Welcome to Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC), where our goal is to help you prepare to succeed. We offer a range of subjects and fields in which you may earn a one-year or two-year certificate. You can also prepare to transfer to one of the campuses of the California State University or the University of California, where LAVC alumni perform at a higher level than students who started at the four-year institutions.
Because 75 percent of our students work, at least part-time, our college schedule has been redesigned to accommodate a variety of needs. We offer two 15-week semesters and a winter inter-session and summer session of five weeks each. Classes are taught both day and evening and on Saturday. We continually examine the quality of our academic programs and modify them as necessary to meet the current demands of the labor market and to keep relevant. When necessary, we establish new career areas, such as our recently developed biomedical program.
LAVC's many distinguished alumni got their start here and went on to excel. You can, too. Everything we do is designed to help you get there.


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SEAL RESCUED FROM SCOTTISH BEACH AFTER BECOMING TANGLED IN NET
15/04/2016 2 min read Reporting Team
A seal had to be rescued from a Scottish beach after becoming tangled in a fishing net.
Animal rescue officers came to the bull grey seal's aid after being alerted to it on Tuesday.
They took the seal from the beach at Cruden Bay, Aberdeenshire to the Scottish SPCA centre in Drumoak, Aberdeenshire.
The centre's chief inspector John Carle and animal care assistant Kyle McWhirr cut the seal free from the netting and it has since been returned to the sea.
John said: "The amount of netting tangled around the seal's neck was the largest I have ever seen.
"He was so large and heavy it took three of our officers to lift him and take him to our centre in Drumoak where we cut the net away.
"If he hadn't been discovered and freed the net would eventually have cut through his skin which could have resulted in septicaemia or other infections.
"Thankfully there were no injuries in this case and we were able to release him relatively quickly.
"It was a lovely moment watching the seal heading back into the water.
"This was a very happy ending and we're so glad we were able to help."
Cruden Bay, injuries, John Carle, rescue
ANCIENT CAVES MAY WRECK SUPERMARKET PLANS
INQUEST INTO DEATH OF 90-YEAR-OLD JEWELLER ATTACKED

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


New Generation Power Systems is a privately owned Western Australian company designed and formed with ability to supply specialised power generation rentals.
New Generation Power Systems aims to be your power generation company of choice in hire. Our management team aims to provide an individualised and customised service throughout all of our operations. Our experience and expertise in the industry enables us to offer excellent opportunities in co-ventures supplying power generation to mining, construction, small business, emergency response and events.
Our core business is power generation and associated equipment such as switchboards, fuel systems, substations, installation and commissioning services. We can provide or source all equipment required for turnkey power generation packages, from concept to completion.
faced throughout the W.A. regions. We have managed to perform on several projects and long term hires with very limited downtime. Reliability and availability of our equipment is of uppermost importance to us.
Our management team has vast experience in power generation as design and technicians, being involved with setting up purpose specific generation systems and a range of functions as required by clients. Our management team operate and promote an approach of critical thinking and problem-solving, best practice, safety first and offer a competitive edge in the industry.
Our service personnel are highly trained and very experienced in the power generation and rental industry. We are confident we are able to diagnose and solve any on-site issue quickly, efficiently and have proven in the past this to be the case.


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London Theatreland
Your independent guide to the best shows in London
Disney's Frozen: The Musical
OTHER BROADWAY SHOWS IN LONDON
Disney's Frozen: The Musical Event homeCustomer reviews Come From Away
Coming To London In 2020!
Theatre Royal Drury Lane Please selectVenue homeLocation and directionsPre-theatre diningOvernight accommodationSeating maps
Catherine Street, London WC2B 5JF
We are an independent show guide with no affiliation to any venue or show.
Oh dear, we don't seem to have any tickets for Disney's Frozen: The Musical at all.
Our team is constantly looking for tickets though, so please call us on 0845 505 8500 as we may well have tickets for you.
While you're here though why not take a look at all the other amazing shows on in London.
Please note: The term Theatre Royal Drury Lane and/or Disney's Frozen: The Musical as well as all associated graphics, logos, and/or other trademarks, tradenames or copyrights are the property of the Theatre Royal Drury Lane and/or Disney's Frozen: The Musical and are used herein for factual descriptive purposes only. We are in no way associated with or authorized by the Theatre Royal Drury Lane and/or Disney's Frozen: The Musical and neither that entity nor any of its affiliates have licensed or endorsed us to sell tickets, goods and or services in conjunction with their events.
Help and Contact us Privacy Policy About Us Cookie Policy Subscribe For Updates Terms & Conditions Login to My Theatreland Advertise Login to Media Kit List Your Show
London Theatreland is part of the Theatreland Ltd Collection. Established in 2003, Theatreland offers the largest individual collection of websites providing complete, impartial guides to all the theatrical, musical and performance arts events and venues in the world's greatest theatre cities, from New York's Broadway to London's West End and from the showrooms of Las Vegas to Shakespeare's Globe Theatre.


