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8 Ways To Increase Customer Engagement Through Email Marketing (And 5 Elements Of An Effective Email)
Carl Taylor | January 2, 2023
Despite the emergence of other marketing strategies, email marketing isn't as outdated as you think. Learn how to use emails to increase customer engagement.
Email marketing is one of the most basic ways to communicate with customers. But with the rising popularity of social media and chat marketing, is it still relevant today?
Even if some marketers feel like it's the old-fashioned way of engaging customers, email marketing hasn't lost its charm. Not to mention it's a very straightforward way of communicating with your market.
You can use email to provide information about your business – whether it's news about the company or an offer. Or, you can talk about something that your email subscribers will find valuable. It doesn't always have to be about the product or service that you offer.
Do it correctly and email marketing can increase your customer engagement and, eventually, boost the profitability of your business.
In this article, you'll learn about what it really takes to increase customer engagement using email marketing. You'll also learn the five elements that'll make your emails highly effective.
Proof That Email Marketing is Still Important
Email marketing is not outdated
The pandemic proved that we still need this strategy. With everyone forced to do business online, we need different ways to communicate with our customers – one of which is through emails.
Recent statistics also prove why you should never falter in your email marketing efforts.
For instance, it's been reported that a daily average of 306.4 billion emails were exchanged in 2020 – with an average open rate of 18%. This figure should be bigger now since there are currently 4 billion email users as of 2021. And experts believe that it'll grow to 4.6 billion in 2025.
Apart from that, reportedly 90% of marketers use email engagement as their top metric to measure how effective their content is. And 31% of B2B marketers revealed that they find email newsletters still work best in nurturing their leads, while 89% of marketers prefer to use email as their main channel to generate leads.
So, if you want to grow your business, you need to develop your email marketing skills.
8 Ways to Increase Customer Engagement Through Email
Way #1 – Segment Your Email List
It's not a good idea to send one generic email to everyone on your list.
You need to segment your email list and group them according to similarities. This similarity could be their job title, website activity, purchase history, etc.
Segmenting your list makes it easier to find a common interest among each segment. And when you use those interests as the basis for your emails to them, the recipients will likely find your emails valuable.
Way #2 – Provide Real Value
The content of your email matters.
Make sure that your email provides real value to the recipient. That means it shouldn't be something that YOU value.
You have to know enough about your email list to understand what's valuable to them. And if you've segmented your email list, it should be easy to identify this.
For example, you can send an email with tips or a guide. Or, you can offer a discount on your product or service that you know will interest them. You can even send them an invite to an upcoming event.
Way #3 – Keep It Short And Concise
Don't drown your readers with lengthy texts. That'll just bore them and make them close your email without reading everything you wrote.
Remember, this digital age is defined by social media. It has made people more impatient, so your content has to be straight to the point.
Write emails that are easy to read. Find the balance between giving enough value without losing the interest and attention of the reader.
Not only that, the beginning of your email should immediately discuss the value that they'll get from it.
Way #4 – Personalise It, Then Automate
To increase the open rates of your emails, make sure you personalise them. Even the simple act of putting the name of the recipient instead of some generic greeting will do.
The more you personalise emails, the more they'll be valued by the readers. But this doesn't mean you have to send a different email to every recipient.
You can simply group your email list by the product they bought, their age, and gender. Or maybe the industry that they work in. Then, talk about a product that relates to their job or their location, for example.
Once you've figured out how to personalise emails for a particular segment, automate it. Create a sequence of emails that'll be sent out at pre-scheduled times.
There are many email marketing tools that can help you automate your email sequences. Automation Agency has worked with a lot of businesses to help them automate their email marketing. And we can help you set up email automation in your business.
Way #5 – Make It Visually Appealing
While the content of the email is important, so is the visual appeal. Make sure you consider your brand design when you're creating your emails.
Brand recognition can increase your open rates. There are small details that matter, like your chosen images, logo, and infographics. Use the same guidelines that you follow when you create your website and landing page in your email.
Give the readers a sense of familiarity when they receive your email.
Way #6 – Provide a Clear CTA
Even if the purpose of your email is just to engage your list, make sure it still ends with a clear CTA (call to action). Remember that you're not just nurturing and engaging your leads but also encouraging them to buy.
Your CTA could be about a product that relates to the email content. Or, it could be an invitation to look at new products you uploaded. It can also be about a guide that the recipient can download for free.
Try to create urgency in your CTA so the reader will act on it.
Way #7 – Schedule Your Email Frequency
Frequency is crucial in your email marketing strategy. You have to find the right balance because you don't want to send too many or too few emails. That could either annoy your readers or make them forget about you.
How will you know what the right frequency is?
It depends on your subscribers and your email marketing goals. If you want a higher open rate, you should send fewer emails.
Test your email schedule and adjust accordingly. If your subscribers are busy individuals, you should be conscious of when they usually open emails and change the frequency of your emails.
Way #8 – Give Email Subscribers Opt-in Options
Let your subscribers opt-in on the type of emails they want to receive. Do they want to receive weekly newsletters? Or just product launches? And do they want to be updated on events in your business?
Giving them choices will make them feel in control. It'll also increase your open rates because your subscribers are expecting the emails they'll get from you.
And in case your subscribers want to leave, let them. You don't want an email list filled with unresponsive leads anyway. So, make it easy for the uninterested leads to unsubscribe.
5 Elements of a Successful Business Email
Element #1: Strong Subject Line
The subject line is responsible for grabbing the attention of your readers.
Remember, a lot of people use their mobile devices to open emails. That means you'll have to use your subject lines to stop them in their tracks. Make sure it's catchy and short.
On mobile devices, only 5 to 7 words can be seen on the small screen. You only have that much to show your subscribers the value that they'll get if they open your email. So, make every word count.
Element #2: Personalised Greeting
Don't underestimate the power of a personalised greeting.
Not only will it make the recipient feel valued but also that you know who they are. They should feel that they're not just a part of your email list and you understand what they need. This gives them the assurance that you're willing to help them with their concerns.
Besides, an email addressed personally is more likely to be opened than one with a generic greeting.
Element #3: Valuable and Relatable Information
Making emails personal doesn't necessarily mean you have to be too friendly and entertaining in your content.
You can talk about light topics in your emails, but they should still be valuable and relatable. It should hold enough information that'll make your subscribers learn something new. If you give them fluff and nothing relevant, your subscribers will think your emails are a waste of time.
Don't give them a reason to start ignoring you.
Element #4: No Grammatical or Typographical Errors
Your email represents your business, so you want to appear professional. And you should use emails to showcase your expertise.
But you can't do that if your email is filled with grammatical or typo errors. The same is true for the use of slang words, shortcuts, and other informal references.
Show that you have impeccable communication skills so people will trust what you have to say.
Element #5: Clear Close and CTA
Your subscribers already spent their valuable time reading your email until the very end. So, make sure you end it with a bang.
To do that, give them a clear close and call to action (CTA).
Get them to act on something by being clear about the details. Instead of just telling them to go to your website, for example, include a link to your website in your email.
Start Engaging More Customers Using Email Marketing
Email marketing may seem outdated but it's still a powerful way to engage your customers.
Make sure you know the rules that'll make your emails really effective. It's not just about the content. You have to make sure that you're giving subscribers a valuable, visually appealing, and timely email.
What's great about email marketing is you can also automate it. There are tools you can use that'll help you engage your list regularly without taking a lot of your time.
If you need help with this, get in touch with our Concierge Service. Our Automation Agency Heroes can assist you to improve your email marketing campaigns.
Carl Taylor
Carl Taylor is the Founder & CEO of Automation Agency. For the past 10 years Carl has been building businesses and marketing them online through the use of Sales Funnels, Email Marketing Automation, Landing Pages, and Wordpress Websites. Carl is also a #1 author and highly sought after speaker and consultant whose work has impacted thousands of businesses across various industries worldwide.
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Fox News Flash
Sen. Marsha Blackburn: Biden sex assault allegation 'serious,' must be investigated
By Julia Musto | Fox News
Sen. Blackburn: Sexual assault allegation against Biden gets little attention from liberal media
Tennessee Sen. Marsha Blackburn blasts media's coverage of Joe Biden versus Brett Kavanaugh's sexual assault allegations on 'Fox and Friends.'
Sen. Marsha Blackburn, R-Tenn., accused leading Democrats on Saturday of a double standard in their response to the sexual assault allegation against former Vice President Joe Biden.
Those same Democrats who believed the allegations against now-Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh are dismissing a similar charge against Biden, the presumptive nominee for president, she said on "Fox & Friends Weekend."
Blackburn said she has been contacted by women who "see a lack of fairness in this issue around Tara Reade," the former Biden staffer making the allegation.
"They feel as if the Me Too movement has actually served a purpose to make it easier for their daughters and granddaughters to say 'something wrong was done to me,' but then they see the Democrats using Me Too when it's convenient and dismissing it when it is not convenient," the senator said.
PELOSI BACK'S BIDEN'S DENIAL OF ASSAULT CLAIM: 'I THOUGHT THAT HE DEALT WITH IT'
"And I will tell you: Listening to Joe Biden's [MSNBC] interview yesterday, I said we should call this the 'pretzel defense.' He was on every side and contradicting himself and twisting himself in knots," Blackburn said.
Reade was on Biden's staff for less than a year in the 1990s. She accused Biden last year of touching her in a way that made her feel uncomfortable, then recently changed that story to accuse the then-senator of sexual assault.
Reade's neighbor at the time of the alleged incident says Reade told her about the alleged assault around the time it happened.
The Biden campaign has vehemently denied the allegations. The candidate addressed the issue on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" Friday.
"No, it is not true," he told host Mika Brzezinski. "I'm saying unequivocally it never, never happened, and it didn't. It never happened.
"I don't know why she's saying this, I don't know why after 27 years, all of a sudden this gets raised, but I'm not going to question her motives, I'm not going to attack her," Biden added. "She has a right to say whatever she wants to say, but I'm going to say look at the facts.
"The truth matters," he added.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., on Friday praised Biden for how he handled his first public remarks on the allegation.
"I have said ... I am proud to have endorsed Vice President Biden," Pelosi said during a conference call with the Congressional Hispanic Caucus. "I thought that he dealt with it -- a complete denial, support for women."
Pelosi reiterated Biden's authorship of the Violence Against Women Act and called him a "champion" on the issue.
But Blackburn said on "Fox & Friends" that sexual assault allegations are too serious to "be something that is used as a political football or as a term of convenience to suit the purposes of the Democrats."
"They are determined to take down Donald Trump. They do not want anything to happen to Joe Biden. They are so determined to take down President Trump that they are actually going to dismiss someone who has corroborating evidence," she said.
"We will get to the bottom of this. I think that truth will come out," Blackburn said. "We know that Vice President Biden has had a history of touching people, and kissing and making them uncomfortable.
"This is serious.Tara Reade deserves to be heard, just like other women deserve to be heard," she said.
Julia Musto is a reporter for Fox News Digital. You can find her on Twitter at @JuliaElenaMusto.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


