text:
void PrintCommStatus(int CommStatus);
void PrintErrorCode();

int main()
{
	int id[NUM_ACTUATOR];
	float phase[NUM_ACTUATOR];
	float theta = 0;
	int AmpPos = 512;
	//int AmpPos = 2048; // for EX serise
	int GoalPos;
	int i;
	int CommStatus;

	// Initialize id and phase
	for( i=0; i<NUM_ACTUATOR; i++ )
	{
		id[i] = i+1;
		phase[i] = 2*PI * (float)i / (float)NUM_ACTUATOR;
	}

	// Open device
	if( dxl_initialize(DEFAULT_PORTNUM, DEFAULT_BAUDNUM) == 0 )
	{
		printf( "Failed to open USB2Dynamixel!\n" );
		printf( "Press any key to terminate...\n" );
		getch();
		return 0;
	}
	else
		printf( "Succeed to open USB2Dynamixel!\n" );

	// Set goal speed
	dxl_write_word( BROADCAST_ID, P_GOAL_SPEED_L, 0 );
	// Set goal position
	dxl_write_word( BROADCAST_ID, P_GOAL_POSITION_L, AmpPos );

	while(1)
	{
		printf( "Press any key to continue!(press ESC to quit)\n" );
		if(getch() == 0x1b)
			break;

		theta = 0;
		do
		{
			// Make syncwrite packet
		    dxl_set_txpacket_id(BROADCAST_ID);
			dxl_set_txpacket_instruction(INST_SYNC_WRITE);
			dxl_set_txpacket_parameter(0, P_GOAL_POSITION_L);
			dxl_set_txpacket_parameter(1, 2);
			for( i=0; i<NUM_ACTUATOR; i++ )
			{
				dxl_set_txpacket_parameter(2+3*i, id[i]);
				GoalPos = (int)((sin(theta+phase[i]) + 1.0) * (double)AmpPos);
				printf( "%d  ", GoalPos );
				dxl_set_txpacket_parameter(2+3*i+1, dxl_get_lowbyte(GoalPos));
				dxl_set_txpacket_parameter(2+3*i+2, dxl_get_highbyte(GoalPos));
			}
			dxl_set_txpacket_length((2+1)*NUM_ACTUATOR+4);

			printf( "\n" );

			dxl_txrx_packet();
			CommStatus = dxl_get_result();
			if( CommStatus == COMM_RXSUCCESS )
			{
				PrintErrorCode();
			}
			else
			{
				PrintCommStatus(CommStatus);
				break;
			}

			theta += STEP_THETA;
			Sleep(CONTROL_PERIOD);

		}while(theta < 2*PI);
	}

	dxl_terminate();
	printf( "Press any key to terminate...\n" );
	getch();

	return 0;
}

// Print communication result
void PrintCommStatus(int CommStatus)
{
	switch(CommStatus)
	{
	case COMM_TXFAIL:
		printf("COMM_TXFAIL: Failed transmit instruction packet!\n");
		break;

	case COMM_TXERROR:
		printf("COMM_TXERROR: Incorrect instruction packet!\n");
		break;

	case COMM_RXFAIL:
		printf("COMM_RXFAIL: Failed get status packet from device!\n");
		break;

	case COMM_RXWAITING:
		printf("COMM_RXWAITING: Now recieving status packet!\n");
		break;

	case COMM_RXTIMEOUT:
		printf("COMM_RXTIMEOUT: There is no status packet!\n");
		break;

	case COMM_RXCORRUPT:
		printf("COMM_RXCORRUPT: Incorrect status packet!\n");
		break;

	default:
		printf("This is unknown error code!\n");
		break;
	}
}

// Print error bit of status packet
void PrintErrorCode()
{
	if(dxl_get_rxpacket_error(ERRBIT_VOLTAGE) == 1)
		printf("Input voltage error!\n");

	if(dxl_get_rxpacket_error(ERRBIT_ANGLE) == 1)
		printf("Angle limit error!\n");

	if(dxl_get_rxpacket_error(ERRBIT_OVERHEAT) == 1)
		printf("Overheat error!\n");

	if(dxl_get_rxpacket_error(ERRBIT_RANGE) == 1)
		printf("Out of range error!\n");

	if(dxl_get_rxpacket_error(ERRBIT_CHECKSUM) == 1)
		printf("Checksum error!\n");

	if(dxl_get_rxpacket_error(ERRBIT_OVERLOAD) == 1)
		printf("Overload error!\n");

	if(dxl_get_rxpacket_error(ERRBIT_INSTRUCTION) == 1)
		printf("Instruction code error!\n");
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Nice toy, wondered when that would come back.
Wouldn't it make sence for it to remove the person that is asking from the list it produces tho? Isn't that kind of pointless?
Depends. If you list a lot of people and nobody lists you back, you're not that popular and won't show up on the list.
I guess it allows you to keep tabs on how many ppl have added you.. but ou can do that via your info page.
I don't know, just seems rather silly to me, redundant.
I like your icon. ^_^ It is really kewl.
Its my eye, just greyscale and with some plue added in. Was taken with my webcam.
Glad, and somewhat surprised, you like it.
yeah i like eyes... i have a thing with them. so is it kewl that i add you to my friends list?


text:
Q: Should I accept the answer even if this is not what I wanted? If you see the signature of any user at Stack Overflow, it tells you the acceptance rate beneath the name. Look at mine and you will see 79% accept rate. I tried to find which questions I have asked but not accepted. I found that there are some questions which were answered and yes they were correct in respect of the question but not what I was expecting. For example:
Is there any editor which supports html and jQuery code completion?
In such cases should I accept the answer with highest votes or should I leave them as it is? After all these questions are affecting the acceptance rate. Also does this acceptance rate matter to you?

A: Acceptance means "I used this answer", and thus it is different from a upvote which means "This was helpful to me.".
Accept answer that either solved your problem, or convinced you not to go down that track at all: that is, ones that you implemented. Accepting an answer that you didn't use gives incorrect information to anyone looking at the question later.
That said, do up-vpte any and all answers that taught you something, or offered an alternative solution that you considered using.
Finally, if any one gives you grief about an acceptance rate over 50%, stick your tongue out at them.

A: I do like to see if my answer helped the person or I got it wrong somewhere, so feedback is always appreciated. Without it, it's like talking to the wind...
If you're not satisfied with the answer, you find it yourself, and put it up so everyone can see how you resolved it... if didn't came up with an answer, just leave it be - somebody will show up. At least, that's my philosophy...

A: No, by accepting an answer you state

This is the answer that helped me the most (at least up till now)

The votes of other users may help you in deciding which method to try first, and if it was ok but not what you wanted, upvote it maybe and leave a comment stating why it doesn't help you enough, but don't accept when it is not what you consider an answer that solves the problem for yourself.
If you think there may still be better answers out there, try luring them with a bounty, or maybe by clarifying your question to why the current answers are not what you're looking for.

A: Accepting an answer you don't think hits your question is a disservice to the community. In the future, there are going to be other people asking the same question as yours and are going to be misled because you accepted the wrong answer.

A: I usually always look at the accepted answer and the highest voted (often more than just those).
Making them the same thing just to get your accept rate up or because you feel like it is not helping anybody. In a way its similar to voting up an answer that did not even help you. The feature is there so you can express your opinion and make the content more valuable to others. Don't use it for anything else. :D

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Distressed caregivers of people with dementia who received a telephone-delivered intervention had significant improvements in depressive symptoms and reactions to care-recipient behavior problems.
Summary: Family caregivers of individuals with dementia often experience severe stress and are at risk for poor health outcomes including depression and anxiety, but many caregivers encounter barriers that make in-person participation in interventions difficult. These barriers can include time constraints, long distances to intervention sites, and a lack of transportation. A recent randomized controlled trial found that caregivers of people with dementia who were distressed and received a telephone-delivered intervention had significant improvements in depressive symptoms and reactions to care-recipient behavior problems as compared to control participants. These findings demonstrate that an intervention delivered exclusively by telephone may result in positive outcomes for distressed caregivers of people with dementia, and may be useful for caregivers who face barriers to in-person participation.


ATLANTA – Moises Alou was back in a familiar place yesterday: the disabled list.
The Mets' oft-injured left fielder has been shelved for at least 15 days after straining his left calf in Wednesday's 11-4 loss here to the Braves. Catcher Raul Casanova was brought up from Triple-A New Orleans to take Alou's roster spot.
Alou was in the field with one out in the third inning Wednesday night when he pulled himself because the pain became too much to stand. Alou said he is convinced the injury resulted from favoring a previously sprained right ankle.
Alou, 41, returned to New York yesterday morning for an MRI exam that confirmed the strain. It is the 17th trip to the DL in Alou's 18-year career in the big leagues.
Alou already has missed two months this season after undergoing hernia surgery in early March. He was replaced for the second game in a row last night by Marlon Anderson.
Despite Alou going on the DL, the Mets' injury situation in the outfield is expected to brighten tonight with the expected return to the lineup of right fielder Ryan Church. Church, who suffered a mild concussion Tuesday night when he collided with the knee of Braves shortstop Yunel Escobar, did not start last night but came in as a pinch-hitter in the eighth, hitting a one-out single.
Reliever Jorge Sosa was released after the Mets found no takers on the trade market and Sosa declined an assignment to New Orleans. . . . Second baseman Damion Easley was excused from last night's game so he could attend his son's graduation from high school in Phoenix.


text:
El Quartet de corda núm. 8, op. 66, va ser compost per Mieczysław Weinberg el 1959 en un únic moviment. Es va estrenar el 13 de novembre de 1959 a Sala Petita del Conservatori de Moscou pel Quartet Borodin, a qui anava dedicat.

