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Home Articles Geological Hazards and Monitoring at the Azores (Portugal)
Geological Hazards and Monitoring at the Azores (Portugal)
Earthzine April 12, 2011 Articles, Disaster Management Theme, Earth Observation, In-Depth, Original, Sections, Themed Articles
JoÌ£o LuÌ_s Gaspar, Gabriela Queiroz, Teresa Ferreira, Paulo Amaral, FÌÁtima Viveiros, Rui Marques, Catarina Silva and Nicolau Wallenstein
Centro de Vulcanologia e Avalia̤̣o de Riscos GeolÌ_gicos, Universidade dos Azores
Centro de Informaco e Vigilencia Sismovulcenica dos Azores
9501-801 – Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
Figure 1 – Azores archipelago geographic location.
The Azores archipelago is located in the North Atlantic Ocean at about 1500 km from the European continent and 3900 km from the North America east coast. It is formed by nine volcanic islands and a few islets dispersed along a 600 km NW-SE direction axis (Fig.1). Despite some uncertainties about the discovery date of the Azores, it is known that the archipelago was first settled by the Portuguese in the second quarter of the 15th century, in the early thirties. In nowadays the Azores have about two hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants and its economy is strongly dependent from the agriculture, fisheries and tourism.
Geological Setting
The islands rise from the so called Azores Plateau, a thick and irregular area of the oceanic crust roughly limited by the 2000 meters bathymetric curve (Needham & Francheteau 1974). This structure is believed to be related with the presence of a deep mantle plume in the zone where the American, Eurasian and Nubian lithospheric plates meet forming the Azores Triple Junction (e.g. Searle, 1980; LuÌ_s et al., 1994).
Figure 2 – Azores region main tectonic structures
The main tectonic features that dominate the Azores region are the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), which crosses the archipelago between the islands of Faial and Flores with a general N-S direction, and the Azores-Gibraltar Fracture Zone that constitutes the Eurasian-Nubian plate boundary and extends from the MAR to the region of Gibraltar. This boundary includes the Terceira Rift (TR) and the Gloria Fault (GF). The Terceira Rift is a complex structure trending NW-SE extending from the MAR to the Gloria Fault along a line defined by Graciosa, Terceira and SÌ£o Miguel islands and by several submarine banks and basins, including, in a broad sense, the WNW-ESE fracture systems of Faial, Pico and SÌ£o Jorge islands. The Gloria Fault is an E-W dextral strike-slip fault well distinct in the bathymetry, which extends from the vicinity of Santa Maria Island to the east (Fig.2). Impressive submarine and subaerial volcanic rift zones and central volcanoes extend along the MAR and the TR.
Figure 3 – Epicentre of the July 9th, 1998 Faial earthquake and aftershocks.
This complex geological and geodynamic setting of the Azores explains the significant seismic and volcanic activity, including eruptions and degassing processes, registered in the archipelago. Important landslides triggered either by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, extreme meteorological conditions and/or coastal erosion processes frequently affect the islands, and tsunamis related with earthquakes and landslides were reported to have occurred in the past.
Destructive Earthquakes and Present-Day Seismicity
Since the settlement of the Azores more than 30 important earthquakes and countless seismic crises resulted in thousands of deaths and severe damages. The first reported destructive earthquake took place on the October 22nd, 1522, and reached intensity X (MM-56) on SÌ£o Miguel Island (Silveira et al., 2003). Vila Franca do Campo, the capital of the Azores at that time, was completely destroyed and more than 5,000 people died, many of which buried by major debris flows associated with two main landslides triggered by the earthquake (Marques et al.,
Figure 4 – The July 9th, 1998, Faial earthquake caused the collapse of more than 80% of the houses in some parishes.
2009). The Azores strongest earthquake occurred on the July 9th, 1787, with epicentre close to SÌ£o Jorge island north coast and caused over 1,000 deaths. The most recent devastating events were the January 1st, 1980, 7.2 magnitude earthquake (Hirn et al., 1980) which affected Terceira, SÌ£o Jorge and Graciosa islands causing the dead of nearly 60 people, and the July 9th, 1998, 5.8 magnitude earthquake (Senos et al., 1999) that hit Faial and Pico islands (Fig.3) causing 8 casualities while 1,700 people were left homeless (Fig.4).
The instrumental data for the last thirty years clearly demonstrates that most of the seismic activity in the Azores region takes place along the TR and at the MAR (Fig.5). Both tectonic and volcanogenic seismic crises were frequent during this period.
Volcanic Eruptions, Unrest Episodes and Degassing Areas
The first noticed Azores historical eruption occurred at Furnas Volcano and its final stage coincided with the settlement of SÌ£o Miguel Island, sometime between 1439 and 1443 (Queiroz et al., 1995; Guest et al., 1999). Since then at least 28 volcanic eruptions of different nature and magnitude caused several human victims, killed animals and buried infrastructures and productive soils.
Figure 5 – Seismic activity in the Azores region for the last 30 years.
The majority of the subaerial events was dominated by strombolian and hawaiian eruptive styles producing basaltic scoria and lava flows. Eruptions of this nature occurred at SÌ£o Miguel (1563 and 1652), Terceira (1761), SÌ£o Jorge (1580 and 1808), Pico (1562, 1718, 1720) and Faial (1672). More explosive eruptions took place at SÌ£o Miguel Island central volcanoes involving magmatic and hydromagmatic phases (1563, 1630). In the 1630 Furnas Volcano subplinian hydromagmatic eruption approximately 100 people lost their lives due to pyroclastic surges (Cole et al., 1995). During this event important landslides changed the morphology of the nearby coastal zone while pumice and ash fall covered almost all the island reaching as far as Santa Maria island about 80 km to the south.
Many of the recorded historical eruptions in the Azores region were of submarine origin (Chaves, 1960). In all the Azoreans memory stays the 1957-58 volcanic eruption of Capelinhos Volcano, close to the western coast of Faial Island (Machado, 1959). The event had surtseyan characteristics during the first stages of activity and changed to strombolian and hawaiian styles when the accumulation of ashes around the vent prevented the entrance of seawater into the crater. A major consequence of this eruption was the immigration of more than 4,000 people to the United States (Coutinho et al. 2010).
Figure 6 – Serreta submarine eruption (photo taken in January, 1999).
On December 1998, another submarine volcanic eruption started 10 km NW offshore Terceira Island, being characterized by the production of the so-called basaltic lava balloons (Gaspar et al., 2003). This Azorean type of submarine volcanic activity (Fig.6) is believed to be related with very fluid and gas-rich basaltic magmas. The reinterpretation of several historical records of submarine volcanic events shows that this type of eruption is not so rare all over the world.
More recently, in 2005, a volcanic unrest episode occurred in SÌ£o Miguel Island, in the Fogo-Congro volcanic system, involving magma rising to shallow reservoirs (Wallenstein et al., 2007). The phenomenon was characterized by an intense seismic activity (Fig.7) and ground deformation that caused surface ruptures and triggered more than 250 landslides in the central zone of the island (Marques et al., 2007).
Present-day volcanic activity is expressed by hydrothermal manifestations characterized by low temperature fumaroles, steaming grounds, soil diffuse degassing areas and thermal and cold CO2 springs. The spatial distribution, intensity and physicochemical characteristics of such phenomena are depending from the seismic and volcanic activity and can be influenced by the meteorological conditions. The presence of degassing phenomena in (1) inhabited areas, (2) visited lava structures and even (3) open-air depressed zones constitutes an important public health issue (Baxter et al., 1999; Viveiros et al., 2009). In 1992 two people died at Graciosa Island when visiting the Furna do Enxofre lava cave and more recently in SÌ£o Miguel and Faial islands some people were evacuated from their homes due to the presence of high indoor CO2 concentration.
Fig.7 – Seismic events related with the 2005 SÌ£o Miguel volcanic unrest episode.
