text:
package io.quarkus.hibernate.reactive.runtime;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.Set;

import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.PersistenceException;
import javax.persistence.spi.PersistenceProvider;
import javax.persistence.spi.PersistenceUnitInfo;
import javax.persistence.spi.ProviderUtil;

import org.hibernate.boot.registry.StandardServiceInitiator;
import org.hibernate.boot.registry.StandardServiceRegistry;
import org.hibernate.boot.registry.internal.StandardServiceRegistryImpl;
import org.hibernate.cfg.AvailableSettings;
import org.hibernate.jpa.boot.spi.EntityManagerFactoryBuilder;
import org.hibernate.jpa.boot.spi.PersistenceUnitDescriptor;
import org.hibernate.reactive.provider.service.ReactiveGenerationTarget;
import org.hibernate.service.Service;
import org.hibernate.service.internal.ProvidedService;
import org.hibernate.tool.schema.spi.SchemaManagementTool;
import org.jboss.logging.Logger;

import io.quarkus.arc.Arc;
import io.quarkus.arc.InstanceHandle;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.BuildTimeSettings;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.FastBootHibernatePersistenceProvider;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.HibernateOrmRuntimeConfig;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.HibernateOrmRuntimeConfigPersistenceUnit;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.IntegrationSettings;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.PersistenceUnitsHolder;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.RuntimeSettings;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.RuntimeSettings.Builder;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.boot.RuntimePersistenceUnitDescriptor;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.integration.HibernateOrmIntegrationRuntimeDescriptor;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.integration.HibernateOrmIntegrationRuntimeInitListener;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.recording.PrevalidatedQuarkusMetadata;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.recording.RecordedState;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.reactive.runtime.boot.FastBootReactiveEntityManagerFactoryBuilder;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.reactive.runtime.boot.registry.PreconfiguredReactiveServiceRegistryBuilder;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.reactive.runtime.customized.QuarkusReactiveConnectionPoolInitiator;
import io.quarkus.hibernate.reactive.runtime.customized.VertxInstanceInitiator;
import io.vertx.core.Vertx;
import io.vertx.sqlclient.Pool;

/**
 * This can not inherit from ReactivePersistenceProvider because it references HibernatePersistenceProvider
 * and that would trigger the native-image tool to include all code which could be triggered from using
 * that: we need to be able to fully exclude HibernatePersistenceProvider from the native image.
 */
public final class FastBootHibernateReactivePersistenceProvider implements PersistenceProvider {

    private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(FastBootHibernateReactivePersistenceProvider.class);

    public static final String IMPLEMENTATION_NAME = "org.hibernate.reactive.provider.ReactivePersistenceProvider";

    private final ProviderUtil providerUtil = new io.quarkus.hibernate.orm.runtime.ProviderUtil();

    private volatile FastBootHibernatePersistenceProvider delegate;

    private final HibernateOrmRuntimeConfig hibernateOrmRuntimeConfig;
    private final Map<String, List<HibernateOrmIntegrationRuntimeDescriptor>> integrationRuntimeDescriptors;

    public FastBootHibernateReactivePersistenceProvider(HibernateOrmRuntimeConfig hibernateOrmRuntimeConfig,
            Map<String, List<HibernateOrmIntegrationRuntimeDescriptor>> integrationRuntimeDescriptors) {
        this.hibernateOrmRuntimeConfig = hibernateOrmRuntimeConfig;
        this.integrationRuntimeDescriptors = integrationRuntimeDescriptors;
    }

    @Override
    public EntityManagerFactory createEntityManagerFactory(String emName, Map properties) {
        if (properties == null)
            properties = new HashMap<Object, Object>();
        try {
            // These are pre-parsed during image generation:
            final List<RuntimePersistenceUnitDescriptor> units = PersistenceUnitsHolder.getPersistenceUnitDescriptors();

            for (PersistenceUnitDescriptor unit : units) {
                //if the provider is not set, don't use it as people might want to use Hibernate ORM
                if (IMPLEMENTATION_NAME.equalsIgnoreCase(unit.getProviderClassName()) ||
                        unit.getProviderClassName() == null) {
                    EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder = getEntityManagerFactoryBuilderOrNull(emName, properties);
                    if (builder == null) {
                        log.trace("Could not obtain matching EntityManagerFactoryBuilder, returning null");
                        return null;
                    } else {
                        return builder.build();
                    }
                }
            }

            //not the right provider
            return null;
        } catch (PersistenceException pe) {
            throw pe;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new PersistenceException("Unable to build EntityManagerFactory", e);
        }
    }

    private EntityManagerFactoryBuilder getEntityManagerFactoryBuilderOrNull(String persistenceUnitName,
            Map properties) {
        log.tracef("Attempting to obtain correct EntityManagerFactoryBuilder for persistenceUnitName : %s",
                persistenceUnitName);

        verifyProperties(properties);