Referències

 08
Obres del 1959
Weinberg 08

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


DJ Earl Henry has the knowledge and experience to make your event most enjoyable. He has been a Disc Jockey (DJ) for over ten years. During that time, he has performed at hundreds of weddings and parties. Earl began DJing with Advanced Entertainment, where he quickly became one of the company's most requested DJs.
As a versatile DJ, Earl selects the right music, makes announcements, and coordinates events catering to various audiences. He is also accustomed to being an emcee to motivate the crowd or an instructional leader for line dancing.
We booked through MyDJ after a suggestion from our wedding venue and it was honestly one of the best experiences of the entire process. The owner, Earl, ended up being our DJ and he was on top of the whole thing from the very beginning to the absolute end. From the initial meeting in which he quickly knew what kind of music we personally liked, to the incredibly easy website taking all of our special dance requests to his amazing wedding-day DJ set, he really did an awesome job. The photo booth was a hit with everyone as well! Several of my friends told me after the fact that they wish they'd had a DJ half as awesome as Earl was!
DJ Earl was incredible! We had many questions and concerns and DJ Earl was so calm and understanding of it all. He knew what we wanted before we could even put it into words. Our bridal party LOVED DJ Earl because he was helpful with our introductions and getting them set up and the music kept people on the dance floor the entire night. DJ Earl was patient beyond belief with us and despite planning a wedding from 300 miles away for us, he made the night better than anything we could dream of!
Do yourselves a favor and book DJ Earl for your event – you won't regret it!
My husband planned a surprise 30th birthday party for me over the weekend. He booked DJ Earl for the big event and he did not disappoint! I loved the lights and all the different song choices he had! The guests had fun dancing and singing karaoke! My husband was impressed with his equipment! I loved that Earl came up to introduce himself, say happy birthday to me and ask if I had any special requests. He even played a slow song so my hubby and I could enjoy a dance together. What a great night it was and we are so glad DJ Earl was there to make it fun and memorable! I highly recommend him!
We had DJ Earl for our wedding, I had an expectation of what we wanted and he went over and beyond. From our first consultation he was amazing! He had the whole crowd dancing even people that don't dance! He was amazing!!
We found out about My DJs from a referral that has had them host multiple Marine Core Balls, and she said if they can get hundreds of Marines on the dance floor they can do any job. Our first meeting with Earl was fantastic. Don't let the outside appearance of the building make your judgement. His office is very simple when you first walk in but then in the back he has an entire studio set up so you get the exact feel of what his services would look and feel like. My fiancé was sold when he asked for some of our favorite artist and he did a 3min music piece on the spot with the lights and everything. We also signed up for open air photo booth in our package. We were thankful that he had gone to our venue multiple times so he knew that it is on top of submarine base and that using bluetooth microphones were probably not going to work due to the signal being cut out. He was right and the day of our wedding when he went to test the signal and when he saw it was poor he switched to wired microphones so the sound would be clear and perfect. He worked very well with our wedding coordinators and we loved the fact that we chose all our songs online and could preview any song we wanted. We also loved the fact that if the version of the song was not on his list that we could copy & paste the link from youtube and he would get the type of song we wanted. He played every song we wanted and the dance floor was full at all times. We even had to make some last minute changes and he went right along with it. Anytime we emailed him his response time was quick. Thank you Earl for making our wedding perfect and full of energy. We highly recommend you to all our friends & family!
My husband and I booked DJ Earl for our wedding and he was awesome! He was very nice and really helpful when it came time to choose our "first dance" song, announcement song, etc. He also helped ALOT with moving things along during the wedding, which took a lot of stress off of me. I didn't have a wedding coordinator and the reception started late so he stepped in, rearranged timing of things during the wedding so I could have everything I wanted photographed done before the photographers left (I only booked the photographers for a few hours). I am really grateful he did that because now I have beautiful photos of everything I wanted pictures of 🙂 Many of my guests came up to me after the wedding saying how much they liked the DJ, too. 🙂 Thank you for making my wedding so fun, DJ Earl!


text:
Q: Objective-C : componentsSeparatedByString:@"" doesn't work as I am expecting it I want to create a NSArray with every character for a NSString, the problem is that when I use componentsSeparatedByString:@"" to get every single character in my array, but I am actually getting the whole string in one single case... why ?

A: Something like this might work too.
    NSString *stringToSplit = @"1234567890";
    NSMutableArray *arrayOfCharacters = [NSMutableArray new];
    [stringToSplit enumerateSubstringsInRange:NSMakeRange(0, stringToSplit.length) options:NSStringEnumerationByComposedCharacterSequences usingBlock:^(NSString *substring, NSRange substringRange, NSRange enclosingRange, BOOL *stop) {
        [arrayOfCharacters addObject:substring];
    }];

A: Because your string doesn't have a string @"" this is an empty string. What you want to do is separate the characters like so:
NSMutableArray *characters = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];

for (int i=0; i < [YOUR_STRING length]; i++) {
    NSString *ichar  = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%c", [YOUR_STRING characterAtIndex:i]];
    [characters addObject:ichar];
}

Characters will now contain each letter.


