text:
package com.oginotihiro.snackbar.sample;

import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.view.ViewCompat;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.TextView;

import com.oginotihiro.snackbar.Snackbar;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener {
    private View mView;
    private Snackbar mSnackbar;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        mView = findViewById(R.id.view);

        findViewById(R.id.leftBtn).setOnClickListener(this);
        findViewById(R.id.topBtn).setOnClickListener(this);
        findViewById(R.id.rightBtn).setOnClickListener(this);
        findViewById(R.id.bottomBtn).setOnClickListener(this);
        findViewById(R.id.animDurationBtn).setOnClickListener(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        int id = v.getId();
        if (id == R.id.leftBtn) {
            SnackbarLayout layout = new SnackbarLayout(this, Gravity.LEFT | Gravity.CENTER);
            mSnackbar = Snackbar.make(mView, layout, Snackbar.LEFT_RIGHT, Snackbar.LENGTH_SHORT);
            mSnackbar.show();
        } else if (id == R.id.topBtn) {
            SnackbarLayout layout = new SnackbarLayout(this, Gravity.TOP | Gravity.CENTER);
            mSnackbar = Snackbar.make(mView, layout, Snackbar.TOP_BOTTOM, Snackbar.LENGTH_SHORT);
            mSnackbar.show();
        } else if (id == R.id.rightBtn) {
            SnackbarLayout layout = new SnackbarLayout(this, Gravity.RIGHT | Gravity.CENTER);
            mSnackbar = Snackbar.make(mView, layout, Snackbar.RIGHT_LEFT, Snackbar.LENGTH_SHORT);
            mSnackbar.show();
        } else if (id == R.id.bottomBtn) {
            SnackbarLayout layout = new SnackbarLayout(this, Gravity.BOTTOM | Gravity.CENTER);
            mSnackbar = Snackbar.make(mView, layout, Snackbar.BOTTOM_TOP, Snackbar.LENGTH_SHORT);
            mSnackbar.show();
        } else if (id == R.id.animDurationBtn) {
            SnackbarLayout layout = new SnackbarLayout(this, Gravity.BOTTOM | Gravity.CENTER);
            mSnackbar = Snackbar.make(mView, layout, Snackbar.BOTTOM_TOP, Snackbar.LENGTH_SHORT, 2000);
            // mSnackbar = Snackbar.make(mView, layout, Snackbar.BOTTOM_TOP, Snackbar.LENGTH_SHORT, 2000, 1500);
            mSnackbar.show();
        }
    }

    class SnackbarLayout extends Snackbar.SnackbarLayoutBase {
        TextView msgTv;

        public SnackbarLayout(Context context, int gravity) {
            this(context, null, gravity);
        }

        public SnackbarLayout(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int gravity) {
            super(context, attrs);

            // set layout params
            LayoutParams lp = new LayoutParams(LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT, LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
            lp.gravity = gravity;

            setLayoutParams(lp);

            // inflate content view with other XML layout file
            LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(R.layout.snackbar, this);

            msgTv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.msgTv);
            msgTv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
                @Override
                public void onClick(View v) {
                    mSnackbar.dismiss(Snackbar.Callback.DISMISS_EVENT_ACTION);
                }
            });
        }

        @Override
        protected void animateChildrenIn(int delay, int duration) {
            ViewCompat.setAlpha(msgTv, 0f);
            ViewCompat.animate(msgTv).alpha(1f).setDuration(duration).setStartDelay(delay).start();
        }

        @Override
        protected void animateChildrenOut(int delay, int duration) {
            ViewCompat.setAlpha(msgTv, 1f);
            ViewCompat.animate(msgTv).alpha(0f).setDuration(duration).setStartDelay(delay).start();
        }
    }
}


This is the message published by the Venezuelan military, an official of the Special Action Brigade identified by local media as Óscar Pérez, who apparently flew over the headquarters of the TSJ in Caracas on Tuesday, and from the air launched two grenades of fragmentation against the building.
June 27, 2017 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
May 20, 2017 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
February 10, 2017 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
February 2, 2017 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
Turkey test Greek defenses, violates Greek airspace 138 times in one day.
January 12, 2017 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
December 13, 2016 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
December 6, 2016 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
November 30, 2016 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
November 29, 2016 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
November 9, 2016 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
November 8, 2016 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.
November 1, 2016 in Escalation / Destabilization Conflict.


text:
Rediff.com » Business » RBI shouldn't be the debt manager: Raghuraman Rajan
RBI shouldn't be the debt manager: Raghuraman Rajan
By BS Reporter in Mumbai
Raghuram Rajan, author of the latest report on financial sector reforms, said on Tuesday that the Reserve Bank of India should distance itself further from the government to preserve its credibility at a time when the Centre was rapidly borrowing to fund deficit.
Rajan, a professor at the University of Chicago, said if the money raised by the government was not spent, it could result in inflationary pressures, pushing up real interest rates. The problem could get aggravated if foreign capital flows rose, said Rajan, who was in Mumbai to deliver a lecture.
He suggested that RBI should be relieved from the role of being the government's debt manager and have a clear focus on inflation.
"The rationale for guiding the government to manage its own debt as opposed to having it lie with RBI is that in that situation RBI is not pressured into buying debt because it is the debt manager. To my mind, this is one of the reasons why it makes sense to separate these two offices," he said.
Maintaining that there was not too much room for further monetary and fiscal policy accommodation, Rajan elaborated on the rationale for RBI to focus on inflation.
He said it would not in any way result in diluting the central bank's mandate of managing interest rates. It would only mean that the focus would automatically ensure low interest rates, which in turn was a necessary ingredient for growth, he said.
"A more formal monetary policy committee structure should be set up with technical experts and former governors of RBI to broadbase the process of determining interest rates," he said.
The former International Monetary Fund chief economist also said that banks should float convertible debentures for managing the crisis instead of maintaining buffer capital. While delivering a lecture on 'Financial Sector Regulation in Light of the Crisis, Rajan said buffer capital was often a burden on equity and was also expensive.
"Raising capital in good times and reducing it when times are bad is not easy. Therefore, banks can float contingent capital in the form of convertible debentures which could be converted into equity only when they need capital. Managing debt is cheaper than equity," he said.
In a report on the financial sector, G 8 had recommended that banks maintain higher capital in good times to be used during the bad times.
He also said that new markets and instruments should be developed to reduce over-dependence on the banking system. These would also act as shock absorbers for diversifying risks.
Greater foreign and domestic institutional participation in the corporate bond market and securitisation facilities of the receivables of finance companies could go a long way in this regard, Rajan said. "The lesson from the (credit) crisis is not that we should stop having markets. Conservatism is good but at some point in time one should trade off between risks and conservatism for growth or otherwise the policies will be questionable," Rajan said.
Insurance and pension funds were not at all used for the corporate bond market, he said. At the same time, funds were a constraint for infrastructure development, he added.
Rajan pointed out that India Infrastructure finance company borrowed from banks and on-lends to banks. Instead, he said, markets should be developed for infrastructure companies to source finance from households.
He reiterated his earlier recommendation that India should create a statutory body called the Financial Sector Oversight Agency comprising chiefs of regulatory bodies that would be answerable to a council headed by the finance minister.
Commenting on a single currency for better returns vis-à-vis dollar, he said renminbi (Chinese currency) could emerge as a substitute currency when made convertible, followed by the Indian rupee, given their stability.
He said India was poised delicately for growth; but the big question was whether or not we regain the same level of growth and consumption.
Related News: RBI, Reserve Bank of India, International Monetary Fund, University of Chicago, Raghuraman Rajan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


- Sac bunts. Should this not be included with AB, BB, HBP, and SF? I mean, it's a plate appearance.
- Force play. It's an out and an at-bat, but the batter reacher safely.
And is there anything else I need to know? I read something about fielder's obstruction, although I don't believe that relates to Strat.


