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Туркуэ́н-Нор () — упраздненный кантон во Франции, регион Нор — Па-де-Кале, департамент Нор. Входил в состав округа Лилль.

В состав кантона входили коммуны (население по данным Национального института статистики за 2011 г.):

 Аллюен (20 620 чел.)
 Бусбек (4 700 чел.)
 Ленсель (8 181 чел.)
 Ронк (13 108 чел.)
 Туркуэн (частично) (14 856 чел.)

Экономика
Структура занятости населения (без учета города Туркуэна):

 сельское хозяйство — 0,6 %
 промышленность — 21,4 %
 строительство — 5,2 %
 торговля, транспорт и сфера услуг — 49,7 %
 государственные и муниципальные службы — 23,1 %

Уровень безработицы (2011) - 11,5 % (Франция в целом - 12,8 %, департамент Нор - 16,3 %).
Среднегодовой доход на 1 человека, евро (2011) - 26 509 (Франция в целом - 25 140, департамент Нор - 22 405).

Политика

Жители кантона придерживались правых взглядов. На президентских выборах 2012 г. они отдали в 1-м туре Николя Саркози 30,9 % голосов против 24,5 % у Франсуа Олланда и 21,9 % у Марин Ле Пен, во 2-м туре в кантоне победил Саркози, получивший 56,7 % голосов (2007 г. 1 тур: Саркози - 36,7 %, Сеголен Руаяль - 21,0 %; 2 тур: Саркози - 60,1 %). На выборах в Национальное собрание в 2012 г. по 10-му избирательному округу департамента Нор жители кантона в 1-м туре отдали большинство голосов - 28,5 % - кандидидату социалистов Зине Дамани, но во 2-м туре в кантоне победил кандидат партии Союза за народное движение Жеральд Дарманен, набравший 57,9 % голосов. (2007 г. Кристиан Ваннест (СНД): 1-й тур - 47,8 %, 2-й тур - 60,3 %). На региональных выборах 2010 года в 1-м туре победил список правых, собравший 27,6 % голосов против 25,5 % голосов списка социалистов. Во 2-м туре единый «левый список» с участием социалистов, коммунистов и «зелёных» во главе с Президентом регионального совета Нор-Па-де-Кале Даниэлем Першероном получил 44,1 % голосов, «правый» список во главе с сенатором Валери Летар занял второе место с 35,5 %, а Национальный фронт Марин Ле Пен с 20,4 % финишировал третьим.

См. также
 Коммуны департамента Нор

Ссылки
 Национальный институт статистики
 Результаты кантональных выборов 2011 года
 Результаты кантональных выборов 2004 года

Упразднённые кантоны департамента Нор

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Chemical Manufacturing, Blending and Packaging
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About: Andrew Mooney
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Alicia Keys, Josh Krajcik Set To Perform On The X Factor In Season 2
Jessica Rawden
Published: Nov. 23. 2012 9:15 AM
After two weeks of emotional double elimination episodes, The X Factor is ready to showcase its top eight contestants, and they plan to do so in a stylish episode that will include Alicia Keys and one of last season's favorite contestants. Fans of the scruffy, sincere musician and singer, Josh Krajcik--who earned second place in the singing competition show's first season--will be happy to hear the man will be performing during next week's episode.
The X Factor airs each week on Wednesday and Thursday, and while Wednesday's episode is totally focused on the contestants performances, on Thursday producers usually like to shake things up a bit. After last night's dismal performance from the British X Factor contestant Cher Lloyd--whose singing was actually less attractive than her high-cut shorts--I'm happy to hear the November 29 episode of the series will feature some less-annoying talent.
According to THR, the episode will feature Keys previewing a track from her upcoming album, Girl on Fire. It sounds like she won't be singing the album's namesake track, "Girl on Fire", a song that I enjoy, but that wouldn't really supplement the already dismal mood of the room on an elimination day. Krajcik, too, will be performing new material. The former contestant will be performing his brand new single, "One Thing She'll Never Know," off of his debut album, which is set to street in 2013. It should be a good night for everyone, excepting the poor contestant who gets the boot.
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"80% of Imported Cases Are from China," South Korean Disease Control Agency Says
In China, EconomicsPosted 11/01/2023
80% of travelers from China were positive for Covid-19, Seung-ho Choi, a deputy director at the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, told CNBC.
Choi was also concerned that the test of positive Covid-19 of China still went up 14 times from November to December. He said China could bring Korea at risk , so the temporary policies applied to all Korean and non-Korean nationals who came from China are unavoidable, while asserting that there is no discrimination.
Many countries announced new rules that required the test of negative Covid-19 before arriving; it was the same as the requirement of China for inbound travellers from other countries.
South Korea and Japan said that they will not increase flights from China although China's borders were open. South Korea proclaimed that they will limit short-term visas to travelers from China.
On the other hand, China's embassy in South Korea and Japan announced that Beijing would stop issuing visas to Korean and Japanese citizens, for tourism, business and medical travellers.
China firmly announced that all countries that use discriminatory entries pointing to China, would get the same action in return. Wang Wenbin, Ministry of foreign affairs spokesperson, said on Tuesday.
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First Book Club meet of 2023
17:00 Tuesday 31 January on Zoom
We are commencing the 2023 Book Club on a powerful note with Michael Pembroke's Arthur Phillip: sailor, mercenary, governor, spy.
This historical biography is based on the life of Arthur Phillip, While most Australians recognise this name, few seem to know much about him.
Michael Pembroke delves into the story of the man who became the first Governor of New South Wales.
As a captain in the Georgian navy Arthur Phillip's integrity, intelligence and persistence made him perfectly suited to the role that history and circumstance presented to him in 1788, but landing the First Fleet at Botany Bay was only one of many achievements in a captivating life.
His is a story of political intrigue, eighteenth-century sailing ships, and the race for economic and geographic advancement in a world that was becoming truly international. It is a tale of ambition, of wealthy widows and marriage mistakes; of money and trade, espionage and mercenaries, hardship and illness. Beyond the facts of discovery and exploration, this book reveals the extraordinary idealism and the influence of the Enlightenment on the founding of Australia.
Michael Pembroke provides a compelling portrait of Arthur Phillip. He carefully weaves together the little-known facts and projects us into life in Georgian England – a time when newly discovered territories were the road to untold wealth.
So join us for a compelling evening of debate and discussions about Australian history. To RSVP, please contact the team at events@tattersallsclub.org.
The Book Club wants to strengthen their community and is looking for new Members to join their Sub-club. So if this is something that interests you and then please join us at on 17:00 Tuesday 31 January via Zoom for this meeting.
marketing2022-12-15T09:30:18+10:00


Legendary musician Sipho 'Hotstix' Mabuse says that black people struggle to make good financial decisions because they were not previously exposed to financial literacy as white people were.
Speaking on Radio 702 this week, Sipho said that after getting famous, he used to recklessly spend money without really understanding what he was doing.
He said that exposure would have helped him make better decisions.
The musician believes that he would have made better financial choices if he knew then what he knows now.
Briefly.co.za learnt that most black South Africans do save money, but not for retirement. Instead, often money is put away for unexpected costs like funerals, which can be up to several times an individual's monthly income. A new study has found that two factors are important in increasing people's likelihood of saving for retirement: financial literacy and personal savings.


