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This section contains articles on some aspects of chronic drinking: Abstinence versus Controlled Drinking and Origin of the Term. For further information on this subject, see Disease Concept of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse and the sections on Complications, on Treatment and on Withdrawal.
Abstinence versus Controlled Drinking
The position of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and the dominant view among therapists who treat alcoholism in the United States is that the goal of treatment for those who have been dependent on alcohol is total, complete, and permanent abstinence from alcohol.
Abstinence was at the base of Prohibition (legalized in 1919 with the Eighteenth Amendment) and is closely related to prohibitionism—the legal proscription of substances and their use.
Although temperance originally meant moderation, the nineteenth-century Temperance Movement 's emphasis on complete abstinence from alcohol and the mid-twentieth century's experience of the Alcoholics Anonymous movement have strongly influenced alcohol- and drug-abuse treatment goals in the United States. Moral and clinical issues, however, have been irrevocably mixed.
The disease model of alcoholism and drug addiction, which insists on abstinence, has incorporated new areas of compulsive behavior—such as overeating and sexual involvements. In these cases, redefinition of abstinence from total avoidance to "the avoidance of excess" (what we would otherwise term moderation) is required.
Abstinence can also be used as a treatment-outcome measure, as an indicator of its effectiveness. In this case, abstinence is defined as the number of drug-free days or weeks during the treatment regimen—and measures of drug in urine are often used as objective indicators.
CONTROLLED DRINKING
By extension, for all those treated for alcohol abuse, including those with no dependence symptoms, moderation of drinking (termed controlled drinking, or CD) as a goal of treatment is rejected (Peele, 1992). Instead, providers claim, holding out such a goal to an alcoholic is detrimental, fostering a continuation of denial and delaying the alcoholic's need to accept the reality that he or she can never drink in moderation. One painful example of this is the case of Audrey Kishline, author of Moderate Drinking: The New Option for Problem Drinkers, and founder of the group Moderation Management. In the summer of 2000, Kishline pleaded guilty to a vehicular homicide incident in which she killed a father and his twelve-year-old daughter when she drove the wrong way on a Washington State highway. Her blood alcohol level at the time of the accident was 0.26—three times the legal limit.
In Britain and other European and Common-wealth countries, controlled-drinking therapy is widely available (Rosenberg et al., 1992). The following six questions explore the value, prevalence, and clinical impact of controlled drinking versus abstinence outcomes in alcoholism treatment; they are intended to argue the case for controlled drinking as a reasonable and realistic goal.
1. What proportion of treated alcoholics abstain completely following treatment?
At one extreme, Vaillant (1983) found a 95 percent relapse rate among a group of alcoholics followed for eight years after treatment at a public hospital; and over a four-year follow-up period, the Rand Corporation found that only 7 percent of a treated alcoholic population abstained completely (Polich, Armor, & Braiker, 1981). At the other extreme, Wallace et al. (1988) reported a 57 percent continuous abstinence rate for private clinic patients who were stably married and had successfully completed detoxification and treatment—but results in this study covered only a six-month period.
In other studies of private treatment, Walsh et al. (1991) found that only 23 percent of alcohol-abusing workers reported abstaining throughout a two-year follow-up, although the figure was 37 percent for those assigned to a hospital program. According to Finney and Moos (1991), 37 percent of patients reported they were abstinent at all follow-up years 4 through 10 after treatment. Clearly, most research agrees that most alcoholism patients drink at some point following treatment.
2. What proportion of alcoholics eventually achieve abstinence following alcoholism treatment?
Many patients ultimately achieve abstinence only over time. Finney and Moos (1991) found that 49 percent of patients reported they were abstinent at four years and 54 percent at ten years after treatment. Vaillant (1983) found that 39 percent of his surviving patients were abstaining at eight years. In the Rand study, 28 percent of assessed patients were abstaining after four years. Helzer et al. (1985), however, reported that only 15 percent of all surviving alcoholics seen in hospitals were abstinent at 5 to 7 years. (Only a portion of these patients were specifically treated in an alcoholism unit. Abstinence rates were not reported separately for this group, but only 7 percent survived and were in remission at follow-up.)
3. What is the relationship of abstinence to controlled-drinking outcomes over time?
Edwards et al. (1983) reported that controlled drinking is more unstable than abstinence for alcoholics over time, but recent studies have found that controlled drinking increases over longer follow-up periods. Finney and Moos (1991) reported a 17 percent "social or moderate drinking" rate at six years and a 24 percent rate at ten years. In studies by McCabe (1986) and Nordström and Berglund (1987), CD outcomes exceeded abstinence during follow-up of patients fifteen and more years after treatment (see Table 1). Hyman (1976) earlier found a similar emergence of controlled drinking over fifteen years.
4. What are legitimate nonabstinent outcomes for alcoholism?
The range of nonabstinence outcomes between unabated alcoholism and total abstinence includes (1) "improved drinking" despite continuing alcohol abuse, (2) "largely controlled drinking" with occasional relapses, and (3) "completely controlled drinking." Yet some studies count both groups (1) and (2) as continuing alcoholics and those in group (3) who engage in only occasional drinking as abstinent. Vaillant (1983) labeled abstinence as drinking less than once a month and including a binge lasting less than a week each year.
The importance of definitional criteria is evident in a highly publicized study (Helzer el al., 1985) that identified only 1.6 percent of treated alcoholism patients as "moderate drinkers." Not included in this category were an additional 4.6 percent of patients who drank without problems but who drank in fewer than thirty of the previous thirty-six months. In addition, Helzer et al. identified a sizable group (12%) of former alcoholics who drank a threshold of seven drinks four times in a single month over the previous three years but who reported no adverse consequences or symptoms of alcohol dependence and for whom no such problems were uncovered from collateral records. Nonetheless, Helzer et al. rejected the value of CD outcomes in alcoholism treatment.
While the Helzer et al. study was welcomed by the American treatment industry, the Rand results (Polich, Armor, & Braiker, 1981) were publicly denounced by alcoholism treatment advocates. Yet the studies differed primarily in that Rand reported a higher abstinence rate, using a six-month window at assessment (compared with three years for Helzer et al.). The studies found remarkably similar nonabstinence outcomes, but Polich, Armor, and Braiker (1981) classified both occasional and continuous moderate drinkers (8%) and sometimes heavy drinkers (10%) who had no negative drinking consequences or dependence symptoms in a nonabstinent remission category. (Rand subjects had been highly alcoholic and at intake were consuming a median of seventeen drinks daily.)
The harm-reduction approach seeks to minimize the damage from continued drinking and recognizes a wide range of improved categories (Heather, 1992). Minimizing nonabstinent remission or improvement categories by labeling reduced but occasionally excessive drinking as "alcoholism" fails to address the morbidity associated with continued untrammeled drinking.
5. How do untreated and treated alcoholics compare in their controlled-drinking and abstinent-remission ratios?
Alcoholic remission many years after treatment may depend less on treatment than on post-treatment experiences, and in some long-term studies, CD outcomes become more prominent the longer subjects are out of the treatment milieu, because patients unlearn the abstinence prescription that prevails there (Peele, 1987). By the same token, controlled drinking may be the more common outcome for untreated remission, since many alcohol abusers may reject treatment because they are unwilling to abstain.
Goodwin, Crane, & Guze (1971) found that controlled-drinking remission was four times as frequent as abstinence after eight years for untreated alcoholic felons who had" unequivocal histories of alcoholism" (see Table 1). Results from the 1989 Canadian National Alcohol and Drug Survey confirmed that those who resolve a drinking problem without treatment are more likely to become controlled drinkers. Only 18 percent of five hundred recovered alcohol abusers in the survey achieved remission through treatment. About half (49 percent) of those in remission still drank. Of those in remission through treatment, 92 percent were abstinent. But 61 percent of those who achieved remission without treatment continued drinking (see Table 2).
6. For which alcohol abusers is controlled-drinking therapy or abstinence therapy superior?
Severity of alcoholism is the most generally accepted clinical indicator of the appropriateness of CD therapy (Rosenberg, 1993). Untreated alcohol abusers probably have less severe drinking problems than clinical populations of alcoholics, which may explain their higher levels of controlled drinking. But the less severe problem drinkers uncovered in nonclinical studies are more typical, outnumbering those who "show major symptoms of alcohol dependence" by about four to one (Skinner, 1990).
Despite the reported relationship between severity and CD outcomes, many diagnosed alcoholics do control their drinking, as Table 1 reveals. The Rand study quantified the relationship between severity of alcohol dependence and controlled-drinking outcomes, although, overall, the Rand population was a severely alcoholic one in which "virtually all subjects reported symptoms of alcohol dependence" (Polich, Armor, and Braiker, 1981).
Polich, Armor, and Braiker found that the most severely dependent alcoholics (eleven or more dependence symptoms on admission) were the least likely to achieve nonproblem drinking at four years. However, a quarter of this group who achieved remission did so through nonproblem drinking. Furthermore, younger (under 40), single alcoholics were far more likely to relapse if they were abstinent at eighteen months than if they were drinking without problems, even if they were highly alcohol-dependent (Table 3). Thus the Rand study found a strong link between severity and outcome, but a far from ironclad one.