text:
Gulf Coast braces, again, for hurricane as Zeta takes aim
27 Oct 2020 0 shares 1 views
Published 27 Oct 2020
NEW ORLEANS (AP) — Residents of the storm-pummeled Gulf Coast steeled themselves for yet another tropical weather strike Tuesday after Zeta raked across the Yucatan Peninsula on a track that forecasters said would likely bring it ashore south of New Orleans as a hurricane.
Tropical Storm Zeta, the 27th named storm of a very busy Atlantic hurricane season, headed for a Wednesday evening landfall and was expected to bring another round of high water and strong wind to a state that already this year has been hit by two tropical storms and two hurricanes: Laura, blamed for at least 27 Louisiana deaths after it struck in August, and Delta, which exacerbated Laura's damage in the same area weeks later.
This time, Zeta — with 65 mph (100 kph) winds and centered 485 miles (785 kilometers) south of the Mississippi River's mouth — was on a track for southeast Louisiana. Its approach frayed nerves in New Orleans, where thousands of evacuees left homeless by Laura are sheltered in hotels.
"It really is scary, and I don't know what to do," said Yolanda Lockett, who evacuated her Lake Charles apartment — now a rain-soaked, moldy mess — ahead of Laura at the end of August. "I'm physically and mentally tired," she said, standing outside a New Orleans hotel.
Hurricane warnings went up from the central Louisiana coast to the Alabama state line. Louisiana Gov. John Bel Edwards declared an emergency ahead of the storm. And commercial fishermen began a familiar hurricane preparation ritual.
"We're getting pretty good at it for doing it five times this season so far," said Robert Campo as he readied his marina at Shell Beach for the storm. The routine includes removing gas pumps used to fuel boats, loading frozen bait onto old school buses that have been converted into mobile freezer units and tying down trash...
Hurricane Zeta clean up and recovery continues in Pass Christian
WXXV 08 Jan 2021
It's been more than two months since Hurricane Zeta made landfall as a category two hurricane, leaving a trail of destruction..
Federal assistance available for businesses in South Mississippi
WXXVDT2
MS Secretary of State presents check to MS Department of Marine Resources
WXXV
2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season wraps up
GRANT ANCHOR 11/19
Looking at Mardi Gras on the Coast in 2021
WXXV 18 Nov 2020
Tuesday, the City of New Orleans canceled their 2021 Mardi Gras parades. Mississippi's coastal cities want to keep everyone..
Local man in need of a helping hand regarding Hurricane Zeta damage
Gulf Coast Baptist Association helping with hurricane cleanup
Bacot McCarty Foundation hosting virtual auction for local charities


text:
Tigers Analyst Jack Morris Suspended for Using Accent During Ohtani At-Bat
The Angels' star, when asked about the clip, said he wasn't offended and "didn't take anything personally"
By Dave Hogg • Published August 18, 2021
Photo by Jim McIsaac/Getty Images
Detroit Tigers broadcaster and MLB Hall of Fame pitcher Jack Morris has been suspended indefinitely for racist comments he made about Los Angeles Angels star Shohei Ohtani during Tuesday's game.
When asked by play-by-play announcer Matt Shepard how the Tigers should pitch to Ohtani in the sixth inning, Morris adopted an exaggerated East Asian accent while saying "be very, very careful." When Ohtani came back up in the ninth, Morris issued a lengthy apology.
"It's been brought to my attention and I sincerely apologize if I offended anybody, especially in the Asian community, for what I said about pitching and being careful to Shohei Ohtani," Morris began, before going on to talk about his respect for Ohtani's talent.
Bally Sports Detroit announced the suspension Wednesday.
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"Bally Sports Detroit is extremely disappointed with the remarks analyst Jack Morris made during last night's Tigers game," the network said in a statement. "Jack has been suspended indefinitely from Tigers broadcasts and will be undergoing bias training to educate him on the impact of his comments and how he can be a positive influence in a diverse community. We have a zero-tolerance policy for bias or discrimination and deeply apologize for his insensitive remark."
The Tigers, who retired Morris' number after he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame, issued a similar statement.
"The Detroit Tigers take immense pride in honoring the diverse cultures that make up our players, coaching staff, front office, fan base and community," the team said. "We are deeply disappointed by the comments made by Jack Morris during the broadcast last night. We fully support Bally Sports Detroit's decision and their ongoing commitment to ensure that all personnel are held to the highest standards of personal conduct."
Get today's sports news out of Los Angeles. Here's the latest on the Dodgers, Lakers, Angels, Kings, Galaxy, LAFC, USC, UCLA and more LA teams.
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The Angels' star pitcher and hitter, when asked in a press conference about the incident, confirmed that he had seen the broadcast clip.
"Personally, I'm not offended and I didn't take anything personally," he said in a press conference, through a translator.
"He is a Hall of Famer," Ohtani added. "He has a big influence in the baseball world so it's kind of a tough spot."
The incident comes 31 years after Morris, during his playing days, told a young female reporter that he "only talks to women when I'm naked if they are on top of me or I'm on top of them." Morris, who was not naked at the time, was defended by then-team president Bo Schembechler, who blamed the Detroit Free Press for sending a female reporter into the clubhouse.


The monthly meetings of the Federation Accounts and Allocation Committee (FAAC), yesterday, ended in deadlock over alleged controversy in remittances from the nation's oil agency.The meeting had only lasted for two hours before the disagreement alleged to be between the Nigerian National Petroleum Cooperation (NNPC) and the committee members over figures ended the forum.
Consequently, angry states' representatives, comprising commissioners and states accountants- general dispersed, with obvious distraught, as they refused to speak to journalists.This is the second time in the recent months, when the meeting would end similarly, with the major issues bearing on NNPC's remittances.
A reliable source, who was at the meeting, confided in journalists that the rancour was caused by the low and poor figure reported by the NNPC just like it did two months ago, which was rejected.One of the representatives only muttered, saying: "We are going to meet our governors," without saying anything further.Officials of the Federal Ministry of Finance at the meeting told journalists that a new date would be called in the next two days.
The source said: "It is our friends at the Towers again! They have done it again! What they submitted was rejected and that's why everyone is angry. We are going to see our governors, after which we will meet the Finance Minister and see how we can resolve this."Meanwhile, the Debt Management Office (DMO), yesterday, said the Federal Government's bond offer was oversubscribed by N6.7 billion.
The development is an indication of rising confidence in the economy and investors' readiness to stake more in the country, according to the debt manager.DMO had offered N60 billion bonds in three tenors- five years, seven years and 10 years, but investors' bid recorded N66.7 billion.According to DMO, the oversubscription was recorded despite the foreign exchange auction worth $210 million, which ran simultaneously and mopped up over N65 billion from the market.
In addition, the CBN also mopped up over N200 billion from the system through the sale of Open Market Operations (OMO) on Monday."The forex sale and the OMO auction reduced the quantity of money in circulation and pushed up interest rates.However, to moderate debt-service costs, DMO adopted a conservative approach by allotting only N31.2 billion at rates between 13.50 per cent and 13.81 per cent," the Director-General of DMO, Ms. Patience Oniha, said.The DMO is the government's debt agency, which raises fund using debt instruments to support deficits in the yearly budgets of the Federal Government.


The committee met with a technical mission of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in Cairo on Sunday, the second meeting with the mission, which works in the field of government aid in tax reform, said Mohamed El-Bahi, chairman of the tax and customs committee of the Federation of Industries.
Al-Bahi said in a special statement to "the seventh day" that the IMF trusts in the tax committee of the Federation of Industries as one of the parties interested in the view of its opinion in the field of taxation.
He pointed out that the delegation does not dictate instructions to the government, but rather is a technical mission that provides advice and perceptions of tax reform and asks the Union about the problems of implementation and the advantages of the tax system. He pointed out that the shift towards automation of tax procedures is very positive with the development of tax administration at present.
Al-Bahi added that the technical mission is proposing some solutions to improve the performance of the work of the tax administration and increase the proceeds, especially as they have international experience in this field, which can be used in the development of the tax system in Egypt.


text:
The Resource National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign : summary, Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign : summary, Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy
The item National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign : summary, Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Indiana State Library.
United States, Office of National Drug Control Policy
Washington, D.C., The Policy, 1997
1 volume (various pagings)
Shipping list no.: 98-0170-P
"December 1997."
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign : summary
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign
Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy
Children -- Drug use -- United States -- Prevention
Drug abuse -- Study and teaching -- United States
Youth -- Drug use -- United States -- Prevention

 Data from National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign : summary, Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy - Indiana State Library

Data Citation of the Item National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign : summary, Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy


Ford SafeCap is a project co-created by Bolha for Ford Motor Company via GTB (WPP). The aim of this wearable is to promote safe driving by monitoring head movement and emitting vibrations to prevent truck drivers from falling asleep while driving. Bolha conducted research to identify which movements are part of the trucker's work routine and which are related to sleep. This study (behavior analysis) was applied to the software installed on the cap, which alerts the driver with sound, light and vibration when noticing a sleep behavior.
Bolha made the complete production of this project: from cap fabrication and software development to design, prototyping and production of hardware. Ford SafeCap is now featured in the exhibit "Wired to Wear" at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, USA.


text:
import fakeServer from './fakeServer'
import Server from './Server'
import Renderer from './Renderer'
import transformFrame from './transformFrame'