text:
Those Rare Books of Travel
A Real Bohemian
So Clever and Able a Ruler
Cock-Fighting
Rory on Fashionable Clobber
Rory on The Inca Saga
Rory on Too Horrible for Words
Rory on A Real Bohemian
Rory on The Brazilian Black Stone
Adventures in Bolivia
Adventures in Peru
Endpapers
Prodgers' Adventures
Thrilling Tales of South America by an Edwardian Adventurer
Adventures in Bolivia, Chapter 9
King of the Condors
April 13, 2015 Rory 2 Comments
The Third Attempt, Part 3
One day while walking up the long steep path to work, I was stung on the back of the neck by a big black ant, called tucanderos. The sting was very painful, and swelled up as big as a walnut, but I cured myself by hot fomentations, and the application of young castor oil leaves, which grew everywhere about. The ants measure an inch or more; the males are black, and the females brown; they are fortunately not common.
On one part of the Treasure Hill just where the big egg-shaped stone blasted out, there were also dozens of big scorpions, of which I preserved a few. No one was stung by them. A few days after Mendizabal left, one of his mountain Indians, who came down with a sheep, eggs, butter and other provisions, told me that there was a Condor Real (King of the Condors) which lived up the mountains near his shepherd's hut.
He said there were several common condors with the Condor Real, which was much bigger than any condor he had ever seen before. This man had lived all his life in the high Andes, and was, therefore, competent to judge.
It will be interesting here to quote what Baron von Humboldt says about these birds in his book Earth and Sea:
The condors of the Cordilleras are the biggest birds that fly. They are black with a white collar; the females are just as large, but are a coffee colour brown and have no collar. They live at a height of fourteen to sixteen thousand feet and measure anything from tip to tip from 7ft. to 14 ft. The Condor Real or King of the Condors is a pure white bird, and measures as much as twenty to twenty-five feet from tip to tip. In the whole range of the Andes, I do not think twenty-five exist.
I arranged to go to the home of the Indian the following week, and he agreed to sell me a llama for 28/-, which we would kill and leave near the place where he had seen the big bird, and then I would try to get him with a rifle. I gave him a note to Mendizabal, telling him about it, and asking whether I might go to his shepherd's hut in eight days. He readily gave me permission, and very kindly sent down his favourite Arab grey to bring me up to his place, so that my saddle mule could be kept for the mountain climb. He also said he would come with me both for the sport, and also to see his sheep feeding in the mountains.
Six days later I left on Mendizabal's horse, starting after breakfast at 7 a.m. It was nine leagues to Cuti, and all uphill. At about 7 p.m., when it was just dark, and the stars were out, but not the moon, I got off my horse to walk down a few yards for a drink of water, and not taking sufficient care and notice of the path I stepped over the side, and slid right down the steep bank, dragging the horse with me, till I fell up against a big rock with the horse against me. I helped him to slue round, and scramble up again, and, by hanging on to his tail, I got dragged up again. I found that I had hurt my back and side so much that I could not mount, and I had to sit there in my white tropical clothes, with my big poncho over me, for the whole night. In the morning, at daylight, an Indian came along, and, with his help, I mounted and rode the three miles down to Mendizabal's place. This piece of stupidity kept me on my back for four weeks, and the worst of it was that I had to give up the Condor Real, and it was six months before I could do without plaster or bandage. Three weeks previously a man fell over this same spot, and when picked up dead his body was in a pulp.
While I am on the subject of the Condor Real I will relate what I was told by C. Franc, whom I met with his wife and sister at Jura. His father who was a very good shot, and extremely fond of sport in the Andes, heard from the mountain Indians that there was a big white bird far larger than any condor living in the mountains, at the back of Inquisivi near some old abandoned mines. There were several white-necked condors guarding the King of the Condors, and bringing him food. No house was near and nobody was working there. The father, who had a fine collection of birds in his house in Italy, knew at once that this bird was a specimen of the Condor Real. He got two of the men to accompany him and his mule men, and started off with provisions for a fortnight. They camped near some of the abandoned mines, killed two llamas they had brought for the purpose, and abandoned the carcasses about half a mile from his camp. The next day the white-necked condors began to fly down and circle round the dead llamas. His father and the men remained watching, quietly, in the camp, and on the third day the big white bird was seen feasting on one of the dead llamas, with some of the other condors sitting at a distance, and others hovering overhead. He started, very carefully, to stalk the white bird, so as to get a sure shot, but, when he got a little less than three hundred yards away, the big bird looked as though it were disturbed, and fearing he might miss his chance he fired, sighting the Winchester at three hundred yards, and was lucky enough to kill the bird stone dead. But as soon as the other birds saw what had happened to their King they began to circle round over him, making angry noises and flapping their wings, so fiercely that, though he saw the big white bird lying still, he was afraid to go nearer, and thought it prudent to return to the shelter of his camp in the mines. The condors came flying round his camp, flapping their wings angrily against the entrance of the mines. All that afternoon and the whole of the next day, the condors kept flying about the mine close to the entrance, flapping their wings and shrieking. On the third day everything seemed quiet, and they ventured out again, only to find that all the white-necked condors had gone, and the big white bird had disappeared too. He said there was no doubt that the condors had carried away their King. This was in July, 1903, and the next year he made a special trip out from home to try and locate the bird again, but was unsuccessful. A Condor Real is worth a good sum, I should say about £500 or more.
→ The Mining Laws
← The Loathsome Verni Fly
2 thoughts on "King of the Condors"
Rory says:
No book by von Humboldt of that title appears online, but he talked about condors in his widely translated 1808 volume Ansichten der Natur (Views of Nature).
Incidentally, this is the only entry so far where I have had to break Prodgers off mid-paragraph. The next entry deals with quite a different subject, but leads directly on from the last sentence of this one. He could go on a bit at times.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The UN Working Group demands the immediate release Statkievich
21.03.2012 Category: NewsAuthor: admin
The daughter of former presidential candidate Nikolai Statkevich was sentenced to 6 years in prison for the events of December 19, received a letter from the UN Working Group on arbitrary detention of the evaluation findings and the requirements of the Belarusian authorities.
In February, Catherine iPad for this year sent to the UN statement drew attention for violations Human Rights in connection with the arrest of her father. On Sunday, she got the answer.
The UN Working Group found that the deprivation Statkevich liberty was arbitrary, in violation of article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, subject to the Category II and III, which relate to cases submitted to the Working Group.
The Working Group requests the Belarusian authorities to apply the necessary measures to remedy the situation, which include the immediate release Statkevich and adequate compensation.
Statkevich
Again debate about the mandate to negotiate the EU and Russia
According to the Lithuanian radio, Lithuania is again ready to block the start of
Ukraine is ready to transfer to China the new Russian military secrets
Ukraine and China stepping up military-technical cooperation. This was stated by Prime Minister Mykola
The construction of the power line for the Urengoi GRES
Branch of OAO "UES FGC" — Trunk Power Grids (MEA) of Western Siberia —
The whole country is 800 square meters
Today in St. Petersburg, Russia opened a unique layout with reduced copies of all
African-American Vernacular Art
In Atlanta, the «Hard Truths» exhibition was in its final days at the High
In the Tula region opened a new plant for the production of compound feed
In p.Maklets city municipality Novomoskovsk a ceremonial commissioning of the plant for the production


text:
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

	<parent>
		<groupId>org.tdc</groupId>
		<artifactId>testdatacreator</artifactId>
		<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
	</parent>

	<artifactId>testdatacreator-common</artifactId>
	<packaging>jar</packaging>

	<dependencies>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>junit</groupId>
			<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.assertj</groupId>
			<artifactId>assertj-core</artifactId>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
</project>


