text:
Neuroethics' Brave New World
Martha J. Farah, Ph.D. and Jonathan D. Moreno, Ph.D.
Neuroethics asks, if your high test score is the work of a brain-enhancing drug, is it fair? What is neuromarketing anyway?
Dr. Farah is Annenberg Professor of Natural Sciences and Director of the Center for Neuroscience & Society; Dr. Moreno is David and Lyn Silfen University Professor and Professor of Medical Ethics and of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
Neuroethics is a relatively new area within the larger field of bioethics. It is concerned with the social, legal, and ethical dilemmas that the rapidly-evolving brain sciences can cause. Some of the most significant advances in neuroscience, along with highly sophisticated new brain imaging technologies like functional MRIs (fMRI), expand our understanding of human cognition and emotion.
Fields such as education, business, politics, law, entertainment and national security – all of which require understanding, assessing, predicting, controlling, or improving human behavior – all benefit from what we know about how the brain works. But the ever-expanding applications of neuroscience bring a growing set of ethical dilemmas. Should brain images be used to assess the guilt of criminal defendants? Should wakefulness-promoting drugs be used to enable workers or students to function all day and all night? Is it OK to manipulate the neural systems underlying trust to enhance interrogation of hostile informants?
The growing applications of neuroscience bring a growing set of ethical dilemmas.
To understand the nature and scope of neuroethics, it is necessary to first talk about the most ethically-significant new uses of neuroscience. We'll begin with examples of how neuroscience is being used in several important fields, and then discuss the ethical issues raised by these applications.
New Roles for Neuroscience in Society
Criminal Justice and Law
Neuroscience can be applied to many, if not all, of the same areas of law to which psychology has already been applied. Defendants' personal, medical and psychological histories and diagnoses have long been introduced in court, often as evidence that the accused person deserves greater leniency in his or her sentencing. Information about defendants' brain function from brain imaging studies have also been introduced at the sentencing phase.
'Chemical castration' is another example of how neuroscience can pose legal and ethical issues.
One recent landmark Supreme Court decision concerning lifetime imprisonment of minors referred to the results of neuroscience research on the differences between adolescent and adult brains. The findings changed the ruling on the defendant's sentence. Brain imaging studies of murderers have distinguished between impulsive murderers and those who planned their crimes, with the latter being more likely to murder again.
"Chemical castration" is another example of how neuroscience can pose legal and ethical issues. It refers to the practice of prescribing anti-androgen drugs to sex offenders to reduce testosterone levels. This practice of "therapeutic justice" also extends to anger management classes, parenting classes, treatment for drug dependence.
Some have also used fMRI to measure the likely truthfulness of statements, somewhat like a modern day "lie detector," although these methods still are not admitted as evidence in court. A different type of brain-based lie detection, based on electrical activity (event-related potentials, or ERPs) has been admitted as evidence in the U.S. and in India, where it has already helped convict at least two defendants of murder.
The marketing industry relies on a detailed understanding of how potential customers think and behave. So it may not be surprising that the prospect of "reading" the brain states of consumers would be highly attractive to people in this field. Compared to other psychological states, the states of "liking" and "wanting" have a fairly straightforward relation to patterns of brain activity, which could be very useful to marketing companies.
Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have become widely-used tools in market research, and in 2002 the term "neuromarketing" was coined to refer to this research. Of course, studies aimed at improving sales in a competitive market are generally not made public.
Compared to other psychological states, the states of 'liking' and 'wanting' have a fairly straightforward relation to patterns of brain activity, which could be very useful to marketing companies.
The websites of neuromarketing companies describe their services in some detail, but do not actually report their findings or recommendations to specific clients. The websites of FKF Applied Research and Neurofocus are good examples.
Given the confidential nature of neuromarketing, its success as a business tool is hard to gauge. Nevertheless, the list of companies paying for neuromarketing services suggests that many big players have faith in it. Forbes magazine reported that this list includes Chevron, Disney, Ebay, Google, Hyundai, Microsoft, Pepsico and Yahoo.
The techniques of neuromarketing can also be used to study preferences for health behaviors and political candidates. The scientific quality and hence, the accuracy, of some political neuromarketing has been questioned. For example, a neuromarketing study of primary voters in 2007, showed activation in response to pictures of different presidential candidates. Because the area activated in response to Hilary Clinton is known to activate when subjects experience conflict, the neuromarketers suggested that voters felt conflicted about Clinton's candidacy. However, this inference was unwarranted because mental states other than conflict can activate the same brain area.
The research that is published in the field of neuromarketing is more focused on academic issues. For example, we've learned how packaging design, price, brand identity, spokesperson celebrity and other marketing factors, all separate from the product itself, affect the brain's responses to the product – and how accurately those neural responses predict purchasing decisions. Some of this information may be inferred by common sense or through more traditional behavioral methods (such as marketing beer to its primary demographic, young men, by associated images of brew, friends, good times and sex) but in some cases brain imaging may provide more sensitive measures of consumer motivations.
Brain Enhancement for "Lifestyle" Purposes
For millennia people have been improving their alertness and mood with naturally occurring substances like nicotine, caffeine, and alcohol. Now, however, modern psychopharmacology and other methods of altering brain function have allowed us to develop other options for nonmedical brain enhancement.
It is now a fairly common practice for students to use medications intended for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as "study aids." The results of a 2001 survey of over 10,000 American undergraduates showed that 7% had used a prescription stimulant non-medically, and this figure ranged as high as 20% on some campuses.
One brain-enhancing drug on the rise is modafinil, which was initially developed to reduce sleepiness in narcoleptic patients. It also counteracts many of the cognitive symptoms of sleep deprivation in healthy normal users, so it allows for more comfortable and productive 'all-nighters.'
Anecdotal evidence has revealed that many students and professionals have added a range of other drugs, beyond the conventional ADHD medications, to their work routines. A reader's poll, taken by Nature magazine in 2008, for example, highlighted these practices among professionals as well as students. A substantial minority of readers, especially younger ones, reported using drugs for cognitive enhancement.
One brain-enhancing drug on the rise is modafinil, which was initially developed to reduce sleepiness in narcoleptic patients. It also counteracts many of the cognitive symptoms of sleep deprivation in healthy normal users, so it allows for more comfortable and productive "all-nighters." Some research suggests that modafinil may also enhance cognition in healthy people who are not sleep-deprived.
The ability to control when one gets sleepy, and perhaps even "work smarter" as well as work longer, has obvious allure. It's not clear now many healthy people use the drug, although it may be limited by its expense, the need for a prescription and, last but not least, the unknown long-term effects of cheating one's body of sleep in this way.
In the coming decades of the early 21st Century, there are likely to be a number of new cognitive enhancers available, including drugs to suppress unwanted memories, which are currently being developed. Other technologies like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are being used alongside pharmaceutical approaches to enhance cognitive processes in abnormal – and normal – brain function.
Security Applications: Intelligence and Military
Concerns for national security have driven the development of many technologies, including neurotechnologies, in recent years. Much of the success of both intelligence and military operations depends on the people involved, specifically on their psychological strength and dependability, which are both functions of the brain, so brain scans could be used to evaluate candidates for security or military intelligence positions.
Not surprisingly, information about security applications of neuroscience is often not accessible to the public. Based on what we know from what is available, it is likely that brain imaging is among the methods being studied or used for military interrogation. Recent research into the brain mechanisms involved in deception, inhibition,, and trust has obvious relevance to the development of methods to weaken a subject's ability to withhold information, for example by inhibiting the activity of brain regions involved in deception or by enhancing the activity of brain chemicals that promote trust.
'Luke's binoculars'...uses EEG signals to alert the wearer to his or her own unconscious perception of an important event.
The selection of military personnel is critical for both intelligence and operations, since loyalty and psychological resilience may be challenged under extreme conditions. Despite its many shortcomings, the polygraph ("lie detector") has a long history of use in security screening. Is it possible that brain imaging methods like fMRI could enhance current methods to provide a greater degree of evidence on truthfulness?
In addition to measuring the psychological traits of personnel and predicting how they may behave in the future, there is also a strong military interest in enhancing personnel in the present. It is well established that war-fighting personnel use a range of medications to increase concentration, decrease fatigue and counteract anxiety. Amphetamine has a long history in the military, joined more recently by modafinil (mentioned earlier) and SSRI use is reported to be common among American troops in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Other enhancements under development by the military are quite different from those shared with the civilian world. One example is the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency project known as "Luke's binoculars." The device uses EEG signals to alert the wearer to his or her own unconscious perception of an important event. This enhancement is projected to be in use within a few years. Another military application of neuroscience involves of the development of nonlethal weapons that render the enemy temporarily sleepy, confused, in pain or terrified.
The Ethical Issues and Implications Posed by Advances in Neuroscience
The early 21st Century has seen an explosion of new applications of neuroscience. Medications that alter brain function for lifestyle purposes are already commonplace on campuses and in some workplaces. A number of new drugs and nondrug methods for enhancing everything from cognition to libido are on the market or in development. Brain imaging has been commercialized for applications ranging from lie detection to the assessment of romantic compatibility, and all of these methods for monitoring and manipulating the brain have found their way into government uses, from criminal justice to warfare.
Brain Privacy and (Mis)Using Neuroimaging Information
The uses of brain imaging discussed here raise a number of ethical and legal issues related to a person's privacy. Many of these issues have been discussed by bioethicists in connection with genotyping (having one's genome mapped out).
Brain imaging and genotyping are similar in that both involve measures that can be taken for one purpose and used for another, either at the moment or later on. However, the brain is a step closer to the behavioral points of interest than genes are, and may therefore be more psychologically revealing. In addition, unlike genes, which can be informative about long-term traits only, brain imaging can deliver information about "real time" psychological states, including political preferences or intentional deception.
Brain imaging has been commercialized for applications ranging from lie detection to the assessment of romantic compatibility, and all of these methods for monitoring and manipulating the brain have found their way into government uses, from criminal justice to warfare.
We suggest that brain imaging will lead to major concerns about privacy. As we discussed with neuromarketing, and brain-based lie-detection, these types of technologies deliver specific types of information – they are not general-purpose "mind readers." Both technologies require a cooperative subject.. In fact, compliance poses a real obstacle in forensic applications, especially in the national security area, so taking these technologies outside the laboratory in a reliable manner is not so simple.
A final point concerning brain imaging's threat to privacy is that brain imaging can provide information, but it is up to individuals and society to decide whether and how to use the information thus provided. Questions of whether brain imaging can be used to distinguish between truthful and deceptive statements or whether our brain activity can be used to inform advertising or political campaigns are separate from the questions of whether we should use these methods to vet testimony or influence a person's choices.
Safety Issues in Neurotechnologies
Safety is a central concern in determining the ethical, legal and social effects of any technology, especially those having to do with the brain and behavior. Luckily, there are existing rules we can use to address some of these safety concerns. For example, methods for determining risk and risk-benefit ratios are already in use for a wide variety of drugs and procedures in neuroscience and other areas of medicine, and can generally be applied to neurotechnology.
There are serious risks associated with certain prescription stimulants, including heart attack, psychosis and addiction.
Most people find it makes sense to hold enhancements for normal function to a higher safety standard than treatments for dysfunctions or disorders. In terms of risk-benefit ratio, this is because we assume that treatments have greater benefits than enhancements: The value of returning someone to health is greater than the value of making a healthy person even better off.
Still, the issue remains that little is known about the long-term safety of using neurotechnologies or neuropsychiatric medications for enhancement purposes. The safety of enhancements has recently attracted attention in the neuroethics literature, and deservedly so.
There are serious risks associated with certain prescription stimulants, including heart attack, psychosis and addiction. Do these potential risks override the benefit a child or adult might receive from using them? Of course, the issues of how to weigh safety against potential benefits and the methods for assessing safety are essentially the same, whether one is considering cognitive enhancement or cosmetic surgery.
Is Brain Enhancement Fair?
Another issue brain enhancement raises is whether receiving such help is fair. Since mental ability is both a "positional good" (i.e., one that creates relative advantages, like a better job or better grades), as well as one with intrinsic value (being able to process more information better is always helpful).
Take, for example, the situation that would occur when one worker in an office uses modafinil to extend his work hours on a regular basis. Imagine the pressure his or her colleague might feel to be as productive.
In competitive situations, from college admissions testing to chess championships, brain enhancements could give a person an unfair advantage. Is it fair to take a drug to enhance a test score if one plans to continue using brain enhancement, since that score would actually reflect the level of ability the individual is likely to bring to his or her studies in the future?
On the other hand, if someone were to use a temporary enhancer to improve a test score and then stop enhancing, this would be undeniably unfair. The score would not reflect their "genuine" ability.
Another way that neurotechnology can lead to unfairness is related to socioeconomic disparities. Brain enhancements have so far been more available to wealthier and better-connected members of society. In a world where basic healthcare, education, and personal safety cannot be guaranteed to everyone, it seems unlikely that brain enhancements will be equitably distributed.
Finally, while brain enhancement can be helpful to users, it can also put non-users at a disadvantage. Take, for example, the situation that would occur when one worker in an office uses modafinil to extend his work hours on a regular basis. Imagine the pressure his or her colleague might feel to be as productive.
Autonomy and Brain Interventions
Pressure to use brain enhancements is not always implicit, as in the example of the worker who decides to take drugs to improve their job performance. But it can be quite explicit. For example, in the case of military security or intelligence personnel, fitness for military duty can depend on use of cognition-enhancing drugs. From one point of view, high benefits to society could tip the moral balance in favor of enhancing the wakefulness of pilots or the manual dexterity of surgeons.
On the other hand, many of us find a troubling violation of autonomy (personal free will) in such scenarios. And aside from this, it is not clear what level of dependence may be created. Long-term dependence is especially concerning in the military, when the person may not be in a position to decide for him- or herself whether to accept the particular enhancement or not.
In the same vein, involuntary "enhancement" of criminal offenders, to improve their personality, mood and self-control (as in chemical castration) presents us with another set of tradeoffs. Though there are potentially desirable outcomes, there is also an infringement of autonomy involved. If these treatments can enable offenders to live outside of prison and can protect society against crime, then the "benefit" side of the equation is substantial.
However, state-imposed drugs pose a new kind of limitation on offenders' autonomy: In contrast to the restrictions imposed by incarceration, which mainly concern physical restrictions, brain interventions would restrict offenders' abilities to think, feel and react as they normally would. These manipulations are not insignificant.
Future Challenges for Neuroethics
A challenge we'll continue to face In this growing area of neuroethics is how to balance our optimism about the usefulness of neurotechnologies with major methodological problems. For example, imaging studies like fMRIs are often done in highly structured laboratory conditions, using young, healthy, and compliant, volunteers – often college students. Taking these data into the field (the general population or other sub-populations) carries a wide range of risks.
The challenges also return us to the most basic problems of modern philosophy since Descartes: What is subjectivity and can it be known from the "outside"? What does it mean to deceive and how is self-deception possible? Can we have moral responsibility if our behavior is caused by processes in a physical brain?
Despite those major philosophical questions, it may not be absolutely necessary to resolve them all before delving further into the practical applications of neuroscience, just as the profound unresolved mysteries of the universe have not prevented experimental, applied science from advancing rapidly since the Enlightenment. Philosophical doubts are no excuse for not confronting neuroethical issues, although the precise form these issues will take, and how they will evolve over the next decades, may be hard to anticipate at present.
Brain scans sort liberals from conservatives
Marketing to kids: Can parents compete?
The bioethics of performance-enhancing drugs in sports