// console.log('fabric', fabric)
// console.log('window.fabric', window.fabric);

const serverDimensions = {WIDTH: 4000, HEIGHT: 2250}
const clientDimensions = {WIDTH: 1920, HEIGHT: 1080}

const renderer = new Renderer({...clientDimensions, FRAME_RATE: 24})
//const server = new fakeServer(serverDimensions)
const server = new Server()

server.on('frame', (frame) => renderer.update(transformFrame(frame, transformRatio, serverDimensions)))

const transformRatio = {
    WIDTH: serverDimensions.WIDTH / clientDimensions.WIDTH,
    HEIGHT: serverDimensions.HEIGHT / clientDimensions.HEIGHT
}

window.onblur = () => {
    console.log('window.onblur: pausing renderer')
    renderer.pause();
}
window.onfocus = () => {
    console.log('window.onfocus: resuming renderer')
    renderer.resume();
}

renderer.start()
//server.connect('ws://ec2-52-58-193-54.eu-central-1.compute.amazonaws.com/websocket')
server.connect('ws://ec2-52-28-1-127.eu-central-1.compute.amazonaws.com/websocket')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Accelerating transit times between Washington's Tri-Cities area and eastern Idaho.
Construction of new 17,500 sq/ft industrial facility located in Pasco, WA. The building will be used to expand the company's logistic services. It is a 40-door terminal, approximately 17,500 sq/ft in size, on 10 acres in the Columbia East Business Park. It has a 14,000 sq/ft cross-dock facility and 3,500 sq/ft of office space. The facility was completed in six months from breaking ground.


I recently graduated from the Stratford School of Interaction Design & Business at the University of Waterloo with Distinction and Dean's Honours. Ranked the #1 UX school in the country (Rossul, 2018), my education has provided me with the skills necessary to work in today's increasingly digital world. My courses covered a diverse combination of fields, including: digital media, user experience design, legal studies, entrepreneurship, and project management.
I am a well-rounded young professional looking to tackle new challenges in industry, specifically those pertaining to experience design (XD), consumer experience (CX), and digital strategy. With many varied experiences and hobbies, a comprehensive knowledge base, and a never-ending passion to do, learn, and grow; I am a great fit within progressive and dynamically cultured companies.


text:
Q: java BoundingBox display I'm a beginner in java programming. My Application should print the all points, width, height and the max and min Point. I don't know why the printed points look like on display:
[Point@659e0bfd, Point@2a139a55, Point@15db9742, Point@6d06d69c, Point@7852e922, Point@4e25154f, Point@70dea4e, Point@5c647e05, Point@33909752, Point@55f96302

The max point is: (Point@3d4eac69).
The min point is: (Point@42a57993).

Can you give me some advice?
Here is the code:
Point
public class Point {
    private double x;
    private double y;

public Point(double xnew, double ynew) {
    x = xnew;
    y = ynew;
}

public double getX() {
    return x;
}

public void setX(double xnew) {
    x = xnew;
}

public double getY() {
    return y;
}

public void setY(double ynew) {
    y = ynew;
}

}
BoundingBox
import java.util.List;

public class BoundingBox {

private static Point minPoint;
private static Point maxPoint;

public BoundingBox(List<Point> manyPoints) {
    double minX = manyPoints.get(0).getX();
    double maxX = manyPoints.get(0).getX();
    double minY = manyPoints.get(0).getY();
    double maxY = manyPoints.get(0).getY();

    for (int i = 0; i < manyPoints.size(); i++) {
        Point test = manyPoints.get(i);
        test.getX();

        if (test.getX() < minX) {
            minX = test.getX();

        }

        if (test.getX() > maxX) {
            maxX = test.getX();
        }

        if (test.getY() < minY) {
            minY = test.getY();

        }

        if (test.getY() > maxY) {
            maxY = test.getY();

        }

        minPoint = new Point(minX, minY);
        maxPoint = new Point(maxX, maxY);

    }
}

public static double width() {

    double a = (maxPoint.getX() - minPoint.getX());
    return a;
}

public static double height() {
    System.out.println("minPoint = " + minPoint);
    System.out.println("maxPoint = " + maxPoint);
    double b = (maxPoint.getY() - minPoint.getY());
    return b;
}

public Point getMaxPoint() {
    return maxPoint;
}

public Point getMinPoint() {
    return minPoint;
}

}
Application
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
    Point p1 = new Point(10.681,-48.857);
    Point p2 = new Point(96.980,20.724);
    Point p3 = new Point(66.647,-66.558);
    Point p4 = new Point(-2.674,-58.571);
    Point p5 = new Point(40.11,-12.342);
    Point p6 = new Point(27.782,46.809);
    Point p7 = new Point(54.759,-46.709);
    Point p8 = new Point(-33.89,-90.787);
    Point p9 = new Point(15.84,-67.553);
    Point p10 = new Point(19.481,51.331);

    List<Point> list1 = new ArrayList<Point>(); // Create ArrayList and add Points
    list1.add(p1);
    list1.add(p2);
    list1.add(p3);
    list1.add(p4);
    list1.add(p5);
    list1.add(p6);
    list1.add(p7);
    list1.add(p8);
    list1.add(p9);
    list1.add(p10);

    double c = BoundingBox.height();
    double d = BoundingBox.width();

    System.out.println("The Points + list1 );
    System.out.println("Height: " + c + " Width: " + d + "\n" );
    System.out.println("max Point: (" + BoundingBox.getMaxPoint() +")." );
    System.out.println("min Point (" + BoundingBox.getMinPoint() +")." );
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Bernie releases statement on Amazon minimum wage increase
"What Mr. Bezos has done today is not only enormously important for Amazon's hundreds of thousands of employees, it could well be a shot heard around the world."
Andrew Emett
SOURCENationofChange
As a harsh critic of Amazon Founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, Sen. Bernie Sanders issued a statement Tuesday congratulating the world's wealthiest man for increasing Amazon's minimum wage to $15 for all full-time, part-time, temporary, and seasonal employees across the U.S. Last month, Bernie and Rep. Ro Khanna of California introduced legislation forcing major corporations to either pay workers a living wage or pay for the public assistance programs like Medicaid, food stamps, and public housing that their employees are forced to pay.
Working with Rep. Khanna, Sanders introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (BEZOS) Act last month in an attempt to end corporate welfare by establishing a 100 percent tax on corporations with 500 or more employees equal to the amount of federal benefits received by their low-wage workers. For example, if a worker at Amazon receives $2,000 in food stamps, the corporation would be taxed $2,000 to cover that cost.
On Tuesday, Amazon announced a minimum wage increase from $7.25 to $15 for all full-time, part-time, temporary (including those hired by agencies), and seasonal employees effective November 1. The wage increase will benefit more than 250,000 Amazon employees, as well as over 100,000 seasonal employees who will be hired at Amazon sites across the country this holiday.
"We listened to our critics, thought hard about what we wanted to do, and decided we want to lead," said Jeff Bezos, Amazon Founder and CEO. "We're excited about this change and encourage our competitors and other large employers to join us."
In response to the announcement, Sanders issued the following statement: "It is no secret that I have been a harsh critic of the wage and employment practices of Amazon and its owner Jeff Bezos. It has been my view that the middle class and working families of this country should not have to subsidize Mr. Bezos, the wealthiest person on Earth because many of his Amazon employees earned wages that were so low that they were forced to go on government programs like food stamps, Medicaid and subsidized housing.
"Today I want to give credit where credit is due. And I want to congratulate Mr. Bezos for doing exactly the right thing. Today he has raised the minimum wage at Amazon and Whole Foods effective next month. This applies not only to full-time workers, but part-time workers and temporary workers as well.
"Further, Mr. Bezos has indicated his support to raise the federal minimum wage. As the author of the $15 per hour minimum wage bill in the Senate, I look forward to working with him in this area.
"Let me thank the many hundreds of Amazon workers who contacted my office and the Fight for $15 movement which has been leading this effort for years.
"What Mr. Bezos has done today is not only enormously important for Amazon's hundreds of thousands of employees, it could well be a shot heard around the world. Mr. Bezos and Amazon are helping to lead the way, but there is no reason why other profitable corporations in the fast food industry, the airlines and retail should not be following suit. Bottom line is that in the richest country in the history of the world, no full time employee should be living in poverty."
Shortly afterwards, Bezos tweeted, "Thank you @SenSanders. We're excited about this, and also hope others will join in."
The fact of the matter is Bezos refused to act until his own Amazon employees reached out to the media and government officials to describe the terrible working conditions and low wages that the world's wealthiest person inflicted upon them. By courageously speaking out and fighting back, hundreds of thousands of Amazon employees have taken a huge step forward for all workers across the country, and perhaps the world.
#FightFor15
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https://andrewemett.com/
Andrew Emett is a staff writer for NationofChange. Andrew is a Los Angeles-based reporter exposing political and corporate corruption. His interests include national security, corporate abuse, and holding government officials accountable. Andrew's work has appeared on Raw Story, Alternet, and many other sites. You can follow him on Twitter @AndrewEmett and on Facebook at Andrew Emett.


