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Blasiak, Robert
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. University of Tokyo, Japan.
Wabnitz, Colette C. C.
Daw, Tim
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Stockholm Univ, SRC, Stockholm, Sweden.
Berger, Michael
Blandon, Abigayil
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Carneiro, Goncalo
Crona, Beatrice
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Sweden.
Davidson, Mary Frances
Guggisberg, Solene
Hills, Jeremy
Mallin, Felix
McManus, Edmund
Ould-Chih, Karim
Pittman, Jeremy
Santos, Xose
Westlund, Lena
Wetterstrand, Hanna
Wiegler, Kai
Towards greater transparency and coherence in funding for sustainable marine fisheries and healthy oceans2019In: Marine Policy, ISSN 0308-597X, E-ISSN 1872-9460, Vol. 107, article id UNSP 103508Article in journal (Refereed)
This final manuscript in the special issue on Funding for ocean conservation and sustainable fisheries is the result of a dialogue aimed at connecting lead authors of the special issue manuscripts with relevant policymakers and practitioners. The dialogue took place over the course of a two-day workshop in December 2018, and this coda manuscript seeks to distil thinking around a series of key recurring topics raised throughout the workshop. These topics are collected into three broad categories, or needs: 1) a need for transparency, 2) a need for coherence, and 3) a need for improved monitoring of project impacts. While the special issue sought to collect new research into the latest trends and developments in the rapidly evolving world of funding for ocean conservation and sustainable fisheries, the insights collected during the workshop have helped to highlight remaining knowledge gaps. Therefore, each of the three needs identified within this manuscript is followed by a series of questions that the workshop participants identified as warranting further attention as part of a future research agenda. The crosscutting nature of many of the issues raised as well as the rapid pace of change that characterizes this funding landscape both pointed to a broader need for continued dialogue and study that reaches across the communities of research, policy and practice.
Bodin, Örjan
Stockholm University, Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Friends or neighbors? Subgroup heterogeneity and the importance of bonding and bridging ties in natural resource governance2011In: Social networks and natural resource management: uncovering the social fabric of environmental governance / [ed] Örjan Bodin, Christina Prell, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 206-233Chapter in book (Other academic)
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Sweden.
Thyresson, Matilda
Golz, Anna-lea
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences.
Tengö, Maria
Conservation Success as a Function of Good Alignment of Social and Ecological Structures and Processes2014In: Conservation Biology, ISSN 0888-8892, E-ISSN 1523-1739, Vol. 28, no 5, p. 1371-1379Article in journal (Refereed)
How to create and adjust governing institutions so that they align (fit) with complex ecosystem processes and structures across scales is an issue of increasing concern in conservation. It is argued that lack of such social-ecological fit makes governance and conservation difficult, yet progress in explicitly defining and rigorously testing what constitutes a good fit has been limited. We used a novel modeling approach and data from case studies of fishery and forest conservation to empirically test presumed relationships between conservation outcomes and certain patterns of alignment of social-ecological interdependences. Our approach made it possible to analyze conservation outcome on a systems level while also providing information on how individual actors are positioned in the complex web of social-ecological interdependencies. We found that when actors who shared resources were also socially linked, conservation at the level of the whole social-ecological system was positively affected. When the scales at which individual actors used resources and the scale at which ecological resources were interconnected to other ecological resources were aligned through tightened feedback loops, conservation outcome was better than when they were not aligned. The analysis of individual actors' positions in the web of social-ecological interdependencies was helpful in understanding why a system has a certain level of social-ecological fit. Results of analysis of positions showed that different actors contributed in very different ways to achieve a certain fit and revealed some underlying difference between the actors, for example in terms of actors' varying rights to access and use different ecological resources.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Duke University, USA.
Robins, Garry
McAllister, Ryan R. J.
Guerrero, Angela M.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden.
Lubell, Mark
Theorizing benefits and constraints in collaborative environmental governance: a transdisciplinary social-ecological network approach for empirical investigations2016In: Ecology & society, ISSN 1708-3087, E-ISSN 1708-3087, Vol. 21, no 1, article id 40 Article in journal (Refereed)
When environmental processes cut across socioeconomic boundaries, traditional top-down government approaches struggle to effectively manage and conserve ecosystems. In such cases, governance arrangements that foster multiactor collaboration are needed. The effectiveness of such arrangements, however, depends on how well any ecological interdependencies across governed ecosystems are aligned with patterns of collaboration. This inherent interdisciplinary and complex problem has impeded progress in developing a better understanding of how to govern ecosystems for conservation in an increasingly interconnected world. We argue for the development of empirically informed theories, which are not only able to transcend disciplinary boundaries, but are also explicit in taking these complex social-ecological interdependences into account. We show how this emerging research frontier can be significantly improved by incorporating recent advances in stochastic modeling of multilevel social networks. An empirical case study from an agricultural landscape in Madagascar is reanalyzed to demonstrate these improvements.
Sandström, Annica
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden.
Collaborative Networks for Effective Ecosystem-Based Management: A Set of Working Hypotheses2017In: Policy Studies Journal, ISSN 0190-292X, E-ISSN 1541-0072, Vol. 45, no 2, p. 289-314Article in journal (Refereed)
Ecosystem-based management (EBM) represents a comprehensive approach to better govern the environment that also illustrates the collaborative trend in policy and public administration. The need for stakeholder involvement and collaboration is strongly articulated, yet how and for what purposes collaboration would be effective remains largely untested. We address this gap by developing and evaluating a set of hypotheses specifying how certain patterns of collaborations among actors affect their joint ability to accomplish EBM. Content analyses of management plans drawn from five EBM planning processes in Sweden are combined with analyses of the collaborative networks through which these plans have been developed. Our results indicate that system thinking and the ability to integrate across different management phases are favored by collaborations between different kinds of actors, and by project leaders being centrally located in the networks. We also find that dense substructures of collaboration increase the level of specificity in the plans in regards to explicating constraints on human activities. Having many collaborative ties does however not enhance the overall level of specificity. Our results also show that different network characteristics can give rise to similar EBM outcomes. This observed equifinality suggests there is no single blueprint for well-performing collaborative networks.
Borgström, Sara
Developing an analytical framework for assessing progress toward ecosystem-based management2015In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 44, p. 357-369Article in journal (Refereed)
Ecosystem-based management (EBM) has become a key instrument of contemporary environmental policy and practice. Given the increasingly important role of EBM, there is an urgent need for improved analytical approaches to assess if and to what extent EBM has been accomplished in any given case. Drawing on the vast literature on EBM, we identify five key ecosystem aspects for assessment. By linking these aspects to four phases of management, we develop an interdisciplinary, analytical framework that enables a high-resolution and systematic assessment of the degree of specificity and integration of ecosystem aspects in an EBM. We then apply the framework to evaluate five coastal EBM initiatives in Sweden, four on the Baltic coast and one on the west coast. Our results demonstrate our framework's usefulness for in-depth and continuous assessments of processes aiming for EBM, and also provide an empirical basis for inferences about the key challenges for successful EBM.
Barriers in transforming to sustainable governance: the role of key individuals2011In: Social networks in natural resource governance / [ed] Örjan Bodin, Christina Prell, Cambridge University Press, 2011Chapter in book (Other academic)
Knowledge, social networks, and leadership: setting the stage for the development of adaptive institutions?2011In: Adapting institutions: governance, complexity and social-ecological resilience / [ed] Emily Boyd, Carl Folke, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 1, p. 11-36Chapter in book (Other academic)
Ernstson, Henrik
Prell, Christina
Reed, Mark
Hubacek, Klas
Combining social network approaches with social theories to improve understanding of natural resource governance2011In: Social networks and natural resource management: uncovering the social fabric of environmental governance / [ed] Örjan Bodin, Christina Prell, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 1, p. 44-72Chapter in book (Other academic)
Gelcich, Stefan
The Importance of Interplay Between Leadership and Social Capital in Shaping Outcomes of Rights-Based Fisheries Governance2017In: World Development, ISSN 0305-750X, E-ISSN 1873-5991, Vol. 91, p. 70-83Article in journal (Refereed)
As concerns about anthropogenically driven marine resource decline continue, rights-based approaches to fisheries governance have gained attention. Territorial User Rights (TURF) is one example increasingly promoted to enhancing sustainability of small-scale fisheries. Despite rising global interest empirical inquiry into the factors contributing to TURF outcomes remains limited and focus has centered on the ecological and fisheries outcomes, largely neglecting documentation of social consequences and social determinants of success. This paper aims to move the theoretical and empirical work on the role of social capital and leadership in natural resource governance (particularly fisheries) forward by deepening the discussion around the conceptualization and operationalintion of social capital. We also extend empirical work on TURF performance by examining multiple social and ecological outcomes. We put forth four theoretically informed propositions about the relationship between key explanatory variables and outcomes. Using empirical data from six Chilean Territorial User Rights areas we provide an early assessment of the validity of these propositions using a case comparative approach, and test their usefulness in operationalizing and analyzing such multifaceted data. Findings show that social capital may not be a useful predictor of success, while the presence of engaged leadership and agreement among members around sanctions appears more closely linked to performance across all social and ecological outcome variables. A key finding is that the use of social capital as a broad term encompassing multiple pro-social variables may not be a fruitful way forward for improving our understanding of the determinants of success in resource management. Instead results indicate that leadership interacts with specific aspects of what is generally referred to as social capital to affect outcomes. To allow theoretical refinement and hypotheses testing regarding determinants of governance outcomes we suggest the social processes measured under the broad umbrella of social capital should be kept separate.
