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Rosneath Peninsula and Loch Long - an excursion
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From: Lawson, J.D. and Weedon, D.S. (editors). 1992. Geological excursions around Glasgow & Girvan. Glasgow : Geological Society of Glasgow.
Figure 13.1 Regional setting of the Localities 1–8 described in this guide. Dalradian rocks are shown by a dotted ornament. m, Loch Lomond Readvance terminal moraine.
Figure 13.2 Schematic cross-section parallel to the Gare Loch (Figure 13.1) showing the main structural elements in the area. HBF, Highland Boundary Fault.
Figure 13.3 Vertical section showing in cartoon form the style, orientation and sequence of deformations along the section shown in (Figure 13.2). Numbers 1–8 refer to the Localities described in this guide.
Figure 13.4 a) True-scale drawing of geological features seen at Locality 1 on the headland in Camsail Bay, viewed from the NE.
Figure 13.5 a) Down-plunge true-scaled drawing of a D2 fold at Locality 2. L, location of bedding-cleavage intersection lineation; S, possible stretching lineation. b) Close-up view of the D2 cleavage showing the deformed D1 cleavage.
Figure 13.6 Sketch showing the salient features of the disharmonic, curvilinear late folds (?D4) at Locality 3. Arrows indicate the approximate direction of plunge of the fold hinges.
Figure 13.7 Composite diagram showing the geometrical relationships between:- a) D2 folds; b) D2 penetrative cleavage in phyllite, and c) lineated quartz veins, at Locality 4. k, kink bands; s, bedding trace on D2 cleavage.
Figure 13.8 Composite diagram showing the relationships between inverted bedding (b), D1 cleavage and D2 microlithons (m) at Locality 5.
Figure 13.9 Sketch map showing the location at Portincaple of sections AB (Locality 6), CD (Locality 7) on (Figure 13.10) and of dykes Da-d mentioned in the text.
Figure 13.10 True-scaled N–S sections at Portincaple along lines AB, CD (Localities 6 & 7) on (Figure 13.9). Locations a-f referred to in the text.
Figure 13.11 Sketch of the fabrics seen on a flat rock face at location f, (Figure 13.10) at Portincaple. See text for explanation. The convergence of the top right and bottom left sides of the drawing is partly the result of perspective.
Table 13.1 Stratigraphy of the Dalradian rocks of the Rosneath–Loch Long area Southern Highland Group south of the Aberfoyle Anticline north of the Aberfoyle Anticline Bulirock Greywacke Dunoon Phyllite Beinn Bheula Schists Dunoon Phyllite
1 Key details
3 Itinerary
4 Locality 1. Camsail Bay, Rosneath [NS 262 822]
5 Locality 2. Barons Point, Kilcreggan [NS 223 808]
7 Locality 4. Knockderry Castle [NS 215 834]
8 Locality 5. Letter Layo, Coulport [NS 212 869]
9 Locality 6. Portincaple, south section [NS 228 932]
10 Locality 7. Portincaple, north section [NS 231 934]
11 Acknowledgements
Key details[edit]
Author P.W.G. Tanner
Themes To examine the small-scale, mainly tectonic, structures in the Dalradian rocks immediately north of the Highland Boundary Fault and show how they can be used to deduce the geometry and relative ages of two of the largest fold structures in the UK: the Tay Nappe (D1/D2) and the Downbend antiform (D4).
Features Dalradian greywackes, slates and phyllites; way-up structures; identification and geometry of a great variety of minor folds, lineations, and cleavages (especially those resulting from pressure-solution processes); progressive development and overprinting of one set of minor structures upon another; minor intrusions; glacial features.
Maps O.S. 1:50 000 Sheets 56 Loch Lomond and 63 Firth of Clyde. B.G.S 1:50 000 Sheets 30W Greenock and 38W Ben Lomond 1:63 360 Sheets 29 Rothesay and 30 Glasgow
Terrain Coastal sections, mainly exposed to the prevailing SW wind: often slippery underfoot.
Distance and Time The driving distance from Locality 1 to Locality 8 is about 22 km (13 miles), all on good roads. Examination of the Portincaple sections involves 1.5 km of easy walking. Allow 6 hours for this excursion, preferably starting at Locality 1 some 2–3 hours after high tide.
Short If the tide is unsuitable, or if it is intended to link this itinerary excursion with a visit to the A82 Loch Lomond road sections (see Excursion 11), brief visits to localities 1, 4 and 6 are recommended.
Access The section at Locality 1 is best examined at low tide and certainly within the period between 3 hours after high tide (HT) and 3 hours before the succeeding HT. All of the remaining sections are accessible (and more comfortable to work on) in the period between 2 hours after HT and 2 hours before the next one.
Beware slippery rocks: those at Localities 1, 4 and 6 are particularly treacherous when it is raining.
You are advised not to stop on the Ministry of Defence (MOD) road north from Coulport (Figure 13.1) nor on the road over Peaton Hill a few kilometres to the SE as these areas are under constant MOD surveillance.
NOTE: there are public toilets in Kilcreggan, just to the west of the pier, with sufficient parking space for coaches.
Introduction[edit]
The excursion consists of a south-to-north traverse across the Dalradian rocks of the Southern Highland Group (Figure 13.1). Starting at the Highland Boundary Fault, the traverse crosses the regional 'Steep Belt', which contains the hinge zone of the Tay Nappe, and then continues across the Downbend Antiform and into the 'Flat Belt' (Figure 13.2). The Tay Nappe, which in this area is represented by the downward-facing Aberfoyle Anticline (Shackleton 1958), developed during the first deformation (D1) to affect the Dalradian rocks, prior to 590 Ma ago (Rogers et al.. 1989). It is folded around a much younger structure, the Downbend Antiform, which is of D4 age and probably formed at around 460–440 Ma ago (Harte et al. 1984)
The Tay Nappe is generally considered to have been a flat-lying structure prior to D4 and have beenbent into its present attitude in the 'Steep Belt' by the Downbend Antiform. Thus a traverse northwards from the Highland Boundary Fault along the present ground surfaces takes us from the rocks which were originally at a high structural level on the upper limb of the Tay Nappe, to rocks at a lower structural level on the inverted limb of the nappe around Portincaple. Prior to D4, the latter were some 7–9 km deeper in the crust (Figure 13.2) than rocks now seen at the Highland border.
Along this traverse, we can therefore examine a progression from rocks which have only been deformed once (D1) and which show a single set of folds with an axial-planar cleavage (Locality 1, (Figure 13.3)) to rocks at a deeper level in the nappe which have been affected by a later folding (D2) (Locality 2, (Figure 13.3) ; (Figure 13.5)), and which develop a penetrative D2 fabric which overprints (Localities 3 & 4, (Figure 13.3) ; (Figure 13.6)b, and in some cases obliterates, the D1 cleavage. Farther north along the section, between Localities 5 & 6 (Figure 13.3) a further deformation (D3) affects the rocks and the D2 microlithons (seen as parallel-sided stripes on the rock surface bounded by D2 cleavage surfaces and containing the microfolded D1 fabric, see Figure 7) are deformed by D3 minor folds. These folds are characterized by having a Z-shaped profile when viewed down the plunge of the fold hinge towards the east (i.e. they verge consistently southwards), and are not known to be associated with any major folds in the area. Finally, in the vicinity of the D4 Downbend (Localities 6–8, (Figure 13.3)), minor D4 folds become common: their vergence is related to their position within the structure and they give rise to complex fold interference patterns.
The oncoming of the D2, D3 and D4 deformations occurs in sequence from south to north (Figure 13.3), as is well shown for the adjoining area to the east by Mendum and Fettes (1985) and in the series of synoptic structural maps on BGS Sheet 38W (Loch Lomond). Bedding in the finer-grained rocks is progressively destroyed northwards along the Rosneath-Loch Long section, largely by pressure-solution processes, but is still recognizable at the deepest levels in areas of low-strain and where the rocks are especially competent and thick-bedded. Metamorphic grade is low throughout the section, but grain size increases northwards, the rocks become increasingly recrystallized, and biotite is developed in rocks north of the Downbend. Quartz-carbonate+ chlorite veins form at all stages of the deformation sequence from syn-D1 to post-D4, the early veins being subsequently deformed in rocks found in the more northerly part of the section. Quartz veining increases in abundance from south to north.
Roberts (1977) has published an excursion guide to the Dalradian rocks of Rosneath and south-east Cowal which provides a summary of the stratigraphy and structure and gives brief descriptions of localities in the Rosneath-Loch Long area which are largely alternative to those described here. D1 (this account) = B1 (Roberts); D2 = B2a; D3 + D4 = B2b. Accounts of the stratigraphy and structure of Dalradian rocks in other parts of the Highland Border zone are given by Shackleton (1958), Harris et al. (1976), Bradbury et al. (1979), Harte et al. (1984), and Mendum & Fettes (1985).
The aim here is to provide a well-illustrated guide to a few carefully chosen localities which together demonstrate the sequence of development of minor structures and fabrics in the Dalradian rocks. It is hoped that by describing in detail relatively small rock exposures this will assist geologists who have either little experience of structural geology or are unfamiliar with the area or the structural features found there, to identify the structures shown in cartoon form in (Figure 13.3). The excursion also illustrates the nature of the field evidence which can be used to analyse the sequence and geometry of structures in polyphase-deformed rocks. It is therefore essential that these exposures be preserved in their present state as there is little to be gained from hammering these low-grade rocks .