text:
Selective testing strategies for diagnosing group A streptococcal infection in children with pharyngitis: a systematic review and prospective multicentre external validation study
Jérémie F. Cohen, Robert Cohen, Corinne Levy, Franck Thollot, Mohamed Benani, Philippe Bidet and Martin Chalumeau
CMAJ January 06, 2015 187 (1) 23-32; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.140772
Jérémie F. Cohen
Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Cohen J.F., Chalumeau), Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics (Cohen J.F., Chalumeau), Necker-Enfants-Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne (Cohen R., Levy, Benani), Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France; Department of Microbiology (Cohen R.), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France; Clinical Research Center (Levy), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France; Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (Thollot), Essey-lès-Nancy, France; Department of Microbiology (Bidet), Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
For correspondence: jeremie.cohen@inserm.fr
Corinne Levy
Franck Thollot
Mohamed Benani
Philippe Bidet
Martin Chalumeau
Background: Several clinical prediction rules for diagnosing group A streptococcal infection in children with pharyngitis are available. We aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of rules-based selective testing strategies in a prospective cohort of children with pharyngitis.
Methods: We identified clinical prediction rules through a systematic search of MEDLINE and Embase (1975–2014), which we then validated in a prospective cohort involving French children who presented with pharyngitis during a 1-year period (2010–2011). We diagnosed infection with group A streptococcus using two throat swabs: one obtained for a rapid antigen detection test (StreptAtest, Dectrapharm) and one obtained for culture (reference standard). We validated rules-based selective testing strategies as follows: low risk of group A streptococcal infection, no further testing or antibiotic therapy needed; intermediate risk of infection, rapid antigen detection for all patients and antibiotic therapy for those with a positive test result; and high risk of infection, empiric antibiotic treatment.
Results: We identified 8 clinical prediction rules, 6 of which could be prospectively validated. Sensitivity and specificity of rules-based selective testing strategies ranged from 66% (95% confidence interval [CI] 61–72) to 94% (95% CI 92–97) and from 40% (95% CI 35–45) to 88% (95% CI 85–91), respectively. Use of rapid antigen detection testing following the clinical prediction rule ranged from 24% (95% CI 21–27) to 86% (95% CI 84–89). None of the rules-based selective testing strategies achieved our diagnostic accuracy target (sensitivity and specificity > 85%).
Interpretation: Rules-based selective testing strategies did not show sufficient diagnostic accuracy in this study population. The relevance of clinical prediction rules for determining which children with pharyngitis should undergo a rapid antigen detection test remains questionable.
See related commentary on page 13 and at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.141532; see also case on page 50 and at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.140155
Pharyngitis accounts for about 6% of visits by children to primary care physicians each year in high-income nations.1 Group A streptococcus is found in 30%–40% of cases of childhood pharyngitis; the remaining cases are considered viral.2 Antibiotic treatment is indicated for group A streptococcal infection to prevent suppurative (e.g., retropharyngeal abscess and quinsy) and nonsuppurative complications (e.g., acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease) and to reduce the duration of symptoms and the spread of the condition.3 In settings where poststreptococcal diseases have become uncommon, such as Western Europe and North America,4 the public health goal is shifting from preventing complications to minimizing the inappropriate use of antibiotic agents to contain antimicrobial resistance.5 However, 60%–70% of the visits by children with pharyngitis to American primary care physicians result in antibiotic agents being prescribed.6–8
Because signs and symptoms of streptococcal and viral pharyngitis overlap, most experts recommend that the diagnosis of group A streptococcal infection be confirmed by a throat culture or rapid antigen detection test.9–13 Whereas European guidelines suggest all children with pharyngitis undergo such testing,14 North American guidelines recommend that clinicians select patients on the basis of clinical and epidemiologic grounds.11–13 Currently, there is no guidance from the Canadian Medical Association or Canadian Paediatric Society for the management of pharyngitis.
Various clinical prediction rules that combine signs and symptoms have been proposed to help clinicians define groups of patients according to the clinical likelihood of group A streptococcal infection.15–18 These rules aim to identify patients at low risk in whom the disease can be managed without further testing and without antibiotic treatment, and patients at high risk who could receive empiric antibiotic treatment without testing.16 Clinical prediction rules for pharyngitis have not been sufficiently validated for clinical practice and have never been compared head-to-head in a single pediatric population from a high-income country.18
The purpose of our study was to externally validate and directly compare the diagnostic accuracy of relevant rules-based selective testing strategies with original data from a French prospective multicentre cohort of children with pharyngitis. To optimize this validation study, we first conducted a systematic review of existing clinical prediction rules.
All published studies that reported the derivation or update of clinical prediction rules for group A streptococcal pharyngitis were eligible for inclusion. We defined a clinical prediction rule as a decision-making tool that included 2 or more variables obtained from the history, physical examination or simple diagnostic tests and provided a probability of a disease or suggested a clinical course of action for an individual patient.19–23 All studies that provided data specific to children were eligible. For clinical prediction rules updated by their original authors, only the updated study was included. We excluded clinical prediction rules that were explicitly intended for use in low-resource settings (i.e., those derived in developing countries explicitly intended for use in settings where rapid antigen detection tests are not routinely available). We systematically searched MEDLINE and Embase for studies using the search strategy described in Appendix 1 (available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1). We screened the titles and abstracts of the identified studies; if they were considered potentially relevant (or in cases of uncertainty), we evaluated the full text.
We extracted a prespecified set of data related to study setting and design, and the characteristics of patients and clinical prediction rules. We assessed the quality of included studies using a combination of items from methodological standards for clinical prediction rules19–22 and clinical prediction models,24–26 and from QUADAS-227 (Appendix 2, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1). If published reports referred to previous papers, we extracted the corresponding items. We classified clinical prediction rules according to the hierarchy of evidence for clinical prediction rules21 (with the assessment of validation based on results from previous reviews).15–18 One reviewer (JFC) performed the study selection, data extraction, and assessment of study quality and level of evidence, which were then checked by a second reviewer (MC). Discrepancies were discussed and resolved by consensus.
External validation cohort
We used data from a study for which patients and methods were described previously.28–30 Briefly, this French prospective multicentre study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a rapid antigen detection test in children aged 3–14 years, with throat culture as the clinical reference standard. Seventeen private office-based pediatricians participated. From Oct. 1, 2010, to May 31, 2011, double throat swabs were collected from 678 consecutive children who had a diagnosis of pharyngitis and did not receive antibiotics for 7 days before inclusion. Swab 1 was used for the rapid antigen detection test (StreptAtest, Dectrapharm, France) and swab 2 was sent to the hospital laboratory for throat culture on a blood agar plate according to standard methods.
The following clinical features were recorded for each patient: age, sex, sudden onset of sore throat, maximum body temperature (as reported by a parent), throat pain, cough, rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, headache, erythema of the pharynx, tonsillar swelling, tonsillar exudate, palatal petechiae, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, presence of anterior cervical lymph nodes, size of the nodes (< 1, 1–2 or > 2 cm), tenderness of the nodes, skin rash, and aspect of the rash (scarlatiniform or nonspecific).
Microbiologists were blinded to individual clinical data and results of the rapid antigen detection tests. Parent and patient approval for participation was obtained before inclusion. The study protocol was approved by the Ile-de-France XI institutional review board (no. 09016).
Our primary outcome was the diagnostic accuracy of rules-based selective testing strategies, with throat culture as the reference standard. After reviewing the literature and discussing until consensus within the review team, and assuming a prevalence of group A streptococcal infection of 35%2 and a maximally acceptable antibiotics prescription rate of 40%, we defined the target zone of accuracy as sensitivity and specificity greater than 85% (Appendix 3, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1).12,31–33 For each rules-based selective testing strategy, we used a graphical approach to test whether the one-sided rectangular 95% confidence region for sensitivity and specificity lay entirely within the target zone of accuracy.34