text:
Special and General Relativity
How do the concepts of 'constant c' and 'locality' work in GR?
Thread starter arindamsinha
arindamsinha
Drawing on a number of threads in this forum, and my very limited understanding of relativity, I am intrigued by the following thoughts:
If I have understood correctly, in GR, c is supposed to be only a 'local global constant', and not exactly a Universal constant.
Meaning that, two distant observer will each measure c 'locally' to be a given constant value (299,792,458 m/s as per most sources), and this is valid everywhere in the Universe 'locally'. In addition, both observers can conclude that the c at the other observers location is different from his local c (e.g. c is comparatively lower in the vicinity of a large mass, than farther away).
- How is 'local' or 'locality' defined (i.e. where is the boundary between local and non-local)?
- If c can be observed to have different values at various distances from an observer as per GR, does SR have any validity in the real 'gravitational' Universe?
- How can c then be considered an 'ultimate speed limit of the Universe', since it can vary at different locations even for a single observer?
Related Special and General Relativity News on Phys.org
bcrowell
Insights Author
The main point to understand is that GR doesn't have any meaningful way to describe the velocity of an object that is distant from the observer.
You seem to have gotten the impression that c is variable. It isn't. In the SI, it has a defined value. In the units normally used be relativists, it equals 1. 1 doesn't have a varying value.
arindamsinha said:
In addition, both observers can conclude that the c at the other observers location is different from his local c (e.g. c is comparatively lower in the vicinity of a large mass, than farther away).
No, each observer can conclude that the other observer is measuring the ordinary, local value of c for phenomena close to him.
There is no sharp boundary. You can, for example, quantify curvature effects by saying that they scale like a certain power of the distance.
SR is valid locally, as an approximation. The error in the approximation scales like a certain power of the distance.
It's a local speed limit.
Thank for the response.
I have seen in some references that light travels slower in the vicinity of a large mass that farther away. Doesn't that mean that the c differs at different locations?
Or am I missing the whole concept?
tom.stoer
That's exactly what Ben means with
bcrowell said:
The so-called Shapiro delay can be cast in a form where it seems as if c - as seen by a distant observer - is slower, i.e. c < 1, near a large mass. But at each point a local observer would not see any variation of c.
tom.stoer said:
Yeah, vast amounts of harm are done by these popularizations that uncritically describe observers as perceiving things at a distance. One big example is descriptions of matter falling into a black hole, as "seen" by an observer at infinity. Another is when people talk about cosmological expansion and assume uncritically that it makes sense to describe the rate of increase of proper length as a velocity "seen" by a particular observer (which leads, for example, to the incorrect belief that this velocity can't be >c for observable galaxies).
Ben and Tom,
If I understand what you are saying, GR should only be applied locally, and the local c to everybody is the known constant. GR should not be used to explain or predict what a distant observer might see. Is this understanding correct?
No, that would be much too broad. When I look at a cosmologically distant galaxy, I see something. What I see is red-shifted, for example. GR predicts correctly what I see.
If you tell us something about your background in math and physics, we might be able to point you to a book to read that would help you get going more on understanding the subject deeply. But you can't just interpret everything in terms of sound-bites.
I did my bachelor's degree in engineering where I had some advanced level courses in physics and mathematics, though my major was in computer science. This of course was 20+ years ago. Since then physics has been more of a hobby than anything else.
So I suppose I can handle reasonably advanced calculus, but not tensor calculus etc.
If there are some really good books you can suggest, that will be helpful. Thanks in advance.
PS: I have gone through some of the papers and books by Einstein, though cannot claim to have studied them in great depth, or understood everything they say.
HomogenousCow
I am asking some similar questions in my thread, https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=638937
I too find the this subject very confusing, I know this is just because my lack of understanding on the subject, but many threads seem to contradict each other in how frames are dealt with in GR.
ImaLooser
I'd recommend Reflections on Relativity by Kevin Brown. It might be perfect for you. Rigorous but not a boring textbook.
ImaLooser said:
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Tokyo 2020 Summer Games
Tokyo 2020 official logo
By runningrings,
May 23, 2015 in Tokyo 2020 Summer Games
runningrings 678
runningrings
Hi everyone...
Just thought I'd create a thread to discuss the logo - we can't be too far off now from hearing about dates regarding its unveiling. Frankly - I'm looking forward to this more than I am the 2022 decision (lol - who cares, just give it to Almaty).
While I'm not at all a fan of the 2020 bid logo, I loved the 2016 bid logo. I have an early hunch that the 2020 logo will bear some resemblance to the iconic 1964 emblem.
phandrosis 111 posts
TeamBlakeUSA 64 posts
https://tokyo2020.jp/en/emblem/
thatsnotmypuppy
I like it. Being a regular visitor to Tokyo and knowing it's skyline and the colours of the cityscape it just works. It is industrial, perhaps even with a touch of steampunk. I think as westerners
You guys better quit this crap now before me or one of the other mods puts an end to this.
bairrosfelipe 120
bairrosfelipe
Location:Porto Alegre, Brazil
I believe will be a very simple and elegant logo. Something like Beijing 2008. I think we will again see a logo in 2D.
I know they began the process to pick a design in late 2014 (or was it early 2015) but I don't know if they ever gave a date recently for the logo. Japan is known for doing very nice designs like the memorable 2002 WC logo. I hope they do something as nice as that one.
And yeah, I agree we should go back to minimalistic but strong designs. As long as they convey a message and aren't a random scattered pink puzzle or just text.
phandrosis 171
phandrosis
Enthused College Student
Interests:Updating Tokyo 2020 Threads is all I really do.
I would expect that it'll be released on the date this year the Games will start in 2020 (July 24th). I hope it's very serene but at the same time iconic like Tokyo 1964.
Well, as far as I'm concerned, Paul's set the bar they have to exceed.
The Nagano WOG logo was sublime- my favourite ever.....
If you're referring to the logo that won this years contest, I absolutely agree. Would hands down be a perfect logo for 2020 that salutes both Japanese culture, simplicity and 1964- whilst being distinctive in its own right.
Very hard to beat. Hope Japan keeps it simple. In fact I even had a thought that it would be a rate opportunity to 'reheat' the 1964 logo - I think it would be quite exciting to use the 1964 logo again, with only '2020' changed, or make the rising sun blue (instead of red) to symbolise the earth.
It was a great logo, but I think it was quite busy, and very 90s. I hope 2020 is less intense.
I liked it as well, although like running said, the style doesnt fit today anymore, plus that logo was done by an american firm. I hope they pick a japanese one this time. (Not that I have anything against american firms but they need to prove they can do a logo by themselves)
These Behance projects are the sort of aestetic I hope the logo will have.
https://www.behance.net/gallery/10867173/Tokyo-2020-retro-Olympics
https://www.behance.net/gallery/26251501/TOKYO-2020-OLYMPICS
https://www.behance.net/gallery/23280465/Proyecto-Pictogramas-Tokyo-2020
The first one is hands down one of the best proposals i've seen and its a very good variation of the Red Disk symbol, plus it has a strong vintage feel on it. The second one is neat if they ever decide to reuse the concept of the 1964 logo. Also I noticed they also tried to get inspiration from the ancient Japanese crests on the second proposal (called "Mon" in their country) which were used as emblems from many families/clans and individuals in old times such as the Warring States Era (and are still used by some today like the popular Kabuki) . The flags and symbols of each city and prefecture in Japan are also themed after the Mons:
The Metropolitan Flag of Tokyo (Purple was a color very popular back when Tokyo was known as Edo (before the Meiji Revolution)
Metropolitan Symbol (themed after the Gingko tree leaf which forms a T letter, for Tokyo)
It would be neat if the logo was actually inspired by the Mons or the symbols used by the Tokyo city.
Maybe they could also go for the Purple color of ancient Edo or pink (if they go again for the Cherry blossom motif). Which reminds me, they used the Cherry Blossom theme on the failed Osaka 2008 bid (which had a good brand, IMO)
Another nice and simple logo from Japan: 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
I'm expecting the release during the 5 years to go celebration on the 24th. There's no official announcement, but it makes sense to do it then and I don't know the rules, but I imagine they have to have the official logo by the IOC session presentation along with the finalized venues.
You mean the official logo will be unveiled at next July 24? What will happen to this special date?
barrack 75
Location:San Francisco, CA, USA
That date is the 5-year mark, counting down to the games.
Call me a fortune teller!
I hope it looks like that 2011 gymnastics one or similar. Something basic and refined that is culturally representative but also easily recognizable.
I hope Japan does something minimalistic yet elegant and recognizable. As much as i would love them to use the rising sun motif, I dunno if they will feel like being repetitive and will try going with something different.
By the looks of the official page we can assume that they'll have a youtube live stream?
Also I gathered a few Japanese logos that might shed some light on what we'll see. I feel like there's a common theme in a few.....
yoshi 348
child of the universe
It'll be some variation on a red dot. I'd actually be fine with them keeping the bid logo.
I suppose they may also try to break away from the red dot too...
Maybe the logo will be a representation of the hadid stadium.. Lol
yusuke 3
Location:Tokyo, Japan
24, July
18:45-19:50 announcement ceremony of the Tokyo 2020 official emblem
Where will it happen? It will be broadcast on the internet?
It is scheduled to be held at the citizen's plaza beside the tokyo metropolitan assembly building.
IOC vice president, John Coates and IPC vice president, Andrew Parsons will attend.
Perhaps After the ceremony, it will be released on youtube.
They will project the logo onto Pluto from the New Horizons probe- this is Japan I expect nothing less!
Probably one of few cities that can get away with rehashing their former 1964 logo.
I quite like the idea of a Tokyo 2020 logo being an exact copy of the 64 logo - perhaps with a blue or green dot to represent earth as a whole, and not just the Japanese nation. Just a thought.