Some studies have failed to confirm the link between controlled-drinking versus abstinence outcomes and alcoholic severity. In a clinical trial that included CD and abstinence training for a highly dependent alcoholic population, Rychtarik et al. (1987) reported 18 percent controlled drinkers and 20 percent abstinent (from fifty-nine initial patients) at 5 to 6 year follow-up. Outcome type was not related to severity of dependence. Nor was it for Nordström and Berglund (1987), perhaps because they excluded "subjects who were never alcohol dependent."
Nordström and Berglund, like Wallace et al. (1988), selected high-prognosis patients who were socially stable. The Wallace et al. patients had a high level of abstinence; patients in Nordström and Berglund had a high level of controlled drinking. Social stability at intake was negatively related in Rychtarik et al. to consumption as a result either of abstinence or of limited intake. Apparently, social stability predicts that alcoholics will succeed better whether they choose abstinence or reduced drinking. But other research indicates that the pool of those who achieve remission can be expanded by having broader treatment goals.
Rychtarik et al. found that treatment aimed at abstinence or controlled drinking was not related to patients' ultimate remission type. Booth, Dale, and Ansari (1984), on the other hand, found that patients did achieve their selected goal of abstinence or controlled drinking more often. Three British groups (Elal-Lawrence, Slade, & Dewey, 1986; Heather, Rollnick, & Winton, 1983; Orford & Keddie, 1986) have found that treated alcoholics' beliefs about whether they could control their drinking and their commitment to a CD or an abstinence-treatment goal were more important in determining CD versus abstinence outcomes than were subjects' levels of alcohol dependence. Miller et al. (in press) found that more dependent drinkers were less likely to achieve CD outcomes but that desired treatment goal and whether one labeled oneself an alcoholic or not independently predicted outcome type.
As of 2000, there is no conclusive evidence to show that one single method of treatment is consistently more successful than another (Project MATCH). One of the largest (U.S.) clinical experiments—sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism—shows that of the three major treatments studied (cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT], twelve-step facilitation [TSF], and motivational enhancement therapy [MET]), none emerged the clear "winner."
A group of 952 outpatients (some still drinking) and 774 patients (previously receiving residential/day hospital treatment) participated in the study, that spanned over twelve weeks. The two groups were each divided into three separate groups, each group receiving one of the three treatments.
Particpants were polled immediately after treatment and again every three months for a year in an effort to document their subsequent progress. Patients of all three treatments exemplified good and sustained results. In all, only 10 percent of the participants dropped out of the study itself; two-thirds finished the treatment(s). The percentage of days abstinent (PDA) rose in all three groups by 60 percent (from 20 to 80 percent), and suffered only minimal decline in the next year.
Controlled drinking (CD) is one of a number of approaches with an important role to play in alcoholism treatment. CD, as well as abstinence, is an appropriate goal for the majority of problem drinkers who are not alcohol-dependent (though there is no proven scientific method to determine who can and who cannot stop drinking after one or two drinks). In addition, while controlled drinking becomes less likely the more severe the degree of alcoholism, other factors—such as age, values, and beliefs about oneself, one's drinking, and the possibility of controlled drinking—also play a role, sometimes the dominant role, in determining successful outcome type. Finally, reduced drinking is often the focus of a harm-reduction approach, where the likely alternative is not abstinence but continued alcoholism.
(See also: Alcohol ; Disease Concept of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse ; Relapse Prevention ; Treatment )
Booth, P. G., Dale, B., & Ansari, J. (1984). Problem drinkers' goal choice and treatment outcomes: A preliminary study. Addictive Behaviors, 9, 357-364.
Edwards, G., et al. (1983). What happens to alcoholics? Lancet, 2, 269-271.
Elal-Lawrence, G., Slade, P.D., & Dewey, M.E. (1986). Predictors of outcome type in treated problem drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 47, 41-47.
Finney, J. W., & Moos, R. H. (1991). The long-term course of treated alcoholism: 1. Mortality, relapse and remission rates and comparisons with community controls. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 44-54.
Goodwin, D. W., Crane, J. B., & Guze, S. B. (1971). Felons who drink: An 8-year follow-up. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 32, 136-147.
Heath, D. B. (1992). Prohibition or liberalization of alcohol and drugs? In M. Galanter (Ed.), Recent developments in alcoholism: Alcohol and cocaine. New York: Plenum.
Heather, N. (1992). The application of harm-reduction principles to the treatment of alcohol problems. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on the Reduction of Drug-Related Harm, Melbourne, Australia, March.
Heather, N., Rollnick, S., & Winton, M. (1983). A comparison of objective and subjective measures of alcohol dependence as predictors of relapse following treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 11-17.
Helzer, J.E. et al. (1985). The extent of long-term moderate drinking among alcoholics discharged from medical and psychiatric treatment facilities. New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 1678-1682.
Hyman, H. H. (1976). Alcoholics 15 years later. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 273, 613-622.
Lender, M. E., & Martin, J. K. (1982). Drinking in America. New York: Free Press.
License to Drink: Can boozers learn moderation ? Atragedy rekindles debate about a controversial Program. (2000) Time, 156, 47.
Mc Cabe, R. J. R. (1986). Alcohol-dependent individuals 16 years on. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 21, 85-91.
Miller, W.R. et al. (1992). Long-term follow-up of behavioral self-control training. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 249-261.
NordstrÖm, G., & Berglund, M. (1987). A prospective study of successful long-term adjustment in alcohol dependence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 48, 95-103.
Orford, J., & Keddie, A. (1986). Abstinence or controlled drinking: A test of the dependence and persuasion hypotheses. British Journal of Addiction, 81, 495-504.
Peele, S. (1992). Alcoholism, politics, and bureaucracy: The consensus against controlled-drinking therapy in America. Addictive Behaviors, 17, 49-61.
Peele, S. (1987). Why do controlled-drinking outcomes vary by country, era, and investigator?: Cultural conceptions of relapse and remission in alcoholism. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 20, 173-201.
Peele, S., Brodsky, A., & Arnold, M. (1991). The truth about addiction and recovery. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Polich, J. M., Armor, D. J., & Braiker, H. B. (1981). The course of alcoholism: Four years after treatment. New York: Wiley.
Project MATCH Research Group (1997). Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project AUTCH post-treatment drinking outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 7-29.
Provet, Ph. D., P. (2000). Why addiction cannot be moderate. Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 12, no. 30: 5.
Rosenberg, H. (1993). Prediction of controlled drinking by alcoholics and problem drinkers. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 129-139.
Rosenberg, H., Melville, J., Levell, D., & Hodge, J. E. (1992). A ten-year follow-up survey of acceptability of controlled drinking in Britain. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 441-446.
Rychtarik, R. G., et al. (1987). Five-six-year follow-up of broad spectrum behavioral treatment for alcoholism: Effects of training controlled drinking skills. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 106-108.
Skinner, H. A. (1990). Spectrum of drinkers and intervention opportunities. Journal of the Canadian Medical Association, 143, 1054-1059.
Subak-Sharpe, G. J. (1995). The Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Complete Home Medical Guide. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.
Treatment of Alcoholism-Part II. (2000) Harvard Mental Health Letter 16
Vaillant, G. E. (1983). The natural history of alcoholism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wallace, J., et al. (1988). 1. Six-month treatment outcomes in socially stable alcoholics: Abstinence rates. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 5, 247-252.
Walsh, D. C., et al. (1991). A randomized trial of treatment options for alcohol-abusing workers. New En-land Journal of Medicine, 325, 775-782.
Stanton Peele
Revised by Kimberly A. McGrath
The term alcoholism is of relatively recent date; knowledge of the adverse effects of heavy alcohol (ethanol) consumption is not. A proverb describes alcohol as "both mankind's oldest friend and oldest enemy." Alcohol occurs in nature, and humans have long known how to ferment plants to create it; both its moderate and excessive use have therefore occurred since prehistory. The Bible cautions: "Do not look at wine when it is red, when it sparkles in the cup and goes down smoothly. At the end it bites like a serpent and stings like an adder" (Proverbs 23:31-32). A drunken Noah (Genesis 9:20-28) is one of a long line of such literary descriptions. In the classical era of the Greeks and the Romans we have drunks in the Character Sketches of Theophrastus, in the Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, and in the Epistles of Seneca. In the 1600s, we have Shakespeare's porter in Macbeth (Act II, Scene 3) and others.
Viewing the long-term adverse effects of alcohol as a disease is a concept that also predates the term alcoholism. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) and Thomas Trotter (1760-1832), both physicians, wrote extensively in this vein, using words such as drunkenness ; their elder contemporary Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) produced a glossary of 228 synonyms in use in 1737 for "being under the influence of alcohol." It was not until 1849 that the Swedish physician and temperance advocate Magnus Huss (1807-1890) first used the word alcoholism in his book Alcoholismus Chronicus (The Chronic Alcohol-disease). Huss's term, used originally in a descriptive sense to denote the consequences of the prolonged consumption of large quantities of alcohol, has come to connote a disease, believed by some to result in such consumption.
Huss meant by the term chronic alcoholism "those pathologic symptoms which develop in such persons who over a long period of time continually use wine or other alcoholic beverages in large quantities" and stated that it "corresponds with chronic poisoning." His book is filled with detailed case histories illustrating the various symptoms that might occur. Sweden was at that time highest in the list of countries that consumed liquors, and Huss, as attending physician to the Serafim Clinic In Stockholm, had ample opportunity to observe cases. The London Daily News of December 8, 1869, carried a story on "the deaths of two persons from alcoholism," which according to the Oxford English Dictionary was the first popular use of the word in English. From that time on, its use in both the professional and the popular literature greatly expanded. This is partly because of the natural process that popularizes usage of certain words and partly because of deliberate activities on behalf of the term alcoholism.
