text:
Civil Application 174 of 2014
Ministry of Roads & another v George Kimani Mbugua & 2 others [2015] eKLR
Ministry of Roads & Attorney General v George Kimani Mbugua, Felix Wachira Kiriko & Miriam Anyango Malla (Suing as Officials of Airport View Neighbours Group
Court of Appeal at Nairobi
Philomena Mbete Mwilu
Case Outcome:
Application Allowed
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL
(CORAM: MWILU J.A IN CHAMBERS)
CIVIL APPLICATION NO. NAI 174 OF 2014
MINISTRY OF ROADS
ATTORNEY GENERAL……………………….........…………..APPLICANTS
GEORGE KIMANI MBUGUA FELIX WACHIRA KIRIKO
MIRIAM ANYANGO MALLA (suing as officials of
AIRPORT VIEW NEIGHBOURS GROUP….....………......... RESPONDENTS
Constitutional Petition No.75 of 2011
The Attorney General, acting for the Ministry of Roads, hereinafter referred to as "the applicant," has brought this application under rules 4, 42 and 77 of this court's rules. The applicant seeks the following orders:-
THAT the Honourable Court of Appeal does grant the Applicant extension of time to serve the Notice of Appeal out of the time stipulated of 7 days
THAT the Notice of Appeal filed in the court on 30th September 2013 and served upon the Respondents on 22nd October 2013 be deemed as properly served and proper before the court.
THAT costs of this application be provided for."
The application is based on the following grounds, set out on the face of the application:
"(i) THAT the delay in serving the Notice of Appeal within the stipulated period of 7 days was due to an inadvertent mistake on the part of the court clerk at the Attorney General's chambers.
THAT the delay and mistake to serve the Notice of Appeal is excusable and will not prejudice the respondent.
THAT the intended appeal is meritorious and raises serious issues of law which require proper determination by this Honourable Court.
THAT it's for the interest of justice that this application be allowed."
The application is supported by the affidavit of Anastacia Kamande, a state counsel in the office of the Attorney General incorporating an affidavit by Joseph Pakia, a clerical officer in the state law office. The gist of these affidavits is that the notice of appeal was filed on time and the delay in serving the notices within the stipulated time was occasioned by the inadvertent mistake of the clerk in forgetting to collect the notice of appeal after he left the copies at the registry for sealing by the Deputy Registrar. A supplementary affidavit by the said Anastacia Kamande was filed by the applicant in response to the replying affidavit contents of which I would refer to later on.
The application is strenuously opposed by way of a replying affidavit sworn by George Kimani Mbugua, one of the respondents. Mr. Mbugua contends that the reasons advanced by the applicant are false, self serving and do not merit favourable exercise of discretion by this court. Moreover, Mr. Mbugua depones that the application is theoretical and moot as the default in serving the application for proceedings within the prescribed time of sixty days has caused abatement of the intended appeal by operation of law. Mr. Mbugua also indicated that the respondents had taken steps leading to taxation of party and party costs, a certificate of order against the government has been issued and judicial review proceedings instituted to enforce the trial court's judgment. He goes ahead to state that it was only when the application for judicial review aforementioned came up for hearing that the applicants awoke from slumber and filed the present application and also filed an application for stay. Mr. Mbugua also alluded to past incidences where the applicant had failed to pursue their appeal with dispatch and that this application was done as an afterthought. According to the respondent, the applicant had squandered their opportunity to ventilate their case in court to the detriment of the applicant and had therefore approached court with unclean hands and does not deserve the equitable remedy sought.
This reply prompted the state counsel to file a supplementary affidavit to address the issues raised. The crux of the supplementary affidavit is that the state counsel was not indolent as she had served the notice of appeal 15 days out of the stipulated seven days which cannot be considered inordinate. Moreover, the state counsel had proceeded on maternity leave in early November 2013 and only resumed duty on 27th March 2014. It was apparent that there was inertia on the matter while counsel was on leave with the office file getting misplaced and even closed. It was only upon her return to duty that she diligently pursued the matter and took the steps she has taken on the matter including tracing the status and filing the necessary applications.
Of note is that the learned state counsel's action was well within the knowledge of the respondent's counsel, the issues having come up in previous proceedings between the parties arising from the same course of action. Indeed, the position was acknowledged by both parties in their respective affidavits in acknowledging the ruling by the trial judge allowing the application for stay of proceedings. The learned state counsel urged the court to invoke the provisions of Article 159(2)(d) of the Constitution emphasizing the overriding objective of the court envisaged in sections 3A and 3B of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, the appeal being meritorious.
The parties made oral arguments before me on the application reiterating their respective positions. The applicant was represented by learned state counsel Anastacia Kamande while the respondent was represented by Andrew Ombwayo. Both counsel also referred me to several authorities in support of their positions, which I have considered. However, I must point out that all but one of the authorities filed by the respondent emanates from the High Court which have no binding effect on this court. Having said that, the authorities cited are mere guidelines as this application requires me to exercise my unfettered jurisdiction.
Briefly, the impugned judgment of the trial court against which the applicant intends to appeal had issued orders against the applicant requiring the applicant to compensate the respondents for the violent deprivation of the respondent's housing following the respondent's demolition of the applicant's house structures. This order was issued on the backdrop of the trial judge's finding that the respondents had more than six months notice to vacate the suit land, which is a road reserve set aside for the public purpose of constructing the eastern by-pass. The applicant is aggrieved with these orders and intends to appeal on the grounds set out in the draft memorandum of appeal.
This is an application for extension of time and further seeks prayers to allow the notice of appeal filed within time and served out of time to be deemed to be properly before this court. As this court has stated time and again, I have unfettered discretion in considering the orders sought. This is not to mean that I exercise the discretion capriciously. Several factors have been laid down to guide on how the discretion is to be exercised. They include the length of delay, the explanations advanced for the delay, the conduct of the party seeking to benefit from the discretionary orders, the prejudice to be suffered by the respondent and the greater overriding objective of achieving the interests of justice. This position was set out in the case of Leo Sila Mutiso V Rose Hellen Wangari Mwangi Civil Application No. Nai 255/1997. See also the case of Mwangi v Kenya Airways Ltd. [2003] KLR 48, where it was stated as follows:-
"The list of factors a court would take into account in deciding whether or not to grant an extension of time is not exhaustive. Rule 4 of the Court of Appeal Rules (Cap 9) gives the single judge unfettered discretion and so long as the discretion is exercised judicially, a judge would be perfectly entitled to consider any other factor outside those listed so long as the factor is relevant to the issue being considered."
The respondent is emphatic that the applicant is not deserving of the orders sought. From the record, I noted that the issues and arguments advanced by the parties have previously been canvassed by the parties before different courts both in the High Court and in this Court and determinations made in favour of the applicant. In the circumstances and nothing new having been raised before me that has not been argued before, I see no basis to disagree with the previous exercise of discretion in favour of the applicant. I am convinced that the learned state counsel for the applicant has been diligent in handling the matter and it was only upon her proceeding on maternity leave that the matter stalled. However, upon her resumption of duties from leave, learned state counsel has demonstrated that she has taken a keen interest in the conduct of the matter.
I have perused the draft memorandum of appeal and without going to its merit, I am of the view that the appeal is arguable. The applicant having already obtained orders of stay of execution pending appeal in the high court, it is only proper that the appeal be allowed to proceed on merit. The impugned judgment involves making payments from the public purse in favour of the respondents and it is only proper that the matter is determined conclusively on merit at appeal. Moreover, in line with Article 201(d) of the Constitution, one of the principles that guide public finance is that public money shall be used in a prudent and responsible way.
I note that the respondent raised an argument on abatement of the intended appeal. This was further to the observation by the trial court that the issue of abatement of suit could only be properly addressed by the court of appeal. The respondent disputes that the letter requesting proceedings was served on them as should be done in accordance with rule 82(1) and (2) of this court's rules. The applicant on the other hand states that the letter was filed and served concurrently with the notice of appeal. A glance at the said letter dated 26th September, 2013 by the applicant to the deputy registrar requesting for a copy of the judgment and proceedings reveals that the same was filed on 30th September, 2013 and copied to the respondent's advocates.
However, unlike the notice of appeal which bears the acknowledgment stamp by the respondent's advocates, the same cannot be said of the letter. The affidavit by Joseph Pakia is rather vague on whether the letter was served though he acknowledges in paragraph 2 of the affidavit of having received the notice of appeal and the letter requesting for proceedings to effect service on the respondents' advocates. The application only seeks extension of time in respect of the notice of appeal but makes no mention of the letter requesting for proceedings.
If I correctly understood learned counsel for the respondent, I am being asked to strike out the notice of appeal on grounds of abatement of the intended appeal. Service of the letter requesting for proceedings in my view is a question of fact and it was either done or not. In my view, the determination of the validity of the appeal or striking out of the same is not an issue for my determination as a single judge under rule 53 of this court's rules but rather an issue for the full bench of this court. Rule 53(2)(c) of this court's rules provide:
"53. (1) Every application, other than an application included in sub-rule (2), shall be heard by a single judge:
Provided that any such application may be adjourned by the judge for determination by the Court.
(2) This rule shall not apply to—
an application to strike out a notice of appeal or an appeal;"
Besides, an application to strike out a notice of appeal must be made in a formal manner as envisaged under rule 84 which provides as follows:-
"A person affected by an appeal may at any time, either before or after the institution of the appeal, apply to the Court to strike out the notice or the appeal, as the case may be, on the ground that no appeal lies or that some essential step in the proceedings has not been taken or has not been taken within the prescribed time. Provided that an application to strike out a notice of appeal or an appeal shall not be brought after the expiry of thirty days from the date of service of the notice of appeal or record of appeal as the case may be."(emphasis mine)
The respondents therefore have recourse under the rules where they feel that the applicants have not taken the necessary steps or the steps were not undertaken within the prescribed time. For the above reasons, I am therefore not in a position to consider the striking out of the notice of appeal or consider the abatement of the intended appeal as that is within the purview of the full court. I am guided by this court's decision in Samuel Thuita Wanjama v Celestine Mwaniki Muna & Another [2009] eKLR where it was held as follows:-
There is in fact a notice of appeal on record. Whether or not that notice is valid one cannot be a decision to be made by a single Judge. That is a province of a full bench. Mrs. Gudka at first told me that I should treat the notice of appeal before me to be deemed to have been withdrawn pursuant to rule 82. I do not know that a single Judge of the Court can validly deem a notice of appeal to have been withdrawn and then proceed to act as though there was in fact no notice of appeal. It is to be noted that under rule 52 (b) an application to strike out a notice of appeal can only be heard and determined by the Court not by a single Judge."
In the end and bearing in mind the foregoing circumstances, I allow the application dated 14th July 2014 with costs to abide the outcome of the intended appeal and further order that the applicant to move with speed to have the record filed.
Dated and delivered at Nairobi this 4th day of December, 2015.
P. M. MWILU
………………………………. JUDGE OF APPEA
I certify that this is a true copy of the original.