text:
Citotoxic effects of oxytetracycline's residues contained in pet food
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Sergio Canello
, R&D Technical consultant presso Forza10usa Corporation
This study shows evidence of the citotoxicity of oxytetracycline's residues contained in the bones of animals intensively farmed. Some pet (and human) food producers also use bone's powder in their preparations, potentially harming pet's and human's health.
Publié dans : Alimentation
il y a 1 an Répondre
Fabrizio Antonilli Magro
Walid Raouf , Veterinarian at The Brooke
1. Cytotoxic effects of oxytetracycline residues in the bones of broiler chickens following therapeutic oral administration of a water formulation R. Odore,∗,1 M. De Marco,∗,1 L. Gasco,† L. Rotolo,† V. Meucci,‡ A. T. Palatucci,§,# V. Rubino,∗∗ G. Ruggiero,∗∗ S. Canello,†† G. Guidetti,†† S. Centenaro,†† A. Quarantelli,‡‡ G. Terrazzano,§,∗∗,1 and A. Schiavone1,2 ∗ Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; † Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; ‡ Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; § Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; # Ph.D School of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; ∗∗ Department of Traslational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; †† Department of Research and Development, Sanypet Spa, 35023 Bagnoli di Sopra (PD), Italy; and ‡‡ Department of Food Science, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy ABSTRACT Tetracyclines, which represent one of the most commonly used antibiotics for poultry, are known to be deposited in bones, where they can remain, de- spite the observation of appropriate withdrawal times. The aim of the study was to determine the concentra- tion of oxytretracycline (OTC) residues in the bone and muscle of chickens, following the oral administration of a commercially available liquid formulation, and to test their cytotoxic effects on an in vitro cell culture model. Seventy-two 1-day-old broiler chickens were randomly allotted into 2 groups (control and treated animals). OTC (40 mg/kg BW) was administered via drinking water during the 1 to 5 and 20 to 25 days of life peri- ods. At the end of the trial, the birds were slaughtered and the OTC residues in the target tissues were mea- sured by means of liquid chromatography (LC) - tan- dem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Cytotoxicity was as- sessed by evaluating the pro-apoptotic effect of the bone residues on the K562 erythroleukemic line and on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In all the animals, the OTC residues in the muscle were far below the established MRL of 100 μg/kg. The OTC levels in the bones of the treated animals were instead found in the parts per million (ppm) range. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed by evaluating the pro-apoptotic effect of OTC bone residues on the haematopoietic cell system. This in vitro system has revealed a significant pro-apoptotic effect on both the K562 cell line and PBMC cultures. This result suggests potential human and animal health risks due to the entry of tetracycline residues contained in the bones of treated livestock into the food-chain. This could be of concern, particularly for canine and fe- line diets, as meat, bone meal, and poultry by-products represent some of the main ingredients of pet foods, especially in the case of dry pet food. Further stud- ies are needed to define the underlying mechanisms of cytotoxicity and to evaluate the in vivo toxicological implications due to the observed in vitro effects. Key words: broiler chicken, oxytetracycline, bone residue, cytotoxicity 2015 Poultry Science 00:1–7 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev141 INTRODUCTION In intensive poultry production, environmental con- ditions often compromise animal health and immune responses by encouraging infectious diseases to develop and spread easily. For this reason, the group-level ther- apeutic use of antibiotics is very common. The tetra- cycline class of antimicrobial agents is one of the most commonly used antibiotics in poultry production be- C 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received January 8, 2015. Accepted April 3, 2015. 1 Contributed equally to this study. 2 Corresponding author: achille.schiavone@unito.it cause of its low cost, efficacy, and lack of side effects (Chopra and Roberts, 2001). Typical antimicrobial reg- imens used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory dis- eases in broiler chickens include oral medication with oxytetracycline (OTC) for 3 to 5 d. Although OTC was one of the first tetracycline antibiotics ever produced, limited information is available on its pharmacokinetics in avian species (Black, 1977; Dyer, 1989; Serrano et al., 1999). It has been shown that oral administration re- sults in low and variable systemic levels of the drug and that, among edible tissues, the kidneys and liver con- tain the highest concentrations (Black, 1977). In order to avoid the presence of drug residues in animal prod- ucts and to preserve consumers' health, the European Union has established maximum residue levels (MRL) 1 byguestonMay28,2015http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
2. 2 ODORE ET AL. for OTC in poultry products (European Union, 2010). The observance of appropriate withdrawal periods for each licensed veterinary product ensures the presence of OTC residues below the MRL. However, it is well- known that tetracyclines are able to deposit and per- sist in bones because they bind directly to the bone matrix or through a more complex binding that takes place between the bone matrix (especially in neonates), calcium ions, and the 4 rings of the basic tetracycline structure (Milch et al., 1957). Therefore, it is not sur- prising that a high incidence of tetracycline residues has been observed in bones taken from pig carcasses at slaughter houses (K¨uhne et al., 2000). According to the same authors, even the smallest recommended sub-therapeutical dosage of OTC administered orally to chickens leads to detectable residues in bones after the withdrawal of medicated feeds. As a consequence, the current withdrawal times, which are based on the detectable levels of drugs dropping below the MRL in edible tissues, do not seem able to guarantee that bone tissues are free of drug residues after the administra- tion of tetracyclines. The toxicological implications of these residues are still not fully understood. Although in vitro and in vivo tetracycline cytotoxic effects have already been described, the exact underlying mecha- nism has not been identified yet (Fife and Sledge, 1998; Celik and Eke, 2011). On the basis of these premises, the aim of the study was to investigate the concentration of OTC residues in the bone and muscle of broiler chickens, following oral administration of a commercially available liquid formulation, and to test their cytotoxic effects on an in vitro cell culture model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals and Housing The study was supervised by the Department of Vet- erinary Sciences of the University of Turin (Italy) and performed in the animal farm of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Science of the Univer- sity of Turin (Italy). The experimental protocol was designed according to the guidelines of European and Italian laws pertaining to the care and use of experi- mental animals (European directive 86/609/EEC, put into practice in Italy by Legislative Decree 116/92). A total of seventy-two 1-day-old male and female broiler chickens (Ross 708) were randomly allotted into 2 groups (control and treated animals, n = 36) and raised in floor pens (3 pens/group). Each pen housed 12 chickens of a homogeneous weight and sex ratio. The birds were fed a commercial organic diet, based on corn and soybean (Abello FIN-IMM s.r.l., Verzuolo, CN, Italy), which was formulated to meet or exceed the requirements recommended by the National Research Council (1994) and adjusted according to the Ross 708 Broiler nutrition specification (Aviagen, 2014). The ex- periment was carried out in a 7-m wide × 50-m long × 7-m high poultry house, equipped with a waterproof floor and wall, covered completely by tiles, and with an automatic ventilation system. The chicks were dis- tributed over 6 pens (3 pens/treatment) that were 1.0-m wide × 1.50-m long. Each pen was furnished with mixed sawdust and rice hulls as litter. Feeds and drink- ing water were provided ad libitum for the entire dura- tion of the trial, until day 35, which corresponded to the slaughter day. The lighting schedule was 23L:1D dur- ing the first 3 d, followed by 18L:6D until the slaughter age. Ambient temperature was kept within the thermo- neutral zone, and during the first 3 wk, the birds were heated by means of infrared lamps. The chicks were vac- cinated at hatching against Newcastle disease, Marek disease, infectious bronchitis, and coccidiosis. Health status and mortality were monitored daily during the entire experimental period. Chicken weight and feed consumption were recorded at 1, 21, and 35 d life us- ing a high-precision scale (Sartorius, Signum), and the feed conversion ratio was calculated accordingly. Weight gain, ADG, daily feed consumption, and the feed con- version ratio were calculated for the 1 to 21, 21 to 35, and 1 to 35 d periods, on a pen basis. Three pens were assigned to the Control (C) group (i.e., the C group) and 3 pens were assigned to the OTC group (i.e., the OTC group); the mode of drug administration is de- scribed hereafter. Treatment Therapeutic treatments were applied, in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer, as far as the dose concentration, dosing period, and with- drawal time are concerned. Briefly, OTC (Ossitetraci- clina liquida 20%, TreI, Reggio Emilia, Italy) was ad- ministered via drinking water at a dosage of 40 mg/kg live weight during the 1 to 5 and 20 to 25 d life periods. The amount of OTC dissolved in water was adjusted daily on the basis of the water intake and BW gain. The expected withdrawal time (10 d) was applied be- tween the last OTC administration and slaughtering. Slaughtering Procedures and Sample Collection At the end of the trial (35 d), 6 chicks/pen, (3 males and 3 females), were randomly chosen from each pen, and sacrificed by CO2 gassing followed by neck-cutting. Immediately after slaughtering, the breast and leg were deboned, muscle was ground, and a pool was created. Samples were stored at −20◦ C pending analysis. The bones obtained from the breast and leg deboning (ster- num, femur, tibia, and fibula) were dried overnight at 50◦ C, broken, cured in an autoclave (Alfa-10-plus) at 121◦ C and 1.0 bar over 30 min, dried at 50◦ C over the course of 36 h, and finely ground. Samples were stored at −20◦ C pending analysis. byguestonMay28,2015http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
3. OXYTETRACYCLINE RESIDUES IN CHICKEN BONES 3 Quantification of the OTC Residues Acetonitrile, n-pentane, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol HPLC-grade, formic acid, EDTA disodium salt (Na2EDTA), citric acid, and hydrogen sodium phosphate were provided by Sigma–Aldrich (Milan, Italy). The high-purity water was obtained from Milli- Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, United States). A McIlvaine-Na2EDTA buffer 0.1 M was pre- pared by adding 12.9 g citric acid, 10.9 g hydrogen sodium phosphate, and 37.18 g EDTANa2 to 1 L Milli- Q water. The solid-phase extraction C18 cartridges (3 mL, 200 mg) were from Varian (Walnut, Creek, CA, United States). The analytical standards of OTC, 4- epioxytetracycline, and demethylchlortetracycline, used as internal standard, were provided by Sigma–Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Standard stock solutions of OTC, 4-epioxy- tetracycline, or demethylchlortetracycline were pre- pared by dissolution in methanol to obtain a final concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The standard stock solutions were stored at −20◦ C. The standard solutions were diluted in methanol to obtain a series of working standard solutions, which were stored at 4◦ C in the dark. Samples were prepared according to Oka et al. (1998) with minor modifications. Briefly, an aliquot of 1.0 g chicken muscle or 0.5 g ground bone pool was placed in a centrifuge tube, fortified with the standard solution, vortex shaken for 30 s, and left for 30 min at room tem- perature to ensure an appropriate distribution in the matrix. A volume of 4.0 mL McIlvaine–Na2EDTA 0.1 M buffer (pH 4) was added, the mixture was vortex shaken for 15 s and centrifuged at 2,600 rpm for 5 min at 10◦ C. The supernatant was transferred to a clean centrifuge tube, and the residue was re-extracted with 4.0 mL McIlvaine–Na2EDTA 0.1 M buffer and centrifuged. The combined supernatants were degreased with 4.0 mL n-pentane and centrifuged at 2,600 rpm for 15 min at 10o C. The aqueous layer was loaded into a solid-phase extraction C18 cartridge, which had previously been ac- tivated with methanol and Milli-Q water. After sample loading, the solid-phase extraction C18 cartridge was washed with Milli-Q water. The analytes were eluted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol (95:5). The solvent was removed under a 40◦ C stream of ni- trogen, and the residue was dissolved in 100 μL mobile phase. An aliquot (10 μL) was injected into the liq- uid chromatography–electrospray interface (ESI)–mass spectrometry (MS)/MS system. Analyses were performed with a 1,200-L Varian liq- uid chromatography–MS/MS triple quadrupole (Wal- nut, Creek, CA, United States). The mass spectrome- ter