In Inarel our management fundament is a constant dynamism, trying to meet (and surpassing) the needs and expectations of the markets / customers.
To this end, over the last decade, we have made investments in order to achieve, maintain and improve our performance in all markets where we are present. Our internationalization is thus a known fact, because we are present in all continents, betting for this purpose, on participation in international fairs in the sector and agents, without ever neglecting the domestic market.
Given that our production was until the end of 2010 almost exclusively for kitchen sinks, we felt the need to add new products to our range, which mark a difference in the market , either in qualitative or in terms of production automation. Thus, after a process of selective identification of needs for product / market, we set to invest in exhaust pipes and accessories, taking advantage of the know-how acquired over the years, as regards the raw materials used.
This bet is a bet wins and consolidated, as users of these products are unanimous in stating that this is a product with a more aesthetic value and functional unique in the domestic market.
It is based on strong ethical principles and for believing that any of us can make a difference in the constant improvement of customer satisfaction (relative to our competitors), we remain at the forefront, determined to overcome all the difficulties we face in day-to-day.
For this, we daily count on our employees, customers, suppliers, the community in general, as the cornerstone of our growth and development, in the background, the creation of value.
2013 @ 2019 Inarel | All rights reserved.


Six Location Assistants based in Northern Ireland will be trained to help them to gain the skills required to move up to Location Management roles in films. The training will consist of 5 days of classroom training in Northern Ireland, two weeks of paid work experience on a production in Northern Ireland and 2 days of training in London. The course is being delivered by The Production Guild with the support of Northern Ireland Screen and Film London. This programme is supported by ScreenSkills using National Lottery funds awarded by the BFI as part of the Future Film Skills programme.
There will be five days of classroom training in Belfast and a day of health and safety training. The classroom training will be scheduled on Saturdays as follows: 12th, 19th, 26th January and 2nd & 9th February 2019. Participants will also have a two-week work experience placement on a production in Northern Ireland.
Travel and accommodation will be provided to enable all trainees to go to London for a 2-day course in February 2019. This will include an overview of working as a location manager in London with Film London and location management within a studio setting at Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden.
The course is aimed at Locations Assistants who have some work experience and may already be employed on productions in Northern Ireland. They must be resident in Northern Ireland to be considered for the course.
The course will give trainees the opportunity to develop, their knowledge and skills to prepare them for future location manager positions. By shadowing a location manager and taking responsibility for limited location management tasks under supervision on a live production; participants will gain practical experience and professional development.


Have you ever changed your own tire when broken down on the side of the road? Do you even know how to change a tire?
You will never have to worry about changing a tire again if you carry a spare car with you instead of a spare tire. Imagine the ability to attach a small car, like a Smart Car to your back bumper and drive about your daily business. You could also make annoying passengers you don't want to listen to sit back in your spare car while you drive.