If there's something strange in you neighborhood, who you gonna call? Ghostbusters! If there's something weird, and it don't look good, who you gonna call? Ghostbusters!
You're sitting in the Ghostbusters office, fiddling with the latest version of your proton pack. It's a drizzly Tuesday afternoon, and business is slow. It's been slow for a while now, honestly. Sure, things picked up a bit after you saved New York City from Gozer, but lately, you've only been hired to deal with garden variety spooks and specters… and not many, at that. It's been a least a month since you cleaned out that haunted amusement park.
You dive for the fireman's pole, sliding to the bottom level. Spengler and Stantz are already there, pulling on their suits.
"What've we got?" you ask.
It looks like you're going to need to grab the big guns for this job. Start by suiting up properly with this Ghostbusters Grand Heritage Costume for Men. The movie-authentic full-body coveralls are covered in zipper pockets along the chest, sleeves and legs. There's a classic name patch attached to the front, and, most importantly, a Proton Pack that that straps to the back. You'll be ready to hit the Ecto-1 in no time. That ghost doesn't stand a chance!
Small - £288.99 Only 3 left! Standard - £288.99 Only 4 left! X-Large - £288.99 Only 3 left!


text:
Researchers Use New Approach To Overcome Key Hurdle For Next-Generation Superconductors
October 27, 2011 Matt Shipman
Researchers from North Carolina State University have developed a new computational approach to improve the utility of superconductive materials for specific design applications – and have used the approach to solve a key research obstacle for the next-generation superconductor material yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO).
A superconductor is a material that can carry electricity without any loss – none of the energy is dissipated as heat, for example. Superconductive materials are currently used in medical MRI technology, and are expected to play a prominent role in emerging power technologies, such as energy storage or high-efficiency wind turbines.
One problem facing systems engineers who want to design technologies that use superconductive materials is that they are required to design products based on the properties of existing materials. But NC State researchers are proposing an approach that would allow product designers to interact directly with the industry that creates superconductive materials – such as wires – to create superconductors that more precisely match the needs of the finished product.
"We are introducing the idea that wire manufacturers work with systems engineers earlier in the process, utilizing computer models to create better materials more quickly," says Dr. Justin Schwartz, lead author of a paper on the process and Kobe Steel Distinguished Professor and head of NC State's Department of Materials Science and Engineering. "This approach moves us closer to the ideal of having materials engineering become part of the product design process."
This snapshot of 3-D temperature distribution within YBCO tape during a quench illustrates that the temperature gradient can be very high locally, thus requiring the multiscale modeling approach Schwartz's team developed.
To demonstrate the utility of the process, researchers tackled a problem facing next-generation YBCO superconductors. YBCO conductors are promising because they are very strong and have a high superconducting current density – meaning they can handle a large amount of electricity. But there are obstacles to their widespread use.
One of these key obstacles is how to handle "quench." Quench is when a superconductor suddenly loses its superconductivity. Superconductors are used to store large amounts of electricity in a magnetic field – but a quench unleashes all of that stored energy. If the energy isn't managed properly, it will destroy the system – which can be extremely expensive. "Basically, the better a material is as a superconductor, the more electricity it can handle, so it has a higher energy density, and that makes quench protection more important, because the material may release more energy when quenched," Schwartz says.
To address the problem, researchers explored seven different variables to determine how best to design YBCO conductors in order to optimize performance and minimize quench risk. For example, does increasing the thickness of the YBCO increase or decrease quench risk? As it turns out, it actually decreases quench risk. A number of other variables come into play as well, but the new approach was effective in helping researchers identify meaningful ways of addressing quench risk.
"The insight we've gained into YBCO quench behavior, and our new process for designing better materials, will likely accelerate the use of YBCO in areas ranging from new power applications to medical technologies – or even the next iteration of particle accelerators," Schwartz says.
"This process is of particular interest given the White House's Materials Genome Initiative," Schwartz says. "The focus of that initiative is to expedite the process that translates new discoveries in materials science into commercial products – and I think our process is an important step in that direction."
The paper, "Three-Dimensional Micrometer-Scale Modeling of Quenching in High-Aspect-Ratio YBa2Cu3O7-d Coated Conductor Tapes—Part II: Influence of Geometric and Material Properties and Implications for Conductor Engineering and Magnet Design," was co-authored by Dr. Wan Kan Chan, a research associate at NC State. The paper is available online from IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. The research was funded by the Air Force Research Laboratory.
"Three-Dimensional Micrometer-Scale Modeling of Quenching in High-Aspect-Ratio YBa2Cu3O7-d Coated Conductor Tapes—Part II: Influence of Geometric and Material Properties and Implications for Conductor Engineering and Magnet Design"
Authors: Wan Kan Chan and Justin Schwartz, North Carolina State University
Published: online, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity
Abstract: YBa2Cu3O7-d (YBCO) coated conductors (CCs) show great promise for applications, but due to a very slow normal-zone propagation velocity (NZPV), quench detection and protection in YBCO magnets may be difficult. Present YBCO CCs have been developed with a primary focus on maximizing the critical current density for elevated-temperature low-field or low-temperature high-field applications. As the market for magnet applications progresses, it becomes important to consider design parameters such as the thicknesses and properties of all YBCO CC components, with the intent of considering quench-related behaviors as an integral part of the conductor and magnet design processes. Thus, it is important to know the impacts of conductor parameters on quench behavior. Considering that the YBCO layer itself is on the order of a micrometer in thickness, quench behavior must also be considered at this scale length. Here, the highly accurate experimentally validated micrometer-scale 3-D tape model reported in Part I is used to study how variations in CC geometry and material properties affect quench behavior, including the NZPV, hot-spot temperature, and minimum quench energy. The parametric variations focus on quantities that can be most readily modified by CC manufacturers. Based on simulation results, the relative sensitivities of the quench quantities to the parametric variations are calculated to identify which CC design parameters are most impactful on quench behavior. The implications of these results for quench detection and protection are discussed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Celebrities / Influencers
29 Pete Davidson Quotes About Life (COMEDIAN)
Top 10 Most Famous Pete Davidson Quotes (BEST)
7 Pete Davidson Quotes on Stand-up and Performing
5 Pete Davidson Quotes on SNL and Television
2 Pete Davison Quotes on Social Media
5 Pete Davidson Quotes that Will Make You Think
"I'm not making fun of it because I want to make fun of it. I'm making fun of it so I feel better. I don't want people to think any time there's a tragedy that I'm going to make a joke about it. It's only funny to me because it's personal to me. And that was always the goal. It wasn't to be this insult person."
Things that I feel really sad about, I talk about. That way, if it's funny, it doesn't hurt anymore.
I was the class clown in high school, but I always took it too far, so nobody liked me. I was annoying. Like, I would get a laugh and then keep going and keep going.
It's not good to be lit all the time and have no clear-headed thoughts.
There have been a couple of times when kids that weren't nice to me in high school are like, 'Hey, man!' And I'm just like, 'Yeah. Thank you very much.'
"I don't let a lot of people know about my dad dying on 9/11. It's not a way to introduce yourself. So I never told anybody, and then I would do jokes about it and I think people thought I was lying about it. Which would be crazy!"
I really wish that I was, like, strong enough to not go online.
I have no idea how to do sketches, believe it or not.
There are people for everybody, and luckily, I found mine.
I've made a lot of questionable choices, and a couple of them need removing, it takes like a month for it to heal. But like it's pretty much off this hand.
"I bombed so much as a standup that messing up doesn't matter to me anymore. I kind of enjoy bombing sometimes – I try and make everybody hate me more. Like, once I know it's not going well, I can just have fun."
I get nervous all the time. The only time I'm not nervous is onstage, which is weird.
I just really want to do stand-up and act in stuff that I like. And do stuff that makes me really happy.
I have to do stand-up. I have to do something comedy-involved every day or else I will lose my mind. I already am, but I would go more nuts.
"I started doing stand-up when I was 16, my junior year in high school. My two friends and I would sit at home watching stand-up. They kept saying I should try it, and so I did."
I always wanted my stand-up to feel like not just a show, but like you're hanging out with someone for an hour. I like to just talk.
I'm the most awkward person in the world, but on stage, I'm completely fine. I could run around in a thong and not care.
"I think when you first get in a relationship and you're on television, you don't realize that when you post a photo of you and your girlfriend, you're pretty much announcing to the world your relationship."
I don't like going out. I'm more of a watch TV, hang out, Netflix kind of guy. I don't like leaving; I don't like talking to people. It gives me anxiety.
SNL has changed my career because it gave it a platform to be seen. And I really feel like the Weekend Update desk is where I am given the opportunity to shine on that show.
"My jokes have definitely changed. 'SNL' has helped with that, because when you're on 'SNL,' you have to kind of pay attention to the news. I feel like my material has gotten smarter now."
I'm not the first person to say this, but communication at 'SNL' – I don't want to say it's not good, but unless you ask questions, you will not know what's going on.
"Well, I don't really have Instagram — I don't have Instagram or Twitter or any of that stuff. So, most of my daily life is getting into cars and showing up to a set, or, if I'm off, I just either hang with my friends or chill with my girlfriend inside. So I don't do much."
I feel like every time I tweet, I lose money.
"People love to tear you off your pedestal, just 'cause you're really rich or you're the best at tennis or you go to a charity event with 200 kids even though you're dripping with COVID."
I got in trouble last year because I was making some jokes.
I'm great. As you know I've had a really crazy month, and I want to talk about something that matters a lot to me, ok, mental health?
"I'm going on a little 'vacation,' the kind of vacation where insurance pays for some of it, and they take your phone and shoelaces. And you have roommates, but it still costs like $100,000."
The last few years have been real rough with me, I took all these mental health classes and really spent a lot of time getting me good.
35 Inspirational Anne Sweeney Quotes (SUCCESS)
39 Dan Sullivan Quotes on Life and Success (INSPIRE)
78 Inspirational Honoré de Balzac Quotes on Life (LOVE)
64 Motivational Gustave Flaubert Quotes (NOVELIST)
Top 70 Ellen Key Quotes About Life (WRITER)
42 Motivational James Frey Quotes (INSPIRING)
31 Amy Carmichael Quotes on Love and Joy (PRAYER)
Top 69 Jiddu Krishnamurti Quotes on Life (LOVE)
45 Jack London Quotes About Life (NOVELIST)
Top 35 John Legend Quotes About Life (LOVE)
Jeremiah Say June 25, 2021 September 19, 2022
42 Inspirational Will Smith Quotes About Life (LOVE)
Jeremiah Say October 2, 2020 October 25, 2021
68 Robin Williams Quotes About Life (LOVE)
46 Inspirational Justin Bieber Quotes (DREAMS)
Jeremiah Say December 8, 2020 February 3, 2023
87 Kanye West Quotes About Life (RAPPER)
Jeremiah Say May 13, 2021 February 3, 2023
Top 34 Ginger Rogers Quotes About Life (DANCING)
Jeremiah Say March 12, 2022 August 23, 2022


text:
Q: Hierarchical menu in view based on parent child class I have a ViewModel:
public class Page
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public Page Parent { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Title { get; set; }
}

I am passing that model to a view, and i need to create a hierarchical menu based on the model:

Page

Sub Page

Through no lack of effort at all i am unable to figure out how i will be doing this recursive loop in the view.
I can create the markup in my controller, but that's not test friendly.
Any Ideas?