was equipped with an ESI, operating in the positive mode. The HPLC was equipped with 2 mobile-phase pumps (ProStar 210), a degassit on line, an autosam- pler (ProStar 410), and a column thermostat. The ESI interface was calibrated using a polypropylene glycol so- lution, and the ESI parameters were optimized for each analyte by direct infusion of the individual standard solution into the mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer parameters were: needle 5,000 V, shield 600 V, housing 50o C, capillary voltage 50 V, and detector voltage 1,500 V. High-purity nitro- gen was used at 25 psi as nebulizer gas and at 19 psi and 360o C as drying gas. High-purity argon was used as the collision gas at 2.0 mTorr. The mass spectrome- ter was operated at selective reaction monitoring mode to confirm the identity of the analytes in the samples by selecting specific precursor-to-product ions for each analyte and by selecting the most abundant transition for the quantification. Separations were conducted using a Pursuit C18 (100 × 2.0 mm inner diameter, 5 μm) column with a Polaris C18 (2.0 mm, 3 μm) guard column Varian (Wal- nut, Creek, CA, United States) at 25◦ C. Solvent A, the mobile-phase solvent, was water 0.1% formic acid, while Solvent B was acetonitrile 0.1% formic acid. The mo- bile phase was delivered to the liquid chromatography column at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. A gradient elution was performed: 0 to 3 min 10% B; 3.1 to 5 min 75% B; 5.1 to 15 min 10% B. Calibration curves were prepared for both tissues, and good linearity was achieved over the tested concentration ranges (r2 > 0.99 and goodness-of- fit<10%). The limits of detection for both OTC and 4-epioxytetracycline in the muscle and bones were 0.5 and 4.5 μg/kg, respectively. The within- day precision and accuracy fell within the range of −20 to +10%. The analyses were performed in triplicate. Bone Residue Cytotoxic Evaluation In order to test the potential cytotoxic role of OTC, 2 different conditioned cell culture media were used as providers of OTC residues. Briefly, to obtain a cell cul- ture medium (CCM), 10 mL RPMI 1640 cell culture medium was incubated and constantly shaken for 48 h at 37◦ C with 1 g ground bone (sterilized by autoclav- ing at 121◦ C in a steam pressure of 2 atm for 10 min) from chickens reared in the presence (OTC–CCM) or in the absence (C–CCM) of treatments with OTC (see the C-group and OTC-group in the Animals and Housing section). After incubation, the CCMs were recovered and filtered through 0.20-μm syringe filters (Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Goettingen, Germany) to remove any residual ground bone particles and microbial contami- nation. The CCMs were then diluted at 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 8, and 1:16 ratios with an absolute RPMI 1640 growth medium, and the resulting mixtures were incu- bated with 5×105 cells/ml for 48 h at 37◦ C and 5% CO2 in a cell incubator (Thermo Scientific Heraeus, United States). The effect of OTC alone was evaluated by in- cubating the drug (2 μg/mL), as described above. Fur- thermore, 200 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used byguestonMay28,2015http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
4. 4 ODORE ET AL. as a standard positive control of apoptosis in the 5×105 cells/mL culture for 2 h at 37◦ C, 5% CO2. The used cells were the K562 erythroleukemic line (Carbone et al., 1996) or the peripheral blood mononu- clear cells (PBMC) from venous blood of healthy hu- man donors (Terrazzano et al., 2007). The PBMCs were obtained by centrifugation on Lymphoprep (Nycomed Pharma) gradients of healthy donor buffy coats ob- tained from the Blood Bank of the Medical School of the Federico II University of Naples, as previously de- scribed (Terrazzano et al., 2007). Apoptosis was assessed by staining of the cell membrane-exposed phosphatidylserine with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Annexin V, according to the manufacturer's instructions (BD Pharmingen), and as previously described (De Vitis et al., 2011). Samples were analyzed by means of flow cytometry, using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting Calibur (Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA, United States), equipped with CellQuest Analysis Software. The fluorescence- activated cell sorting analysis was based on Annexin V staining, and was conducted to evaluate the fluores- cence intensity of the staining or the percentage of cells positive to Annexin V so as to have 2 measurements of the cells undergoing apoptosis. Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis for the growth performance parameters was performed with SPSS 17 for Windows (SPSS, 2008). The experimental unit was the pen. Be- fore testing for group differences, normality of data dis- tribution and homogeneity of variances were assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test and the Levene test, re- spectively. Growth performance data from the C-group and OTC-group were compared by means of the Stu- dent's t-test. Results were considered statistically sig- nificant for P < 0.05. A statistical trend was consid- ered for P < 0.20. The results are presented as mean values ± SD. The analysis pertaining to the pro-apoptotic effect was performed using the Mann–Whitney test, and the results were considered significant when P < 0.05. RESULTS The birds remained healthy for the whole period, no signs of illness were observed, and the mortality rate was zero for both groups. Growth performance was not influenced by the treatment (Table 1), and a positive numerical trend was observed for the OTC group for the final individual BW (day 35), ADG (1 to 35 d), weight gain (1 to 35 d), and feed consumption over the 21 to 35 d period. As shown in Table 2, the concentrations of OTC, ex- pressed as the sum of the parent drug and its 4-epimer, were far below the established MRL (100 μg/kg) in the muscle of the treated birds. On the other hand, about Table 1. Growth performance parameters in control an- imals and in broiler chickens treated with oxytetracycline (OTC) (mean values ± SD, Student's t test, n = 3). Control group OTC group P-value Growth performance Mortality rate (%) - - - Individual BW (g) d 1 42.3 ± 1.2 42.1 ± 0.9 0.805 d 21 834.5 ± 15.7 867.1 ± 57.0 0.395 d 35 1,729.2 ± 11.2 1,771.89 ± 11.2 0.155 ADG (g) 1 to 21 d 37.7 ± 0.7 39.3 ± 2.8 0.395 21 to 35 d 63.9 ± 1.5 64.6 ± 2.0 0.646 1 to 35 d 48.2 ± 0.3 49.4 ± 1.2 0.160 Weight gain (g) 1 to 21 d 792.3 ± 14.6 825.0 ± 57.8 0.395 21 to 35 d 894.7 ± 20.9 904.8 ± 28.6 0.646 1 to 35 d 1,686.9 ± 11.6 1,729.8 ± 41.5 0.160 Daily feed consumption (g) 1 to 21 d 59.8 ± 3.5 60.3 ± 5.3 0.898 21 to 35 d 112.1 ± 2.0 115.8 ± 1.6 0.068 1 to 35 d 80.7 ± 2.8 82.5 ± 3.1 0.503 Feed conversion ratio 1 to 21 d 1.58 ± 0.06 1.53 ± 0.04 0.324 21 to 35 d 1.76 ± 0.06 1.79 ± 0.05 0.461 1 to 35 d 1.67 ± 0.06 1.67 ± 0.04 0.889 Table 2. Oxytetracycline (OTC) concentra- tions (μg/kg), expressed as the sum of the parent drug and 4-epimer, in the bone and muscle of control and treated broiler chick- ens (μg/kg on DM basis, mean values ± SD, n = 3). Control group OTC group Muscle <Limit of detection 12.3 ± 6.9 Bone <Limit of detection 1,286.3 ± 256.6 100-fold higher levels were measured in the bones. Nei- ther the muscle nor the bone samples showed measur- able concentrations of the drug in the control birds. Figure 1 reports data from one representative exper- iment for apoptosis detection in the K562 cell line, in terms of peak overlay (Panel A) and individual peaks (Panel B). Forty-eight h incubation with OTC–CCM (ratio 1:2) (Peak 3) induced a significant increase in Annexin V staining, compared to the cell culture con- dition in the medium alone (Peak 2), which represents the basal level of the apoptosis that occurs in the K562 cell line without any incubation of CCM. Therefore, OTC–CCM seems able to induce apoptosis in the K562 cell line. C–CCM, instead, only induced slight Annexin V staining (Peak 4) at the same ratio. These results point out that C–CCM did not affect cell viability to any great extent. Interestingly, similar OTC–CCM and C–CCM effects were observed when PBMC was used instead of the K562 cell lines (Figure 2). The overall analysis of all the experiments suggest that a 48-h incubation with OTC–CCM induces significant in- creases in the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis in both K562 and PBMC cell cultures (Figure 2, Panels byguestonMay28,2015http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
5. OXYTETRACYCLINE RESIDUES IN CHICKEN BONES 5 Figure 1. Apoptosis induction evaluated as fluorescence intensity of fluorescein isothiocyanate–Annexin V-staining in one representative experiment. The upper panel refers to the overlay of all the fluorescence peaks in the different conditions for the K562 cell line cultures. The lower panels represent the fluorescence peaks for each cell condition. The x-axis shows the fluorescence intensity of Annexin V binding on a logarithmic scale. The amplitude of the apoptosis induction is pro- portional to the right sliding of the peak on the x-axis towards higher values of fluorescence for Annexin-staining (to facilitate the reader's interpretation: Peak 1 is the one that shows the lowest intensity, while Peak 6 represents the peak at the highest intensity in the figure). In all the panels, the peaks correspond to the following different K562 cell culture conditions: 1 = in a growth medium alone without Annexin V staining, as a control of the cell natural fluorescence background; 2 = in a growth medium with Annexin V staining, as a control of the apoptosis that occurs in the K562 cell line maintained in a cul- ture without any other incubation; 3 and 4 = peaks that represent the growth medium with the addition of a conditioned cell culture medium obtained from the ground bone of chickens reared in the presence [3 = oxytetracycline (OTC)–cell culture medium (CCM)] or in the absence [4 = control (C)–CCM] of a treatment with oxytetracycline, at a diluition of 1:2, stained with Annexin V; 4 = in a growth medium with the addition of C–CCM, at a diluition of 1:2, stained with Annexin V; 5 = in a growth medium with the addition of 2 μg/mL OTC, stained with Annexin V; 6 = in a medium with the addition of 100 μM H2O2, stained with Annexin V. The medium vol- umes for the different cell cultures were the same. See the Material and Methods section for the Annexin V staining. A and B, respectively). The effect was observed to be significant at ratios of 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8 (P < 0.05), but not at the ratio of 1:16. The increase was also statisti- cally significant after 24 h at the ratios of 1:2 and 1:4, but was only slightly detectable after 8 and 12 h incuba- tion (data not shown). It should be noted that the incu- bation with 2 μg/mL pure OTC elicited similar effects on apoptosis to those obtained with OTC–CCM. Fur- thermore, the OTC–CCM and pure-OTC effects were quite similar to those elicited through the use of H2O2, which was used as a standard control of apoptosis in- duction. Despite the fact that apoptosis induction was evident, even after culture incubation with C–CCM at a ratio of 1:2 (P < 0.05), the increase was significantly lower than that obtained with OTC–CCM 1:2 (P < 0.05). It should be pointed out that CCM was used in- stead of direct incubation with ground bone, since the latter showed an extensive cytotoxic effect, which was probably due to direct contact with cells and oxygen subtraction from the system ascribable to the volume occupancy of the same ground particles in the culture medium (data not shown). DISCUSSION Growth performance resulted to be within the range described in the Ross 708 broiler performance objec- tives (Aviagen, 2014), thus confirming that appropriate animal care and welfare conditions had been maintained throughout the study. The lack of influence of OTC on the growth performance parameters was an expected result as the drug had been administered at a thera- peutic dosage regimen rather than for growth promot- ing purposes. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that an antibacterial action contributed to the positive trend of the BW and weight gain (Butaye et al., 2003). Our findings confirm that the bones of broiler chick- ens treated with therapeutic dosages of oral OTC contain considerable amounts of OTC residues. The finding agrees with those of previous studies, thus demonstrating that bone represents a target tissue for tetracycline localization (Milch et al., 1957; Buyske et al., 1960; K¨uhne et al., 2000). The incidence of tetra- cycline antibiotic residues in the bones of slaughtered animals seems to vary from 18.8 to 100%, depending on the species. In a study performed by K¨uhne et al. (2000), the bones of chickens treated for 10 d with low oral dosages of OTC still contained detectable lev- els of the drug after a withdrawal time of 15 d. In- terestingly, in the present study, the concentrations of OTC were below the MRL set by the European Com- munity (100 μg/kg) in all the muscle samples. Simi- lar results have been obtained in turkeys, in which the existence of a correlation between the percentage of pos- itive results in the kidneys and liver and that in the bones has been pointed out (K¨uhne and Mitzscherling, 2003). In the present study, CCM containing OTC residues induced a significant pro-apoptotic effect in both the K562 and PBMC cell cultures. It is worth noting that if one considers the CCM as a source of OTC, this in vitro system represents a useful model to test the cytotoxic effects of this drug. A great deal of evidence supports the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of tetracyclines (van den Bogert et al., 1981; Shao and Feng, 2013; Chi et al., 2014). Several possible mechanisms have been suggested, including the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis and of the antioxidant defense system (van den Bogert et al., 1981; Chi et al., 2014). Moreover, the in vitro effects of tetracyclines have been related to the inhibition of byguestonMay28,2015http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