Crona, Beatrice I.
Basurto, Xavier
Squires, Dale
Daw, Tim M.
Havice, Elizabeth
Chomo, Victoria
Troell, Max
Buchary, Eny A.
Allison, Edward H.
Towards a typology of interactions between small-scale fisheries and global seafood trade2016In: Marine Policy, ISSN 0308-597X, E-ISSN 1872-9460, Vol. 65, p. 1-10Article in journal (Refereed)
Fish and fish-related products are among the most highly traded commodities globally and the proportion of globally harvested fish that is internationally traded has steadily risen over time. Views on the benefits of international seafood trade diverge, partly as a result from adopting either an aggregate national focus or a focus on local market actors. However, both views generally assume that the trade in question is characterized by export of fisheries resources to international markets. This is potentially misleading as empirical evidence suggests that import of seafood can also have impacts on local SSF dynamics. A systematic analysis of the different ways in which local production systems connect to international seafood markets can therefore help shed more light on why small-scale fisheries exhibit such differences in outcomes as they engage in an increasingly global seafood trade. This paper conducts a synthesis across 24 cases from around the world and develops a typology of small-scale fisheries and how they connect to and interact with international seafood trade. The analysis is based on key features drawn from trade theory regarding how trade interacts with local production. The implications of the findings for social and ecological sustainability of small-scale fisheries are discussed with the aim of identifying further research topics which deserve attention to better inform trade policy for more sustainable fisheries and more just wealth distribution from their trade.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. University of East Anglia, UK.
Swartz, Wilf
Norström, Albert V.
Nyström, Magnus
Folke, Carl
Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas
Österblom, Henrik
Deutsch, Lisa
Masked, diluted and drowned out: how global seafood trade weakens signals from marine ecosystems2016In: Fish and Fisheries, ISSN 1467-2960, E-ISSN 1467-2979, Vol. 17, no 4, p. 1175-1182Article in journal (Refereed)
Nearly 40% of seafood is traded internationally and an even bigger proportion is affected by international trade, yet scholarship on marine fisheries has focused on global trends in stocks and catches, or on dynamics of individual fisheries, with limited attention to the link between individual fisheries, global trade and distant consumers. This paper examines the usefulness of fish price as a feedback signal to consumers about the state of fisheries and marine ecosystems. We suggest that the current nature of fisheries systems and global markets prevent transmission of such price signals from source fisheries to consumers. We propose several mechanisms that combine to weaken price signals, and present one example - the North Sea cod - to show how these mechanisms can be tested. The lack of a reliable price feedback to consumers represents a challenge for sustainable fisheries governance. We therefore propose three complimentary approaches to address the missing feedback: (i) strengthening information flow through improved traceability and visibility of individual fishers to consumers, (ii) capitalizing on the changing seafood trade structures and (iii) bypassing and complementing market mechanisms by directly targeting citizens and political actors regarding marine environmental issues through publicity and information campaigns. These strategies each havelimitations and thus need to be pursued together to address the challenge of sustainability in global marine fisheries.
Parker, John N.
Learning in support of governance: Theories, methods, and a framework to assess how bridging organizations contribute to adaptive resource governance2012In: Ecology & society, ISSN 1708-3087, E-ISSN 1708-3087, Vol. 17, no 1, p. 32- Article in journal (Refereed)
Humanity faces increasingly intractable environmental problems characterized by high uncertainty, complexity, and swift change. Natural resource governance must therefore involve continuous production and use of new knowledge to adapt to highly complex, rapidly changing social-ecological systems to ensure long-term sustainable development. Bridging and boundary organizations have been proposed as potentially powerful means of achieving these aims by promoting cooperation among actors from the science, policy, and management sectors. However, despite substantial investments of time, capital, and human resources, little agreement exists about definitions and measures of knowledge production and how this is achieved in bridging organizations and there is only meager understanding of how knowledge production and its use are shaped by social interactions, socio-political environments, and power relations. New concepts, methods, and metrics for conceptualizing and measuring learning in support of natural resource governance and testing the conditions under which it can be achieved are therefore badly needed. This paper presents an attempt at a holistic framework to address this, drawing on theory, methods, and metrics from three research areas: knowledge utilization, boundary organizations, and stakeholder theory. Taken together, these provide a solid conceptual and methodological toolkit for conducting cross-case comparisons aimed at understanding the social environmental conditions under which learning in such organizations does and does not occur. We use empirical data to show how the framework can be applied and discuss some of the practical considerations and important challenges that emerge. We close with a general discussion and an agenda for future research to promote discussion around the topic of how to erect systematic comparisons of learning in support of adaptive natural resource governance as it occurs in bridging organizations.
Van Holt, T.
Petersson, M.
Buchary, Eny
Using social-ecological syndromes to understand impacts of international seafood trade on small-scale fisheries2015In: Global Environmental Change, ISSN 0959-3780, E-ISSN 1872-9495, Vol. 35, p. 162-175Article in journal (Refereed)
Globalization has increased the speed and flow of people, information, and commodities across space, integrating markets and increasing interdependence of geographically dispersed places worldwide. Places historically driven by largely local forces and market demands are now increasingly affected by drivers at multiple scales. Trade is particularly important in driving these changes and more fish is now exported to international markets than ever before. When small-scale fisheries are integrated into global markets, local social-ecological systems change with potentially both positive and negative impacts on livelihoods, economics and ecology, but few studies systematically investigate how and why the outcomes of market integration vary from case to case. This paper systematically assesses multiple (social, ecological, economic and institutional) local effects of market integration in cases around the world by drawing on the global environmental change syndromes approach. Furthermore, we examine the factors contributing to the syndromes observed. Our analysis identifies three distinct social-ecological syndromes associated with international seafood trade. Results suggest that the presence of strong and well-enforced institutions is the principal factor behind the syndrome characterized by sustained fish stocks, while a combination of weak institutions, patron-client relationships, high demand from China and highly vulnerable target species explain the other two syndromes distinguished by declining stocks, conflict and debt among fishers. A key finding is that the factors emerging as important for explaining the different syndromes derive from different scales (e.g. local market structures vs distant market characteristics), indicating a need for multi-level governance approaches to deal with the effects of market integration. Furthermore, the meta-analysis shows that each syndrome encompasses fisheries from multiple continents. This suggests that the increasingly global nature of the seafood trade appears to be driving local dynamics by creating similar conditions for vulnerabilities in localities around the world, lending support to the notion of teleconnectivity across geographic space.
Käll, Sofia
van Holt, Tracy
Fishery Improvement Projects as a governance tool for fisheries sustainability: A global comparative analysis2019In: PLoS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 14, no 10, article id e0223054 Article in journal (Refereed)
Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs) are a form of private governance using seafood supply chains to reduce environmental impacts of fishing in some of the most challenged fisheries. Some FIPs are industry-led, others are championed by NGOs. They range across many different fishery types, in both high- and low-income settings. Their diversity is notable, and their proliferation remarkable. This rapid growth suggests FIPs are becoming a key feature of the fisheries governance landscape globally. Based on a global sample of 107 FIPs, we systematically examined their reported actions, the actors involved, and their achievements in terms of policy and practice outputs. The most common actions were dialogues with policy stakeholders, data collection, and educational efforts directed at fishers. Common policy outputs included development of management plans and/or a management body, and rules for limiting entry and increasing compliance. Practice related outputs were dominated by gear changes, and observer and traceability programs. Only crab and lobster FIPs engaged in sustained policy conversations as one of the most common actions. Shrimp and tuna fisheries report more engagement in testing and implementing changes to fishery practices. While supply chain actors are involved in all FIPs, retailers and 1st tier suppliers are relatively absent from FIP activities, and are primarily involved in rallying financial support or some policy engagement. Based on our analysis we discuss the opportunities and challenges FIPs will likely need to engage with to contribute to a global transition to more socially and environmentally sustainable fisheries. We outline key areas where further work is needed to understand how FIPs can improve their contribution to global fisheries governance in the future.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Systems Ecology. Stockholm University, Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Jiddawi, Narriman
Middlemen, a critical social-ecological link in coastal communities of Kenya and Zanzibar2010In: Marine Policy, ISSN 0308-597X, E-ISSN 1872-9460, Vol. 34, no 4, p. 761-771Article in journal (Refereed)
This paper analyzes the middlemen-fishermen link in coastal communities along the coast of southern Kenya and Zanzibar, and explores effects of reciprocal agreements and credit arrangements on social-ecological feedbacks of coastal systems The existence and generality of such arrangements are mapped and their effect on resource use and ecosystem dynamics is then explored Data show that credit arrangements are widespread and that fishermen are bound by reciprocal agreements and financial guarantees during periods of lower catches that provide short-term stabilizing social effects These arrangements create incentives which disconnect resource extraction from ecosystem dynamics and impede development of sustainable use practices The role of middlemen is seldom accounted for in fisheries governance Scenarios for the development of small-scale fisheries in the region are outlined and the function of middlemen is discussed considering the influence of external drivers Policies that incorporate middlemen are recommended to improve the governance of fish stocks and coastal ecosystems in East Africa.