A: there are many ways to display dynamicly generated menus and i will post my way of doing it, I have two classes Menu & MenuItem (a Menu is just a wrapper for a list of MenuItems which are the actual >"real" links) and then i have a NavigationViewModel to wrap everything.
public class MenuItem
{
    public int MenuID { get; set; }
    public int ID { get; set; }
    public String Label { get; set; }
    public String Link { get; set; }
    public Boolean Show { get; set; }

    public MenuItem(int menuId, int id, string label, string link, Boolean show)
    {
        this.MenuID = menuId;
        this.ID = id;
        this.Label = label;
        this.Link = link;
        this.Show = show;
    }
}

//
public class Menu
{
    public int ID { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public List<MenuItem> MenuItems { get; set; }

    public Menu(int id, string name)
    {
        this.ID = id;
        this.Name = name;
        this.MenuItems = new List<MenuItem>();
    }

}

// this is NavigationModel that wrap everything.
public class NavigationModel
{
    public int currentMenuID { get; set; }
    // used to determine the current displayed Menu to add
    // the "current" class to it. (to be set in the controller)

    public int currentMenuItemID { get; set; }
    // used to determine the current displayed MenuItem to add
    // the "current" class to it. (to be set in the controller)

    public List<Menu> Menus { get; set; }

    public NavigationModel()
    {
        this.Menus = new List<Menu>();
        // Set Default Menu ( Menu 1 )
        this.currentMenuID = 1;
        // Set Default Menau Item ( None )
        this.currentMenuItemID = 0;
    }
}

// This is an example of a method that builds a NavigationModel.
private static NavigationModel BuildNavigationMenu(User currentUser, string rootURL)
    {
        string loginURL = rootURL + "Account/LogOn";

        // Main Menu
        Menu MainMenu = new Menu(1, "Home");
        MainMenu.MenuItems.Add(new MenuItem(1, 1, "Welcome", rootURL, true));
        MainMenu.MenuItems.Add(new MenuItem(1, 2, "How It Works", rootURL + "Home/HowDoesItWork", true));

        // Work Menu
        Menu WorkMenu = new Menu(2, "Work");
        WorkMenu.MenuItems.Add(new MenuItem(2, 1, "Profile", rootURL + "User/Profile/" + currentUser.ID , true));
        WorkMenu.MenuItems.Add(new MenuItem(2, 2, "Customers", "#", true));

        // Add Menus To Navigation Model
        NavigationModel navigationMenu = new NavigationModel();
        navigationMenu.Menus.Add(MainMenu);
        navigationMenu.Menus.Add(HireMenu);

        return navigationMenu;
}

// I have a NavigationHelper that takes care of outputting the HTML with the following two methods.
Note: (this is a simplified version as in my implementation i use the id of the Menu & the MenuItem to locate the current menu that is being displayed and add the "current" CSS class to it"
public static string DisplayMenu(this HtmlHelper helper, NavigationModel navigationMenu)
{
    public static string DisplayMenu(this HtmlHelper helper, NavigationModel navigationMenu)
    {
        String result = "
\n";
        foreach(Menu menu in navigationMenu.Menus)
        {
            result +=     "
\n";
            result +=         string.Format(" {0} \n",helper.AttributeEncode(menu.Name));
            result +=         "
\n";
            foreach(MenuItem item in menu.MenuItems)
            {
                result += NavigationHelper.ConvertToItem(helper, item);
            }
            result +=         "
\n";
            result +=     "
\n";
        }
        result +=     "
\n";

        return result;
    }

    private static string ConvertToItem(this HtmlHelper helper,MenuItem item)
    {
        if (item.Show)
        {
            return string.Format("
{1}
\n", helper.AttributeEncode(item.Link), helper.AttributeEncode(item.Label));
        }
        else { return ""; }
    }
}

finally i have a following call in my Master to display the menu.

<%= Html.DisplayMenu(Model.NavigationMenu) %>

Note: I have a strongly typed MasterPage with the type (BaseViewModel) that contains the property NavigationMenu of type NavigationModel
Connecting everything together.
In my example i have to supply my Views with a ViewModel (that inherits my BaseViewModel) at each action method to and then build the Menu (using a Builder Method that does most of the work so i don't have to re type it in every action method). If you don't use a BaseViewModel then you will need to find another way to build the Navigation Model and then pass the Navigation Model to your MasterPage.
For me i find having a strongly typed MasterPage to make things easier and cleaner. King wilder have a nice way of implementing them in his GolfTracker Series.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Binoclul este un instrument optic, folosit pentru observarea obiectelor aflate la mare depărtare, cu ajutorul unor mici lunete terestre. Are rol asemănător lunetei/ocheanului, dar față de acesta, binoclul oferă efectul de stereoscopie, ceea ce face observarea mai clară a reliefului imaginilor și o apreciere mai bună a distanței.

Istorie
Ocheanul binoclu a fost inventat în 1608, de către Hans Lippershey, un optician neerlandez.

Construcții optice

Binoclu galilean
Curând după invenția lunetei astronomice, pare să fi fost explorate avantajele montării a două astfel de lunete, una lângă cealaltă, pentru vederea binoculară. Majoritatea binoclurilor timpurii au utilizat optica galileană; adică au folosit un obiectiv convex și un ocular concav. Construcția galileană are avantajul de a prezenta o imagine dreaptă, dar are un câmp de vedere îngust și nu este capabil să mărească foarte mult. Acest tip de construcție, este încă folosit în modele foarte ieftine și în binoclurile de teatru sau în lorniete. Construcția galileană este de asemenea folosit la lupele chirurgicale binoculare cu mărire redusă și lupe pentru bijutieri, deoarece acestea pot fi foarte scurte și pot produce o imagine dreaptă fără o montarea optică complexă sau neobișnuită, reducând cheltuielile și greutatea totală. Ele au, de asemenea, o ieșire mai mare, făcând pupila să se contracte mai puțin, iar câmpul îngust de vizualizare funcționează bine în acele aplicații.  De obicei, ele sunt montate pe o ramă de ochelari sau se potrivesc personalizat pe ochelari (ceasornicari, chirurgi).

Binoclu keplerian
O imagine îmbunătățită și o mărire superioară s-a obținut la binoclurile kepleriene, unde imaginea formată de lentilele obiectivului este privită prin oculare pozitive. Deoarece configurația kepleriană produce o imagine inversată, au fost utilizate diverse metode  pentru a prezenta imaginea într-un mod corect.

Binocluri cu lentile pentru inversare

În binoclurile fără prisme, cu optică kepleriană (care uneori erau numite "lunete gemene"), fiecare tub avea între obiectiv și ocular una sau două lentile suplimentare (ansamblu de lentile releu). Aceste lentile sunt folosite pentru a mări imaginea. Binoclurile cu lentile de inversare au un dezavantaj serios: ele sunt prea lungi. Astfel de binocluri au fost populare în anii 1800 (de exemplu, modelele G. & S. Merz), dar au fost depășite la scurt timp după ce compania lui Karl Zeiss a introdus în anii 1890 binocluri îmbunătățite, cu prismă.

Binocluri cu prismă
Prismele optice adăugate constricției reprezintă o altă modalitate de a transforma imaginea în mod corect, de obicei printr-o prismă Porro sau prismă roof.

Binoclurile cu prismă Porro

Binoclurile cu prismă Porro sunt numite după opticianul italian Ignazio Porro, care a brevetat acest sistem de inversare a imaginii in 1854, și care ulterior a fost perfecționat de producători precum compania Carl Zeiss în anii 1890. Binoclurile de acest tip utilizează o prismă Porro într-o configurație dublă a prismei în formă de Z pentru a inversa imaginea, adică schimbă parcursul luminii între lentila frontală și ocular. Această caracteristică este specifică binoclurilor largi, cu lentilele obiectivului bine separate, dar compensate de oculare. Soluția cu prismă Porro are avantajul suplimentar al plierii căii optice, astfel încât lungimea fizică a binoclurilor să fie mai mică decât lungimea focală a obiectivului, iar distanța mai mare dintre obiective oferă o mai bună senzație de profunzime. Astfel, dimensiunea longitudinală a binoclurilor este redusă.

Parametrii optici

Binoclurile, de obicei, sunt concepute pentru aplicații specifice. Aceste modele diferite necesită anumiți parametri optici care pot fi enumerați pe placa de acoperire a prismei binoclurilor. Acești parametri sunt:

Grosismentul
Primul număr într-o descriere a unui binoclu (de ex. 7x35, 8x50) este grosismentul, o mărime adimensională definită ca fiind raportul dintre distanța focală a obiectivului și distanța focală a ocularului. Acesta oferă puterea de mărire a binoclurilor (uneori exprimate ca "diametre"). De exemplu, un factor de mărire de 7 produce o imagine de 7 ori mai mare decât originalul văzut de la acea distanță. Alegerea grosismentului depinde de aplicația dorită, iar în majoritatea binoclurilor este o caracteristică permanentă, nereglabilă, a dispozitivului (cu excepția binoclului cu zoom). Binoclurile de mână au, în mod obișnuit, măriri cuprinse între 7x și 10x, pentru a fi mai puțin sensibile la tremurul mâinilor. O mărire mai mare duce la un câmp vizual mai mic și poate necesita un trepied pentru stabilitatea imaginii. Unele binocluri specializate pentru astronomie sau pentru utilizări militare au măriri de la 15x la 25x.

Diametrul obiectivului
Al doilea număr din descrierea binoclului (de ex. 7x35, 8x50) este diametrul obiectivului, care determină rezoluția (claritatea) și cât de multă lumină poate fi captată pentru a forma imaginea. Când două binocluri diferite au o mărire egală, o calitate egală și produc o potrivire suficientă a pupilei de ieșire (vezi mai jos), diametrul obiectivului mai mare produce o imagine "mai strălucitoare  și mai clară".

Câmp de vizualizare
Câmpul vizual al unei perechi de binocluri depinde de construcția optică și în general este invers proporțional cu puterea de mărire. Este de obicei notat printr-o valoare liniară, cum ar fi câți metri în lățime vor fi văzuți de la 1000 de metri, sau într-o valoare unghiulară, de câte grade pot fi văzute.