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The added value of multidetector CT in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal causes of acute abdomen in geriatrics
Doaa M. Emara ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0012-69951,
Adel M. Rizk1,
Abeer M. Ahmed1 &
Amr Magdi El Abd1
Due to changes in the gastrointestinal system in geriatric people, there are higher rates of atypical presentations of common disorders. In order to decrease the mortality rate, an efficient and correct diagnosis should be given for these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the role of MDCT in evaluating gastrointestinal tract-related acute abdominal pain in geriatric patients.
Among fifty geriatric patients presented clinically with acute abdominal pain of gastrointestinal origin from November 2019 to September 2020, mean age was 70.2 ± 5.6 years ranging from 65 to 86 years. Majority were female, (thirty patients, 60%). Gastric causes (16%): obstruction (62.5%) and perforation (37.5%); and intestinal causes (84%): obstruction (71.4%), inflammatory (28.6%), perforation (23.8%), vascular (11.9%), and others (2.4%) were the frequent causes of acute abdominal pain in the studied patients. MDCT had a very high sensitivity of 98% (95% CI) as well as its PPV (95% CI) was 100% in the evaluation of gastrointestinal-related acute abdominal pain.
MDCT is a reliable diagnostic imaging modality for geriatric patients presented with acute abdominal pain suggested to be of gastrointestinal origin with a very high sensitivity in diagnosing the causative pathological conditions. MDCT can efficiently differentiate between obstructive, inflammatory, perforated, and ischemic bowel disorders.
Acute abdominal pain is defined as pain of less than 1 week in duration. It is the most common emergency department (ED) complaint and the fourth most common complaint among geriatric patients. As the mean age of the population is increasing, the number of emergency department visits for the geriatric population is also increasing [1,2,3].
Although there have been improvements in the management of geriatric patients in the emergency department, these geriatric patients with acute abdominal pain remain to be a diagnostic challenge for ED physicians because of influenced history taking due to cognitive impairment, diminished immune function, as well as many diseases which evolve differently in geriatric patients. Furthermore, geriatric patients have a diminished sensorium which is allowing pathology to advance to a very dangerous state before developing symptoms [1, 4,5,6]. Hence, diagnostic accuracy is lower, and mortality is much higher in this age group than in younger patients. Early and correct diagnosis for the geriatric patients complaining of acute abdomen is critical and significantly affects the outcome of these patients [3].
The causes of abdominal pain are extremely diverse. Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are common in older patients, and the clinical presentation, complications, and treatment may be different from those in younger patients. With the marked increase in population of aged 65 years and over, the study and care of GI disorders should be a high priority for both clinicians and researchers. Both the usual course of aging and the accumulation of multiple disease states can lead to impairments in GI function [6].
Imaging modalities play an increasingly important role in the diagnostic workup and management of geriatric patients with acute abdominal pain, with conventional radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography all being used in this situation [1, 6]. Ultrasonography is available in most emergency departments and could be used to screen patients or assess specific symptoms [1], as it is inexpensive and free from contrast or ionizing radiation. It is the initial imaging of choice for biliary tract diseases [2, 6].
In the care of geriatric patients, CT is accurate for diagnosing the cause of acute abdominal pain, particularly when it is of gastrointestinal surgical origin [6]. MDCT has many advantages as better contrast bolus exploitation, isotropic imaging [7], and the shortened acquisition time decreases motion artifacts [8].
The aim of this study was to assess the role of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in evaluating gastrointestinal tract-related acute abdominal pain in geriatric patients and document the sensitivity of MDCT and the incidence of the different gastrointestinal pathologies presenting as acute abdomen with characterization of each pathology.
In a prospective study, 50 geriatric patients who presented with referral criteria of acute abdominal pain that was clinically suspected to be of gastrointestinal origin and were evaluated with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) between November 2019 and September 2020 were enrolled in this study. Twenty five of the studied patients underwent erect abdominal X-ray, and 20 out of them had abdominal ultrasound preceding the implementation of MDCT. The final diagnosis was confirmed by surgical findings in 29 patients, histopathological examination in 13 patients, and clinical response to medical treatment in 8 patients.
Inclusion criteria are as follow:
Patients with clinically acute abdominal pain and suspected to be of gastrointestinal origin aging 65 years or older
Patients with chronic abdominal pain were eligible if there had been an acute change in pain during the previous 7 days
Exclusion criteria are as follow:
People diagnosed with extra-gastrointestinal cause of abdominal pain like pain of renal origin
Patients with acute abdominal pain aging less than 65 years old
Protocol for MDCT
MDCT was performed using 64 slice/rotation Philips CT machines. Non-enhanced CT (NECT) abdomen was done from the level of diaphragm to the symphysis pubis within a single breath hold. The scanning parameters used were kVp 120–140, mAs 150–450, tube rotation time 0.33 s/rotation, slice thickness 0.5–1 mm, collimation 6 mm, and reconstruction interval 1 mm.
IV contrast was injected in 39 patients with normal creatinine clearance result, non-ionic iodinated contrast material namely (Iopromide 300 mg/mL) was injected through the antecubital vein. The total amount of injected contrast material was injected according to the body weight of the patient (1.5 mL/kg). Post contrast images were obtained—during arterial phase starting at 15–30 s and portal venous phase at 70 s after the contrast administration. Finally, delayed scans were done starting 5 min from the starting point. IV contrast was not injected in 11 patients with low creatinine clearance result. Oral positive contrast medium (diluted iodinated water-soluble contrast material) was administrated in two patients of suspected perforation. Water enema was used in 10 cases with suspected large bowel abnormities.
The MDCT images were reconstructed using filtered reconstruction algorithms. The thin slices were sent to the workstation (IntelliSpace Portal Philips workstation) after reconstruction of the raw data using medium soft tissue reconstruction algorithms. Images were interpreted by using multi-planner reconstruction (axial, sagittal, and coronal) views, MIP (maximum intensity projection), and curved MPR (multi-planner reformatted images).
Two radiologists with 21 and 17 years of experience in abdominal imaging interpreted the imaging findings in consensus.
Data were coded and entered using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data were summarized and described using the mean as a measure of central tendency, standard deviation as a measure of dispersion for quantitative variables, and frequencies (number of cases) and relative frequencies (percentages) for categorical variables.
Diagnostic analysis was used to assess the role of MDCT in the evaluation of gastrointestinal-related acute abdominal pain in geriatric patients.
The current study was conducted upon fifty geriatric patients who presented clinically with acute abdominal pain of gastrointestinal origin, mean age was 70.2 ± 5.6 years ranging from 65 to 86 years, as 70% of the patients lie between (65–70 years), while the least age group was from (86–90 years) which constituted only 2%. Majority were females (thirty patients, 60%), while males constituted 40% of the study sample (Table 1).
Table 1 Distribution of the studied patients according to age and gender (n = 50)
Distribution of the patients according to MDCT diagnosis (gastric Vs intestinal causes)
In the current study, acute abdominal pain due to gastric causes was detected in eight patients (16%) while in forty-two patients (84%) was due to intestinal causes. Out of the gastric causes, gastric obstruction was found in five patients (62.5%)—three mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus (Fig. 1) and two gastric outlet obstruction. Gastric perforation was found in three patients (37.5%)—two perforated peptic ulcer disease and one perforated gastric carcinoma (Fig. 2) (Table 2).
Mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus in a 70-year-old female patient presented with sudden onset of vomiting and epigastric pain. a Coronal reformatted contrast-enhanced CT image shows gastric obstruction secondary to mesenteroaxial volvulus with the gastric antrum (red arrowheads) located superior to the gastroesophageal junction (yellow arrowheads). b Axial contrast-enhanced CT image shows gastric distention with air-fluid levels (arrows) with decompressed duodenum (circle)
Perforated gastric carcinoma in a 73-year-old male patient presented with acute epigastric pain. a Non-contrast CT axial (lung window) image, showing a supramesocolic pneumoperitoneum (stars). b Post IV contrast CT axial image shows diffuse enhancing irregular thickening of gastric wall more evident at the fundal region (white arrowheads) and hydro-pneumoperitoneum (yellow arrows). c Post IV contrast CT axial image showing free air in ligamentum teres (blue arrowheads). d CT coronal post IV and oral contrast CT image, showing active contrast leakage on delayed phase (red arrows) through a focal defect in posterior gastric fundal wall (circle). e Histopathology showing infiltration of the deep muscle layer by sheets of highly pleomorphic tumor cells, confirming radiological findings of gastric carcinoma
Table 2 Distribution of patients according to gastric causes
Out of the intestinal causes in patients, thirty (71.4%) were due to obstruction, twelve (28.6%) were due to inflammatory causes, ten (23.8%) were due to perforation, five (11.9%) were due to vascular causes, and only one with colo-cholecystic fistula (Table 3).
Table 3 Distribution of patients according to intestinal causes
Intestinal obstructive causes
Small intestinal obstruction was detected in twenty patients (66.7%) (Fig. 3), while large bowel obstruction was detected in ten patients (33.3%) (Fig. 4). Mechanical bowel obstruction was detected in twenty-six patients (86.7%), while functional bowel obstruction was detected in four patients (13.3%). Intestinal obstruction due to neoplastic causes (Figs. 5 and 6) was detected in seven patients (23.3%), while twenty-three patients (76.7%) were due to non-neoplastic causes (Figs. 7, 8, and 9).
Distribution of patients according to the causes of small bowel obstruction
Distribution of patients according to the causes of large bowel obstruction
Large bowel obstruction secondary to colorectal carcinoma with incompetent ilieo-cecal valve in an 80-year-old female presented with acute diffuse abdominal pain. a CT sagittal image showing heterogeneous enhancing mural thickening (circles), involving rectum and recto-sigmoid junction with luminal narrowing (arrow heads). b, c CT axial images showing dilatation of proximal large bowel loops (yellow arrows), cecum (white arrow), and small bowel loops (stars). d Histopathology showing irregular malignant glandular structures lined by several layers of pleomorphic cells infiltrating deep to the muscle layer, confirming the diagnosis colorectal moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma
Entero-enteric intussusception in a 65-year-old male presented with acute abdominal pain and vomiting. Axial CT image (a) and coronal CT image (b) showing invagination of distal jejunal bowel loops (the intussuceptum) (yellow arrowheads) into proximal ileal bowel loops (the intussuscipient) (red arrowheads) with subsequent dilated proximal small bowel loops (stars). c Axial CT image showing the lead point for this intussusception; intra-mural soft tissue mass lesion (circle). Sausage shape appearance is seen in axial CT images (a & c). d Axial CT image at another level showing the typical target sign (curved arrow)
High-grade mechanical small bowel obstruction caused by paraumbilical hernia in a 78-year-old female patient complaining of acute abdominal pain. a Abdominal ultrasound image showing dilated small bowel loops. CT sagittal image (b) and CT axial images (c, d), showing an hernial sac (circle) containing collapsed mid-ileal bowel loops (arrowheads) with consequent dilatation of the ileal and jejunal bowel loops proximal to herniated loop (stars). A calcified uterine fibroid (yellow arrow) is incidentally seen on (d) axial CT image
Gall stone ileus in a 67-year-old male patient presented with acute abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. Post IV contrast CT abdomen and pelvis (a) axial and (b) coronal and (c) sagittal images showing fistula (circle) between the gall bladder and duodenum with multiple intraluminal air fluid levels seen in the gall bladder (white arrowheads), minimal pneumobilia (red arrowheads) and lamellated impacted stone seen at the proximal ileal bowel loop (arrow) with distended proximal small bowel loops (stars)