If you're currently shopping for a home or already going through the mortgage process, chances are you've heard the phrase loan-to-value ratio get thrown around on more than one occasion.
You may have also encountered the acronym "LTV" while reading all those stories about negative equity and underwater homeowners that dominated the newspaper headlines several years ago.
Regardless of what's going on in the housing market, you should know this important term when applying for a home loan to ensure you get the best deal as it can greatly affect mortgage rate pricing, refinance options, and overall loan eligibility.
Simply put, the loan-to-value ratio, or "LTV ratio" as it's more commonly known in the industry, is the mortgage loan amount divided by the lower of the purchase price or appraised value of the property.
If we're talking existing mortgages (in the case of refinance loans), it's the outstanding loan balance divided by the appraised value.
When calculating it, you will wind up with a percentage. That number is your LTV. And the lower the better.
It's actually very easy to calculate (no algebra required) and takes just one step. You don't even need a mortgage calculator. In fact, you might be able to run the numbers in your head. Honest!
In the above example, we would divide $350,000 by $500,000 to come up with a loan-to-value ratio of 70%.
Using a basic household calculator, not a so-called "LTV calculator," simply enter in 350,000, then hit the divide symbol, then enter 500,000. You should see "0.7," which translates to 70% LTV. That's it, all done!
This means our hypothetical borrower has a loan for 70 percent of the purchase price or appraised value, with the remaining 30 percent the home equity portion, or actual ownership in the property.
LTV ratios are extremely important when it comes to mortgage rate pricing because they represent how much skin you have in the game, which is a key risk factor used by lenders.
Essentially, the lower the loan-to-value ratio, the better, as it means you have more ownership (home equity) in the property.
Someone with more ownership is less likely to fall behind on payments or foreclose, seeing that they have a greater equity stake, aka financial interest to keep paying the mortgage each month.
They've also got more options if they do struggle with payments, as they could just sell the property without taking a loss.
Not only that, but banks and mortgage lenders also set up pricing adjustment tiers based solely on the LTV ratio.
Those with lower LTV ratios will enjoy the lowest interest rates available, while those with high LTVs will be subject to higher mortgage rates and/or closing costs.
For example, if you're being "hit" by the lender for having a less-than-stellar credit score, that adjustment will grow larger as the loan-to-value ratio increases (higher LTV ratio = greater risk).
So if your mortgage rate is bumped a quarter percent higher for a loan-to-value ratio of 80%, that same pricing hit may be increased to a half percentage point if the LTV ratio is a higher 90%.
This can certainly raise your interest rate in a hurry, so you'll want to look at all possible scenarios with regard to down payment and loan amount to keep your LTV ratio as low as possible.
More importantly, just maintain an excellent credit score and you'll have plenty of loan options, regardless of down payment or home equity.
80% LTV Is a Very Important Threshold!
Most borrowers (who have the means) elect to put 20% down when buying a home, as it allows them to avoid mortgage insurance and the much higher pricing adjustments often associated with LTVs above 80%.
But you don't necessarily need to put 20% down to enjoy the benefits of a low-LTV mortgage.
Looking at the above example again, if you were to raise the first mortgage amount to $400,000 and add a second mortgage of $50,000, the combined loan-to-value ratio, or CLTV as its known, would be 90%.
Let's do the math here; again, no mortgage calculator required!
You would have a first mortgage at 80% LTV, and a second mortgage for an additional 10% LTV, making the CLTV 90%.
Sometimes borrowers elect to break up home loans into a first and second mortgage, known as combo mortgages, to keep the loan-to-value ratio below key levels, thereby reducing the interest rate and/or avoiding private mortgage insurance.
Keep in mind that banks and mortgage lenders have both LTV and CLTV limits, meaning they won't allow homeowners to borrow more than say 80, 90, or 100 percent of the property value (these limits have come down since the mortgage crisis got underway but are creeping back up again).
There are certain LTV limits based on loan type, with conventional loans (non-government) typically being more restrictive than government loans.
And mortgage refinance programs often less accommodating than home purchase ones.
At the moment, you can get an FHA loan as high as 96.5% LTV, which is just 3.5% down payment.
You can get a conventional loan as high as 97% LTV, which at just 3% down is higher than it used to be.
In recent history, the maximum was 95% LTV, but now Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are competing directly with the FHA.
You can get either a VA loan or USDA loan at 100% LTV (which represents no money down).
These are the most flexible loan programs LTV-wise, but they are also only available to veterans or those living in rural areas, respectively. So not everyone will qualify for these types of mortgage loans.
There are also proprietary home buying programs from various private mortgage lenders that allow for 100% LTV financing if you take the time to shop around.
If it's a jumbo loan, a cash-out refinance, or an investment property, the loan-to-value will be a lot more limited, potentially capped at just 70-80% LTV, depending on all the attributes.
And finally, those underwater or upside down borrowers you hear about; they owe more on their mortgage than the property is currently worth. This can happen due to negative amortization and/or home price depreciation.
As you can see, the underwater borrower has a LTV ratio greater than 100% (this equates to negative equity), which is a major issue from a risk standpoint.
For the record, you get 1.25 by dividing 500 by 400.
The problem with homeowners in these situations is that they have little incentive to stick around, even with a modified mortgage payment, as they're so far in the red that there's little hope of recouping home value losses.
However, the popular Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP) allowed millions of underwater homeowners to refinance to lower rates with no LTV limit. And many of these folks are probably now back in the black.
So there are options to refinance and get a lower interest rate, as long as your loan is owned by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, no matter the mortgage balance relative to the property value.
Same goes for FHA loans and VA mortgages thanks to the FHA streamline refinance and the VA IRRRL option.
Despite being far behind new homeowners entering the market in terms of building home equity, many of these formerly-underwater borrowers now have lots of equity thanks to rising home prices and several years of paying down their mortgages.
That's why you have to consider the long-game in real estate and never give up, even when times get tough. This also illustrates why home buying shouldn't be a quick or hasty decision.
A Lower Loan-to-Value Can Save You Money!
Potentially saving you thousands over the life of the loan!
As noted, a lower LTV will likely result in big savings thanks to a lower interest rate.
Additionally, you may be able to avoid costly private mortgage insurance, enjoy expanded loan program eligibility, and have an easier time getting approved for a mortgage.
If your LTV is higher than you'd like it to be, there are some creative options to lower it.
If we're talking about a home purchase, simply bring in more down payment money and the LTV will be lower. Easier said than done, sure, but possible for some.
Perhaps someone will gift you the money or act as a co-borrower?
Alternatively, you can look into breaking up your financing into two loans, with both a first and second mortgage.
If it's a mortgage refinance, simply pay down the mortgage balance a bit more before you apply, whether on schedule or by making extra mortgage payments.
This can be especially helpful if you're super close to a certain LTV threshold, or just above the conforming loan limit.
Speaking of, pay close attention to your LTV – if it's just above 80% or some other meaningful tier, think about adjusting your loan amount down (your loan officer should advise you here!).
Finally, there's another way existing homeowners can get their LTV down and it requires no effort whatsoever.
You don't have to do anything except sit back and watch your house value increase over time, thereby lowering your LTV in the process. Of course, the opposite can happen too if home values drop!
But as noted, real estate should be treated with a long time horizon, so be sure you have the ability to ride the ups and downs and make moves when it's most favorable to you.