…but I haven't. Stefanie posted about this topic today, and she inspired me. Here are the top ten books it seems like everyone has read that I haven't read.
I know. I even work in a Jewish high school, but I somehow never read this book in school, and I haven't read it yet. I keep meaning to, but somehow I never seem to get around to it.
Yeah, I probably need my English teacher card revoked for this one. I have read its cousin, Brave New World. And the thing is, I actually really like dystopian literature. I've read most of the other dystopian classics I can think of. Just not the classic, most well known one. I may as well admit I never read Animal Farm either.
My daughter read this and said it was amazing. My former department head highly recommended it. I read a bit of it, but I never finished it. I think I will some time, but for whatever reason, it's just slipped off my radar.
And I also haven't read any Vonnegut aside from "Harrison Bergeron," which I actually did like. I am still not sure how I feel about some of the postmodern literature. I do intend to read some it. Really.
This book seems to be a staple of middle school. It seems as if all my students have read it. I don't really have much of a desire to read it, either, even though the students seem to like the book.
I think I may be the last person on earth not to read this. And I have no plans to read it. This kind of book is not really my thing. I also never watched The Last Lecture, and I haven't bought any Chicken Soup books.
This one I'm ashamed of, and I will change it. Soon. I actually have wanted to read it for a long time. I loved the movie with Gary Sinise and John Malkovich.
My department head raves about this book. I haven't read it, and I'm not sure I want to. I will keep thinking about it.
This one is on my TBR pile. One day. I am interested in it, and I've heard good things about it.
So which 10 books have you not read that it seems like everyone else has read? Sound off in the comments or post to your blog!


We created a stored procedure that returns the count of log entries in a table within the last time period. The resultant count is monitored by Nagios. When the value is less than "X", an alert is triggered. I know there will be at least X number of entries in a given time frame because I have other Nagios alerts checking the "front end" of the application. The alert would signal an issue with the front end not logging data to the backend correctly, eg. an Application Problem.
The integer value of minutes back in time, eg. "the last 10" minutes.
Here's an example of the Nagios Command Line Check using the check_mssql plugin.
If there are less than 30 entries in the last 10 minutes, a WARNING will be triggered. A CRITICAL alert will be triggered if there are less than 10 entries in the last 10 minutes.


Provides emergency medical care, patient assessment and care, transport services, and other services by performing the following duties. Appropriate for an energetic, professionally minded EMS individual.
Valid, current Alabama/Georgia Advanced EMT certification.
Valid current Drivers License. Has no more than 2 accidents &/or moving violations in the last 3 yrs.
In general, no criminal record in which the individual received a verdict of other than non guilty in a criminal proceeding. However, specific factors, including but not necessarily limited to how recent the criminal proceeding, the nature of the criminal act, and other factors will be utilized by Administration in determining relevance and overall impact on the individual's suitability for initial or continued employment.
May not be concurrently employed by any other ambulance service or any other entity which could pose a conflict.
High school diploma or general education degree (GED) preferred. Emergency medical technician training at the level of intermediate and certification required. Experience in emergency medical services strongly preferred.
CERTIFICATES, LICENSES, REGISTRATIONS:Must have valid Advanced EMT certification in AL/GA and current CPR certification.
Safe and efficient operation of ambulances and other company equipment.
Placement of Blind Insertion Airway Device (BIAD).
Administration of Dextrose, Nitroglycerin, Naloxone, Albuterol, Nitruous Oxide, Epinephrine (IM only), Glucagon Ondansetron, Thiamine, Diphenhydramine, and Normal Saline.
Providing emergency medical treatment, while not exceeding the level of skill, training and certification of the individual employee.
Full compliance with all applicable state, local, and federal regulations and laws, pertaining to but not limited to protocols, standards of care, motor vehicle operations, and patient rights.
Observes patient, records significant conditions and treatments rendered.
Prepares inventories and stocks supplies and inspects equipment for proper operation.
Cleans and disinfects interior of ambulance. Cleans and details exterior of ambulance. Cleaning and maintaining the cleanliness and proper stocking of the ambulance, company vehicles, equipment, office, lounge, and bathrooms.
Must be able to safely lift, transfer and maneuver patients in and out of ambulances, facilities, residences and other locations.
Must be able to effectively communicate with patients, family members, medical personnel, and the general public in verbal and written form.
Must have reliable transportation and must report to work punctually for all scheduled shifts and in proper uniform.
Maintaining a clean and complete uniform, personal hygiene, and professional, pleasant and polite demeanor to all persons with whom the individual comes in contact with while on duty.
Must be available, willing and able to work, when requested up to and including 60 minutes prior to the scheduled shift start time and may be dispatched an additional transport, if the employee is still on the clock up to and including their scheduled shift end time. Specific requirements are explained in the Procedure Manual.
Completing and maintaining accurate records and documentation with regard to transport, equipment inspection, supplies usage incidents and other forms of documentation inherent in the operation.
Promote the company, perform public relations when assigned, perform standby coverage at special events, delivers medical equipment and supplies when assigned, and other details when assigned.
Attending company meetings and educational sessions whenever possible.
Inspecting and promptly reporting damage, deficiencies, safety issues or other problems with ambulances, company vehicles, equipment and supplies, or any other matters relevant to the safe, efficient and proper operation of the company. Such reports are to be made immediately to Administration.
Reporting immediately to Administration in writing any change in the employee's driving record status, certification status or any other change in circumstances or status which could affect the individual's ability to effectively and safely perform the duties of the position or to otherwise qualify for the position held.
Reporting immediately to Administration in writing any change in the employee's health status or physical status which could affect the individual's ability to effectively safely perform the duties of the position, or to otherwise qualify for the position held.
Reporting immediately to Administration any change in information provided to the company on employment records or other company records.
In the interest of maintaining the highest level of quality patient care, safety, and efficiency of operation, it is the responsibility of each employee to report immediately to Administration any violation of the personnel policies or procedures.
Compliance with all provisions of the Employee Policies and Procedures Manual, as well as all other company rules, regulations, directives, or instructions from supervisors.
Must maintain strict confidentiality regarding all information pertaining to company policies, pricing, contract terms, trade secrets, competitive information, strategic information, patient date, forms, manuals, charts, employee data, or any other sensitive or confidential information obtained while employed by or pertaining to the company, it's employees, business information, or patients. Due to the extremely sensitive nature of this position, this duty of strict confidentiality extends beyond the term of employment.
Supervised by and reports to Operations Management (including Shift Supervisors).
Full or part time. Various shifts.
While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to stand, walk, sit, use hands to handle, or feel objects, tools. Or controls; reach with hands and arms; climb or balance; stool, kneel, crouch, or crawl; and talk or hear. The employee occasionally is required to use a sense of smell.
The employee must frequently lift transfer, maneuver, load and otherwise move clients and/or equipment weighing up to 250 pounds . Such maneuvers are often performed in surroundings which involve numerous steps, narrow pathways, and around obstacles, and often must be performed in a time efficient manner while still ensuring their own safety as well as the safety of the client, their partner, and any other individuals or objects in the area. Specific vision abilities required by this job include close vision, distance vision, color vision, peripheral vision, depth perception, and the ability to adjust focus.
The work environment characteristics described here are representative of those an employee encounters while performing the essential functions of this job. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions of this job. While performing the duties of this job, the employee frequently works in outside weather conditions. The employee occasionally works near moving mechanical parts. The noise level in the work environment is usually moderate.