Sigmoid volvulus in a 75-year-old female patient presented with acute abdominal pain and distension. a Plain erect abdominal film showing distended sigmoid loop with inverted U configuration and coffee bean sign. b Post contrast axial CT image showing a proximal–superior sigmoid transition (white arrowheads). c Post contrast axial CT image showing distal–inferior sigmoid transition (red arrowheads), which is oriented in the direction opposite to the proximal transition. d Coronal CT reformatted image showing markedly dilated gas- and feces-filled sigmoid loop (white arrows) with loss of its haustral markings (yellow arrowheads) and extended from the pelvis way up to the left upper abdomen, giving an inverted U configuration, forming a closed-loop obstruction. e Coronal CT image showing twisting of the mesentery and mesenteric vessels of sigmoid colon, giving a whirl sign (circle)
Intestinal inflammatory causes
Intestinal inflammatory causes were detected in twelve patients (28.6%)—acute diverticulitis frequently was detected in five patients (41.7%), acute appendicitis was detected in four patients (33.3%), one patient (8.3%) had acute non-complicated diverticulitis associated with neoplastic lesion and acute non-complicated appendicitis (Fig. 10), Crohn's disease was detected in one patient (8.3%), and one patient (8.3%) had stercoral colitis (Fig. 11). Distribution of patients according to intestinal inflammatory causes as regards occurrence of complications or not are presented in Table 4 and Figs. 12 and 13.
Acute appendicitis and acute divertculitis in a 68-year-old male patient presented with acute lower abdominal pain. a, b Focused axial CT images following water enema and intravenous contrast injection. a Showing dilated appendix (white arrow) with related extensive fat stranding (curved arrow) and minimal free fluid collection (green arrowhead). b Showing sigmoid wall thickening (star) and diverticular outpouchings (white arrowheads) with related mild fat stranding (red arrows)
Fecal impaction and sterocoral colitis in a 65-year-old man presented with constipation and acute abdominal pain. CT abdomen and pelvis non-contrast phase (a) axial image and (b) sagittal image, showing a large volume of fecal matter distending the rectum, sigmoid colon, and transverse colon (star), colon wall thickening with sub mucosal edema (white arrowheads), extensive pericolonic fat stranding (curved arrow) and free fluid collection (arrow)
Table 4 Distribution of patients according to intestinal inflammatory causes as regards occurrence of complications
Acute perforated diverticulitis in a 67-year-old female patient presented with acute abdominal pain. CT abdomen and pelvis images following water enema and intravenous contrast injection. a Axial image showing sigmoid wall thickening with focal mural defect (yellow circle). b Coronal and c sagittal images, showing gas-containing abscess (white circle), extra luminal air (arrows), and related extensive fat standing (arrowheads)
Acute perforated appendicitis with abscess formation in a 66-year-old male patient presented with acute right iliac fossa pain, vomiting, and fever. Focused CT axial (a) and focused coronal (b) images following water enema and intravenous contrast injection CT abdomen and pelvis, showing inflamed appendix (red arrow) with its tip is seen continuous with an abscess containing gas bubbles (yellow arrows), free gas is seen at the retrocecal region (curved arrow) with related mild fat stranding (white arrowheads) and minimal free fluid collection (green arrowheads)
Intestinal perforation
Intestinal perforation was seen in ten patients (23.8%); eight (80%) were due to inflammatory causes (seen in acute diverticulitis, acute appendicitis, and active Crohn's disease) and two (20%) were due to neoplastic causes (Fig. 14.)
Perforated colonic carcinoma in a 70-year-old female patient presented with acute left hypochondrial pain and fever. a Focused coronal CT image showing asymmetric circumferential focal mural thickening involving splenic flexure and proximal descending colon with luminal narrowing "shouldering sign" (circle). b Coronal CT and c sagittal reformatted CT images showing infiltration of lower part of spleen with localized collection containing gas and fecal matter within the splenic substance, surrounded by hypodense splenic matrix (yellow arrow) with adjacent mild fat stranding (white arrow) and infiltration of the anterior aspect of the left renal parenchyma (curved arrow). d Axial CT (lung window) image showing free pneumoperitoneum (arrowhead), indicating perforation
Intestinal vascular causes
Vascular causes were detected in five patients (11.9%). Four patients had acute bowel ischemia due to mesenteric vascular occlusion (two patients (40%) had superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion; one was complete and the other one was partial occlusion & two patients (40%) had complete superior mesenteric vein (SMV) occlusion (Fig. 15)), as well only one patient (20%) had acute small bowel wall hematoma (Fig. 16).
A 65-year-old female patient presented with acute abdominal pain. a Coronal, b sagittal maximum intensity projection (MIP) CT images, showing partially thrombosed portal vein yet with good contrast opacification with old calcified thrombus seen within (orange arrows) with total thrombosis of the SMV (yellow arrowheads) (which has malrotation configuration with SMA (blue arrowhead) seen on (c) axial CT image) as well as its visualized distal branches (white arrowheads) and submucosal edema with non-enhancing affected bowel loops (circle) and hypoenhancing bowel loops (white arrow), giving a target sign. d Axial CT image showing non-enhancing distended bowel loops with diffuse pneumatosis intestinalis (green arrow heads), compared with normal enhancing ileal bowel loop (red arrow) with mesenteric venous gas is seen (curved arrows)
CT of abdomen and pelvis in non-contrast phase. a Axial image and b coronal reformatted image in a 72-year-old male patient with given history of warfarin intake, diagnosed with intra-mural small bowel hematoma, showing hyperdense mural thickening with attenuation density of 58 HU on non-contrast CT phase and free intraperitoneal fluid collection of high attenuation (44 HU) with consequent proximal small bowel dilatation (star)
Colo-cholecystic fistula
Colo-cholecystic fistula was detected only in one patient (2.4%) (Fig. 17).
Colo-cholecystic fistula with subsequent cholecystitis in a 65-year-old female patient presented with right hypochondrial pain and fever with history of gall bladder biopsy. Post contrast axial CT reformatted image (a) and sagittal reformatted image (b) showing irregular outline of gall bladder (red arrowheads) with multiple intra-luminal air foci (white arrows), its fundus tethered to hepatic flexure (yellow circle) with related mild fat stranding (green arrow)
Different MDCT findings among the studied patients
Bowel wall enhancement patterns
Majority of the patients had optimal enhancement (53.8%) followed by heterogeneous enhancement pattern (20.5%). Hyper-enhancement was detected in acute inflammatory conditions (15.3%), one of them showing target pattern in active Crohn's disease. Non-enhancement was detected in acute irreversible mesenteric ischemia (7.6%) and only one case showing hypo-enhancement in reversible mesenteric ischemia.
Bowel mural thickening patterns
This was encountered in nineteen patients (38%). Twelve patients had focal thickening (63.2%); ten cases were malignant and two cases were inflammatory, while segmental thickening was seen in seven patients (36.8%) in benign conditions. Eleven patients had symmetrical thickening (57.9%) in benign conditions. Eight patients had asymmetrical thickening (42.1%) detected in malignant lesions. Four patients had bowel mural thickening in the form of a target sign appearance (21.1%) seen in Crohn's disease, venous MVO, intussusception, and acute bowel hematoma.
Bowel loop dilatation
This was detected in thirty patients (60%): twenty patients had small bowel loop dilatation (66.7%) due to small bowel obstruction and ten patients (33.3%) had large bowel loop dilatation due to large bowel obstruction; transitional zone was detected in twenty-three patients.
Bowel loop telescoping
This was encountered in only one intussusception patient (2%) who had positive lead point neoplastic mass lesion.
Mesenteric vessel abnormalities
Mesenteric vessel abnormalities were detected in twenty patients. More than one sign can be detected in the same patient. Twelve patients (60%) had engorged mesenteric vessels, and one out of the twelve showed a comb sign in active Crohn's disease. Four patients (20%) had thrombosed mesenteric vessels in MVO conditions. Four patients (20%) had twisted mesenteric vessels, giving a whirl sign, seen in sigmoid volvulus, closed loop small bowel obstruction and mesenteric malrotation. Three patients (15%) had mesenteric venous gas in MVO conditions. One patient (5%) had invaginated mesenteric vessels during bowel loop telescoping in intussusception.
Mesenteric fat changes were found in twenty patients (40%) in the form of mesenteric fat stranding due to different pathological causes in acute setting. Intraperitoneal fluid collection was detected in thirty-seven patients (74%): free (73%) and loculated (27%), pneumoperitoneum was detected in seven patients (14%) in perforated conditions, and pneumatosis intestinalis was seen in three patients (6%) in acute mesenteric ischemia.
The final diagnosis
The final diagnosis was confirmed by the following:
Surgical findings in 29 patients underwent surgical intervention.
Surgical findings and histopathological examination were done in 13 patients.
In 8 patients, where surgery and histopathological examination were not indicated, final diagnosis was confirmed by clinical response to medical treatment.
Assessment of the role of MDCT in the evaluation of gastrointestinal tract-related acute abdominal pain in geriatric patients
The role of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in evaluating gastrointestinal tract-related acute abdominal pain in geriatric patients was very high as its sensitivity (95% CI) was 98 (89.35% to 99.95%) as its PPV (95%CI) was 100 (92.75% to 100%).
Evaluation of the elderly patient with abdominal pain can be difficult, time-consuming, and fraught with potential missteps [2]. As the population continues to age, the utilization of CT imaging in elderly patients presenting to the ED becomes increasingly important [9]. CT provides a global perspective of the gut, mesenteries, omenta, peritoneum, and retroperitoneum, uninhibited by the presence of bowel gas and fat [10].
Obtaining a careful medical history and performing a clinical examination are the initial diagnostic steps for patients with acute abdominal pain. On the basis of the results of this clinical evaluation and laboratory investigations, the clinician considered imaging examinations to help establish the correct diagnosis. Findings after using erect abdominal X-ray and abdominal ultrasound were inconclusive, and CT was mandatory for diagnosing the etiology of gastrointestinal pain in the studied cases.
In the current study, acute abdominal pain due to intestinal causes in 42 patients (84%) was more common than due to gastric causes in 8 patients (16%). This is matching with Gardner et al. [9] among their study on elderly patients with acute abdominal pain which found that intestinal causes (SBO, diverticulitis, appendicitis, bowel ischemia, and colonic obstruction) were the predominant causes of acute abdominal pain.
In the current study, regarding gastric causes of acute abdominal pain in geriatric patients, gastric obstruction was noted in 8 patients (62.5%), while gastric perforation was seen in 3 patients (37.5%); perforated PUD was the main cause of gastric perforation followed by gastric carcinoma. This is in agreement with Hainaux et al. [11] who reported that the perforation of gasteroduodenal ulcer is much common than perforated gastric carcinoma. Chang et al. [3] reported that the incidence of peptic ulcer disease is increasing in the elderly owing in part to the increasing availability and use of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with high risk of developing complications as perforation.
Based on MDCT findings, intestinal obstruction was the most common intestinal etiology of acute abdominal pain among these geriatric patients which represented 71.4% of intestinal causes followed by acute inflammatory conditions (28.6%), intestinal perforation (23.8%), and acute vascular etiologies (11.9%). Only one patient had colo-cholecystic fistula (2.4%). This is matching with the study done by Pinto et al. [12] among the elderly patients presented with acute abdominal pain that found bowel obstruction was the commonest etiology followed by inflammatory, perforation, and vascular etiologies.
In the present study, small bowel obstruction more commonly occurred (66.7%) with proximally dilated small bowel loops than large bowel obstruction (33.3%) with proximally dilated large bowel loops. This is in agreement with Gardner et al. [9] and Hendrickson et al.'s [13] studies among elderly patients that small bowel obstruction was more common than large bowel obstruction, and Jackson et al. [14] noted that in patients with intestinal obstruction, the bowel loops are seen dilated proximal to the site of obstruction and decompressed distally.