He says his aim is poetry. One does not aim at poetry with pistols. At poets, perhaps.
dry the fountain of Helicon with lying lips.
1Tom Stoppard, "Act One: Scene Three", dialogue spoken by Lady Croom to Septimus Hodge, in Arcadia, published at London by Faber and Faber in 2009; page 56.
2Lord Byron, "[To Thomas Moore]", a letter written from Palazzo Mocenigo, Canal Grande, Venice on June 1st, 1818 in "The Letters and Journals: [Chapter] 7. Venice and Rome: November 1816–June 1818" of Byron's Letters and Journals: A New Selection: From Leslie A. Marchand's twelve-volume edition: Edited by Richard Lansdown, published at New York by Oxford University Press in 2015; pages 293–294.


Hi! I'm Andy – I'm a portrait, event and performance photographer based in Brighton & Hove.
Over the years, I've photographed the International Magic Convention (2008-2010), gallery launch events for ONCA, and worked with the arts and heritage charity Strike A Light on their 'Mazel Tov Brighton' project.
I worked with Brighton Fringe in May 2018 as one of their accredited photographers, which was so much fun I put my name down for next year's festival the second it was over.
Are you looking for a photographer for a portrait session or performance promo photos? Maybe you're planning an intimate, laid-back wedding celebration?
Have a look round, drop me an email, and let's chat about what I can do for you.
and caught so many lovely moments from our special day.
we were able to enjoy them before we even got back from our honeymoon.
and capture memories that we will treasure forever.
and events we've held both at the Gallery and the Barge.
He is an absolute delight to work with, extremely professional and always delivers on time and to a very high standard.
We can't recommend him enough.
Strike a Light - Arts & Heritage contracted Andrew O'Hara as our photographer on the Mazel tov Brighton project over a seven month period between 2017-18. During this time he recorded a series of ongoing events with older Jewish People from the charity Jewish Care to help create a magazine about the project and Brighton and Hove history.
He also took a series of 18 themed photographic portraits for a final exhibition in September 2018 which has been very well received. During this time he has been skilled, reliable and helpful as well as delivering images speedily and being flexible with his time.
Copyright © 2018 Andrew O'Hara. Theme design by WPHunters.


text:
Buff is a nickname of:

 E. U. Curtis Bohlen (born 1927), former president of the World Wildlife Fund and former United States Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
 Aldo Donelli (1907–1994), American football player and college and National Football League head coach, soccer player and college athletics administrator
 Buff Hardie, a member of the Scotland the What? comedy review act
 Geoff Hoon (born 1953), British politician
 Charles Kirkland (born 1950), American retired basketball player
 Buff Lord (1892–1985), English rugby league footballer
 Bob McCready (1940–2007), Canadian box lacrosse goaltender
 Buff Milner (1946–1996), New Zealand rugby union player
 Buff Wagner (born 1897), American football player

See also
 BUFF (Big Ugly Fat Fucker/Fella), a nickname of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bomber aircraft

Lists of people by nickname

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Why don't I need to add my main project's namespace in the test class files? Hopefully an elementary question, but one to which I can't find an answer...
This Microsoft documentation leads me to believe that I need to add a using directive for my main project's namespace to my test class files, in order to be able to access the main project's members.
using MainProject;

namespace MainProject.Tests;

[TestClass]
public class UnitTests
{
    ...
}

However, when I do so, Visual Studio Code (with the Microsoft C# extension) tells me the MainProject import is unnecessary. And indeed, my unit tests manage to access the main project members without the using statement.
Both the main project and the test project exist in separate directories and have separate .csproj files. Both live inside a parent folder containing an .sln file to which each has been added. The test project's .csproj file has a reference to the main project's.
The main project's namespace is: MainProject
The test project's namespace is: MainProject.Tests
I have opted into global usings in the test project file, and there is a usings.cs file, which contains one line:
global using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;

Where is the magic happening? (For example, is there a rule that the "child" namespace automatically "inherits" the types declared in the parent?)
Many thanks for your help.