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Q: PostgresQL Altering BigAutoField on large table I am currently trying to alter a normal Autofield to a Bigautofield using PostgesQL (and Django as framework). The process is going on for one day now and it seems that this is going to take forever as my database reached 2.147.483.647 rows.
Is there any workaround to shift around this issue? Any hacks?
Thanks in advance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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HotDesk plans expansion into Saudi Arabia
The platform's on-demand service for booking desks, meeting rooms and offices by the hour, day or month or year will support this ecosystem in Saudi Arabia, by enabling business travellers and local companies alike to access a wide range of workspaces on demand.
Hotdesk, the Dubai-based on-demand workspace booking platform plans to expand into the Saudi Arabia, following a year of growth and acceleration in the UAE and Egypt which saw the company grow to over 10,000+ monthly bookings in less than 12 months since its inception.
Hotdesk's sights within the region are fixed on its next immediate launch in Saudi Arabian cities such as Riyadh, Jeddah and Damman that are emerging local 'hubs' for co-working, company growth and talent. With Saudi women now comprising 34 percent of the workforce according to recent figures, and unemployment rates at their lowest in over 20 years, Saudi Arabia represents a natural move for the business which provides alternative working models for the digitally connected.
Hotdesk's on-demand service for booking desks, meeting rooms and offices by the hour, day or month or year will support this ecosystem in Saudi Arabia, by enabling business travellers and local companies alike to access a wide range of workspaces on demand.
Coining the term 'work 3.0', Mohamed Khaled, co-Founder and CEO of Hotdesk, said, "In a pre-pandemic world, it was 100 percent work from the office, no thought needed. During the pandemic, it was 100 percent work from home - where we witnessed new technologies to enable remote work. Now, we are in the twilight zone of hybrid "Work 3.0", where different people, countries, companies, and jobs will require us to tap into the full real estate spectrum of office, home, and co-working spaces on-demand. Hybrid work needs new, innovative technologies to come to life. This is what we are continuously building at Hotdesk".
Hotdesk was among the first tech startups incorporated at Dubai International Financial Centre. The company has since brought on talent from Careem, Uber, Swvl, and Google as it looks to harness the brightest minds to support its strong growth ambitions.
hybrid offices


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Desert Vigilante
Fred F. Sears
The Durango Kid, also known as Steve Brooks
Peggy Stewart
Betty Long, also known as Betty Short
Tristram Coffin
Thomas Hadley
Mary Newton
George Cheseboro
Columbia Pictures Corp.
In 1879, in the town of San Feliz near the Mexican border, a gang of outlaws attacks Steve Brooks but is driven away by the arrival of the border patrol. The soldiers, who are trying to discover how silver is being smuggled into the country from Mexico, question Steve, and he describes his meeting a few days earlier with a man named Bob Gill: Steve rides along with Bob, who is heading for San Feliz, where he works for lawyer Thomas Hadley. Bob is shot during an ambush, but before he dies, he asks Steve to deliver a hat to his mother Angel, who lives at the Lazy Z Ranch, having ingratiated herself with the ranch's owner, Betty Long. Having satisfied the patrol that he is not a smuggler, Steve continues on to the ranch, which Betty inherited from her uncle after he was mysteriously killed. While Betty and the ranch hands are away fighting a fire at a neighboring ranch, the outlaws search her cellar. They are still there when she returns, but as soon as Betty starts to investigate, they disappear. Steve delivers the hat to Angel and then rides into San Feliz to tell Hadley that he is an undercover agent hired to investigate the silver smuggling operation. Unknown to Steve, Bob had been carrying stolen silver certificates which were to be used to buy silver illegally in Mexico. Outside Hadley's office, Bill Martin, the leader of the outlaws who killed Bob, now demands that Steve turn over "the stuff." A fight ensues, but Steve evades the outlaws and returns to the Lazy Z. There, Smiley Burnette, the ranch cook, goes into the cellar and is scared by the searching men, whom he believes are "spooks." Later, Hadley visits the ranch to deliver Angel's trust fund allotment. When they are alone, Hadley, who is the smuggler's ringleader, and Angel, who is not Bob's mother, discover the missing certificates hidden inside the hat box. Later, Martin and his men demand that Hadley turn over the certificates to them. Steve interrupts their quarrel, then spots the certificates and leaves hastily. Then, disguised as masked crime fighter The Durango Kid, Steve enters from the back of the ranch house and steals the certificates. Later, Jim Gill, unaware that Bob has been killed, tells Hadley his fears that his brother is involved in a smuggling operation. Hadley pretends to know nothing about it and then sends Jim into an ambush. Steve, disguised as The Durango Kid, rescues the wounded Jim and sends him to a hideout while he draws the outlaws away. Meanwhile, Martin plots with the others to take over the smuggling operation from Hadley and Angel. Later, with Angel's help, silver bullion is delivered to the Lazy Z cellar through a secret passage. The following day, Steve, as The Durango Kid, tells Jim that Bob is dead and reveals Hadley's duplicitous nature. At the ranch, the outlaws start a stampede to cover the removal of the bullion, but Steve stops the stampede and then, with Jim's help, chases the smugglers. Together they round up Martin, his men, and the silver, but Martin escapes and kills Hadley and Angel. While chasing Martin, Steve discovers a passage that leads from the Lazy Z cellar across the Mexican border. There, the outlaws are apprehended by passing Rurales. Later, Jim takes a job with Betty at the ranch.
The Georgia Crackers
Smiley Burnette
Tex Harding
Jim Gill
Stan Jolley
Jerry Hunter
Earl Bellamy
Paul Borofsky
Charles Clague
Colbert Clark
Jack Goodrich
David Montrose
Earle Snell
Jimmy Wakely
Rex Wimpy
Daily Variety mistakenly lists the film's running time as 64 minutes. For more information on "The Durango Kid" series, please consult the Series Index and see the entry below for The Return of the Durango Kid.


1 Now after the Sabbath, as the first day of the week began to dawn, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary came to see the tomb. 2 And behold, there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat on it. 3 His countenance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow. 4 And the guards shook for fear of him, and became like dead men.


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Is Florencia Peña Gay?
I know that you are interested to find the response to if Florencia Peña Is gay but I am going to reveal everything there is to learn about it. If you keep reading, the puzzle will unveil facing you.
Florencia Peña Gay-o-Meter
We all know what Florencia Peña wants us to believe. We've been Watching him for a while and we've seen what he is up to. Florencia Peña and women for his life have been dating, and we have all observed every one the scandals that took place over recent years. After he broke up with his girlfriend of 3 decades, all of us wept a while back. Until they were not, they seemed the ideal couple. Since that time, Florencia Peña has had connections, if you're able to even call these relationships. But it was good news for all the single women out there. The nights of Florencia Peña outside gave them a opportunity.
The instant which made us wonder whether Florencia Peña is homosexual or not When he started hanging out with his so was called friend. He says that he needed a rest from all of the media, which was the instant he took out a woman. But we are not so confident about it. From what I have observed on social media, Florencia Peña is too familiar with his friend. Spending time with another guy without a woman companion, it's suspicious, to say the least.
What he stated, and is confirmed by members of Florencia Peña's entourage All of them deny any distress regarding his sexual orientation. I really don't know if I Believe it or not. It would take Possibility of a change.
Sometimes you In the people he surrounds himself with. They like to surround themselves, although not all gay people hang out with other people who have exactly the identical preferences. There's a chance that the person that you think to be gay already told the group he's part of about his sexual orientation.
Should they invest a great deal of time at each other's homes, you may be right.
There show me your Buddies are, and I'll tell you that you are. Just examine his buddies, should you suspect someone may be gay. That may not always be the situation, but folks who understand each other tend to stick together as they can express themselves greater than with different individuals. Chances are that he has already told his group. In addition, they could be spending a lot of time which can just confirm your feelings.
You can tell a great deal about a Individual judging from the group he's A portion of. Just pay attention to his pals, if you suspect that someone is homosexual. Most of the times it's going to be much easier for a gay person to surround himself with all people of the identical preferences because he might find the compassion he needs to express himself. It's very likely that he came out to them, something that brings comfort to him. Another indication may be the simple fact that the individual in question crashes at his friends more than usual, which may only reinforce your view that he is indeed gay.
Simply look at, if You Wish to determine the authentic nature of a man His friends. Check out whom he surrounds himself with most of the times. It's not always the case, however, Individuals tend to stick for their own, Instead of being a portion of groups that don't understand them. They are more Likely to come out of the closet before people than in front of Directly ones. Furthermore, if the person you are interested in spends a Good Deal of Time at one of the friend's house, chances are that he's homosexual.
Does sexual orientation impact careers?
On the other hand, there are stars. When a famous Individual reveals the simple fact that he's gay, folks are inclined to respond. They would consider it a brave act and will promote that particular celebrity. It is regarded as a Public Relations stunt if his orientation is disclosed by someone famous. The press will divert its attention on him, and it'll enhance his career. The ideal case in point is Caitlyn Jenner. She got after she disclosed the fact that she identifies as a girl, a brand new TV show.
With famous people, things are different. When Their sexual orientation that is newfound is disclosed by them, everyone praises and encourages them like it were a daring gesture. A change in a celebrity's appeal means more attention. One of the very best examples I can provide you will be Kristen Stewart. After she had told everyone she acquired plenty of characters, both in movies and music videos. What do you call that?
Things are different for actors. When there comes a star out As gay, people are very encouraging and supporting, as if it were some kind of act that is brave. It means a lot because there is a whole lot. The ability of media is great. Take a look. Bruce became Caitlyn, also Caitlyn received a new TV series on E! She was not well worth it when she was Bruce, which means where I'm going with this, that you see.
Famous folks have it simple. They could afford a PR disaster, However, they don't get that the majority of the times. Instead they get support and they're commended for their guts of coming out as gay. Its attention turns on such topic for a few weeks, which translates in to career success. Do you remember Bruce Jenner? He eventually became Caitlyn Jenner and got a TV show that was whole. What about this career boost?
Is Florencia Peña gay? Conclusion
My desire is to live in a universe where discrimination doesn't Exist anymore. People like me, who are not judgmental, will support gay people. There are still some who look at homosexual people as though they are social pariahs. The main reason why is beyond my power of understanding.