Network Determinants of Knowledge Utilization: preliminary Lessons from a Boundary Organization2011In: Science communication, ISSN 1075-5470, E-ISSN 1552-8545, Vol. 33, no 4, p. 448-471Article in journal (Refereed)
This study examines the socio-organizational model of science-policy knowledge transfer. Using social network analysis, the authors study how interactions between researchers-policy makers affect utilization of research by policy makers in a boundary organization designed to mediate between research and policy communities. Two types of social interactions with independent effects on utilization are identified. Policy makers with more direct contacts with researchers are more likely to utilize research. Policy makers interacting more with other policy makers regarding research are also more likely to utilize it. This indicates the importance of policy makers' embeddedness in social networks and the importance of external reputation of boundary organizations for successful knowledge transfer.
Rosendo, S.
Outside the law?: Analyzing policy gaps in addressing fishers' migration in East Africa2011In: Marine Policy, ISSN 0308-597X, E-ISSN 1872-9460, Vol. 35, no 3, p. 379-388Article in journal (Refereed)
Coastal areas, and their small-scale fisheries, are important targets for both internal and transboundary migration partly because high mobility is an inherent feature of many artisanal fisheries livelihoods. As climatic changes are forecast to occur, environmental changes may trigger increased flows of migrant fishers. Policies that seek to promote development in ways that do not extensively degrade natural resources will thus have to deal with likely increases in flows of people across administrative boundaries. However, to date little attention has been directed at this issue and little is known about how policies related to coastal resources and development address these issues. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by analyzing policies and legal documents related to coastal resource management and development to examine the extent to which they recognize and integrate fishers' migration in their provisions. Migrant well-being and vulnerabilities are also addressed by examining the extent to which existing policies dealing with socio-economic development and environmental management address migrants and their needs. The analysis shows that policies related to governance of marine resources and coastal development lack an acknowledgment of fishers' migration issues and suggests that this signals an important gap in policy. The implications of this are discussed. The paper also highlights the fact that the invisibility of the issue in policy means that institutions developed to deal with coastal management at the community level may not have sufficient support from legal and policy documents, and may not be developed or equipped to handle the possible conflicts and difficult trade-offs that need to be addressed as a result of current and potentially increasing fishers' mobility.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Systems Ecology.
Rönnbäck, Patrik
Community structure and temporal variability of juvenile fish assemblages in natural and replanted mangroves, Sonneratia alba Sm., of Gazi Bay, Kenya2007In: Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Vol. 74, p. 44-52Article in journal (Refereed)
Wutich, Amber
Brewis, Alexandra
Gartin, Meredith
Perceptions of climate change: Linking local and global perceptions through a cultural knowledge approach2013In: Climatic Change, ISSN 0165-0009, E-ISSN 1573-1480, Vol. 119, no 2, p. 519-531Article in journal (Refereed)
Understanding public perceptions of climate change is fundamental to both climate science and policy because it defines local and global socio-political contexts within which policy makers and scientists operate. To date, most studies addressing climate change perceptions have been place-based. While such research is informative, comparative studies across sites are important for building generalized theory around why and how people understand and interpret climate change and associated risks. This paper presents a cross-sectional study from six different country contexts to illustrate a novel comparative approach to unraveling the complexities of local vs global perceptions around climate change. We extract and compare 'cultural knowledge' regarding climate change using the theory of 'culture as consensus'. To demonstrate the value of this approach, we examine cross-national data to see if people within specific and diverse places share ideas about global climate change. Findings show that although data was collected using ethnographically derived items collected through place-based methods we still find evidence of a shared cultural model of climate change which spans the diverse sites in the six countries. Moreover, there are specific signs of climate change which appear to be recognized cross-culturally. In addition, results show that being female and having a higher education are both likely to have a positive effect on global cultural competency of individuals. We discuss these result in the context of literature on environmental perceptions and propose that people with higher education are more likely to share common perceptions about climate change across cultures and tentatively suggest that we appear to see the emergence of a 'global', cross-cultural mental model around climate change and its potential impacts which in itself is linked to higher education.
Hicks, Christina C.
Brown, Katrina
Chaigneau, Tomas
Januchowski-Hartley, Fraser A.
Cheung, William W. L.
Rosendo, Sergio
Coulthard, Sarah
Sandbrook, Chris
Bandeira, Salomao
Muthiga, Nyawira A.
Schulte-Herbrüggen, Björn
Bosire, Jared
McClanahan, Tim R.
Elasticity in ecosystem services: exploring the variable relationship between ecosystems and human well-being2016In: Ecology & society, ISSN 1708-3087, E-ISSN 1708-3087, Vol. 21, no 2, article id 11 Article in journal (Refereed)
Although ecosystem services are increasingly recognized as benefits people obtain from nature, we still have a poor understanding of how they actually enhance multidimensional human well-being, and how well-being is affected by ecosystem change. We develop a concept of ecosystem service elasticity (ES elasticity) that describes the sensitivity of human well-being to changes in ecosystems. ES Elasticity is a result of complex social and ecological dynamics and is context dependent, individually variable, and likely to demonstrate nonlinear dynamics such as thresholds and hysteresis. We present a conceptual framework that unpacks the chain of causality from ecosystem stocks through flows, goods, value, and shares to contribute to the well-being of different people. This framework builds on previous conceptualizations, but places multidimensional well-being of different people as the final element. This ultimately disaggregated approach emphasizes how different people access benefits and how benefits match their needs or aspirations. Applying this framework to case studies of individual coastal ecosystem services in East Africa illustrates a wide range of social and ecological factors that can affect ES elasticity. For example, food web and habitat dynamics affect the sensitivity of different fisheries ecosystem services to ecological change. Meanwhile high cultural significance, or lack of alternatives enhance ES elasticity, while social mechanisms that prevent access can reduce elasticity. Mapping out how chains are interlinked illustrates how different types of value and the well-being of different people are linked to each other and to common ecological stocks. We suggest that examining chains for individual ecosystem services can suggest potential interventions aimed at poverty alleviation and sustainable ecosystems while mapping out of interlinkages between chains can help to identify possible ecosystem service trade-offs and winners and losers. We discuss conceptual and practical challenges of applying such a framework and conclude on its utility as a heuristic for structuring interdisciplinary analysis of ecosystem services and human well-being.
Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth
Assistance networks in seafood trade - A means to assess benefit distribution in small-scale fisheries2017In: Marine Policy, ISSN 0308-597X, E-ISSN 1872-9460, Vol. 78, p. 196-205Article in journal (Refereed)
This article addresses the connections between value chain actors in the tropical-marine small-scale fisheries of Zanzibar, Tanzania, to contribute to a better understanding of the fisher-trader link and how connections in general might feed into livelihood security. A sample of 168 fishers and 130 traders was taken across 8 sites through questionnaires and observations. The small-scale fishery system is mapped using a value chain framework both traditionally and from a less economic point of view where the assistance-exchange networks between fishery actors add another layer of complexity. Auxiliary actors previously disregarded emerge from the latter method thus shedding light on the poorly understood distribution of benefits from seafood trade. Female actors participate quite differently, relative to males in the market system, detached from high-value links such as the tourist industry, and access to predetermined or secured sales deals. Data shows that the fisher-trader link is not as one-sided as previously presented. In fact it has a more symbiotic exchange deeply nested in a broader trading and social system. Expanding the analysis from this link by taking a further step downstream highlights traders' own sales arrangements and the social pressures they are under in realizing them. A complex picture, inclusive of diversified perspectives, on interactions in the market place is presented, as well as a. reflection on the remaining critical question: how to integrate this type of data into decisions about future fisheries governance.
Ferrer, Alice Joan G.
Pomeroy, Robert
From typhoons to traders: the role of patron-client relations in mediating fishery responses to natural disasters2019In: Environmental Research Letters, ISSN 1748-9326, E-ISSN 1748-9326, Vol. 14, no 4, article id 045015 Article in journal (Refereed)
The majority of the world's fishers, fishworkers and their dependents live in coastal tropical areas that are, and will be, highly exposed to human-induced climate change. Projections indicate such change could result in coastal populations being more frequently and acutely impacted by natural disasters. Increasing aid interventions is a likely knock-on effect of such scenarios. How these external natural and social disturbances interact and affect local fisheries and small-scale producers is in part determined by the internal dynamics of the social-ecological system (SES). Economic vulnerability often characterizes communities in these settings and influences the means with which they navigate changes. The patron-client system is prolific in many rural economies and small-scale fisheries. It forms a central element in the organization of market interactions and often provides much needed finance for low-income households in place of formal options. How such injection of capital promotes individuals' ability to buffer income fluctuations at the expense of long-term sustainability of the broader fishery system is still an area in need of examination. This paper contributes to shed light on this issue by using a case study approach to trace the historical development of the fishery system in the Iloilo Province (Philippines) in relation to a major natural disaster-super-typhoon Haiyan, known locally as Yolanda-and the subsequent aid intervention that followed. The aim is to assess how the patron-client system filtered these two related disturbances and to highlight the resulting tensions between short-term individual resilience and longer-term SES sustainability.
Jiddawi, Narriman S.