A: A usising statement simple brings the namespace in scope for name resolution, it has nothing to do with directories or assemblies.
The namespace does the same thing, except it has a hierarchical basis and so isn't as flexible.
In essence, there is no magic, you have misunderstood what is happening.

A: I found the official documentation explaining that namespace scopes "nest", and that the inner namespace has access to the members of the outer. Here it is:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/basic-concepts#77-scopes
(The second bullet point in section 7.7.1 describes the rule.)
When I last worked with C#, a long time ago, it was similar enough to Java to be virtually indistinguishable. But a lot has changed.
For example, I had forgotten that the Java-style namespace declarations are a recent addition to dotnet:
namespace MyCompany.MyProduct;
...

We used to have to do it like this:
namespace MyCompany
{
    namespace MyProduct
    {
        ...
    }
}

Looking at it this way, it's easy to see why one might implicitly presume that the inner scope has access to the members of the outer, without having to read the rule from the language spec. If you're used to JavaScript scopes, for example, and your mental model of namespaces looks like the above, then the idea just seems natural.
However, if you're used to the way package imports work in Java, then this can seem very strange.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Domestic violence or domestic abuse in any form is not acceptable. Forms of abuse include emotional, psychological, sexual and financial and could come from a partner or member of your family.
Many people in this situation find it difficult to talk about their experience so we will do everything we can to help you take these first steps.
We can also put you in touch with a variety of services that provide practical and emotional support.


Students contributed to a Wall of Poppies (outside 5/6C & 5/6H) as part of our ANZAC Day commemoration. What makes this collaborative piece of art look so effective is that the poppies are made from various techniques and textures. Each class attached a prayer to the white crosses that also form part of the display.
Well done Rosie, it looks great. I was at Fed Square yesterday and the poppies were being admired by so many people.
Such an impressive display! Can't wait to see it when 5/6I's poppy collages are added.


text:
EU-25 Poultry and Products
By the USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service - This article provides the poultry industry data from the USDA FAS Poultry and Products Annual 2006 report for the EU. A link to the full report is also provided. The full report includes all the tabular data which we have ommited from this article.
EU Poultry and Products Annual Overview - July 2006 - By the USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service - This article provides the poultry industry data from the USDA FAS Poultry and Products Annual 2006 report for the EU. A link to the full report is also provided. The full report includes all the tabular data which we have ommited from this article.
EU broiler production in 2006 is decreasing as a consequence of the Avian Flu (AI) impact. Chicken imports are however increasing in 2006 as a consequence of the outcome of the WTO "salted poultry" case. Broiler exports in 2006 decrease because of decreased demand and a temporary ban on French exports as a result of an AI outbreak. Consumption is only slightly down overall, but regional defferences are large between the South and the North of Europe. The forecast for 2007 is a partial recovery of chicken production, exports and consumption. Imports are forecast to further increase.
The EU turkey situation is similar, with decreased production, decreased exports and decreased consumption in 2006 because of AI. Imports are increasing too. The difference is that turkey markets are not expected to recover, but rather continue their long-time decline.
EU broiler production in 2006 is expected to decrease by 4 percent as a consequence of Avian Influenza (AI) outbreaks in the EU and the resulting consumer scare for poultry meat, mainly in the Mediterranean member states (MS). Despite this decrease in production, commercial stocks amounting some 300 thousand MT were built through April 2006. EU chicken imports are expected to increase in 2006, because imports at reduced tariff are allowed in again from Brazil and Thailand after June 27, 2006 as a consequence of the lost EU appeal in the WTO "salted poultry" case.
Already cooked poultry imports from Thailand had been increasing after that country had converted to cooked products as a way to bypass the AI-related ban on fresh poultry exports to the EU. EU chicken exports are expected to decrease significantly during 2006, as a result of decreased demand in world markets because of the AI crisis and a glut of cheap poultry from Brazil and the U.S. EU exports over the first 4 months of 2006 were down 22 percent, mainly as a result of the partial and blank bans on chicken from France, after its AI outbreak in a commercial turkey flock in February 2006. Total EU consumption of chicken in 2006 is expected to decrease by 1.3 percent. However, this overall number disguises a wide spread of consumption decreases in time and geography in Europe.
In Greece and Italy, temporary consumption decreases of 90 and 70 percent respectively were reported, while consumption in the United Kingdom and some of the New Member States (NMS) increased, benefiting from the strongly depressed prices. Broiler production in 2007 is forecast to only partially recover, as some uncompetitive producers stopped chicken farming. Chicken imports are forecast to further increase. EU chicken exports are forecast to only partially recover too, because of increased competition from Brazil, Thailand and the U.S. EU domestic consumption is forecast to recover also, even if it is a widespread belief that it will take years to eradicate AI again in wild birds.
EU turkey markets follow mainly the same trend. They do worse actually, because turkey production and consumption had already been declining in past years, especially in France, which is the largest producer. EU turkey imports in 2006 and 2007 are expected to increase as a consequence of the outcome "salted poultry" case. However, turkey production, export and consumption are not forecast to recover, but rather continue their long-time slide.
Broilers: 2005
Final EU broiler production numbers were higher than previously estimated. Chicken imports also were higher than estimated, as a result of increasing imports of cooked poultry from Thailand in the second half of 2005. EU broiler exports remained steady until the end of the year. EU domestic chicken consumption in 2005 broke all records, despite reports of a starting AI scare in some of the EU Mediterranean countries.
Avian Flu impacts production and exports
EU broiler production in 2006 is expected to decrease by 4 percent compared to 2005. Chicken production started to decrease in Greece and Italy, as AI outbreaks in Romania, Turkey, and subsequently Greece, were shying consumers in Greece and Italy away from poultry consumption. The discovery of the first European AI outbreak in a commercial turkey flock in France in late February 2006 ma rked the start for a more widespread chicken production cut, as this outbreak had a direct impact on French chicken exports.
Hence, the largest cuts in chicken production are reported in France, Italy and Spain, while most of Northern Europe or the NMS are not or only marginally impacted by the AI scare. However, severely depressed poultry prices and market volatility has also forced producers in other EU countries to reduce chicken production, especially in those MS that are highly export oriented like The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. EU chicken exports in the first quarter of 2006 decreased by 22 percent compared to the same period in 2005, mainly as a result of decreased demand in world markets, a glut of cheap poultry from Brazil and the U.S. and the bans on exports from of France.
The end of the ban on French poultry exports, as well as some easing of the international AI impact on poultry consumption, are expected to allow EU chicken exports to partially recover over the rest of 2006. For more details on AI developments in the EU and its impacts see GAIN reports E360551 and E360382, as well as GAIN reports from FAS EU offices in the reports list at the end of this report). A map and lists of AI cases in wild and domestic birds can be downloaded from the EC Animal Disease Notification System3 website. EC press releases concerning AI outbreaks in EU MS and EU measures are available at
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/dyna/influenza/arc hives_press.cfm.
WTO case on salted poultry and its impact on EU markets
EU chicken imports are expected to increase by 15 percent or more, despite the AI situation in the EU. This is a consequence of the WTO appeal ruling against the EU in the "salted poultry" case by Brazil and Thailand4. Under this ruling Brazil and Thailand could restart poultry exports to the EU under reduced tariff lines after June 27, 2006. Reports are that this is already taking place and therefore, EU imports are expected to accelerate in the second half of 2006.
Already, Thailand was increasing exports of cooked chicken to the EU, after it built the necessary infrastructure because of the export ban on fresh poultry exports that resulted from the AI situation in Thailand. EU domestic chicken consumption is expected to decrease, especially in the first half of 2006, as a result of the AI scare in the Southern part of the EU mainly. Reports of increased domestic consumption in Northern Europe, the United Kingdom and some of the NMS as a result of significantly depressed poultry prices have been recorded. These differences in poultry demand between EU regions resulted in significant imports into the UK from Italy and The Netherlands mainly.
EU broiler production is forecast to partially recover in 2007; however, not quite to the pre-AI level. Without anticipating on any potential AI outbreaks in commercial flocks in 2007, the AI crisis in the EU in the spring of 2006 is resulting in a reorganization of the sector and probably consolidation with lower production capacity. Chicken imports are forecast to further increase as a consequence of the WTO case on reduced tariffs and increased cooking capacity in Thailand. EU chicken exports are forecast to partially recover too, as the consumption depressing impact of AI is fading away. Recovery of exports is expected to be partial only because of increased competition in these poultry markets from Brazil, Thai and U.S. chicken exports.
A review of 2005 turkey numbers for the EU revealed that EU turkey production decreased slightly more than previously estimated, especially in Germany and the United Kingdom. This was the result of decreased domestic consumption of turkey.
The AI outbreaks in the EU are expected to decrease EU turkey production in 2006 by 5 percent, mainly in France, which is the largest producer. Turkey imports are expected to increase, as they will benefit from the WTO "salted poultry" outcome too. EU turkey exports are expected to suffer a 20 percent decrease as a result of the AI outbreak in France mainly. EU domestic consumption of turkey is also decreasing as a consequence of the consumer scare of AI in the Southern part of the EU mainly.
Contrarily to broilers, EU turkey production is forecast to continue its decreasing trend in 2007. Turkey imports are forecast to increase marginally again. EU turkey exports are not forecast to recover lost markets in 2007. EU domestic consumption of turkey in 2007 is forecast to further decrease, as consumers prefer chicken to turkey meat.
EU aid for European poultry producers to mitigate AI impact
On April 25, 2006, the European Agricultural Ministers approved a European Commission proposal for EC financial aid for the European poultry and egg sector (see GAIN Report E360705). The measure, Council Regulation 679/2006, is intended to counter balance the negative market impact of the avian flu crisis in the EU. On July 3, 2006, the details of the market support measures were laid down in Commission Regulation 1010/2006 and published in the Official Journal of the European Commission (see also GAIN Report E36106 - EC market support measures in the poultry sector). The Regulation describes the maximum levels of compensation for destruction and depopulation. The Commission Regulation can be downloaded from the website:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en, Official Journal L180.
In most Member States, the support will be co-financed by the governments on a 50-50 percent basis, putting in half of the support. The EC reportedly calculated the maximum level of support at about Euro 75 million. The sector expects, however, that in practice only about half of this amount will be allocated. On July 12, 2006, the EC amended some details in Regulation 1010/2006. Within two weeks, these amendments are expected to be made public in the Official Journal of the EC.
In December 2005 already, poultry producers in Italy and Greece were calling for veterinary emergency help. However, EC veterinary emergency subsidies are strictly reserved for directly disease infected farmers and neighboring producers that become victim of a disease stamping out effort. No EU aid is allocated for market support measures under this regulation. However, the only market management tool for poultry at the disposal of the EC is export refunds, which very rapidly proved to be ineffective because export markets in the Middle East and Asia had melted away because of AI too and poultry stocks started to build. When France joined the claims from Italy and Greece, after their AI outbreak in a turkey farm, the EC felt compelled to extend the veterinary emergency aid regulation to also compensate producers for scaling down poultry production in reaction to an AI outbreak6.
Some 14 Member States (Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Hungary, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia) have applied for EU support for their poultry sector. The approved measures are for the destruction of hatching eggs; processing of hatching eggs; destruction of chic ks; early slaughter of some of the breeding flock; extension of periods of temporary non-production beyond three weeks; voluntary reduction in output by reduced placing of chicks; and early slaughter of ready to lay pullets. The volatility in EU poultry sectors of the different MS is well reflected in the monthly prices in different MS.
WTO case on "salted poultry" by Brazil and Thailand: outcome and consequences
The EC lost its appeal against the WTO ruling against the EU in the "salted poultry" case by Brazil and Thailand7. Under this ruling Brazil and Thailand could restart poultry exports to the EU under reduced tariff lines after June 27, 2006. It is commonly recognized that the EC appealed the ruling mainly to win time and work on a solution. The consequence of the lost appeal is that cheap imports of poultry can again squeeze uncompetitive EU producers out of the market.
The main problem for the EC is that they don't have any adequate tools to manage the poultry market, especially if export refunds are being phased out as part of a WTO agreement in the Doha negotiations. Rumors are going that the EC is negotiating a poultry import TRQ of 300 thousand MT with Brazil and Thailand. That amount is the volume of poultry imports from Brazil and Thailand that entered the EU under the reduced tariff loophole in 2003. That is about half of current poultry imports and about 3 percent of total EU poultry consumption.
Consequences of the FVO report on control of veterinary medication in Brazil and FVO meat inspection audits in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay
In its report by the EC Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) "Final report of a mission carried out in Brazil from 23 November to 1 December 2005 concerning the evaluation of the controls of residues and contaminants in live animals and animal products, including controls on veterinary medicinal products"9, the FVO expressed several concerns on the fact that veterinary products, including hormones like clenbuterol, are freely available on the market. As a result, widespread use without veterinary prescription can't be excluded. Also, the fact that farmers do not need to keep record of stocks and use of veterinary products, which is mandatory in the EU, makes any control on the proper use impossible. This could lead to increased EU requirements on sampling and testing of animals, which are slaughtered for export to the EU.
The FVO is also on a mission in July 2006 to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay to audit the meat inspection systems of these countries10. In the report of the previous audit in February 2003, a number of deficiencies had highlighted especially with the failure of the Brazil animal identification system SISBOV11 to guarantee traceability of exported products as required by EU law. Some deficiencies in the residue-testing program were also highlighted. Rumors are that Brazilian exporters are concerned about the lack of progress the Brazilian government has made in improving animal registration in the SISBOV system. Also, budgetary restraints are reported to constrain the proper functioning of Brazil testing laboratories. It is preliminary to speculate about the consequences of an eventual negative FVO audit report, but already, producers in EU member states are asking the EC to ban Brazilian meat imports.
List of Articles in this series
To view our complete list of 2006 Poultry and Products Annual reports, please click here
Market analyst Jim Wyckoff shares highlights from this week's activities in the global protein market.
Weekly global protein digest: global food prices, ASF in Thailand, China's ag prices
Markets & policy Marketing poultry Market trends
Antimicrobial additives are commonly included in animal diets for growth promotion and control of diseases.…
Aviagen Top 5 Commitments #1: Health, food safety, and food security
SPONSOR Meat poultry Flock management Health and safety
At Aviagen, we want to support you in this effort. We provide healthy, robust breeding chicks for you to…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi everyone! I'm completely new to this but I'm in need of some advice! I'm finding that family and friends don't fully understand the process me and my wife are about to start going through. So their advice isn't always too helpful (although greatly appreciated!) Me and my partner have made the big decision to start a family of our own. We are trying to make a decision on what clinic to go to for IUI. Could anyone reccommend a clinic in the South East/Midlands area?
Hi Charly, it is rather daunting isn't it! We're all new to this too, currently in our 2ww of our first (and hopefully last) round of iui.
We're with the midland fertility clinic in Tamworth and have been really pleased with them so far, would definitely recommend. Not sure how far they are from you though.