For many of us, winters means lighting a fire to warm our bones and our souls. Perhaps one of the most opulent examples of a mason's talents can be showcased in the work of a fireplace, chimney or masonry heater. Masonry heaters are more popular than ever and offer an ability to control the amount of heat being emitted. This can be a real asset in a home or business.
We wanted to learn a little more about masonry heaters, so we went to that industry's most trusted source, the Masonry Heater Association of North America, www.mha-net.org. Masonry spoke with Stephen Bushway, president of the association. Following is what he had to say.
Masonry: Explain the difference between a masonry heater and a standard fireplace.
Stephen Bushway: Whereas a fireplace vents the smoke in an upward direction directly, in a masonry heater the gases circulate through firebrick or refractory lined passageways, shedding much of the heat en route to the chimney. For this reason, masonry heaters need to have doors on the firebox. This enhances combustion by limiting "excess" air and creating turbulence in the firebox. The firebox in a masonry heater is basically a box: The side walls are not splayed but are at right angles to the opening, further aided combustion by re-radiating heat back to the fire.
Masonry: How difficult is adherence to codes and standards, and why is it important to do so?
Bushway: Complying with building codes is no more difficult than with a standard fireplace. Because they are designed as radiant heaters, they are usually sited in the middle of an open area and help define spaces in an open floor plan – so proximity to combustibles is not an issue in that situation.
Masonry: In an increasingly environmentally friendly world, where do masonry heaters fit in regarding energy efficiency and sustainability?
Bushway: The answer to that question is "front and center." As cordwood heaters, masonry heaters burn a renewable fuel source. And because they burn the fuel so completely, harmful emissions are relatively low. Not only are masonry heaters energy efficient, they are very fuel efficient and have a long life cycle (50 to 100 years is not uncommon). They make good economic sense. What really sets them apart from other heat sources is the quality of the heat. It is extremely even and gentle. They can be designed with heated benches as well. It really doesn't get much better than that.
Masonry: What types of masonry products are masons using on masonry heaters? Are manufactured stone products appropriate to use on masonry heaters?
Bushway: The most common facing material is brick: tried and true. Natural stone and honed soapstone are also used, and concrete pavers are also options. The facing is the "battery" that stores the heat and delivers it gently over a long time curve, so should be three to six inches thick, depending on the climate. Thin stone can be used over brick or firebrick laid as shiners. Keep in mind, the facing layer is always separated from the core by an expansion joint.
Masonry: Do you think it's important to keep the art and craftsmanship of masonry heaters alive? Are they still a popular choice in homes and other buildings?
Bushway: Masonry heaters are better suited to residential applications, because there is a connection that develops between the operator, the heater and the weather that you don't often have in a commercial setting where the thermostat is the order of the day. As a custom masonry heater builder – and user of 23 years – I can't think of a more rewarding activity. The goal of our organization is to educate the public to the benefits of masonry heating, so that the demand for them will continue to grow.


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Origins of Music: History, Evolution & Cognition
Origins of Music: History, Evolution…
One of thing things that is common to all of mankind and has been for all of recorded history is the presence of musical ability and expression. Music has transcended throughout every era and every culture and has been constantly changing and evolving alongside with humans.
It has played such a significant role in the history of mankind, yet little is known about how humans acquired musical ability and why it evolved as a part of our species. For what reasons did musical ability develop in humans?
The purpose of this investigation is to answer this question and reveal more about why music became a part of mankind.
Music in the Early Man
One thing is known for sure about music: humans have had musical characteristics for a very long time. In fact, archaeological evidence suggests that primitive man was using drums and flutes long before the last Ice Age, which was over 20 000 years ago.
A recent article from BBC exhibited a set of flutes found by archaeologists that were determined to be 42 000 to 43 000 years old through the use of carbon dating. The flutes were fashioned for bird bones and mammoth ivory.
They were proof that music existed long before there was any recorded history. According to scientists, it was clear that music was a part of the day-to-day life of early humans.
Even as time progressed, music continued to be of importance to mankind. By 3000 B.C. when history began to be recorded in China, sophisticated musical theories were starting to develop. The other major ancient civilization from which there was very early music was Egypt.
The clay figures shown in Figure 1 depict a noble Egyptian couple being serenaded by a harpist and three singers clapping out the rhythm. The figures were made about five thousand years ago and were buried as part of a ritual. They give evidence of the role that music played in the lives of early humans.
The Benefits of Music to Early Humans
According to archaeological findings, early humans used music for many social contexts. It was used for religious rituals and possibly recreational reasons, similar to how humans still use music today. It has been argued by some researchers that the musical behaviour in humans is part of what gave them the advantage over other species, such as the Neanderthals.
The Neanderthals went extinct approximately 30000 years ago, while the humans expanded their territory to make it easier to survive. Music allowed humans to maintain larger social networks, which helped them expand the territory and give them an edge over the Neanderthals, who were more conservative and demographically more isolated.
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
The famous scientist Charles Darwin, who developed the theory of Natural Selection, had his own views on the origins of music in mankind. His theory of the "survival of the fittest" stated that organisms containing genotypic traits that made them better suited to their environment were more likely to survive, reproduce, and increase in number, passing these successful traits to succeeding generations.
In Darwin's publications, he made specific reference to his thoughts on why music originated as a trait in humans. Darwin theorized that music originated in humans as a part of mating rituals. Males struggled for the attraction of the females, and music became a successful tool in finding mates.
Through sexual selection and natural selection, the successful trait of musical cognitive ability in humans was passed down, because those who were able to employ music were able to find mates and therefore reproduce and pass down their genes. The musical origins in humans can therefore be explained in part through evolutionary principles.
Music in Nature
The concept of music is not an abstract idea invented by the human species. The foundation for the creation of musical ideas was already present for humans everywhere in nature. Many animals make unique sounds for different purposes such as mating or communication.
Birds employ the use of song to communicate alarm, to attract mates, and to mark their territory. These songs have varied pitches and inclinations depending on their purpose. The bird song is an example of how melody and harmony are natural parts of the environment.
A fundamental part of music is rhythm. Rhythm is the underlying structure of all musical ideas and gives the music a sense of order. To explain how pitches and tones came together to form structured rhythms in music, one can examine all the places in the natural world where rhythm can be found.
Rhythm is defined as a strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound, and with this definition, it is clear that rhythms are found everywhere. The theory of quantum physics states that everything exists in a state of constant vibration. This means that every single particle that makes up everything in the universe possesses a rhythmic quality.
The Presbyterian Church: Prayer, Music, Scripture, Preaching
On a bigger scale, rhythms are found in many naturally occurring processes. Cycles in nature such as the seasons, the periods of daylight, and dark and tidal patterns all follow periodic recurrences. The phases of the moon, as seen in Figure 2, are examples of how recurring rhythmic patterns are a fundamental part of the universe.
The power of rhythm also regulates bodily functions such as the heartbeat, breathing, brain waves, and sleeping patterns. Scientists believe that rhythm is an important part of life, and that lack of rhythm can indicate illness. With rhythm so deeply embedded into the nature of the human species, it is no surprise that musical ideas developed from the powerful structuring of rhythm.
Arguably the significant rhythm in a human's life is the beating of the mother's heart heard while in the womb. An unborn baby is united with its mother through her heartbeat. It is the first thing that every human feels, hears, and experiences. When a baby is born, it feels the loss of the constant, reassuring rhythm of the mother's heartbeat and attempts to replace it with the crying of its own voice.
Every human being could hear the reassurance of the mother's heartbeat long before they could see anything. This emphasizes the importance of a steady rhythm to humans and provides an explanation for why that transformed into the structured rhythm of the music.
The Musilanguage Model of Music Evolution
The Musilanguage model is a hypothesis by Stephen Brown to describe how ancestral human traits evolved into language and musical abilities. He hypothesized that the common structural features shared by music and language were evidence that they co-developed, one emerging from the other. He viewed both music and language as "collective, real-time repetitions of formulaic sequences." (Wallin 301)
This theory of music evolving from the precursor of language or vice versa can be contrasting to the model of music origin that views music as property determined by its adaptive roles (e.g. mating).
Music and Cognitive Processes
Referring back to Darwin's theory of musical origins, it is apparent that a human's capacity for musical expression is a heritable trait that is passed down through the generations. This is because "Traits that are common among all people give evidence of a biological rather than cultural basis for that behaviour." (Sebald 30)
Therefore, every human being has a biological guarantee of musicianship, which means that all humans have the capacity to at least listen to and interpret musical ideas. Although some scientists may argue that musical ability does not confer any survival benefits, they are unable to see the indirect benefits that music has provided for the human species. The fact that musical ability was provided for in our neurophysiological structures indicates that it is of significance to the human species and not an arbitrary thing.
Cognitively, the development of musical ideas is partially what developed humans' minds to be more sophisticated than other species such as the Neanderthals. The structure and logic that are required for music-making improved the mental capacities of early humans. Music is in part what distinguishes humans from other animals and has played a role in shaping our minds to possess the enormous capabilities that we have today.
Levitin, Daniel J.. This is your brain on music: the science of a human obsession. New York, N.Y.: Dutton, 2006. Print.
Levitin, Daniel J.. The world in six songs: how the musical brain created human nature. New York: Dutton, 2008. Print.
Menuhin, Yehudi, and Curtis W. Davis. The music of man. Toronto: Methuen, 1979. Print.
Sebald, David, and Donald Hodges. Music in the Human Experience. London: Routledge, 2010. Print.
Smith, Hermann. The world's earliest music: traced to its beginnings in ancient lands,. London: W. Reeves, 1904. Print.
Wallin, Nils L., Björn Merker, and Steven Brown. The origins of music. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000. Print.
Cite this article as: William Anderson (Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team), "Origins of Music: History, Evolution & Cognition," in SchoolWorkHelper, 2019, https://schoolworkhelper.net/origins-of-music-history-evolution-cognition/.
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Jake J
Fred E.