In the current study, external hernias were the most common causes of small bowel obstruction. This is different from the study of Henry et al. [15] among the elderly patients that found the main causes for small intestinal obstruction were adhesions followed by hernia. Meanwhile, Hendrickson et al. [13] reported that hernias are extremely important to recognize in the elderly because this group has a high rate of strangulation and bowel infarction. This difference might be explained as hernias are common among the geriatric population because of loss of strength of the abdominal wall which was seen in 5 cases of the current study as well as majority of the studied patients with small bowel obstruction did not undergo previous abdominal operations; therefore, they did not have a risk for obstruction due to postoperative adhesions; only two patients had adhesions due to prior abdominal surgeries with consequent small bowel obstruction.
In the present study, primary colonic tumors were the most common causes of large bowel obstruction, 5 out of 10 cases of large bowel obstruction (LBO) were due to colonic tumors followed by fecal impaction in 3 cases and sigmoid volvulus in 2 cases. This is matching with Scott et al. [1] and Lyon et al. [16] who reported that primary colonic tumor was the most common etiology of LBO in the elderly. On CT basis, tumors showed asymmetrical focal heterogeneous enhancement. This is relatively coping with Sheikh et al.'s [17] study among bowel diseases that found marked asymmetrical wall thickening and focal bowel wall involvement with heterogeneous enhancement in neoplastic diseases.
In the current study, mechanical bowel obstruction (86.7%) was due to various causes as external hernias, colonic tumors, gall stone ileus, fecal impaction, sigmoid volvulus, postoperative adhesions, intussusception, active Crohn's disease, phytobezoar, and bowel hematoma; 4 cases were diagnosed by MDCT as gall stone ileus. Similarly, Morano et al. [18] and Scott et al. [1] reported that gallstone ileus, which is rare in the general population, is more common in the elderly and can lead to short bowel obstruction (SBO). Maddu et al. [19] reported that incidence of fecal impaction is increased with age particularly in institutionalized elderly patients and constituted 12% of intestinal obstruction in Henry et al.'s [15] study among elderly patients.
In the present study, inflammatory etiology represented 28.6% of intestinal causes of acute abdominal pain among the studied patients; most of them were acute diverticulitis and acute appendicitis with subsequent complications which occurred in 66.7% of inflammatory conditions. This is more or less similar to the study done on the elderly patients by Pinto et al. [12] that found intestinal inflammatory causes of acute abdominal pain to represent 21.8%; Chang et al. [3] and Storm-Dickerson [20] both stated that complications of acute diverticulitis and acute appendicitis are more frequent in the elderly.
In the current study, intestinal perforation due to inflammatory causes was more common than due to neoplastic causes. Launay-Savary et al. [21] reported that colonic perforation in the elderly is most often secondary to complications of diverticular disease, while colonic perforations secondary to cancer are rare. Detection of pneumoperitoneum is of paramount importance for the timely diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract perforation. In the present study, pneumoperitoneum was detected in 7 patients (14%), and 2 out of 7 showed leakage of the oral contrast material on MDCT, surgically proving gastrointestinal tract perforation. This is typically matching with Maniatis et al.'s [22] report that extraluminal air or extravasation of the oral contrast medium is considered to be the direct sign of GI perforation.
Acute intestinal ischemia was seen as vascular etiology of acute abdominal pain among the studied elderly patients; end-stage irreversible ischemic insults were seen in 3 patients (6%) with occlusive arterial, and venous changes showed pneumatosis intestinalis and coupled with mural non-enhancement correlated with final surgical findings. Only one patient showing reversible bowel ischemia as a sequel to SMV occlusive changes showed diminished bowel enhancement. This is matched with Treyaud et al.'s [23] findings that stated pneumatosis intestinalis as commonly seen in irreversible ischemic mural changes. Also, presence of portal venous gas is highly diagnostic to ischemic changes, and this in parallel to Millet et al. [5] who indicate that bowel ischemia was uncommon in elderly patients as an etiology of acute abdominal pain.
One of the main advantages of contrast-based CT studies is assessment of the supplying vessel abnormalities. Patients with suspected vascular insults gain the main benefit. This is matching with the study of Florim et al. [24] which reported that acute arterial thrombi and emboli may appear as obvious low-attenuation filling defects on contrast-enhanced CT in the SMA lumen and reported that low-attenuation filling defect on contrast-enhanced CT of the superior mesenteric vein has higher specificity values in venous acute mesenteric ischemia. Florim et al. [24] also reported portomesenteric venous gas as less common but more specific finding of acute bowel ischemia, being present in 3–14% of cases.
Spontaneous intramural bowel hematoma was detected in one elderly patient in the current study with excessive anticoagulant intake, presented with acute abdominal pain. Samie et al. [25] stated the incidence of spontaneous intramural small bowel hematoma secondary to anticoagulant therapy is predicted to further increase as a result of the wide use of long-term anticoagulation in an aging population.
Summation of the current MDCT findings was correlated with the final diagnosis, whether confirmed by surgical intervention, histopathological examination, or good response to medical treatment. There was only one misdiagnosis; a hypothesized acute diverticulitis and associated colonic wall thickening was highly suspicious for cancer. In this case, the patient underwent further colonoscopy examination, and the following histology excluded cancer. So MDCT has a very high sensitivity of 98% and positive predictive value of 100% in diagnosing the causative pathological condition of acute gastrointestinal pain in these geriatric patients. This is in parallel to Reginelli et al. [6] who stated that the usefulness of CT in the diagnosis and management of acute gastrointestinal emergencies is well established and confirmed by the results of their study, in which the CT diagnosis correlated with the final diagnosis in very high rate, and Chang et al. [3] reported that with its proven ability to diagnose a wide variety of conditions, CT remains the diagnostic modality of choice for imaging the acute abdomen in the elderly.
Some limitations that were encountered in the current study included the wide varieties of pathologies that cause gastrointestinal-related acute abdominal pain like obstructive, inflammatory, perforation, ischemic, and others lesions. This variation affected the sample size in each pathological category. Further studies on a large number of patients may be of value in retrieving better results with more understanding of the gastrointestinal pathologies causing abdominal pain.
MDCT is a reliable diagnostic imaging modality for geriatric patients presented with acute abdominal pain suggested to be of gastrointestinal origin with a very high sensitivity in diagnosing the causative pathological conditions. MDCT efficiently differentiates between obstructive, inflammatory, perforated, and ischemic bowel disorders and so reaching the accurate diagnosis with consequent proper prognosis.
MDCT:
Multidetector computed tomography
SPSS:
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
SMA:
Superior mesenteric artery
SMV:
Superior mesenteric vein
MVO:
Mesenteric vascular occlusion
PUD:
SBO:
Small bowel obstruction
LBO:
Large bowel obstruction
MIP:
Maximum intensity projection
kVp:
Kilovoltage peak
mAs:
Milliampere-seconds
NSAIDs:
Scott J, Holder J, Cort K (2017) Acute abdominal pain in the elderly. Contemp Diagn Radiol 40(9):1–8
Leuthauser A, McVane B (2016) Abdominal pain in the geriatric patient. Emerg Med Clin North Am 34(2):363–375
Chang CC, Wang SS (2007) Acute abdominal pain in the elderly. Int J Gerontol 1(2):77–82
Spangler R, Van Pham T, Khoujah D et al (2014) Abdominal emergencies in the geriatric patient. Int J Emerg Med 7(1):43
Millet I, Alili C, Bouic-Pages E et al (2013) Journal club: acute abdominal pain in elderly patients: effect of radiologist awareness of clinicobiologic information on CT accuracy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 201(6):1171–1179
Reginelli A, Russo A, Pinto A et al (2014) The role of computed tomography in the preoperative assessment of gastrointestinal causes of acute abdomen in elderly patients. Int J Surg 12(Suppl -2):S181–S186
Leschka S, Alkadhi H, Wildermuth S et al (2005) Multi-detector computed tomography of acute abdomen. Eur Radiol 15(12):2435–2447
Cahir JG, Freeman AH, Courtney HM (2004) Multislice CT of the abdomen. Br J Radiol 77(Suppl-1):S64–S73
Gardner CS, Jaffe TA, Nelson RC (2015) Impact of CT in elderly patients presenting to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain. Abdom Imaging 40(7):2877–2882
Hill BC, Johnson SC, Owens EK et al (2010) CT scan for suspected acute abdominal process: impact of combinations of IV, oral, and rectal contrast. World J Surg 34(4):699–703
Hainaux B, Agneessens E, Bertinotti R et al (2006) Accuracy of MDCT in predicting site of gastrointestinal tract perforation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 187(5):1179–1183
Pinto A, Sparano A, Gagliardi N et al (2010) Acute abdominal pain in the elderly patient: impact of early MDCT examination on diagnosis and management. ECR 2010(C-1464):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1594/ecr2010/C-1464
Hendrickson M, Naparst TR (2003) Abdominal surgical emergencies in the elderly. Emerg Med Clin North Am 21(4):937–969
Jackson PG, Raiji M (2011) Evaluation and management of intestinal obstruction. Am Fam Physician 83(2):159–165
Henry MA, Lerco MM, Oliveira WK et al (2007) Intestinal obstruction in the elderly. ABCD. Arq Bras Cir Dig 20(4):225–229
Lyon C, Clark DC (2006) Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in older patients. Am Fam Physician 74(9):1537–1544
Sheikh MT, Sheikh MT, Jan M et al (2017) Role of multi-detector CT (MDCT) in evaluation of bowel diseases. J Clin Diagn Res 11(7):TC11–TC13
Morano WF, Bowne WB (2020) Small bowel obstruction in the elderly. In: Rosenthal RA, Zenilman ME, Katlic MR (eds) Principles and practice of geriatric surgery. Springer, Switzerland, pp 991–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47771-8_64
Maddu KK, Mittal P, Arepalli CD et al (2014) Colorectal emergencies and related complications: a comprehensive imaging review—noninfectious and noninflammatory emergencies of colon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203(6):1217–1229
Storm-Dickerson TL, Horattas MC (2003) What have we learned over the past 20 years about appendicitis in the elderly? Am J Surg 185(3):198–201
Launay-Savary MV, Rainfray M, Dubuisson V (2015) Emergency gastrointestinal surgery in the elderly. J Visc Surg 152(6):S73–S79
Maniatis V, Chryssikopoulos H, Roussakis A et al (2000) Perforation of the alimentary tract: evaluation with computed tomography. Abdom Imaging 25(4):373–379
Treyaud MO, Duran R, Zins M et al (2017) Clinical significance of pneumatosis intestinalis – correlation of MDCT-findings with treatment and outcome. Eur Radiol 27(1):70–79
Florim S, Almeida A, Rocha D et al (2018) Acute mesenteric ischaemia: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging 9(5):673–682
Samie AA, Sun R, Huber A et al (2013) Spontaneous intramural small-bowel hematoma secondary to anticoagulant therapy: a case series. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 108(2):144–148
Department of Radiodiagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
Doaa M. Emara, Adel M. Rizk, Abeer M. Ahmed & Amr Magdi El Abd
Doaa M. Emara
Adel M. Rizk
Abeer M. Ahmed
Amr Magdi El Abd
DE did the writing of the draft and revision of the final manuscript. AR did the revision of the final manuscript. AA did the writing of the draft. AE did the editing of the draft and revision of the final manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
Correspondence to Doaa M. Emara.
Approval for this prospective study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Alexandria Faculty of Medicine (Ethics committee's reference number: 0106128, IRB No.: 00012098, FWA No.: 00018699). All study procedures were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki regarding research involving human subjects. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients.
Consent for the use of patients' data and medical record was obtained.
Emara, D.M., Rizk, A.M., Ahmed, A.M. et al. The added value of multidetector CT in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal causes of acute abdomen in geriatrics. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med 52, 64 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43055-021-00425-0
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT)
Geriatric patients
The elderly
Acute abdominal pain