Distanța de focalizare apropiată
Distanța de focalizare apropiată este cel mai apropiat punct pe care se poate focaliza binoclul. Această distanță variază de la aproximativ 0,5 m până la 30 m, în funcție de proiectarea binoclurilor. Dacă distanța de focalizare este mică (apropiată), binoclul poate fi utilizat și pentru a vedea detalii care nu sunt vizibile cu ochiul liber (ca o lupă).

Relieful ocular
Relieful ocular este distanța de la obiectivul ocular din spate la ochi. Aceasta este distanța la care observatorul trebuie să-și poziționeze ochiul în spatele ocularului pentru a vedea o imagine clară. Cu cât distanța de focalizare a ocularului este mai mare, cu atât este mai mare potențialul de reducere a reliefului ocular. Binoclurile pot avea relief ocular, variind de la câțiva milimetri până la 2,5 cm sau mai mult. În practică această distanță se obține printr-un distanțier care înconjoară ocularul, distanțier de care "se lipește" ochiul.

Construcția mecanică

Focalizare și ajustare

Binoclurile au un sistem de focalizare, care modifică distanța dintre oculare și obiective. În mod normal, există două aranjamente diferite folosite pentru asigurarea focalizării: "focalizare independentă" și "focalizare centrală":

Focalizarea separată este o metodă prin care cele două telescoape sunt focalizate individual prin ajustarea fiecărui ocular. Binoclurile, concepute pentru utilizarea pe terenul de luptă, cum ar fi aplicațiile militare, în mod tradițional au utilizat focalizarea separată.

Focalizarea centrală este o metodă care utilizează rotirea unei roți centrale de focalizare, pentru a regla ambele tuburi. În plus, unul dintre cele două oculare poate fi ajustat în continuare, pentru a compensa diferențele dintre ochii celui ce privește (de obicei prin rotirea ocularului în suportul său). Deoarece schimbarea focală efectuată de ocularul reglabil poate fi măsurată în unitatea obișnuită a puterii de refracție, dioptrii, ocularul ajustabil în sine este adesea numit o dioptrie. Odată ce această ajustare a fost făcută pentru o anumită persoană, binoclul poate fi refocalizat pe un obiect la o distanță diferită, utilizând rotița de focalizare pentru a regla ambele tuburi, fără reajustarea ocularului.

Există binocluri "fără focalizare" sau "focalizare fixă", care nu au un alt mecanism de focalizare decât reglajele ocularului care sunt destinate a fi setate pentru ochii utilizatorului și care rămân fixe. Acestea sunt considerate a fi modele de compromis, potrivite pentru confort, dar care nu sunt potrivite pentru lucrări care se încadrează în afara gamei pentru care au fost proiectate.

În general, binoclurile pot fi utilizate fără ochelari de vedere de către persoanele cu miopie sau  hipermetropie, prin simpla ajustare a focalizării. Majoritatea producătorilor lasă o mică marjă suplimentară pentru distanța focală dincolo de infinit pentru a ține cont de acest lucru atunci când se focalizează la infinit. Totuși, persoanele cu astigmatism sever ar putea fi nevoite să-și folosească ochelarii în timp ce folosesc binocluri.

Cele mai multe binocluri moderne reglabile printr-o construcție articulată, care permite ajustarea distanței dintre cele două jumătăți ale binoclului pentru a se potrivi cu distanța interpupilară a utilizatorilor. Cele mai multe sunt optimizate pentru distanța interpupilară (de obicei 56 mm) pentru adulți.

Stabilitatea imaginii
Unele binocluri folosesc tehnologia de stabilizare a imaginii pentru a reduce tremurul ei la un grosisment mai mare. Acest lucru se realizează giroscopic sau inerțial, ori prin intermediul unui suport prevăzut să se opună și să atenueze efectul mișcărilor. Stabilizarea poate fi activată sau dezactivată de către utilizator în funcție de necesități. Aceste tehnici permit binoclurilor de până la 20× să fie ținute în mână și îmbunătățesc mult stabilitatea imaginii instrumentelor cu grosisment mare. Există unele dezavantaje: imaginea poate să nu fie la fel de bună, ca la cele mai bune binocluri nestabilizate când sunt fixate pe trepied. Dar binoclurile stabilizate tind să fie mai scumpe și mai grele decât binoclurile nestabilizate având caracteristici similare.

Aliniere
Cele două jumătăți ale binoclului sunt aliniate în paralel (colimate), pentru a produce o singură imagine circulară, aparent tridimensională. Alinierea necorespunzătoare va determina binoclul să producă o imagine dublă. Chiar și o nealiniere ușoară va provoca un vag disconfort și oboseală vizuală pe măsură ce creierul încearcă să combine imaginile nealiniate.

Alinierea se realizează prin mici deplasări ale prismelor sau prin reglarea celulei interne de inversare, prin rotirea șuruburilor externe de fixare sau prin reglarea poziției obiectivului prin inele excentrice încorporate în celula obiectivului. Alinierea se face de obicei de către un profesionist, deși elementele de reglare montate extern pot fi accesate de utilizator.

Acoperiri optice

Deoarece un binoclu obișnuit are de la 6 până la 10 elemente optice  cu caracteristici speciale și până la 16 suprafețe aer-sticlă, producătorii de binocluri folosesc diferite tipuri de acoperiri optice din motive tehnice și pentru a îmbunătăți imaginea pe care o produc.

Acoperiri antireflexe
Straturile antireflexe reduc lumina pierdută la fiecare suprafață optică prin reflexie. Reducerea reflexiei prin acoperiri antireflexe reduce și cantitatea de lumină "pierdută" în interiorul binoclului, pierdere care ar face ca imaginea să apară neclară (cu contrast scăzut). Un binoclu cu acoperiri optice bune poate da o imagine mai luminoasă decât un binoclu fără astfel de acoperiri, chiar cu un obiectiv mai mare, datorită transmiterii superioare a luminii prin ansamblul optic. Un material clasic de acoperire a lentilelor este fluorura de magneziu, care reduce lumina reflectată de la 5 % la 1 %. Acoperirile moderne ale lentilelor sunt formate dintr-un complex de mai multe straturi și reflectă doar 0,25 % sau mai puțin, pentru a obține o imagine cu luminozitate maximă și culori naturale.

Acoperiri de corectare a fazei
În binoclurile cu prisme roof, traiectoria luminii este divizată în două căi, care se reflectă pe fiecare parte a crestei prismei roof. O jumătate din lumină se reflectă de la suprafața roof 1 la suprafața roof 2. Cealaltă jumătate a luminii se reflectă de pe suprafața roof 2 la suprafața roof 1. Aceasta determină ca lumina să devină parțial polarizată (datorită unui fenomen numit unghiul lui Brewster). În timpul reflexiilor ulterioare, direcția acestui vector de polarizare este schimbată, dar este modificată diferit pentru fiecare cale într-un mod similar cu un pendul Foucault. Atunci când lumina care parcurge cele două căi este recombinată, vectorii de polarizare ai fiecărei căi nu coincid. Unghiul dintre cele doi vectori de polarizare se numește schimbarea de fază, fază geometrică sau fază Berry. Această interferență între cele două căi cu fază geometrică diferită are ca rezultat o distribuție a intensității variabile a imaginii, reducând contrastul și rezoluția aparentă. Aceste efecte de interferență nedorite pot fi suprimate prin depunerea pe suprafețele prismei roof a unui strat de acoperire dielectric, cunoscut sub numele de acoperire de corecție de fază sau de acoperire-P. Această acoperire corectează diferența dintre faza geometrică dintre cele două căi, astfel încât ambele au aceeași schimbare de fază și nu apar interferențe care să degradeze imaginea.

Acoperiri metalice (oglinzi)
În binoclurile cu prisme de roof Schmidt-Pechan, pe unele suprafețe ale prismei roof se adaugă straturi oglindă deoarece lumina intră prin una din interfețele sticlă-aer a prismei la un unghi mai mic decât unghiul critic, astfel încât reflexia totală internă nu are loc. Fără o oglindă, o mare parte a luminii ar fi pierdută. Prisma roof Schmidt-Pechan este acoperită cu straturi de oglindire din aluminiu (reflexie de 87 % până la 93 %) sau argint (reflexie de 95 % până la 98 %).

În cazul modelelor mai vechi, neetanșe, au fost utilizate acoperiri cu argint, dar aceste straturi se oxidau și își pierdeau proprietățile de reflexie în timp. Acoperirile cu aluminiu au fost utilizate în modelele ulterioare neetanșe, chiar dacă au o reflexie mai mică decât cele din argint. Modelele moderne folosesc fie aluminiu, fie argint. Argintul este utilizat în modele moderne de înaltă calitate, care sunt etanșate și umplute cu o atmosferă inertă de azot sau argon, astfel încât stratul de argint să nu-și piardă luciul.

Binoclurile cu prismă Porro și cele cu prismă roof, care utilizează prisma roof Abbe-Koenig, de obicei nu sunt acoperite cu straturi de oglindire deoarece aceste prisme au o reflexie de 100 %, utilizând reflexia internă totală.

Acoperiri de oglinzi dielectrice
Acoperirile dielectrice sunt utilizate în prismele roof Schmidt-Pechan, pentru a determina suprafețele prismei să acționeze ca o oglindă dielectrică. Acoperirea nemetalică dielectrică cu efect reflectorizant,  este formată din câteva materiale cu multe straturi ale căror indice de refracție alternează, înalt și jos, pe suprafețele reflectorizante ale prismei roof. Fiecare multistrat în parte reflectă o bandă îngustă de frecvențe de lumină, fiecare reglate la o culoare diferită, necesare pentru a reflecta lumina albă. Această acoperire multi-straturi crește reflexia de pe suprafețele prismei acționând ca un reflector de distribuire Bragg. O acoperire dielectrică bine concepută poate oferi o reflectanță mai mare de 99 % în spectrul luminii vizibile. Această reflexie este mult îmbunătățită în comparație cu o acoperire cu oglindă de aluminiu (87 % până la 93 %) sau o acoperire cu oglindă de argint (95 % până la 98 %).

Binoclurile cu prisma Porro și binoclurile cu prisma roof, care utilizează prisma roof Abbe-Koenig, nu utilizează acoperiri dielectrice, deoarece aceste prisme au o reflexie foarte ridicată, folosind reflexia internă totală în prismă, mai degrabă decât necesită o acoperire în oglindă.

Termeni utilizați pentru descrierea straturilor de acoperire

Pentru toate binoclurile
Prezența oricărui strat de acoperire este de obicei indicată pe binoclu prin următorii termeni:
 lentile optice acoperite: una sau mai multe suprafețe sunt acoperite antireflex cu un singur strat de acoperire.
 acoperire completă: toate suprafețele aer-la-sticlă sunt acoperite antireflex cu un singur strat. Totuși, dacă se folosesc lentile de plastic, acestea pot să nu fie acoperite.
 acoperire multiplă: una sau mai multe suprafețe au acoperiri antireflex cu mai multe straturi.
 acoperire multiplă-completă: toate suprafețele aer-la-sticlă au acoperiri antireflex cu mai multe straturi.