The period of national prohibition in the United States (1919-1933) was accompanied by a lack of attention to the consequences of alcohol consumption, for understandable reasons. Such consumption was illegal—permanently, it was assumed—and as a result, it was thought that there would be little in the way of consequences. Indeed, such consequences as cirrhosis of the liver did decline abruptly during this period. But as enthusiasm for prohibition waned, and especially after it was repealed, a need to promote treatment became increasingly evident. One group involved in this promotion used alcoholism as the key word in their efforts, and accordingly were called the alcoholism movement by sociologists who subsequently studied their work. In an early statement of this movement, Anderson (1942) predicted that "When the dissemination of these ideas is begun through the existing media of public information, press, radio, and platform, which will consider them as news, a new public attitude can be shaped." It was also felt that the term, together with the disease connotations attached to it, would encourage the involvement of physicians in its study and treatment. The medical profession was viewed as critical to the success of the effort to increase the nation's concern about the consequences of alcohol consumption. The formation of the National Council on Alcoholism, the largest public interest group in this area, was a project of the same movement. Their successful efforts may be the reason that the term alcoholism developed and sustained a popularity in the United States beyond anything it achieved in Europe and even in Scandinavia, where it was first used.
MEANING BROADENS
As the term alcoholism became widely used, its meaning broadened. In a 1941 review of treatment, ten definitions of chronic alcoholism and sixteen definitions of alcohol addiction were collected from the international literature. Originally used by Huss to refer to a disease that consisted of the consequences of alcohol consumption, alcoholism came in time to represent a disease that caused high levels of alcohol consumption (Jellinek, 1960). A variant theory attempts to preserve the original meaning: High levels of alcohol consumption resulted in consequences of various kinds, particularly in terms of damage to the central nervous system, which damage in turn caused the high levels of consumption to continue (Vaillant, 1983). That is, the term alcoholism evolved overtime from a primarily descriptive term to a largely explanatory concept. An example of a definition of alcoholism with clear explanatory intent is one that R. C. Rinaldi and colleagues produced in 1988 through an elaborate consensus exercise (a Delphi process) among eighty American experts, who defined the term as "a chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal biogenetic and psychosocial disease characterized by tolerance and physical dependence manifested by a loss of control, as well as diverse personality changes and social consequences." As a counterpoint to this line of development, a growing and increasingly influential literature holds that problems developing in the context of alcohol consumption do not constitute a disease at all (Fingarette, 1988).
The greater interest taken in alcohol consumption and its consequences as a result of the popularization of the term alcoholism has been gratifying as well as useful. But the broadening of meaning of the term, with much attendant controversy among the advocates of various definitions, has become problematic. For example, in a review of alternative definitions, Babor & Kadden (1985) concluded: "Clearly, the past and present lack of consensus concerning the definition of alcoholism and the criteria for its diagnosis does not provide a solid conceptual basis to design screening procedures for early detection or casefinding." Because of its imprecise meaning, the term alcoholism has for some time now been dropped from the two major official systems of diagnosis of diseases, the International Classification of Diseases of the World Health Organization and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association. A recent comprehensive study of treatment deliberately avoided the use of the word alcoholism as too narrow in its focus, while suggesting that the word was not incompatible with the phrase that it chose to use—alcohol problems —to refer to any problem occurring in the context of alcohol consumption (Institute of Medicine, 1990, pp. 30-31).
COMPLEX PROBLEMS
These recent attempts to be precise in the use of words represent a return to the more straightforward, descriptive use of alcoholism by its originator, Huss. Two major realities contributing to this change of direction have been widely recognized since Huss first used the term in the 1840s. One is that the problems people experience are complex, including those that may arise in the context of alcohol use. Although alcohol may be a factor in some such problems—even an important factor—it is not often the full explanation for them. Multiple factors, including heredity, early environment, cultural factors, personality factors, situational factors, and others, contribute to the development of human problems and must be considered in their resolution. This formulation should not be taken to minimize the important role of alcohol in such problems or to say that the reduction or elimination of alcohol consumption may not be a critical factor in the resolution of problems in particular individuals. The other reality has to do with the extremely broad spectrum of problems that arise in the context of alcohol consumption. Although a substantial proportion of these problems arise from those who drink too much over a long period of time and who usually have multiple problems (those to whom the term alcoholism is usually applied), an even greater burden of problems arises from those who drink too much over short periods of time, and who have only a few problems. The simple reason is that there are more of the latter than of the former (Institute of Medicine, 1990, chapter 9). To reduce the burden upon society effectively, both kinds of populations must be dealt with. An exclusive concentration on alcoholism may cause this reality to be overlooked.
Costly Consequences.
The term alcoholism retains, and probably will always retain, its place in general, nontechnical speech as an indicator of serious problems that are the consequences of prolonged heavy alcohol consumption. Its continued popularity has some advantages, for the public-health consequences of such alcohol consumption are horrendous. The presence of a convenient shorthand term for this fact in the public consciousness—alcoholism —serves as a continuing reminder of this major unfinished item on the public-health agenda. Certainly, there is a legitimate place in Western society for the use of alcohol. But with equal certainty, too many individuals fail to use alcohol wisely or well.
The ravages that prolonged exposure to alcohol produces in the human body are manifold, as Huss well understood; they include neurological problems (damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems), cirrhosis (fibrosis and shrinking) of the liver, hypertension (high blood pressure), and many forms of cancer, particularly of the digestive tract, to name but a few. If to these are added the consequences of short-term but intense exposure to alcohol and the intoxication it produces, one can include a high proportion of all accidents, burns, all types of violence including suicide, and especially automobile crashes, as well as the common behavioral effects of intoxication with which we are all too familiar. Small wonder that almost 30 percent of all admissions to hospitals in the United States are of persons with severe alcohol problems; yet most of these problems go unrecognized, and the individuals go untreated. About 50 percent of American women have or have had a parent, blood relative, or spouse to whom they would apply the term alcoholism ; the figure is closer to 40 percent for men. The difficulties that this creates are legion—and its remediation would be a remarkable step forward.
(See also: Addiction: Concepts and Definitions ; Disease Concept of Alcoholism ; Treatment, History of )
Anderson, D. (1942). Alcohol and public opinion. (1942). Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 3, 376. An early manifesto of the alcoholism movement.
Babor, T. F., & Kadden, R. (1985). Screening for alcohol problems: Conceptual issues and practical consideratiions. In N. C. Chong & H. M. Cho (Eds.), Early identification of alcohol abuse. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Bynum, W. F. (1968). Chronic alcoholism in the first half of the 19th century. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 42, 160-185. An excellent review of medical thought about alcohol problems at the time of Magnus Huss.
Fingarette, H. (1988). Heavy drinking: The myth of alcoholism as a disease. Berkeley: University of California Press. A comprehensive summary of the evidence against the disease concept of alcoholism.
Huss, M. (1852). Chronische Alkoholskrankheit oder Alcoholismus Chronicus (Alcoholismus chronicus or the chronic alcohol disease). Translated by G. van dem Busch into German from the Swedish, with revisions by the author. Stockholm and Leipzig: C. E. Fritze. Original published 1849.
Institute of Medicine. (1990). Broadening the base of treatment for alcohol problems. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. A detailed contemporary review of all aspects of treatment.
Institute of Medicine. (1987) Causes and consequences of alcohol problem: An agenda for research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. A comprehensive look at some basic issues in the field that includes extensive chapters on the medical, social, and psychological consequences of alcohol consumption.
Jellinek, E. M. (1960). The disease concept of alcoholism. Highland Park, NJ: Hillhouse Press. The classic book on the disease concept. If read carefully, it is more skeptical than credulous.
Rinaldi, R. C., Steindler, E. M., Wilford, B. B., & Goodwin, D. (1988). Clarification and standardization of substance abuse terminology. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 555-557.
Turner, T. B., Borkenstein, R. F., Jones, R. K., & Santora, P.B. (Eds.) (1985). Alcohol and highway safety. Supplement no. 10 to the Journal of Studies on Alcohol. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Center of Alcohol Studies. Covers multiple aspects of this complex and highly important area.
Vaillant, G. E. (1983). The natural history of alcoholism: Causes, patterns, and paths to recovery. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. An ingenious attempt to discover what happens to people with severe alcohol problems by tracing their histories over long periods of time.
Frederick B. Glaser
Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior
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Alcott, Amy
Alcott, Amy (1956–)