The Azores are a region particularly vulnerable to slope instability due to geological, geomorphologic and meteorological factors. The volcanic nature and morphology of the islands, namely the existence of steep slopes developed on incoherent materials, condition the occurrence of landslides, which are typically triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or extreme meteorological events.
The previously mentioned events of 1522 and 1630 typify landslides related with earthquakes and eruptions, respectively. However, the meteorological conditions are the most common cause of this hazard. One of the most recent events occurred on October 31st, 1997, and was triggered by an extreme rainfall episode. Nearly 1000 shallow slope movements, mainly translational slides and debris-flow, were generated and one of them caused 29 casualties at the Ribeira Quente village in SÌ£o Miguel Island (Fig.8). During this event 114 residents were left homeless, 36 houses were destroyed, several roads were cut, water and energy supply systems suffered serious damages and areas of fertile land became covered by mud and debris (Marques, 2004).
Figure 8 – Debris flow deposit formed during the 1997 Ribeira Quente landslide event, in SÌ£o Miguel Island.
In the last 500 years at least 12 tsunamis generated by earthquakes or landslides reached the Azores archipelago (Cabral, 2009). Recent studies revealed that the higher magnitude event was the teletsunami generated by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, with epicentre in the North Atlantic, SW of Portugal. The tsunami attained the Azores with a maximum run-up of about 15 metres in Terceira Island causing the death of 6 people. Local earthquakes, like the ones of 1757 or 1980, generated small tsunamis that didn't cause any victims.
Rather important in the Azores are the tsunamis caused by landslides. Flank volcano collapses and high magnitude sea cliff landslides are known to have occurred in pre-historical times in several islands and some historical reports allow reconstructing more recent events. The major reported landslide-triggered tsunami took place in 1847, when a rotational slide occurred in a sea cliff with more than 350 metres high at the NW coast of Flores Island. The entrance of material into the sea originated a wave that affected both Flores and Corvo islands, being responsible by the death of 10 people and more than 100 injured.
Figure 9 – CVARG seismic operative room.
Monitoring, Alert and Warning Systems
The concept of natural multi-hazards assessment and monitoring has an important expression in the Azores due to the coupled occurrence of the above mentioned geological hazards. Such evidence determined the scientific and technical multidisciplinary development of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment (CVARG) of the Azores University along the past 15 years and justify its advisory role near the regional and local civil protection authorities trough the Centre for Information and Seismovolcanic Surveillance of the Azores (CIVISA) an organization created by the Azores University and the Azores Regional Government to assure the implementation, development and maintenance of a multi-parametric monitoring program for the Azores region based on geophysical, geodetic, geochemical and meteorological continuous real-time data acquisition networks and discrete data sampling campaigns.
Figure 10 – Volcano monitoring GNSS field survey.
The Azores seismological monitoring network is composed by nearly 40 short-period and broadband seismic stations. Portable seismic stations and seismic arrays are used to complement the permanent observation network and follow specific seismic and/or volcanic crises. Data collected in this domain provides (Fig.9): the analysis of tectonic and volcanogenic earthquakes and volcanic tremor; the study of seismic source dynamics and fluid transport mechanisms; the evaluation of maximum historical intensities maps and seismic site effects; the analysis of buildings vulnerability to seismic solicitations; and the definition of scenarios to model the impact of future events.
Geodetic studies are supported by regular field surveys (Fig.10) and permanent GNSS and total stations networks coupled with meteorological stations to correct atmospheric effects. These techniques allow crustal deformation studies concerning the identification, location and characterization of point source mechanisms and magmatic intrusions temporal and spatial evolution. At local scale, total station networks and meteorological data acquisition systems are used to monitor slope instability.
Figure 11 – Soil CO2 flux degassing measurements.
The fluid geochemistry network includes CO2 and H2S flux permanent stations and 222Rn activity coupled with meteorological sensors to study the influence of external factors in the degassing processes. Additionally, temperature and water level measurements are being performed in water drilling wells to identify local stresses due to crustal deformation phenomena and/or shallow intrusions. In the scope of specific public health protection, gases and water chemical analysis, soil degassing anomalies maps and measurements of the atmospheric air composition in houses are performed regularly (Fig.11).
As above mentioned meteorological sensors are used coupled with geodetic and gas flux monitoring stations. Nevertheless, a new hydro-meteorological network is being installed in all the islands in the scope of a monitoring programme to predict in time and space floods and landslides through the integration of meteorological data with geological, morphological and hydrological parameters (Fig.12).
Figure 12 – Meteorological station from the floods and landslides early warning system.
Data acquired by field monitoring stations are transmitted to the CVARG/CIVISA Emergency Operations Centre (COE) in SÌ£o Miguel Island and stored in the AZORIS Geodatabase, which is the support for multi-hazard analysis, vulnerability assessment, crises scenarios and alert and warning systems (Gaspar et al., 2004). Critical information on the ongoing seismic and volcanic activity and on any precursory signs of volcanic unrest or geological slope instability determine the activation of the CVARG Crisis Cabinet and is transmitted to the regional and local civil protection authorities trough official communication channels.
Taking in account its monitoring activities, CVARG is an associate member of several national and international research and technological networks. Within the Network of European Regions Using Space Technologies (NEREUS), it participates in the EO/GMES Working Group, aiming to apply space technologies in hazard management, namely observation data from Earth Observation Satellites. Additionally, CVARG integrates the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBTO) International Monitoring System and is participating with other volcano observatories in the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) initiative.
The Azores archipelago is exposed to different geological and meteorological hazards already responsible for thousands of deaths and severe damages. In order to detect precursory signals and develop early warning systems a multi-parametric monitoring network is under operation. Geophysical, geodetic, geochemical and meteorological independent techniques provide data that are integrated in the scope of a continuous hazard and risk assessment programme to support civil protection regional and local authorities.
BAXTER, P., BAUBRON, J.C & COUTINHO, R. (1999) – Health hazards and disaster potential of ground gas emissions at Furnas Volcano, SÌ£o Miguel, Azores. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 92, 95-106.
CABRAL, N. (2009) – AnÌÁlise do perigo de tsunamis nos A̤ores. Tese de Mestrado em Vulcanologia e Riscos GeolÌ_gicos, Universidade dos A̤ores, 156 p.
CHAVES, A. (1960) – Erup̵̤es submarinas nos A̤ores. Informa̵̤es que os navegantes podem prestar sobre tal assunto. Sep. da A̤oreana, V(5), 1-50.
COLE, P., QUEIROZ, G., WALLENSTEIN, N., GASPAR, J.L., DUNCAN, A.M. & GUEST, J.E. (1995) – An historic subplinian/phreatomagmatic eruption: the 1630 A.D. eruption of Furnas volcano, SÌ£o Miguel, Azores. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research., 69, 117-135.
COUTINHO, R, CHESTER, D., WALLENSTEIN, N, DUNCAN, A. (2010) – Responses to, and the short and long-term impacts of, the 1957/1958 Capelinhos volcanic eruption and associated earthquake activity on Faial, Azores. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 196, 265-280.