Who benefits from seafood trade? A comparison of social and market structures in small-scale fisheries2018In: Ecology & society, ISSN 1708-3087, E-ISSN 1708-3087, Vol. 23, no 3, article id 12 Article in journal (Refereed)
We examine the benefits flowing from a coastal seascape through seafood trade to various social groups in two distinct small-scale fishery case studies. A knowledge gap currently exists in relation to how benefits from a fishery, and the associated trade, are ultimately distributed, specifically, how market structures and relations, and the combined dynamics of the local fishing society, can mediate these flows. Previous research into improved fisheries governance for food and livelihood security has failed to integrate the structure of the market place as well as the multidimensional nature of actor relations that influence extractive behavior. Using a value chain framework, we take a relational approach to study these gaps. Surveys were conducted in two fisheries (Zanzibar and the Philippines) as part of a comparative analysis including market-types, assistance networks, and income inequality. Chain structures, gender roles, and levels of contractualization within the two cases differed vastly, appearing to give rise to different types of income inequalities and barriers to participation. In the Philippines economic exchanges revolve more around provision of financial capital, although in both systems social standing and obligations play a role in determining market structures. In Zanzibar trading agents engaging customers in predetermined sale arrangements earn relatively more than their counterpart freelancers, however at the production level no income differences are seen between those with or without arrangements. Both cases stand to be further integrated into the international seafood market, which raises questions over how certain actors will benefit, based on their current participation and access. Results emphasize the need for more evidence in regards to benefits flows and how aspects such as gender and transaction forms impact them. This is necessary for governance decisions around fisheries, poverty alleviation, and increased global market integration.
Lindahl, Therese
An Experimental Approach to Exploring Market Responses in Small-Scale Fishing Communities2019In: Frontiers in Marine Science, E-ISSN 2296-7745, Vol. 6, article id 491 Article in journal (Refereed)
Small-scale fishing communities are increasingly connected to international seafood trade via exports in a growing global market. Understanding how this connectedness impacts local fishery systems, both socially and ecologically, has become a necessary challenge for fishery governance. Market prices are a potential mechanism by which global market demands are transferred to small-scale fishery actors. In most small-scale fisheries (SSF) this happens through various traders (intermediaries, middlemen/women, or patrons). By financing fishing operations, buying and selling products and transferring market information, traders can actively pass international market signals, such as price, to fishers. How these signals influence fishers' decisions and the consequent fishing efforts, is still poorly understood yet significant for future social-ecological sustainability. This paper uses an economic framed field experiment, in combination with interviews, to shed light on this. It does so in the context of the Philippine patron-client suki arrangement. Over 250 fishers in Concepcion, Iloilo were asked in an economic experiment, to make decisions about fuel loans in light of changing market prices. Interviews with participants and their patrons gathered additional information on relevant contextual variables potentially influencing borrowing. They included fisher characteristics and socio-economic conditions. Contrary to our hypotheses, fishers showed no response in their borrowing behavior to experimental price changes. Instead, gender and the previous experiment round were predictive of their choice of loans in the experiment. We explore possible reasons for this and discuss potential implications for social-ecological sustainability and fishery governance.
26. Ekstrom, Julia A.
Institutional misfit and environmental change: A systems approach to address ocean acidification2017In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 576, p. 599-608Article in journal (Refereed)
Emerging environmental threats often lack sufficient governance to address the full extent of the problem. An example is ocean acidification which is a growing concern in fishing and aquaculture economies worldwide, but has remained a footnote in environmental policy at all governance levels. However, existing legal jurisdictions do account for some aspects of the system relating to ocean acidification and these may be leveraged to support adapting to and mitigating ocean acidification. We refine and apply a methodological framework that helps objectively evaluate governance, from a social-ecological systems perspective. We assess how well a set of extant US institutions fits with the social-ecological interactions pertinent to ocean acidification. The assessment points to measured legal gaps, for which we evaluate the government authorities most appropriate to help fill these gaps. The analysis is conducted on United State federal statutes and regulations. Results show quantitative improvement of institutional fit over time (2006 to 2013); but a substantial number of measured legal gaps persist especially around acknowledging local sources of acidification and adaptation strategies to deal with or avoid impacts. We demonstrate the utility of this framework to evaluate the governance surrounding any emerging environmental threat as a first step to guiding the development of jurisdictionally realistic solutions.
27. Eriksson, Hampus
Andrew, Neil
Wilen, James
Contagious exploitation of marine resources2015In: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, ISSN 1540-9295, E-ISSN 1540-9309, Vol. 13, no 8, p. 435-440Article in journal (Refereed)
Global seafood sourcing networks are expanding to meet demand. To describe contemporary fishery expansion patterns, we analyzed the worldwide exploitation of sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) traded via Hong Kong for consumers in China. In just 15 years (1996-2011), the sea cucumber sourcing network expanded from 35 to 83 countries; sea cucumber fisheries serving the Chinese market now operate within countries cumulatively spanning over 90% of the world's tropical coastlines. The emergence of such fisheries in nations where they were previously absent could not be explained either by their national governance capacity or by their distance from Hong Kong. Surging imports from these new fisheries have compensated for declines in long-standing fisheries elsewhere. The case of commercial sea cucumber trade for the Chinese market exemplifies a new global extraction phenomenon that we call contagious resource exploitation - a fast-moving system resembling a disease epidemic, where long-distance transport expedites large-scale expansion followed by diffusive local spread into neighboring areas. Multi-level and multi-scale decision making is urgently needed to control and mitigate the effects of contagious exploitation.
Jouffray, Jean-Baptiste
Lambin, Eric F.
Adger, W. Neil
Scheffer, Marten
Levin, Simon A.
Carpenter, Stephen R.
Anderies, John M.
Chapin, Stuart
Crepin, Anne-Sophie
Dauriach, Alice
Galaz, Victor
Gordon, Line J.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Stockholm Univ, Stockholm Resilience Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden.
Kautsky, Nils
Walker, Brian H.
Watson, James R.
de Zeeuw, Aart
Transnational corporations and the challenge of biosphere stewardship2019In: Nature Ecology & Evolution, E-ISSN 2397-334X, Vol. 3, no 10, p. 1396-1403Article in journal (Refereed)
Sustainability within planetary boundaries requires concerted action by individuals, governments, civil society and private actors. For the private sector, there is concern that the power exercised by transnational corporations generates, and is even central to, global environmental change. Here, we ask under which conditions transnational corporations could either hinder or promote a global shift towards sustainability. We show that a handful of transnational corporations have become a major force shaping the global intertwined system of people and planet. Transnational corporations in agriculture, forestry, seafood, cement, minerals and fossil energy cause environmental impacts and possess the ability to influence critical functions of the biosphere. We review evidence of current practices and identify six observed features of change towards 'corporate biosphere stewardship', with significant potential for upscaling. Actions by transnational corporations, if combined with effective public policies and improved governmental regulations, could substantially accelerate sustainability efforts.
29. Fortnam, M.
Brown, K.
Chaigneau, T.
Goncalves, D.
Hicks, C.
Revmatas, M.
Sandbrook, C.
The Gendered Nature of Ecosystem Services2019In: Ecological Economics, ISSN 0921-8009, E-ISSN 1873-6106, Vol. 159, p. 312-325Article in journal (Refereed)
This article assesses the extent to which our conceptualisation, understanding and empirical analysis of ecosystem services are inherently gendered; in other words, how they might be biased and unbalanced in terms of their appreciation of gender differences. We do this by empirically investigating how women and men are able to benefit from ecosystem services across eight communities in coastal Kenya and Mozambique. Our results highlight different dimensions of wellbeing affected by ecosystem services, and how these are valued differently by men and women. However, it is not just the division of costs and benefits of ecosystem services that is gendered. Using a heuristic device of the 'ecosystem-wellbeing chain', we explain patterns within our primary data as an outcome of gendered knowledge systems, gendered behavioural expectations, gendered access to resources and gendered institutions. We conclude that this holistic, gendered understanding of ecosystem services is important not just for how ecosystem services are conceptualised, but also for the development and implementation of sustainable and equitable policy and interventions.
Biermann, Frank
Loorbach, Derk
Nilsson, Måns
Stockholm University, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm Environment Institute.
Allouche, Jeremy
Persson, Åsa
Reischl, Gunilla
'Planetary boundaries' - exploring the challenges for global environmental governance2012In: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, ISSN 1877-3435, E-ISSN 1877-3443, Vol. 4, no 1, p. 80-87Article in journal (Refereed)
A range of studies from Earth system scientists argue that human activities drive multiple, interacting effects that cascade through the Earth system. Recent contributions state and quantify nine, interacting 'planetary boundaries' with possible threshold effects. This article provides an overview of the global governance challenges that follow from this notion of multiple, interacting and possibly non-linear 'planetary boundaries'. Here we discuss four interrelated global environmental governance challenges, as well as some possible ways to address them. The four identified challenges are related to, first, the interplay between Earth system science and global policies, and the implications of differences in risk perceptions in defining these boundaries; second, the capacity of international institutions to deal with individual 'planetary boundaries', as well as interactions between them; third, the role of international organizations in dealing with 'planetary boundaries' interactions; and fourth, the role of global governance in framing social ecological innovations.
Fichtner, Jan
Tax havens and global environmental degradation2018In: Nature Ecology & Evolution, E-ISSN 2397-334X, Vol. 2, no 9, p. 1352-1357Article, review/survey (Refereed)
The release of classified documents in the past years have offered a rare glimpse into the opaque world of tax havens and their role in the global economy. Although the political, economic and social implications related to these financial secrecy jurisdictions are known, their role in supporting economic activities with potentially detrimental environmental consequences have until now been largely ignored. Here, we combine quantitative analysis with case descriptions to elaborate and quantify the connections between tax havens and the environment, both in global fisheries and the Brazilian Amazon. We show that while only 4% of all registered fishing vessels are currently flagged in a tax haven, 70% of the known vessels implicated in illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing are, or have been, flagged under a tax haven jurisdiction. We also find that between October 2000 and August 2011, 68% of all investigated foreign capital to nine focal companies in the soy and beef sectors in the Brazilian Amazon was transferred through one, or several, known tax havens. This represents as much as 90-100% of foreign capital for some companies investigated. We highlight key research challenges for the academic community that emerge from our findings and present a set of proposed actions for policy that would put tax havens on the global sustainability agenda.