The killing of NBA star Dwyane Wade's cousin Nykea Aldridge, who was caught in crossfire as she walked her newborn on Chicago's South Side, has brought more attention to the widespread violence in the Midwest's largest city.
The statistics on such slayings in Chicago are staggering. There were 316 homicides from Jan. 1 to June 30 of this year. No other city cracked the 300s.
The nation's largest city, New York - which has a population about three times Chicago's - had 161 homicides in the first half of this year.
There were 244 homicides in Los Angeles area, according to numbers from the Los Angeles Police Department and Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.
"An increasing numbers of major cities across the country are experiencing increases in violent crime - in particular gun-related crime," and much of this crime is occurring within minority communities, said John Cohen, an ABC News contributor who is a former U.S. counterterrorism official.
Cohen attributed the violence in Chicago and other cities to three trends: 1. An increased level of confrontational gang interactions; 2. more guns being carried; 3. and local police pulling back in proactive stops.
"It's primarily being driven by gang-related activity, and the fact that criminals in these communities believe they are less likely to be stopped by police so they are choosing to carry guns," Cohen said. "So when a confrontation occurs it's more likely going to turn into a shooting."
"People are scared of being involved in a confrontation where another person has a gun and they don't. So people in these communities are carrying guns, because their perceiving the police being less proactive in trying to find people carrying guns, Cohen said. "It's a whole different risk question for them. ... They would rather take the risk of being caught with a gun illegally than not having a gun if they're involved in a confrontation with another gang member."
And "part of the reason they feel more emboldened to carry... they are seeing they are being stopped less frequently by police." Cohen said. "Criminals ware much more willing to carry guns because they believe they can get away with carrying those guns, because they are also seeing a decrease in police going out in the communities to contact people and get guns off the street."
Cohen said proactive stops by police "is the primary way you deal with this type of violence."
But those efforts are difficult in today's highly charged, polarized environment, Cohen said, where "attitudes towards police - particularly in communities of color - are negative" and police departments "need to work to regain trust with those community members."
Cohen says decreasing gang-related crime is going to take police officers' going into those communities and aggressively targeting repeat offenders, people on parole and probation, and gang members -- "those individuals who we know are involved in violent activity."
As Chicago Police Department Superintendent Eddie Johnson this weekend announced the arrests of two convicted felons in connection with Aldridge's killing, he said, "This reprehensible act of violence is an example of why we need to change the way we treat habitual offenders in the city of Chicago. When will enough be enough?"
"She was just another mother who wanted her children to get an education just like any good parent would," Johnson said of Aldridge. "Instead her life was cut short by gunfire from two convicted felons who were both out on parole. One of whom was on his daily break from an electronic monitoring bracelet."
Johnson said Chicago must "take action when it comes to how we sentence our repeat gun offenders. I'm frustrated, you should be frustrated, all Chicagoans should be frustrated."
"This tragedy isn't just noteworthy because Ms. Aldridge has famous family member," he said. "It's noteworthy because these two offenders are the prime example of the challenge we face here in Chicago with repeat gun offenders that don't care who they shoot, don't care whose life they take and clearly, clearly, don't fear the consequences of their actions."