Please do not take hammers on this excursion
Itinerary[edit]
Travelling from Glasgow, coaches should proceed direct to Rosneath via Garelochhead using the A814 and B833. Note that Rhu Point, the prominent spit which extends into the Gare Loch 3 km (1.9 miles) NW of Helensburgh (Figure 13.1) marks the position of an important terminal moraine which is of the same age as that mentioned below. Mini-bus and car drivers can follow a more scenic route along Glen Fruin: they should follow the A82 to Loch Lomond, take the B831 at the Arden roundabout to Crosskeys, and thence the single track road along the glen (Figure 13.1). 1.8 km (11 miles) NW of Crosskeys there is a large parking area [NS 323 857] opposite the end of the track to Inverlauren, which provides an excellent view of the Loch Lomond Readvance end-moraine. This moraine was deposited c. 10, 000 years ago and consists of a sand and gravel ridge with parallel meltwater channel (see Rose 1980 for further details). Ben Bowie with its cap of Lower Carboniferous lavas can be seen to the SE. The same end-moraine is crossed again at the head of the glen before the road descends in a series of hairpin bends (1:6 or 17% gradient) to join the A814.
Locality 1. Camsail Bay, Rosneath [NS 262 822][edit]
Downward facing D1 folds in a structural situation analogous to that of the hinge zone of the Aberfoyle Anticline (Tay Nappe). (Figure 13.1) (Figure 13.4)b
The first locality is 1.2 km (3/4 mile) SE of Rosneath church. Travelling south from Rosneath on the B833, take a left-hand turn in 1 km (0.6 miles), keep left at fork in minor road and after 200 m park in the lay-by at the bend in the road. From the lay-by, walk back up the road for 40 m for easy access to the beach, then skirt around the seaweed-covered exposures of steeply dipping greywackes and slates on the SE side of the small bay (Camsail Bay), and clamber up on to the promontory. Note in passing the smooth glaciated surfaces on some of these exposures. The surfaces dip moderately NW and show sharply incised glacial scratches and grooves trending NW–SE; the manner in which the rock has been plucked away along the SE edge of some surfaces indicates ice flow towards the SE. The rockhead was once covered by boulder clay and this is sometimes exposed in the steep bank by the refuse tip.
The rock exposure on the small promontory illustrates well the importance of choosing the most appropriate direction for viewing, and hence interpreting, structures in the field. Looked at from above, it presents a rather featureless glaciated rock surface crossed in places by cm-spaced, irregular, anastomosing stripes which are the end-on view of a near vertical spaced cleavage. However, if you make your way down the steep front face of the exposure and, tide permitting, stand on the shingle and look back southwest towards the rock face, you can see the structures sketched in (Figure 13.4)a. The low cliff represents a profile section through a series of gently plunging, upright folds.
The rocks belong to the Bullrock Greywacke ((Figure 13.4)b; (Table 13.1)) and consist of thick beds (>1 in) of feldspathic greywacke with thin intervening layers of siltstone and slate. Many of the rocks are coarse-grained sandstones with clasts a mm or two in diameter: such rocks are informally referred to in the Dalradian literature as 'grits' or 'gritty sandstones' although they were probably deposited as turbidites. Some contain pebbles (to 0.5 cm) and show inverted graded bedding (Figure 4a). Some of the quartz grains are of the pale blue opalescent type characteristic of Dalradian rocks in Scotland and occur together with less corm-non clasts of pink feldspar and some pinkish-orange quartz grains, typically found in sandstones of the Southern Highland Group. Excellent inverted cross-bedding is found in laminated siltstones at the far SE end of the exposure at the top of the beach ((Figure 13.4)a).
Bedding planes in these rocks are marked by narrow zones of gnarled-looking rock with irregular pits and sets of grooves where a more calcareous horizon a few cm thick has become carious by differential weathering. The thick greywacke units contain occasional isolated rounded or elongate areas which weather differently from the enclosing rock and in which bedding laminations are commonly preserved as a series of fine ridges or ribs. These calcareous concretions formed during diagenesis and because of their quartz -poor composition did not readily develop a spaced cleavage. The concretion at location a (Figure 13.4) has developed oblique to bedding. Near-vertical joint planes trending NW-SE cut across the bedding: master joints with this trend form the large surfaces on which the fold structures are displayed, and control the shape of the small headland.
A series of open to close, upright, downward facing D1 folds are seen in the section ((Figure 13.4)a; most of them plunge gently SW towards 210–225° but locally they have slightly curved hinges and plunge NE. A spaced cleavage, consisting of cm-scale alternating quartz-rich and mica+chlorite-rich microlithons, which has formed as a result of pressure-solution processes, occurs in most of the greywackes. The cleavage is axial planar to the folds ((Figure 13.4)c, although slightly fanned in places, and dips vary between 77 ° to the NW, and vertical. In places there are traces of an embryonic second cleavage which is oblique to the spaced cleavage and dips at 70–80 ° SE. Clasts are locally flattened in the plane of the cleavage. Slaty cleavage occurs in mudrocks now seen as grey laminated slates; an isolated calcareous concretion or nodule at the SE end of the section ((Figure 13.4)a is flattened parallel to the cleavage trace and, assuming that it had an initially near-spherical form, its present shape gives an approximate measure of the strain in the XZ plane. A bedding-cleavage intersection lineation, which is parallel to the hinges of the D1 folds (see (Figure 13.4)c for a schematic representation of these structures), is locally seen on cleavage surfaces in mudrocks as a colour banding. Localities marked 'X' on (Figure 13.4)a show good examples of this feature; that at the SE end of the exposure is of particular interest as the interrelationships between bedding, cleavage, inverted cross-bedding and the intersection lineation can be seen clearly. The spaced cleavage is deformed by small kink bands in a few places ((Figure 13.4)a: their overall geometry is summarised in (Figure 13.4)d. They apparently result from sub-vertical compression (?gravitational loading) late in the Caledonian history of the area.
Several faults marked by small gullies can be seen to displace the bedding: they strike 207–225° and dip steeply to either the NW or SE. Minor quartz-carbonate ±chlorite veins (carbonate: yellowish colour, often weathered out; chlorite: grey-green to dull green, powdery appearance) trending oblique to bedding are seen; some are parallel to the spaced cleavage but none are deformed or lineated. The significance of the last observation will be seen later on.
The rocks making up the rock platform on the SE side of the small bay past the hut (off the left hand side of (Figure 13.4)a are greywackes with a strongly developed D1 spaced cleavage. If you walk out on the nearest exposure to the beach just past the edge of the seaweed and turn to face the shore, two flat-lying blocks of greywacke up to 1 mlong are seen within the regularly-cleaved rock. Both preserve gently dipping bedding surfaces and resemble the calcareous concretions described above. They are slightly folded by D1 folds and show evidence of cleavage oblique to that in the adjoining rock. The manner in which they terminate along strike is also problematical, but one of them is cut and displaced by small fractures associated with kink bands and they may be fault-bounded. Farther SE along this section is a small quarry formerly used to provide building stone. The outcrop of the Dalradian rocks then ceases and the wide muddy bay to the SE of it marks the position of the northern branch of the Highland Boundary Fault ((Figure 13.4)b.
Across the bay ((Figure 13.4)b) is a short section exposing Upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerates and sandstones which strike N–S and dip at 40–50° to the west. The conglomerates contain pebbles and cobbles up to 40 cm across, mainly of vein quartz, basalt, andesite, granite, porphyry and greenschist. Some of the clasts of metamorphic rock have a spaced cleavage and resemble the local Dalradian rocks. The Upper ORS rocks of the Rosneath Peninsula were described by Bluck (1980), who concluded that they were deposited in an alluvial fan environment. At the SE end of the exposure a 30 cm-thick sandstone-conglomerate unit is offset by three faults which trend between 230–260° and dip to the north, and a large fault with a cemented fault breccia, which trends at 113 °.
Retrace your route across the bay and exit from the coast along a small path which passes between the Navigation Beacon and the large fenced compound. This leads to a road; turn right, then left at the next junction to regain the lay-by after 200 m. Please note that the track leading to the hut is private and must not be used. Although it is nearby, locality 1 of Roberts (1977) (Figure 13.4)b, R1 is not recommended: it is a disused, partially flooded quarry with dangerous rock faces emblazoned with graffiti.
Locality 2. Barons Point, Kilcreggan [NS 223 808][edit]
Medium-sized D2 fold with axial-planar spaced cleavage (Figure 1) & (Figure 4)b.
From the lay-by return to the B833 and turn left for Kilcreggan. The road traces the margin of the Dalradian outcrop, with the Highland Boundary Fault occupying the broad hollow to the south of it.
If you are interested in the Upper Old Red Sandstone, Roberts (1977) locality 2 is worth a visit. Take a sharp left hand turn at the bottom of the hill into Kilcreggan, keep left along the single track road, and where it divides drive between the stone gateposts to park inside the King George V Recreation Ground. [Note: This area has been offered for development, so access to the section may change in future.] The Upper ORS conglomerates and sandstones are exposed in an old sea cliff: the beds dip 20–30° NW and are cut by steep SE-dipping extensional (normal) faults. The section demonstrates the variation in size and composition of the clasts in the ORS conglomerate (see Bluck 1980 for further details and regional setting).