Our secondary outcome was the number of rapid antigen detection tests used after each clinical prediction rule. A selective testing strategy was defined as being clinically relevant if less than 80% of children would undergo testing after its application (experts' opinions). For each selective testing strategy, we tested whether the number of tests used was less than 80% using a one-sided exact binomial probability test.
Each clinical prediction rule was applied to each patient from the validation cohort as follows: low risk of group A streptococcal infection, no further testing or antibiotic therapy; intermediate risk of infection, rapid antigen detection testing for all patients and antibiotic therapy for those with positive test results; high risk of infection, empiric antibiotic treatment. The result of the selective testing strategy was considered positive if the patient would have received antibiotic treatment and negative if the patient would not have received antibiotic treatment after the rule's application. For rules that rely on scoring systems, we chose cut-offs for defining risk groups according to previously published studies, when available (Appendix 4, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1). This method allowed us to calculate sensitivity, specificity, C-index and number of tests used for each rules-based strategy. We also performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for each scoring system.
Another secondary objective was to assess the calibration of clinical prediction rules. For each risk level defined by the rule (low v. intermediate v. high risk of group A streptococcal infection), we compared the probability of group A streptococcal infection seen in our validation cohort (observed probability) to that reported by the authors of the clinical prediction rule in their cohort (predicted probability). We adjusted predicted probabilities for the prevalence of group A streptococcus in the validation cohort.22,35 We evaluated calibration using plots26 and by assessing whether clinical prediction rules were able to identify patients at low risk (probability ≤ 12%, mean prevalence of asymptomatic carriage of group A streptococcus in children)15 or high risk (probability ≥ 85%, minimal predictive value of a positive result on rapid antigen detection testing).15
Values were missing for 0.4%–6.2% patients for each clinical variable. We used multiple imputations with chained equations (m = 10) with predictive mean matching for continuous variables and logistic regression for categorical variables to generate values for missing data (Appendix 5, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1). We used Stata/SE 13 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas) for data analysis.
We performed our literature search on Aug.21, 2014. From 1272 articles identified, we assessed the full text of 38 reports and included 8 articles in our final total (Figure 1). The studies were published between 1975 and 2010 and involved a variety of settings, with a median of 313 patients (range 94–3877) per study, and a median prevalence of group A streptococcus of 36% (range 21%–48%) (Table 1). Eight clinical prediction rules were identified for external validation (Table 2).36–43 The median number of predictors in each rule was 9 (range 5–14) (Appendix 6, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1). The 5 most frequent predictors used were tenderness of lymph nodes, fever, age, tonsillar swelling and exudate.
Selection of clinical prediction rules included in the study.
Description of included studies
Description of clinical prediction rules for group A streptococcal infection
The quality of included studies is summarized in Appendix 7 (available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1). All of the studies were prospective. The reference standard used and inclusion criteria were sufficiently reported for 5 of 8 studies (63%). Sensitivity and specificity of the clinical prediction rule was reported in 4 of the studies, with corresponding confidence intervals in 2. There are several external validation studies for the Breese,39 McIsaac40 and Wald42 scores. Attia's clinical prediction rule43 was validated once (Appendix 7). The remaining 4 clinical prediction rules36–38,41 have never been validated. The statistical analysis used for the derivation of clinical prediction rules was poor. All of the models relied on categorization of continuous predictors, such as age and fever. Only 3 of 8 reports (38%) described the use of multivariable analysis. Only 1 article described interaction testing. Assessment of discrimination and calibration of the model were never reported.
A total of 678 children met our inclusion criteria; we excluded 1 patient with an uninterpretable rapid antigen detection test result and 1 patient whose throat swab was lost. Thus, our analysis included data from 676 children (313 girls [46%], mean age 6.1 [± 2.5] yr). Prevalence of group A streptococcus was 41% (95% confidence interval [CI] 38–45), and rapid antigen detection test sensitivity and specificity were 93% (95% CI 89–95) and 88% (95% CI 85–91), respectively. We had to adapt some of the clinical prediction rules because the authors provided insufficient detail for validation or some clinical variables were not assessed in the validation set; 2 rules could not be validated (Appendix 4).36,41
Diagnostic accuracy of selective testing strategies
The sensitivity of rules-based selective testing strategies ranged from 66% (95% CI 61–72)38 to 94% (95% CI 92–97)40; specificity ranged from 40% (95% CI 35–45)37 to 88% (95% CI 85–91)43; and the C-index ranged from 0.64 (95% CI 0.61–0.67)37 to 0.87 (95% CI 0.85–0.90)43 (Table 3, Figure 2). None of the rules-based strategies fit within our target zone of accuracy. The area under the ROC curve of clinical scores ranged from 0.56 (95% CI 0.52–0.60)40 to 0.62 (95% CI 0.58–0.66)43 (Table 3 and Appendix 8, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1).
External validation of clinical prediction rules in terms of diagnostic accuracy and use of rapid antigen detection testing (n = 676)
External validation of the diagnostic accuracy of rules-based selective testing strategies. Graph shows sensitivity and specificity estimates with their one-sided rectangular 95% confidence regions. Numbers indicate the rules-based selective testing strategies as follows: 1 = Breese,39 2 = Wald,42 3 = Attia,43 4 = Edmond,38 5 = McIsaac40 and 6 = Joachim.37 The target zone of accuracy (sensitivity > 85%, specificity > 85%) is delineated by the dashed horizontal and vertical lines.
Rapid antigen detection testing
Use of rapid antigen detection tests after applying the clinical prediction rule ranged from 24% (95% CI 21–27)37 to 86% (95% CI 84–89)43 (Table 3). Further exploratory analyses found a strong correlation between the number of tests used after the clinical prediction rule and the accuracy of the selective testing strategy as measured by the C-index (Spearman's ρ = 0.94, p < 0.01; Appendix 9, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1).
Calibration of clinical prediction rules
The prevalence of group A streptococcus increased with increasing risk level as defined by each of the clinical prediction rules. The calibration of 3 clinical prediction rules could not be assessed because the authors did not report prevalence by risk level.36,38,41 For the remaining rules, calibration was poor (Appendices 10 and 11, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1). None of the clinical prediction rules were able to identify patients at low risk (probability of group A streptococcus ≤ 12%) or high risk (probability ≥ 85%). The highest observed probability of group A streptococcus was 81% (score ≥ 4 based on the clinical prediction rule of Attia and colleagues),43 but this group comprised only 6% of patients in our cohort.
Several clinical prediction rules are available for diagnosing childhood pharyngitis.44 Most of these rules are clinical scores based on the same panel of clinical findings classically associated with group A streptococcal or viral cause.16 On external validation, none of the rules-based selective testing strategies showed sufficient accuracy, and none were able to identify patients at low or high risk whose condition could be managed without microbiologic testing.
Our primary aim was to identify a rules-based selective testing strategy that would have a sensitivity and specificity of more than 85%. For the definition of such a target zone of accuracy, one needs to account for both end points in the diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. The first is diagnostic sensitivity. Patients with false-negative test results might show complications of streptococcal pharyngitis. However, evidence supporting antibiotic treatment to prevent such complications in high-income settings is limited. From a Cochrane review, the number needed to treat with antibiotics to prevent 1 case of quinsy is about 50,3 but a recent study in the United Kingdom calculated the number needed to treat at about 4000.45 Acute rheumatic fever seems to have almost disappeared in high-income settings,46 and all clinical trials done after 1975 (6 trials including 2484 patients) did not show any efficacy of antibiotics in reducing its incidence, with no case of acute rheumatic fever in either arm.3
The second end point in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis is diagnostic specificity. Patients with false-positive test results might receive unnecessary antibiotics, thus contributing to the antimicrobial resistance.47 In outpatient settings in the United States, respiratory tract infections account for more than 75% of antibiotic use in children under 12 years of age, and pharyngitis is the most frequent diagnosis associated with prescription of antibiotics to children aged 6–12 years.48 Because of the low impact of antibiotic treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis in children in most industrialized countries and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, some northern European countries (e.g., The Netherlands) do not recommend antibiotic treatment for children with pharyngitis, or only for the small number of children with a severe infection or an increased risk of complications.49