Check out Jason's Blogspot blog.
New Age pianist Jason Tonioli (pronounced: toe-knee-oh-lee) was was born in 1979 and raised in Soda Springs, Idaho and Roy, Utah. He started piano lessons when he was in Kindergarten and enjoyed practicing for the first year. Throughout his school years he disliked practicing (however, he did enjoy the fact that girls like a guy who can play piano). His piano skills are a product of excellent teachers and a mother who wouldn't let him quit lessons. If it weren't for a mother who won the "piano war" with her son, he would have never recorded or written music.
Jason always enjoyed playing piano as long as he could play what he wanted, the way he wanted. When practicing, he would often play part of what Mozart, Beethoven or Rachmaninoff had written and part what he made up while playing. His mother and teacher often looked down upon changing what was written and always told him that when he started writing his own music, he could write and play the way "he thought" it should be done. He was influenced by Yanni, Enya, Jim Brickman, Jon Schmidt (a.k.a. The Piano Guys) and Paul Cardall.
Jason has recorded his albums at Big Idea Studio in Sandy, Utah with the help of Chuck E. Meyers and Jake Bowen who are well known for producing video game music for PlayStation as well as Disney Pixar. Jason has self published 8 albums and 8 piano solo books. He has also provided music for the popular TV documentary, History of the Saints as well as many other online video productions.
Jason has typically been known for his solo piano work and piano solo hymn arrangements, LDS Piano Solos and Christmas piano solos, but in 2017 he collaborated with 3 of the former lead singers (Alex Sharpe, Lynn Hilary, Edele Murphy and Lisa Nolan) from the groups Celtic Woman and Riverdance to produce two albums of hymn arrangements that feature vocals with his arrangements.
In 2018 he collaborated with violinist John Knudson to publish an album of original compositions entitled "Finding Peace" in Fall of 2018. John spent 18 years on the east coast performing with many symphonies as well as backing up hundreds of famous rock and pop bands, including Bon Jovi, Bill Joel, Aretha Franklin, and many more. John has performed at the Presidential Inauguration for President Bush, Clinton, and Obama.
When Jason isn't playing piano he is also a well known thought leader in the banking industry, runs a record label "Aingeal Music Worldwide" is one of the founders of Amazing Vacations Costa Rica that provides custom trips to Costa Rica and most important of all, is a full time dad with four amazing kids and his wife Stacy.


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Home Blu-ray Review 'Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich' Now Available On DVD, Blu-Ray & 4K...
'Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich' Now Available On DVD, Blu-Ray & 4K UHD/Blu-Ray Combo
Ryan T. Cusick
Tuesday's have become the magical time of the week just as good as Friday; this is one hundred percent because Tuesday is movie disc release day, and this week we have an exceptional film to tell you about, Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich. The film releases today on DVD, Blu-Ray & 4K UHD/Blu-Ray Combo! Now all you ghouls can experience the blood and gore in superb 4K UHD, and it is quite a site to see!
It was very pleasing to see this film receive the disc release that is entirely deserved. The disc does contain a fair share of "bonus" features. However, the elements lacked length, outside of that a good watch and should not be ignored by fans of the franchise.
The Extra Bonus Features Include:
Behind The Scenes of Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich
Cast of Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich
Puppets: From Concept to Creation
Lightning Girl Comic: From Sketch to Final
Still not convinced in dedicating time to this film? Well, check out our review of the film here.
Jacob Davison of iHorror.com described the film as:
"A Line-Crossing Gorefest!"
Image from the horror film "Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich," an RLJE Films release. Photo courtesy of Jane Stephens and Eliana Pires.
In PUPPET MASTER: THE LITTLEST REICH, Edgar (Thomas Lennon), recently divorced, returns to his childhood home where he finds a nefarious looking puppet in his deceased brother's room. He decides to sell the doll for some quick cash at a small-town convention celebrating the 30th Anniversary of the infamous Toulon Murders. All hell breaks loose when a strange force animates the puppets at the convention, setting them on a bloody killing spree that's motivated by evil as old as time.
Image from the horror film "Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich," an RLJE Films release. Photo courtesy of Imdb.com
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Ryan T. Cusick has been a diehard horror fan ever since he watched the original 'The Amityville Horror' at the tender age of three. Ryan travels to horror cons, enjoys open conversations about horror, and attends many Hollywood premieres with filmmakers: Follow him on Twitter at @Nytmare112


Enroute to Alexandria Virginia, my fiancee at her JFK POE was not issued an EAD or stamp. Instead the Immigration officer directed her to the Norfolk office for all her future dealings regarding her K-1 process. The officer also added that the Brown Envelope would be forwared to the Norfolk office, since that would be our designated INS center.
I live in Alexandria, VA. I am a little perturbed by the thought that we'd have to drive 200 miles South to Norfolk, while the INS Arlington office is just ten minutes away.
I have heard that Norfolk office is a small office but friendly people. However, unless there is an added advantage by going to the Norfolk sub-office, can i go to Arlington office for an EAD and apply for AOS after the marriage?
Welcome to the Norfolk, Virginia Sub Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
residents of southeastern Virginia. This includes the cities and/or counties of Chesapeake, Fredericksburg, Richmond, Prince Edwards, Rockville, Williamsburg, the Hampton Roads Area, Accomack, and Mecklenburg.
District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Virginia. This office is responsible for processing most immigration benefit applications (such as legal residence and naturalization), and enforcing US immigration law, for the entire state of Virginia and the District of Columbia.
The Norfolk, VA Sub Office has jurisdiction for the counties located in the southeastern area of Virginia. The area includes Tidewater,Chesapeake, and Southside, Virginia.
My suggestion is to file where the forms tell you to file and let INS call up your brown envelope from Norfork if it is sent there and you are to use Arlington.
Also book mark the INS website for future use. It will not be the first time you will be using it and it surely will not be the last.
Yes, i did all the homework. Fearing something like this would happen, i had instructed my fiancee to request 2 things: EAD stamp and Arlington office. Nontheless, they insisted on Norfolk, and declined the EAD stamp. They said they dont provide EAD stamps at JFK anymore.
I could go to Arlington today, but would it cause any confusion, resulting in runarounds by going to a non designated office?
No it won't cause confusion. Actually your file is not suppose to be sent directly to any one INS office. It is suppose to be sent to a central storage area and should be send to the INS office that requests it.
After all, not all K-1 visa holders will continue to live in the area in which their current USC fiancee's now live. Many people are students and/or change jobs and/or decide that the climate stinks in their present area and what to move to the other coast. So sending a file to one jurisdiction before it is called for is stupid.
As for your fiancee's EAD, others have reported that JFK no longer gives the stamp. They never gave the card in the three odd years I've been around. I believe one or perhaps two people were lucky enough to get an examiner who did give it to them but it seems to be a hit and miss situation.
Before you marry, get your fiancee to the social security office so she can get her card. She is eligible for it as a K-1 visa holder. Once you marry, your K-1 is invalid and the guarantee of getting it is expired as well.
Yes, it does makes sense.


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The 1977–78 Cypriot Cup was the 36th edition of the Cypriot Cup. A total of 40 clubs entered the competition. It began on 14 December 1977 with the preliminary round and concluded on 11 June 1978 with the final which was held at GSP Stadium. APOEL won their 10th Cypriot Cup trophy after beating Olympiakos Nicosia 3–0 in the final.

Format
In the 1977–78 Cypriot Cup, participated all the teams of the Cypriot First Division, the Cypriot Second Division and the Cypriot Third Division.

The competition consisted of six knock-out rounds. In all rounds each tie was played as a single leg and was held at the home ground of the one of the two teams, according to the draw results. Each tie winner was qualifying to the next round. If a match was drawn, extra time was following. If extra time was drawn, there was a replay at the ground of the team who were away for the first game. If the rematch was also drawn, then extra time was following and if the match remained drawn after extra time the winner was decided by penalty shoot-out.

The cup winner secured a place in the 1978–79 European Cup Winners' Cup.

Preliminary round
In the preliminary round participated 7 teams of the 1977–78 Cypriot First Division, 5 teams of the 1977–78 Cypriot Second Division and 4 teams of the 1977–78 Cypriot Third Division.

First round
9 clubs from the 1977–78 Cypriot First Division, 10 clubs from the 1977–78 Cypriot Second Division and 5 clubs from the 1977–78 Cypriot Third Division were added.

Second round

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

 APOEL: G. Pantziaras (75' Koupanos), Menelaou, Stephanou, Stavrou, N. Pantziaras, Stephanis, Miamiliotis (75' Ermogenidis), K. Pantziaras, P. Chatzithomas, Markou, Antoniou.
 Olympiacos: Barnabas, Papageorgiou, Lucas, Georgiou, Faketti, Aristidou, Mario (70' Ethimiadis), Kalotheou, Koulis (23' Bouras), Mavris, Savvidis.