Matthew Dowling: 3 Minutes to a Stronger Faith - Ep. 1 - "How do we know God is real?"
3 Minutes to a Stronger Faith - Ep. 1 - "How do we know God is real?"
Episode 1 - "How do we know God is real? How do we prove it? We can know that God is real by using our eyes, our minds, and our hearts. Join us as our host Matthew Dowling expounds on this big question."


text:
Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines
AccueilPrésentationSubmitting an article
Submitting an article
Vernacular terms
In the bibliography
Arrangement of the illustrations
Files format
Permissions to reprint
Reviews and critical accounts
Notes de la rédaction
This document was updated in June 2020.
EMSCAT publishes original papers only. Papers submitted to the editorial board should not be under simultaneous consideration by another journal. Papers are checked by the editorial board and, if they are compliant with our scope and format, are sent to external reviewers.
The journal also publishes reviews, critical observations and accounts, field notes and thesis abstracts.
Articles may be written either in French or English, but authors whose mother tongue is not English are asked to have their English checked and corrected before submitting their paper.
The journal's website allows users to access the papers and to download them in PDF and ePub formats.
The editorial board is in charge of a double peer-review, by external and/or internal reviewers, depending on the field of study and on the cultural or geographic area. In case major revisions required by the reviewers are not taken into account by the author, the editorial board reserves the right to eventually reject the paper.
N.B.: The authors are invited to suggest names and email addresses of potential reviewers to the editorial board. They may also give names of anyone who should not be invited as a reviewer, but they should explain why. The editorial board will take these suggestions into account whenever possible.
Manuscript and illustrations should be compliant with EMSCAT format, prior to submission at emscat@ephe.psl.eu, otherwise they will be returned to the authors. Authors are responsible for the permission to reprint requests.
Manuscript should be submitted in .doc format (not .docx)
The text should be typed using Time New Roman font, 12 point, without line spacing and justified.
Use a Unicode font for non-European characters (Cyrillic, Chinese, Tibetan, Arabic, etc.), and to specify which font it is.
No automatic formatting should be used, tabulations excepted.
At the top of the document, please provide:
The article title, both in English and in French.
The full name of the author(s).
The abstract, both in English and in French (maximum 6 lines).
6 keywords, both in English and in French.
A short biographical note of 4 lines (affiliation, research subjects, 3 main publications, email address if possible).
Centuries should be indicated using numbers: 1st century, 2nd century, 3rd century, 4th century, 20th century.
Headings should be in bold and the level of heading should be indicated: H1 for a level 1 heading, H2 for a level 2 heading, etc. (this shows the article's structure, but the headings should not be numbered).
Three levels of headings (maximum) are allowed.
In the text, spelled out numbers are used. When followed by a unit of measurement, digits are used.
A non-breaking space (not a comma) should be used in numbers containing more than three digits (1 000, 23 000), except in page numbers and dates.
Terms in other languages than English should be italicized and placed between brackets. They usually follow their English translation: the "merits" (buyan)
However, write: The term buyan comes from Tibetan […].
When several languages are used, the vernacular terms should always be preceded by the language abbreviation: the "merits" (Mo. buyan).
Proper nouns and toponyms should not be italicised.
The transcription or transliteration rules described on our website should be followed: https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/2971?lang=en
If specific rules are used in a paper or if no rule exists in EMSCAT for a particular language, the transcription/transliteration rules followed by the author should be explained in a paragraph or a footnote.
Footnotes should be numbered (1, 2, 3).
The footnotes should not contain full bibliographic references.
Short citation: in the text, between quotation marks.
Long citation: in an independent paragraph, preceded and followed by a paragraph break, typed in Times New Roman font, 10 point, indented and without quotation marks. The bibliographic reference is provided at the end of the cited paragraph, between brackets.
Directly inserted in the text (not as a footnote): (Hamayon 1990, p. 273) or (Hamayon 1990, pp. 355-378) or (Hamayon & Beffa 1978).
In case of multiple references, use a semicolon between each author: (Hamayon 1990, 2003, p. 303; Beffa 1987; Ruhlmann 2006; Ruhlmann et al. 2008).
The bibliography should be placed at the end of the article.
All the bibliographic references cited in the text should appear in the bibliography, and vice versa.
References should be arranged alphabetically (by author's name), and then chronologically.
Multiple references for the same author: a line break between each reference, without repeating the author's name.
For the same first author, the multiple-authors references should be sorted by number of authors, and then alphabetically.
References in other languages than English, French, German, Spanish and Italian should be followed by their translation into English between brackets and without italics.
Regarding the online references, either indicate the URL and the date of latest access, or the DOI (preferably the DOI):
Tan, G. 2013 An ethnography of life and changes among Tibetan nomads of Minyag Dora Karmo, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, Études mongoles & sibériennes, centrasiatiques & tibétaines 43-44 [online, URL: https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/2111, accessed 9 October 2016].
Tan, G. 2013 An ethnography of life and changes among Tibetan nomads of Minyag Dora Karmo, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, Études mongoles & sibériennes, centrasiatiques & tibétaines 43-44, https://doi.org/10.4000/emscat.2111.
References (in English/French) are formatted as follows:
Articles in a journal
Norman, K. R. 1996 Solitary as rhinoceros horn, Buddhist Studies Review 13(2), pp. 133-142.
Meyer, F. 1987 Des dieux, des montagnes et des hommes. La lecture tibétaine du paysage, Études rurales 107-108, pp. 107-127.
Articles in a special issue
Pieruccini, C. 2002 Epic landscapes. Descriptions of forests in the Mahābhārata, in J. Vacek & H. Preinhaelterova (eds), Nature in Indian Literatures and Art, Pandanus 2, pp. 93-103.
Devienne, S. 2013 Régulation de l'accès aux parcours et évolution des systèmes pastoraux en Mongolie, in J. Bonnemaire & C. Jest (eds), Le pastoralisme en Haute-Asie : la raison nomade dans l'étau des modernisations, Études mongoles & sibériennes, centrasiatiques & tibétaines 43-44, https://doi.org/10.4000/emscat.1969
Keown, D. 2000 Contemporary Buddhist Ethics (London, Routledge).
Bonnier, X. (ed.) 2015 Le parcours du comparant. Pour une histoire littéraire des métaphores (Paris, Classiques Garnier).
Articles or chapters in a book
Nelson, L. 2006 Cows, elephants, dogs and other lesser embodiments of Atman. Reflections on Hindu attitudes towards non-human animals, in P. Waldau & K. Patton (eds), A Communion of Subjects. Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics (New York, Columbia), pp. 179-193.
Karmay, S. & K. Buffetrille, 2017 Un parcours tibétain, in K. Buffetrille & I. Henrion-Dourcy (eds), Musique et épopée en Haute-Asie. Mélanges offerts à Mireille Helffer à l'occasion de son 90e anniversaire (Paris, l'Asiathèque), pp. 409-427.
Books belonging to a series
Tsybikov, G. 2017 A Buddhist Pilgrim at the Shrines of Tibet (Leiden, Brill, Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 42).
Bonnier, X. (ed.) 2015 Le parcours du comparant. Pour une histoire littéraire des métaphores (Paris, Classiques Garnier, Rencontres 101).
High, M. M. 2008 Dangerous Fortunes. Wealth and Patriarchy in the Mongolian Informal Gold Mining Economy. PhD thesis in anthropology (Cambridge, University of Cambridge, King's College).
Jacquemoud, C. 2017 Diversité religieuse en République de l'Altaï : concurrences et convergences. Enquête sur le renouveau religieux des Altaïens de la République de l'Altaï (Fédération de Russie). PhD thesis in anthropology (Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études).
All illustrations (photographs, tables, graphs, diagrams, drawings, maps, etc.) must be sent in a separate folder (one file by illustration), but their exact position in the manuscript should be indicated as follows:
Figure 1. Figure title (highlighted in color).
Table 1. Table title (highlighted in color).
The copyright notice and the caption (and the date and location, for photographs) should be provided (highlighted in color).
All figures (photographs, graphs, diagrams, drawings, maps, etc.) should be composed or scanned in high resolution, at least 300 dpi for a width of 15 cm, in tiff, psd, jpeg or png.
They should be in English.
Composite figures (a figure containing several illustrations) should be submitted as a single figure.
Each table should be submitted separately, preferable as a text file.
Each illustration should be named: figure1, figure2, table1, table2, etc., and be sent in a single folder named "illustrations".
Illustrations should be numbered as they appear in the text.
Tables numbering should be independent of the numbering of other figures.
If an illustration is not by the article's author and/or if it has been published before, the author should obtain the permission to reprint it (permission given either by the author of the illustration or by the publisher for published figures), and forward us this permission by email, on submission.
In case there are copyright fees, the permission to reprint might be sent later, when the article is officially accepted for publication, but we should be informed on submission of your article.
It is possible to add additional content (text, image or audiovisual files) as appendices of the article. These files should be submitted at the same time as the manuscript and illustrations, in a separate folder named "appendices".
The formatting rules for the reviews (books, exhibitions, movies, theses, conferences, excavation reports, etc.) are the same as for articles. They generally are 1 to 2 pages long (maximum 4 pages). Reviews that are 5 pages long or more will be published as "critical accounts".
After submission, reviews are evaluated and validated by a member of the editorial board.
Required metadata: title, author's (or editor's) full name, publisher, place and year of publication, and ISBN of the reviewed work; full name and institution of the author of the review.
Thesis abstracts are generally 2 to 6 pages long. Formatting rules are the same as for articles.
After submission, thesis abstracts are evaluated and validated by a member of the editorial board.
Required metadata: author full name, thesis title, institution, field of study, number of pages, thesis defence date, jury members (full name and role in the jury).
To submit an article or if you have any questions, please contact us at: emscat@ephe.psl.eu
Submitting an article to EMSCAT (application/pdf – 255k)
Figurations chamaniques. Écritures, dessins et broderies de Haute Asie, suivi de Varia
Points of Transition. Ovoo and the Ritual Remaking of Religious, Ecological, and Historical Politics in Inner Asia, suivi de Varia
Le Ladakh à travers les âges. Un volume d'histoire de l'art et d'archéologie, suivi de Varia
Animals in the religion and culture of the Tibetan Plateau
Relations humains-environnement en Sibérie et en Chine du Nord-Est. Savoirs, rituels, mobilité et politiques chez les peuples toungouses, suivi de Varia
L'art de mentir
Everyday religion among pastoralists of High and Inner Asia, suivi de Varia
Études bouriates, suivi de Tibetica miscellanea
Épopée et millénarisme : transformations et innovations
43-44 | 2013
Le pastoralisme en Haute-Asie : la raison nomade dans l'étau des modernisations
Variations tibétaines, Et autres…
Le cheval : monture, nourriture et figure
Courants souterrains
Une Russie plurielle
L'orientation, suivi de Varia
Sortir de la nuit
L'épopée orale turque d'Asie centrale. Contes épiques nanaïs
D'une anthropologie du chamanisme vers une anthropologie du croire
Collection Nord-Asie
L'Invention des morts
De l'ombre à la lumière, de l'individu à la nation
Deviner pour agir
Chanter, s'attacher et transmettre chez les Darhad de Mongolie
L'appel du bonheur
Les oiseaux ne laissent pas de trace dans le ciel
La Sibérie comme paradis
Vente des volumes
Soumettre un volume thématique
Soumettre un volume pour la collection Nord-Asie
Règles de translittération
Plan du site – Crédits – Contact – Flux de syndication
Dans Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines


text:
Frontiers journals are at the top of citation and impact metrics
Frontiers in Astronomy
and Space Sciences
Milky Way and Galaxies
Quasars at All Cosmic Epochs View all 72 Articles
Mauro D'Onofrio
University of Padova, Italy
Daniela Bettoni
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (INAF), Italy
Anna Lia Longinotti
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Mexico
2. Methodology
4. Perspectives
Perspective ARTICLE
Front. Astron. Space Sci., 12 December 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2017.00058
Probing the Gas Fueling and Outflows in Nearby AGN with ALMA
Anelise Audibert1*, Françoise Combes1,2, Santiago García-Burillo3 and Philippe Salomé1
1Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSL University, Sorbonne University, UPMC, Paris, France
2College de France, Paris, France
3Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Observatorio de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Feeding and feedback in AGN play a very important role to gain a proper understanding of galaxy formation and evolution. The interaction between activity mechanisms in the nucleus and its influence in the host galaxy are related to the physical processes involved in feedback and the gas fueling of the black hole. The discovery of many massive molecular outflows in the last few years have been promoting the idea that winds may be major actors in sweeping the gas out of galaxies. Also, the widely observed winds from the central regions of AGN are promising candidates to explain the scaling relations (e.g., the black hole-bulge mass relation, BH accretion rate tracking the star formation history) under the AGN feedback scenario. Out goal is to probe these phenomena through the kinematic and morphology of the gas inside the central kpc in nearby AGN. This has recently been possible due to the unprecedented ALMA spatial resolution and sensitivity. We present results on NGC7213 and NGC1808, the latter is part of a new ALMA follow-up of the NuGa project, a previous high-resolution (0.5–1″) CO survey of low luminosity AGN performed with the IRAM PdBI.
The fueling of SMBH at the center of galaxies and the subsequent feedback from its active nuclei, are among the key processes to understand the concerted growth of galaxies and BH. AGN feedback is invoked to explain the formation of massive galaxies when we compare the luminosity function of galaxies to theoretical simulations based on the cold dark matter models (Silk and Mamon, 2012). Winds and outflows produced by the AGN can eject or heat the gas, terminate the star formation and through the lack of fuel for accretion, quench the black hole activity. Recent discovery of many massive molecular outflows (e.g., Feruglio et al., 2010; Fischer et al., 2010; Alatalo et al., 2011; Sturm et al., 2011; Dasyra and Combes, 2012; Veilleux et al., 2013; Cicone et al., 2014; Dasyra et al., 2014; García-Burillo et al., 2014) have been promoting the idea that winds may be major actors in sweeping the gas out of galaxies, in agreement with theoretical predictions of AGN driven winds models (Faucher-Giguère and Quataert, 2012; Zubovas and King, 2012, 2014). However, it is still difficult to distinguish the origin of the outflows, whether they are AGN-driven or starburst-driven.
On the other hand, AGN are fueled by accretion of material onto the BH and the gas component can form stars on its way to the BH (García-Burillo and Combes, 2012; Combes et al., 2014). It is important to study the efficiency of angular momentum transport in galaxy disks in order to understand how the star formation and nuclear activity are fueled and what are the timescales involved, since both feeding process rely on a common cold gas supply, but in very different periods of time (~105 year for BH growth and ~107−9 year for star formation; García-Burillo, 2016). In addition to this scenario, one of the outstanding problems is to identify the mechanism that drives gas from the disk toward the nucleus, removing its large angular momentum and forming large non-axisymmetric perturbations, such as bars or spirals.
This work aims to better understand the galaxies chemical and thermal evolution by studying in detail the physical processes acting on the nucleus of a sample of nearby AGN. Probing AGN feeding and feedback phenomena through the kinematic and morphology of the gas inside the central kpc have recently been possible due to the unprecedented Atacama Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) spatial resolution (≲0.5″) and sensitivity. Since there are only a few AGN observed with high spatial resolution, we investigate the nuclear molecular emission in a sample of nearby AGN making use of spectroscopic techniques.
By applying the velocity channel maps on the dense molecular gas tracers, e.g., HCN, HCO+, CS, and mid transition of CO, we can access the gas kinematics. To detect possible inflows or outflows, we can compare the CO rotation curve with a rotational velocity model based on the Hα kinematics and then subtract the model to analyse the velocity residuals in order to search for blue and redshifted patterns. Another possibility is to explore the current models for the rotation curve, when previous Hα or H i are not available in the literature. One of this model is described by Bertola et al. (1991), assuming the gas is on circular orbits in a plane, υc=Ar/(r2+c2)p/2, where for p = 1 the velocity curve is asymptotically flat and p = 3/2 the system has a finite total mass, therefore we expect 1 ≤ p ≤ 3/2. The observed radial velocity at a position (R, Ψ) on the plane of the sky can be described as:
υmod(R,Ψ)=υsys+ARcos(Ψ-Ψ0)sin(θ)cosp(θ){R2[sin2(Ψ-Ψ0)+cos2(θ)cos2(Ψ-Ψ0)]+c2cos2(θ)}p/2 (1)
where θ is the inclination of the disk (with θ = 0 for a face-on disk), Ψ0 is the position angle of the line of nodes, vsys is the systemic velocity and R is the radius and A, c, and p are parameters of the model. In the cases of NGC 7213 and NGC 1808, we have used the Bertola et al. (1991) model to search for non-circular motions in their observed velocity field.
3.1. NGC 7213
We report ALMA Cycle 1 observations of CO(2-1) at 229.2 GHz of NGC 7213, an early-type SA(s)a galaxy harboring a Seyfert 1/LINER. Previous neutral and ionized gas observations suggest the presence of a warped gaseous disk that could be the result of a merger. It presents a giant Hα filament and two Hi tidal tails, confirming to be a highly disturbed interaction system (Hameed et al., 2001). Stellar kinematics is dominated by non-circular motions, along two spiral arms (Schnorr-Müller et al., 2014). In the central ~3 kpc, the CO map reveals a a widely distributed multiple-arm spiral structure, tracing the dusty spiral arms, as can be seen in the HST image (Figure 1). There is an offset peak located at 200 pc north from the center, meaning that the peak of the CO emission is not concentrated in the very center.
Figure 1. In the left and middle panels we show an unsharp-masked F606W HST image and the original image with CO(2-1) contours overlaid, respectively. Right: CO(2-1) intensity map of NGC 7213 clipped at >5σ. The green circle represents a 30″ diameter.
In general, the velocity field in the left panel of Figure 2 is well-described by rotation, presenting some slightly perturbations along the minor axis (at 10″) probably due to streaming motions from the spiral arms. By applying the Bertola et al. (1991) model to generate a 2-D velocity model that minimizes the residuals, we find that the position angle is −18° and the systemic velocity should be corrected in 30 km/s. The residuals do not indicate hints of a significant blue and/or red-shifted components and this result indicates that probably there is no molecular outflow in NGC 7213.
Figure 2. Left: Velocity map of NGC 7213 clipped at >5σ. In the middle panel the best fit model using the Bertola et al. (1991) function and the residuals, after subtracting the model from the data, are shown on the right.
The "hot spot" galaxy NGC 1808 is remarkable for its very dusty appearance and especially for its well-known system of dark radial filaments. NGC 1808 is a Starburst/Seyfert 2 galaxy located at 9.1 Mpc and it is classified as a SAB(s)a. Accordingly to Reif et al. (1982), it has an inclination of 57°. Atomic gas traced with H i is concentrated in the galactic bar, disk, and a warped outer ring, indicating a tidal interaction in the past with the neighbor galaxy NGC 1792 (Koribalski et al., 1996). It presents prominent polar dust lanes and gas outflow emerging from the nucleus, as revealed in optical studies that indicate an outflow of dust and neutral and ionized gas (as seen in Hα, [N ii], Na i D, and H i by Koribalski et al., 1993; Phillips, 1993). In particular, Na i D is seen blueshifted in absorption and redshifted in emission and B-R images show that the dust plumes associated with the outflow reach ~3 kpc above the plane. Near-infrared integral-field spectroscopy with SINFONI by Busch et al. (2017) showed a large gas reservoir and a disturbed gas velocity field that shows signs of inflowing streaming motion in the central ~100 pc.
We report ALMA Cycle 3 observations of CO(3-2), CS(7-6), HCN(4-3), and HCO+(4-3) in band 7 with a resolution of 0.27″. Figure 3 shows that the CO emission follows the star-forming central 500 pc ring and the very center has a spiral trailing structure, that is also observed in CS, HCN, and HCO+.