Your SugarCRM system is the workhorse of your sales organization. It centralizes customer data and processes, empowering users to better understand and engage with consumers –wherever they happen to be in the pipeline.
But are your users making the most of what the SugarCRM ecosystem has to offer?


How do I invite people to join Jiminny?
When you click Send Invite, they will receive an email link to join. This link expires in one week. If they miss it you can always re-send by clicking the button on the Manage > Members > Invitations tab.


This is the first volume dedicated to the MVI (Maatschappelijk Verantwoord Innoveren) conference series organized by the TU Delft in cooperation with NWO. The book is available through Springerlink. A second volume will follow swiftly (co-edited by, a.o., Jeroen van den Hoven and Ilse Oosterlaken).
This volume presents different methodologies that are relevant for interdisciplinary responsible innovation research. This book is also available through Springerlink.


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Tracy Owusu Addo, the wife of Ghanaian rapper Sarkodie, has explained why it is not advisable for her husband to sign on to an international record label.
In a recent tweet by @shawnnybills, he suggested that Sarkodie gets an international record label to distribute his songs for him.
"The only thing we for tell @sarkodie to do is to let international label to distribute his works for the international market, like what Island records did to party and bullshit, Sony/dice did to Highest album. We for enter that market," he tweeted.
However, in a string of replies to the discussion, Tracy explained that one loses the rights and a very large portion of their own streaming revenue if their music is distributed by a major record label.
"So you got ask yourself, is it worth it to be paid off a lump sum of money at once and then the label "eats" from your work for eternity or do it yourself and actually earn from your shows and streams in for the rest of your life?" she asked.
According to her, "all the big artists you see are paid off for their work which is good… but what is 1 million or even 10million dollars worth in 10yrs? Simple math… A million for a yr is ca. 83k a month and a 10mill in 10yrs is a million a year… what shows you can't even that money &…"
She also noted that a label you get the clout, recognition and numbers but that necessarily translate into money in the money an artist gets into their pockets.
"That's why you see a lot of artists still become broke after having so much success later on in life. Someone who owned 100mill can still be broke with all his/her business, how much more someone who is paid off," she added.
Tracy further stated that even with the lump sum payments that are given to the artistes by the record label, the artiste still has to pay for their own expenses "like the private jet and cars and houses you see these artists riding around in… so at the end koraa might end up owing the label ooo!!!"
BTW even with the lump sum payment you are given by the record label, you still have to pay for your own expenses like the private jet and cars and houses you see these artists riding around in… so at the end koraa might end up owing the label ooo!!!
— Tracy Sarkcess (@TracySarkcess) December 15, 2019
She, therefore, admonished music lovers to appreciate Ghanaian artistes who are single-handedly running their music business.
"So please guys let's big up a lot of our Ghanaian artistes because they are doing this alone with mostly no help but just pure talent. Hardly anyone invests in them although we got so many rich ppl in this country and no industry structure!
So please guys let's big up a lot of our Ghanaian artists because they are doing this alone with mostly no help but just pure talent. Hardly anyone invest in them although we got so many rich ppl in this country and no industry structure!
Do you guys know it's even a plus for Ghana that Sark who is on his own label is still be compared to and held to the same standards as artists who are signed to major record labels? And he's a RAPPER ooo not AFROBEAT artists!!!! Check that!!"
That notwithstanding, the wife of the celebrated rapper believes signing to a label is not bad.
She acknowledged that for an up and coming artiste, it might be a better option especially if the artiste has nothing to lose.
Barack Obama: Women are indisputably better than men
Police caution troublemakers ahead of district level elections
Digitization helping to improve our revenue – New Juaben North MCE