To keep you feeling full and satisfied, a snack should provide a balance of good carbs and either protein, fat, or both. In other words, eating just a few carrots won't suffice—and neither will many granola bars. Read (and pin!) our list of perfect anytime snacks.
Antioxidants galore, thanks to the fruit, plus hunger-busting nuts. Get them in the shell—it'll slow down your eating.


Law Enforcement Exploring is a part of the Boys Scouts of America (BSA) "Learning for Life" Program. It is designed to acquaint young people with the nature and complexity of law enforcement.
The goals and objectives of the Decatur Law Enforcement Explorer program are to further the Explorer's education, encourage the Explorer's participation in a wide variety of community service activities, and enhance the Explorer's preparation for future roles as citizens, community members, leaders, and potential future law enforcement officers.
Both male and female young adults are encouraged to join. To become a member of the Explorer Post #5307 you must be between the ages of 14 and 20 years of age, have parental permission if under the age of 17 and be enrolled in a high school and maintain a "C" average in each subject. Explorers are volunteers and are not commissioned as sworn peace officers and have no enforcement authority beyond that of any citizen.


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Podcast: Has Canelo Alvarez peaked?
The Opening Bell podcast reflects on Canelo Alvarez's performance against Caleb Plant, hears from David Haye and more
YET again Canelo Alvarez proved he's in a different league to his peers, this time with a clinical beatdown of the brave Caleb Plant.
But Plant was better than many expected beforehand as Canelo was made to work hard until he stopped his opponent in the 11th round. The all-round excellence of Alvarez is under the microscope as we wonder if the Mexican can scale new heights in the future.
This Week In History is David Haye's brilliant victory over Jean Marc Mormeck. We hear from Haye, who describes the highs and lows of his career in detail.
The excellent Boxxer show and the performance of Zach Parker is reviewed and we look ahead to Kid Galahad's bout with Kiko Martinez.
Please rate, review and subscribe to help us along. Your support is hugely appreciated!
Listen below:
Chris Billam-Smith: 'I'm in a no-win situation'
David Benavidez: "I Feel Like I Can Hurt Canelo, You Got To Get Him Before He Gets You"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In recent years, games consoles have changed from simple gaming devices to Internet connected devices. Through these devices we can communicate with others online and subscribe to numerous Internet services. They may even be fully featured media and entertainment centres, able to function as a personal video recorder or even a full computer, connected to a television.
The capabilities of the Sony PlayStation, the Microsoft Xbox, the Nintendo Wii and even the Apple TV are expanding frequently with each new update. The applications available on these devices give them the ability to do many computer-based tasks from browsing social networking sites to the creation, editing and publishing of video. Using these devices it is increasingly likely that they can be used for many of the illegal activities that could be undertaken with a laptop or a tablet computer. Each task potentially creates a series of records that can be crucial in an investigation.
As with computer-based exhibits, we can examine and analyse the data on a range of games consoles, providing clear reports on the evidence they contain. We can provide advice and assistance regarding the examination of these TV connected devices.
Social networking data and much more!


Please visit our Open House at 106 7411 MINORU BLVD in Richmond.
Bright and spacious 2 large bedrooms (888 SQ FT) + 1 bath condo. Totally renovated: new kitchen, flooring, doors, appliances. Living room features fireplace. Large private balcony facing West into courtyard. Outdoor pool, playground. Rentals allowed. Walk to library, shopping, Skytrain. Meas are approximate, please verify. Open House Sunday, Jan 28th 1-4pm. Open House Sat, Jan 27th 2-4pm. The first showing at the time of Open House. The offers will be presented by listing agent on Tuesday, Jan 30th at 6pm.


Before the much-anticipated Netflix documentary, "Homecoming: A Film By Beyoncé" was scheduled to start streaming at 3:01 a.m. Wednesday, Don P. Roberts wasn't quite sure what to expect.
The Queen Bey dropped a surprise 40-track album Wednesday to accompany the documentary, wowing the world and her faithful Beehive of fans.
But the former Marching 100 drum major — chosen by the star's team to help bring the authentic HBCU culture to her 2018 Coachella concert upon which the film is based — expected it to include glimpses of faces familiar to Florida A&M University alumni.
In a nod to the pop culture icon's international status – and the total control she commands over her empire — Netflix remained mum on any advance details.
Earlier this month, it did release a trailer, a fast-moving tease of some of the scenes.
Included was snapshot of men wearing FAMU T-shirts, which already has made its way around social media.
"I want to be representative of my race: the human race," the late poet and activist can be heard saying. "I have a chance to show how kind we can be, how intelligent and generous we can be. I have a chance to teach and to love and to laugh. I know that when I finish doing what I'm sent here to do, I will be called home, and I will go home without any fear (or) trepidations wondering what's going to happen."
Special premier viewings were held Tuesday night at Howard University in Washington, D.C., and Texas Southern University in the star's hometown of Houston.
Myrcele Neal-Scott, president of the Marching 100, saw the documentary with a group of other band members who are in Torrance, Calif., to perform at the closing ceremony of the Honda Campus All-Star Challenge championship Tuesday night.
Seeing Marching 100 alum who they looked up to performing with Beyonce' was powerful, Neal-Scott said.
"It was inspiring and humbling," said the graduating senior from Pompano Beach.
The two-hour-plus film captures a behind-the-scenes look at Beyoncé's groundbreaking 2018 performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California.
In it, she exposed the world to homecoming culture at HBCUs, complete with dancers, a nod to Greek life, marching bands and drumlines.
Beyoncé's affinity for HBCUs stems from her father, who graduated from Fisk University, a private HBCU in Nashville, Tennessee.
The Florida A&M influence was propelled when Beyoncé's team requested the assistance of Roberts, a FAMU alum and former Marching 100 drum major, who is recognized as one of the country's most respected music educators.
Roberts attended FAMU from 1980 to 1985, earning his degree in music education. One of his classmates was Shelby Chipman, current professor of music and director of marching and pep bands at the university.
Based in Atlanta, Roberts is CEO of DRUMLine Live, music supervisor for DeKalb County Schools and former band director at Southwest DeKalb High School.
Roberts gained national recognition as executive band consultant for the movie "Drumline," where he was in charge of working with actors, creating the precision drills and more.
He also served as band consultant for the BET series "The Quad" which which was set on a fictitious black university campus in Atlanta.
DRUMLine Live is an international tour production, including alumni from Florida A&M, Tennessee State, Alabama State and other HBCUs.
Among its members are former FAMU musicians and dancers with campus troupes. Former Marching 100 drum major Slater Thorpe, serves as its show announcer, the same role he snagged for Beyoncé's Coachella performance.
It was Roberts who was sought after by Beyoncé's team to help bring the HBCU experience to her Coachella production.
Roberts said DRUMLine Live was responsible for securing HBCU-experienced band members to blend in with the group already established by Beyoncé's team for her performance at Coachella.
That was critical, Robert said.
Fortune magazine reported Beyoncé — the first black woman to headline at Coachella — broke viewership records on YouTube, with her HBCU-themed set attracting 458,000 simultaneous global viewers at its peak, making it the most viewed Coachella performance ever.
Her performance included over 100 singers, dancers, and musicians.
Jarmal Terry, Marching 100, Trumpet, Strikers.


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Children's Support Services
Tools for School
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Alyssa's Story: More than an iPad
TrueNorth Community Services•Blog•Stories•Alyssa's Story: More than an iPad
September 10, 2021 December 7, 2021 truenorthcs
Alyssa is a little girl, and like many little girls, she's inquisitive, curious, and precocious. She also happens to have Down's Syndrome and is non-verbal.
When her mother, Alicia was referred to our Parent Education Program, one of her biggest concerns was that Alyssa is also a bit of an escape artist—prone to sneaking out of the house, unattended, to visit her grandmother who lives a few blocks away. Alyssa had been starting to learn sign language at school, but unfortunately the public school she attends discontinued the program, so Alicia was also struggling to communicate with her daughter. After some discussion with Patti, her Parent Ed Coach, they came up with a novel solution to both of these issues. An iPad Mini, loaded with a "touch to talk" program to help her communicate and a GPS so mom could track her if and when she snuck out of the house again.
The only problem with this plan was that there wasn't any money in the program budget for an iPad Mini, much less the needed software to go with it—expenses totaling over $550. Fortunately, Patti reached out to her fellow TrueNorth staff members and through their generosity and other caring individuals, was able to collect enough money from donations to purchase the iPad, the touch-to-talk software, and an "Otterbox" to keep it safe in the event Alissa accidentally drops it.
Now, Alyssa simply touches the screen of her iPad, which speaks for her to help communicate with others, and since she always has it with her, Alicia can use the GPS tracking feature to locate her daughter whenever she decides to venture out on her own. This is a great example of how technology and TrueNorth's Parent Education Program came together to make a lasting, positive difference in the lives of one little girl, her mother, and her family… because we believe that all kids should have the opportunity to grow into their best self.
You can see for yourself the positive impact the iPad has made on Alyssa and her family—made possible through the TrueNorth Parent Education Program—by viewing the video below.
<iframe width="560″ height="315″ src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/I2SiJiDIJkM" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0″ allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Abrielle's Story: A Life Changing Summer
Sara's Story: Wrap-Around Services
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info@truenorthservices.org
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Copyright © TrueNorth Community Services