GASPAR, J.L., GOULART, C., QUEIROZ, G., SILVEIRA, D. & GOMES, A. (2004) – Dynamic structure and data sets of a GIS database for geological risk analysis in the Azores volcanic islands. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 4, p. 233-242.
GASPAR, J.L., QUEIROZ, G., PACHECO, J.M., FERREIRA, T., WALLENSTEIN, N., ALMEIDA, M.H. & COUTINHO, R. (2003) – Basaltic lava balloons produced during the 1998-2001 Serreta Submarine Ridge eruption (Azores). In: Subaqueous Explosive Volcanism, White, J., Clague, D., Smellie, J. (Eds.), American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 140, 205-212.
GUEST, J.E., GASPAR, J.L., COLE, P., QUEIROZ, G., DUNCAN, A., WALLENSTEIN, N., FERREIRA T. & PACHECO, J.M. (1999) – Volcanic Geology of Furnas Volcano, SÌ£o Miguel, A̤ores. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 92, 1-29.
HIRN, A., HAESSLER, H., HOANG TRONC, P., WITTLINGER, G. & MENDES VICTOR, L. (1980) – Aftershock sequence of the January 1, 1980 earthquake and present-day tectonics in the Azores. Geophysical Research Letters, 7, 501-504.
LU̍S, J.F., MIRANDA, J.M., GALDEANO, A., PATRIAT, P., ROSSIGNOL, J.C. & MENDES VICTOR, L.A. (1994) – The Azores triple junction evolution since 10 Ma from an aeromagnetic survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 125, pp. 439-459.
MACHADO, F. (1959) ‰ÛÒ Actividade vulcÌ¢nica da ilha do Faial. NotÌ_cia preliminar relativa aos meses de Maio a Agosto de 1958‰Û. AtlÌ¢ntida, Vol III: pp. 40-55.
MARQUES, R. (2004) ‰ÛÒ Contribui̤̣o para o conhecimento da instabilidade geomorfolÌ_gica nos A̤ores: Estudo de movimentos de vertente associados a diferentes mecanismos desencadeantes. Tese de Mestrado em Vulcanologia e Riscos GeolÌ_gicos, Departamento de GeociÌ»ncias, Universidade dos A̤ores, 147p.
MARQUES, R., AMARAL, P., ZÌ_ZERE, J.L., QUEIROZ, G. & GOULART, C. (2009) – Estudo comparativo de diferentes mÌ©todos probabilÌ_sticos para a avalia̤̣o da susceptibilidade ÌÊ ocorrÌ»ncia de movimentos de vertente: um caso de estudo no Vale da Ribeira Quente (S. Miguel, A̤ores). Publica̵̤es da Associa̤̣o Portuguesa de GeomorfÌ_logos, Vol. VI, p. 183-190.
MARQUES, R., ZÌ_ZERE, J.L., GASPAR, J.L. & AMARAL, P. (2009) – Reconstitui̤̣o e modela̤̣o probabilÌ_stica da escoada detrÌ_tica de Vila Franca do Campo desencadeada pelo sismo de 22 de Outubro de 1522 (S. Miguel, A̤ores). Publica̵̤es da Associa̤̣o Portuguesa de GeomorfÌ_logos, Vol. VI, p. 175-182.
MARQUES, R., ZÌ_ZERE, J.L., QUEIROZ, G., COUTINHO, R. (2007) – Actividade geomorfolÌ_gica desencadeada pela crise sÌ_smica de 2005 no VulcÌ£o do Fogo (S. Miguel, A̤ores): avalia̤̣o da susceptibilidade com recurso a regressÌ£o logÌ_stica. Publica̵̤es da Associa̤̣o Portuguesa de GeomorfÌ_logos, Vol. V, p. 47-61.
NEEDHAM, H. & FRANCHETEAU, J. (1974) – Some characteristics of the rift valley in the Atlantic Ocean near 36å¡ 48′ north. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 22, 29-43.
QUEIROZ, G., GASPAR, J., COLE, P., GUEST, J., WALLENSTEIN, N., DUNCAN, A. & PACHECO, J. (1995) – Erup̵̤es vulcÌ¢nicas no Vale das Furnas (ilha de S.Miguel, A̤ores) na primeira metade do SÌ©culo XV. A̤oreana, VIII(1), 131-137.
SEARLE, R. (1980) – Tectonic pattern of the Azores spreading centre and triple junction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters., 51, 415-434.
SENOS, M.L, GASPAR, J.L.; CRUZ, J., FERREIRA, T.; COSTA NUNES, J., PACHECO, J.M., ALVES, P., QUEIROZ, G.; DESSAI, P., COUTINHO, R., VALES, D. & CARRILHO, F. (1999) ‰ÛÒ O terramoto do Faial de 9 de Julho de 1998. 1å¼ Simp. de Meteorologia e GeofÌ_sica da APMG, Lagos, pp. 61-67.
SILVEIRA, D., GASPAR, J.L., FERREIRA, T. & QUEIROZ, G. (2003) – Reassessment of the historical seismic activity with major impact on S. Miguel Island (Azores). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3:1-8.
VIVEIROS, F., FERREIRA, T., SILVA, C. & GASPAR, J.L. (2009) – Meteorological factors controlling soil gases and indoor CO2 concentration: a permanent risk in degassing areas. Science of the Total Environment, 407: 1362-1372.
WALLENSTEIN, N., SILVA, R., RIEDEL, C., LOPES, C., IB́ÌÔEZ, J., SILVEIRA, D., MONTALVO, A. (2009) – Recent developments in seismic studies in the Fogo Volcano area, SÌ£o Miguel Island (Azores). In: VOLUME project, EU PF6 (No. 018471). Edited by : C. J. Bean, A. K. Braiden, I. Lokmer, F. Martini, G. S. O'Brien. ISBN 978-1-905254-39-2. VOLUME Project Consortium, Dublin, 207-216.
Catarina Silva is a PhD Student at the Azores University. Member of the Gas Geochemistry Group of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment since November 2004. Expert in geochemical monitoring, diffuse degassing processes and geostatistical methods for geochemical modelling. Her work is mainly related with 222Rn diffuse degassing in volcanic areas and public health risk assessment.
FÌÁtima Viveiros is a PhD Student at the Azores University. Is member of theGas Geochemistry Group of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment since September 2001 and responsible for the soil CO2 permanent monitoring network installed in the Azores archipelago. Expert in geochemicalmonitoring, diffuse degassing processes and geostatistical methods for geochemical modelling.
Gabriela Queiroz is a senior researcher in Volcanology at the Azores University and has been involved in several European and National research projects. Is director of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment since 2004 where is responsible for the Risks Assessment Unit. She is member of the Azores University General Council and was Director of the Geosciences Department from the Azores University (2001-2003).
JoÌo LuÌ_s Gaspar is Assistant Professor at the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment of the Azores University and CEO of the Centre for Information and Seismovolcanic Surveillance of the Azores to support the Civil Protection. Expert in physical volcanology, hazard assessment and crises management. Awarded with the Order of Merit commend by the President of the Republic of Portugal (1998), he received an honored mention from the National Meteorological Institute (1998) and the prize of GIS personality of the year from ESRI Portugal (2010). He was director of the Geosciences Department of the Azores University (1997-2001), director of the Centre of Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment (1997-2004), regional director for Science and Technology (2004-2008) and regional director for Land Use Planning and Water Resources (2008-2010).
Nicolau Wallenstein is Assistant Professor at the Azores University and Head of the Geosciences Department since June 2009. Is member of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment since 1997. Expert in physical volcanology and eruptive history studies, he was the coordinator of the volcanic seismology group (2002-2010). Presently is the coordinator of the Azores group for infrasound studies and is the local scientific responsible by the operation of the IS42 CTBTO international monitoring station.
Paulo Amaral has a PhD in Volcanology and is researcher at the Azores University. Member of the Landslide and Flash Flood Research Group of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Risks since 2003. His main expertise lies in numerical modeling of hydrological processes coupled to slope stability analysis. His work is mainly related to the geotechnical and hydrological characterization of volcanic soils and with the monitoring of cinematic and hydrological behavior of landsides.
Rui Marques is a PhD student at the Azores University. Member of the Landslide and Flash Flood Research Group of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment since 2002. His main expertise lies in geomorphology, namely on landslides monitoring and numerical modelling analyses, using both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. His work is manly related with landslide monitoring, landslide hazard assessment in GIS environment and landslides early-warning systems development.
Teresa Ferreira is Assistant Professor at the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment of the Azores University. Her research activities are directed to the study and monitoring of active volcanoes and other geological hazards. She was director of the Geosciences Department of the Azores University (2003-2005) and coordinator of the Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of the Azores University (2004-2008). Since 2008 is the President of the Board of Directors of the Centre for Information and Seismovolcanic Surveillance of the Azores to support the Civil Protection.
Tags:earthquakes, volcanoes