After leaving Kilcreggan, pass the Tut-Tut (two painted glacial erratics on the foreshore) after 1 km (0.6 mile) , and 1 km farther on park in a large car park on the right hand side of the road by Cove Burgh Hall and Craigrownie Parish Church. From the car park walk 140 m north beside the A833 and when opposite the house named Kirklea take the small path to the beach. Bear left for 15 m along the beach and examine the coarse-grained greywacke exposed in the small cliff face. The rock is made up of closely spaced, rather discontinuous layers–are these of sedimentary or tectonic origin? If tectonic, are they of D1 or later age? The answer to this puzzle can be found a few metres farther south along the beach by climbing a little way up on to the sloping rock face and looking down towards the south. The clear relationship between these closely-spaced surfaces, and bedding planes marked by the margins of thick greywacke units, can be seen (Figure 13.5).
The bedding planes define an antiform, with a measured inter-limb angle of 50°, which has a well-developed, slightly fanned axial-planar spaced cleavage. The cleavage dips at 34–36 ° towards the SE and SSE. The hinge of the fold, which plunges at 40 ° due south, is well exposed and at several places around the structure the bedding-cleavage intersection lineation is seen (L on (Figure 13.5)), both as a bedding intersection on the cleavage and as cleavage stripes on the bedding. These lineations vary slightly in plunge, but all fall within 13° of the orientation of the exposed hinge line. A possible stretching lineation is found on the cleavage surface at location S (Figure 13.5) and sets of late kink bands are found on each limb of the fold.
Thin quartz veins, some of which are lineated, are either approximately parallel to the spaced cleavage or are more steeply dipping and oblique to it. A quartz-carbonate vein up to 9 cm thick cuts the fold and bifurcates to the west. It contains abundant euhedral pyrite and has a 'bleached' alteration zone up to 1.5 cm wide on either side of it.
Evidence that the spaced cleavage is of D2 age has been found in thin-section but can also be seen in the field at nearby exposures. Return to the path onto the beach and closely examine the spaced cleavage by looking ENE along strike at clean, vertical rock faces. Traces of the D1 spaced cleavage can be seen within the D2 microlithons and this is particularly clear in the last exposure SE of the path as you leave the beach (Figure 13.5)b. This feature will be examined in more detail at Locality 5.
The rocks at Locality 2 have been previously included with the outcrop of the Dunoon Phyllite (Roberts 1977, fig 2) but are greywackes which possibly have more Ethological affinity with the younger Bullrock Greywacke (Table 13.1), although lacking the detrital pink feldspars which characterize the latter. Rock types typical of the Dunoon Phyllite are seen at the next locality.
Disharnmnic, curvilinear late folds (?D4) and crenulation cleavage in the Dunoon Phyllite. (Figure 13.1) & (Figure 13.4)b.
The locality is out of geological sequence in that features such as the D2 stretching lineation are better studied at Locality 4, where they are unaffected by later folding. However, this is impractical.
From Kirklea (Locality 2) walk 110 m north along the pavement to the start of a wall made from alternating panels of stonework and iron railings, cross the road, take the path on the right into the small recreation area. Here, turn left down a path on to the beach after 35 m. The area of interest lies between the iron pipe and the low cliff to the south of it.
The rocks are black phyllites (originally mudstones and siltstones) with quartz veins, and buff brown lenses and bands of limestone to 40 cm thick, all belonging to the Dunoon Phyllite. The fold structures in these rocks are best viewed from the rock platform looking east towards the shore (Figure 13.6). They consist of a series of asymmetrical warps with wavelengths of a few cm to 0.5 m which verge northwards and fold a prominent lineation. The folds are disharmonic and when viewed from above are seen to have quite strongly curved hinges which cannot be traced for a long distance; these features are best seen in the rocks around a grass-topped knoll just south of where the path reaches the HT mark, and on a large exposure near the low-tide mark.
The asymmetrical folds in the phyllites deform a penetrative, slaty-looking cleavage which from thin-section examination is concluded to be of D2 age. Later structured fabrics such as these are typically more strongly developed in the finer-grained rocks than they are in the more competent grits and greywackes. Some quartz-carbonate veins are folded and boudinaged, probably during the same event which gave rise to the cleavage, and these contain a quartz fibre lineation which is parallel to the down-dip stretching lineation seen on the cleavage surfaces. These lineations are also folded by the late asymmetrical folds which show the same style, vergence and geometry as D4 minor folds seen farther north in the vicinity of the Downbend Antiform. The folds result from localized D4 strain in an incompetent, fissile unit SE of the general zone in which the D4 deformation typically affects all lithologies (Figure 13.3).
A new crenulation cleavage is developed parallel to the axial surfaces of the late folds. Both discrete (marked by small fractures) and zonal (marked by microcrenulations) types of cleavage are present, and a crenulation lineation is seen parallel to the fold hinges.
Return to the car park either by retracing your route along the B833, or if the tide is sufficiently low, by an easy walk along the coast to the Memorial cross opposite the car park.
Locality 4. Knockderry Castle [NS 215 834][edit]
D2 minor folds with northerly vergence associated with a new D2 fabric and a stretching lineation.
From the car park travel north on the B833 through Cove for 3 km (1.9 miles) to Knockderry Castle. Beware of meeting coaches at the very sharp right-hand bend just before the Castle. Park in the lay-by (large enough to take a coach) which is on the left-hand side of the road just after the road straightens out following the double bend.
The whole section adjacent to the lay-by shows features of interest but it is best to start in the short stretch at the north end of the section before examining the remainder. The rocks here are greywackes and phyllites belonging to the Beinn Bheula Schists.
Walk northwards along the road for 65 m and take the small path left to the shingle beach. Northwards from here there are numerous examples of minor folds with a Z-profile (northward vergence); they plunge at about 35° to the SSE (204°) and have axial planes which dip at 45–50° to the SE. Careful examination of the hinge zones of these minor folds shows that they fold both the lithological layering and an early spaced cleavage (D1). A new, generally widely-spaced, pressure solution cleavage is developed parallel to the axial surfaces of the folds and where the two cleavages are locally of equal development (especially in the more siliceous rocks) the layers are divided up into columns with a rhombic cross-section. These features are illustrated in a composite sketch in (Figure 13.7)a.
After about 40 m there is a small overhanging face with an iron pipe to the north of it. On the low rock platform between the pipe and the wall at the end of the section is an exposure of grey-brown phyllite. Bedding in the phyllite is marked by rusty-coloured bands which make a high angle with the cleavage and give rise to a very clear bedding-cleavage intersection lineation. Although the cleavage looks like a first generation penetrative slaty cleavage in the field, under the microscope it is seen to be a very closely spaced D2 crenulation cleavage with much new growth of white mica parallel to the D2 cleavage surfaces. The same features are seen at the southern end of the section where the main fabric in a thick band of phyllite is a micro-scale (D2) crenulation cleavage axial planar to folds revealed by colour banding in the rock. In the phyllite at the north end of the section, a fine D2 stretching lineation plunging at 48 ° to 137° is seen on the cleavage planes and, in good light, a very fine near-horizontal crenulation lineation can be seen on some of these surfaces, in addition to variably-orientated kink bands. These features of the phyllite are summarised in (Figure 13.7)b.
It is an instructive exercise to measure the orientation of the axial surfaces and hinges of folds in the greywackes, and the orientation of the cleavage surfaces and bedding-cleavage intersection lineations in the phyllites and compare them. It should be clear that, if sufficient measurements are made, the axial surfaces of the folds and of the cleavages are statistically parallel, as are the hinges of the folds and the bedding-cleavage intersection lineations. The geometry and vergence of these D2 structures is particularly well shown in a good three-dimensional exposure of a Z-fold at a point on the rock platform exactly in line with the wall at the end of the section. As we move northwards into the Flat Belt such D2 folds become difficult to identify as the pressure-solution cleavage becomes dominant and strongly overprints and obscures the bedding.
Deformed quartz veins are found in both rock types and many of them carry a fairly coarse quartz fibre lineation which represents the direction of extension during D2 and is parallel to the stretching lineation seen in the phyllite ((Figure 13.7)c). Later quartz veins oblique to the D2 cleavage are also seen, and two thick siliceous greywacke beds (up to 0.6 m thick) near the iron pipe have behaved as particularly competent units and show several sets of extensional quartz veins.
Other features to note on the return journey along the rock platform to the lay-by are:–a) intersection lineations between the D1 and D2 cleavages on the sides of upstanding D2 microlithons, b) a few brown-weathering limestone bands, and c) centimetre-scale graded sandstone units which if thin-sectioned give clear evidence that the beds are inverted and that the D2 folds face down to the south.