Scholtens, Bert
Steffen, Will
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Australian National University, Australia.
Finance and the Earth system – Exploring the links between financial actors and non-linear changes in the climate system2018In: Global Environmental Change, ISSN 0959-3780, E-ISSN 1872-9495, Vol. 53, p. 296-302Article in journal (Refereed)
Financial actors and capital play a key role in extractive economic activities around the world, as well as in current efforts to avoid dangerous climate change. Here, in contrast to standard approaches in finance, sustainability and climate change, we elaborate in what ways financial actors affect key biomes around the world, and through this known "tipping elements" in the Earth system. We combine Earth system and sustainability sciences with corporate finance to develop a methodology that allows us to link financial actors to economic activities modifying biomes of key importance for stabilizing Earth's climate system. Our analysis of key owners of companies operating in the Amazon rainforest (Brazil) and boreal forests (Russia and Canada) identifies a small set of international financial actors with considerable, but as of yet unrealized, globally spanning influence. We denote these "Financial Giants" and elaborate how incentives and disincentives currently influence their potential to bolster or undermine the stability of the Earth's climate system.
Daw, T
Stockholm University, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Systems Ecology.
Can web crawlers revolutionize ecological monitoring?2010In: Frontiers in ecology and the environment, ISSN 1540-9295, Vol. 8, no 2, p. 99-104Article in journal (Refereed)
Despite recent advances, ecosystem service monitoring is limited by insufficient data, the complexity of social–ecological systems, and poor integration of information that tracks changes in ecosystems and economic activities. However, new information and communication technologies are revolutionizing the generation of, and access to, such data. Can researchers who are interested in ecological monitoring tap into these increased flows of information by "mining" the internet to detect "early-warning" signs that may signal abrupt ecological changes? Here, we explore the possibility of using web crawlers and internet-based information to complement conventional ecological monitoring, with a special emphasis on the prospects for avoiding "late warnings", that is, when ecosystems have already shifted to less desirable states. Using examples from coral reef ecosystems, we explore the untapped potential, as well as the limitations, of relying on web-based information to monitor ecosystem services and forewarn us of negative ecological shifts.
Polycentric systems and interacting planetary boundaries: Emerging governance of climate change—ocean acidification—marine biodiversity2012In: Ecological Economics, ISSN 0921-8009, E-ISSN 1873-6106, Vol. 81, p. 21-32Article in journal (Refereed)
Planetary boundaries and their interactions pose severe challenges for global environmental governance due to their inherent uncertainties and complex multi-scale dynamics. Here we explore the global governance challenge posed by planetary boundaries interactions by focusing on the role of polycentric systems and order, a theoretical field that has gained much interest in the aftermath of claims of a stagnant UN-process. In the first part we work toward a clarification of polycentric order in an international context, and develop three propositions. We then present a case study of the emergence of international polycentricity to address interacting planetary boundaries, namely the climate change, ocean acidification and loss of marine biodiversity complex. This is done through a study of the Global Partnership on Climate, Fisheries and Aquaculture (PaCFA) initiative. As the case study indicates, a range of mechanisms of polycentric order (ranging from information sharing to coordinated action and conflict resolution) operates at the international level through the interplay between individuals, international organizations and their collaboration patterns. While polycentric coordination of this type certainly holds potential, it is also vulnerable to internal tensions, unreliable external flows of funding, and negative institutional interactions.
Global networks and global change-induced tipping points2016In: International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, ISSN 1567-9764, E-ISSN 1573-1553, Vol. 16, no 2, p. 189-221Article in journal (Refereed)
The existence of tipping points in human-environmental systems at multiple scales-such as abrupt negative changes in coral reef ecosystems, runaway climate change, and interacting nonlinear planetary boundariesaEurois often viewed as a substantial challenge for governance due to their inherent uncertainty, potential for rapid and large system change, and possible cascading effects on human well-being. Despite an increased scholarly and policy interest in the dynamics of these perceived tipping points, institutional and governance scholars have yet to make progress on how to analyze in which ways state and non-state actors attempt to anticipate, respond, and prevent the transgression of tipping points at large scales. In this article, we use three cases of global network responses to what we denote as global change-induced tipping pointsaEuroocean acidification, fisheries collapse, and infectious disease outbreaks. Based on the commonalities in several research streams, we develop four working propositions: information processing and early warning, multilevel and multinetwork responses, diversity in response capacity, and the balance between efficiency and legitimacy. We conclude by proposing a simple framework for the analysis of the interplay between perceived global change-induced tipping points, global networks, and international institutions.
Garavito, Diana
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Education.
Lundholm, Cecilia
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Education. Stockholm University, Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Systems dynamics thinking and conceptual development: the case of fishermen's understanding of eco systems2010Conference paper (Refereed)
Understanding Natural Complex Systems: The Case of Fishers' Conceptualizations of Ecosystems2011Conference paper (Refereed)
Garavito-Bermúdez, Diana
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Education. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Teaching and Learning in the Social Sciences (CeSam).
Linking a conceptual framework on systems thinking with experiential knowledge2016In: Environmental Education Research, ISSN 1350-4622, E-ISSN 1469-5871, Vol. 22, no 1, p. 89-110Article in journal (Refereed)
This paper addresses a systemic approach for the study of fishers' ecological knowledge in order to describe fishers' ways of knowing and dealing with com- plexity in ecosystems, and discusses how knowledge is generated through, e.g. apprenticeship, experiential knowledge, and testing of hypotheses. The descrip- tion and analysis of fishers' ecological knowledge has been done using the Structure–Dynamics–Functions conceptual framework. Fishers identify 5–50 feeding interactions (Structure), recognize populations' dynamics over time, and, the impact of external factors (climate change, water quality and overfishing) (Dynamics) and finally, acknowledge different values or services (Functions) of the ecosystem (drinking water and fishing). Knowing about these three main aspects seems to be core knowledge embedded in fishers' ecological knowledge, which comprises systems thinking. Systems thinking is arguably part of fishers' professional skills and significant for sustainable natural resource management yet understanding ecosystem complexity is also a cognitive challenge.
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University.
Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity, Arizona State University.
Westerhoff, Paul
Department of Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University.
Urban Ethnohydrology: Cultural Knowledge of Water Quality and Water Management in a Desert City2010In: Ecology & society, ISSN 1708-3087, E-ISSN 1708-3087, Vol. 15, no 4, p. 36- Article in journal (Refereed)
Popular concern over water quality has important implications for public water management because it can both empower water utilities to improve service but also limit their ability to make changes. In the desert city of Phoenix, Arizona, obtaining sufficient high-quality water resources for a growing urban population poses a major challenge. Decision makers and urban hydrologists are aware of these challenges to water sustainability but the range of acceptable policy and management options available to them is constrained by public opinion. Therefore, this study examines cultural models of water quality and water management, termed ethnohydrology, among urban residents. The study yields three key findings. First, urban residents appear to have a shared model of ethnohydrology which holds that a) there are significant water quality risks associated with low financial investments in city-wide water treatment and the desert location of Phoenix, and b) government monitoring and management combined with household-level water treatment can yield water of an acceptable quality. Second, people with high incomes are more likely to engage in expensive water filtration activities and to agree with the cultural ethnohydrology model found. Third, people living in communities that are highly concerned about water quality are less likely to share high agreement around ethnohydrology. The results have implications for water policy making and planning, particularly in disadvantaged and vulnerable communities where water quality is perceived to be low.
Gonzalez-Mon, Blanca
Nenadovic, Mateja
Small-scale fish buyers' trade networks reveal diverse actor types and differential adaptive capacities2019In: Ecological Economics, ISSN 0921-8009, E-ISSN 1873-6106, Vol. 164, article id 106338Article in journal (Refereed)
The importance of understanding how social-ecological interdependencies deriving from global trade influence sustainability has been argued for decades. Even if substantial progress has been made, a research gap remains regarding how the adaptability of small-scale fish buyers, whose daily operations have implications for the livelihood of more than 100 million people, are affected by networks of trade relationships. Adaptability is here defined as fish buyers' abilities to adapt using their relationships with others. We elaborate how these capacities relate to the precise patterns in which a fish buyer is entangled with other fish buyers, with the fishers, and with the targeted fish species, by combining a multilevel social-ecological network model with empirical data from a small-scale fishery in Mexico. Further, we also identify types of fish buyers distinguishable by how they operate, and how they are embedded in the trading network. Our results suggest that adaptability differs substantially amongst these types, thus implying that fish buyers' abilities to respond to changes are unevenly distributed. This study demonstrates the need for a more profound understanding of the consequences of the different ways in which fish buyers operate commercially, and how these operations are affected by patterns of social and social-ecological interdependencies.
Bignet, Victoria
Henriksson, Patrik J. G.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden; Center for Sustainable Business, United States of America.
Jonell, Malin
Barthel, Stephan
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. University of Gävle, Sweden.