We considered a rules-based selective strategy clinically relevant only if it allowed for rapid antigen detection tests to be used in less than 80% of cases. In our validation study, the selective testing strategy that had the highest accuracy43 would have resulted in testing for about 85% of children. In addition, the American Academy of Pediatrics recently recommended rapid antigen detection testing for children with a McIsaac score40 of 2 or more, but this implies that testing should be done in about 90% of cases.50 If clinicians accept such high rates of testing, they might agree to have all children presenting with pharyngitis undergo testing. Such a policy is currently recommended by European guidelines14,51 and was shown to result in a substantial reduction in antibiotic prescription rates.52
In our validation study, clinical prediction rules were unable to identify patients at low or high risk in whom testing for group A streptococcus could be avoided. Our results are consistent with those of previous validation studies (Appendix 12, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140772/-/DC1). A recent large-scale validation of the McIsaac score40 involving 64 789 children aged 3–14 years in the US showed probabilities of 17% in children with a score of 1 and 55% in children with a score 4 or more,53 which might be far from the misclassification rates clinicians would consider acceptable. Differences in probability by risk level across external validation studies could be explained by differences in study settings and participant characteristics, as well as the low reproducibility of signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis (i.e., interobserver agreement).54
About 20% of the children from our validation cohort had missing data for at least 1 clinical predictor. However, we used multiple imputations, which resulted in less bias than the complete-case approach.26 In a sensitivity analysis, the secondary exclusion of patients with missing data produced slightly higher estimates of diagnostic accuracy than multiple imputations (Appendix 5).
We validated clinical prediction rules using the rapid antigen detection test as a stand-alone test without throat culture, which is the current recommendation of the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.14 Several studies have found this strategy to be the most cost-effective.33,55,56 However, whether such tests are sufficiently accurate to replace throat culture in clinical practice remains a matter of debate.56–58
All steps for undertaking the systematic review were done by 2 reviewers, but not independently, increasing the risk that some clinical prediction rules were missed or that mistakes occurred when extracting the data. A further limitation lies in the absence of an a priori sample size calculation. One of the clinical prediction rules met our target zone of accuracy based on the point estimates alone (Attia's rule),43 but it was considered insufficient because the boundaries of the confidence intervals for sensitivity and specificity went across the prespecified limits for significance. This could be due to lack of power, and our results should be considered with caution until they are confirmed with a larger sample of patients.
Finally, although this prospective study was originally designed for the purpose of validating existing clinical prediction rules, clinical data were collected before performing the systematic review of the literature. The collection of the clinical variables required for validation was not customized to evaluate the full range of rules we finally included. Some clinical prediction rules had to be adapted because of discrepancies between our clinical variables and the specific definitions originally provided by the authors.
The clinical relevance of clinical prediction rules for triaging children who should undergo group A streptococcal testing was poor in this study, in which both high sensitivity and specificity were expected. Further prospective validation studies comparing multiple clinical prediction rules head-to-head are needed to confirm our results. Future efforts should also aim to better define misclassification rates and the threshold for rapid antigen detection testing that clinicians would consider acceptable.
This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Edouard Bingen (1946–2012), Department of Microbiology, Robert Debré Hospital and Paris Diderot University. The authors thank A. Liboz, Dr. M. Boucherat, Dr. F. de La Rocque, I. Ramay, D. Menguy and M. Fernandes, and the physician investigators who participated in the study: Dr. F. Corrard, Dr. P. Deberdt, Dr. A. Elbez, Dr. M. Goldrey, Dr. J. Gosselin, Dr. M. Koskas, Dr. P. Martin, Dr. A.S. Michot, Dr. N. D'Ovidio, Dr. D. Qutob, Dr. C. Romain, Dr. O. Romain, Dr. C. Schlemmer and Dr. A. Wollner. The authors also thank R. Spijker for his assistance on the literature search.
Competing interests: Robert Cohen and Corinne Levy have received grant funding from Dectrapharm. No other competing interests were declared.
Contributors: Jérémie Cohen and Martin Chalumeau had full access to all data and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the analyses. Jérémie Cohen, Robert Cohen, Corinne Levy, Philippe Bidet and Martin Chalumeau conceived and designed the study. Robert Cohen, Franck Thollot, Mohammed Benani and Philippe Bidet acquired the data. Jérémie Cohen and Martin Chalumeau performed the statistical analysis. Jérémie Cohen wrote the first draft of the manuscript, which was revised for important intellectual content by all of the authors. All of the authors read and approved the final version submitted for publication and agree to act as guarantors of the work.
Funding: Jérémie Cohen is a doctoral student supported by educational grants from Agence Régionale de Santé d'Ile-de-France, Laboratoires Guigoz - Société Française de Pédiatrie – Groupe de Pédiatrie Générale – Groupe de Recherches Epidémiologiques en Pédiatrie and research grants from the French Ministry of Health (Régional 2012, 12089) and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (Année Médaille de l'Internat 2013). The clinical study for external validation was internally funded by the Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne and externally by Dectrapharm, manufacturer of the rapid antigen detection test. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Data sharing: No additional data are available.
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Mulholland EK,
. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:685–94.
Goossens H,
Ferech M,
Vander Stichele R,
. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 2005;365:579–87.
Vaz LE,
Kleinman KP,
Raebel MA,
. Recent trends in out-patient antibiotic use in children. Pediatrics 2014;133:375–85.
Starreveld JS,
Zwart S,
Boukes FS,
. Summary of the practice guideline 'Sore throat' (second revision) from the Dutch College of General Practitioners. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2008; 152:431–5.
Hersh AL,
Jackson MA,
Hicks LA
. Principles of judicious antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in pediatrics. Pediatrics 2013;132:1146–54.
SFP-SPILF-GPIP. Antibiothérapie par voie générale en pratique courante dans les infections respiratoires hautes de l'adulte et de l'enfant. Crolles (France): Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française; 2011. Available: www.infectiologie.com/site/medias/Recos/2011-infections-respir-hautes-recommandations.pdf (accessed 2013 Nov. 15).
Angoulvant F,
Skurnik D,
Bellanger H,
. Impact of implementing French antibiotic guidelines for acute respiratory-tract infections in a paediatric emergency department, 2005–2009. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012;31:1295–303.
Fine AM,
Nizet V,
Mandl KD
. Large-scale validation of the Centor and McIsaac scores to predict group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:847–52.
Schwartz K,
Monsur J,
Northrup J,
. Pharyngitis clinical prediction rules: effect of interobserver agreement: a MetroNet study. J Clin Epidemiol 2004;57:142–6.
Webb KH
. Does culture confirmation of high-sensitivity rapid streptococcal tests make sense? A medical decision analysis. Pediatrics 1998;101:E2.
Mayes T,
Pichichero ME
. Are follow-up throat cultures necessary when rapid antigen detection tests are negative for group A streptococci? Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2001;40:191–5.
Mirza A,
Wludyka P,
Chiu TT,
. Throat culture is necessary after negative rapid antigen detection tests. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2007;46:241–6.
Tanz RR,
Kabat W,
. Performance of a rapid antigen-detection test and throat culture in community pediatric offices: implications for management of pharyngitis. Pediatrics 2009;123:437–44.
You are going to email the following Selective testing strategies for diagnosing group A streptococcal infection in children with pharyngitis: a systematic review and prospective multicentre external validation study
Jérémie F. Cohen, Robert Cohen, Corinne Levy, Franck Thollot, Mohamed Benani, Philippe Bidet, Martin Chalumeau
CMAJ Jan 2015, 187 (1) 23-32; DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.140772
Identifying and treating group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children
A 39-year-old man with recurrent rheumatic fever
Pharyngitis: Approach to diagnosis and treatment
Pharyngite: Approche diagnostique et therapeutique
Group A Streptococcus
Point-Counterpoint: A Nucleic Acid Amplification Test for Streptococcus pyogenes Should Replace Antigen Detection and Culture for Detection of Bacterial Pharyngitis
Emergency department use following incentives to provide after-hours primary care: a retrospective cohort study
Physician choices in pulmonary embolism testing
Symptoms associated with a positive result for a swab for SARS-CoV-2 infection among children in Alberta
Show more Research