Locality 5. Letter Layo, Coulport [NS 212 869][edit]
Modification of bedding and D1 cleavage during formation of D2 microlithons (Figure 13.1)
From Locality 4 continue north for 3.5 km (2.2 miles), past the turning to Garelochhead, and park at the northern end of the second long lay-by, opposite the track to Letter Layo. This locality is valuable in showing different stages in development of the D2 microlithons which, in the more deformed rocks farther north, provide a datum for identifying the D3 and D4 structures. Superb examples of these structures were once exposed on the coast just past the Royal Naval Armaments Depot at Coulport but these have now been destroyed as a result of the Trident expansion programme.
The best examples of D2 microlithon development are seen at the extreme north end of the section. This is reached either by walking north along the road (beware traffic on bend) and turning on to the beach after 100 m, or walking along the coast and around the small headland. The 75 m of wave-washed exposures north of the iron pipe are best, and at the far north end clear relationships between bedding (marked by brown uncleaved or poorly cleaved greywackes), the D1 cleavage (clockwise to bedding at various angles), and the D2 cleavage and microlithons (anti-clockwise to both bedding and D1 cleavage) are seen. These relationships are shown schematically in (Figure 13.8). Grading shows the beds to be inverted at the north end of the section and both the D1 and D2 folds are downward facing (Figure 13.8). There are numerous deformed quartz-carbonate-chlorite veins in these rocks.
In places the mean orientation of the deformed D1 fabric is at right angles to the trace of the D2 cleavage: a relationship commonly seen in the former exposures at Coulport. The D2 hinges and the intersection lineation between the D1 cleavage stripes and the D2 microlithons plunges at 38–520 to 176–206°, similar to their orientation at Locality 4. The green phyllite bands have a penetrative D2 micro-scale crenulation cleavage, similar to that of the brown phyllite at Locality 4, which is axial planar to folds defined by lithological banding plus D1 cleavage. D2 microlithons appear pale in some rocks due to their probable enhanced quartz content.
Similar relationships to those described above are found in the rest of the section and are best viewed by looking down-dip at the rocks on the return journey to the lay-by. Near the iron pipe, glacial scratches and grooves on WNW–dipping ice-smoothed surfaces trend 333° and plucking structures indicate ice flow to the SSE.
Locality 6. Portincaple, south section [NS 228 932][edit]
Steep south limb of the Downbend Antiform adjacent to the hinge zone; development of D3 and D4 minor folds and fabrics (Figure 13.1) & (Figure 13.9).
From Letter Layo drive a short distance north to the Coulport roundabout, take the MOD road to the Whistlefield roundabout (Figure 13.1) where you take the first exit (A814, Arrochar) and 200 m after passing under a railway bridge, make a sharp left turn to Portincaple (signposted). Limited roadside parking is available in the village for cars and mini-buses (see (Figure 13.9)); coaches should drop the party at the road junction and return to pick them up at an appointed time. Allow at least 2 hours for the stop at Portincaple (Localities 6 & 7).
The rocks at Localities 6 and 7 are greywackes with thin phyllite horizons belonging to the Beinn Bheula Schists. No clear and entirely unambiguous way-up structures have been noted in these rocks, which is not surprising since they have been affected by two episodes of penetrative deformation and pressure-solution (D1 & D2), and two further episodes of folding ( D3 & D4). Three roughly N–S trending dykes labelled here Da-c occur at Portincaple. All are pale brown in thin section, consisting largely of an interlocking mosaic of cloudy feldspar laths (to 0.3 mm long) and some quartz, and are highly altered with much calcite and chlorite. They can probably be correlated with the felsic dykes of the Lower Devonian age shown in the adjoining area of BGS Sheet 38W (Loch Lomond). The thick dyke Dd (Figure 13.9) is less altered and is a continuation of the Permo-Carboniferous quartz-dolerite (Qd) that has been traced ENE to just south of Inverbeg Hotel on sheet 38W.
Please do not hammer the Dalradian rocks at Portincaple.
The route to the beach is shown on (Figure 13.9): near the end of the main track turn left across the bridge over the stream, take the path through an iron gate, past the boatyard. Follow the path through a second iron gate, keeping to the left hand path (muddy) which leads down to a small bay with a large grass-covered knob of rock on the north side. Asymmetrical gently plunging D4 folds can be seen on the south side of the knoll, and are best viewed downplunge to the ENE (065°). The folds are reminiscent of those seen at Locality 3 (Figure 13.6) but here occur in more siliceous greywackes. Section AB (Figure 13.10) starts at the gully on the north side of this exposure. Deep water lies close to the edge of the rock platform at all states of the tide and the rocks are slippery–take care!
Section AB (Figure 13.10) lies on the south limb of the Downbend, a regional monoform whose axial trace passes approximately between Localities 6 and 7. The axis is poorly defined because the structure has a complex rounded hinge zone. The section is dominated by a steep southerly dipping composite foliation which comprises bedding modified by the D1 and D2 cleavages and is now largely seen as a strongly developed D2 fabric. As shown in cartoon form in (Figure 13.3) (between Localities 5 & 7) this foliation is locally affected by minor D3 folds which have a southerly vergence (Z-shaped down-plunge profile). A new D3 spaced or crenulation cleavage is developed in places, although this is seen best farther north in more pelitic units. Superimposed on all of the earlier folds and fabrics are abundant, gently plunging, D4 minor folds which verge north towards the antiform ((Figure 13.3), Locality 6) and are locally accompanied by yet another crenulation or spaced cleavage. As deformation increases northwards across the area, where bedding can be seen it generally parallels the D2 fabric.
The section is dissected by ten faults, several of which occupy gullies and give rise to pronounced steps in the rock platform (Figure 13.10). They dip at 44–84 ° S and strike consistently at 070–075° broadly parallel to the mean trend of the main foliation. In detail, however, beds are cut out at the fault planes, especially in the footwall.
Dyke Da is poorly exposed: it trends 343° and occupies the gully at the beginning of the section AB (Figure 13.10). In the first 10 m of the section a planar D2 fabric (identification checked in thin section) dipping at about 60° S dominates the exposure, and by careful searching, D2 microlithons can be found (Figure 13.10). Thus the structural situation is approximately equivalent to that at Letter Layo (Locality 5) except that here the D2 fabric is more intensely and uniformly developed and it is also affected by later folds and warps. The D1 'stripes' in more siliceous beds are with few exceptions preserved as relics within D2 microlithons. Farther along the section most of the folds are of D4 age and have a northerly vergence (with one steep and one gently dipping limb) and steep NNW-dipping axial surfaces. A typical, rather widely-spaced, D4 crenulation cleavage is developed locally in the more argillaceous rocks, as at location a (Figure 13.10), and D2 microlithons are folded.
To maintain the same profile view of the and D4 structures, a new line of section has to be taken when the two glacial erratics are reached. Fault b (Figure 13.10) is traced eastwards across the rock platform to its inferred position in a grassy knoll at b'. At location c (Figure 13.10), on a low cliff face formed parallel to a N–S fault, small symmetrical D4 folds occur on the gently dipping middle limb of a much larger D4 fold. A steeply dipping D4 cleavage is developed locally and regularly-spaced D2 microlithons are folded around the structures. On the rock platform in front of these structures, curvilinear (?D4) folds seen in three dimensions deform a clear D2 stretching lineation which trends NW-SE and is parallel to a quartz fibre lineation seen in nearby deformed quartz veins (cf. Locality 4, (Figure 13.7)b).
The line of section changes again at the next fault, which occupies a pronounced gully and in its footwall at location d (Figure 13.10) are a set of well-exposed curvilinear E- and W-plunging D3 folds which fold the D2 fabric. They have axial surfaces dipping at <20° N which are parallel to a D3 crenulation cleavage and are in marked contrast to the generally more steeply dipping D4 structures. At a lower level in the footwall section, and also affecting the D3 folds, is a train of symmetrical, open, doubly-plunging, upright D4 minor folds which deform the D2 stretching lineation and show hinge-parallel crenulation lineation trending ENE–WSW.
Having reached the end of the section at B walk along the rock platform to the jetty. Dyke Db, which strikes N–S and is 1.5 m thick, crops out just south of the jetty. From here to section CD (Locality 7) the rock exposure is neither as good nor as continuous as in the other two areas but there are several small cliff faces which display relationships between the various sets of structures similar to those described above.
In the rock face on the north side of the track to the jetty is an example of D2 microlithons being reworked to form D3 microlithons. Dyke Dc forms a wall-like exposure 40 m farther north: it has an almost N–S strike, dips 50–56 ° W, and is partially brecciated and highly carbonated. A prominent rock face some 50 m north of the dyke shows a 0.8 m-thick band of pebbly greywacke with prominent clasts (to 8 mm) of blue quartz and cloudy feldspar; there is a thin skin of fault breccia adhering to the face . This massive uncleaved rock contrasts with the thin greywacke sandstones, quartz veins and phyllites noted above, which contain D4 folds with a discrete crenulation cleavage superimposed on D3 folds. It shows that even in rocks as deformed as these are, competent units still appear to remain relatively undeformed and unaffected by pressure-solution processes. Another clean rock face is seen 15 m farther on and 5 m south of the southern margin of a quartz dolerite dyke, Dd. It occurs at the end of a small cliff near a group of large boulders and is the best example in this section of D2 microlithons and early quartz veins folded by D3 folds and overprinted by a steep to vertical D4 crenulation cleavage in the phyllites. The dyke has a chilled margin, is of probable PermoCarboniferous age, and trends approximately east-west; it is –18 m thick and both contacts with the Dalradian rocks can be examined.