The beginning of December, Earth is wearing ermine.
whose whistle has turned to a roar.
Winter insists on the cynical.
the stars still shine at night.
by the pallid vastness, memory conjures a dream.
with your voice so unexpectedly close.
It is nice to read your words. It has been a while.
It is so good to see you here!!
What nice things you say. They are very much appreciated.
It is a joy to read your work at The Pub, too.
Thank you many times over!!
Your voice warms this winter night. So very good to hear from you.
Thanks for being here and for taking time with my poem.


text:
import React from 'react';
import Page from './Page';
import axios from 'axios';
import classNames from 'classnames';
import ls from 'local-storage';
import Input from './Input';
import { browserHistory } from 'react-router'
import Guest from './Guest';
import moment from 'moment';
import shortid from 'shortid';

let updatedGuests = [];

export default class RsvpStep2 extends React.Component {

  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      person: JSON.parse(ls.get('rsvp')),
      response: null,
      guests: [],
      error: null,
      hasRsvp: false,
      updated: false,
      notes: '',
      email: '',
      submitted: false,
    }
  }

  componentWillMount() {
    if (!this.state.person) {
      return browserHistory.push('/rsvp');
    }

    axios.get(`/confirm-rsvp/${this.state.person.code}`).then((res) => {
      const { response } = res.request;

      if (response) {
        const jsonResponse = JSON.parse(response);

        if (jsonResponse) {
          let person = this.state.person;
          let notes = jsonResponse.notes || '';
          let email = jsonResponse.email || '';
          if (jsonResponse.entries) {
            person.known_guest = jsonResponse.entries;
          }

          this.setState({
            person,
            email,
            submitted: jsonResponse.rsvp >= 0 ? true : false,
            response: jsonResponse.rsvp,
            hasRsvp: jsonResponse.total_confirmed >= 0 ? parseInt(jsonResponse.total_confirmed) : false,
            last_modified: moment(jsonResponse.last_modified).format("MMM Do"),
            notes,
          }, () => this.extractKnownGuests());
        } else {
          this.extractKnownGuests();
        }

      }

    }).catch((err) => {
      console.log(err);
    });

  }

  extractKnownGuests() {
    if (this.state.person.guests_allowed > 0) {
      let knownGuests = null;
      let guests = this.state.guests;

      if (this.state.person.known_guest) {
        knownGuests = this.state.person.known_guest.split(',');
      }

      for (let i = 0; i < this.state.person.guests_allowed; i++) {
        if (knownGuests && knownGuests.length > 0) {
          if (knownGuests[i]) {
            guests.push(knownGuests[i]);
          } else {
            guests.push('');
          }
        } else {
          guests.push('');
        }
      }

      if (guests.length > 0) {
        this.setState({
          guests
        })
      }
    }
  }

  handleResponse(e) {
    this.setState({
      error: false,
      hasRsvp: false,
      updated: false,
      submitted: false,
      response: e.target.value
    }, () => this.backgroundSubmit());
  }

  formatState(send = true) {
    console.log(this.state.response);
    if (typeof this.state.response === 'undefined') {
      return this.setState({
        error: 'Please select a response above',
      });
    }

    let entries = [];
    let total_confirmed = this.state.person.total_guests - this.state.person.guests_allowed;

    if (this.state.response == 0) {
      total_confirmed = 0;
    } else {
      if (updatedGuests.length > 0) {
        updatedGuests.forEach((guest) => {
          if (guest !== '') {
            total_confirmed++;
            entries.push(guest);
          }
        });
        entries = entries.join(',');
      } else if (this.state.guests.length > 0) {
        this.state.guests.forEach((guest) => {
          if (guest !== '') {
            total_confirmed++;
            entries.push(guest);
          }
        });
        entries = entries.join(',');
      }
    }

    return {
      code: this.state.person.code,
      entries,
      total_confirmed,
      email: this.state.email.trim(),
      notes: this.state.notes,
      rsvp: this.state.response,
      send,
    };
  }

  // For those who dont hit submit, save their answers anyway.
  backgroundSubmit() {
    const payload = this.formatState('');
    if (!payload || this.state.error) {
      return false;
    }
    axios.post(`/verify/${this.state.person.code}`, payload)
    .then((res) => {
      const { response } = res.request;
      if (response) {
        console.log('background sync success!');
      }