"Ultimately, my main objective is to take a multicomponent therapeutic approach of genomic screening using the Merck compound library to identify possible drug combinations that work synergistically to promote the desired phenotypic effect. All in all, I'm very excited and can't wait to come back in the fall to share with all of you my experiences here in Philadelphia."
The world is better because of Ashley Spann's mind.


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Authorities Seeking Fugitives in a Dozen Unrelated Violent Crimes in LA Area
Home / blog / Authorities Seeking Fugitives in a Dozen Unrelated Violent Crimes in LA Area
Authorities Seeking Fugitives in a Dozen Unrelated Violent Crimes in LA Area2019-08-012019-08-01http://www.greatestbailbonds.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/screenshot-2019-07-18-at-21.20.42.pngGreatest Bail Bondshttp://www.greatestbailbonds.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/screenshot-2019-07-18-at-21.20.42.png200px200px
Authorities Thursday sought public help to find a dozen fugitives who allegedly committed violent crimes in the Los Angeles area in unrelated cases and who are believed to have fled to Mexico.
The suspects are being sought by the FBI's Fugitive Task Force, said Laura EImiller of the FBI.
"Since its inception, the FBI's Fugitive Task Force in Los Angeles has arrested over 2,000 fugitives wanted either for crimes committed in Los Angeles who then fled the jurisdiction, or fugitives wanted from jurisdictions outside the state of California who are located in the Los Angeles area," Eimiller said in a statement.
"At any given time, law enforcement in Southern California is seeking hundreds of fugitives, many of whom seek to hide from police by crossing our southern border and, in many cases, illegally entering Mexico to evade capture," Eimiller said.
"Once agents pinpoint the location where the fugitive is believed to be residing, the FBI relies on its counterparts in Mexico to assist in the capture of the suspects," Eimiller said.
In each of the cases being announced Thursday, reward money is being offered in exchange for information that leads to an arrest, Eimiller said.
"All of the fugitives being announced today are believed to have fled to Mexico and may be residing there," Eimiller said.
The wanted fugitives:
— Andres Zambrano, believed to be 28, has been known to use multiple aliases. He is wanted in the shooting death of the mother of his 2-year-old child on March 16, 2017, in front of her home in Los Angeles.
— Baldomero Barrientos Banuelos, believed to be 67, is wanted in the stabbing death of his wife on Oct. 14, 1993, in North Hollywood.
— Carlos Felino Hernandez, believed to be 36 years, is wanted for allegedly shooting two men, one fatally on July 23, 2006, in Pico Rivera.
— Cesar Soltero Herrera, believed to be 31, has been known to use multiple aliases. He is wanted in the fatal shooting of a man on Feb. 19, 2007, in North Hollywood.
— Cesar Villarreal, believed to be 46 years of age, has been known to use multiple aliases. He is wanted for allegedly shooting two men, one fatally, on May 21, 2010, following a dispute at a store.
— Manuel Virgen-Galvan, believed to be between 37 and 39, is wanted for his alleged involvement in a killing.
— Steven Giovanni Aguilar-Medina, believed to be 26, has been known to use multiple aliases. Aguilar-Medina and his girlfriend, Evelin Martinez, allegedly were involved in a fatal shooting on Dec. 28, 2009.
— Saul Aguilar, Jr., believed to be 48 years of age, has been known to use multiple aliases. He is wanted in the fatal shooting of his ex-girlfriend in Los Angeles in December of 1997.
— Carlos Vasquez Serrano, believed to be 48 years, is wanted in the Feb. 1, 2006, killing of a man in a bar in Los Angeles.
— Ricardo Villa, believed to be 35 years of age, is wanted in an attempted murder in Hollywood on April 26, 2015.
— Xochitl Aurora De La Torre, believed to be 40, has been known to use multiple aliases. She is wanted in the killing of a man on Sept. 10, 2004, in Los Angeles.
Anyone with information on any of the crimes was urged to contact the FBI.
GUY GETS ILLEGALLY ARRESTED, COPS DON'T KNOW HE HAS A CAMERA RUNNING…Bad Cop, blog, No Donut!
Los Angeles Council Members Introduce Laws For Equal Pay At City Competitionsblog, Crime – MyNewsLA.com