Haider, L. Jamila
Rockström, Johan
Queiroz, Cibele
Rewiring food systems to enhance human health and biosphere stewardship2017In: Environmental Research Letters, ISSN 1748-9326, E-ISSN 1748-9326, Vol. 12, no 10, article id 100201 Article in journal (Other academic)
Food lies at the heart of both health and sustainability challenges. We use a social-ecological framework to illustrate how major changes to the volume, nutrition and safety of food systems between 1961 and today impact health and sustainability. These changes have almost halved undernutrition while doubling the proportion who are overweight. They have also resulted in reduced resilience of the biosphere, pushing four out of six analysed planetary boundaries across the safe operating space of the biosphere. Our analysis further illustrates that consumers and producers have become more distant from one another, with substantial power consolidated within a small group of key actors. Solutions include a shift from a volume-focused production system to focus on quality, nutrition, resource use efficiency, and reduced antimicrobial use. To achieve this, we need to rewire food systems in ways that enhance transparency between producers and consumers, mobilize key actors to become biosphere stewards, and re-connect people to the biosphere.
42. Hughes, TP
Gunderson, LH
Baird, AH
Bellwood, D
Berkes, F
Helfgott, A
Leslie, H
Norberg, Jon
interfaculty units, Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Scheffer, M
Schuttenberg, H
Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef and the Grand Canyon world heritage areas2007In: Ambio, Vol. 36, no 7, p. 586-592Article in journal (Refereed)
Wassénius, Emmy
Bebbington, Jan
Leverage points in the financial sector for seafood sustainability2019In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 5, no 10, article id eaax3324Article in journal (Refereed)
Can finance contribute to seafood sustainability? This is an increasingly relevant question given the projected growth of seafood markets and the magnitude of social and environmental challenges associated with seafood production. As more capital enters the seafood industry, it becomes crucial that investments steer the sector toward improved sustainability, as opposed to fueling unsustainable working conditions and overexploitation of resources. Using a mixed-methods approach, we map where different financial mechanisms are most salient along a seafood firm's development trajectory and identify three leverage points that can redirect capital toward more sustainable practices: loan covenants, stock exchange listing rules, and shareholder activism. We argue that seafood sustainability requirements need to be integrated into traditional financial services and propose key research avenues for academic, policy, and practice communities. While our study focuses on the role of finance in seafood sustainability, the insights developed are also of high relevance to other extractive industries.
Kininmonth, Stuart
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. University of Oslo, Norway.
Vaccaro, Ismael
Chapman, Lauren J.
Chapman, Colin A.
Microeconomic relationships between and among fishers and traders influence the ability to respond to social-ecological changes in a small-scale fishery2017In: Ecology & society, ISSN 1708-3087, E-ISSN 1708-3087, Vol. 22, no 2, article id 26 Article in journal (Refereed)
Understanding the cross-scale nature of how natural resource trading links to local extraction patterns remains a topic of great relevance to stewardship and sustainable use of ecological systems. Microeconomic influences on a society's pattern of small-scale natural resources utilization can exacerbate resource overuse, especially under increased population pressure. In many rural communities that are based on a limited diversity of resource industries, quantifying the response of extractors and traders to market and environmental fluctuations is critical to understanding management constraints. We examine the fishing practices of a small lake in Uganda, East Africa, from the dual perspectives of the traders and the fishers using a Bayesian Belief Network approach based on detailed interview surveys. Fishers in this small lake target Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), two fish species of high commercial and food security significance in East Africa. We combined data on financial, social, and ecological systems to understand how aspects of trading quantitatively relate to fish extraction patterns in Lake Nabugabo Uganda. Importantly, we find that the patron-client type relationships generate incentives to extract specific fish, whereas freelancer independent fishers are able to create responsive and flexible extraction practices that match market and environmental fluctuations. Management of fishing administered by local Beach Management Units will likely have a higher probability of success when in synchrony with trading relationships and ecological dynamics. We use this study in Uganda to reflect on methodological challenges and opportunities of combining multiple types of data sets for cross-scale analysis of social-ecological system dynamics.
Loderer, Christoph
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics.
Jonna, Venkateswara Rao
Crona, Mikael
Rozman Grinberg, Inna
Sahlin, Margareta
Hofer, Anders
Lundin, Daniel
Sjöberg, Britt-Marie
A unique cysteine-rich zinc finger domain present in a majority of class II ribonucleotide reductases mediates catalytic turnover2017In: Journal of Biological Chemistry, ISSN 0021-9258, E-ISSN 1083-351X, Vol. 292, no 46, p. 19044-19054Article in journal (Refereed)
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the reduction of ribonucleotides to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides, used in DNA synthesis and repair. Two different mechanisms help deliver the required electrons to the RNR active site. Formate can be used as reductant directly in the active site, or glutaredoxins or thioredoxins reduce a C-terminal cysteine pair, which then delivers the electrons to the active site. Here, we characterized a novel cysteine-rich C-terminal domain (CRD), which is present in most class II RNRs found in microbes. The NrdJd-type RNR from the bacterium Stackebrandtia nassauensis was used as a model enzyme. We show that the CRD is involved in both higher oligomeric state formation and electron transfer to the active site. The CRD-dependent formation of high oligomers, such as tetramers and hexamers, was induced by addition of dATP or dGTP, but not of dTTP or dCTP. The electron transfer was mediated by an array of six cysteine residues at the very C-terminal end, which also coordinated a zinc atom. The electron transfer can also occur between subunits, depending on the enzyme's oligomeric state. An investigation of the native reductant of the system revealed no interaction with glutaredoxins or thioredoxins, indicating that this class II RNR uses a different electron source. Our results indicate that the CRD has a crucial role in catalytic turnover and a potentially new terminal reduction mechanism and suggest that the CRD is important for the activities of many class II RNRs.
Stöhr, Christian
Participation, dialogue and learning: sustainable fisheries and the case of co-management2013In: EARLI 2013: Book of Abstracts, 2013, p. 114-114Conference paper (Refereed)
More inclusive forms of governance are increasingly advocated that allow for stakeholder participation and joint capacity building. Platforms for dialogue and the exchange of knowledge are seen as one tool to integrate different knowledge systems such as science and local knowledge. In this study, we examine a Swedish Co-management Initiative of fisheries using an integrated version of Plummer and Fitzgibbon's 'Adaptive Co-Management' (2004) and Senecah's 'Trinity of Voice' (2004) frameworks in analysing the participation process, communication, and learning outcomes. The results show that participating actors were successful in developing trust and enhancing learning, starting with a conflict situation and diverging interests. Attention to 'access' and 'standing' as part of participation, and skilled facilitation, were key issues in achieving these results. The article provides insights with regard to the use of established frameworks, here applied to an empirical case, enhance our understanding of learning in conflicted contexts, and helps practitioners in designing and institutionalizing learning processes and platforms in other contexts.
Participation, learning and sustainable fisheries: the case of co-management at lake Vättern, Sweden2013Conference paper (Refereed)
In this paper we apply multiple perspectives in order to investigate a co- management initiative of fisheries in Sweden, using the frameworks of Adaptive Co-Management and the Trinity of Voice along with a cognitive and social perspective. The analysis and evaluation of participation in environmental governance, here fisheries, focuses on the context, pre-conditions and outcomes, as well as the participatory and communicative process of the initiative, identifying critical factors supporting and hindering the success of the exercise in relation to expected outcomes. We conclude that the project generated positive outcomes and discuss the supporting factors of this result. The discussion also focuses on the need to bring a cognitive and social perspective in to the analysis as it explains the pre-conditions - in terms of the differing ways that participants view and understand ecological problems and changes - and that these views are crucial aspects of the communicative process and need to be addressed and attended to.
Malin, Jonell
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences. Uppsala University, Sweden.
Brown, Kelsey
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden.
Eco-labeled Seafood: Determinants for (Blue) Green Consumption2016In: Sustainability, ISSN 2071-1050, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 8, article id 884 Article in journal (Refereed)
Eco-certification has become an increasingly popular market-based tool in the endeavor to reduce negative environmental impacts from fisheries and aquaculture. In this study, we aimed at investigating which psychological consumer characteristics influence demand for eco-labeled seafood by correlating consumers' stated purchasing of eco-labeled seafood to nine variables: environmental knowledge regarding seafood production, familiarity with eco-labels, subjective knowledge, pro-environmental self-identification, sense of personal responsibility, concern for negative environmental impacts from seafood production, perceived consumer effectiveness, gender and education. Questionnaires were distributed to consumers in Stockholm, Sweden, and the data were tested with multiple regression analysis using linear modeling and model averaging (n = 371). Two variables were the best predictors of stated purchasing of eco-labeled seafood: (i) recognition and understanding of eco-labels for seafood (Marine Stewardship Council, Fish for Life, Aquaculture Stewardship Council and KRAV); and (ii) concern for negative environmental impacts associated with seafood production. Meanwhile, consumer environmental knowledge was a weaker predictor. Results from this study suggest that strengthening the emotional component of consumer decision-making and improving the level of consumer familiarity with seafood eco-labels could stimulate more pro-environmental seafood consumption.
Sustainable Seafood Purchasing in Sweden - Unpacking Drivers and BarriersManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Purpose - This study focuses on drivers and barriers for furthering consumer driven demand for eco-labeled seafood in Sweden. The purpose was to increase the understanding of two internal variables identified in earlier work as particularly important for pro-environmental seafood consumption: (1) concern for negative environmental impacts from seafood production and (2), recognition and understanding of seafood eco-labels.