6. 6 ODORE ET AL. Figure 2. Apoptosis induction measured as a percentage of cells positive for the fluorescein isothiocyanate–Annexin V binding in the K562 cell line culture (Panel A) and of PBMC (Panel B). The graph bar-columns represent the mean values of the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis in all the performed experiments. The different cell incubations and conditioned CCM dilutions are indicated on the x-axis. The abbreviations indicate the growth medium with the addition of a conditioned CCM obtained from the ground bone of chickens reared in the presence [oxytetracycline (OTC)–CCM] or in the absence [control (C)-CCM] of a treatment with OTC, a growth medium with the addition of 2 μg/mL OTC, or with 100 μM H2O2. All the cell cultures were stained with Annexin V (see the Material and Methods section). It should be noted that the bar-column of the medium alone indicates incubation in a growth medium with Annexin V staining, which has been used as a control of the apoptosis that occurs in the cells when in a culture without any other incubation is maintained. The statistical significance is indicated with an asterisk for each of the pairs of columns placed under the horizontal square brackets for the coupled-comparison. lymphocyte proliferation and the negative modula- tion of neutrophil phagocytic functions (Thong and Ferrante, 1980). As far as PBMC cell cultures are concerned, the ef- fects of OTC–CCM appear to be dose-dependent, and comparable with that of hydrogen peroxide at a dilu- tion ratio of 1:2. The effect of pure OTC on inducing apoptosis also appears to be rather relevant, since there has been no definitive observation on the toxic effects of this compound on mammalian cells and, in particular, on humans. Although a threshold for OTC in vitro toxicity could not be established, the most interesting result is that OTC residues in the bones of slaughtered animals main- tain cytotoxic effects, in spite of mechanical and ther- mal treatments. In fact, the possible toxicological risks depend on the degree of biological activity maintained by the drug residues in fresh raw materials or follow- ing feed processing. Meat, bone meal, and poultry by- products are the main ingredients of pet foods, espe- cially in the case of dry pet food. For the latter, the most frequently used processing technology to produce canine and feline diets or dinner ingredients is extru- sion. The extrusion process usually involves the ap- plication of both relatively high temperatures (80 to 200◦ C) and short residence times (10 to 250 s) (Serrano and Agroturia, 1996). The thermal stability of tetra- cycline antibiotics in animal food products has been the subject of different studies (Ibrahim and Moats, 1994; Hassani et al., 2008). The variety of methodolo- gies employed in the heat inactivation experiments and in the detection of the antibiotic residual concentrations could explain the differences in the results. However, ac- cording to Hassani et al. (2008), low-temperature–long- time treatments (conventional sterilization) could de- stroy >98% of the initial concentration of tetracycline residues, but high-temperature-short-time treatments would leave the residues in the 50 to 90% range unal- tered. Finally, heat stability depends on the type of ma- trix. Although it is assumed that tetracyclines are not very heat-resistant, residues in bones seem to be more stable (Honikel et al., 1978). When considering an in- termediate product from a rendering plant mixed with bone splinters containing bound tetracycline residues, a complete destruction during a heat treatment at 133◦ C for up to 45 min could not be demonstrated (K¨uhne et al., 2001). It should be noted that most heat sta- bility studies have evaluated the degradation of par- ent drugs without considering the possible formation of breakdown products endowed with toxic effects. Lit- tle is known about the breakdown products formed from tetracycline and OTC during heat treatments (Gratac´os-Cubars´ı et al., 2007; K¨uhne et al., 2001). Therefore, it cannot be excluded that the cytotoxic ef- fects observed on the K562 and PBM cells can be as- cribed to different compounds from OTC. Besides the fact that it is necessary to be cautious in drawing conclusions about in vivo toxicological impli- cations due to the observed in vitro cytotoxic effects, it cannot be excluded that OTC residues in the bones of treated chickens can induce biological responses in pets and human consumers. Interestingly, higher OTC and doxycycline serum levels than the safety limits have been observed in gym-trained subjects with food in- tolerance symptoms (Di Cerbo et al., 2014). The au- thors speculated that tetracycline antibiotic residues transferred to the final consumers could act as hap- tens and induce specific intolerance to a wide variety byguestonMay28,2015http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
7. OXYTETRACYCLINE RESIDUES IN CHICKEN BONES 7 of food. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Following oral treatment with therapeutic doses of OTC, residues in the parts per million range accumu- late in the bones of treated animals. Although little is known about the biological activity of the residues contained in target organs of slaughtered animals, the present findings suggest in vitro pro-apoptotic effects on normal and cancer cells of humans. Further stud- ies are needed to define the mechanisms responsible for the cytotoxic effect. Potential human and animal health risks, due to the entry of tetracycline residues contained in the bones of treated livestock into the food chain, should not be underestimated. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to Paolo Montersino, Dario Sola, and Mario Colombano for the care of the birds, and to Chiara Bianchi and Lidia Sterpone for their tech- nical support. REFERENCES Aviagen. 2014. Ross 708 Broiler nutrition specification (http://en.aviagen.com/ross-708/). Accessed October 6, 2014. Black, W. D. 1977. A study of the pharmacokinetics of oxytetracy- cline in the chicken. Poult. Sci. 56:1430–1434. Butaye, P., L. A. Devriese, and F. Haesebrouck. 2003. Antimicro- bial growth promoters used in animal feed: Effects of less well known antibiotics on gram-positive bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16:175–188. Buyske, D. A., H. J. Eisner, and R. G. Kelly. 1960. Concentra- tion and persistence of tetracycline and chlortetracycline in bone. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 130:150–156. Carbone, E., G. Terrazzano, M. Colonna, L. Tuosto, E. Piccolella, L. Franksson, G. Palazzolo, J. J. P´erez-Villar, S. Fontana, K. K¨arre, and S. Zappacosta. 1996. Natural killer clones recognize specific soluble HLA class I molecules. Eur. J. Immunol. 26: 683–689. Celik, A., and D. Eke. 2011. The assessment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of tetracycline antibiotic in human blood lympho- cytes using CBMN and SCE analysis, in vitro. Int. J. Human Genet. 11:23–29. Chi, Z., R. Liu, H. You, S. Ma, H. Cui, and Q. Zhang. 2014. Probing the in vitro cytotoxicity of the veterinary drug oxytetracycline. PloS ONE 9:e102334. Chopra, I., and M. Roberts. 2001. Tetracycline antibiotics: Mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemi- ology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65: 232–260. De Vitis, S., A. Sonia Treglia, L. Ulianich, S. Turco, G. Terrazzano, A. Lombardi, C. Miele, C. Garbi, F. Beguinot, and B. Di Jeso. 2011. Tyr phosphatase-mediated P-ERK inhibition suppresses senescence in EIA + v-raf transformed cells, which, paradoxically, are apoptosis-protected in a MEK-dependent manner. Neoplasia 13:120–30. Di Cerbo, A., S. Canello, G. Guidetti, C. Laurino, and B. Palmieri. 2014. Unusual antibiotic presence in gym trained subjects with food intolerance: A case report: A preliminary study. Nutr. Hosp. 30:395–398. Dyer, D. C. 1989. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in the turkey: Evaluation of biliary and urinary excretion. Am. J. Vet. Res. 50:522–524. European Union. 2010. Commission Regulation EU/37/2010 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification re- garding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin. J. Eur. Union L15:1–72. Fife, R. S., and G. W. Sledge, Jr. 1998. Effects of doxycycline on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Adv. Dent. Res. 12: 94–96. Gratac´os-Cubars´ı, M., A. Fernandez-Garc´ıa, P. Picouet, A. Valero- Pamplona, J. A. Garc´ıa-Regueiro, and M. Castellari. 2007. For- mation of tetracycline degradation products in chicken and pig meat under different thermal processing conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:4610–4616. Hassani, M., R. Lazaro, C. Perez, S. Condon, and R. Pagan. 2008. Thermostability of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and doxy- cycline at ultrahigh temperatures. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56: 2676–2680. Honikel, K. O., U. Schmidt, W. Woltersdorf, and L. Leistner. 1978. Effect of storage and processing on tetracycline residues in meat and bones. J. AOAC Int. 61:1222–1227. Ibrahim, A., and W. A. Moats. 1994. The effect of cooking proce- dures on oxytetracycline in lamb muscle. J. Agric. Food Chem. 72:2561–2563. K¨uhne, M., U. K¨orner, and S. Wenzel. 2001. Tetracycline residues in meat and bone meals. Part 2: The effect of heat treatments on bound tetracycline residues. Food Addit. Contam. 18:593–600. K¨uhne, M., and A. T. Mitzscherling. 2003. The entry of bound residues of tetracyclines into the food chain–A contribution to hazard identification. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 117:201–206. K¨uhne, M., S. Wegmann, A. Kobe, and R. Fries. 2000. Tetracycline residues in bones of slaughtered animals. Food Control 11:175– 180. Milch, R. A., D. P. Rall, and J. E. Tobie. 1957. Bone localization of the tetracyclines. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 19:87–93. National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. Oka, H., Y. Ito, Y. Ikai, T. Kagami, and K. Harada. 1998. Mass spec- trometric analysis of tetracycline antibiotics in foods. J. Chro- matogr. A. 812:309–319. Serrano, J. M., L. Moreno, I. Rosado, E. Guimera, and E. Escud- ero. 1999. Biliary elimination kinetics and tissue concentrations of oxytetracycline after intravenous administration in hens. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 22:148–152. Serrano, X., and S. A. Agroturia. 1996. The extrusion-cooking pro- cess in animal feeding: Nutritional implications. Pages 107–114 in Feed Manufacturing in Southern Europe: New Challenges. P. Morand-Fehr, ed. Zaragoza, Spain. Shao, J., and G. Feng. 2013. Selective killing effect of oxytetracy- cline, propafenone and metamizole on A549 or Hela cells. Chin. J. Cancer Res. 25:662–670. SPSS. 2008. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. McGraw– Hill, Version 17.0, New York, New York, United States. Terrazzano, G., M. Sica, C. Gianfrani, G. Mazzarella, F. Maurano, B. De Giulio, S. de Saint-Mezard, D. Zanzi, L. Maiuri, M. Londei, B. Jabri, R. Troncone, S. Auricchio, S. Zappacosta, and E. Carbone. 2007. Gliadin regulates the NK-dendritic cell cross-talk by HLA-E surface stabilization. J. Immunol. 179:372–381. Thong, Y. H., and A. Ferrante. 1980. Effect of tetracycline treatment on immunological responses in mice. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 39:728– 732. van den Bogert, C., B. H. Dontje, J. J. Wybenga, and A. M. Kroon. 1981. Arrest of in vivo proliferation of Zajdela tumor cells by in- hibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Cancer Res. 41:1943– 1947. byguestonMay28,2015http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
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Remember when we were young and we knew it all? Then we became an adult and realized you don't even know how much you don't know.
I was that strong willed teenager who thought way back then that I knew much. I raised a few kids that also as teenagers thought they knew it all, only to experience real life as an adult and then understand so much more. With some maturity and with life experiences we tend to view life differently.
Maybe as a child we have nothing else to compare our life with or maybe we just haven't had many experiences yet to see things for how and what they were.
Our 25 year old daughter called a few days ago and in that conversation she stated, "I have so many good memories from when I was little. I had so much fun then." This was a far cry from her words and actions as a teenager. She was estranged from us for 7 years and in those years she struggled, fell down and picked herself back up. She needed to learn in her own way.
So what changed, was it her childhood or her perspective now as a maturing adult? Clearly her childhood didn't change but her outlook on life surely has. My response; "you were just too young to appreciate all that you had." And she was young.
It takes tremendous courage to be honest and to own the things that we might have said and done as a kid that later in life as a mature adult we can honestly say I know better now!