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As promised earlier on, Wizkid has dropped the star studded version to his record titled "Shabba" produced by popular American hit maker, MikeWillMadeIt. The record features top American stars Chris Brown, Trey Songz & French Montana.
No one does it like the StarBoy. Enjoy!


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Welcome to Krakoa
Leah Williams (writer), Lucas Werneck (artist), Edgar Delgado (colorist), Virtual Calligraphy's Clayton Cowles (letterer & production), Tom Muller (design), Valerio Schiti & Marcio Menyz (cover artists), David Baldeon; Stephanie Hans; Gerald Parel; Ivan Shavrin (Variant Cover Artists), Jonathan Hickman (Head of X), Shannon Andrews Ballesteros (assistant editor), Jake Thomas (editor), Jordan D White (senior editor), CB Cebulski (editor-in-chief)
In the Healing Gardens, Xavier and Hope have entered Magneto's mind in an attempt to find the truth about whether he killed the Scarlet Witch. However, Magneto's mind if formidable and doesn't give up too easily. Hope is uneasy about this task, especially as Xavier asked her to keep it secret from the rest of the Five. At that moment, Jean Grey, Wolverine and Cyclops are on hand to welcome Captain America, the Vision, Iron Man and the Wasp when they arrive on Krakoa to retrieve the Scarlet Witch's body. Cyclops offers them a tour, to which they accept. However, as the tour progresses, Polaris and Jean Grey become concerned about the Avengers discovering Arbor Magna and the Hatchery – thankfully, when they arrive there, Emma Frost and the Stepford Cuckoos have disguised it as a beach where they are relaxing. Meanwhile, Northstar, Daken and Prestige continue their investigations into the death of the Scarlet Witch, and become concerned when they discover that the Cerebro helmet at the House of M is missing – and assume it is connected to Wanda's murder. Prestige chronoskims to ascertain who took it – and is shocked to learn that Magneto himself took it. Meanwhile, in another space or realm, the Scarlet Witch's body floats as she thinks about darkness – and of rebirth. Hope uses her powers to force Magneto out of his coma and warns him that they don't have time before Xavier returns – and that he must ensure the Avengers do not see Wanda's body. Members of the X-Men and the Avengers meet at the Boneyard, X-Factor's headquarters, where Quicksilver is waiting for them. Captain America has some kinds words to say, before Northstar consoles Quicksilver again. It's then that Magneto attacks the Boneyard, demanding that the Avengers be sent out to see him. Polaris leaves the Boneyard to confront her father, where she reveals to him that she built a sentient defensive structure as part of her thesis, and that she got a PhD. The other members of X-Factor, along with both Wolverines head off to protect Wanda's body, while Captain America, the Wasp, the Vision and Iron Man leave the Boneyard, and are easily defeated by an enraged Magneto – who then sets his rage on Kyle Jinadu-Beaubier who returned to the Boneyard at the worst time. Magneto threatens to harm Kyle unless the Avengers leave Krakoa, to which Northstar orders the Avengers to leave – he's not letting anything happen to Kyle. Captain America agrees to these terms and tells Magneto that Kyle is innocent. Magneto calls Kyle human, to which Northstar declares that Kyle is Krakoan. Magneto drops to his knees and proclaims that he killed the Scarlet Witch – but suddenly, the Scarlet Witch appears and announces that she disagrees. Mystique is watching from some trees nearby, as the Scarlet Witch tells everyone that she wants to put this business behind her and get back to normal – as she leaps into the Vision's arms.
Erik Lensherr a.k.a. Magneoto sits on a bed reading a book. He suddenly sighs and looks up over his glasses. 'Enjoy the view?' he asks. There is no response, so he gets off the bed, leaving his book behind, he walks out of the bedroom and down a corridor lined with sheer curtains that blow into the corridor in a light wind. 'Charles? I know you're here' Magneto calls out, frowning. There is still no response. 'You forget I have decades of experience when it comes to recognizing the grating presence of your telepathic needling' Magneto adds, before sighing once more. 'What game are you even playing at, Charles?' Magneto calls out. He asks if he is being surveilled alone in his own home in the hopes that he might just happen to confess to murder while talking aloud to himself? Suddenly, the landscape around him changes, and dozens of staircases leading in different directions can be seen.
'Sorry, it's my fault' Hope Summers tells Professor Charles Xavier as the two of them stand over Magneto's body in the Healing Gardens. Xavier tells Hope that it is all right, and explains that he should have warned her that Magneto is formidable at evading psychic inquiry even without his helmet. 'Well, I would resist being tortured too' Hope replies. 'This isn't -' Xavier begins, but Hope frowns as she interrupts him: 'Yes, it is'. Xavier sighs and explains to Hope that they are presenting Magneto's mind with different scenarios intended to make him feel at ease. 'Going out of our way to ensure his comfort is -' Xavier starts to say, before Hope interrupts him again: 'Tactical manipulation. To extract a confession'. Xavier frowns at Hope as he tells her that finding the truth isn't torture. But Hope suggests that it isn't "finding the truth" when gestait techniques are being used to force a confession. 'You had to know I wouldn't be happy about being asked to help with this at all, let alone that you expect me to keep it a secret from the rest of the Five' Hope adds. Xavier tells Hope that he knows, and that he is so sorry to have to involve her in such a sensitive matter, before suggesting they finish their unfortunate yet necessary work and be done with it. As they turn their attention back to Magneto, Hope asks 'Why not ask Jean? Or Emma?' to which Xavier informs her that they are busy with an urgent matter of diplomacy, as Krakoa receive s its first official guests today.
At that moment, Wolverine a.k.a. Logan, Jean Grey and Scott Summers a.k.a. Cyclops look up to the sky as an Avengers Quinjet descends on their home. Several young mutants watch from nearby trees, as four long-serving Avengers emerge from the Quinjet – Captain America, Iron Man, the Wasp and the Vision. The two groups look at each other in silence for a time as leaves blow around them, before Jean crosses over to the Vision and hugs him, telling him that they are sorry for his loss. Cyclops then shakes Captain America's hand, before Jean hugs the Wasp. Cyclops tells Cap that since this is their first visit to Krakoa, they had hoped to give them a tour of the island and show them around before they retrieve Wanda's remains. 'Would that be okay?' Cyclops asks. 'Yes. That'd be nice' Cap responds.
The group pass from gate to gate as the senior Avengers are given their tour of the new mutant nation. Wolverine has left the tour, but Cyclops and Jean have been joined by their X-Men teammates Lorna Dane a.k.a. Polaris, Laura Kinney a.k.a. Wolverine and Everett Thomas a.k.a. Synch. As they pass under a body of water, Polaris' thoughts are projected to Jean: '$#%&! It's too late for a detour, and Hope isn't in the Hatchery right now to telepathically mask the place. Jean, you're going to have to erase their memories to protect the secret of resurrection' she suggests, while Synch points at something up ahead and explains to Captain America and the others that the goal was to give water-based mutants a habitat that allowed accessibility to Krakoan facilities. 'Follow this way, through the gate...' he begins, while Wolverine, at his side, frowns. As the Avengers pass through the gate, Jean telepathically tells Lorna that she isn't sure she is comfortable carrying out such a massive breach of diplomacy. 'Well, the alternative is a massive breach of Krakoan state secrets' Lorna replies. Jean tells her that there has to be another way.
But, as Lorna and Jean pass through the gate, Lorna realizes that it looks like someone else figured it out already. Iron Man can be seen smiling, while everyone else looks confused, as Emma Frost and the Stepford Cuckoos appear before them, sunbathing on a beach. 'Hello, boys' Emma smiles as she walks over to Iron Man and Captain America. 'Afternoon, ma'am' Cap replies. 'Ugh' Emma mutters, to which Iron Man tells Frost to go easy on Cap, as "Ma'am" is the feminine honorific in the century he hails from. Unmasked, Iron Man – Tony Stark – leans into Emma and tells her that, from one modern business mogul to another, her tangible assets are looking very valuable at the moment. 'Exceptionally well developed' Tony adds.
Unimpressed, Emma asks the Cuckoos if they heard anything. 'No, mother' the Cuckoos respond in unison, while Emma and the Wasp kiss each other on the cheek. 'Good to see you, Janet' Emma tells the Wasp, who apologizes about Iron Man. 'He's feral. You know how it is'. 'I most certainly do know, Wasp, darling' Emma agrees, hands on hips, she stands with the Stepford Cuckoos. The other members of the Five – Egg, Elixir, Tempus and Proteus – can be seen standing to their side, as they're not really on a beach, but in Arbor Magna, which leads to the Hatchery. Emma telepathically tells Polaris not to worry, as the Avengers can't see or hear a thing of Arbor Magna behind them. 'They just think we're out here sunbathing' Emma assures her.
Elsewhere on Krakoa inside the House of M, Jean-Paul Beaubier a.k.a. Northstar, Akihiro a.k.a. Daken and Rachel Summers a.k.a. Prestige stand around the cocoon-like matter that has surrounded itself around the Scarlet Witch's body. Northstar tells his X-Factor teammates that they have searched this place from top to bottom to find clues as to Magneto's movements in his home just before the Hellfire Gala, and asks what the anomaly is. 'The cradle's empty' Daken states. 'Correct. The missing Cerebro helmet has to be connected to Wanda's murder' Northstar replies. Rachel offers to chronoskim to see who stole the Cerebro unit from its cradle, while Daken remarks that he wonders if it was taken to keep Magneto from using it to force Wanda's resurrection through. Rachel watches the recent events play out before her and reports that Magneto took the Cerebro unit himself.
Here's what I've learned about magic.
Magic knows no master.
It belongs to neither gods nor man.
It is the in-between. The fraying edge between reality and unreality. A hidden string secretly linking all things that only the adroit may tug free.