Doar pentru binoclurile numai cu prisme roof (nu este necesar pentru prismele Porro)
 acoperire-fază sau acoperire-P: prisma roof are acoperire de corectare a fazei;
 acoperire cu aluminiu: suprafețele de oglindire din prisma roof sunt acoperite cu un strat de aluminiu (implicit, dacă nu este menționată o acoperire);
 acoperire cu argint: suprafețele de oglindire din prisma roof sunt acoperite cu un strat de argint;
 acoperite cu dielectric: suprafețele de oglindire din prisma roof au o acoperire dielectrică.

Utilizare
Binoclurile sunt utilizate în domeniile următoare, lista nefiind exhaustivă:

1. operațiuni militare

Binoclurile au o istorie lungă de utilizare militară. Construcțiile galileene au fost utilizate pe scară largă până la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea, când au apărut construcțiile cu prisme Porro. Binoclurile construite pentru utilizări militare generale tind să fie mai rezistente decât celelalte modele. În general acestea evită soluțiile cu focalizare centrală datorită fragilității lor, preferând focalizarea independentă, ceea ce permite și o izolare mai simplă și mai rezistentă la apă. Seturile de prisme din binoclurile militare pot avea prismele acoperite cu straturi de aluminiu pentru a garanta că nu își pierd calitățile reflexive dacă se udă.

O variantă a fost "luneta-foarfecă", o combinație de binoclu și periscop, adesea folosit în scopuri de artilerie. Aceasta a fost proiectată să fie folosită în tranșee, fiind ridicată doar câțiva centimetri deasupra parapetului, menținând astfel capul celui ce privește în siguranță.

Binoclurile militare din războiului rece au fost uneori prevăzute cu senzori pasivi, care au detectat emisii active de infraroșu, în timp ce cele moderne sunt de obicei echipate cu filtre care blochează razele laser, folosite ca arme. În plus, binoclurile concepute pentru utilizare militară pot avea un reticul stadimetric într-un singur ocular pentru a facilita estimarea distanțelor și mărimilor.

2. ornitologie
În ornitologie este recomandată folosirea unui suport (finnstick).

3. supravegherea și securitatea locurilor publice

4. asistență și securitate pe mare

5. astronomie de amatori

Binoclurile sunt utilizate pe scară largă de către astronomii amatori; câmpul lor larg de vizualizare le face utile pentru căutarea de comete și supernove (binoclurile gigantice) și de observare generală (binoclurile portabile). Binoclurile special concepute pentru observarea astronomică vor avea obiective de diametre mai mari (în gama de 70 mm sau 80 mm), deoarece diametrul lentilei obiectivului mărește cantitatea totală de lumină captată, prin urmare determină posibilitatea de a observa stele mai slab luminoase. Binoclurile concepute special pentru observarea astronomică (adesea de 80 mm și mai mari), sunt uneori proiectate fără prisme, pentru a permite o transmitere maximă a luminii. Astfel de binocluri au, de obicei, oculare care pot fi schimbate, pentru a varia grosismentul. Binoclurile cu grosisment mare și greutate mare necesită de obicei pentru a stabiliza imaginea un suport. În general o mărire de 10x este considerată limita practică pentru observarea cu binoclurile portabile. Binoclurile mai puternice decât 15×70 necesită suporturi. Au fost realizate și binocluri mult mai mari de către producătorii amatori de telescoape, folosind în mod esențial două lunete astronomice ("refractare") sau două telescoape ("reflectoare") dispuse paralel.

Binoclurile se dovedesc folositoare în observarea cerului profund (galaxii, nebuloase) datorită câmpului lor larg, vederii binoculare și luminozității lor. Construcțiile cu un grosisment mare sunt optime pentru observarea cometelor. De exemplu, astronomul amator japonez Yuji Hyakutake, folosind un binoclu de 25x150 a descoperit două comete: C/1995 Y1 (în decembrie 1995) și C/1996 B2 (în ianuarie 1996). Precizia și stabilitatea imaginilor fiind importante, binoclurile de astronomie sunt deseori echipate cu un adaptor permițând montarea pe un suport (trepied).

O relevanță deosebită pentru observarea în lumină slabă și în astronomie este raportul dintre puterea de mărire și diametrul obiectivului. Un grosisment mai mic oferă un câmp vizual mai larg, care este util în vizualizarea Căii Lactee și a obiectelor ca nebuloasele mari (numite obiecte de cer profund, cum ar fi nebuloasele și galaxiile). Un diametru al pupilei de ieșire mare (tip 7 mm cu 7x50) al acestor dispozitive are ca rezultat că este utilă doar o parte mai mică din lumina colectată, așa că nu pot fi folosite de persoane ale căror pupile nu se dilată suficient.

6. drumeții

7. sport și natură

8. pentru a aprecia un spectacol (binoclu de teatru, lornietă)

În primele trei cazuri se dorește observarea fără a fi văzut; binoclurile sunt, prin urmare, echipate cu parasolare pentru evitarea reflexiilor pe lentilele exterioare, aceste reflexii ar putea trăda observatorul. În afară de aceasta, unele binocluri militare sunt echipate cu dispozitive de amplificare de lumină sau de conversie a razelor infraroșii în lumină vizibilă, pentru vederea nocturnă.

Note

Instrumente optice

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: ivysvn: file organization and passwords I'm looking at using ivysvn to help us use a local ivy repository in our svn repository.
I found this tutorial which I found easy to follow, and almost works, except for 3 points:

*

*The tutorial has a blank username and password. How can I get this to work with our SVN repository (which does not allow anonymous commits) without having to put my username and password in the ivysettings.xml or build.xml? The closest I could think of was to use in ivysettings.xml:
<svn name="ivysvn"
         repositoryRoot="{{{deleted}}}"
         userName="${svn.user.name}" userPassword="${svn.user.password}"
         binaryDiff="false">
      <ivy pattern="[organisation]/[module]/[revision]/ivy.xml"/>
      <artifact pattern="[organisation]/[module]/[artifact].[ext]"/>
 </svn>

and then at the command prompt do
ant -Dsvn.user.name={{{deleted}}} -Dsvn.user.password={{{deleted}}} publish

*I thought the organization of the repository was as follows (for example suppose the server URL is http://someserver/svn/cache/ivy , the organization is Yoyodyne, and the module is HappyFunBall)
http://someserver/svn/cache/ivy/
  Yoyodyne/
    HappyFunBall/
      1.0/
        ivy.txt
        libraries here

This would imply in ivysettings.xml
    <ivy pattern="[organisation]/[module]/[revision]/ivy.xml"/>
    <artifact pattern="[organisation]/[module]/[revision]/[artifact].[ext]"/>

and not
    <ivy pattern="[organisation]/[module]/[revision]/ivy.xml"/>
    <artifact pattern="[organisation]/[module]/[artifact].[ext]"/>

Which is correct? Ideally there would be a mapping of SVN version # to artifact revision, and then you wouldn't need to create [revision] directories, but something doesn't make sense.

*The blog post had, in the source project, an ivy.xml file with this:
 <ivy:publish resolver="ivysvn"  forcedeliver="true"
      overwrite="true" publishivy="false">
        <!-- defines the location from where the libraries
        are to be picked up from for publishing -->
  <artifacts pattern="lib/[artifact].[ext]"/>
</ivy:publish>

and I think I understand all of it except for the publishivy="false" part, since the retrieval part wouldn't work except when I changed it to publishivy="true". Which is correct? Where does the ivy.xml file come in w/r/t putting a copy of it into the repository?

A: Wow, that was a lot to read. lol
Regarding your final question:

Where does the ivy.xml file come in w/r/t putting a copy of it into the repository?

ivy.xml files (like pom.xml files) work to tell ivy "stuff" about each artifact.  How else would ivy know where to find the dependencies of each JAR?
So, as a broad, general statement, ivies are left out of repositories where either 1) for one reason or another transitive dependencies don't matter (the dependencies of dependencies) or 2) transitive dependencies are determined from some other means (mvnrepo, for example).
Without diving into the depths of your particular situation, I'd say there must be some reason the creators of that tool feel you don't need the ivies.
I hope I've addressed your question about excluding ivies from repositories.


text:
/*!
 * Module dependencies.
 */

var util = require('util'),
	utils = require('keystone-utils'),
	super_ = require('../field');

/**
 * Code FieldType Constructor
 * @extends Field
 * @api public
 */

function code(list, path, options) {

	this._nativeType = String;

	this.height = options.height || 180;
	this.lang = options.lang;
	this.mime = getMime(this.lang);

	code.super_.call(this, list, path, options);

}

/*!
 * Inherit from Field
 */

util.inherits(code, super_);

/**
 * Gets the mime type for the specified language
 * @api private
 */

function getMime(lang) {

	var mime;

	switch (lang) {
		case "c":
			mime = "text/x-csrc"; break;
		case "c++":
		case "objetivec":
			mime = "text/x-c++src"; break;
		case "css":
			mime = "text/css"; break;
		case "asp":
			mime = "application/x-aspx"; break;
		case "c#":
			mime = "text/x-csharp"; break;
		case "vb":
			mime = "text/x-vb"; break;
		case "xml":
			mime = "text/xml"; break;
		case "php":
			mime = "application/x-httpd-php"; break;
		case "html":
			mime = "text/html"; break;
		case "ini":
			mime = "text/x-properties"; break;
		case "js":
			mime = "text/javascript"; break;
		case "java":
			mime = "text/x-java"; break;
		case "coffee":
			mime = "text/x-coffeescript"; break;
		case "lisp":
			mime = "text/x-common-lisp"; break;
		case "perl":
			mime = "text/x-perl"; break;
		case "python":
			mime = "text/x-python"; break;
		case "sql":
			mime = "text/x-sql"; break;
		case "json":
			mime = "application/json"; break;
		case "less":
			mime = "text/x-less"; break;
		case "sass":
			mime = "text/x-sass"; break;
		case "sh":
			mime = "text/x-sh"; break;
		case "ruby":
			mime = "text/x-ruby"; break;
		case "jsp":
			mime = "application/x-jsp"; break;
		case "tpl":
			mime = "text/x-smarty"; break;
		case "jade":
			mime = "text/x-jade"; break;
	}

	return mime;

