the boost you need to make the transition from observer to influencer. Buying "likes" is an essential Social Media Marketing tactic, delivering the results your brand needs, where you need it most.
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