    })
    .catch((error) => {
      console.log('There was an error...');
    });
  }

  handleSubmit(event) {
    event.preventDefault();
    const payload = this.formatState();
    if (!payload || this.state.error) {
      return false;
    }
    axios.post(`/verify/${this.state.person.code}`, payload)
    .then((res) => {
      const { response } = res.request;
      if (response) {
        let jsonResponse = JSON.parse(response);
        if (jsonResponse.rsvp) {
          this.setState({
            hasRsvp: parseInt(payload.total_confirmed),
            updated: true,
            submitted: true,
            last_modified: moment().format("MMM Do"),
          });

          setTimeout(() => {
            this.setState({updated: false})
          }, 5000);
        }
      } else {
        this.setState({error: 'Unknown error, please contact Amanda or Dan (wedding@seripap.com)'});
      }

    })
    .catch((error) => {
      this.setState({error: `Something bad has happened. Please contact Dan and give him this message: ${error}`});
    });
  }

  removeLS() {
    ls.remove('rsvp');
    browserHistory.push('/rsvp');
  }

  handleGuestUpdate(index, value) {
    const guestsToUpdate = this.state.guests;
    guestsToUpdate[index] = value;

    updatedGuests = guestsToUpdate;
  }

  handleNotesUpdate(event) {
    this.setState({
      notes: event.target.value,
    });
  }

  handleEmailUpdate(event) {
    this.setState({
      email: event.target.value,
    })
  }

  render() {
    let now = moment();
    let deadline = moment("2016-09-02");
    let tagClass = classNames({
      notification: true,
      'is-large': true,
      'is-info': this.state.response == 1,
      'is-danger': this.state.response == 0,
    });
    console.log('SSS',this.state.hasRsvp);
    return (

      <Page title="Amanda & Dan's Wedding - RSVP" />
        {this.state.person ?(

              {this.state.hasRsvp >= 0 && this.state.submitted ? (
You responded {this.state.response == 1 ? 'accepts with pleasure' : 'regretfully declines'} on {this.state.last_modified}{this.state.response == 1 ? ` for a total party of ${this.state.hasRsvp}` : null}. {now > deadline ? '' : 'If this is incorrect, please modify below.'}
) : null}

We cordially invite {this.state.person.name} {this.state.person.guests_allowed > 0 ? ` and ${this.state.person.guests_allowed} Guest${this.state.person.guests_allowed === 1 ? '' : 's'}` : null} to attend our wedding.

              {now > deadline ? 'The deadline to respond has passed.' :
              (Please select a response below by October 1st, 2016 and press submit. If you have already submitted a response, you will have {`${deadline.diff(now, 'days')} day${deadline.diff(now, 'days') > 1 ? 's' : ''}`} to change your response. If any accomodations are needed, please leave a message below.)}

              <form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit.bind(this)}>

Please select a response:

                <input type="radio" name="question" value="1" onChange={this.handleResponse.bind(this)} checked={this.state.response == 1} />
                Accepts with Pleasure (Will attend)

                <input type="radio" name="question" value="0" onChange={this.handleResponse.bind(this)} checked={this.state.response == 0} />
                Regretfully Declines (Will not attend)

               {(this.state.guests.length > 0 && this.state.response != 0) ? this.state.guests.map((guest, index) => {
                return <Guest key={shortid.generate()} guestName={guest} handleChange={this.handleGuestUpdate.bind(this)} index={index}/>
               }) : null}

              Message (optional)
              <textarea className="textarea" placeholder="Type a note about your RSVP to Amanda and Dan (optional)." value={this.state.notes} onChange={this.handleNotesUpdate.bind(this)}></textarea>

              Email Address (optional)
              <input className="input" placeholder="Email Address" value={this.state.email} onChange={this.handleEmailUpdate.bind(this)}/>

              {this.state.updated ?
              (

                Your response was saved!

) : null}

                <button className="button is-primary is-large" onClick={this.handleSubmit.bind(this)}>Submit</button>

              </form>

                Not {this.state.person.name}? Click here to start over.

              {this.state.error ?
              (

                {this.state.error}

) : null}
              {this.state.hasRsvp && this.state.response == 1 ?
              (

                Thanks for your response! You can modify your response up until October 1st 2016. Please let Amanda or Dan know if you have any questions or issues. We look forward to seeing you at our wedding!

                Love,

                Amanda & Dan

) : null}
              {this.state.hasRsvp && this.state.response == 0 ?
              (

                Sorry you cannot attend our wedding, we will miss seeing you! If your plans happen to change, please don't hesitate to let us know. You also have until October 1st to modify your response.

                Love,

                Amanda & Dan

) : null}

) : null}

    );
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Although the GST Council in its third meet did come up with a proposal of a four- tier GST structure, it remained inconclusive on the final structure as states and the Centre decided they needed more time.
1) What is the four tier GST structure?
The GST Council has proposed a four-tier GST structure starting from 6 percent, two standard rates at 12 and 18 percent and the highest one at 26 percent with a further cess for luxury and demerit goods like tobacco and aerated drinks.
Demerit goods are goods which may be unhealthy for consumption or may be socially undesirable.
The GST on precious metals like gold is going to be set at 4 percent.
2) Objectives in Centre's mind while coming up with the rate structure?
3) In which slab do most goods fall?
Around 50 percent of taxable goods will fall under the standard rates of 12 and 18 percent. Luxury and 'sin' goods will form around a fourth of the 300 goods that are taxable. These will be taxed at 26 percent with an extra cess, whose rate has not been decided.
4) How will the cess be determined?
The cess will be determined based on the product on which it is being levied. For example, the cess charged for a high-end luxury car may be different from the cess charged on a bidi.
5) Why the extra cess?
This extra cess will generate around Rs 50,000 crore according to the Centre and will help in compensating the States if they have a shortfall in revenues due to the implementation of GST.
6) How will the shortfall in revenues be calculated?
A compensation formula is proposed by the GST Council wherein a 14 percent tax revenue growth for states is assumed over a time period of the first five years – which is the period for which states will be compensated – from the base year (2015-2016). States that earn tax revenue less than the assumed amount will be compensated.
7) How much could be the estimated tax collection based on the proposed tax structure?
Based on 2015-2016 estimates, the total revenue is estimated to be about Rs 8.72 lakh crore.
8) Some states are against the cess. Why?
Some states have a problem with the extra central cess, as they feel the Centre would end up with more revenues. The states want another tier or the 26 percent slab to be raised so that they earn more out of luxury and sin goods.
9) India Inc is also against it?
According to a report in Business Standard, India Inc does not mind paying a higher tax for luxury goods if it helps in making the GST simpler. It says adding the extra cess beats the purpose of having a new tax reform.
10) Why removing the cess may be a problem?
The cess makes charging luxury and sin goods easier. It would be very difficult to fit two separate classes of goods into one single GST slab. If the cess is removed, it would mean that the GST Council would have to make another 2-3 slabs and make things more complicated.
11) How will the rate structure affect CPI inflation?
According to the GST Council, the impact on the CPI inflation will be a mere (-) 0.06 percent. Jaitley has also said that only 50 percent goods in the CPI basket will be taxed in the new regime. So most mass consumed items will not be taxed in this new proposal.
12) When would the rates be finalised?
The Council is likely to finalise the GST rates in its next meeting between November 3-4 or when it meets again on November 9.