        // These are pre-parsed during image generation:
        final List<RuntimePersistenceUnitDescriptor> units = PersistenceUnitsHolder.getPersistenceUnitDescriptors();

        log.debugf("Located %s persistence units; checking each", units.size());

        if (persistenceUnitName == null && units.size() > 1) {
            // no persistence-unit name to look for was given and we found multiple
            // persistence-units
            throw new PersistenceException("No name provided and multiple persistence units found");
        }

        Map<String, HibernateOrmRuntimeConfigPersistenceUnit> puConfigMap = hibernateOrmRuntimeConfig
                .getAllPersistenceUnitConfigsAsMap();
        for (RuntimePersistenceUnitDescriptor persistenceUnit : units) {
            log.debugf(
                    "Checking persistence-unit [name=%s, explicit-provider=%s] against incoming persistence unit name [%s]",
                    persistenceUnit.getName(), persistenceUnit.getProviderClassName(), persistenceUnitName);

            final boolean matches = persistenceUnitName == null
                    || persistenceUnit.getName().equals(persistenceUnitName);
            if (!matches) {
                log.debugf("Excluding from consideration '%s' due to name mismatch", persistenceUnit.getName());
                continue;
            }

            // See if we (Hibernate) are the persistence provider
            if (!isProvider(persistenceUnit)) {
                log.debug("Excluding from consideration due to provider mismatch");
                continue;
            }

            RecordedState recordedState = PersistenceUnitsHolder.popRecordedState(persistenceUnitName);

            final PrevalidatedQuarkusMetadata metadata = recordedState.getMetadata();
            final BuildTimeSettings buildTimeSettings = recordedState.getBuildTimeSettings();
            final IntegrationSettings integrationSettings = recordedState.getIntegrationSettings();
            RuntimeSettings.Builder runtimeSettingsBuilder = new RuntimeSettings.Builder(buildTimeSettings,
                    integrationSettings);

            var puConfig = puConfigMap.getOrDefault(persistenceUnit.getConfigurationName(),
                    new HibernateOrmRuntimeConfigPersistenceUnit());
            if (puConfig.active.isPresent() && !puConfig.active.get()) {
                throw new IllegalStateException(
                        "Attempting to boot a deactivated Hibernate Reactive persistence unit");
            }

            // Inject runtime configuration if the persistence unit was defined by Quarkus configuration
            if (!recordedState.isFromPersistenceXml()) {
                injectRuntimeConfiguration(puConfig, runtimeSettingsBuilder);
            }

            for (HibernateOrmIntegrationRuntimeDescriptor descriptor : integrationRuntimeDescriptors
                    .getOrDefault(persistenceUnitName, Collections.emptyList())) {
                Optional<HibernateOrmIntegrationRuntimeInitListener> listenerOptional = descriptor.getInitListener();
                if (listenerOptional.isPresent()) {
                    listenerOptional.get().contributeRuntimeProperties(runtimeSettingsBuilder::put);
                }
            }

            RuntimeSettings runtimeSettings = runtimeSettingsBuilder.build();

            StandardServiceRegistry standardServiceRegistry = rewireMetadataAndExtractServiceRegistry(
                    runtimeSettings, recordedState, persistenceUnitName);

            final Object cdiBeanManager = Arc.container().beanManager();
            final Object validatorFactory = Arc.container().instance("quarkus-hibernate-validator-factory").get();

            return new FastBootReactiveEntityManagerFactoryBuilder(
                    metadata /* Uses the StandardServiceRegistry references by this! */,
                    persistenceUnitName,
                    standardServiceRegistry /* Mostly ignored! (yet needs to match) */,
                    runtimeSettings,
                    validatorFactory, cdiBeanManager);
        }

        log.debug("Found no matching persistence units");
        return null;
    }

    private StandardServiceRegistry rewireMetadataAndExtractServiceRegistry(RuntimeSettings runtimeSettings,
            RecordedState rs,
            String persistenceUnitName) {
        PreconfiguredReactiveServiceRegistryBuilder serviceRegistryBuilder = new PreconfiguredReactiveServiceRegistryBuilder(
                rs);

        registerVertxAndPool(persistenceUnitName, runtimeSettings, serviceRegistryBuilder);

        runtimeSettings.getSettings().forEach((key, value) -> {
            serviceRegistryBuilder.applySetting(key, value);
        });