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one's bets. I proceed with hope unabated. Refusing to play is not an option.
This symphony had its beginning in 1999, 10 years after the Third Symphony. There is in it a sense of seriousness not present in my previous music. When I wrote the symphony I had turned 60 and realized I was well past the halfway mark. I was entering, if not already in, the autumn of my life, and this symphony, although I didn't consciously note it at the time, marked my entry into this new phase. Was the gravity of what I was writing a harbinger of the coming end, or merely a reminder that living life is serious business? The dormancy of winter follows the foreboding of fall. The two are of course inseparable.
The subtitles of both the third and fifth symphonies are afterthoughts, tacked on years later. I believe they are both fitting, but I did not when I sat down to write them have something predetermined in my mind. What "made" me write what I did is not now and was not then consciously apparent.
Symphony No. 5 is available in the 4-CD set you can order below.
Instrumentation: 2222, 22, timpani and strings (1993). Study and conductor scores and parts are available upon request. Contact me.


text:
Code Navigator: ICD
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Section T51-T65
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ICD-10-CM (2016)
Code T52.2
ICD-10-CM Code T52.2
Toxic effects of homologues of benzene
NON-BILLABLE
Non-Billable Code
Non-Billable means the code is not sufficient justification for admission to an acute care hospital when used a principal diagnosis. Use a child code to capture more detail.
| ICD-10 from 2011 - 2016
ICD Code T52.2 is a non-billable code. To code a diagnosis of this type, you must use one of the one child codes of T52.2 that describes the diagnosis 'toxic effects of homologues of benzene' in more detail.
T52.2 Toxic effects of homologues of benzene NON-BILLABLE
T52.2X Toxic effects of homologues of benzene NON-BILLABLE
T52.2X1 Toxic effect of homologues of benzene, accidental (unintentional) NON-BILLABLE
T52.2X2 Toxic effect of homologues of benzene, intentional self-harm NON-BILLABLE
T52.2X3 Toxic effect of homologues of benzene, assault NON-BILLABLE
T52.2X4 Toxic effect of homologues of benzene, undetermined NON-BILLABLE
The ICD code T52 is used to code Intoxicative inhalant
Intoxicative inhalants are a broad range of intoxicative drugs whose volatile vapors or gases are taken in via the nose and trachea. They are taken by room temperature volatilization or from a pressurized container (e.g., nitrous oxide), and do not include drugs that are sniffed after burning or heating. For example, amyl nitrite and toluene are considered inhalants, but tobacco, cannabis, and crack are not, even though the latter are also inhaled (as smoke).
ICD 9 Code: 981.982
Coding Notes for T52.2 Info for medical coders on how to properly use this ICD-10 code
Inclusion Terms:
Inclusion Terms
Inclusion Terms are a list of concepts for which a specific code is used. The list of Inclusion Terms is useful for determining the correct code in some cases, but the list is not necessarily exhaustive.
Toxic effects of toluene [methylbenzene]
Toxic effects of xylene [dimethylbenzene]
Related Concepts SNOMET-CT
Poisoning by hexylresorcinol (disorder)
Toxic effect of homologues of benzene (disorder)
Parent Code: T52 - Toxic effect of organic solvents
Source: http://icd.codes/icd10cm/T522