Sources

 ΚΟΠ (Magazine), 30 March 2016, p. 72

Bibliography

See also
 Cypriot Cup
 1977–78 Cypriot First Division

Cypriot Cup seasons
1977–78 domestic association football cups
1977–78 in Cypriot football

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Action research: School-based interventions for student mental health
Last year, staff at Skillset Senior College investigated the impact of school-based interventions on student mental health. The research findings have recently been published. In this article, we speak to Dr Martin Hughes about the interventions and the positive impact of the action research project on students and staff.
student welfare, data analysis, action research, evidence-based practice, research news, long reads
The elements of a successful school silent reading program
Last year, we heard about an action research project which was occurring at Queenwood School for Girls in Sydney to build a culture of reading for pleasure across the school. The research project has concluded, and in this article, we get an update on the project's impact on student outcomes and wellbeing.
reading, literacy, school culture, student welfare, action research, curriculum design, teacher modelling, data analysis, long reads
Research to practice – developing a Learner's Toolkit
'Learning is complex – students need explicit and implicit knowledge, skills, and dispositions to succeed across the diverse and often crowded curriculum. But do our students actually know which learning strategies are the most effective?' Today's article shares details of the Learning to Learn program and Learner's Toolkit at Goulburn Valley Grammar School.
evidence-based practice, action research, intervention, partnerships in education, reader submission, long reads
Using quality mentor texts to explicitly teach students how to write narratives
Findings from an action research project in three West Australian schools suggest the use of quality mentor texts when explicitly teaching how to write narratives can improve students' storytelling ability. Ron Gorman and Dr Sandy Heldsinger share more details about the teaching and assessment strategies used, and samples of student writing.
literacy, writing, action research, measurement, data interpretation, evidence-based practice, reader submission, long reads
Action research: Conducting an in-school research project
At Skillset Senior College, a senior secondary school educating young people experiencing barriers to schooling, Dr Martin Hughes has been investigating the efficacy of the wellbeing and mental health strategies they have in place. Here, he shares more about his research and some of the early findings.
student welfare, data analysis, action research, evidence-based practice, reader submission, long reads
School-based action research – igniting a love of reading for pleasure
Reading for pleasure has been shown to have a powerful influence on children's learning. In our latest reader submission about learning during lockdown, Junior School Curriculum Director Vanessa Collins shares details of the 'Just Read' action research project to build a culture of reading at Sydney's Queenwood School for Girls, and ignite in students a love of reading for pleasure.
reading, literacy, school culture, action research, reader submission, long reads
School-research partnerships – the Coolum Retrieval Practice Project
Helping students to retain information is a fundamental challenge in education. Staff at Coolum State High School have partnered with researchers to investigate one promising technique for improving retention: Retrieval Practice.
evidence-based practice, action research, partnerships in education, assessment, intervention, long reads
The Science of Blended Learning – a research-practice partnership
For many schools, the shift to remote learning during the pandemic has led to new conversations about the possibilities of Blended Learning as a more integral aspect of regular learning and teaching programs. Today's article looks at how a research-practice partnership is supporting four schools in Queensland to investigate this further.
evidence-based practice, action research, partnerships in education, intervention, feedback, online learning, online teachers, long reads
An evidence-based approach to improving academic reading skills
Staff at St Rita's College in Brisbane have worked with researchers to implement an academic reading skills intervention for Year 7s. The 'Lost in Transition' project merges evidence from the literature with research in the context of the school to meet student needs.
evidence-based practice, expertise, action research, intervention, partnerships in education, reading, long reads
Building a bridge between research and educational practice
Translating academic research into classroom practice is traditionally a one-way relationship – from research to practice. University of Queensland colleagues Stephanie MacMahon, Jack Leggett and Annemaree Carroll share details of a collaboration with educators making it a two-way process of engagement.
evidence-based practice, expertise, action research, partnerships in education, professional learning, short articles


I finally watched the movie Drive! I do not know why it took me that long despite the several positive recommendations from friends.
Tags: Chromatics, College, Desire, Drive, Electric Youth, Kavinsky, Nightcall, Ryan Gosling, Soundtrack, Soundtrack Crush. Bookmark the permalink.
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I haven't seen it yet! But I have a mission that involved watching all of Ryan Gosling's movies so far…. Have you seen the Place beyond the pines?


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Jack's Perspective: Politics Is a Pendulum
by Jack Martin
Global Chairman, CEO
Too often when pundits try to predict the future they don't learn from the past. Yes, opinion polls can give you useful guidance about the public and which direction the crowd is headed. But when you take the long view you see that the future might arc toward progress but politics is a pendulum, swinging back and forth from one extreme to another. The reason I bring this up is to ask: If the pendulum swung one way to elect Donald Trump president of the United States, which direction is it headed next?
Elections tend to make more sense with the benefit of hindsight. After the unrest under President Johnson, electing Richard Nixon who promised to restore order had some logic to it. And after Watergate, bombing Cambodia, and Nixon's enemies lists, electing a gentle, honest peanut farmer in Jimmy Carter probably felt like a sensible fix after Gerald Ford. President Carter's oil crisis, hostage crisis, and malaise begat President Reagan's feel-good "Morning in America," and President Bush's four-year continuation of Silent Generation Reaganism begat a generational change with candidate Bill Clinton, the first Baby Boomer president. His time in office begat President George W. Bush, who begat President Obama, which is how we find ourselves here.
You'll notice that the pendulum doesn't always trace the same line over and over. Sometimes it swings across generations. Sometimes it's a shift of tone or character. Sometimes the pendulum swings from criminality to honesty and from weakness to strength. After President Trump, I can see it swinging in one of two directions, either toward healing or toward moderation.
It could be the latter. Americans are revolting against division. The number of independent voters is larger than either of the Democratic or Republican parties, which have become more ideologically sorted or extreme, albeit asymmetrically so. The status quo is awash in conflict on social media, in the news, and on cable television, and increasingly our off-line conversations are mimicking our online discourse. We have a tendency to limit our interactions to those with whom we agree and shut out all others, and E Pluribus Unum is becoming something we see on our currency and not in our lives.
We know from U.S. history that a house divided against itself cannot stand, but who can bring us together? Will it be someone outside the political system, such as businessman Howard Schultz, or someone with a reputation for speaking truth to his own party, such as Gov. John Kasich? Or will a third political party spring up to fill the big opening in the middle of our political spectrum?
The other way the pendulum could swing is away from rancor and chaos and toward kindness and calm. As I write these words, I can imagine how good that might feel. In a political environment in which confusion and anger are the new normal, perhaps a happier leader such as former New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu might be the cure for what ails our political system. Perhaps it might finally be Vice President Joe Biden's turn.
Of course, the pendulum could swing in any number of directions toward optimism, it could be another generational swing, or we it could point finally toward a woman holding the office of the president of the United States of America. I don't have all the answers, and there are undoubtedly points that the pendulum could swing to not discussed here.
These are some of the most important questions facing the United States, which is why I am pleased for Hill+Knowlton Strategies to sponsor several conversations with potential presidential candidates at the Texas Tribune Festival in September. I hope it will be a good opportunity to have productive conversations that go beyond the usual talking points and engage with the possibilities of where we go next.
There is a hero-sized hole in our political future. And despite what many have said, the bar for holding the presidency has not been lowered. In fact, it has been raised because of the challenges that face the U.S. Soon the pendulum will swing toward a candidate or candidates who fit the times. It remains to be seen whether they ran grab that chance.
In addition to the Hill+Knowlton-sponsored candidate series, Jack Martin will be speaking at the Texas Tribune Festival's Trade Winds panel.
Read articles by Jack Martin
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With the Return of Travel Comes the Return of Robocall Travel Scams
If the pandemic had one silver lining, it was that, from March through August, the number of robocalls of all sorts dropped precipitously.
Like everyone else, the employees of the call centers where many phone scams originate were unable to go into work, which meant blessed peace for the rest of us—for a while.
But as you've likely noticed, the annoying spam calls are back—and many are travel scams.
According to RoboKiller, an app that helps users block unwanted phone calls and text messages, the second most common type of phone scam in April involved vacations. (Vehicle warranty scams were the most common.)
Travel scams accounted for 8% of the 5.7 billion scam calls that went out last month, RoboKiller data found.
"Scammers pivot," RoboKiller executive Giulia Porter told me. "They follow the news. And now that a lot of folks are talking about traveling again, people are being slammed with travel scams."
Porter pointed out that one type of classic scam is the most common today.
"We're seeing what we'd expect in an economically anxious climate in the United States in terms of travel scams—offers that are 'free' or 'won,'" she says. "These scams are designed to entice you with a complimentary hotel stay or free cruise you've won, but typically are trying to get you to provide your personal or financial information to steal from you over the phone."
She noted that many scammers are getting bold with the use of brand names, often claiming to be calling from Hilton, Priceline, Carnival Cruise Line, and other big names in travel. To hear an example of a cruise-related scam call, click here.
So what should smart consumers do?
To stop your phone from ringing off the hook, consider registering for the National Do Not Call Registry. Doing so won't stop the scammers. But it will take you off the radar of telemarketing companies, and that's a win because face it: Getting a great deal on travel (or any other purchase) is highly unlikely from a cold call.
Additionally, many people have had good luck with companies like RoboKiller that customize which calls come through by keeping track of users' contacts and even screening calls before passing them along.
That may be particularly important if you live in Texas, which gets the most robocalls by far—some 628 million in April, or about 26 per person, according to RoboKiller. California, Florida, New York, and Ohio also made the top 5 for most spammed states.
More help could be on the way thanks to the STIR/SHAKEN standard, part of a federally mandated system that goes into effect June 30. It will make it far more difficult for scammers to spoof numbers within local area codes, meaning Americans will have more information when they decide whether or not to pick up the phone. (Picking up the phone can trigger more fraudulent calls because it shows your line is active.)
If you do end up answering the phone and are told you've won some kind of travel product, just hang up. Winners in legitimate contests are never alerted over the phone. If you've actually won, you'll get a letter by registered mail.
Money and Fees
scam, Travel scams, RoboKiller, Travel, Travel Alert, Travel Companies


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Byzantine Tower (Nea Fokea)
This imposing Byzantine tower with its underground chamber has an interesting history. The rebellious islanders barricaded themselves in here during the revolution of 1821. The village feast takes place her at the end of June, and on 21st June it's the site of some arts events for the Kassandra Festival.
Kalma Villa V
Nea Moudania, Halkidiki
14.5 Km to Byzantine Tower (Nea Fokea)
Kalma Villa VI
Toroneos Villas II - Heated Pool
Hanioti, Halkidiki
Afitos, Halkidiki
In the central square you'll find Agios Dimitrios, or the church of Saint Dimitrios. The church was built in the 1850s and is one of the most beautiful domed churches in the region. The church is still in use...
1.8 Km to Byzantine Tower (Nea Fokea) - Map
Head to the bars and clubs of Kassandra
The Kassandra peninsula is known as much for its amazing nightlife as for its beautiful beaches. The beach bars of Kalithea and the big clubs on the road to Pefkohori draw crowds from Thessaloniki and beyond....
Fish restaurants
Afitos has a good selection of restaurants catering to all tastes. For authentic Greek food, watch where the locals go to eat. And if you are fans of fresh fish, don't miss the fish restaurants on the...