Figure 3. From the left to the right panels: a WFC/F658N HST image followed by the 26″ diameter imaged area of CO(3-2) observations with ALMA. The next panels shows a zoom of the spiral trailing structure observed, and the subsequent plots show the same detection as seen in CS(7-6), HCO+(4-3), and HCN(4-3). All the intensity maps were clipped at >5σ.
From the velocity map in Figure 4, the dominant velocity feature appears to be due to circular rotation in the disk. After subtracting a model for the velocity field by Bertola et al. (1991), we do not find significant patterns in the residuals and if there is a presence of an molecular outflow in the galaxy, it will be difficult to disentangle from the dominant circular motion in the 1st moment distribution. We need to explore in details the position-velocity diagrams along the dust lanes observed in the HST images. Additionally, Salak et al. (2016) presented evidence of a molecular gas outflow seen in CO(1-0) from the nuclear starburst region (r ≲ 250 pc) that could be only detected in the position-velocity diagram. The outflow has a maximum velocity of υout ~180 km/s and mass outflow rate between 1 and 10 M⊙/year, comparable to the total star formation rate in the starburst 500 pc region, that corresponds to SFR ~ 5M⊙/year in the "hot spots." The kinematics of our CO(3-2) observations do not show strong outflows at this scale. Certainly, the outflow is more significant at larger scales. A further analysis of the molecular gas and the outflow in NGC 1808 will be present in a forthcoming paper (Audibert et al., in preparation).
We are going to apply the same methodology to search for outflows and inflows in a modest sample of nearby Seyfert/LINERs galaxies that are part of a new ALMA follow-up of the—NUclei of GAlaxies (NuGa) project, a previous CO survey of low luminosity AGN performed with the IRAM PdBI. The new ALMA observations have the remarkable spatial resolution of ~0.06–0.09″.
AA has written the article; AA and FC have contributed to reduce the data; FC and SG-B have written the proposal; and all four authors have contributed to interpret the data and comment the paper.
AA thanks the organizers of the "Quasars at All Cosmic Epochs" conference for support and the referees for useful comments. AA would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Brazilian scholarship program Science Without Borders—CNPq (scholarship reference 234043/2014-8). This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA# 2012.1.00474.S (PI: N. Nagar) and ADS/JAO.ALMA# 2015.1.00404.S (PI: FC). ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA), and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO, and NAOJ. We used observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, and obtained from the Hubble Legacy Archive, which is a collaboration between the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI/NASA), the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF/ESA), and the Canadian Astronomy Data Center (CADC/NRC/CSA). This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) and of the HyperLeda database.
Alatalo, K., Blitz, L., Young, L. M., Davis, T. A., Bureau, M., Lopez, L. A., et al. (2011). Discovery of an active galactic nucleus driven molecular outflow in the local early-type Galaxy NGC 1266. Astrophys. J. 735:88. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/735/2/88
Bertola, F., Bettoni, D., Danziger, J., Sadler, E., Sparke, L., and de Zeeuw, T. (1991). Testing the gravitational field in elliptical galaxies - NGC 5077. Astrophys. J. 373, 369–390.
Busch, G., Eckart, A., Valencia, S. M., Fazeli, N., Scharwächter, J., Combes, F., et al. (2017). Star formation and gas flows in the centre of the NUGA galaxy NGC 1808 observed with SINFONI. Astron. Astrophys. 598:A55. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629440
Cicone, C., Maiolino, R., Sturm, E., Graciá-Carpio, J., Feruglio, C., Neri, R., et al. (2014). Massive molecular outflows and evidence for AGN feedback from CO observations. Astron. Astrophys. 562:A21. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201322464
Combes, F., García-Burillo, S., Casasola, V., Hunt, L. K., Krips, M., Baker, A. J., et al. (2014). ALMA reveals the feeding of the Seyfert 1 nucleus in NGC 1566. Astron. Astrophys. 565:A97. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423433
Dasyra, K. M., and Combes, F. (2012). Cold and warm molecular gas in the outflow of 4C 12.50. Astron. Astrophys. 541:L7. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219229
Dasyra, K. M., Combes, F., Novak, G. S., Bremer, M., Spinoglio, L., Pereira Santaella, M., et al. (2014). Heating of the molecular gas in the massive outflow of the local ultraluminous-infrared and radio-loud galaxy 4C12.50. Astron. Astrophys. 565:A46. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201323070
Faucher-Giguère, C.-A., and Quataert, E. (2012). The physics of galactic winds driven by active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 425, 605–622. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21512.x
Feruglio, C., Maiolino, R., Piconcelli, E., Menci, N., Aussel, H., Lamastra, A., et al. (2010). Quasar feedback revealed by giant molecular outflows. Astron. Astrophys. 518:L155. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015164
Fischer, J., Sturm, E., González-Alfonso, E., Graciá-Carpio, J., Hailey-Dunsheath, S., Poglitsch, A., et al. (2010). Herschel-PACS spectroscopic diagnostics of local ULIRGs: conditions and kinematics in Markarian 231. Astron. Astrophys. 518:L41. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201014676
García-Burillo, S. (2016). Gas flows in galactic nuclei: observational constraints on BH-galaxy coevolution. Proc. Int. Astron. Union 11, 207–214. doi: 10.1017/S1743921316007511
García-Burillo, S., and Combes, F. (2012). The feeding of activity in galaxies: a molecular line perspective. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 372:012050. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/372/1/012050
García-Burillo, S., Combes, F., Usero, A., Aalto, S., Krips, M., Viti, S., et al. (2014). Molecular line emission in NGC 1068 imaged with ALMA. I. An AGN-driven outflow in the dense molecular gas. Astron. Astrophys. 567:A125. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201423843
Hameed, S., Blank, D. L., Young, L. M., and Devereux, N. (2001). The discovery of a giant Hα filament in NGC 7213. Astrophys. J. Lett. 546, L97–L100. doi: 10.1086/318865
Koribalski, B., Dahlem, M., Mebold, U., and Brinks, E. (1993). A comprehensive study of the peculiar spiral galaxy NGC 1808. II - VLA H I line observations. Astron. Astrophys. 268, 14–24.
Koribalski, B., Dettmar, R.-J., Mebold, U., and Wielebinski, R. (1996). Gas streaming along the bar in NGC 1808. A combination of high-resolution Hα and HI data. Astron. Astrophys. 315, 71–76.
Phillips, A. C. (1993). Nuclear and large-scale outflow in NGC 1808. Astron. J. 105, 486–498.
Reif, K., Mebold, U., Goss, W. M., van Woerden, H., and Siegman, B. (1982). An HI survey of southern galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 50, 451–479.
Salak, D., Nakai, N., Hatakeyama, T., and Miyamoto, Y. (2016). Gas dynamics and outflow in the barred starburst galaxy NGC 1808 revealed with ALMA. Astrophys. J. 823:68. doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/68
Schnorr-Müller, A., Storchi-Bergmann, T., Nagar, N. M., and Ferrari, F. (2014). Gas inflows towards the nucleus of the active galaxy NGC 7213. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 438, 3322–3331. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt2440
Silk, J., and Mamon, G. A. (2012). The current status of galaxy formation. Res. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 917–946. doi: 10.1088/1674-4527/12/8/004
Sturm, E., González-Alfonso, E., Veilleux, S., Fischer, J., Graciá-Carpio, J., Hailey-Dunsheath, S., et al. (2011). Massive molecular outflows and negative feedback in ULIRGs observed by herschel-PACS. Astrophys. J. Lett. 733:L16. doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/733/1/L16
Veilleux, S., Meléndez, M., Sturm, E., Gracia-Carpio, J., Fischer, J., González-Alfonso, E., et al. (2013). Fast molecular outflows in luminous galaxy mergers: evidence for quasar feedback from herschel. Astrophys. J. 776:27. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/27
Zubovas, K., and King, A. (2012). Clearing out a galaxy. Astrophys. J. Lett. 745:L34. doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/745/2/L34
Zubovas, K., and King, A. R. (2014). Galaxy-wide outflows: cold gas and star formation at high speeds. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 439, 400–406. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt2472
Keywords: active galactic nuclei, extragalactic astronomy, evolution of galaxies, galaxies, spectroscopy
Citation: Audibert A, Combes F, García-Burillo S and Salomé P (2017) Probing the Gas Fueling and Outflows in Nearby AGN with ALMA. Front. Astron. Space Sci. 4:58. doi: 10.3389/fspas.2017.00058
Received: 30 September 2017; Accepted: 27 November 2017;
Published: 12 December 2017.
Mauro D'Onofrio, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
Daniela Bettoni, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (INAF), Italy
Anna Lia Longinotti, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Mexico
Copyright © 2017 Audibert, Combes, García-Burillo and Salomé. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Anelise Audibert, anelise.audibert@obspm.fr