}

/*!
 * Export class
 */

exports = module.exports = code;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I have several ongoing projects under review that I would welcome your feedback on the preprints (contact me here).
The widely-replicated action-effect (Kahneman & Tversky, 1982a) describes a phenomenon in which negative outcomes are associated with higher regret when they are a result of action compared to inaction. The highly influential norm-theory (Kahneman & Miller, 1986) theorized that the effect can be explained using the concept of normality, arguing that inaction is more 'normal'. We aimed to clarify the concept of normality and examine the impact on regret in the action-effect by contrasting three identified categories: past-behavior normality, role/situational expectations normality, and social-norms normality. In three exploratory experiments (N1 = 213, N2 = 300, N3 = 303) and one concluding pre-registered combined experiment (N = 403) we found that the three normality categories had distinct effects with consistent medium to strong impact on the regret action-effect (d = .51 to d =.85) and no interactions. The action-effect was significantly weakened into an inaction-effect in the joint effects of any two types of the three normality categories (d = 1.56 to 1.61) and with all three combined (d = 2.75). In addition, we conclude three replications for each of the normality categories effects, overall nine successful replications of previous findings.
Emotions are used to infer information about people and to make sense of ambiguous situations. Extending the literature on cognitive effects of action-inaction asymmetries regarding regret, we pre-registered hypotheses for asymmetries in interpretations of others' experiences of regret. In four experiments, we examined the impact of perceived regret or no-regret on action-inaction attributions in ambiguous situations and found consistent evidence for a "regret-action effect". Participants interpreted regret as more likely a result of taking action than of not acting, compared to no-regret, even before outcome was known to the decision maker and regardless of actual outcome. Emotions were also used to infer the social context as the regret manipulation affected perceived action-inaction norms, with no-regret associated with weaker action norms (compared to the regret and control conditions).
We examined the relationship between personal values and moral foundations by conducting a mini meta-analysis of the values-foundations links of five large-scale cross-cultural samples (N = 32,492). We further tested whether the two theories predicted unique variance in moral variables. We found support for values and foundations as having consistent and theoretically meaningful relationships. Broadly, self-transcendence versus self-enhancement values dimensions were associated with individualizing foundations, whereas conservation versus openness-to-change values dimensions were associated with binding foundations. Links between low-level values and foundations followed the expected theoretical values theory circumplex structure sinusoidal pattern. Dimensions of the two theories predicted unique variance in morality attitudes, behavior, and individual-differences.
Research on action and inaction in judgment and decision making now spans over 35 years, with ever growing interest. Accumulating evidence suggests that action and inaction are perceived and evaluated differently, affecting a wide array of psychological factors from emotions to morality. These asymmetries have been shown to have real impact on choice behavior in both personal and interpersonal contexts, with implications for individuals and society. We review nine impactful action-inaction related phenomena, with a summary and comparison of key findings and insights. We map links between the effects and discuss conceptual challenges and empirical similarities and differences. Together, these aim to contribute towards an integrated understanding of the human psyche regarding action and inaction.
Research on action and inaction now spans over 35 years, with ever growing interest. Still, the terms action and inaction have not been thoroughly discussed and are often poorly defined and commonly misunderstood. This often resulted in confounded use and much confusion, and may contribute to unclear and/or inconsistent findings in empirical work that limit generalizability and integration. In this review, we aim to offer an organizing framework for scholarly research on action-inaction. We first cover several widely-studied action-inaction biases and demonstrate some of the challenges and issues in the way action and inaction have been conceptualized and tested. We then build on those to identify a typology of nine different uses of the terms. Finally, we provide six recommended guidelines for defining and theorizing about action and action in future scholarly research.
Omission bias is the preference for harm through omissions over harm through commissions. In a pre-registered experiment (N = 313), we successfully replicated an experiment from Spranca, Minsk, and Baron (1991), considered a classic demonstration of the omission bias, in an adjusted between-subject design addressing concerns regarding the generalizability of the effect beyond within-subject experiments. Participants in the harm through commission condition(s) rated harm as more immoral and attributed higher responsibility compared to participants in the harm-through-omission condition (d = 0.40 to 0.52). We examined several extensions. An action-inaction asymmetry was also found for causality and intent, in that commissions were attributed stronger action-outcome links and higher intentionality (d = 0.21 to 0.58). The effect for regret was opposite from the classic findings on the action-effect, with higher regret for inaction over action (d = -0.26 to -0.19). Overall, higher perceived causality and intent were associated with higher attributed responsibility, and with lower perceived morality and regret.
Mere ownership effect is the phenomenon that people tend to value what they own more than what they do not own. This classic effect is considered robust, yet evidence is inconsistent, effect size varies across studies, and the effect is often confused for or confounded with other classic phenomena, such as endowment or mere exposure effects. We conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of 26 samples (N = 3132) resulting in medium effect-size for psychological ownership on valuing (g = 0.59, 95% confidence intervals [CI] [0.47, 0.70]). Moderator analyses showed that object materiality, use of replica, and valuing type were the strongest moderators, compared to weaker effects for loss aversion, type of ownership (implicit/explicit), level of exposure, and study design (between/within). Mere ownership effects were different than null across all moderator categories and publication bias corrections. We conclude that psychological owning indeed leads to valuing, regardless of endowment, loss-aversion, and mere-exposure effects.
Ownership increases liking and the perceived value of owned objects (Beggan, 1992). In a pre-registered study, we conducted a close replication of three ownership effect experiments using different paradigms (N = 311). We successfully replicated Nuttin's (1987) name-letter effect in Part 1, and Mandel's (2002) endowment effect in Part 3. In these experiments, participants rated higher liking for letters of the alphabet when letters appeared in their first name (vs. when letters did not) (Part 1; d = 0.19) and set a higher price for an object when they were the owners (vs. non-owners) (Part 3; d = 0.65). However, we failed to find support for Irmak, Wakslak, and Trope's (2013) endowment effect findings in Part 2 (target's effect: d = 0.99) of price differences between sellers and buyers (replication effect: d = 0.10).
Exceptionality effect is the phenomenon that people associate stronger regret with a negative outcome when it is a result of an exception (abnormal behavior) compared to when it is a result of routine (normal behavior). In this pre-registered meta-analysis, we examined exceptionality effect in 45 studies (N = 3933). An analysis of 34 experimental studies (n = 2716) showed medium to strong effect (g = 0.72, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.46, 0.97]) for past behavior on regret across several regret related measures (regret: g = 0.83, counterfactuals: g = 0.40, self-blame: g = 0.44, victim compensation: g = 0.44, offender punishment: g = 0.50). An analysis of 13 studies presenting a comparison of exceptional and routine behaviors simultaneously (n = 1217) revealed an even stronger exceptionality effect (converted g = 2.07, CI [1.59, 2.43]). We tested several theoretical moderators – norm strength, event controllability, outcome exceptionality, action versus inaction, and status quo. Exceptionality effect was stronger when the routine was aligned with the status quo option, when the exception represented an omission compared to a commission, and when the outcome was more common (less exceptional).
See our summary page about this mass pre-registered JDM replication project. We're in the process of sharing all materials.
Bias Blind Spot is the phenomenon that people tend to perceive themselves to be less susceptible to biases than others. In three pre-registered experiments with samples from Hong Kong and the United States (overall N = 969), we replicated two experiments (Study 1-Survey 2 and Study 2) from Pronin, Lin, and Ross (2002), the first published demonstration of the effect. Participants rated themselves lower than others in both susceptibility to biases (mini meta-analysis: dz = – 1.00) and personal shortcoming (mini meta-analysis: dz = – 0.34). The self-other asymmetry of susceptibility for biases was larger than that of personal shortcomings (dz = – 0.43). Thus, the replication findings provide strong empirical support for the bias blind spot phenomenon. Extending the replications, belief in free will was positively associated with the susceptibility to better than average effect, and also with a stronger self-other asymmetry in rating personal shortcomings.
Royzman and Baron (2002) demonstrated that people prefer indirect harm to direct harm: they judge actions that produce harm as a by-product to be more moral than actions that produce harm directly. In two preregistered studies, we successfully replicated Study 2 of Royzman and Baron (2002) with a Hong Kong student sample (N = 45) and an online American Mechanical Turk sample (N = 314). We found consistent evidential support for the preference for indirect harm phenomenon (d = 0.34, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.23, 0.45]), weaker than effects reported in the original findings of the target article (d = 0.70, CI [0.40, 1.00]). We also successfully replicated findings regarding reasons underlying a preference for indirect harm (directness, intent, omission, probability of harm, and appearance of harm).
Chan, Wong, ^Feldman, & Cheng. The impact of prior investment on decision-making: Pre-registered replication of the Arkes and Blumer's (1985) sunk cost effect.
Wong, Ho, ^Feldman, & Cheng. Introspection illusion as a source of the bias blind spot: Pre-registered replication of Pronin and Kugler (2007).
There are others, if this kind of work interests you, email me for other ongoing work.


1. Use an exact-o knife to cut the balsa wood into a 4 inch square. The piece of balsa wood I got at Michael's Crafts was 4 inches wide already, so I only needed to cut it once to make a square.
2. Next you need to draw a 1 inch grid on the square very, very lightly. Draw a line one inch from the edge, then another one inch from that, one more and then turn the square 90 degrees and do it again. If you press down on the balsa wood at all it will make an indentation that won't come out, so keep the pencil marks very, very faint.
3. Now we are going to draw 5 lines. I think it would be more confusing for me to explain where all the lines are drawn, so you can just follow the series of lines I drew above. Use the grid as a guide: draw through the corners, or on the lines, whichever is indicated by the picture. The first picture is the grid and the next five show the sequence of lines to draw.
4. Lightly erase the grid.
5. Take your exact-o knife and ruler and cut on the lines. Cut the shapes out in generally the same order you drew the lines. If you have a sharp blade it should take 3 or 4 passes along the line to cut through the balsa wood. It helps if you start a little above where you are cutting, instead of starting right on the line. Go slow and try to keep the blade perpendicular to the wood.
6. Lightly sand the pieces.
7. Paint (if you like). It's nice to have both sides painted–especially the parallelogram–because it makes it easier to make more pictures with your tangrams, but I think they are equally beautiful not painted at all. It's up to you.
Fab! We have a plastic travel set of these (yours are much nicer), but they do come with little cards as puzzles. They show you a silhouette shape on one side, with the solution of how to construct it on the other. I bet with a little Photoshop magic, you could make some from your pictures above and keep the kids busy for ages!
I always wanted to know how people cut craft wood…thank you so much for showing me!
Awesome! That store that sells oh so pretty paper and things makes colored cardboard that's a little thinner than cardboard. I'm set to buy a piece and make a game for my husband, a former mathematician, as a de-stress game for the desk. Thanks!
What a great tutorial! I use these for homeschooling my kids and they love them!
I had a whole set of these when I was little from when my mom was little! I love this project!
We're nuts about tangrams and similar shape puzzles over here. We've been really into Ed Emberley books and my almost 5 year old loves copying pictures and making his own shape pictures and books. I just make little books (paper, staples) and then put a shape on each page and he squirrels away with the books and goes to town.
This is so cool! I remember tangrams from when I was younger. They were so much fun! Thanks tons for the great, giftable idea. I'll be linking to this.
Fun!! What a great idea.
When I was a teacher's aide I had to make the silhouettes out of everyday pictures. I made close to a hundred of these tangram silhouettes in varying skill levels. I will try and scan them and add them to my blog within the next couple of weeks.
Tangrams as art is brilliant!