text:
Chapter 43: Johnny's Surprise
Johnny and Mike were standing next to each other in the abandoned warehouse. Johnny had just inadvertently low fived Mike after he successfully navigated the obstacle course with his super speed. "Dude, that was too easy," Johnny said.
"Yeah, I know. Like easy cheesy."
"First, I meant that to be a bad thing. Secondly, I think you mean, like easy peasy."
"But I prefer cheese to peas."
Johnny thought for a second, then nodded in agreement. "Alright, I think part of the problem was it wasn't really an obstacle course. Nothing was moving or anything, so it must have felt just like walking around boxes."
"Well, to be honest, I'm not sure I've ever done that."
"But you could imagine that sensation," Johnny replied. This time it was Mike nodding in agreement. "I have an idea to make it harder, but I have to go get something. You have to wait here since I am not flying you up here again."
"Fine. I'll amuse myself with my hats," Mike said.
So, Johnny flew off, literally, while Mike amused himself with his hats. About 15 minutes later, Johnny returned. Several hats were on the floor beside Mike as he now had a beret on.
"Ho ho! Ah hope yew brought une baguette per moi," Mike said in a poor French accent.
"Hey, that's a pretty good imitation of a poor Frenchman!"
"Merci! Oooh, what you got there??"
"Well, I figured we needed to train you on how to dodge stuff coming at you fast, but shooting a gun at you would be dangerous, and we don't have a gun anyway. But, I remembered I did have this."
Mike's eyes got wide. "Whoa!"
What was it? A rubber band ball? One of those weird pizza shooter toys from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles? Tune in next week, when you find out what exactly Johnny had.
Vote for I've Never Made It Without Biting
Life as a Balloon
Chapter 45: The Fox's Task
I've Never Made It Without Biting
Vote for Bonding Time
Shamp-who?
Your SCTGOYF is burning
Chapter 44: Assault
Bonding Time
Vote for Presidential Poetry
The Earl
Happy Veteran's Day
Presidential Poetry
Vote for They told me not to go down the alley…
Chapter 42: The Obstacle Course

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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Weddings are a very special occasion and we would be delighted if you chose to be married in church desiring God's blessing on your relationship. We would do all we can to make it a memorable and joyful occasion.
For weddings between citizens with UK passports, arranging a marriage is normally by 'banns'. This means that your names are read out on three consecutive Sundays in church in the three months before you are to be married. You have to live in the parish or, if you do not live in the parish, you will need to be on the 'electoral roll' of the church. To be on the electoral roll, you are asked to worship regularly for a period of at least six months prior to any marriage. This can be helpful in feeling at home in the church and through worship discovering God's love and purpose for our lives.
There has been a recent change in church law making it possible for couples to be married in either St Francis or St Mary's if they have a 'qualifying connection'. So if either of you have some special connection with the churches, for instance you were baptised or confirmed there or your family has worshipped here. If you think you qualify do speak with the vicar.
For weddings where at least one of the wedding couple holds an Overseas Passport, you will almost certainly need to be married by 'common license' instead of banns. Unless you have been a regular worshipper at St. Francis or St Mary's for a period in excess of six months, you will also need a Superintendent's Certificate from the Registrar Bromley.
If either party has been divorced, marriage in church is possible, but is not automatic and needs to be carefully considered together with the Vicar. In line with Church of England policy, marriage of divorcees is allowed within certain conditions. The couple will meet with the Vicar to discuss their circumstances. Our policy as a church is that at least one of the couple live in the relevant part of the parish or already worships regularly. If after discussions a marriage is agreed the expectation is that the couple, if not already doing so, will worship regularly for six months as a sign of their commitment to a Christian Marriage.
If you are considering getting married at St. Francis or St Mary's please get in touch using our contact form, call 8325 3435 for an initial discussion or come along to a service on a Sunday.
It is possible for your own florist to provide and arrange your flowers in the Church for your "special" day but we have an experienced and talented team of flower arrangers at St. Mary's who would be delighted to offer this service at a competitive cost.


Speakers at ICIMOD's breakout session during the 17th IUAPPA World Clean Air Congress and 9th CAA Better Air Quality Conference in Busan, Republic of Korea.
Policy makers, experts, and practitioners from Asia and Latin America met to discuss the challenges and available tools for managing air quality in mountainous cities at a session held on the side lines of the 17th IUAPPA World Clean Air Congress and 9th CAA Better Air Quality Conference in Busan, Korea. The conference is taking place from 29 August to 2 September 2016.
The session, which was organized by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), served as a platform for mountainous cities in China, India, Mexico, Chile, Mongolia, and Nepal to share experiences, discuss challenges, and learn about available tools with representatives from cities that have made significant progress in improving their air quality.
Highlighting lessons from Mexico City and Santiago de Chile – two cities in Latin America that are confined by mountains, Luisa Molina, President of the Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, described the steps taken in the two cities over the past two and a half decades that have led to drastic improvements in air quality.
"Much progress has been made in tackling air pollution problems through comprehensive air quality management programmes based on scientific, technical, social, and political considerations", she said.
In both cities, it took dozens of individual measures focusing on specific sectors and fuels that together resulted in air quality improvements. The measures were chosen based on the best available scientific evidence, and their effectiveness was carefully evaluated with extensive ambient air quality monitoring networks. Ms Molina also described the systems in place for an environmental state of emergency in both cities, whereby pollution levels crossing certain thresholds triggers restrictions on polluting activities. As air pollution levels dropped, the threshold values triggering emergencies have also been lowered. Over the course of 25 years Mexico City went from ozone exceedances on 90% of days to just 1% of days.
Arnico Panday, Senior Atmospheric Scientist at ICIMOD, described the common challenges faced by mountainous cities in the management of air quality. Mountains have a strong influence on meteorology, including blocking and channelling of air flow, slope and valley winds, and the formation of cold air pools. In mountainous cities, understanding emissions sources is insufficient to manage air quality, and a detailed understanding of meteorology and its influence on pollution accumulation and ventilation is also needed.
In his presentation, Bhupesh Adhikary, Air Quality Specialist at ICIMOD, described the use of numerical modelling as a tool for air quality management. He described how air quality models are set up, how they are only as good as the emissions and meteorology data used, and how they are validated against observations.
Presentations were followed by a panel discussion, during which four government representatives gave short overviews about air quality issues in their countries. Batbayar Jadamba, Director of Environment Monitoring Division at the National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring of Mongolia, gave an overview of the air quality challenges faced in Ulaan Baatar due to heavy heating needs and strong temperature inversion during the winter.
In China, economic growth and city development over the past 30 year has placed additional pressure on the environment. Li Xiang, Deputy Director of the Air Division of Beijing Environmental Protection of China, explaining the effective measures implemented by China to control air quality, said, "Compared with 1998, the annual average concentration of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and inhalable particulate matter in the ambient air in 2015 decreased by 89 per cent, 32 per cent, and 46 per cent, respectively". She added that China is implementing the Clean Air Action Plan, which aims to cut fine particulate matter concentrations by 25 per cent by 2017.
JS Kamyotra, Director of the Central Pollution Control Board of India, described the challenges in mountainous cities in India, as well as recent experiences managing air quality in Delhi, which experiences a very shallow boundary layer that concentrates pollution near the ground. Delhi is severely affected by agricultural open burning in Punjab and Haryana, where recent efforts have concentrated on banning burning.
During the BAQ conference, ICIMOD will be making presentations in several other sessions, and an information booth has been set up for the conference duration to share ICIMOD's approaches and initiatives for addressing air pollution-related issues in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region through a range of information materials.