Tracy was only able to meet with me for 30 minutes today during her office hours but she was able to help me work out a few conversion and geodatabase creation issues. She said she doesn't do much work with Rasters in her research which is unfortunately mostly what I do in mine. When I email Dawn she usually refers me to Tracy as the campus GIS assistant so if Tracy can't help me I'm on my own to find a way to figure things out. Right now I'm having issues converting a MrSID compressed NAIP of Rainier to a Raster Grid that I can import into a Rainier Geodatabase I'm creating. My Hood geodatabase is all set up and working great. Having all my work within the geodatabase means that I can relate files easier and do more in depth analysis. It also means that my entire project is self-contained which is great for backup as I only need to back up one folder rather than a million linked folders as Arc usually does with files not in a geodatabase. I've got all of the Landsat band ratio's ready to import into Arc and I have established a great reclassification scheme based off the brightness value I pick for the threshold. I'm going to start with the low snow years of 87, 92, and 2005. The 2005 year corresponds perfectly with the 2005 NAIP so I have a real clear view of the debris-free ice extent for picking the threshold value. It's a little tough comparing a 30m resolution band ratio to the .5m resolution NAIP so I'm looking at several different threshold values and comparing. Right now a value of .3 is looking the best it seems.
The next issue I'm having (at least with Hood) is that the only outlines I have are from USGS maps digitized for GLIMMS by Andrew Fountain. I'm not sure off the top of my head what year he did this and from what year USGS map he did it from but if it wasn't from orthophotos or a hi-res sat image then I can't take it as highly reliable. My step after I classify based on the threshold is to "clip" out the reclassified area that is clearly not glacier outside of the mountain (extra purple area around Hood in image on right). For Rainier I did this by using the very large 1913 outline (which was definitely the furthest extent of the glaciers) but for Hood I now only have the GLIMMS outlines to use to clip the reclassified image and if those outlines were from glacier extents later than 87 I'd be clipping out parts of the 87 band ratio extent when I do the clip function. I suppose I could use a buffer of a couple hundred meters (there is no way the glaciers could have changed that dramatically) to create another clip layer based on the GLIMMS outline but I'd rather wait until I hear back from Andrew Fountain about what he may provide for me. The nice thing about the the GLIMMS outlines is that they come with a great attribute table and are composed of 115 different selectable polygons so I can select certain glaciers like the Elliot (outlined in torquoise in the purple on right). Being able to select the individual areas I can then perform analysis on each. Based on what I've seen so far it looks like the south facing glaciers have undergone more ablation than the north on Hood at least.
My next step is trying to find a way to measure the area change and elevation change between decades. The elevation change may be easier but the area is harder. Before when I measured the area change it was in 2D but I want to do it in 3D now incorporating the slope because when the 2D sat image is draped over the LiDAR hillshade the area of coverage is different. I talked to Tracy about this and she suggested a few things but she wasn't sure how to do it either. I'm going to look into this on Monday but if I can't figure it out I'm going to stop in during Dawn's office hours next week.
So, right now I'm waiting for Andrew's better outlines and I'm researching and looking through help files how to do the spatial analysis within Arc. Once I've figured that out I can look specifically at the different glaciers of both mountains. The 2nd image up from the bottom is a close-up of the GLIMMS glacier outlines... as you can see I question their accuracy. The last image is of the elliot glacier over the hillshade. The green in the last two, and first is 2005 while the blue is 1987. In the middle image the light blue is 2005 and the dark is 1987. You'll also see that I found a great rivers layer that I've added to the figures as well.