Locality 7. Portincaple, north section [NS 231 934][edit]
Hinge zone and north limb of the Downbend Antiform; large D3 folds. (Figure 13.1) & (Figure 13.9) .
From dyke Dd cross the beach and head NE for the landward end of the large groyne which marks the start of the section CD (Figure 13.9) & (Figure 13.10). This section lies slightly to the north of the main hinge zone of the Downbend Antiform (Figure 13.3). Features of interest are the thick-bedded, coarse grained greywacke units (grits) making up much of the sequence, part of the Beinn Bheula Schists, and the presence of several key bedding surfaces which can be traced right across the exposures and are marked by a dotted ornament on (Figure 13.10). The greywackes contain clasts up to 0.5 cm across and have a finely spaced (1–3 mm) pressure-solution cleavage which is discontinuous in appearance, resembling that seen earlier at Locality 2, and here folded by D3 and D4 folds. Large-southward verging D3 folds and minor D3 folds are overprinted by upright, symmetrical D4 warps and small folds which have an axial-planar crenulation cleavage (Figure 13.3), Locality 7; and section CD, (Figure 13.10).
At location e (Figure 13.10) D2 microlithons containing the D1 fabric are affected by gently plunging (11° to 062°) D4 warps with a near vertical crenulation cleavage striking at 060°. Nearby, at location f (Figure 13.10), is a rock face over a metre across which, when dry and seen in good light, shows the initially puzzling, set of structures shown in (Figure 13.11). A partial explanation for this complex pattern is that the lamination seen approximately parallel to bedding at X (and apparently anticlockwise to bedding on the lower face) is the D1 spaced cleavage; the steeply dipping fabric reworking it is the D2 spaced cleavage (Y); and the folds which deform the early spaced cleavage along the bottom edge of the surface are minor D4 folds. The unit is a single bed of non-graded coarse-grained greywacke containing blue opalescent quartz pebbles to 5 cm across.
Locality 8. Glenmallon, Loch Long [NS 249 965]: Structures illustrating the geometry of the 'Flat Belt' (Figure 13.1).
From Locality 7 return to the main road (A814) and travel some 4 km (2.5 miles) to the dock at Glenmallon. After passing the entrance to the MOD private road to Glen Douglas on the right hand side, continue for a further 370 m and park in the large lay-by on the left. Prior permission has to be obtained from the MOD (at the nearby control post, if manned) to park in the MOD car park on the Glen Douglas road.
The locations noted below are all in the greywackes and associated rocks of the Beinn Bheula Schists. These locations when taken together give on the one hand a good impression of the beguiling structural simplicity of the "Flat Belt" and on the other hand give indications of the true complex structural state of the rocks i.e. that these rocks have undergone the same D1–D4 structural events as rocks on the steep, south limb of the Downbend (see Locality 8, (Figure 13.3)) but with greater intensity. The structural age of spaced fabrics in the 'Flat Belt' is not easy to determine as D1 stripes are sometimes preserved and may be reworked by D2, D3 and even D4 microlithons. Typically, D2 cleavage dominates the exposures and related megascopic D2 folds if present are difficult to discern. Rock exposures are accessible from two platforms constructed on Loch Long side and in a small cutting at the entrance to the turning to Glen Douglas.
From the lay-by, walk back south 160 m to the path and steps down to the first platform. The exposures here show a nearly horizontal D2 fabric corrugated by D4 minor folds, which plunge towards 055° and are accompanied by a strong crenulation lineation. A faint stretching lineation (?D2) trending 133–143° is seen on some surfaces and flat-lying D2 microlithons can be seen in the exposure by the foot of the lamp post. Return to the road, past the path to the second platform (no access to rocks) and continue south for a further 40 m to platform 3. Access is via a steep 4 m steel ladder and there is a good view of exceptionally planar (for these rocks), flat-lying beds to the south of the platform. D2 microlithons deformed by D4 folds are seen along the seaward edge of the exposure north of the platform. Having returned to the road then walk a farther 150 m south, cross the A814 to examine the rock face on the south side of the road to Glen Douglas. The part of the face closest to the main road shows evidence of all of the deformation phases. The overall near-horizontal foliation is folded by upright D4 folds, which locally have a chevron style, and there are many thick, irregular, sub-horizontal quartz veins. Note that these veins are not deformed and lineated, and are later in age than the syn- or pre-D2 veins noted farther south. D3 minor folds verging south are common (good examples occur 4 m north of the 'parking area' sign near the north end of section) and deform a spaced cleavage that can be seen to be of D2 age; they also fold D2 isoclinal folds which themselves fold the D1 spaced cleavage. The early stages of both D3 and D4 microlithon development are seen in these rocks as 1–2-cm wide bands of folded or kinked D2 fabric.
There are three possibilities for the return journey to Glasgow:
a. Retrace the route via the A814 through Helensburgh; b. Continue north along the A814 past the old Murlaggan landslip to Arrochar, then turn east to Tarbet and examine some of the localities along the A82 Loch Lomond section (Excursion 11); or c. if travelling in a car or mini-bus continue north for 5 km (3 miles) on the A814 and take the single track road (some hairpin bends and steep gradients) through Glen Douglas to join the A82 at Inverbeg. Note the landslip on Tullich Hill immediately to the north on entering Glen Douglas from this direction.
Acknowledgements[edit]
I am grateful to John Mendum for reviewing, and suggesting valuable improvements to this article: to Bill Henderson for his comments on the geology of the Coulport-Kilcreggan area; and to Alec Herriot for advice on the igneous dykes.
BLUCK, B.J. 1980. Evolution of a strike-slip fault-controlled basin, Upper Old Red Sandstone, Scotland. Spec. Publ. Mt. Ass. Sediment. 4, 63–78.
BRADBURY, H.J., HARRIS, A.L. and SMITH, R.A. 1979. Geometry and emplacement of nappes in the Central Scottish Highlands. In Harris, A.L., Holland, C.H. & Leake, B.J. (eds), The Caledonides of the British Isles-Reviewed. Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. London 8, 213–20.
HARRIS, A.L., BRADBURY, H.J. and MCGONIGAL, M.H. 1976 The evolution and transport of the Tay Nappe. Scott. J. Geol. 12. 103–13.
HARTE, B., BOOTH, J.E., DEMPSTER, T.J., FETTES, D.J., MENDUM, J.R. and WATTS, D. 1984. Aspects of the post-depositional evolution of Dalradian and Highland Border Complex rocks in the Southern Highlands of Scotland. Trans R. Soc. Edinb.: Earth Sci. 75, 151–163.
MENDUM, J.R. and HUES, D.J. 1985. The Tay nappe and associated folding in the Ben Ledi-Loch Lomond area. Scott. J. Geol. 21, 41–56.
ROBERTS, J.L. 1977. The Dalradian rocks of Rosneath and south-east Cowal. Scott. J. Geol. 13, 101–11.
ROGERS, G., DEMPSTER, T.J., BLUCK, B.J. and TANNER, P.W.G. 1989. A high precision U-Pb age for the Ben Vuirich granite: implications for the evolution of the Scottish Dalradian Supergroup. J. Geol. Soc. London 146, 78998.
ROSE, J. 1980. 'Rhu' and 'The western side of Loch Lomond' In: Jardine, W.G. (ed.) Quarternary Research Association Field Guide: Glasgow region. 31–39.
SHACKLETON, R.M. 1958. Downward-facing structures of the Highland Border. Q.J. Geol. Soc. London 113, 361–92.
At all times follow: The Scottish Access Codeand Code of conduct for geological field work
Retrieved from 'http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Rosneath_Peninsula_and_Loch_Long_-_an_excursion&oldid=39282'
4. Grampian Highlands


I had a puncture the other day, a screw right in the centre of the tread so eminently repairable.
Just one tiny problem, I have a run of long work shifts so it's not easy to get to a tyre shop for a day or two.
How long can I run on the spacesaver?
I have done 75 miles so far with no visible tread wear or tyre distress but there must be a limit somewhere.
The main problem with spacesavesrs is heat. As long as it's correctly inflated (around 60psi iirc!) and you do not exceed 50mph it should be ok for days or even weeks in theory.
They affect handling badly though so I would get it sorted asap, I know of a few people that have crashed on them, they can be lethal in the wet.
they can be lethal in the wet.
Yes, I am not too worried about the stress on the spacesaver, my daily run is 23 miles in a 30 zone and 2 mile in a 40 zone and on top of that I just take it easy anyway.
Your right, my next day off is when I turn up at my friendly tyre shop first thing in the morning.
Interestingly, I cannot detect any change to the noise or ride characteristics when driving to and from work when I fitted the spacesaver.
I have never used a spacesaver, I'd rather call a mobile fitter.
Of course they are designed to get you off motorways etc to safety but as it is very dangerous to change wheels in that environment I would say get a recovery service out in all such cases.
I've dealt with the aftermath of a rtc on a motorway where someone got hit whilst changing an offside tyre on a major A road and it wasn't a nice experience at all.
And the space saver should be on the rear.
I didn't even know there were any 23 mile sections of 30, that must get boring quickly!