I'll be 56 and have to go 4 years with out medical coverage because purchased time from the Military only counts for retirement time only, not med coverage. Doesn't matter I'll go to the VA unless Obama care is better. 60 days, glad you could hang in here for so long don't drop off the forum and maybe we'll cross paths someday and laugh about this crap while on the boat.
In the Merriam-Webster Dictionary I found this.
And as for chunky monkey, well I couldn't find anything but it does point to an Ice cream flavor, so here.
: A sweet flavored frozen food containing cream or butterfat and usually eggs.
It may not mean too much but it also rhymes with: abeam, agleam, airstream, berseem, beseem, bireme, blaspheme, bloodstream, centime, coal seam, cold cream, crossbeam, daydream, downstream.
The next time you think about talking (texting) smack remember I'll be watching you.
WHAT! no recognition, praise or accolades, how am I supposed to market myself and my HOTSAUCE. I think I'm a pretty good C/O and all but in a situation after it's all finished, you got to ham up a bit. Plus it make the adrenalin rush abate easier.
??? Whats a panzie or at least your classifcation of a what a panzie is. Could not find it in Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
And if you look to your left, you'll see that the fire exits are located at the front and rear of the building. Please keep in mind the supervisor will need to verify that the fire is indeed a fire before the exits can be utilized. Screams from you are permitted as long as the inmates are not negatively affected by them. If you'll look to your right you will see what Mick has mentioned "The Mad House" we'll save that tour for a later date.
Oh my god, he ate the red pill….
No really, I'm just kidding. Welcome aboard, please buckle up and enjoy the show.
A woman who has set her goals to be as equal to a man, has not set her goals very high.
We in Ohio have some jobs that are gender specific, like when there is to be strip searching of inmates, they can't unless it's for serious security reasons only.
Go to the top of the page and hit the RESOURCES tab then LINKS then go down to GANGS ISSUES, you might be able to find some answers there.
I like your way of thinking Sarge.
I'm hooked on Raspberrys and butter pecan icecream and spend the winter playing to much WOW.
I'm An old man still playing video games, so sue me.
I say that when you retire, you get ungodly stoned and debate this issue to see if it makes sense or not. Grant it, being ungodly stoned would indeed make it nearly impossible to debate this issue rationally but you should go to Denver first before you attempt it.
It's funny you should ask.
It's was a few weeks ago, I was just sitting around planning how I was going to spend my retirement days when BAM, OPERS up a makes my spouses medical coverage completely disappear, now I've seen some strange things in my day but that was completely mind boggling.
Looks like the spammers are slowly coming back. hope the staff catches them before it's gets out of hand again.
HEY some secerts are better left alone, You just wait till that skeleton's leg hit's you while you open the closet and you go damn forgot about you..quick back in you go..LOL.
Dec 10 aint that far away, before you know it you'll be at CTA, After that you'll be like me going "where the hell did the last 19 years go".
Time flies when your haveing fun. hope it works out.
Ein bier bitta, or mabe more. SCHUlTIZE ( I think thats how it's spelled) bier was my first german brew and it was bitter as all get out it. After the second bottle it got better, drink a small glass, chase it down with a bit of Affle Korn, them run to the Kudan for some fun. I would love some curry wurst mit pom frits right now.
We're waiting, what they find in you background check.?
Come on, we all got something we're hiding, did they find your's. OUT WITH IT.
2 cents time: I'll have 19 years in the system in about 2 weeks, so I can tell you a thing or two, about a thing or two, myself. You must also remember that what I can tell you might differ from others and most likely will. As for schooling, yes it will help but only a High School/GED is needed to become a corrections officer (in Ohio) but it would indeed help if looking for promotional opportunities. I'll be the one to correct you here about the longevity of our job in corrections, as we work as a public servant our jobs are tied into the economy, good times no worries, bad ones, well then you're looking at cut backs, lost posts, lost benefits, no pay raises and possible privatization and so on. So yes, we need prisons it's just that privately companies may be the ones running them. As for the question about how we feel about our jobs, well that one is a personal one, some love them, some hate them and for each there is a valid reason for their choice, may not be a sound choice but there is a reason and yours will be up to you. I think most love their job for the first couple of years, not to say you'll change your tune at that time but that's when most changes start if there is any.
Some officers only work for a few weeks because they thought it would be a great job (in their head) and moved on. There is no shame in that and you would be a foul to work here if you hate this job, because then you'll put not only yourself but your fellow officers at risk.
Remember this is just my 2 cents worth, nothing more, good luck.
Oh and Irish this was my sane side ……I ..?…never mind.
been on it for 10 years now.
OPERS has dropped the spouses health coverage for Retirees. That means all state Retirees, past and future, just got kicked in the face. While we do provide for our spouses while we are employed, we will not be able to retire with a livable income, if we have to pay for the extra cost of coverage. Our spouses are not as one wife said on the OPERS forum "extra baggage" they have been with us and have supported us throughout our careers and should not be thrown under the bus, when we finally reach to the finish line. I have e-mailed our union president voiceing my concerns but I think other State employees have to contact him and also State Rep's to let them know what you think about the changes and to see if any changes in State polices can be made,.
Good point Sarge, I'll have to think of another option but right now you got me thinking about that beach and drink..


I'm trying to transition into commercial painting specializing in the horse farms around central KY and my first job involves taking down 11 heavy metal powder coated horse stall doors that have gotten somewhat rusted, sandblasting them then painting. I've done a lot of stuff but sandblasting isn't one of them. So I'm wondering just how does someone like me go about doing something like this. Do equipment rental places carry stuff like this? Other than handling the doors which I've got help for, is this blasting job something your average motivated joe can tackle?
Also, was wondering what'd be the best environment to get it done. The doors are installed in an all wood stable, and although a horse stall sounds like the ideal place to lean these gates up and blast away, I'd be afraid the wood wall behind it would disintegrate. There's another stable nearby that's made of cinder block which I imagine would make for a better staging area. These stalls are about 13 ft square which seems ideal for keeping the all the sand contained. I'm sure the wall would need repainting after everything was finished, but would a cinder block wall generally stand up to being hit with lots of sand?
I can't help out, but i'm curious. Commercial painting, to me, involves alot of sandblasting to do it properly. Was this not thought through? Or am i wrong in thinking sandblasting isnt as frequent as i'm thinking?
There are different medias for different types of blasting. I would read up on them before jumping in if its your first time. Using the wrong media can do more harm than good. Which one you use depends on what youre working with. Sand blasting is one method. Soda blasting is another. And dont forget the safety gear. You dont want high pressure forcing anything under the skin. That can get ugly.
My only exposure to sand blasting was watching a guy do the body of a 36 Plymouth in a field. He also said it's important to choose the right grit size so as the not to destroy the metal. He did the underneath part first by laying it over gently on it's side in the weeds, then putting it up on pallets to do the rest. He was dressed in full leathers with a face shield and heavy gloves. He told my friend he wanted a field where animals didn't graze so he could leave the sand there with all the paint chips and rust. He could have done it in a barn, but it was a lot cheaper if he didn't have to clean up after doing it. He did the frame separately in the same place.
I've had some experience with glass blasting heavy steel pieces. Glass doesn't change the metal surfaces, just removes the rust. It's more hazardous because you don't want to inhale THAT stuff!
Last edited by dave1123; 07-15-2018 at 04:52 PM.
The problem with powder coating when the metal begins to rust beneath it is the difficulty getting it removed. Getting all the exposed rust off is the easy part and shouldn't take much using standard glass bead. But, the enameled coating is on there permanent party because it's basically powdered glass bonded to the metal substrate by heat (it melts into the surface porosity). Getting it off requires a different blast media that could blow through the rusted areas where the powder coating has already flaked off.
Once rust gets out of hand it creeps under any coatings, like a powdered coating, and continues to rust the metal beneath. You can't see most of it. Creeping (propagation) will show under paint and appear like creeping vines. Powder coating, however, is very rigid and won't lift or "indicate" like paint does as corrosion propagates beneath it. It will just flake off at the very edge and continue to do that. You have to remove the coating back far enough to expose clean metal that has no effects of corrosion and then apply a protectant, like LPS3, to keep it free of corrosion as you continue to blast the rest of the piece. It's a huge undertaking in time and blast media investment.
Aluminum oxide comes if many different screen sizes (that's the way blast media is sized), or "grit". What will work well on one surface may damage another so constant attention to directing the blasting is needed, and masking off areas needing protection from it is advisable.
Probably the best first stage would be grinding all the edges of the powder coating where corrosion is present. Once the powder coating has been removed back to clean metal, blasting will be easy and fast with glass media. Then, I would suggest a deep cleaning of the newly exposed metal - probably showing much corrosion pitting - with a rust cleaner immediately followed by a good rust inhibiting primer. On surfaces like that where the surface aesthetics are inconsequential I cover with fiberglass cloth and polyester resin. It stinks pretty bad but of all the resins out there it's probably the best for environmental protection.
I just blasted the floor boards of an XJ with aluminum oxide. I took the blasting gun and slipped it into the spout of a funnel I resized to accept it's outer diameter. Then I cut a hole in the side of the funnel large enough to accept the hose of a shop vacuum. With the large end of the funnel held against the floor board I pulled the gun trigger and began the blasting as the vacuum recovered the media. It worked very well and at no time was there any free-flying blast media to deal with. The jeep is a side project for my son. He's getting the Jeep when done (his nickle funding the project). The funnel idea is not mine and there's actually commercially available products already marketed. I'm an aircraft mechanic and I've used them to strip polyurethane finishes from aircraft. But, I'm also cheap so the funnel is just a copy-cat dime store lash-up that works.
I'd call the maker of the stalls and ask them to suggest a repair. It may surprise you to learn your cost to repair versus their cost to replace might make replacing the cheaper option.
Sandblasting in the loveland/fortcollins/longmont area?
Anybody know this guy in MN?
Quick Reply: Anybody know sandblasting?