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Ultra-Trace Level Contaminants in materials using ETV–ICP–OES
Home » Ultra-Trace Level Contaminants in materials using ETV–ICP–OES
The advanced technologies have witnessed a sharply growing demand for developing and using powerful analytical methods with respect to high sensitivities, accuracy and analysis time for characterizing of trace and ultra-trace level of impurities on different specific properties of materials. Herein, we introduce electrothermal vaporization (ETV) coupled with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) as an exceptionally sensitive solid sampling technique for purity verifications of high-performance materials based on carbon, silicon, and silicon carbide.
These materials have wide technologically innovative applications and technical importance due to its outstanding properties useful for lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells, opto- and micro-electronics, water purification, fiber optics, spintronics, refractories, electric vehicles, etc [1-2]. Depending on materials purity, the future scope of a new market can also be identified. Thus, the trace and ultra-trace element contents and other chemical parameters are of eminent importance.
The traditional analytical techniques for purity evaluations of high-performance materials are very time-consuming and often tedious particularly for the decomposition of SiC by wet chemical procedures.
Figure 2. Temporal emission profiles of Al, B, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ti, V, and Zr in graphite (BAM-S009), and silicon carbide (BAM-S003)
In this study, we demonstrated that ETV-ICP-OES is applicable for determining even low-volatility analytes especially the carbide-forming elements such as Cr, Ti, V, and Zr when halogenating reagents are used to form more volatile halides of the refractory elements. The whole ETV-ICP-OES process is presented in Figure 1. Various traceable calibration strategies typically certified reference materials (CRM) and aqueous standard solutions can be used for quantitative chemical analyses.
Figure 1. An illustration of the ETV-ICP-OES system.
OPERATING PROCEDURE
The employed ETV operational conditions were vaporization temperature of 1700 °C for all samples (Table 1). Various temperature programs can be used to separate elements in time which permits to minimize potential spectral interferences. Solid or liquid samples (<1 to 50 mg for solids; up to 50 μL for liquids) are placed in a pyrolytically coated, high purity graphite boat, that is resistively heated using an electronically programmable heating cycle. The boats are capable of attaining temperatures of up to 3000 °C in the ETV unit. Argon with 99.996% purity was used as protection, carrier, and bypass-gas on the ETV device. Analytes are vaporized in the presence of a halogenated modifier gas, UN1028 R12 (CCl2F2), and transported directly into the ICP (PerkinElmer, Avio 500) where they are excited, and detected by an optical emission spectrometer. Transient signals with changing intensities are generated in this method since ETV offers no constant sample introduction rate and the amount of sample introduced into the plasma varies with time. The typical transient signals of certain elements are displayed in Figure 2.
Certified reference materials, graphite (BAM-S009) and silicon carbide (BAM-S003), were used for the calibration. The calibration curves were obtained based on the three different masses of graphite and silicon carbide powders including a blank signal as shown in Figures 3 and 4. The calibration shows a linear trend and correlation coefficients were ranged from 0.951-0.999 for all analytes. The precision of emission signal measurements (peak area) was calculated for twenty and thirteen analytes of five replicates (n=5) in graphite and silicon carbide, respectively, which were ranged from 2.6% – 35.3 %RSD for the most of analytes.
Figure 3. Calibration Curves and %SD of three different graphite (BAM-S009) masses (10, 20, and 30 mg).
Figure 4. Calibration Curves and %SD of three different silicon carbide (BAM-S003) masses (2, 4, and 6 mg).
For quantification of the investigated elements in the nuclear-grade graphite and silicon carbide powder samples, ~5 mg of each sample was weighed directly into the graphite boat, transferred to ETV and then vaporized by applying the heating program given in Table 1 under R12 gas at 2.0 mL min−1. R12 as a reaction gas (CCl2F2) is among the most commonly used halogenated compounds. This gas decomposes at a temperature around 700 °C, producing CF2, CF3Cl, CF4, and C2F4 radicals, which promote the analyte conversion into volatile halides and finally increase the analyte transport as a result of cluster formation [3]. Figures 5 and 6 show the concentration of more volatile elements in the nuclear-grade graphite (NBG-18) and silicon carbide powders quantified by ETV-ICP-OES. The results by ETV-ICP-OES are compared to those obtained by Glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) to validate the ETV-ICP-OES method. Derived results were found to be in good agreement with GDMS values, indicating the applicability of this new method for analysis of trace and ultra-trace constituents.