From experience, if you get a loud noise from a spacesaver it's usually well under inflated and will wallow around badly. Even with proper inflation I found it very easy to pass it's limits though, particularly on wide corners or empty roundabouts at ~20mph. Had to adapt my usual driving style very quickly.
So if get puncture on front you should swap over a rear ? Is that a legal requirement or just better for steering etc?
Well, it's my total daily mileage to work and back each day. Still that's 12 1/2 miles run through urban areas. I run an auto just for the relaxing drive through the traffic.
I have been starting from home at 05:30 recently so it's easy going at that time of the morning. Finish at 18:30 is not so good.
Most tyre places are closed on my way to work or on my return.
I am off today so when the rush hour traffic dies down the problem will be solved.
Just to round things up.
GOOD NEWS. When I examined the Spacesaver after about 150 miles it showed no sign of tread wear, even the mould ridge on the tread centre line was clearly visible.
BAD NEWS. Two tyre fitters at different tyre shops said that the tyre wall was too damaged for safe use after repair. I must say it didn't look all that bad to me but there you go. I had to replace an almost new tyre.
whilst we can never be sure as we haven't seen it, I tend to think that most places don't really want to repair punctures they just want to sell you a new tyre.
If the car was driven with the tyre flat it is likely the side walls would get damaged even if the original puncture was in the middle of the tread.
And from a liability point of view you can't really blame them for erring on the side of caution.
I'd think they make good profit from puncture repair too. Last time I priced, one wanted 20 quid and another 25 quid.
Thankfully last Sunday I got one repaired and gave me option of cheaper for cash at a tenner.
I certainly don't recommend this but I regularly, almost daily, see an older BMW 3 series that has had a space saver on the front offside wheel since before Christmas!
Pretty much par for the course for BMW drivers then.
Just wish they'd make indicators standard fit on BMWs as nobody seems to purchase this optional extra.
That "option" must be even more expensive on an Audi as even less of them seem to have them fitted!


Mission specific discharge and LED moving lights from Martin, a HARMAN Professional brand, featured widely on a number of television shows in the lead-up to the Christmas season. Many of these have been sourced from Nick Edwards' new TV lighting rental company, Version 2. One of the most experienced adopters has been Stuart Pring, who recently lit Robbie Williams Radio 2 in Concert show and The Brits Critics Choice Awards, for Brit TV.
A veteran of Martin lighting solutions over the past 15 years, in recent times he has favoured the MAC Aura range, RUSH Par and MAC Viper, sourcing inventory from Edwards' various companies along the way "Nick's support is second to none," he says. "He understands the budgetary constraints we work to and is always helpful in offering rigging suggestions, plus his equipment is always immaculately prepped." Pring's first port of call is generally the MAC Aura. "It is the best colour wash available — it has great colour mixing and a fantastic zoom facility, which can help to instantly change a look of a stage." He used another Martin 'all-in-one' fixture, the Axiom Hybrid, for the Robbie Williams Radio 2 in Concert at Maida Vale's MV3 studio.
For the Brits Critics Choice Awards, Pring benefitted from having prior experience of working at Abbey Road Studios. "You have to respect the fact that this is a sound recording environment," he notes. "In Studio 1 where we filmed Brits Critics Choice everything has to be rigged from the floor, which I tried to do with as few stands in shot as possible, while showing off the Abbey Road location." His goal within the large space was to produce a design that would work for three bands each playing two numbers, with diversity in the lighting for each band.
"The Martin fixtures helped me achieve this through the simple ability to change colour and gobos," he said. Using lighting largely for projection he deployed Martin RUSH Par and MAC Viper on the floor around the band, to project colour and animation gobos onto five Dedolight PanAura octagonal soft lights.
On each PanAura from the same distance he placed a MAC Viper. "By using a combination of rotating gobos, prism and full zoom I managed to fill the silks of the PanAura with gobo textures, and by playing with the focus I could really create some great abstract effects," he said.
Summing up his product selection Stuart said the Axioms had enabled him to offer beam lights as well as spots and add character to the show. "I wanted something that could be used as backlighting for the many band members as well as to create big beam looks to enhance the overall show design."


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It has been said that all is fair in love and war; Jesus disagrees.
For example, Jesus had to call a foul on his disciples when their reaction to his departure back to Heaven was less than enthusiastic.
I have no doubt, that in their own way, they truly did love Jesus, but what they really loved was Jesus being with them, or to put it more exactly–what they loved was themselves.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
President Barrow accepts appeal for the discontinuance of Faraba trial
The General Public is hereby informed that His Excellency, President Adama Barrow has accepted an appeal from the community of Faraba for the discontinuance of the prosecution of the officers of the Police Intervention Unit as well as the civilians standing trial for their role(s) in the unfortunate Faraba Banta incident in June 2018.
The Community, through the Alkalo of the village, Mr. Omar Kujabi, wrote a letter to the President, accompanied by a sworn affidavit requesting, among other things, for the withdrawal of criminal charges in the matter ''to promote true reconciliation'', peace, and stability in the village.
Additionally, the community stated that they were satisfied and appreciative of the responsible leadership demonstrated and acts of compassion that His Excellency, President Adama Barrow and his government had undertaken after the incident, such as the visit by the President to the community in the immediate aftermath of the incident, the setting up of a commission of inquiry and appointment of a coroner as well as his decision to act on the recommendations of the investigative commission, among other gestures.
Based on the foregoing, the president has accordingly accepted to respect and grant the wishes of the community, particularly families of the victims, to immediately withdraw all the charges against the PIU officers and civilian perpetrators concerned.
By the same token, His Excellency, the President has also accepted to lift the suspension meted out on the Director of Geology Department and the Executive Director of National Environment Agency.
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Love and Hip Hop Fight Uncut Video?
Home > Entertainment > Television > Love and Hip Hop Fight Uncut Video?
As you probably know, security has recently banned glass and cutting elements from TV reality show Love and Hip Hop due to the many fights that have occurred between participants and it seems that there's an uncut video of the fight. The video has been censored and it's impossible to find on the internet so I can't see it!
Does anyone know where can I see the Love and Hip Hop fight uncut video?
I managed to find the one that's censored but I'm looking for the unedited scene of the fight, the uncut version of the Love and Hip Hop video.
The uncut videos of the fight from Love and Hip Hop are not on the internet because they were never aired so it's unlikely to be found over there, stop searching. In fact, there's little chance that it gets leaked and if that happens you'll see the video in no time. The uncut and unedited version of the fight is obviously not going to be aired in Love and Hip Hop due to the content, they're quite inappropriate for TV. If you want to see the uncut video from the Love and Hip Hop fight, then your best bet is to search for it elsewhere or wait some time until someone manages to upload it to the web.
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General Officer Ranks Nice Look #3 I Have Included Two Charts, One Is Of US Officer Ranks And The Other Being US Enlisted Ranks. Enjoy.
General Officer Ranks was posted on July 5, 2018 at 6:59 pm. This article is published under the Office category. General Officer Ranks is labelled with General Officer Ranks, General, Officer, Ranks..
a number of persons forming a separate class in a social hierarchy or in any graded body.
a social or official position or standing, as in the armed forces: the rank of captain.
high position or station in the social or some similar scale: a woman of rank.
a class in any scale of comparison.
relative position or standing: a writer of the first rank.
a row, line, or series of things or persons: orchestra players arranged in ranks.
military enlisted personnel as a group.
Usually, ranks. the general body of any party, society, or organization apart from the officers or leaders.
a line of persons, esp. soldiers, standing abreast in close-order formation (distinguished from file).
one of the horizontal lines of squares on a chessboard.
a set of organ pipes of the same kind and tonal color.
Also called determinant rank. [Math.]the order of the nonzero determinant of greatest order that can be selected from a given matrix by the elimination of rows and columns.
the classification of coal according to hardness, from lignite to anthracite.
to leave an assigned position in a military formation.
to disagree with, defect from, or refuse to support one's colleagues, party, or the like.
pull rank (on), to make use of one's superior rank to gain an advantage over (someone). Also, pull one's rank (on).
to arrange in ranks or in regular formation: The men were ranked according to height. He ranked the chess pieces on the board.
to assign to a particular position, station, class, etc.: She was ranked among the most admired citizens.
to outrank: The colonel ranks all other officers in the squadron.
to form a rank or ranks.
to take up or occupy a place in a particular rank, class, etc.: to rank well ahead of the other students.
to have rank or standing.
to be the senior in rank: The colonel ranks at this camp.
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Former central bank governor YV Reddy says there is no doubt the government has a claim over the RBI's reserves, but questions how it is exercising its claim.
Former RBI (Reserve Bank of India) governor YV Reddy has criticised the government for intervening in central bank affairs, terming its latest actions taken to obtain dividends from the RBI as "coercive monetisation of fiscal needs".
In a speech delivered at the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics on Saturday (9 February), Reddy spoke about the recent tensions between the government and central bank, which culminated in the resignation of governor Urjit Patel in December.
Of particular significance, he said, was the October 2018 proposal to invoke Section 7 of the RBI Act – which empowers the government to issue directions to the RBI governor – an "unprecedented move". The Section 7 provision has never been used out of respect for the central bank's autonomy.
On the issue of the RBI's excess reserves, Reddy said there is no doubt that the government has a claim over the reserves, but he questions the way in which it exercises its claim.