A classic, minimalistic black top with a large scoop neckline. We have wanted to design a large scoop neckline top, baring as much as possible, yet be bra friendly. So here it is. The raglan, extra long sleeves add structure. Combine it with jeans for casual look or with a pencil skirt for a more formal silhouette. It works perfectly either way.


text:
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Who Are the DREAMers in Relation to U.S. Immigration Policy?
By Harun Kazmi, 9:00 am on July 23, 2020
Approximately 650,000 people in the United States fall under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) classification. They're called DREAMers because of a 2001 legislative proposal titled the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act. In essence, these are individuals who weren't born in the U.S. and were brought into the country by their parents under irregular immigration conditions.
Since most DREAMers entered the U.S. as young children, they weren't made aware of their undocumented immigration status until they became adults. In many cases, they were brought here as babies, a situation that makes this realization difficult to understand because they've grown up to identify as Americans. Technically, the status of DREAMers is irregular because the DREAM Act hasn't been signed into law despite several attempts over the years. During the administration of President Barack Obama, DREAMers received protection from the DACA program, which was implemented as an executive order with an eventual expiration date.
DACA is as comprehensive as it can be. The program provides temporary legal status as well as other benefits, such as the right to work and receive some financial assistance for educational endeavors. President Donald Trump has attempted to rescind DACA, but the Supreme Court ruled this month that the way in which the Trump administration rescinded the DACA program in 2017 was unlawful.
The number of DREAMers in the U.S. has declined from a high of 800,000 around the time DACA was implemented. Some DACA recipients decided to abandon the U.S., while others have run into issues with their immigration status. A few have been able to adjust their status through opportunities identified by immigration attorneys. In San Diego and around the country, the majority of these foreign-born Americans face uncertainty about their futures, particularly because the Trump administration hasn't shown sympathy to their plight.
Although the Supreme Court ruled against the Trump administration, the decision was based on procedural grounds, and Chief Justice Roberts's opinion may be seen as leaning toward the White House's position when it comes to substance. However, political analysts don't believe Trump will continue his efforts to swiftly deport DREAMers during this election year. The lives of quite a few DREAMers have become known to the American public. We're talking about teachers, nurses, and small business owners whose deportations wouldn't sit well with voters.
Should Trump fail to remain in the White House, there's a very good chance the DREAM Act will pass or that DACA will be extended and expanded. If you or someone you love is a DREAMer, the key is to stay updated on this important issue through an experienced immigration lawyer. San Diego immigrants can rely on the expertise and professionalism of the attorneys at KS Visa Law. For a free consultation, reach out to us at 858-874-0711.
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text:
The Armenian Economic Association (ArmEA or AEA) () is a professional association that promotes Armenian scholarship in economics. It was formed in 2006 and is a registered NGO in Armenia. Gurgen Aslanyan is its current president. The association works to further economics research in Armenia, to improve economics education within Armenian institutions, to support research-based policy advising, and to develop the interest of research economists to Armenia related issues.

The association's flagship activity is the annual conference in Armenia every June. Keynote addresses in various years have been delivered by Daron Acemoglu, Tito Boeri,  Ruben Enikolopov, Randall K. Filer, Sergei Guriev among others.

The society is led by a Board of Directors that is responsible for developing and executing the association's policies and activities.

History and purpose
The association was formed in 2006 by David Joulfaian and Shushanik Hakobyan. It was registered as an NGO in 2012 by Zareh Asatryan, the president of the association at the time.
The aims of the Armenian Economic Association are:

1. to contribute to the development of economics education
2. to encourage the research and study of economic activity
3. to develop and promote cooperation among academic, private, and public sector researchers
4. to develop and promote cooperation with international scholars and educators, and educational and research institutions
5. to provide a platform for the free and open discussion of economic and public policy issues

Presidents
2018-present: Gurgen Aslanyan
2014-2018: Aleksandr Grigoryan
2012-2014: Zareh Asatryan
2006-2012: Shushanik Haobyan

Conferences and workshops

Annual meetings
Annual meetings are typically held at the end of June, except for the years 2011-2013 when they were held in October. Past meetings were hosted by:

2022 Online (June 30), in-person American University of Armenia (July 1-2)
2021 Online
2020 Online
2019 Armenian National Agrarian University, Armenian State University of Economics, and American University of Armenia
2018 Tumo Center for Creative Technologies and American University of Armenia
2017 Yerevan State University and the American University of Armenia
2016 Yerevan State University, International Center for Agribusiness Research and Education, and American University of Armenia
2015 Yerevan State University, Central Bank of Armenia - Dilijan Center, and American University of Armenia
2014 Yerevan State University, Russian-Armenian University, and American University of Armenia
2013 Yerevan State University and American University of Armenia
2012 Yerevan State University
2011 Yerevan State University

Armen Alchian best paper award recipients

The following are the recipients of the Armen Alchian award for the best paper presented at the annual meetings:

Hayk Hambardzumyan (2022)
Corina Boar and Virgiliu Midrigan (2021)
Vladimir Asriyan (2020)
Armenak Antinyan (2019)
Nikolaos Artavanis (2018)
Tatevik Sekhposyan (2017)
Arevik Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan (2017)
Gunes Gokmen (2016)
Mariam Arzumanyan (2016)
Suren Pakhchanyan (2016)
Ivan Djuric (2016)
Vardan Baghdasaryan (2015)
Vardan Avagyan (2015)
Artashes Karapetyan (2015)
Aleksandr Grigoryan (2014)
Nune Hovhannisyan (2014)
Gurgen Aslanyan (2014)

Keynote speakers
Keynote speakers at the annual meetings include:

Paula Bustos (2022)
Armen Nurbekyan (2022)
Nico Voigtländer (2022)
Sergei Guriev (2021)
Lee E. Ohanian 2021
Johanna Rickne 2021)
Martin Galstyan (2020)
Friedrich Heinemann (2019)
Levon Barseghyan (2019)
Francesca Molinari (2019)
Daron Acemoglu (2018)
Arye L. Hillman (2018)
Yulia Ustyugova (2018)
Xavier Raurich (2017)
Randall Filer (2017)
Laura Bailey (2016)
Ruben Enikolopov (2016)
Martin Galstyan (2015)
David Dole (2015)
Mattias Polborn (2014)
Haroutioun Samuelian (2014)
Teresa Daban Sanchez (2014)
Daron Acemoglu (2013)
Mark Davis (2013)

Keynote speakers at workshops
Conference on Econometrics and Business Analytics (2022)
Giuseppe Cavaliere
Esfandiar Maasoumi

Alexey Onatsky

Jean-Michel Zakoian

Asset Management and Pension Economics student workshop (2020)
Tito Boeri

Winter Workshop

The Winter Workshop was inaugurated in 2019. Past workshops were hosted by:

2021 Online
2020 American University of Armenia
2019 American University of Armenia

Women in Economics Workshop

The Women in Economics Workshop (WEW) was inaugurated in 2019. Past workshops were hosted by:

2022 Online
2021 Online
2019 American University of Armenia

See also

 Economy of Armenia
 Education in Armenia

References

External links

Economics societies
Business and finance professional associations
Economy of Armenia
Non-profit organizations based in Europe
Organizations established in 2006

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Daily Telegraph: Democrat backlash against US oil industry
(Nancy Pelosi, leader of the House of Representatives)
By David Litterick, in New York
Last Updated: 12:12am GMT 20/01/2007
Nancy Pelosi, leader of the House of Representatives, which wants to strip the oil industry of tax breaks and increase royalties
The oil industry faces a $14bn (£7.1bn) bill over the next 10 years after the US House of Representatives agreed on measures that would strip the industry of tax breaks and force it to make larger royalty payments.
The bill marks the end of an often vitriolic campaign against "big oil" by Democrat politicians, who have threatened the industry for years but only now have the power to do anything about it after their electoral victory last year.
The proposals rescind $7.6bn in tax breaks for oil drillers that the Congress passed in 2004 and will raise another $6.3bn in increased royalties from companies that pump oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico and Alaska.
The second provision attempts to correct mistakes made in drilling leases when they were first granted in the late 1990s. They entitled companies drilling in deep water to avoid royalties on much of their initial production, but omitted a standard clause that eliminated the incentive if oil prices climbed above $34 a barrel.
Although the oil companies cannot be forced to renegotiate their leases, those that refuse will be asked instead to pay a "conservation fee" on each barrel produced. If they refuse to do that, their leases will not be renewed.
The bill won overwhelming support despite opposition from the White House, which said it wrongly singled out oil companies for higher taxes, undermined "the sanctity of contracts", and increased the country's dependence on foreign oil.
However, the Democrats made targeting companies like BP, ExxonMobil and Chevron one of their key pledges last year, accusing them of "gouging" consumers through high petrol prices.
"Big Oil is hitting the taxpayer not once, not twice, but three times," said Representative Nick Rahall of West Virginia, the new chairman of the House natural resources committee. "They are hitting them at the pump. They are hitting them at the Treasury through the tax code. And they are hitting them with royalty holidays."
House Democratic leader Steny Hoyer said: "The oil and gas industry is extraordinarily well established and well off. It does not need the American taxpayer's help to be successful or to make a dollar."
The bill will pass to the Senate, also now under Democrat control, and from there to President George W Bush. Although he could use his veto, he is thought unlikely to take that step.
Nevertheless, Republicans have made clear their opposition, calling the bill "a win for OPEC" that would punish Americans by forcing the country to import more oil from anti-US regimes in Iran and Venezuela.
The industry reacted angrily. "This is a political bill playing on the campaign rhetoric of the 2006 election," said Barry Russell, president of the Independent Petroleum Association of America.
"At a time when we need more American energy, it simply doesn't make sense to harm those companies that can provide it."
The bill would funnel the $14bn raised into a special fund to develop alternative energy resources.
"The San Francisco Democrats want to run cars with wind," said Representative Steve Pearce, referring to new House leader Nancy Pelosi, who comes from the famously liberal city.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/01/20/cnoil20.xml
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Acquisitions Are Strangling Fitness Tracker Innovation
By Mike Prospero
What happens with big companies like Nokia, Intel and Adidas absorb fitness tracker pioneers? Nothing, and that's the problem.
The acquisition of Withings by Nokia for $191 million is just the latest in a string of fitness companies being taken over by larger concerns. To date, Intel purchased Basis, Fossil acquired Misfit, Adidas picked up Runtastic, Asics scooped up Runkeeper, and Under Armour acquired MapMyFitness, MyFitnessPal and Endomondo.
You would think it's a good thing that these small companies now get the resources of larger corporations to really spread their wings. But the sad reality is that, since being acquired, there's been little to no innovation from any of them.
While it's made incremental improvements to its tracker, the Peak, Basis hasn't debuted any new hardware in two years. Under Armour's HealthBox didn't offer anything I hadn't already seen from other fitness trackers. The lone bright spot came in the UA Gemini 2 Record running sneakers, which essentially offer a tracker built into the shoes.
MORE: Best Fitness Trackers 2016
This is the same problem when Microsoft acquired Nokia's phone division. Microsoft simply didn't know what to do with the asset, and squandered a great brand in the process. Google looks like it's doing the same thing to Nest. (Both speak to a larger problem about merging two different corporate cultures, but that's a column for another day.)
In general, it feels like the fitness-tracker category, like that of smartwatches, is already running out of ideas. Android Wear, now in its third year, still hasn't resolved some of its fundamental problems, such as the fire hose of notifications. Each new smartwatch — of which it seems like there are fewer and fewer — is merely a shinier case wrapped around the same, tired operating system.
It's hard to believe that the fitness tracker market has reached maturity after just four years, but it definitely feels like it's stagnated. Then again, what's their incentive to innovate? Fitbit's two newest trackers, the Blaze and the Alta, offer little in the way of new features (the Blaze does have FitStar workouts, which is cool). But Fitbit shipped more than 1 million units of each tracker in the first month of availability.
Of all the wearable-device makers, Garmin is the only company that seems to be smartly iterating on its products. I just started testing the $249 vivoactive HR, which not only incorporates various activity tracking (and accurate heart rate monitoring) tools, but also has some smartwatch-like functionality: It delivers notifications from your smartphone, and you can customize its interface with various widgets, such as additional watch faces and third-party apps.
Is the future of wearables a combination smartwatch and fitness tracker? For some, perhaps. There's never going to be a one-size-fits-all device, because even the most casual exerciser isn't going to wear a smartwatch with a metal or leather band when he or she goes for a run. Meanwhile, dedicated athletes won't be satisfied with sub-$100 fitness trackers that lack GPS and heart rate monitors. But do companies feel too constrained by those tiers to try something different? If so, then they're doomed to failure.
More Fitness Stories From Tom's Guide
How to Use Tech to Run Your First 5K
Best Fitbit: Choose the Right Tracker for Your Needs
Are Sports Drinks Better or Worse Than Water? (Live Science)
America's Most High-Tech Gyms
Best Spotify Playlists for Working Out
Our Favorite Fitness Apps
Diet and Nutrition Apps to Keep You Healthy
Mike Prospero
U.S. Editor-in-Chief, Tom's Guide
Michael A. Prospero is the U.S. Editor-in-Chief for Tom's Guide. He oversees all evergreen content and oversees the Homes, Smart Home, and Fitness/Wearables categories for the site. In his spare time, he also tests out the latest drones, electric scooters, and smart home gadgets, such as video doorbells. Before his tenure at Tom's Guide, he was the Reviews Editor for Laptop Magazine, a reporter at Fast Company, the Times of Trenton, and, many eons back, an intern at George magazine. He received his undergraduate degree from Boston College, where he worked on the campus newspaper The Heights, and then attended the Columbia University school of Journalism. When he's not testing out the latest running watch, electric scooter, or skiing or training for a marathon, he's probably using the latest sous vide machine, smoker, or pizza oven, to the delight — or chagrin — of his family.
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