It's a threshold crossed only be rote or by rites. A clandestine path choosing who among the ceaseless quests fumbling toward divinity are the truly worthy.
It is the moon's gentle glissando of tides and all the liminal pools of life it leaves behind – each one glimmering and small and infinitely lonely.
It is the place none can follow, and implication lurking behind worlds, the coil of rope before it cinches in purpose – to rescue or ruin.
There is magic even in the intent driving a dagger.
One may become adept in magic's navigation; but never in its dominion.
Because magic rules itself.
And mortality simply bears witness.
In some strange in-between real, the soul, or essence, or lifeforce of Wanda Maximoff a.k.a. the Scarlet Witch floats. She thinks to herself that magic is lawless, that she coalesces into being from the yearning clutches of eternity, drawing forth new form out of void, stardust and darkness. 'And then I run before the cloaked figure reappears and kills me once more. It isn't a normal death. I burst apart into fragments of life like vestigial confetti scattered across the astral realm. And then nothing. Darkness. Darkness... and then rebirth. Dakrkess, and then... I wake up'.
'Wake up' Hope Summers declares. 'We don't have much time before Xavier gets back' she tells Magneto as she stands over him. 'WAKE UP!' Hope shouts telepathically into Magneto's mind. Suddenly, Magneto gasps, and sits up. Hope tells him that it is time to go, and warns him that he needs to make sure the Avengers don't see Wanda's body. 'Do you understand?' she asks. 'Hope, what -' Magneto begins, confused. 'Do you understand? Do not let them see her body' Hope exclaims. Magneto confirms that he understands.
Shortly, in the Boneyard, home of X-Factor, where Captain America approaches Northstar and asks him how Kyle is, and if he is around. 'Captain America, you know my husband?' Northstar responds. Captain America informs Northstar that they met at the Hellfire Gala, and that Kyle made quite the impression. 'He's good at that' Northstar admits, before telling Cap that Kyle will be home from work later, and is sure he would love to say hello. Suddenly, Pietro Maximoff a.k.a. Quicksilver appears and calls out: 'Who knew such a brutal murder would bring so many different people together. One might even mistake this as a happy occasion at first glance'. Captain America looks at his former teammate and tells him that it is not the murder, but the grief bringing them together. 'It's the staggering loss of such an incredible, unforgettable woman that eclipses trivial little things like political differences' he explains. Pietro frowns, and then thanks Cap, and tells him he is sorry. Cap puts a hand on Pietro's shoulder and tells him not to be. 'I bet it would make her melt knowing that you are still protecting her, even when she's no longer with us. That you are always going to be her protector, no matter what' Captain America points out.
Quicksilver turns away from Captain America and the others and covers his face with one of his hands. Northstar speeds over to him: 'Pietro, are you -' Northstar begins. 'Don't' Quicksilver tells him. 'Hugs can be productive, I hear. Sometimes people need hugs' Northstar smiles. '&#^* you' Pietro smiles back. 'Not that -' he begins, when suddenly, he screams as he finds himself slammed against a wall and restrained in metal bonds. Northstar narrowly avoids being trapped too, as a psionic blast knocks back the metal headed towards Northstar. 'Get out before he pins you. He's taking out the speedsters first!' Rachel calls out to her team leader, while she throws a telekinetic force field around herself and Daken and their fellow X-Factor teammates Aurora, Prodigy and Eye-Boy. 'Shields up, Mom!' Rachel tells Jean Grey, as they extend their force fields around Cyclops, Polaris, Wolverine, Synch, Captain America, Wasp, Vision and Iron Man.
Outside the Boneyard, Magneto hurls spiked metal towards the towering building and shouts 'Send the Avengers out, and no one gets hurt!'
'Are you kidding?' Wolverine complains as she finds herself holding Iron Man back. 'What? My suit's magnet-proof. I can take him' Iron Man boasts. 'We know you can. That's not the point' Wolverine explains. 'Then what the hell is?' Iron Man asks, suggesting that beating Magneto sure does seem to be in everyone's best interests at the moment. Jean Grey maintains the forcefield as best she can, while Captain America protects Eye-Boy from some rubble hurled towards them. 'Letting them protect us is the point, Tony. They don't want us to have to fight on their turf' Captain America explains. 'Ten minutes, Cyclops. I'll let you have ten minutes to sort it out yourselves before getting involved. That's it' Iron Man declares. 'Understood' Cyclops responds, adding that he thinks they will only need five. He touches his optic visor as he announces that he will make a new exit – but before he fires a powerful blast, Polaris puts a hand on his shoulder, asking him to wait. 'Let me' she suggests.
A moment later, Polaris has made a hole in the side of her former home and flies towards Magneto. 'So you chose to build the Boneyard with an entirely magnetized structure? What an indulgent design. 'Is this what you were doing instead of finally finishing your geophysics degree?' Magneto scowls. 'Well, since you mentioned it – I designed a sentient defensive structure for my doctoral thesis. Welcome' Polaris responds.
At that moment, Cyclops emerges from the Boneyard and fires an optic blast which slams into Magneto, knocking him out of the air. 'You got an A, right?' Northstar asks as he flies past his friend. 'No, but I got a PhD, so it's fine' Polaris responds. Magneto lashes out at the Boneyard, attacking it with his awesome powers. Inside, Prodigy receives a communication from Northstar, telling him to take point and go protect the science. 'X-Factor – to me! We're defending chain of custody!' Prodigy exclaims. Daken, Aurora, Prestige and Eye-Boy rush to his side as they make their way up the spiral staircase inside the Boneyard.
'What's the plan?' Eye-Boy asks as they are joined by Synch, Wolverine and the other Wolverine, Logan, who has arrived on scene. 'I believe it means we're making sure nothing compromises the investigation or destroys evidence. In case that is Magneto's goal' Aurora explains as the heroes stand ready for action.
'I know, I know – I said ten minutes, but I started feeling left out, so here we are' Iron Man declares as he, Captain America, the Vision and the Wasp race out of the Boneyard towards Magneto. 'You don't want to do this' Captain America frowns. 'But I do!' the Wasp remarks as she switches to her insect-sized form and smashes a fist into Magneto's face. Captain America hurls his shield towards Magneto, 'I'll be taking this, then' Magneto remarks as he uses his control over metal to slam the shield into Iron Man. He then releases some magnetic waves which mess with the Vision's synthezoid body and send him crashing into the ground. 'WHO'S NEXT?' Magneto booms. Suddenly, 'Hello? What is all this?' Kyle Jinadu-Beaubier asks as he arrives at the Boneyard through a Krakoan gate. 'KYLE, NO!' Northstar screams as metal sheets are hurled towards him, and Magneto traps Kyle inside a metal sheet which he wraps around hm.
'THE AVENGERS LEAVE KRAKOA, OR -' Magneto begins, hovering above everyone, his fist clenched, as Northstar speeds towards him and exclaims 'Fine. They'll leave. Now let go of my husband'. Northstar turns to the Avengers and points off into the distance. 'Get out' he tells them. 'Rude' the Wasp mutters. 'Get the $#%& out' Northstar tells them again. Jean flies up to Northstar and tells him to stay calm. 'Let's not. I would kill you all in an instant if that's all that was required to save Kyle. Shall we find out?' Northstar asks. Captain America looks up at Magneto and tells him to let Kyle go, as he is innocent and is not involved with this. 'He's human' Magneto replies. 'HE'S KRAKOAN' Northstar screams. 'Is this really what you want, Magneto? To harm your own people?' Captain America asks.
Magneto drops to the ground and places Kyle on the ground nearby. Northstar is at Kyle's side, while Magneto answers Captain America's question by telling him that is not what he wants – what he does want is for the Avengers to leave. 'May we ask why?' Captain America enquires, before asking if it has something to do with the reason why they are here. 'Are you trying to keep us from taking Wanda's body home?' Captain America asks. 'NONE OF YOU KNOW WHAT HOME MEANS FOR WANDA!' Magneto shouts angrily. 'I think I do, actually' Quicksilver remarks as he speeds towards Captain America. Magneto puts his hands together as if he was being hand-cuffed and exclaims 'Fine. It was me. I did it. I'm the one who killed her. And I wanted you to leave because I'm guilty of first-degree murder'. He asks Captain America to take him away before he changes his mind and decides to bring this place down to its knees after all. 'Welll? What are you waiting for? I MURDERED THE SCARLET WITCH!' Magneto booms.
Suddenly, a voice calls out 'I'm afraid I have to disagree. On several points, actually'. Magneto looks up and sees Wanda Maximoff a.k.a. the Scarlet Witch hovering in the air above him, the sun glowing behind her.
Watching from the trees nearby is Raven Dakholme a.k.a. Mystique, who looks up at the Scarlet Witch and decides that this should be interesting.
The Scarlet Witch drops to the ground as the X-Men, X-Factor and Avengers all look towards her. 'Hello, everyone. I'm really moved that you all came to help me, but really, everything is all right. I just want to put all this behind me... and let things get back to normal' she calls out as she rushes over to the Vision, leaps into his arms and kisses him on the lips...
Cyclops, Jean Grey, Polaris, Synch, Wolverine III (all X-Men)
Aurora, Daken, Eye-Boy, Northstar, Prestige, Prodigy IV (all X-Factor)
Emma Frost, Magneto, Mystique, Professor X (all Quiet Council)
Stepford Cuckoos
Captain America and Kyle Jinadu-Beaubier met during the Hellfire Gala, as seen in X-Factor (4th series) #10.
Polaris built the Boneyard in X-Factor (4th series) #1.
The Scarlet Witch and Vision have been estranged for some years, with Wanda's most recent romantic relationship being with Doctor Voodoo.
« X-Men: The Trial of Magneto #1
Avengers & X-Men: AXIS #2
X-Men: The Trial of Magneto #2 (David Baldeon variant)
X-Men: The Trial of Magneto #2 (Stephanie Hans variant)
X-Men: The Trial of Magneto #2 (Gerald Parel variant)
X-Men: The Trial of Magneto #2 (Ivan Shavrin variant)