Design/methodology/approach - Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 seafood consumers in Stockholm, Sweden.
Findings - The majority expressed concern about how seafood is produced but few stated that they buy eco-labeled seafood. A number of potential barriers against increased consumer demand for eco-labeled seafood were delineated: (i) limited knowledge of how seafood is produced, (ii) lack of affective narratives stimulating concern, (iii) animal welfare is less of a concern for seafood in comparison to other animal sourced foods, (vi) lack of familiarity with seafood eco-labels, and (v) a mismatch between motives for eco-labeled food purchase and criteria for eco-labeled seafood.
Practical implications - The results suggest that consumer demand likely is a limited driver for a transformation towards seafood sustainability. The burden of responsibility for environmentally sound seafood production may therefore need to be shifted towards large market actors and governmental institutions.
Originality/value - To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to investigate internal drives and barriers for increased demand for eco-labeled seafood in Sweden. Moreover, qualitative studies on consumer perceptions of sustainable seafood have to date been rare.
Marín, Andrés
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Local y Regional, Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile.
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre. Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
Social capital in post-disaster recovery trajectories: insights from a longitudinal study of tsunami-impacted small-scale fisher organizations in Chile2015In: Global Environmental Change, ISSN 0959-3780, E-ISSN 1872-9495, Vol. 35, p. 450-462Article in journal (Refereed)
Increased likelihood and severity of coastal disasters in the 21st century represent major threats for coastal communities' resource management capacity and livelihoods. Disaster research has frequently looked for singular factors explaining why some communities are more resilient and better equipped to cope with and recover from disasters. This study draws on Chile's 2010 tsunami to evaluate the effects of both internal (social capital) and external (level of damage and isolation) factors on fishing communities' recovery trajectories. Using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) we assess how the concurrency of conditions explains fisher organization responses. By operationalizing social capital as the social networks developed for co-management, we also evaluate whether social capital developed for natural resource management can help communities overcome post-disaster challenges. Results show that the level of linking social capital is critical in determining post-disaster trajectories. While maintained or increasing levels of social capital are indispensable for positive trajectories to occur, a common denominator for less desirable post-disaster recovery trajectories is a low or reduced level of social capital. However, external factors, such as the amount of damage and geographical isolation, are also important in determining recovery trajectories, indicating the limits of relying solely on social relations for recovery. These concurrent factors can amplify or reduce the importance of supportive relationships. Understanding the implications of complex interplay between social capital and external factors for community recovery in response to coastal disasters can inform the design of more effective and efficient responses and policies in Chile and more broadly. Furthermore, social capital developed for the purpose of co-management of natural resources can actually promote desirable post-disaster trajectories.
trajectories post-print


According to the Municipal Act, Regional Council in Durham Region must pass a procedural by-law that controls Council and Committee proceedings.
The Regional Chair presides over all meetings of Regional Council and Committee of the Whole. In accordance with Section 4 of the Procedural By-law, Council shall appoint the head of each area municipality for a rotating term of three months, to act in the place and stead of the Chair when he/she is absent. Further details can be found in the Acting Chair By-law.


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Gama Innovation Award: Tata Tea Fusion Tea
Asia Pacific, Food
Gama Innovation Award – Packaging
MANCHESTER – 26th April 2016: This month, the Gama Innovation Award – Packaging goes to Tata Tea Fusion Tea, which promises to bring tea blending to the masses by means of an unusual multi-layered jar.
"For the first time in India, tea lovers will get to prepare and enjoy their tea the way they want it", boasts Tata Tea Fusion Tea, a new product concept from tea conglomerate Tata that unites two different tea varieties in a single jar through the medium of packaging. The lower, and larger, portion of the jar contains "finest Assam tea", while the upper portion contains "flavour enhancing" Kenyan tea or green tea (depending on the variety), "to create a customized brew that is unique to each individual". An additional benefit of the design is that the separate compartments are said to maintain the freshness of each of tea variety, independently from the other, in the same pack.
"Tea is perhaps something of a latecomer when it comes to the customization theme in consumer goods", said Gama editorial director Tom Warden, "but Tata Tea Fusion Tea could help change that. Away from tea, one could equally imagine this eye-catching and functional multi-layered jar being applied to other FMCG categories where freshness and blending are key to flavour – from coffee in the non-alcoholic drinks space to herbs, spices and seasonings in the food industry".
Image source: Gama / Tata (montage)
About Gama Innovation Awards
Gama Innovation Awards recognise outstanding innovation in the FMCG space.
Awarded in the disciplines of Product, Packaging and Positioning, Gama Innovation Awards go to the top new launches unearthed each month by Gama's network of over 100 in-country experts. Winners are chosen through a panel vote based on a shortlist of innovative products.
Gama Compass™ is the world's most detailed source of new product information.
– Explore new and innovative products from across the globe
– Unlock insight and discover the trends shaping your market
Cesar Pereira, founder & CEO of Gama, is available for comment. To arrange an interview please contact +44 161 818 8700 or info@gamaconsumer.com.
About Gama
Gama is a global provider of business information and services specializing in product innovation. Through our worldwide network of over 100 in-country experts, we offer high-quality news, research, analysis and partnering services, delivering compelling insights and supporting you to unlock new business opportunities.
www.gamaconsumer.com
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Gama Innovation Award: Tata Tea Fusion Tea - Gama

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The "ACA NEOGEO" series has faithfully reproduced many classic NEOGEO masterpieces. Players can change various game settings such as game difficulty, and also reproduce the atmosphere of arcade display settings at that time. Players can also compete against each other from all over the world with their high scores.
This page contains co-op info for Ghost Pilots on the Nintendo Switch. All information about Ghost Pilots was correct at the time of posting. Information is subject to change. If you see any errors please email us.
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A social media app officially released in September of 2011 is now branching outside of the social media realm. Originally called Picaboo, Snapchat is the second largest social networking app after Facebook. You may or may not have heard of the company's newest release: Snapchat Spectacles.
The spectacles are sunglasses with the addition of tiny cameras in the top two corners. The camera lenses have a 115-degree curve and record 10-second video clips with the option to record up to three clips consecutively. Once recording begins, the circular camera creates a ring of lights on its rim to indicate recording is in progress. The glasses send the 10-second clips you shoot to your smartphone via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. The battery in the glasses lasts about a day, while the lights on the rim of the camera act as a battery indicator. The spectacles can be charged by putting them back in their case. A fully-charged case can charge the glasses up to four times before needing to charge itself.
Snapchat Spectacles cost $129.99, but can only be purchased from these bright yellow vending machines called Snapbots. Here's another catch: Snapbots are only available at a given location for one day before they pack up and move. Luckily, Snap Inc. (as the company calls itself now) has created a website just for the spectacles where you can get hints as to where the next Snapbot pop-up will be.
You may want to check the site every 24 hours to discover a Snapbot and get yourself some Snapchat Spectacles before it is too late.


Don't trust just anyone with something as important as the heating and air system on your property. Work with the trusted professionals at locally owned Doyle's Heating & Cooling. As an experienced HVAC contractor in NWA, we understand how to take on all problems, large and small, to get your system running reliably and efficiently.
When you turn to us for your HVAC service needs, you receive excellent results from technicians who are dedicated to doing the job right the first time. We have the experience you can count on for a reliable, energy-efficient HVAC system. Our hours are 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Call us at Doyle's Heating & Cooling for installation and repair in Springdale, AR, and the surrounding area.
Why Choose Doyle's Heating & Cooling?


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Audi RS 3 Saloon Review
Audi RS3 Saloon
The comfort of a saloon and the acceleration of a performance car are blended together to make the Audi RS3 Saloon. Check out the rest of our review here.
Great engine noise
Great straight line performance
Very firm ride
Doesn't have the latest Audi infotainment setup
The Audi RS3 is a bit like a tin of Ronseal - that is, it does exactly what it says on the tin. For those of you that aren't familiar with performance car lingo, no, that's not what RS stands for (phew). RS is actually short for RennSport, literally "Racing Sport" in English. So, perhaps unsurprisingly, the RS3 Saloon is just a supercharged version of the Audi A3 Saloon.
This pits it against some of the best affordable sports cars like the BMW M2 and the Mercedes AMG A45 Saloon. As with most Audi performance cars, the emphasis here is on controlled driving in all weather conditions thanks to its quattro all-wheel-drive setup. It sacrifices a bit of fun as a result, but you'd be hard pressed to fault Audi's quattro system in this car, which makes for proper sports car levels of performance. You'll want to upgrade to the sports exhaust system for the full experience.
The interior of the RS3 is lush, if a little dated in terms of its infotainment offering, and while practicality certainly isn't this car's strong point you should still have no trouble fitting four people in comfortably.
This isn't the only flavour of RS3 on offer either. If a hot hatch is more your style, why not check out our review of this hot saloon's hot hatchback sibling, the Audi RS3 Sportback.
The standard Audi RS3 Saloon comes with all the Audi goodies you could ask for. That includes: Galvanised silver 19 inch x 8J "5-arm blade" alloy wheels, RS Sport Suspension, Audi Parking Plus technology and Audi's fantastic MMI Navigation system with Audi Virtual Cockpit.
RS3 Saloon Sport Edition
If the standard RS3 Saloon wasn't refined enough, check out the Sport Edition trim, which includes 19inch x 8.5J (front) and 8J (rear) "5-arm rotor style" Audi Sport alloy wheels in glossy anthracite black, a panoramic glass sunroof, sports exhaust, black highlights, carbon inlays and a set of 'Super' sports seats in fine Nappa leather with RS embossing.