text:
Q: How to call one of several Excel sheets in a Workbook to export values to Word? I have a template word document that is using labels to input data from an excel spreadsheet. Due to the nature of my working environment I cannot use MailMerge for this task. The data will always be in the same cells because the admin staff always inputs new data in the third row.
My problem is that the information could be drawn from one of several excel worksheets within the workbook. I could run through a series of MsgBox prompts (as I did in my example code) but that seems inefficient.
Is there any way I can prompt the user to select one of the seven worksheets within that workbook?
My code:
Sub Populate()

Dim objExcel As New Excel.Application
Dim exWb As Excel.Workbook

Set exWb = objExcel.Workbooks.Open("c:\")
MSG1 = MsgBox("Is the information found on Sheet 1?", vbYesNo, "Sheet Selection")

If MSG1 = vbYes Then
 ThisDocument.This.Caption = "Objet/Subject: " & exWb.Sheets("Sheet1").Cells(3, 3)
 ThisDocument.That.Caption = exWb.Sheets("Sheet1").Cells(3, 1)
 ThisDocument.Your.Caption = exWb.Sheets("Sheet1").Cells(3, 2)
Else
 MSG2 = MsgBox("Is the information found on Sheet 2?", vbYesNo, "Sheet Selection")
End If

If MSG2 = vbYes Then
ThisDocument.This.Caption = "Objet/Subject: " & exWb.Sheets("Sheet2").Cells(3, 3)
 ThisDocument.That.Caption = exWb.Sheets("Sheet2").Cells(3, 1)
 ThisDocument.Your.Caption = exWb.Sheets("Sheet2").Cells(3, 2)

exWb.Close

Set exWb = Nothing

End Sub

A: Try the code below:
foreach(Excel.Worksheet xlworksheet in xlWorkBook.Worksheets)
{
    //find a selected worksheet
    if (xlworksheet.EnableSelection == XlEnableSelection.xlNoRestrictions)
    {

    }
}


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When the MMTA was formed in 1973 Cadmium was one of the first seven minor metals for which a norm was devised. Supply generally falls into two main categories – 4N (Cd 99.99% min.) and 3N5 (Cd 99.95% min).
Notice – you can read our new article investigating the latest uses of Cadmium here.
The majority of supply arises when Cadmium is cleaned from Zinc concentrates and thus typical large producers are found in South America (Peñoles of Mexico). Perhaps the largest supplier from CIS is Kazzinc (Kazakhstan), but good material recuperated from residues originates from Almalyk in Uzbekistan. We have illustrated some of this in the photos attached and this usually grades at 4N7 or better in the form of 10-12 kg net bars.
Of late the main swing buyers have been from China for their growing Nickel – Cadmium (Nicad) battery production. Meanwhile Cadmium – despite its bad press in terms of toxicity – is still virtually unsubstitutable for the yellow colour in indelible paints (e.g. car paint).
Cadmium was discovered in Germany in 1817 by Friedrich Strohmeyer. He found the new element within an impurity in zinc carbonate (calamine) and for 100 years Germany remained the only important producer of the metal.
Cadmium is a silvery metal that tarnishes in air, and is soluble in acids but not alkalis. Cadmium-containing ores are rare and when found they occur in small quantities. Greenockite (CdS), the only cadmium mineral of importance, is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). Consequently, cadmium is produced mainly as a by-product from mining, smelting, and refining sulfide ores of zinc, and to a lesser degree, lead and copper. Small amounts of cadmium are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling iron and steel scrap. Production in the United States began in 1907 but it was not until after World War I that cadmium came into wide use.
Cadmium also has the physical property of being able to absorb neutrons. As a result, it is used in nuclear reactor control rods to dampen the nuclear reaction and keep the fission reactions under control.
It is used in rechargeable batteries, alloys, pigments, coatings, plating and as stabilizers for plastics, but because of its toxicity these uses are being phased out wherever possible. It is used in some of the lowest melting alloys and due to a low coefficient of friction and very good fatigue resistance, it is used in bearing alloys.
Cadmium finds use in electroplating and many kinds of solder contain this metal. Compounds containing cadmium are used in black and white television phosphors and also in the blue and green phosphors for colour television picture tubes.
Cadmium is produced in countries where zinc is refined, not necessarily in the countries where zinc ore is mined. China, Japan, and Korea are the world's largest producers, with Mexico, the United States, the Netherlands, India, the United Kingdom, Peru, and Germany next. About 15 other countries produce smaller amounts.
Cadmium is well recovered via the recycling of nickel-cadmium batteries, which is required by law in some countries so that the cadmium is not discarded into the environment.


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London's FTSE 250 was up 0.36% at 19,112.70 in afternoon trade on Wednesday, as gold prices sent precious metal miners higher.
Precious metals miners Hochschild and Centamin made gains as gold prices rose on the back of a softer dollar.
Meanwhile, Mediclinic, Investec and Intermediate Capital posted strong gains ahead of the release of their respective half-year results next Thursday.
Low cost European airline Wizz Air rose along with other airline stocks even as it cut its full-year profit forecasts to €270m- €300m from a previous forecast of €310m-€340m, a move it blamed on "unprecedented" disruptions, higher fuel prices, air traffic control strikes and congested airports.
Analysts at RBC Capital Markets, which rates the stock at 'outperform', said the Hungarian outfit's shares could double by 2021 and were therefore "worth wading into a short-term adverse momentum current".
Security software group Sophos tumbled as its first-half revenues fell short of analysts' expectations and the company warned on billings and future growth.
Shore Capital reiterated its 'buy' rating on the stock, reasoning that the results were "broadly in line" but conceding that the second-half billings recovery was "more modest than expected".
Security services firm G4S also suffered heavy losses after a disappointing trading statement, with organic growth for the third quarter coming in at 2.5% versus expectations of around 4.5%.
Pub group JD Wetherspoon slumped after warning that rising wage costs will hit full year profits and William Hill continued to fall after the bookmaker warned on Tuesday that 2018 profit would be down on last year.
Finally, housebuilder Redrow fell after it said that current executive chairman Steve Morgan, who founded the company in 1974 with £5,000 borrowed from his father, will step down at the end of March. The company also said that sales in London have been "subdued" due to high stamp duty and Brexit fears.
For the first 18 weeks of the company's financial year, the sales rate per outlet per week was 0.64, down from with 0.67 on-year, a drop which Morgan cited as "entirely due to the London market".


In the Milly-Molly-Mandy Veritas Press Comprehension Guide, students complete comprehension and critical thinking questions along with multiple activities per chapter. 60 reproducible pages, paperback. Line-listed answer key included. Grade 2.


text:
Q: what method_function does in ruby I am working in live project and understanding the existing code.
   like
Module Rating
  def current_rating
     # some code here
  end
end

And called this method in included class.
How it works?
Actually I know about module but not used much. Say I am beginner for Module

A: module_function
Module methods that are declared as module_function will create copies of themselves as private instance methods in the class that includes the Module:
check this link: Hidden features of Ruby


text:
Foreign Policy & Diaspora
Arts & Showbiz
Overview News Articles Interviews
Meryl Streep, Hilary Swank join Tommy Lee Jones in "Homesman"?
September 27, 2012 - 16:32 AMT
PanARMENIAN.Net - Are Meryl Streep and Hilary Swank joining Tommy Lee Jones on the American prairie?
With the American Film Market just around the corner, a number of pre-sales projects have begun to circulate among buyers, including "The Homesman" with Streep and Swank part of the package, TheWrap said.
In May it was announced that Jones would write, direct, produce and star in the period piece, which follows a pioneer, played by Jones, and a frontier woman as they escort three insane women across the American prairie.
No additional cast was announced at that time. Now an individual familiar with the project has told TheWrap that buyers are being presented with a pre-AFM package that includes the two A -list actresses.
Swank will play the frontier woman, but it was not clear which role Streep would play. Streep also starred with Jones this year in "Hope Springs."
Michael Fitzgerald will produce "The Homesman" through his Ithaca Films label, while Jones will produce through The Javelina Film Company. Luc Besson's EuropaCorp. is producing financing and distributing the film internationally.
Jones made his directorial debut with TNT's "The Good Old Boys." His first feature as both a producer and director was the 2005 drama "The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada," which was also produced by Fitzgerald and EuropaCorp. He recently directed an adaptation of Cormac McCarthy's play "The Sunset Limited" for HBO.
Serj Tankian and Tom Morello pay tribute to Chris Cornell
Tom Morello and Serj Tankian joined forces onstage at the Sonic Temple festival with a moving rendition of "Like A Stone".
Kim Kardashian West, Kanye West welcome forth baby
Reality TV star Kim Kardashian West and artist Kanye West have welcomed their fourth child into the world.
Daron Malakian says SOAD felt most proud when performing in Armenia
"I think that was a really emotional thing for everybody in the band," the System Of A Down guitarist said.
Daron Malakian confirms delay of System Of A Down album
Daron Malakian said their first studio effort since 2005's Hypnotize is still nowhere close to hitting the shelves.
Cultural diplomacy as a driver of Armenia's economy
ICAE2018 proves a success
Most popular in the section
Colin Firth was 'awestruck' watching Cher in Mamma Mia 2
44th César Award will be dedicated to Charles Aznavour
"Spitak" about Armenia quake joins Best Foreign Language Oscar race
International Contemporary Art Exhibition opening in Yerevan
Overview: Arts & Showbiz
Archive for September 27, 2012
Armenian engineers building Zuckerberg's "sleep box" T "sleep box" is a wooden box that sits on the bedside table and emits a soft light between the hours of 6 a.m. and 7 a.m.
Family in remote Armenian village will have a descent house soon The housing problem of the Babayan family appeared in the center of attention of partners implementing the program.
Cutting-edge tech sends camera feed into blind people's brains When a person becomes blind — as opposed to being born that way — their brain's visual cortex is typically undamaged.
Much of the world will be able to see a partial lunar eclipse Depending on the weather conditions in your area, it may be gray, rusty, brick-colored or blood-red.