a. "Modernity and Post-Modernity as Challenges to Christian Theology", in: Yonsei Review of Theology and Culture, hg. K. J. Kim u. a., Vol. VI, Feb. 2001, 3-23.
b. Revised version in: Svensk Missions Tidskrift 90 (2002) 4, 435-447.


text:
Q: How do I include this bottom action bar to my layout How do I include a bottom action bar into my activity_main.xml layout. The bottom action bar comes with a floating action button and both views have to be under the coordinator layout– Here it is:
<androidx.coordinatorlayout.widget.CoordinatorLayout
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" >

    <com.google.android.material.bottomappbar.BottomAppBar
        android:id="@+id/bottom_app_bar"
        style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.BottomAppBar.Colored"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_gravity="bottom"
        app:fabCradleMargin="0dp"
        app:fabCradleRoundedCornerRadius="0dp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:menu="@menu/bottom_app_bar_menu" />

</androidx.coordinatorlayout.widget.CoordinatorLayout>

Layout for the activity_main.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.drawerlayout.widget.DrawerLayout
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    android:id="@+id/drawer_layout"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" >
    <LinearLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:orientation="vertical" >

        <com.google.android.material.appbar.AppBarLayout
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:theme="@style/ThemeOverlay.AppCompat.Dark.ActionBar" >

            <androidx.appcompat.widget.Toolbar
                android:id="@+id/toolbar"
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
                android:layout_height="?attr/actionBarSize" />
            <com.google.android.material.tabs.TabLayout
                android:id="@+id/tabs"
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                app:tabMode="scrollable"/>

        </com.google.android.material.appbar.AppBarLayout>

        <androidx.viewpager.widget.ViewPager
            android:id="@+id/pager"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="match_parent" />

    </LinearLayout>

<com.google.android.material.navigation.NavigationView
    android:id="@+id/nav_view"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:layout_gravity="start"
    app:headerLayout="@layout/nav_header"
    app:menu="@menu/menu_nav" />
</androidx.drawerlayout.widget.DrawerLayout>

The activity_main.xml layout above includes a tab layout and a viewpager for swiping.

A: I suggest to use the ConstraintLayout to organize your whole View. The BottomNavigationView or BottomAppBar need to be inserted below the Viewpager. Follow along my code to see the hierarchy:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.drawerlayout.widget.DrawerLayout
        xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
        xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
        tools:context=".MainActivity">

    <androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="match_parent"
            android:orientation="vertical">

        <com.google.android.material.appbar.AppBarLayout
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                android:theme="@style/ThemeOverlay.AppCompat.Dark.ActionBar"
                tools:ignore="MissingConstraints">

            <androidx.appcompat.widget.Toolbar
                    android:id="@+id/toolbar"
                    android:layout_width="match_parent"
                    android:layout_height="?attr/actionBarSize"/>
            <com.google.android.material.tabs.TabLayout
                    android:id="@+id/tabs"
                    android:layout_width="match_parent"
                    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                    app:tabMode="scrollable"/>

        </com.google.android.material.appbar.AppBarLayout>

        <androidx.viewpager.widget.ViewPager
                android:id="@+id/pager"
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
                android:layout_height="match_parent"
                app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"/>
        <com.google.android.material.bottomnavigation.BottomNavigationView
                android:id="@+id/navigationView"
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                android:layout_marginEnd="0dp"
                android:layout_marginStart="0dp"
                android:background="?android:attr/windowBackground"
                app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
                app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
                app:menu="@menu/bottom_navigation"/>

    </androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

    <com.google.android.material.navigation.NavigationView
            android:id="@+id/nav_view"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="match_parent"
            android:layout_gravity="start"
            app:headerLayout="@layout/nav_header"
            app:menu="@menu/menu_nav"/>

</androidx.drawerlayout.widget.DrawerLayout>

In the result you see the BottomNavigationView (I added the menu to make sure you see something, like Fragment 1, Fragment 2 etc..):

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Books by Our Professors
The Power and Value of Music: Its Effect and Ethos in Classical Authors and Contemporary Music Theory
By Fr. Andreas Kramarz, LC
What makes music good or bad? Are there objective criteria for such a distinction? What impact can or should music have on individuals and on society as a whole? What are the factors responsible for the effect of music? This book summarizes and discusses how authors of classical antiquity addressed these questions on musical «ethos» and how they can be approached from a modern-day perspective.
Here you can find more information on this book. You might also be interested in this video. To order the book, please click here.
More information on the author can be found here.
The Splendor of Love: John Paul II's Vision for Marriage and Family
(in Spanish: Matrimonio y Familia - un Nuevo Horizonte)
By Fr. Walter Schu, LC
This book makes the Holy Father's profound insights accessible to everyone who desires to build the new civilization of love.
Discover the nuptial meaning of the body, a new horizon of married love in the language of the body, how true conjugal love integrates the sexual urge, emotional attraction, and the personal gift of self, and much more!
"Splendor of Love" is available here.
"Matrimonio y Familia - Un Nuevo Horizonte is available here.
For more Information on Fr. Walter Schu and our family apostolate, please click here.
Interview with Fr Walter Schu, LC, at the
Guadalajara International Book Fair 2015
New Book by Former Professor of Our College


text:
If You Ignore School Bus Stop Signs in Michigan, You're Now More Likely to Get Caught
Janna Published: October 11, 2021
Two new laws aimed at keeping kids safe on and around school busses go into effect in Michigan Monday, Oct. 11, 2021.
We've all seen someone blow by a school bus when its red lights are flashing and its stop sign is extended - well, those drivers are are now more likely to get caught.
What drivers are supposed to do is stop at least 20 feet from a school bus with its stop sign out, and stay put "until the school bus resumes motion or the visual signals are no longer actuated."
MORE: WEST MI POLICE DEPARTMENTS ASK PARENTS TO 'STOP ACTING A FOOL' AT BUS STOPS
Under previous law, a police officer had to witness a driver fail to stop when a bus had its stop arm extended, Fox 17 reports.
One of the new laws, Public Act 50 of 2021 – Michigan Vehicle Code, now allows police to use video from cameras on the outside of school buses to track down drivers who are not following the law.
Drivers who ignore school bus stop signs can face a fine up to $500.
Another law aims to keep people who don't have permission from entering a school bus. Public Act 49 of 2021 – The Pupil Transportation Act states,
A driver of a school bus shall not transport or permit to be transported on a school bus while transporting pupils to
and from school an individual other than pupils, individuals enrolled in a school-sponsored preschool program authorized by state or federal statute, teachers or chaperons of the pupils or other individuals authorized by the school for the protection of property or the health, safety, and welfare of the pupils or individuals attending other school related functions, or both... An individual other than an authorized person shall not enter a school bus without the permission of the driver of the school bus.
Under another amendment to the Pupil Transportation Act, school busses can now display a sticker that reads,
An unauthorized person attempting to board or boarding this school bus is subject to citation for a civil infraction and may be ordered to pay a civil fine of not more than $500.00.
Source: If You Ignore School Bus Stop Signs in Michigan, You're Now More Likely to Get Caught
Filed Under: camera, Law, school bus, stop arm, stop sign
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