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Using Game Theory to Find Extraterrestrials Less Wastefully
SETI, the Search for Extraterrestial Intelligence, has its roots in late 1959 and early 1960, when astronomer Frank Drake began reviewing data from radio telescopes to see if he could locate intelligent alien life by detecting their transmissions.
Over sixty years later, a privately funded SETI project, Breakthrough Listen, promises to spend some $10 million per year for the next 10 years, or $100 million altogether. The project aims to buy time on radio telescopes in West Virginia and in Australia to survey the one million stars nearest Earth as well as 100 nearby galaxies for signs of life.
But according to game theory, virtually all of that time and money will be wasted. Here's why:
If advanced alien civilisations exist in our galaxy and are trying to communicate with us, what's the best way to find them? This is the grand challenge for astronomers engaged in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). A new paper published in The Astronomical Journal by Jodrell Bank astrophysicist, Dr. Eamonn Kerins, proposes a new strategy based on game theory that could tip the odds of finding them more in our favor.
SETI programs tend to use one of two approaches. One is to conduct a survey that sweeps large areas of sky in the hope of seeing a signal from somewhere. This survey approach can quickly generate huge volumes of data that can be very hard to search through comprehensively. An alternative approach is targeted SETI, where the search focuses more intensively on specific star systems where life might exist. This provides more comprehensive data on those systems, but maybe there's nobody there?
Dr. Kerins proposes the use game theory: "In game theory there are a class of games known as coordination games involving two players who have to cooperate to win but who cannot communicate with each other. When we engage in SETI we, and any civilisation out there trying to find us, are playing exactly this kind of game. So, if both we and they want to make contact, both of us can look to game theory to develop the best strategy."
Dr. Kerins dubs his idea "Mutual Detectability." It states that the best places to look for signals are planets from which we would be capable of determining that Earth itself may be inhabited.
Kerins describes which of those systems would be the best for SETI searches to concentrate their resources in his paper's abstract:
Surveys of the Earth Transit Zone for Earth-analog transiting planets around subsolar luminosity hosts would facilitate targeted SETI programs for civilizations who have game-theory incentive to transmit signals to us.
Translating from Astronomerese to English, Kerins recommends focusing on places where Earth-like planets could be found orbiting stars that are dimmer than the Sun. In focusing on this subset of the millions of stars that would otherwise be searched, the probability that we could successfully detect alien scientists seeking to contact other intelligent life in the universe would be greatly increased over that resulting from the approach planned for the Breakthrough Listen project.
Whether seeking intelligent extraterrestrial life might carry high risks remains to be determined. In any case, we think that anyone going out looking for extraterrestrials ought to do it with the least amount of wasted effort and money.
Eamonn Kerins. Mutual Detectability: A Targeted SETI Strategy That Avoids the SETI Paradox, The Astronomical Journal (2020). DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/abcc5f.
Image Credit: Photo by Lamna The Shark on Unsplash.
Week-end Wrap – Political Economy – December 19, 2021 → ← Upswing in Arizona COVID Cases Shows Signs of Peaking, Crowded ICUs


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Incline track and field | Highlanders earn 10 medals, two state titles in Vegas
Incline senior Valeri Nix won the Division III state title in the 300 hurdles and placed second in the 100 hurdles in Las Vegas. She earned three medals in all.
Courtesy Patrick Flora |
State championship results (top 10)
1. White Pine, 151
2. The Meadows, 147
3. North Tahoe, 101
4. Yerington, 59
5. Calvary Chapel, 56
6. Agassi Prep, 46
7. Incline, 36
8. Pershing County, 34
9. Lincoln County, 23
10. Silver Stage, 21
2. North Tahoe, 73
4. The Meadows, 67.5
5. White Pine, 65
7. Battle Mountain, 52
9. Incline, 43.5
With a group of only six athletes, the Incline track and field team brought home 10 medals and two individual titles from the Division III state championships in Las Vegas this past weekend.
In addition to the Highlanders' individual results, the Incline girls finished seventh as a team in a field of 12 schools, while the Incline boys were ninth out of 14 schools — with three athletes apiece.
White Pine won the girls team title and was followed by The Meadows and North Tahoe. Yerington won the boys championship and was followed by North Tahoe and Agassi Prep.
Incline senior Valeri Nix qualified for state in four events and returned with three medals — awarded to the top four finishers in each event — and a title.
Nix earned the title in the 300-meter hurdles with a personal-record (PR) time of 47.87 seconds. Nix also placed second in the 100 hurdles with a PR of 17.17 and was third in the 200 in 27.53. She finished just outside the medals in the 400, placing fifth (1:04.55).
Junior Ryan Eppolito qualified for state in one event, and he made it count. Eppolito shattered his previous-best time while racing to the individual title in the 800 in 2:01.62. He finished nearly three seconds ahead of second-place Cameron Varela of Calvary Chapel (2:04.56).
Matt Colby, also a junior, made the state cut in four events and medaled in all four. He finished second in both the 100 (11.42) and 200 (23.32) and was third in both the 110 hurdles (16.86) and the 300 hurdles (41.35).
Incline junior Blake Perry earned a medal with a third-place tie in the high jump, clearing the bar at 5-06, and freshman Haley Carlson also medaled with a fourth-place finish in the high jump, matching her PR of 4-10.
Another Incline junior, Kandace Dirga, placed eighth in the 100 with a PR of 13.91 and was seventh in the 400 (1:04.55).


Remember, waiting for the postman to deliver that one letter that sets your heart racing like a galloping horse? Remember, reading the words and savoring the words, knowing they were written only for you?
Bring back the memories of love When you pick up Jojo Moyes' novel, The Last Letter from Your Lover, you open yourself to a lot of memories in your life. Sometimes, a handful of words can bring back treasured moments of words back to your heart's nest. At other times, words can hurt. We know that when some one's words hurt us but we don't always realize that our words hurt others too. This book isn't preachy but it makes us wish that we could begin writing those letters all over again. Make our hearts rhyme and be young again.
I enjoyed watching this movie, that is based on Brian Friel's play, Dancing at Lughnasa. Of course, the fact that I love Meryl Streep and her performances is the real reason I picked up the DVD of this movie to watch.
SIBLINGS: THEIR CONFLICTS & IDEALS It's hard not to feel warmly towards the five lonely unmarried Mundy sisters, with Meryl Streep in the role of the strict school teacher named Kate, Catherine McCormack playing the role of Christina, Kathy Burke playing Maggie, Sophie Thompson acting as Rose and Brid Brennan playing her role as Agnes. Their moments of conflict, nostalgia and love are beautifully portrayed through this movie despite its lack luster script and dialogues. Each sister has a definite sense of what's right and that's so natural in a family where siblings are likely to feel that way. However, even when such conflicts are not resolved, they learn to love and accept each other's shortcomings.
Yesterday, I decided to stop blogging. It was a decision that was not taken in haste. But I found myself totally miserable and upset with myself after deciding so. This place, Petals!, is my home, where my dreams, aspirations and thoughts fly around like kites in the sky. I couldn't simply walk off. No.
This morning, I was still unsure. I felt that maybe I should simply let go and then deep within, I knew that I couldn't.
A tweet that I saw from a dear friend on Twitter, You-know-whu, inspired me deeply and made me make up my mind, his tweet goes like this "There comes a point in your life when you realize who really matters, who never did and who always will."
I know that Petals! is one of the things that matters a lot to my happiness of being in this world and I decided that I'd come back and be here no matter what.
It's my home and this is where I belong. And yes, I deleted my previous post because I don't ever want to be reminded of it.
The writer confesses that she loves to probe into the food she eats because it makes it so much more interesting. She cites boredom and ego as a reason for contemporary styles of cooking such as making garlic payasam instead of the conventional rice kheer. Today's hostesses need to prove to their guests that they are creative and not boring enough to plate up what's been known and tasted many times before.
Some Art & Craft & Yummy Kulfi!
Here are some pics that I clicked when I went to see an Indian cultural festival called JayaUtsav in New Delhi that showcased Indian art, craft, dance, story telling and music from different states.
Artisans from different states showcased their work.
Here, you can find artists at work.
I wish they smiled though.
This lady in the green saree was an amazing performer and entertainer. Narrating Harikatha, she made it so lively and interesting, bursting into song, tears and laughter as she got into the mood of the story. The elite audience were mesmerized by her performance and her theatrical style of performing with such confidence.
And here, you can see my little prince enjoying the kulfi - while I am left with the camera to click this happy, delectable & mouth-watering kulfi shot! Some one, fetch me a kulfi please!!!
MY BELOVED Pranams at your lotus feet. Thank you, Swami, for everything.
I seek the blessings of my beloved uncle, Shri Shiva Dathan Menon and my mother's mother, Meenakshi Amma. I believe they are always watching over me and protecting me from another world.