Geoff Kabush, one of our all-time favorite Canuck athletes, will be racing for Scott Bikes for the upcoming season. His race season will include the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games, World Cup races, and beyond. Great luck to Geoff and the Scott crew in 2012!
Scott Bicycles: Welcome to the Team Geoff Kabush from Route 2 Productions on Vimeo.


We offer a range of environmental education and training in locations across Australia, servicing the needs of businesses, schools, community groups, individuals and revegetation projects. We can also help you with accredited training.
Grow us a Home resources featuring teacher references for activities in the Swan River region of Western Australia.
The Green Hub is our portal for teachers and educators across Australia.
Murder under the Microscope involves student detective groups investigating a potential environmental crime using clues beamed into the classroom via SBS TV and Internet Broadcasts. They compete to solve the mystery first, and submit a Catchment Management Plan to address the problems raised by the scenario. Suitable for Yrs 5-8, register before March each year.
Enter the dark and dangerous interior of a polar bear, a whale and a human to blast away the toxic threat.
An interactive sustainability website for teachers and students that covers nearly every environmental issue imaginable!
An online game where you're in charge of the whole catchment. You get to decide what activities you undertake – whether to plant crops, log forests, build factories or set up national parks. The aim is to avoid environmental problems and provide food and wealth for the population.
Robert Powell, Dept of CALM, 1990.
A solid book describing the common trees and tall shrubs (overstorey plant species only) of the Perth area. Text describes the plant, its' identifying features, associated fauna and often outlines human uses or connections to the plant. Clear line drawings. Easy to read.
Eddy Wajon, Wajon Publishing Company, 2000.
A small book with clear photos showing plants grouped by flower colour. Easy to use.
Margaret Pieroni, Quality Publishing Australia.
Simon Neville & Nathan McQuoid, Simon Neville Publications, South Fremantle.
Margaret G Corrick and Bruce A Fuhrer, The Five Mile Press, Monash Univ. 1996.
A pocket sized book that outlines some of the connections between local plants and Aboriginals. Colour photos and short text makes this book easy to use.
NG Marchant et al., Western Australian Herbarium, Dept. of Ag WA, 1987.
WE Blackall & BJ Grieve, University of WA Press.
5 books designed for the quick, easy identification of plants of the south west of Western Australia. The plant keys described use visible plant features to distinguish the different plant species.
Sue Patrick, Dept of CALM, 1997.
A small booklet that sets out the steps needed to make a plant herbarium (collection).
The Plant Protection Society of WA, 1997.
This is a great guide to weeds in your bushland. Make sure you pull out the weeds, not a strange looking native plant!
Kate Brown & Kris Brooks, EWAN, 2003.
This practical, local manual was developed to help land managers deal effectively with weed management in their bushlands.
Dieback Working Group, Edition 2, 2000.
Small booklet that aims to help people recognize and better manage the potential impacts of dieback on local bushland.
BMJ Hussey & KJ Wallace, CALM, 1993.
This practical guide is designed to help farmers and land managers preserve or expand native bush on their land.
Robert Powell & Jane Emberson, WA Naturalists Club, 1996.
A practical book that aims to inspire people to value and grow local plants in their gardens and in our public spaces. The plant-list has nearly 1 500 entries of known species native to the Perth Metropolitan Region – linking them to the soil types on which they are found.
Greening Australia WA in association with Western Power and the Waters and Rivers Commission, 2nd Edition, 1997.
A booklet showing 75 local plants grouped by growth forms – e.g. shrubs, pond plants, trees.
Books that help to set a context for the natural resources of metropolitan Perth.
This large format book has an overview of the natural features of the Perth metropolitan area. It contains a simple plant identification chart for local Banksia and Eucalyptus species.
Pocket sized books – appealing to children and adults alike. Colour photos and short text makes these books easy to use.
There are books that encourage family bush walking – e.g. Walks in Perth Outdoors.


Screen X, a revolutionary, multi-projection theatre experience that extends the screen to the auditorium wall is now at Regal Cinemas at Atlantic Station.
This immersive format takes traditional moviegoing a step further, by surrounding the audience with a 270-degree panoramic visual during select scenes and putting them in the center of the action. Fly to the farthest reaches of space or explore the depths of the ocean with this incredible technology, and experience the thrill of the movies like never before. Regal Cinemas Atlantic Station 18 IMAX & RPX is one of only eight movie theaters in the country with this technology!
In a partnership with Warner Bros., several films are expected to be released in the ScreenX format including Aquaman and Shazam! For more information, we refer you to the What Now Atlanta article.
Sounds like this theater is worth the drive to ATL. Follow us on social media for the latest updates.