For the latest trim pricing checkout, the Audi RS3 Saloon lease deals page here you will find our best offers. Or if looking for alternative saloon car deals we have this covered, we compile the best leasing offers across England, Wales and the rest of the UK.
You'll be forgiven for thinking that the RS3 looks a lot like its sibling, the A3. That's because it's largely the same car, with a few welcome visual improvements. It swaps the standard wheelbase for a wider, squatter stance and replaces the regular grille with the RS quattro honeycomb grille and that all-important "quattro" badge.
The RS3 saloon is a great choice if you're looking for a fast four door with a slightly smaller form factor.
The Audi RS3 Saloon's rumbling 2.5-litre five cylinder engine provides all the power you'll need. Rev this thing up and you'll get more snaps, crackles and pops than a bowl of rice krispies. Of course, all of this comes at a price. The claimed MPG of 30 is a little optimistic, particularly if you're not mindful of your driving. Considering the RS3 is attempting to bridge the gap between your standard saloon and a performance car, this shouldn't be too surprising.
The 2.5L TFSI Quattro packs 395bhp and will see you from 0-62mph in just 4.1 seconds, reaching a top speed of 155mph. You can, of course, boost that to 174mph by paying an extra £1,600 for the removal of the electronic limiter, though we're not entirely sure why you would want to without your own personal race track.
Each RS3 packs Audi's signature quattro four-wheel-drive system to ensure you're still in command on tight corners and slippery surfaces. It's not quite as fun to drive as the BMW M2, but then you also don't get all-wheel drive with the M2 either.
The only choice of gearbox is the seven-speed dual-clutch automatic 'S tronic'. Gear changes are fast with Audi's Dynamic mode engaged on the Drive Select system. In other driving modes the gearbox is smooth but gear changes are noticeably slower. Despite this, the RS3 is still one of the best automatic cars in its class.
The standard sports suspension means you'll feel a few more bumps than in the standard Audi A3 Saloon, but it still manages to smooth out potholes impressively well. For the best of both worlds you'll want to make sure you fit the optional adaptive suspension, which will let you stiffen or soften the car's suspension at the touch of a button.
Audi RS3 Saloon Interior
There is no doubt that the Audi RS3 is one of the best small luxury cars around. The interior looks and feels fantastic and brings some welcome improvements over the already impressive A3 Saloon.
Almost every inch of the Audi RS3's interior from the steering wheel to the seats is covered with leather, Alcantara or soft touch plastic. Brushed metallic trims and turbine style air vents give it an undeniably sporty feel, and the Audi Virtual Cockpit with MMI Navigation Plus add to the premium feel.
The Audi RS3 Saloon packs Audi's 7-inch colour MMI sat-nav and infotainment screen and Audi's Virtual Cockpit. If you're a fan of physical controls, you'll be glad to know that this model retains Audi's rotary input and button setup, making it easier to navigate menus without taking your eyes off the road.
If you're not satisfied by the engine noise on this thing (we're not sure why you wouldn't be) then you can always add the 'comfort and sound' pack, which will upgrade the standard Audi speakers to a Bang and Olufsen Sound System, and comes with a few extra goodies like a rear-view camera and an 'advanced key' that will mean you never have to fumble around in your bag again. Opt for the slightly pricier 'Tech Pack' and you'll have access to Audi's Connect Infotainment Services which will hook your RS3 up to the internet.
The Audi RS3 saloon scores a little less highly in terms of practicality thanks to its smaller form factor and sloping roof.
4,479 mm L x 1,802 mm W x 1,397 mm H
The Audi RS3 is at the smaller end of Audi's car range. It never feels unmanageable, but it might leave you longing for "just a bit more" space.
The Audi RS3 Saloon has a boot capacity of 335 litres - 45 litres less than the RS3 Sportback. This is only slightly larger than some superminis, but it's perhaps easy to forget that the four-wheel drive system and large five cylinder engine upfront is eating into some of that space.
Audi added an extra 35mm to the RS3's wheelbase, which frees up enough space in the back for rear seat passengers to get comfy. The sloping roof on the RS3 saloon may mean that the tallest passengers end up rubbing against the roofline.
Audi RS3 Saloon Rear Seats
The Audi RS3 Saloon hasn't been tested by Euro NCAP, though the standard A3 received a full five star Euro NCAP rating. Audi Parking System Plus and Cruise Control come as standard, but optional extras include a reversing camera, Lane Keep Assistance and Audi Pre-Sense which can pre-empt crashes and take precautionary measures such as tightening seat belts and closing the windows to protect the occupants.
The five cylinder Audi engine sounds hungry, and surprise surprise… it is.
The 2.5 litre TFSI petrol engine has a claimed 33.2 mpg. Expect to reach the high 20s, if you're lucky.
Calculate Your Commute Cost
Work out how much it would cost you to run this car by putting the average amount of commutes you make, and their rough distance, into our tool. (Note: This is based on average UK fuel prices and might be influenced by your personal driving style)
1 2 3 4 5 Mile Trip(s)
Cost Per Trip
This is based on a combined mpg of 34 and a petrol cost of 131.6p per litre
The Audi RS3 isn't cheap to insure. It sits a couple of groups lower than the Mercedes AMG A45.
The Audi RS3 Saloon has a stronger residual value than many of its main competitors like the A45, though reports on Audi reliability in general are mixed, with the manufacturer placing 34th out of 40 manufacturers on the Reliability Index.
The RS3 comes with the standard three-year/60,000-mile Audi warranty, which can be extended on an annual basis up to 100,000 miles.
Audi has two servicing schedules for different types of drivers. The 'flexible' service regime suits high mileage drivers and could mean you only need an oil change every two years or 18,000 miles.
Audi's 'fixed' service schedule is for predominantly town and city drivers, requiring an annual checkup/once every 9,000 miles.
Audi RS 3 Saloon Lease
Currently unavailable!
All Audi RS3 Models
Audi RS 3 Saloon


I mean this isn't really new, and Pug that's what I do I read and I know things shirt. There's no need to waste that much product though! Just put some in your hand and rub it through like shampoo. If you're going for Ombre, it comes out really nice with this unorthodox method. Is it just me or does this seem like they are using a ton more product just to get the same results a normal application would give?
No brushes required but you might need a Pug that's what I do I read and I know things shirt. I'm sorry that just looks like one big mess and seems very wasteful. If this is wash out color, could be fun for school color hair at the games, or a fun party! Permanent color, no thanks, would never do that to my hair. Am I the only one who cringed at the amount of dye falling into the wrong places like on the floor etc. I see everyone talking about waste of products she dilutes it and a box is like 6.99! If your that broke then maybe you shouldn't be coloring your hair.


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Playing 2023 World Cup a Definite Goal of Mine: Aaron Finch
Cricket IANS| Jan 11, 2020 04:10 PM IST
Aaron Finch. (Photo Credits: Getty Images)
Mumbai, January 11: Australia's limited-overs captain Aaron Finch is focussing on playing till the 2023 World Cup and said he would look to realise that "goal" if form and fitness permit. "I'd love to be, no doubt. At 33 now, I think my game is in as good a place as it's ever been. That's (playing 2023 World Cup) a definite goal of mine. That will come down to form and fitness; the desire won't be any less than it is," Finch was quoted as saying by the 'Sydney Morning Herald'. "I know it's a cliche, taking it one tour at a time, but that's 100 percent a goal of mine down the track," he added.
Finch has been a regular member of Australia's limited-overs squad. However, he has featured in just five Tests for Australia and the 33-year-old is still hopeful of playing the longest format of the game. "It might be more of a dream now than a reality. I still have ambitions of trying to work my way back in there (Tests), but the tough part is trying to get enough four-day cricket to push your case. I missed one game with the Vics (Victoris) through injury, one game was called off, missed one with the T20 series," Finch expressed. Aaron Finch Suffers Blow on Head While Fielding on Short Leg, Suffers Late Concussion During Victoria's Marsh Sheffield Shield Match Against NSW.
"Some of the young kids coming through, they're so bloody good. I'd love to play. I suppose the next tour of Bangladesh, that's probably, who knows, that would be up in the air. It's still my No. 1 goal to try and get back into the Test side," he added. Finch admitted that he might retire from Test cricket to focus at his limited-overs career only if the selectors give him a signal that he is not in the five-day scheme of things.
"If it got to the point where I had some good chats with the selectors and they couldn't see me playing Test cricket again, that's something you have to consider," the Australia skipper said. "Number one is to give yourself the best chance to be playing a format that you're playing, one-dayers and T20s. A little bit of that is respect to the younger players coming through. I don't want to be that guy who is holding up young guys if I'm not going to play Test cricket," he added.
2023 Cricket World Cup Aaron Finch Australia Cricket Australia World Cup
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Taming Globalization: International Law, the U.S. Constitution, and the New World Order. By Julian Ku and John Yoo. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. viii, 272. Index. $35.
International organizations undermine democracy, or so their critics charge: not only do international organizations themselves operate undemocratically, but they undercut democratic governance within their member states. In particular, when states participate in international organizations, they lose control over policy outcomes because each state must share decision-making authority with other member states. And within member states, national legislatures—the bodies specifically designed to be responsive to popular control—are marginalized. Legislatures lack direct influence over international organizations and also have little influence over the executive branch's interactions with such organizations.