Figure 5. Concentration of the more volatile elements in the graphite powder (NBG-18) quantified by ETV-ICP-OES and GDMS
Figure 6. Concentration of the more volatile elements in the silicon carbide powder quantified by ETV-ICP-OES and GDMS.
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CARSTAR MSO Raises Over $20,000 For Local MS Clinic
Autosphere
Esther Cantafio and Melissa McCutcheon along with their business partner Albert LeBlanc. Photo: CARSTAR
CARSTAR Edmonton North, CARSTAR St. Albert and CARSTAR Edmonton East co-owner, Esther Cantafio, organized a 'Swing for the Cure' golf tournament raising over $20,000 for the University Hospital Foundation in support of the Multiple Sclerosis Clinic at the Kaye Edmonton Clinic.
With her daughter, Melissa McCutcheon, diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) last summer, Cantafio immediately committed herself to raise funds and awareness for this cause.
"It all began last June when I had some numbness in my legs, that just seemed to spread to the point where I couldn't walk, or pick up my children and I even lost mobility in one of my hands," says Melissa McCutcheon. "Once I received the MS diagnosis, it was life-changing for my whole family. The most difficult part about it is that there is no cure and only treatments for the symptoms, not the cause."
Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive disease of the central nervous system, or the brain and spinal cord. Patients with MS are diagnosed during their peak years and experience symptoms such as extreme fatigue, lack of coordination, weakness, tingling, impaired sensation, vision problems, bladder problems, cognitive impairment and mood changes. Currently, there is no cure, but each day researchers are learning more about what causes MS and are zeroing in on ways to prevent it.
"My mom has been organizing this golf tournament for months and when the pandemic broke out this spring, she became more determined than ever to find a way to make this event safe for all golfers," continues McCutcheon. "I think it just felt like the only thing she could do to help me and that's really what drove her passion for this event and why it was so successful."
Hosted at the Quarry Golf Course, the tournament had 72 golfers participate, with a portable hot breakfast, a robust silent auction and generous sponsorships from BASF and Enterprise. With local health and safety protocols in place, golfers were still able to hit the links for a good cause. Six Edmonton Football Team alumni attended including Colin Kelly, Herb Dobbins, Ed Jones, Glenn Harper, Emilio Fraietta and Justin Sorenson as well as gold medal curling champion Marc Kennedy.
McCutcheon continued, "We kept hearing how thankful everyone was to still be able to participate in a golf tournament this summer because most events were cancelled. It all happened because of my mom's determination. I could not be more grateful for her support and I can't wait for next year's tournament!"
Categories : Collision, Press release
Tags : CARSTAR, Event
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text:
Лебо Мотіба (,  28 січня 1996, Йоганнесбург) — південноафриканський футболіст, нападник клубу «Страсбур». На умовах оренди грає за «Труа».

Виступав, зокрема, за клуби «Лілль-2» та «Валансьєнн», а також олімпійську збірну ПАР.

Клубна кар'єра

У дорослому футболі дебютував 2014 року виступами за команду клубу «Лілль-2», в якій провів три сезони, взявши участь у 32 матчах чемпіонату.

З 2017 орендований клубом «Валансьєнн».

Виступи за збірну
2016 року захищав кольори олімпійської збірної ПАР. У складі цієї команди провів 2 матчі. У складі збірної — учасник футбольного турніру на Олімпійських іграх 2016 року у Ріо-де-Жанейро.

Статистика виступів

Статистика виступів за збірну

Титули і досягнення
 Володар Кубка французької ліги (1):
 «Страсбур»: 2018-19

Посилання

південноафриканські футболісти
Футболісти «Лілля»
Футболісти «Валансьєнна»
Футболісти «Страсбура»
Футболісти «Труа»
південноафриканські футбольні легіонери
Футбольні легіонери у Франції
Уродженці Йоганнесбурга
Гравці олімпійської збірної Південно-Африканської Республіки з футболу

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