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New algorithms improve efficiency of underwater mine-sweeping robots
New algorithms improve efficie...
Underwater model of a ship's propeller created using algorithms developed by MIT researchers (Image: Franz Hover, Brendan Englot)
The MIT AUV (in yellow) that navigated around the Nantucket Lightship in Boston Harbor during a test run in June 2011 (Photo: Brendan Englot)
In addition to human divers equipped with sonar cameras, the U.S. Navy has also trained dolphins and sea lions to search for bombs on and around vessels. All these methods are expensive and can't always deliver the best performance in all environments. Robots would seem to be the obvious answer and underwater robots have been the focus of much research and development in recent years. Now researchers at MIT have developed new algorithms to vastly improve the navigation and feature-detecting capabilities of these robots.
With the ultimate goal of designing completely autonomous robots that can navigate and map cloudy underwater environments without any prior knowledge of the environment and detect mines as small as 10 cm in diameter, Franz Hover, the Finmeccanica Career Development Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and graduate student Brendan Englot came up with algorithms to program a robot called the Hovering Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (HAUV).
Getting a robot to provide a complete picture of a massive structure, such as a naval combat vessel, including small features such as bolts, struts and any small mines, is no easy task. And with mines as small as 10 centimeters (3.9 in) in diameter still powerful enough to cause serious damage to a ship, attention to detail is of the utmost importance.
"It's not enough to just view it from a safe distance," Hover says. "The vehicle has to go in and fly through the propellers and the rudders, trying to sweep everything, usually with short-range sensors that have a limited field of view."
To provide a detailed sweep of a ship's hull, the researchers took a two-stage approach. Firstly, the robot is programmed to swim in a square around the ship's hull at a safe distance of 10 meters (33 ft), using its sonar camera to gather data that is used to produce a grainy point cloud. Although a ship's large propeller can be identified at this low resolution, it isn't detailed enough to make out a small mine.
Additionally, the point cloud may not necessarily tell the robot where a ship's structure begins and ends – a problem if it wants to avoid colliding with a ship's propellers. To generate a three-dimensional, "watertight" mesh model of the ship, the researchers translated this point cloud into a solid structure by adapting computer-graphics algorithms to the sonar data.
Once the robot has a solid structure to work with, the robot moves onto the second stage. This sees the robot programmed to swim closer to the ship, with the idea of covering every point in the mesh at spaces of 10 centimeters apart.
While the seemingly most obvious sweep pattern would be one strip at a time – much like mowing a lawn – the researchers came up with a more efficient approach. Using optimization algorithms the robot is programmed to sweep across the structures while taking into account their complicated 3D shapes. The researchers say this technique significantly shortens the path the robot needs to take to view the entire ship.
The team has field tested its algorithms by creating underwater models of the Curtiss, a 183-meter (600-ft) military support ship in San Diego, and the Seneca, an 82-meter (269-ft) cutter in Boston. Tests on the system are continuing this month in Boston Harbor. With the U.S. Navy also developing autonomous hull-cleaning robots, there may soon be a number of robots keeping each other company on and around the hulls of ships.
"The goal is to be competitive with divers in speed and efficiency, covering every square inch of a ship," Englot says. "We think we're close."
Hover and his colleagues have detailed their approach in a paper to appear in the International Journal of Robotics Research.
The video below shows the 3D coverage path taken by the HAUV when mapping the SS Curtiss using the new algorithms.
Autonomous Ship Hull Inspection: 3D Coverage Planning with the HAUV
RoboticsUnderwaterMITmine detectionAutonomousRobots


A couple of days ago, a Masters student (who was known to me personally) at UoN's School of Law committed suicide. That very day, a gentleman made a casual post on Facebook asking if anyone knew the most potent poison that could take his life quickly. Some thought he was bluffing. A few hours later, he was confirmed dead. Last week, a young woman in Lang'ata, after a fight with her boyfriend, swallowed hundreds of pills in the middle of the night and was found dead the next morning.
The three cases, though unrelated, share a remarkable similarity. The victims were all aged between 27 and 32. It is undoubtable that mental health issues are on the rise in this country. But what is striking is that a disproportionate number of those who struggle with depression and suicidal tendencies are young people. And I'll tell you why.
Unlike out parents' generation. We lack grit. We don't know how to hang in there. We can't take a fall and get up. We live in a generation conditioned for quick fixes. The moment we are unable to wave this magic wand over our problems and get instant results, we completely lose it. The thought of losing your job makes you want to commit suicide. The thought of losing your partner of three years pushes you into depression. The very idea of failing a test sinks you into oblivion.
We also live in the age of image. We predicate our sense of self worth upon how our contemporaries look. We spend copious amounts of time on social media trying to seek validation from people we don't know. Social networks put on us this pressure to appear perfect, fabulous and successful. In the age of image, we study in school to get good grades so that society can approve of us. We get into relationships so that other people can be impressed with us.
The outcome is empty souls. People with no sense of direction and purpose. People who will think of taking their lives the moment they can no longer keep up with demands of this age of image.
Finally, and most importantly, we threw faith down the trash can decades ago. We have no spiritual grounding. We find solace in 18/24 and not in the church. A human being with no spiritual foundation on which they anchor themselves is lost. They'll be tossed around by the wind, and will have no place to run to when the tempests rage.
There are four things we need to do more than ever before. First, let us not be consumed with the pressures of this age of image. I want you to know that it is fine if your don't look as siccessful as others. It is okay to go through harshships and difficulties. Live life at your own pace and in your own terms. Secondly, if you find yourself sinking into depression, take a break from social media. Develop a hobby. Take long walks, read a book, paint, etc.
Third, develop real friendships with people. Forget this facade on social media. Have people around you who know you as you are. Those who can share you pain and miseries. Finally, edify your spirit. Read the Bible, get grounded in the word of God for in him alone can you find strength at your point of need.


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Pakistan court adjourns case of British woman's murder
A Pakistani court on Saturday adjourned the case of a British-Pakistani woman's murder until Sept. 23 to give police more time to finalize charges against her father and ex-husband, who are accused of slaying her in the name of honor, police and lawyers said.
Police brought both men before the court in Jhelum as they covered their faces. They avoided most questions from journalists. However, when pressed, the woman's father, Mohammad Shahid, told reporters that the accusations are "all lies."
"The police arrested me, police charged me, you go to police station and check my report, check my statement," Shahid said.
The death of 28-year-old Samia Shahid has shocked the nation as the latest alleged case of so-called "honor killings" in Pakistan. The Bradford native's death while visiting Pakistan in July was originally declared to be from natural causes.
But Shahid's second husband, Mukhtar Kazim, publicly accused her family of killing her. The case was reopened and a police probe quickly concluded that Shahid's death was a "premeditated, cold-blooded murder," according to a police statement.
Police allege that Mohammed Shahid stood guard while his daughter's ex-husband, Mohammed Shakeel, raped her. The men then both strangled her, according to police.
Defense lawyer Mohammed Arif dismissed the police allegations as a baseless, saying his clients have been wrongly accused. He said he will appeal another court's recent rejection of bail for Mohammed Shahid.


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The objective of the grant to Vermeulen/Aandele Trust was to increase the regional marketability of Malawian soy and groundnuts by improving their quality, with the hopes that increased market access would lead to higher prices paid to Malawian small-scale farmers.
Links provided by the Trade Hub within Malawi and with other SADC countries have opened new opportunities not anticipated at the beginning of the strategic partnership. Vermeulen/Aandele Trust began supplying Jungle Beat in Zambia and Valid Nutrition's Ready to Use Complementary Food product line in Malawi after their new color sorter enabled them to meet market specifications for aflatoxin.