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Prince Edward Island Employment Journey
PEI Job News You Can Use
La Voie de l'emploi
PEI resources and services for job seekers & employers
Job Search Tips, Videos & Job Fair Info
Job search success stories
PEI Education/Training Options
West Prince
Eastern Kings
Possible jobs with a degree
Bursaries / Awards / Scholarships
K-12 / Adult Education / Literacy / Youth / Workplace Essential Skills
Post-secondary education on PEI
Self Employed Business Profiles
Resources to start & maintain small businesses
Business Expo/Awards/Forums
Growth in healthcare jobs steadily increasing on PEI
by Heidi Riley
As part of Canada Career Month, a presentation was held at Career Development Services in Charlottetown detailing the jobs available in the PEI healthcare system.
Rebecca Gill, Manager, Recruitment and Retention Secretariat, PEI Department of Health and Wellness.
"In 2018, PEI saw a 1.8 percent annual population growth, which was the highest provincial growth rate in Canada, alongside Ontario," says Rebecca Gill, Manager, Recruitment and Retention Secretariat, PEI Department of Health and Wellness.
"With this increase, services are expanding to meet various needs, and we need more staff to support that expansion. Having access to appropriate bilingual services is also vital to providing patient-centered care in many Island communities."
Currently, close to 6,300 people work for Health PEI, including permanent, temporary or casual staff. Health PEI employs:
Family Medicine and Specialist Physicians
Registered Nurses (RNs), Nurse Practitioners (NPs), and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs)
Resident Care Workers (RCWs), and Patient Care Workers (PCWs)
Allied health professions such as Physiotherapists, Occupational Therapists, Respiratory Therapists, Social Workers, and Psychologists
Administrative positions.
Areas of employment in healthcare
Acute care: Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Prince County Hospital
Mental Health and Addictions programs: "Many Health PEI programs and services have expanded in this area over the past number of years," says Rebecca.
Long-term care facilities: eg. Prince Edward Home, Wedgewood Manor, Colville Manor
Community hospitals: Western Hospital, Community Hospital in O'Leary, Kings County Memorial Hospital, and Souris Hospital
Home care across the province
Acute mental health facility: Unit 9 at QEH, and Unit 3 at Hillsborough Hospital
Primary care: Health centres and disease management programs
Positions in high demand
Rebecca listed some of the positions that are currently in high demand: Family Medicine Physicians, Specialist Physicians, Registered Nurses, Licensed Practical Nurses, Resident Care Workers, Patient Care Workers, Physiotherapists, Occupational Therapists, Psychologists, Social Workers, and Nurse Practitioners.
"There isn't a day that goes by where members of our team are not talking to someone about recruiting for those areas. We are currently seeking qualified health professionals who can fill these vacancies within PEI's healthcare system.
"Based on an aging population in Canada and baby boomer generation retirements, the demand for workers in the continuing care sector will outpace the growth of the general labour force," says Rebecca. "Projected job growth in overall nursing jobs in Canada is 3.4 percent to 2035."
Resident Care/Patient Support Workers
"We are seeing a large increase in the need for RCWs, who work in long-term care facilities and home care services, and PCWs, who work in acute hospital settings. We anticipate a continuous need for more RCWs for the next 15 to 20 years, based on the current workforce demographics and the aging Island population."
Collège de l'Île, Margaret Connolly Training & Consulting, and Holland College offer RCW certificate programs with classroom and practical work experience placements. "Graduates of these programs are highly sought after and will be valuable additions to the healthcare system," says Rebecca.
The starting salary for an RCW working in a provincial facility is about $22/hour. "New hires tend to enter the health system as casual employees, but there is so much opportunity for employment, many soon apply for and are successful in finding full-time work, which includes vacation, sick leave, maternity, long-term disability, health and dental, and pension benefits. The work is very demanding, but also very rewarding."
Licensed Practical Nurses
"The province has hired many LPN graduates who wish to stay and work on PEI," says Rebecca. New hires are offered casual or sometimes temporary positions before applying for and accepting permanent positions.
Holland College offers a two-year LPN diploma program with a practicum component. Graduates must pass an exam in order to be licensed to work as an LPN on PEI.
A four-year and a two-year accelerated Bachelor of Nursing program is offered at UPEI. Graduates must pass a national exam to be licensed to practice as an RN on PEI.
The Department of Health and Wellness launched a new nursing incentive program for new graduate RNs, graduate NPs, experienced RNs, and experienced NPs. Graduate RNs are offered a lump sum payment, two years of guaranteed full-time work, benefits, seniority, and a preference for work settings. After two years, they can remain in that position or apply for another opportunity. Experienced RNs and NPs new to the province are offered a lump sum in exchange for a return in service commitment.
"There was strong interest right across the country when the incentive program was launched, and we are still seeking more nurses to fill vacant opportunities within the health system," says Rebecca.
"Many of our present nursing workforce are at an age when they are taking maternity leaves, which is resulting in more temporary vacancies and opportunities."
As of 2019, Health PEI employed approximately 35 Nurse Practitioners. This number has grown significantly over the last few years, with more NPs taking on vital roles within the healthcare system.
An RN can take two more years of Masters level training to become a Nurse Practitioner. NPs have a larger scope of practice than RNs.
Medical Device Reprocessing Technicians
This position involves cleaning and sterilizing medical equipment. Training is offered through 24 weeks of distance education and 400 hours of unpaid practicum.
Administrative Support Workers
"Admin Support is another area of demand right across government and health," says Rebecca. "On PEI, training is offered by Holland College, Academy of Learning, and Collège de l'Île. These programs have an on-the-job training component, which offers valuable experience that benefits students when they seek career opportunities once their program is complete.
"You can start work as a casual or temporary administrative professional and apply for permanent opportunities within a reasonable amount of time. Thirty years ago, the market was flooded with this skill set, but that is not the case today. There is currently a large demand for skilled Administrative Support workers, and it can be challenging to fill these positions right across government and health, especially bilingual positions."
"There are positions in government, health, and education," says Rebecca. "Increased demand across the province for Social Workers speaks to the expansion of PEI's mental health programs."
Education includes a four-year undergraduate degree and Masters of Social Work degree.
Internationally educated health professionals
Internationally educated nurses who wish to work on PEI must submit all their credentials, and are assessed by a national body based on Canadian standards. They may be required to do partial retraining, additional clinical placements, or may need to start over and be completely trained as a nurse in an accredited Canadian nursing program.
"We see a tremendous number of Internationally Educated Nurses seeking employment. The College of Registered Nurses on PEI works closely with applicants to determine how the person can become licensable here on PEI, so they are employable by Health PEI."
Applying for a healthcare position on PEI
"The PEI Public Service Commission is the hiring body for all provincial civil and healthcare jobs," says Rebecca. "Seventy-five percent of the hiring they do is for healthcare positions. The health system is vast, with many great employment opportunities."
Jobs posted at www.gov.pe.ca/jobspei list all employment opportunities available, including casual opportunities. In 2019, there were 387 external postings and 2,736 internal postings. After working one shift in the health system, casual workers may be eligible to apply to internal competitions for a temporary or permanent position.
"Applicants usually apply online, and all go through the selection process, including interviews, referencing, and sometimes a presentation or written component," says Rebecca. "The interview is a structured conversation where the selection panel takes notes and asks about work experience, knowledge, organizational, interpersonal, and other relevant skills. For those who are successful through the interview component, references may be contacted.
"Once hired, employees enter a probationary period which allows the employer the opportunity to ensure they are a fit for the role. Employees are also provided with proper orientation and support as needed."
Anyone with questions about healthcare jobs is welcome to call 902-620-3874 or email healthrecruiter@gov.pe.ca
Visit www.healthjobspei.ca
Filed Under: Current issue, December 2019/January 2020, Home Page
2:00 pm WorkPEI Information session for ... @ Atlantic Technology Centre
WorkPEI Information session for ... @ Atlantic Technology Centre
Sign up to learn how WorkPEI can help you find a job.
5:00 pm Acadian-style business social @ Family & Friends Restaurant & Pub
Acadian-style business social @ Family & Friends Restaurant & Pub
This free, bilingual event will be presented jointly by Kensington and Area Chamber of Commerce and Acadian and Francophone Chamber of Commerce of PEI, along with RDÉE PEI, the Wellington Rural Action Centre and the... [Read More...]
8:30 am Growing Your Facilitation Skills... @ UPEI
Growing Your Facilitation Skills... @ UPEI
Facilitators are the "keeper of the process" in organizational or community meetings, training or workshops. Many times leaders find themselves with subject matter expertise but have limited experience planning for and facilitating successfully. Facilitation skills... [Read More...]
all-day PEI Oyster Aquaculture Business ... @ Mill River Resort
PEI Oyster Aquaculture Business ... @ Mill River Resort
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At Chauffeur VIP we specialise in providing wedding cars in Nottingham, Lincoln, Grantham, the East midlands and Rutland, and our professional team of wedding chauffeurs in Nottingham and the surrounding area has many previous years of successful experience.
You'll receive a complementary bottle of champagne to toast your happy occasion, and we can also arrange to have the car decorated in flowers or ribbons of your choice to tie in with the theme of your wedding. You may of course specify exactly what you require from our wedding chauffeurs in Nottingham, and we can arrange any specifics without a problem.
Whether you need a single car for the bridal party or are in need of a full range of vehicles for the bridesmaids and close family, our service for wedding cars in Nottingham will deliver without question. If you are just starting the planning, why not give us a call first to hire wedding cars in Nottingham, Grantham, or the Leicester, Derby, Lincoln and Peterborough.
We offer a first class personalised wedding car hire service which is reliable, efficient, professional and dedicated to meeting all the requirements for your wedding. If you're searching for an elegant but affordable car, we offer a tailored service, leaving you more time to relax and enjoy the moments leading up to your special day.
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Eadbold, Kent, shilling -
Anglo-Saxon England, Kent, Eadbald (616-640), Gold Shilling (73% AV), 'Substantive Gold' Phase, struck AD 620-635, London, AVDV[ARLD RE]GES, the S inverted, diademed and draped bust right, cross before, rev. crucifix on globe within beaded border, 1.28g (SCBI 69 -; Dies A/c; Sutherland VI.1, no. 78; Metcalf 50; A&W xv; BNJ 89, North 29; Spink 758), virtually as struck, the eighth presently known, extremely rare; a coin of the utmost historical importance to British numismatics and probably initiated under the first Bishop of London
Images and selected text reproduced by kind permission of Spink and Son Ltd, London, auction 21000, The Tony Abramson Collection of Dark Age Coinage - Part I, March 18th 2021, lot # 18. Provenance: Spink 248, 25 September 2017, lot 688 ~ Found at Billericay (Essex), 1 May 2017 [EMC 2017.0175].
The Historical Context: According to Bede, Eadbald succeeded his father, Æthelberht, to ascend the throne of Kent in AD 616. Æthelberht was acclaimed for welcoming Augustine to his court in AD 597 and for his subsequent conversion to the Roman form of Christianity. However, Bede relates that soon after his accession, Eadbald apostatized, ejecting his Bishops - Mellitus was exiled to France - and incurring the Church's wrath by committing 'such fornication as the Apostle Paul mentioned as being unheard of even among the heathen, in that he took his father's [second] wife as his own.' Ultimately, Eadbald relented, rejected his wife and was duly baptized, thereafter favouring the Church within his kingdom. The subsequent spread of Christianity was facilitated by the use of a repertoire of Christian symbols on the coinage, though the later silver coinage evinces syncretic use of some Pagan motifs.
Literature and Interpretation: Sutherland was amongst the first to review the literature on the attribution to Eadbald. Shaw would further establish that Bede only used forms similar to that inscribed on the obverse of this coinage when quoting Pope Boniface, before subsequent discoveries such as that at Tangmere elicited further numismatic contributions from Blackburn and Williams. Deciphering elements of the reverse legend on the Pas-de-Calais and Hunterian specimens are taken to identify London as the mint.
The Coinage: There are sequence of historically significant events with Eadbald's reign that may point to the origins of this issue. Their overtly Christian elements likely point to personal moments in his life, such as his conversion by Laurentius, Archbishop of Canterbury in AD 616/17, or his foundation of a church latterly consecrated by Archbishop Mellitus. However they might also record wider events such as the death of Mellitus in AD 624, or even Paulinus's return to Kent in AD 634. Resolving this reverse legend is crucial to attribution. However conjectural an association to Mellitus may still be, a lifetime issue, would date the introduction of the coinage prior to AD 624. One may even identify a 'common purpose' between brothers-in-law Eadbald and Edwin of Northumbria (lot 19). The erection of a Church could give occasion to issue a high-status coin. The driving force for this parallel initiative would then have come from the Roman bishops themselves, Mellitus and Paulinus, who would be more acquainted with the symbolism and usage of coins than the English kings.
The Corpus
The Corpus 1. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1.26g, AV 69%, Crondall Hoard, 1828. (Dies A/a)
2. American Numismatic Society, New York, 1.29g, AV 64%, From the Norweb [SCBI 16, no. 42]; Lockett I, lot 206 and Grantley 595a Collections; Ponton D'Amecourt 658, Robert = Belfort 6527. Found Pas-de-Calais. (Dies A/b)
3. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 1.27g, AV 72%, BNJ Coin Register 1998, 37. Found Tangmere, West Sussex, 1997. (Dies A/c)
4. British Museum, London, 1.28g, AV 74%, BNJ Coin Register 1998, 38. Found Shorne, Kent, 1998. (Dies A/d)
5. Dr. Andrew Wayne, 1.28g, AV 58%, CNG Triton XX, 10 January 2017, lot 1463; Spink 203, 24 June 2010, lot 1; Found near Deal, Kent, January 2010. (Dies A/d)
6. Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, 1.30g. cf. Bateson and Campbell, 1998, pp. 171, and pl. 28-29, no. 1. Dr Hunter bequest, 1783. A probable eighteenth century find. (Dies A/e)
7. Lord Stewartby, 1.28g, AV 67%, Spink 16019 (Part 1), 22 March 2016, lot 1; Bonhams, 16 October 2007, lot 325. (Dies A/d)
8. Abramson (EMC 2017.0175), 1.28g. 73% AV. Spink 17006, 25 September 2017, lot 688. Found Billericay, Essex, 1 May 2017. (Dies A/c)
ix) Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (EMC 2001.1003), 1.29g, attributed to Eadbald, but apparently minted in Canterbury from different obverse die and reverse dies. Found Goodnestone, Kent, September 2001.