Please note that the farm is NOT open to the public. We only provide directions below for people have made arrangements ahead of time.
The address is 2661 Reed Rd. From I-84 heading East, take the 1st Hood River Exit (West Hood River). Take a right onto Cascade Ave. In a few hundred feet, turn right onto Mt. Adams Ave (sign points to Country Club Rd). Follow Mt Adams as it turns into Wine Country Ave and then Country Club Rd. Go 3 miles and take a right at the stop sign which keeps you on Country Club Rd. Follow Country Club around the Golf Course until you hit the next stop sign. You will be bearing slightly right and then immediately bare left onto Reed Rd.
Go .8 miles on Reed Rd and as you are heading down the hill, look for the shared driveway on the left for 2661. Head down the driveway a little bit and then bear left down the gravel road following the signs to 2661. (Don't take the dirt road on the left with private sign. That's farmer's irrigation). You will see the brown barn with green metal roof. Park up top on the right hand side or if you keep going, there are parking spots below the barn.
* Please go very slow down the driveway as it's only wide enough for one car. You may have to back up if there's another car on the driveway.


Every week during March, 6 people can win a Real Easter Egg and 6 can win a copy of Tara Mathew's forthcoming album, 'Individuality' in our great FREE competition. Click images for product details!
Plus one very special winner will win the 1st prize, which will be a visit by Tara Mathew to speak and perform at your school or church!
To enter, complete the form and answer the 3 questions below. You'll find the answers to the questions by watching Tara Mathew's 'In Three Days' pop video of her forthcoming single. Release date:1st April via iTunes etc.
You can enter as many times as you like and 6 winners will be selected each week who will win an Easter Egg from the Real Easter Egg Company® and 6 will win a copy of Tara's forthcoming album "Individuality" CD.
Watch the video now and enter the competition!
1. No purchase is necessary to enter this competition.
2. Automated entries, bulk entries or third party entries will be disqualified!
4. Prizes can only be sent to a valid UK address unless otherwise stated.
6. Winners will be contacted via email and names will be displayed on our website and may be used in other publicity.
8. The competition will run from 27 February 2012 until 1st April 2012.
9. The draw for the 12 weekly prizes will take place every Monday of the competition duration.
10. The first prize winner draw will be notified after the 30th April 2012 which will be subject to a tie-breaker.
11. The location and appearance or performance criteria regarding the first prize will be as approved by the Judges.
12. Entrants details may be shared with sponsors of this competition.


Serve Not only less time consuming to cook but also clean-up with soft, white, fluffy and releases a sweet distinctive aroma.
Thai Jasmine Rice Black rice Red rice, Broken rice etc.
Fat & Trans Fat & Saturated Fat & Sodium and Cholesterol are Free.
Contains essential amino acids, B-complex vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin), phosphorus, iron, and potassium.


text:
Bernie Sanders courts New York with Spike Lee-directed ad
Director-producer Lee has been a longtime supporter of Sanders; both grew up in New York City. (Screengrab: Youtube)
Spike Lee has directed a new campaign spot for Democratic presidential hopeful Bernie Sanders
AFP, Washington
Published: 10 April ,2016: 12:00 AM GST Updated: 20 May ,2020: 10:49 AM GST
Spike Lee has directed a new campaign spot for Democratic presidential hopeful Bernie Sanders, with rights activists giving the Vermont senator their endorsement.
Director-producer Lee has been a longtime supporter of Sanders; both grew up in New York City.
A supporter of free tuition at state universities, Sanders has attracted much of the young voters' support, but he is faring poorly with rival Hillary Clinton among African Americans in particular ahead of the crucial New York primary on April 19.
"People of color have a deeply vested interest in what Bernie Sanders brings to us in this election," singer and civil rights activist Harry Belafonte says in the 30-second spot.
Referring to a list of names of victims of police violence, Black Lives Matter activist Shaun King said "They're not just hashtags and trending topics. But these are mothers and fathers, sons and daughters."
Linda Sarsour, who leads the Arab American Association of New York, adds: "Bernie Sanders sees all of me. He sees all of you. He sees us a whole people, as a whole country. That's why I'm voting for Bernie Sanders."
Clinton is still the clear frontrunner for the Democratic Party presidential ticket for November's general election, but Sanders has the momentum and has enjoyed a string of successes at the polls in recent weeks.
On Saturday, the Vermont senator won 55.7 percent of the vote in Wyoming to Clinton's 44.3, CNN projected, with most ballots counted.
Arguing, in Sanders' words, that the "system is rigged," Lee praises Sanders for not taking money from corporations. (Reuters)
Sanders wins Wyoming to extend victory run
The Vermont senator won 56 percent of the vote to 44 percent for Clinton in Wyoming, CNN projected World News
Sanders questions Hillary Clinton's qualifications
Sanders said Clinton is not qualified because of her vote on the war in Iraq and her support for trade agreements World News
Spike Lee endorses Sanders: 'He will do the right thing'
Lee also notes that the Vermont senator participated in the march on Washington and protested segregation in Chicago public schools Variety
Spike Lee, Jada Pinkett Smith plan boycotts over #OscarsSoWhite
The Oscar acting nominees lacked black performers for a second straight year, leading to the revival of the Twitter feed #OscarsSoWhite Variety
US considering re-designating Iran-backed Houthis as a terror group, Biden says
India opposition urges delay to Modi biopic as election looms
India's Tata ends ties with firm run by media figure accused of sexual misconduct


text:
Jan Sofka takes cues from Japanese home for rural residence near Cape Town
Alyn Griffiths | 25 March 2017 5 comments
Stone, brick and wood introduce subtle textures to this house near Cape Town, which was designed by architect Jan Sofka to resemble a Japanese home spotted on Dezeen.
Hoptoad house was initiated in 2013 by entrepreneur Sven ten Bokkel Huinink, who was looking to build a second property on his existing smallholding in Noordhoek, a village around 30 kilometres south of the city.
Ten Bokkel Huinink was struggling with how to introduce another building onto the site in a way that wasn't too disruptive to the adjacent farmhouse and its natural surroundings.
Inspiration came from a home in Osaka, designed by Arbol Design, which features a walled garden that wraps around it to provide views of greenery while protecting the interior from overlooking by its neighbours.
"It all started after viewing the Arbol Design project on Dezeen," said Ten Bokkel Huinink. "Their design had a very different issue to tackle as it had to provide an oasis in the middle of a major Japanese city."
"For me it was the other way around," he added. "I did not want to keep the outside out, but instead needed a house that looked good from the outside, particularly from the back as the existing house would look straight at it."
Ten Bokkel Huinink invited Jan Sofka of Cape Town studio Sofkapatterson Architects to develop a proposal for a building informed by the Japanese home.
The resulting design provides privacy from the main house while promoting the connection between the interior spaces and the natural surroundings.
A tall fence shields the single-storey building on one side, preventing the master bedroom's full-height windows from being overlooked. The fence is made from local pine that will naturally mellow over time to a soft grey similar to the trunks of the adjacent trees.
A gravel-filled courtyard accommodated between the fence and the glazing extends in an L-shape around the bedroom. The courtyard is also visible through a large window in one wall of the living space, which allows daylight to enter the building.
A high wall comprising large blocks of local stone introduces a further natural detail to the exterior that is complemented by an exposed brick wall on one side of the living space.
A solid pine floor in the living area provides a light, natural surface that enhances the bright feel of the interior. The rest of the house features a seamless epoxy floor that extends from the corridors into bedrooms and bathrooms.
House in Nishimikuni by Arbol Design
The property covers a total area of 200 square metres, including a separate wing that accommodates two further bedrooms and a large bathroom.
It was named Hoptoad after the ship captained by Pippi Longstocking's father in Swedish author Astrid Lindgren's stories.
Jan Sofka
Sofkapatterson Architects
Cape Town houses
More Cape Town architecture
Staircase swing and material details add flair to Highgate house
Carolina Vago transforms horse stables into country home in ...
MW Works designs quiet dwelling for family farm in Washington
Forest house of stone and glass is reflected back in water
10 black cabins in remote places around the world
B.E. Architecture builds Mermaid Beach Residence with a ...
FujiwaraMuro Architects designs minimalist Japanese house to ...
Bates Masi designs Kiht'han house on Long Island to endure ...


Reviewing the forecast for Mount Keeffe Over the next 7 days and the average daytime maximum temperature will be around 19°C, with a high for the week of 21°C expected on the afternoon of Saturday 20th. The mean minimum temperature will be 7°C, dipping to its lowest on the morning of Thursday 18th at 6°C. Expect the week ahead to have mostly dry days although Wednesday is likely to see a little rain. The current forecast indicates Wednesday 18th will have the most precipitation with an accumulation of around 4.0mm. On the whole winds are likely to be moderate.


text:
Home NFL Report: Dolphins parting ways with OC Gailey
Report: Dolphins parting ways with OC Gailey
The Miami Dolphins are parting ways with offensive coordinator Chan Gailey, ESPN reported on Monday.
That would make the 2020 season Gailey's only year running the Dolphins' offense. The move comes one day after the Dolphins (9-7) missed the playoffs after being blown out 56-26 by the Buffalo Bills.
The Dolphins ranked 15th in scoring offense at 25.3 points and 22nd in total offense at 339 yards per game.
Veteran quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick was the starter for the first seven games of the season before rookie Tua Tagovailoa replaced him.
Tagovailoa passed for 1,814 yards, 11 touchdowns and five interceptions. Three of the picks came in the loss against the Bills.
Fitzpatrick came off the bench to rally the Dolphins to a 26-25 victory over the Las Vegas Raiders in Week 16. But he was unavailable for the finale after testing positive for COVID-19.
Fitzpatrick passed for 2,091 yards and 13 touchdowns against eight interceptions. The 38-year-old completed a career-high 68.5 percent of his passes.
Second-year Dolphins coach Brian Flores also fired his offensive coordinator (Chad O'Shea) after his first season.
The 68-year-old Gailey has been head coach of the Dallas Cowboys (1998-99) and Buffalo Bills (2010-12). One of his college head-coaching gigs was at Georgia Tech (2002-07).
Previous articleNets G Dinwiddie undergoes ACL surgery
Next articleEagles GM: Wentz trade not being discussed