Abolition Societies did not exist, men could talk and write, at the South, against the evils of slavery, and northern men had free access and liberty of speech, both at the South and at the North. But now all is changed. Every avenue of approach to the South is shut. No paper, pamphlet, or preacher, that touches on that topic, is admitted in their bounds. Their own citizens, that once laboured and remonstrated, are silenced; their own clergy, under the influence of the exasperated feelings of their people, and their own sympathy and sense of wrong, either entirely hold their peace, or become the defenders of a system they once lamented, and attempted to bring to an end. This is the record of experience as to the tendencies of Abolitionism, as thus far developed. The South are now in just that state of high exasperation, at the sense of wanton injury and impertinent interference, which makes the influence of truth and reason most useless and powerless.
consist of men of religious and benevolent feelings,--men of that humane, and generous, and upright spirit, that most keenly feel the injuries inflicted on their fellow men. Suppose such a band of men begin their efforts, sustained by the northern Abolitionists, already so odious. How will the exasperated majority act, according to the known laws of mind and of experience? Instead of lessening the evils of slavery, they will increase them. The more they are goaded by a sense of aggressive wrong without, or by fears of dangers within, the more they will restrain their slaves, and diminish their liberty, and increase their disabilities. They will make laws so unjust and oppressive, not only to slaves, but to their Abolitionist advocates, that by degrees such men will withdraw from their bounds. Laws will be made expressly to harass them, and to render them so uncomfortable that they must withdraw. Then gradually the righteous will flee from the devoted city. Then the numerical proportion of whites will decrease, and the cruelty and unrestrained wickedness of the system will increase, till a period will come when the physical power will be so much with the blacks, their sense of suffering so increased, that the volcano will burst,--insurrection and servile wars will begin. Oh, the countless horrors of such a day! And will the South stand alone in that burning hour? When she sends forth the wailing of her agonies, shall not the North and the West hear, and lift up together the voice of wo? Will not fathers hear the cries of children, and brothers the cries of sisters? Will the terrors of insurrection sweep over the South, and no Northern and Western blood be shed? Will the slaves be cut down, in such a strife, when they raise the same paean song of liberty and human rights, that was the watchword of our redemption from far less dreadful tyranny, and which is now thrilling the nations and shaking monarchs on their thrones--will this be heard, and none of the sons of liberty be found to appear on their side? This is no picture of fancied dangers, which are not near. The day has come, when already the feelings are so excited on both sides, that I have heard intelligent men, good men, benevolent and pious men, in moments of excitement, declare themselves ready to take up the sword--some for the defence of the master, some for the protection and right of the slave. It is my full conviction, that if insurrection does burst forth, and there be the least prospect of success to the cause of the slave, there will be men from the North and West, standing breast to breast, with murderous weapons, in opposing ranks.


U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. John Kingsley (left), a radio transmission operator with the Nangarhar Provincial Reconstruction Team, and U.S. Army 1st Lt. John Cerra, a security forces platoon leader with the team, look toward the location of suspected fire near Jalalabad, Afghanistan, on Sept. 8, 2010. Members of the team were inspecting a reconstruction team funded project when the attack occurred. DoD photo by Tech. Sgt. John Barton, U.S. Air Force. Photo via U.S. Army.


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Udom Emmanuel, governor of Akwa Ibom, has declared his interest in seeking another term in office.
The governor, who has been at loggerhead with his predecessor, Godswill Akpabio, made his intention known on Friday in Uyo.
Governors and top leaders of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) attended the declaration.


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Aussie neo-Nazi group slammed for holding a gathering to promote their 'murderous' ideology
A group of neo-Nazis has sparked fury in Melbourne after the fascist group held a rally at a popular lookout.
The photo was taken at Point Ormond lookout in Elwood, which sits only a few kilometres from the Jewish enclaves of Balaclava, Elsternwick, Caulfield and Ripponlea.
Statement on Neo-Nazis in Elwood
The people of Elwood are welcoming and community minded.
They look after each other and our beautiful environment.
Reports today of a group Neo-Nazis congregating and performing a Nazi salute, goes against everything this community stands for. pic.twitter.com/OCcpF4m3bI
— Josh Burns (@joshburnsmp) January 17, 2023
It is racism.
It is divisive.
And it is frankly not welcome here.
As a proud Jew and a proud Australian I will always stand against this bigotry.
Federal MP for Macnamara Josh Burns took to Twitter to lash the group who hosted the event to promote hate in his community.
"The people of Elwood are welcoming and community minded. They look after each other and our beautiful environment," he said.
"I know this group of far-right extremists are doing this to provoke a reaction from people like me."
Burns, who is Jewish, added: "However, we can't be silent and let this happen without calling it out for what it is."
"It is racism. It is divisive. And it is frankly not welcome here."
Other residents reported receiving leaflets in their mailboxes, spreading the group's hateful message.
The leaflets revealed the group's mission is to promote the 'preservation' and 'advancement' of white people in Australia.
Credit: Patrish/Twitter.
It also stated that the group is a 'network' of white Australians that are operating across every suburb, city, and town.
"The media and government hate white people. They will treat this flyer as an act of 'terrorism'," the leaflet said.
"A victory comes from the collective effort, and will of our people coming together for a common cause. We must secure the existence of our people and future for white children in order to achieve our goals."
Other social media users tagged Victoria Police and the Australian Federal Police in the images to get them to investigate.
Anti-Defamation Commission chairman Dr Dvir Abramovich also slammed the men in the undated image, describing them to News Corp as 'bigots with burning malice in their hearts'.
"This can't stand. Imagine how shocked and distressed a Holocaust survivor would be walking with their grandchild on the beach and witnessing this horror show of evil," he said.
One of the leaflets dropped in a resident's mailbox. Credit: Patrish/Twitter.
"[They] are brazenly sowing fear and intimidation on our beaches and streets and pushing their murderous ideology through this organised tsunami of hate."
Dr Dvir Abramovich is worried neo-Nazism is on the rise in Australia.
"Recruitment of disaffected young people to the Aryan cause is at a historic level amid a surge in racial bigotry," he said.
"These agents of extermination are dialling up their spread of murderous ideology in order to attract new followers."
As per news.com.au, other neo-Nazi flyers have been circulated around Paddington in NSW, Auchenflower in Queenslandand, and in Beaconsfield in Melbourne.
Several Nazi stickers were also placed across the 'Welcome to Beaconsfield' sign in the south eastern suburb.
Featured Image Credit: Josh Burns/Twitter. charistoone-images / Alamy.
Topics: Australia, Racism, Politics, News
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Morrison Government Staffer Resigns For Calling State Greens Leader A 'Meth-Head C**t'


A sequence flow is the connector between two elements of a process.
After an element is visited during process execution, all outgoing sequence flows will be followed. So by default two outgoing sequence flows will create two separate, parallel paths of execution. This behavior can be modified.


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'Jessica' to Star in Musical
2009/08/27 | 616 views | Permalink | Source
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(국가대표 - 2008)
Jessica, a member of Girls' Generation, one of South Korea's top pop groups, will star in the Korean adaptation of the Broadway musical "Legally Blond" in Seoul this November.
The 20-year-old Korean-American, who made her debut with Girls' Generation in 2007, has been picked to play the role of Elle Woods, the heroine.
An official from PMC Production, the musical's producer, was quoted as saying, "Jessica has a strong aspiration for musicals. Her liveliness and singing capabilities were the crucial factors behind our casting of her".
Along with Jessica, Lee Honey, the 2007 Miss Universe third runner-up, and actress Kim Ji-woo were also cast for the role of Elle Woods, with the trio alternately playing the part.
Actor Kim Dong-wook from "Take Off", a recent hit film, will play the role of Emmett Forrest, the protagonist.
"Legally Blonde" is a musical based on an Amanda Brown novel and 2001 film of the same name. After a pre-Broadway tryout in San Francisco, the musical opened on Broadway on April 29, 2007, to mostly positive reviews. The musical was recorded for MTV in September 2007 and aired in October 2007.
South Korea will become the first country in Asia to feature the musical.
Source : www.koreatimes.co.kr...
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LIVESTREAM: "Tuesday Night Massacre: Four Senate Elections and the Radicalization of the Republican Party" with Marc C. Johnson
While political history has plenty to say about the impact of Ronald Reagan's election to the presidency in 1980, four Senate races that same year have garnered far less attention—despite their similarly profound political effect. Tuesday Night Massacre looks at those races. In examining the defeat in 1980 of Idaho's Frank Church, South Dakota's George McGovern, John Culver of Iowa, and Birch Bayh of Indiana, Marc C. Johnson tells the story of the beginnings of the divisive partisanship that has become a constant feature of American politics.
Connecting the dots between the Goldwater era of the 1960s and the ascent of Donald Trump, Tuesday Night Massacre charts the radicalization of the Republican Party and the rise of the independent expenditure campaign, with its divisive, negative techniques, a change that has deeply—and perhaps permanently—warped the culture of bipartisanship that once prevailed in American politics.
On April 29 Johnson will speak about his new book, then be in conversation with the Library's programs and education manager, Martha Williams.
Marc C. Johnson has worked as a broadcast journalist and communication and crisis management consultant and served as a top aide to Idaho's longest-serving governor, Cecil D. Andrus. His writing on politics and history has been published in the New York Times, California Journal of Politics and Policy, and Montana The Magazine of Western History and appears regularly on the blog Many Things Considered. Johnson is the author of Tuesday Night Massacre: Four Senate Elections and the Radicalization of the Republican Party (University of Oklahoma Press, 2021) and Political Hell-Raiser: The Life and Times of Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana (University of Oklahoma Press, 2019).