All cities – as built environments – contain accidental and overlooked smells as part of their identity. Nevertheless, these smells shape spatial perception much more powerfully then light or sound. Our olfactory systems navigate using our subconscious and memory as much as they navigate through cultural stereotypes and recognizing urban structures. They reveal unexplored layers of existence in the different areas of Seoul, helping us to tell alternative narratives. This project connects the Donuimun Museum Village to the Dongdaemun Design Plaza in an unconventional way: through overlooked common SMELLS. In between the DMV and the DDP, important overlooked smell sources were found, collected and replicated. Inside the DMV the de-contextualized and replicated smells from Seoul are displayed in the context of a large map of Seoul. The focus is on the nature of the specific smells and why they were chosen to represent Seoul. The visitor is invited to smell the displayed city smell sources. Then by looking at the indoor map they will know in which locations in the city the displayed smells were collected. The visitor is also encouraged to add comments to a handout map, which includes an invitation to visit the original smell source locations in the real, outside neighborhoods. Only by visiting the smell source locations can one get to know what the smells are and what causes them. Upon finding a smell source they will see and experience the context from which the smells were collected. Comments from visits to the site are very welcome.


text:
Panelist: Drew Bagot
Calidant Capital
Drew Bagot is a Managing Partner of Calidant Capital, with over a decade of direct middle market private equity experience. He was most recently an Associate Director at ORIX Americas, a principal investment arm of an international financial conglomerate with over $100 billion in assets, focusing on deploying $10-30 million into growing middle-market companies across myriad industries. Mr. Bagot was previously a senior analyst with Pharos Capital Group, a $1 billion private equity fund that concentrates on the business services, healthcare, and technology sectors. Prior thereto, he served as the lead underwriter at Shoreline Capital, a private equity-focused family office. Mr. Bagot attained a BBA in Finance with high honors from the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin and an MBA from the Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University.


text:
What is the Game Theory and How do Businesses Use it?
January 21, 2019 By Mohit Tater Leave a Comment
The Game Theory was formulated back in the 1950s. It is also one of the most followed and practised formats in recent times too. In simple terms, game theory is the study of mathematical models of deliberate relations between two business partners or any rational decision makers. A lot of companies make use of this strategic analysis in their business to keep up their ventures in a successive continuation. This model of business strategy is applied in a lot of fields like social science, biology, computer science etc. Game theory has it implications in not just subjects but also in human behavioural relations.
The strategic games that happen between two players in different companies: the games are just mathematical scenarios. The games ascertain the logical decisions that the players should adopt to reap good benefits. This is actually a powerful tool that probes the company to predict better outcomes. The participants need to have a clear idea about the needs and functions of the other as this is a complex arrangement that one decision could affect the other in a huge way. There needs to have an understanding between the two companies. Both the parties will look into the strategy of others and the understanding between the two while taking into the account of payoffs; it will help to formulate an optimal strategy.
Game Theory utilizes the strategic calculations through some social or individual models. When analysing the behaviour of the firm, a thoughtful and logical understanding could be reached about their strategic choice that is laid bare to them. They will have the option to raise the money or bring it lower or even holding it still. The theory formulates whether their production should be paused or develop new products. The Game Theory also formulates an idea about what to do about the promotional aspect of the product: whether more money should be used for advertising or spending less on them or even sparing anything at all. The options and choices are many and a final decision can be approached when the strategic dialogue will be over. The possible payoffs would be like more profits for the shareholders, greater market share or even eliminating a possible rival.
In proper truth, no two companies trust the other no matter what the consequences are. Game Theory suggests this nature of the companies too. The Theory is also helpful to the managers of the firms to understand the expected positive and negative payoffs. Adopting this way would possibly reduce business risks and also gain a strategic idea about the other firms while keeping in tab with their own shortcomings. Gaining an insight into their own business will prompt them to think deep and intense. More sensible decisions will be made and firm will slowly recuperate if there were any downfall.
Millennials and the Mobile Games: The inseparables
The Gaming Revolution: The Rise and Rise of Mobile Gaming
Gaming: The Most Popular Form of Entertainment
The New Era of Online Games Outshines Offline Gaming Parlours


There is not a system in place to consolidate multiple fax receipts to a single claim, inquiry, appeal etc.
Noridian cannot accept initial/new claim form submissions via fax.
View departmental fax numbers below.


text:
title: Spatial Vectors
localeTitle: Пространственные векторы
---
## Пространственные векторы

Это заглушка. [Помогите нашему сообществу расширить его](https://github.com/freecodecamp/guides/tree/master/src/pages/mathematics/vectors/spatial-vectors/index.md) .

[Это руководство по быстрому стилю поможет вам принять ваш запрос на тягу](https://github.com/freecodecamp/guides/blob/master/README.md) .

#### Дополнительная информация:


text:
2011 MTV Video Music Awards nominees
When the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards air live on Sunday, Aug. 28, will nine-time nominee Katy Perry rule the night or will upstarts like Nicki Minaj, Adele and Bruno Mars steal her thunder? (Getty Images)
Adele, "Rolling in the Deep" (Getty Images)
Tyler the Creator, "Yonkers" (XL Recordings)
Katy Perry, "Firework" (Getty Images)
Bruno Mars, "Grenade" (Getty Images)
Beastie Boys, "Make Some Noise" (Getty Images)
Beyonce, "Run The World (Girls)" (Getty Images)
Nicki Minaj, "Super Bass" (Getty Images)
Lady Gaga, "Born This Way" (Getty Images)
Cee Lo Green, "F*** You" (Getty Images)
Eminem feat. Rihanna, "Love the Way You Lie" (Getty Images)
Kanye West feat. Rihanna & Kid Cudi, "All of the Lights" (Getty Images)
Justin Bieber, "U Smile" (Getty Images)
Lil Wayne feat. Cory Gunz, "6'7'" (Getty Images)
Chris Brown feat. Lil Wayne & Busta Rhymes, "Look at Me Now" (Getty Images)
Lupe Fiasco, "The Show Goes On" (Getty Images)
Foster The People, "Pumped Up Kicks" (Columbia Records)
Wiz Khalifa, "Black and Yellow" (Getty Images)
Tyler, The Creator, "Yonkers" (XL Recordings)
Big Sean feat. Chris Brown, "My Last" (Getty Images)
Kreayshawn, "Gucci Gucci" (Getty Images)
Pitbull feat. NE-YO, Nayer & Afrojack, "Give Me Everything" ()
Katy Perry, "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" (Getty Images)
Britney Spears, "Till the World Ends" (Getty Images)
The Black Keys, "Howlin For You" (Nonesuch Records)
Foo Fighters, "Walk" (Getty Images)
Foster The People, "Pumped Up Kicks" (Getty Images)
Mumford & Sons, "The Cave" (Getty Images)
Cage The Elephant, "Shake Me Down" ()
Pitbull feat. NE-YO, Nayer & Afrojack, "Give Me Everything" (Getty Images)
Chris Brown feat. Lil Wayne & Busta Rhymes, "Look at Me Now" ()
Katy Perry feat. Kanye West, "E.T." ()
Nicki Minaj feat. Drake, "Moment 4 Life" ()
Katy Perry feat. Kanye West, "E.T." (Getty Images)
Lady Gaga, "Judas" (Getty Images)
Kanye West, "Power" (Getty Images)
Death Cab For Cutie, "You Are a Tourist" (Getty Images)
Bruno Mars, "The Lazy Song" (Getty Images)
LMFAO feat. Lauren Bennett & GoonRock, "Party Rock Anthem" ()
Katy Perry, "Teenage Dream" (Getty Images)
Thirty Seconds to Mars, "Hurricane" (Getty Images)
Manchester Orchestra, "Simple Math" (Getty Images)
Linkin Park, "Waiting for the End" (Getty Images)
Chromeo, "Don't Turn the Lights On" (Getty Images)
Show Slide Information


I was wondering if my Maths IA topic is too hard. I want to do it on "How accurate is the Monte Carlo Method in predicting Schrodinger's Equation?" I asked my teacher if it was a good topic, and he said it's up to me, but I really don't want to get halfway through it and realise that it's beyond me. I also do Physics HL and I did Maths HL for half a year until I had to move to Maths SL because I didn't have enough time.
You can probably do Monte Carlo Method and another probability distribution.


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