"While a Committee is examining Government's claim on the accumulated reserves of RBI, including those on account of revaluation, it has been reported two days ago that RBI is being asked to pay to Government as dividend the amounts that have been transferred to reserves in the previous two years," he said, referring to the INR 280 billion (USD 3.93 billion) the government has said it expects from the RBI in interim dividends for each of the last two years.
"The immediate fiscal needs seem to take precedence over a renewed assessment of the capital needs of RBI," he said, which marks a departure from the government's actions in 2013, when it shared the cost of sterilisation to ensure the central bank balance sheet remained strong.
In addition, Reddy said the government demands for a relaxation in the RBI's PCA (Prompt Corrective Action) framework – which imposes restrictions on weak banks until they achieved preset capital and liquidity requirements – dilutes both the autonomy and accountability of the central bank.
He was also against the government's demands to dilute bank capital norms in India, which are seen to be more stringent than the global standards. There is a case for Indian norms to be more stringent, Reddy explained, as Basel III norms assume a particular level of realisable value. In India, transaction costs and liquidity make the realisable value generally far less than the declared value, he said.
With regard to liquidity conditions at NBFCs (non-banking financial companies) – another point of friction between the government and the RBI – Reddy noted that the case of IL&FS was an insolvency issue rather than a question of liquidity. The government's concern, he said, stemmed from state-owned institutions LIC (Life Insurance Corporation) and SBI (State Bank of India) holding large stakes in IL&FS. The RBI, on the other hand, should be concerned about the risk assessment capabilities of such public sector giants instead.
In addition, Reddy said the government's urging for aggressive lending to SMEs could jeopardise depositors' interest or induce systemic instability, and that any extra support to the segment should come from budgetary resources – not from the central bank.
Finally, on the issue of governance and the role of RBI's board, Reddy said the current board composition is appropriate, despite the government's attempts to make it more assertive.
The full speech is available here, compliments of Bloomberg.


text:
Q: Summing values based on date Spreadsheet has 2 columns. Column A contains a date. Column B contains a numeric value.  How do I sum numeric values in column B that match a specific year in column A. I tried
=sum((year(A1:A5)=2016)*B1:B5)

and
=vlookup(year(a1:a5)=2015,1,false)

Neither work... can someone help?

A: For 2016:
=SUMPRODUCT(--(YEAR(A1:A10)=2016)*(B1:B10))

with data like:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


78F350, Thank you for sharing! that was an interesting post, it seems that the more I read the more I found out that there is always something new to be learned.
What did you do with the starter location for the 986 5 speed?
Here is a part I make for the early Acura NSX that may be helpful with these motor swaps, lots of folks buy these for many applications so figured I'd post it up here.
... What did you do with the starter location for the 986 5 speed?
The 5 speed bolts right up with the Audi engine. No need to modify for the starter. The clutch slave from the 5 speed looks a little different, but both mount and seem to work identically. The shift cables and linkage need to be swapped with the 5 speed. The axle stub does not swap from the 6 speed to the 5 speed, so I'm using the whole 5 speed axle. It's just a bit short on the hub.
I'm quite dissatisfied with my current cradle and I'm not a good welder. If you come up with one that you are willing to sell and ship, I'm probably going to want it.
I gave a local fabricator measurements, the scrapped back 1/2 of a car, and this picture from Precision Chassis Works (for concept).
After 2 months of "It will done next week" and about $1,000 I had a heavy piece of scrap metal that was off by INCHES. Finally got it to fit, but not well. I'd love to see what you come up with.
That layout is what I'm thinking for the cradle except with the Audi motor mounts so they can be a junk yard find, maybe add a torque link if it proves necessary, which I'm guessing it won't be needed for an NA build. For FI, seems like the drive line will be the weak link and my goal is a nice 300'/Lb torque from a motor we can track for a long time as long as no one money shifts it.
is a cradle really needed? I am going with factory mounts as its only 100hp increase, that way you only need to fabricate an adapter to the front mount, I am going to modify the side mounts to allow a bit more exhaust clearance too, on the engine side I am removing the AC and PS pumps so mount bolts on there and then on the other side I am going to use the original Audi brace arm and also bolt through to the block in at least one place. I am using a GM astra electric power steering pump up front.
Needed? Probably not. I am following the build on FB too and I think that is a good, innovative approach. I like it. Before seeing that I was already convinced that the cradle that KCPAZ came up with was the way I wanted to go. I respect his skills and see the design as 'track proven'.
Nice solution if you don't mind loosing the AC. What I want to make is a part that you can maintain all the creature comforts plus use the stock Audi mounts for the PS and AC since it looks like they will hose up to the Porsche systems with only the addition of a reservoir for the PS pump. I agree there is no need for more engine mount that the stock Boxster ones, really come down to packaging for me and it seems just as easy to make one cradle than 2 separate mounts once the design is finished. The other goal is a way to use either V6 or V8 on the same cradle with just a motor mount swap, or hole location change.
I think an advantage that the cradle has versus a singular front mount off the front of the engine is that the cradle can act as a stiffening member to better tie the bottom of the car together which may be helpful for the racers.
The guy in the FB build thread fabricated a small mount bracket that mimics the original flat-6 front engine mount, ie forward and lower from the crank pulley, which is also what I think rusty69911 is talking about too. That was the approach I was going to take because it seems to be the most simple and will offer lots of space on the side of the engine for future expansion.
I will have an engine to start taking measurements from in a month or so.
This looks like a very promising thread... lots of talent and skills. Can't wait to see how it progresses!
What happens when one of these swaps hits the smog testing site? What will the ECU report to the OBD2 port connected testers?
It will report the VIN from the originating car. Unless you re-code it via a hex editor.
Now that I think of it, I'm not sure if it reports the engine type.
I've been living away from smog for most of my life and really don't know the details of what is required. If the engine swap itself is legal, it should be able to pass a smog test if done correctly.
I have learned the basics of flashing the ECUs used for these swaps and anyone else with very basic technical skills can learn it as well. It is not difficult to enter the correct VIN or load a modified file to the ECU. Knowing exactly what changes to make for tuning,.. or deleting the SAI is still beyond me, but the information is available for learning when my curiosity ventures there.
With some adjustments, the ECU should function properly and OBD port report normally. Need to be sure? Have a reputable pro do it.
Our current palm is to run 2 ECU, one for the car that shares outputs for the engine ECU that only controls the motor. The idea is to send just enough info to the car ECU that it thinks everything is good enough to run with out interference. For Oregon this will work for all cars prior to 2005 since there is not a need for ECU/VIN inspection, for later cars I am not sure how this will work if DEQ can 'see' both ECU plugged in.
Last edited by titaniumdave; 12-19-2017 at 01:33 PM.
I just ordered a 987 6 speed transmission(with cables and axles) so I can get this project going, already have the 4.2L 40 valve motor. I'm going back and forth on the cradle design, using the front Boxster mount makes packaging easy and will simplify the front radiator line routing. Thinking this route will be a horse shoe shape that will pick up the motor in 2 locations on each side, at the transmission bolt up and the factory Audi motor mount location. This way all the bending moment is compensated for and the load is stabilized into a plane that can bolt up to the stock front Boxster mount. Front could be a flat plate to make it compact and help with packaging for accessories/belt run. Hopefully I can have pics of concept next week...depending on how the holiday messes with things.
A little progress, the engine cradle in the next couple of weeks!
Some of the parts for the motor cradle...hopefully get the rest tomorrow and can have it welded up this weekend!
Can you make me one too please?
Once I get one done and I'm sure it works the plan is to offer these for sale. Also make one for 2.7L V6 too for those who want to do the turbo thing! I should have this together this weekend and if I got it right.
Cradle welded...next step to see if the motor fits in the car.
Complete cradle is 8.5LB, I might have made it too light but it's surprisingly stout feeling, real question is fatigue over the long haul. An extra couple of pounds will most likely make sense.


You are here: Alpine Cases > Articles > What Happens to Your Luggage After Checking It in?
wrapped and covered in a knife-proof case? Will it be mishandled, caught in the conveyer belt's machinery and torn to shreds somewhere in the back? These questions seem to go into the realm of fantasy for the average traveller who has never gotten to steal a look into the back of baggage handling. So, to set your mind at ease when you travel (and to keep you adequately prepared), here is what really goes on; and it's not as bad as you would think.
Theft was once a bit of a problem at airports, but as time has gone on, exceptionally stringent measures have been built in them to monitor both passengers and staff. Strict records of shifts are also kept, and employees know that any mishaps will result in undercover investigations and serious consequences. If you were thinking that you won't travel without a knife-proof bag, consider how difficult it is for you to get a knife into a terminal; airport employees have to adhere to the same rules under the threat of losing their jobs and incurring criminal charges; so while theft is still a possibility, it is very unlikely to happen.
You've probably seen luggage being thrown around when they're being loaded on to airplanes already, and have wondered if that is really necessary. Yes, it is.
The area of an aeroplane where luggage is loaded can span over 10 meters, and the issue is made worse by luggage blocking the path to the back. So if your luggage needs to get there, it will likely (and practically) be thrown.
How Can you Make Things Better for Yourself?