Law Enforcement officers from Mecklenburg County and beyond ride bicycles 500 miles over four days from Charlotte to Washington, DC. From the start in Charlotte and all along the way we are joined by fellow officers and citizens from towns and cities on the route who ride with us to show support for our cause - a ride in honor and memory of those who have died in the line of duty. Though the journey is not easy, each mile is a tribute to those who have made the ultimate sacrifice. At the completion of the ride we attend the Candlelight Vigil at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in Washington, DC.
by attending the Candlelight Vigil and the Vigil is always on May 13.


How to Cut Business Costs?
5 Creative Ways to Make Money. Turning Your Imagination into Dollars.
What Are the Most Common Causes of Small Business Failure? Questions Startups Need to Ask.
One Person Business Ideas: 10 Startups You Can Run Yourself.
What Small Businesses Are Most Profitable?


No – we haven't regressed to fairy tales (at least, not just yet), but rather a modern fable demonstrating the current buoyant state of the airline business.
The Sleeping Beauty in question is an Airbus A340-600 belonging to Virgin Atlantic, named 'Sleeping Beauty' and registered, appropriately enough, G-VNAP. They're not short of imagination at Virgin Atlantic, it's one of the reasons they're one of our favourite airlines [full disclosure – that and the amount of air miles some of our staff have accumulated with them].
'Sleeping Beauty' entered service with VA in 2005 and no doubt flew a zillion air miles until, in 2015, she went into storage in Tarbes, south west France. Tarbes, and a sister base in Teruel, Spain, are becoming the European equivalent of Mojave in California where aircraft go for long term storage and with a capacity for up to 250 stored aircraft between them, she no doubt had plenty of company.
However, how long 'sleeping beauty' will enjoy her second lease of life is unclear. It's likely that she's been bought back into service to help cover a shortfall in serviceability of the airline's 787 fleet, caused by problems with their V1000 engines. Of course, Virgin Atlantic used to have a policy of only operating four-engine aircraft on its long-haul routes and even painted some of its aircraft with the slogan '4 engines 4 long haul'. (Incidentally, we're reminded of the story of a senior Boeing engine who was once asked why he would only cross the Atlantic on a four-engine aircraft; "Because Boeing don't make any five engine aircraft" was his caustic reply). It's also worth noting that Virgin Atlantic have finally formally announced the cancellation of their oft-postponed purchase of A380s which is a bit of a shame, as we'd like to have seen what they would have done with that space, especially nearer the pointy end.
Meantime, the A340s soldier on, so should you see 'Sleeping Beauty' at an airport sometime, it might be worth reflecting that her name has turned out to be more appropriate than anyone could have imagined when she first entered service. Of course aeroplanes don't have souls, but they often have stories, and that's no bad thing in an age and industry which is sometimes less romanticthan it used to be.


text:
En termodinàmica, el punt triple és aquell en el qual conviuen en equilibri l'estat de la matèria sòlid, l'estat líquid i l'estat gasós d'una substància. Es defineix amb una temperatura i una pressió (no ambiental, sinó pressió de vapor). El punt triple de l'aigua, per exemple, se situa a 273,16 kèlvins (0,01 °C) i a una pressió de 611,73 Pa (4,59 mmHg o 0,006033 atm ITS90.