My colleagues and I have been trying to jump through the ring of fire that is Bayesian model comparison. However, as bad Bayesians we have been fitting most of our models with maximum likelihood estimation, mostly due to computational considerations and uneasiness about choice of prior. We're going to do real Bayesian inference any day now, but before that happens we have a question about ML-based asymptotic criteria for model comparison, namely the Bayesian Information Criterion. As we understand it, the BIC is derived from the Laplace approximation when you drop all the terms that don't grow with the number of datapoints. One of these terms includes the Hessian of the likelihood function; this is in fact a quantity that we have from the gradient descent computations, and we were wondering what you thought about constructing a "fancy" BIC (as Zoubin Ghahramani called it) by keeping that term rather than dropping it. Our intuition was that this would give you an answer somewhere in between the asymptotic result and actually computing the marginal likelihood. This would be especially useful in the (very) finite data regime we are in, where the asymptotic assumptions of the BIC are unlikely to hold. As far as we can tell, no one has suggested this before, and so naturally we were scared of using it for fear of some unknown pitfall!
My reply: The short answer is that BIC isn't really an approximation to anything (in my opinion); it's more of a convention than anything else. The diffculty is that changes in the prior that have no impact on the posterior can have a huge impact on the Bayes factor. We discuss this a bit in chapter 6 of BDA and also in my 1995 article with Rubin in Sociological Methodology.
After reading your article with Rubin, I think part of the problem is that there are a whole bunch of assumptions embedded in the BIC and one may only buy into some (or none) of them. By my count there is: (1) Gaussian posterior with a mode at the MLE, (2) proper priors, (3) infinite data. Is it not true that when these assumptions are satisfied, then the ratio of BICs for two models converges to the Bayes Factor?
In any case, I think we can all agree that the BIC is basically worthless in light of these assumptions virtually never being jointly satisfied. But assuming for the sake of argument that we have proper uninformative priors and a Gaussian posterior centered at the MLE, then doesn't the "fancy" BIC give the same answer as the log marginal likelihood?
To which I replied: But my short answer is that (a) there is no such thing as infinite data, (b) no, the BIC is intended to work with improper priors, and (c) the Gaussian posterior is the least of your worries. I think there is a false belief that many people have, that the BIC is an approximation to some well-defined quantitity. But no, I don't think that's right. That said, perhaps BIC is useful sometimes. I personally prefer AIC-type measures that are associated with prediction error. Getting back to your other question, when you can calculate the marginal likelihood, that's fine. But it's not really defined when priors are improper.
Where L is the maximum log likelihood, k the number of parameters, and H the Hessian of L wrt parameters. While I understand that this ends up looking a lot like BIC when H is full rank, it still seems to have advantages over BIC. If you had uniform priors on bounded, equal size parameter ranges, it ends up giving the same answer as the Laplace approximation in terms of model comparison (neglecting the fact that the approximation is clearly wrong if your priors and so posteriors are finite anyway).
Or is the point that it's problematic to use any approach that tries to approximate the marginal likelihood when you don't have proper priors?
My reply: Yes, to that last question.
"The short answer is that BIC isn't really an approximation to anything (in my opinion)… I think there is a false belief that many people have, that the BIC is an approximation to some well-defined quantitity [sic]."
(ii) your assertion is just wrong.
My expression "well-defined quantity" is imprecise. BIC has a formula, and any formula is automatically a well-defined quantity. What I'm trying to say is that BIC does not correspond to any posterior distribution. The flaw in the Kass and Wasserman paper is their idea that "the amount of information in the prior be equal to the amount of information in one observation" (see end of page 929). First off, this won't work if your prior is something different; second, the concept of an "observation" isn't clearly defined (it's part of the likelihood, but it's not always clear how the likelihood can be divided into "observations").
"What I'm trying to say is that BIC does not correspond to any posterior distribution."
On the question of "amount of information in one observation", your first flaw isn't a flaw — the object of the game is to figure out the implicit prior underlying the BIC. This lets a potential user know when the BIC is a meaningful approximation for her, to wit, precisely when her prior over the extra parameter is close to a unit-information prior. The second flaw is indeed a flaw, but in the limited context of nested linear models where the larger model has exactly one additional dimension and the errors are normal and independent, the unit-information prior is easy to define unambiguously. Hence, in this limited context, use of the BIC is an approximation to a specific fully Bayesian analysis. That's one of the take-home messages of the paper.


text:
Have You Seen The World's Oldest Brewery (Photos)
Archaeologists discover 5,000-year-old Brewery that could produce more than 4,000 gallons of beer in ancient Egyptian city of Abydos.
The site is thought to be the world's oldest high-production brewery, dating back to around 3,1000 during the reign of King Narmer, Egypt's tourism and antiquities ministry said. The brewery may have provided beer for royal burial rituals for Egypt's first kings
It is the latest archaeological find in Egypt, which has seen a dramatic fall in tourism amid the coronavirus pandemic
Archaeologists have discovered a 5,000-year-old brewery that could produce thousands of litres of beer in the ancient Egyptian city of Abydos.
The site, in Egypt's Sohag Governorate, likely dates back to around 3,100 BC, the tourism and antiquities ministry said in a statement on Saturday.
Dr Matthew Adams, one of the leaders of the Egyptian-American mission that made the discovery, said they believe the beer was used in royal burial rituals for Egypt's earliest kings.
The brewery, which had a production capacity of 22,400 litres, was split into eight sections each containing 40 clay pots used to warm mixtures of grain and water.
It is 'believed to be the oldest high-production brewery in the world' the ministry said in its statement.
The brewery is thought to date back to the reign of King Narmer, who ruled more than 5,000 years ago, founded the First Dynasty and unified Upper and Lower Egypt.
British archaeologists first discovered the existence of the brewery at the beginning of the 20th century but had been unable to precisely determine its location, the statement posted to Facebook said.
The joint US-Egyptian team 'was able to re-locate and uncover its contents', it added.
The mixture of grains and water used for beer production was heated in the vats, with each basin 'held in place by levers made of clay placed vertically in the form of rings'.
Adams, who heads the joint archaeological mission, said studies have shown that beer was produced at a large scale, with about 22,400 litres made 'at a time'.
The brewery 'may have been built in this place specifically to supply the royal rituals that were taking place inside the funeral facilities of the kings of Egypt', the statement quoted him as saying.
'Evidence for the use of beer in sacrificial rites was found during excavations in these facilities,' the statement said.
Past discoveries have shed light on beer-making in Ancient Egypt, with Israeli's Antiquities Authority announcing in 2015 that fragments of pottery dating back 5,000 that was used by Egyptians to make beer was found on a Tel Aviv building site.
Abydos, where the latest discovery was unearthed, has yielded many treasures over the years and is famed for its temples, such as that of Seti I.
In 2000, a team of US archaeologists uncovered the earliest known example of an ancient Egyptian solar barge, dating back to the first Pharaonic dynasty around 5,000 years ago, in Abydos.
Egypt has announced several major discoveries in recent months which it hopes will spur tourism, a sector which has suffered multiple blows over the last decade – from the 2011 uprising to the coronavirus pandemic.
Authorities had expected 15million tourists to visit Egypt in 2020, compared to 13million the previous year, but the virus has kept many holidaymakers away. Figures from 2020 saw tourist numbers drop to just 3.5million.
Photo Of A Nigerian Medical Doctor And Only Son Who Died In Fatal Motor Accident Two Months To His Wedding Previous post
JUST IN!!! Ex-President Jonathan Speaks About Defecting To Apc – See What He Said Next post
EntertainmentFeaturedNewsReviewsTrending
Checkout The Amount Some Countries Are Paying Its Citizens To Stay At Home – Can Nigeria Ever Do This Too?
LORDMAJORMarch 27, 2020
ReviewsTrending
Man Arrested For Pressing a Youth Corper Boobs while Sleeping in a bus in Lagos
CentMarch 17, 2020
ReviewsTrendingVideo
BEFORE THE ABULE ADO FIRE EXPLOSION- (VIDEO)
NewsReviewsTrending
Anytime My Old Wives Insults me I Vex Marry Another Wife" — Enugu Native doctor with 58 wives


text:
ANDREW HAZEWINKEL
ENTER HEADING HERE
1/1 ENTER YOUR CAPTION HERE
DISPUTED BECOMING (OMPHALE HERAKLES OMPHALE)
Selenium toned gelatin silver photograph
ED 3 + 1 AP
Please enlarge image for detail
This photograph, printed in negative, can be described as a partial double exposure in that only the middle section has been exposed twice. Here two overlapping exposures representing different perspectives of the same figure merge in the middle creating a doubled, dual, or commingled figure.
The material subject of the image is a slightly smaller than life-size head of a statue (c.500 BCE), representing either Omphale or Herakles, or perhaps both.
There are significant differences in how much we know about these two identities. Herakles is more commonly known and historically symbolised (in Western culture), strength and invulnerability. In a more contemporary reading he has become a symbol of an outmoded form of hyper-masculinity. Very little is known of Omphale, for the most part she remains buried in history but her story has significant contemporary social resonance. Omphale was a powerful queen of the Iron Age empire in Asia Minor known as Lydia. She is said to ruled her kingdom independently after the death of her husband. While little is known about Omphale, the story most commonly associated with her involves Herakles, enslavement and the exchange of their gendered roles.
Told since ancient times, the story reveals that Herakles, having brutally murdered his friend Iphitos, was decreed by the Delphic Oracle to a three year period of enslavement to Omphale to atone for his crime. Ancient writers, such as Aeschylus and Apollodorus, state that a condition of Omphale's was that the hyper-masculine Herakles wear only women's clothes during that period and perform only women's work such as spinning flax, while she wearing his lion-skin took up his olive-wood club and engaged in men's activities like hunting.
The limestone head was acquired for the collection of the National Archaeological Museum Athens in 1899 (Inv. No. 1738). At that time it was catalogued as a representation of Omphale. Today archaeologists more commonly considered it to be a representation of Herakles, however differences can be found recent published attributions.
In an abridged version of the Catalogue of Sculptures 1: Archaic Sculptures from the 7th c. BC to 480 BC (Athens 2014) the author N. Kaltsas refers to P. Kastriotis who writing at the time of the head's acquisition states "this head very probably depicts Omphale wearing Herakles' lion's pelt" . In the unabridged version of the catalogue G. Despinis writes "It represents most probably Herakles, young and beardless, and not Omphale, as it was believed."
The photographic doubleness of Disputed Becoming (Omphale Herakles Omphale) might be considered as a reflection of the layered perspectives concerning the head's attribution. It might also be considered reflective of the doubleness, exchange and commingling of identities at the very heart of the ancient story and thereby call to mind contemporary issues related with notions gender fluidity.
Disputed Becoming (Omphale Herakles Omphale) is linked with Hazewinkel's ongoing research into powerful and mysterious Omphale and the reasons why she is so little represented in the canon of Western classical studies. It is related with his 2017 sculptural work Suspicious Marble (Omphale) - see here - and examples his continuing consideration of the contemporary social legacies of ancient archetypes, objects and myths.
© ANDREW HAZEWINKEL MMXII | SITE 3 DEEP