The first thing you should do is ensure that you don't over pack your bag. Sure, it closes when you zip it up and it looks like it will stay that way, but when it is being banged around in transit there is always the chance it will burst open. Take care not to use old bags that have loose ends hanging about, since they can get caught in the machinery that runs the conveyer belt, which may result in the bag's destruction. Lastly, it is best to opt for a hard-case bag since they can take a little punishment.
To source high quality protective bags for your luggage or fragile goods when travelling, contact a representative from Alpine Cases today and speak to us for more information on our various designs of sturdy and reliable carry cases.


Cholesterol is a term that gets thrown around all the time, and almost always in a negative light. It is this bad reputation of cholesterol that has led to the rise of popular cholesterol lowering statin drugs such as Lipitor and Crestor. But what is cholesterol? Is it a bad thing? Are statin drugs necessary? How do they work?
Let's start with cholesterol. It is a lipid (aka fat) produced in the liver that is vital to life and serves as the precursor for various hormones (cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, etc.) and vitamin D. It is also what makes up the outer membrane of virtually every cell in our bodies. Anytime a cell is damaged by way of direct trauma or inflammation, more cholesterol is required to rebuild and repair.
The correct level of cholesterol varies from person to person. A total cholesterol level of over 240 may be perfectly healthy for some, but an indicator of a potential risk factor for others. As a matter of fact the acceptable total level of CHL used to be well over 250, but has been lowered and lowered. Why? Well, some speculate that by continuously lowering the normative value, you extend that umbrella wider and wider for statin drug customers.
Statin drugs came about after a study by Ancel Keys (The Seven Countries Study) directly attributed cardiovascular disease to high cholesterol. The powers that be (including the American Heart Association) took this finding and ran with it as the country became obsessed with lowering CHL. Only problem is the study had gaping holes in it and has since been disproven by numerous scientists and nutritionists around the globe.
The correct thing to do here would be to recant, admit the mistake, and take proactive steps going forward. For some reason this doesn't happen as CHL continues to be bashed and statins continue to rake in the dollars.
The story gets worse when we actually break down how statins do their work. Trust me on this one, this is actually quite fascinating.
First we have a rise of inflammation in the body due to too many grains, dairy, soy, corn, sugar…pick your poison. This inflammation causes internal damage and as we discussed, CHL is required to assist in the repairing.
The liver then sends out LDL (low density lipoproteins aka "bad" cholesterol). So as we can see, it is the consumption of too many carbs or inflammatory foods (not fats) that can indirectly raise "bad" CHL. I say indirectly because in actuality only a small percentage of our total CHL is derived directly from CHL containing foods, such as eggs. But back to the story.
So CHL is sent out from the liver as LDL to assist in the rebuild due to inflammation. However, when this inflammation persists, damage is done to the receptors on the cells that receive the LDL. So now the cells that are in need of CHL, aren't getting it and request for the liver to send more. The liver, being the people pleaser it is, obliges and sends out more CHL in the form of LDL.
At this point, due to inflammation, we have internal destruction going on. At the same time, bad CHL levels (LDLs) are also up due to the inflammation, but not the direct cause of the destruction correlated with things like cardiovascular disease.
Hang in there, here comes the good stuff.
Due to the perception that high CHL is the reason for CVD, a drug was created to combat it. Statin drugs work by actually damaging the part of the liver that makes CHL. So we see a drop in total CHL. It gets even more diabolical in that the liver, now requiring materials to rebuild, needs additional CHL. The CHL that persisted in the periphery as "bad" CHL now is transported back to the liver as HDL or "good" cholesterol. The numbers have been manipulated from dangerous to healthy, all while destroying the liver and allowing the causative systemic inflammation to persist.
Cherry on top here is that one of the key markers of inflammation is something called C-reactive protein (CRP). Where do you think this is made? You guessed it, the liver. Liver destruction leads to less CRP, and we lose one of our methods to accurately detect systemic inflammation.
I guess this is why the ads for statin drugs flat out state that they have not been shown to prevent heart attacks, heart disease, or strokes. Oh, they lower CHL in the manners we discussed, but not the risk they were originally intended to decrease. Yet they are still heavily utilized. I don't know about you, but I found this simultaneously fascinating, frustrating and ingenious all in one.
This article isn't intended to instruct anyone to stop taking any medications. Always consult with your trusted doctor before stopping or starting any aspect of treatment, especially medications. However, it is designed to provoke thought and questions. And as we can see, when it comes to cholesterol and statins, there certainly are a lot to be answered.
This entry was posted in Drug Discovery, Nutrition and tagged HDL, high cholesterol, LDL, Statin. Bookmark the permalink.


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What sets apart a gifted student from any other student in the classroom? It may be their ability to absorb concepts more quickly, or how they have a keen sense to organize and apply these concepts more effectively and efficiently than other students. With approximately 3.2 million gifted students in grades K-12 in the United States, how do we know we are meeting the needs of these students? As teachers, we spend so much of our class time using teaching strategies to help our struggling students that our gifted students are getting left at the wayside. Here's how to use teaching strategies to develop a classroom environment that will help nurture your gifted students and ensure that you are meeting their unique needs.
One of the best ways that you can ensure that you're meeting the needs of your gifted students is by utilizing all that technology has to offer. Technology permits students to be able to foster their creativity. In addition to that, it enables gifted children to work at a pace that may go beyond the other students in class. There are a multitude of tools that are available through technology that can help extend their learning and interests, as well as nourish their needs as a gifted student.
Gifted students like to be challenged and in order to that you can differentiate instruction. An easy way to differentiate instruction in a regular classroom setting is to give your students choice boards. Choice boards are basically like a tic-tac-toe board that you fill in with a variety of different activities in each square. The great thing about these choice boards is that you can create different boards for students who are working at different levels. You can also create one choice board for the entire class that can meet the needs of all students by simply choosing a variety of different activities on a range of different ability levels. This way, students have many choices to choose from. Overall, it's a simple way to meet the needs of all students, and challenge your gifted students.
Teachers can use Bloom's Taxonomy as a guide in working with gifted students and as a way to engage all students at all levels. Bloom's Taxonomy provides teachers with a way to provide higher-level thinking skills in their most gifted students. Teachers can use a combination of both lower-order as well as higher-order thinking skills to keep even their most advanced students on their toes. The great thing about this strategy is that it can be used with all students, gifted or not.
Oftentimes children who are gifted complete their work faster than others, which leaves them with a lot of extra time. Independent projects are a great way to help gifted children develop their creativity as well as foster interests. Children can use this extra time to explore what interests them and create a project that is entirely on their own.
Another great way to challenge a gifted student and help them excel even further in a subject they are really good at, is to send them to another classroom for that subject. For example, if a student is exceptionally well at math, you can send them to another classroom where they'll be challenged in math. This way, the student will be learning at a rate that is appropriate for her needs.
One of the best ways that you can ensure that you are meeting the needs of your gifted students is to work closely with parents. Most of the time, you'll find that the parents are their child's best advocate, and they want to see that their gifted child is being challenged. Meet with parents and show them how you determine what information their child will learn and at what pace. Parents of gifted children are always wiling to help out in any way possible to see that their child's needs are always being met.
Meeting the needs of gifted students is not as hard as you may think. As long as you provide students with opportunities that accommodate their unique learning abilities and needs, then your gifted students will be able to soar.
Do you have any suggestions for aiding gifted students? What effective teaching strategies have worked well for your students? Please share your ideas in the comment section below, we'd love to hear your thoughts on this topic.


Eric says I'm getting daring with my "business casual" by wearing animal print leggings to work but I say who cares... I'm wearing a blazer to balance it out, right. I might not wear these leggings for a really important meeting but then again I might :) What really is business casual anyway?
Ignore that pumpkin that looks like it's perched on my head.
And here is it again with the addition of a scarf. I was going to dinner and a speaker event at a church that evening with friends and knew it would be chilly.
Animal print leggings: Victoria's Secret, pattern is called Black Spots and are on sale for $15!
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Young professional and blogger experiencing life's great adventures with my husband in Charlotte. Enjoy cooking, crafting, DIY projects, travel and all things Clemson!
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Download Chennai Vs Rajasthan videos and mp3 for free on Mp3 Juices, convert and download music mp3 songs Chennai Vs Rajasthan with the best quality like tubidy mp3, Mp3 Juices, mp3lio, stafaband, gudang lagu and MP3Skull.
भविष्वाणी Chennai Super Kings Vs Rajasthan Royals कौन जीतेगा ! CSK VS RR 31-3-2019 !


This one sounds like music played in an abandoned theatre by an orchestra of skeletons.
Haunting, creepy, sinister, ill: These are some words that come to my mind when I listen to this record. I mean that in a positive way, of course. The most tracks work with disharmonic strings and strange synthie sounds, some of them with spoken words in German and French. "Under A Demon's Mask" is definitly an outstanding record, even for Galakthorrö. But in terms of real frightening and beautiful dark music, it fits to the other artists on the label.
As usal for Galakthorrö releases, the CD comes with a beautiful booklet that contains photos to visualize the atmosphere of the music and all the lyrics.
Definitly a record for the advanced listener but if you are searching for really sinister music, that is far away from being cheesy, try this one!