Punt triple de l'aigua
L'única combinació de pressió i temperatura a la qual l'aigua, gel i vapor d'aigua poden coexistir en un equilibri estable es produeix exactament a una temperatura de 273.1598 K (0.0098 °C) i a una pressió parcial de vapor d'aigua de 611,73 pascals (6,1173 mil·libars, 0,0060373057 atm). En aquest moment, és possible canviar l'estat de tota la substància a gel, aigua o vapor arbitràriament fent petits canvis en la pressió i la temperatura. Cal tenir en compte que fins i tot si la pressió total d'un sistema està molt per sobre de 611,73 pascals (és a dir, un sistema amb una pressió atmosfèrica normal), si la pressió parcial del vapor d'aigua és 611,73 pascals, aleshores el sistema pot trobar encara al punt triple de l'aigua. Estrictament parlant, les superfícies que separen les diferents fases també han de ser perfectament planes, per evitar els efectes de les tensions de superfície.

L'aigua té un inusual i complex diagrama de fases (encara que això no afecta les consideracions generals exposades sobre el punt triple). A altes temperatures, incrementant la pressió, primer s'obté aigua líquida i, a continuació, aigua sòlida. Per sobre de 109 Pa aproximadament s'obté una forma cristal·lina de gel que és més dens que l'aigua líquida. A temperatures més baixes en virtut de la compressió, l'estat líquid deixa d'aparèixer, i l'aigua passa directament de sòlid a gas.

A pressions constants per sobre del punt triple, escalfar gel fa que es passi de sòlid a líquid i d'aquest a gas, o vapor. A pressions per sota del punt triple, com les trobades a l'espai exterior, on la pressió és propera a zero, l'aigua líquida no pot existir. En un procés conegut com a sublimació, el gel salta la fase líquida i es converteix directament en vapor quan s'escalfa.

La pressió del punt triple de l'aigua va ser utilitzada durant la missió Mariner 9 a Mart com un punt de referència per definir el nivell del mar. Missions més recents fan ús d'altimetria làser i gravimetria en lloc de la pressió atmosfèrica per mesurar l'elevació a Mart.

Taula de punts triples
En aquesta taula s'inclouen els punts triples d'algunes substàncies comunes. Aquestes dades estan basades en els proporcionats per la National Bureau of Standards (ara NIST) dels Estats Units d'Amèrica.

Referències

Vegeu també
 Diagrama de fases
 Punt crític

Bibliografia
 Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner. Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 78.

Propietats químiques
Estats de la matèria


text:
It's good to work - BT is looking for apprentices in Coventry
There are currently 26 apprenticeships up for grabs in the West Midlands
Enda Mullen
(Image: Malcolm Cochrane/BT/PA Wire)
BT is looking to recruit apprentices and has a number of roles in Coventry aimed at young people keen to get their first foot on the career ladder.
The communications giant has 26 new apprenticeship jobs to fill across the West Midlands.
This year's BT apprentice and graduate recruitment, which includes mobile operator EE, will see the new employees work in a variety of roles, ranging from customer service, vehicle maintenance and finance to cyber security and software development.
The Midland apprentice recruitment drive is part of a national initiative aiming to sign-up 1,700 apprentices and graduates.
Colin Bannon, chairman of BT's West Midlands regional board, said: "This latest major recruitment is a further example of BT's commitment to the West Midlands as one of the region's leading employers and investors.
"We are offering exciting, high quality careers in a fast moving industry in order to ensure the households and businesses of this region are able to benefit from the latest, first class communications.
"The new recruits will be joining a world-leading company, which has already invested hundreds of millions of pounds in the West Midlands in technologies such as superfast broadband and 4G."
BT is one of the UK's largest employers with 81,000 UK-based people.
According to a recent report by Regeneris Consulting, the company supports around 15,800 jobs in the West Midlands through direct employment, spending with contractors and suppliers and the spending of employees - and gives an annual boost to the region's economy worth £1.28 billion.
Welcoming BT's apprentice and graduate recruitment drive, Apprenticeships and Skills Minister, Robert Halfon said: "It is always good to talk about apprenticeships and the ladder of opportunity they give people to secure the career they want.
"By committing to injecting 1,700 new graduate and apprentice jobs into the UK, BT is offering a real chance to be trained by some of the best in their field."
Download our all-new mobile app to get the latest news, sport and whats on.
One quick sync and you can read our content on the move without being online. Get regular news alerts straight to your mobile and keep up with the latest traffic and travel or breaking events as they happen via our daily live blogs.
It's completely customisable to your own specific interests - Download it today by clicking here for iPhone and here for Android.


Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 VS Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro: Have You Upgrade?
Home Comparison Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 VS Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro: Have You Upgrade?
The Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 is a budget and impressive smartphone with a beautiful body and enough inbuilt memory. The phone features a similar design and naming pattern with the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro that was launched with good camera set-up and a massive battery. Below, we will be looking at the comparison between the Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 and the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro to see if the phone will make a good alternative.
The Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 features a decent body design. It measures 7.5 mm in thickness and weighs 169 gram. The Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro, on the other hand, is not that bad at all. The phone is not looking classic, however, it measures 7.9 mm and weighs 210 gram. The Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 has a fingerprint scanner and it's available in Black, Blue, and Gold colors, while the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro is available in Black, Gold, and White colors.
The Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 has a screen display size of 6.0 inches with a resolution of 1080 x 2220 pixels and 411 PPI density, while the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro has a screen size of 6.0 inches with a resolution of 1080 x 1920 pixels and 367 PPI density. Both phones are equipped with the same Super AMOLED Capacitive Touchscreen, display protection, and a similar screen to body ratio as well.
On the camera department, the Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 has a triple rear cameras of 24MP + 5MP + 8MP with dual LED flash and a front facing camera of 24 MP for selfies, whereas the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro has a single rear camera of 16 MP with an LED flash and a selfies snapper of 8 MP on the front. Both phones feature the same Digital Zoom, Auto Flash, Face detection, and Touch to focus on the camera, while on the overall, the Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 will take better photos.
The Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 has Samsung Exynos 7 Octa 7885 chipset with an octa-core processor that clocked at a speed of 2.2 GHz and Mali-G71 MP2 for graphics, while the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro has Qualcomm Snapdragon 652 MSM8976 chipset with an octa-core processor that clocked at a speed of 1.8 GHz and Adreno 510 for graphics. Both phones have the same 4GB RAM and they also have support for a 4G LTE network. The Galaxy A7 2018 has inbuilt storage of 64GB which is expandable, while the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro has internal storage of 32GB which is expandable as well. The Galaxy A7 2018 runs on Android v8.0 (Oreo), while the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro runs on Android v5.1.1 (Lollipop) operating system.
The Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 has a nonremovable battery capacity of 3300 mAh with fast charging technology, while the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro has a massive battery capacity of 5000 mAh. On the price, the Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 will cost around $300, while the Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro will sell at a price of $159.
On the overall, the Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 will perform better and it also has an edge against its rival. The Samsung Galaxy A9 Pro has a bigger battery capacity and it's more affordable, so the phone will make a good alternative.


text:
ROCKET'S THREE STARS
MAURICE RICHARD
An emblematic icon of the Montreal Canadiens, Maurice Richard's influence and impact [...]
Since the NHL added a franchise in Toronto in 1917, the rivalry between the two Canadian [...]
"THE ROCKET" PASSES ON
On May 27, 2000, all of Quebec is saddened by the loss of a true hockey legend, Maurice [...]
STANLEY CUP NO. 5
Sixty minutes away from ending a 13-year championship drought on April 13, 1944, the Canadiens [...]
On March 23, 1944, Maurice Richard took matters into his own hands during the second game of the semifinals against Toronto at the Forum.
After a first period that elapsed without a goal from either side, "The Rocket" blasted off to begin the second frame. He scored the evening's first two goals in a 17-second span, the first coming at 1:48 and the next at 2:05. After Reg Hamilton put the Leafs on the board, Richard completed his hat trick at 16:46.
His night was far from over, though, as Richard potted his fourth marker in the final period's opening minute and put a fifth and final puck behind Toronto netminder, Paul Bibeault, at the 8:54 mark. Coach Dick Irvin, who needed his superstar for the rest of the series, felt it safer to keep Richard on the bench for the rest of the game.
Richard's five-goal playoff performance tied the NHL record set by Canadiens star, Newsy Lalonde, in March of 1919. Only three other players have found the twine five times in a postseason encounter since then. Linemates Toe Blake and Elmer Lach provided indispensable support to Richard on his record night, contributing five and four assists respectively.
Following the 5-1 victory that evened the series at a game apiece, Richard was picked as the evening's first, second and third star, the first time any player had swept the post-game honors. The next day, newspaper headlines in both Toronto and Montreal read "Richard 5 - Toronto 1".