        Set<Class<?>> runtimeInitiatedServiceClasses = new HashSet<>();
        for (HibernateOrmIntegrationRuntimeDescriptor descriptor : integrationRuntimeDescriptors
                .getOrDefault(persistenceUnitName, Collections.emptyList())) {
            Optional<HibernateOrmIntegrationRuntimeInitListener> listenerOptional = descriptor.getInitListener();
            if (listenerOptional.isPresent()) {
                for (StandardServiceInitiator<?> serviceInitiator : listenerOptional.get().contributeServiceInitiators()) {
                    Class<? extends Service> serviceClass = serviceInitiator.getServiceInitiated();
                    runtimeInitiatedServiceClasses.add(serviceClass);
                    serviceRegistryBuilder.addInitiator(serviceInitiator);
                }
            }
        }

        for (ProvidedService<?> providedService : rs.getProvidedServices()) {
            if (!runtimeInitiatedServiceClasses.contains(providedService.getServiceRole())) {
                serviceRegistryBuilder.addService(providedService);
            }
        }

        StandardServiceRegistryImpl standardServiceRegistry = serviceRegistryBuilder.buildNewServiceRegistry();

        standardServiceRegistry.getService(SchemaManagementTool.class)
                .setCustomDatabaseGenerationTarget(new ReactiveGenerationTarget(standardServiceRegistry));

        return standardServiceRegistry;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    private void verifyProperties(Map properties) {
        if (properties != null && properties.size() != 0) {
            throw new PersistenceException(
                    "The FastbootHibernateProvider PersistenceProvider can not support runtime provided properties. "
                            + "Make sure you set all properties you need in the configuration resources before building the application.");
        }
    }

    private boolean isProvider(PersistenceUnitDescriptor persistenceUnit) {
        Map<Object, Object> props = Collections.emptyMap();
        String requestedProviderName = FastBootHibernatePersistenceProvider.extractRequestedProviderName(persistenceUnit,
                props);
        if (requestedProviderName == null) {
            // We'll always assume we are the best possible provider match unless the user
            // explicitly asks for a different one.
            return true;
        }
        return FastBootHibernateReactivePersistenceProvider.class.getName().equals(requestedProviderName)
                || IMPLEMENTATION_NAME.equals(requestedProviderName)
                || FastBootHibernatePersistenceProvider.class.getName().equals(requestedProviderName)
                || "org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider".equals(requestedProviderName);
    }

    private void registerVertxAndPool(String persistenceUnitName,
            RuntimeSettings runtimeSettings,
            PreconfiguredReactiveServiceRegistryBuilder serviceRegistry) {
        if (runtimeSettings.isConfigured(AvailableSettings.URL)) {
            // the pool has been defined in the persistence unit, we can bail out
            return;
        }

        // for now, we only support one pool but this will change
        InstanceHandle<Pool> poolHandle = Arc.container().instance(Pool.class);
        if (!poolHandle.isAvailable()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("No pool has been defined for persistence unit " + persistenceUnitName);
        }

        serviceRegistry.addInitiator(new QuarkusReactiveConnectionPoolInitiator(poolHandle.get()));

        InstanceHandle<Vertx> vertxHandle = Arc.container().instance(Vertx.class);
        if (!vertxHandle.isAvailable()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("No Vert.x instance has been registered in ArC ?");
        }
        serviceRegistry.addInitiator(new VertxInstanceInitiator(vertxHandle.get()));
    }

    private static void injectRuntimeConfiguration(HibernateOrmRuntimeConfigPersistenceUnit persistenceUnitConfig,
            Builder runtimeSettingsBuilder) {
        // Database
        runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.HBM2DDL_DATABASE_ACTION,
                persistenceUnitConfig.database.generation.generation);

        runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.HBM2DDL_CREATE_SCHEMAS,
                String.valueOf(persistenceUnitConfig.database.generation.createSchemas));

        if (persistenceUnitConfig.database.generation.haltOnError) {
            runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.HBM2DDL_HALT_ON_ERROR, "true");
        }

        //Never append on existing scripts:
        runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.HBM2DDL_SCRIPTS_CREATE_APPEND, "false");

        runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.HBM2DDL_SCRIPTS_ACTION,
                persistenceUnitConfig.scripts.generation.generation);

        if (persistenceUnitConfig.scripts.generation.createTarget.isPresent()) {
            runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.HBM2DDL_SCRIPTS_CREATE_TARGET,
                    persistenceUnitConfig.scripts.generation.createTarget.get());
        }

        if (persistenceUnitConfig.scripts.generation.dropTarget.isPresent()) {
            runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.HBM2DDL_SCRIPTS_DROP_TARGET,
                    persistenceUnitConfig.scripts.generation.dropTarget.get());
        }

        persistenceUnitConfig.database.defaultCatalog.ifPresent(
                catalog -> runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.DEFAULT_CATALOG, catalog));

        persistenceUnitConfig.database.defaultSchema.ifPresent(
                schema -> runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.DEFAULT_SCHEMA, schema));

        // Logging
        if (persistenceUnitConfig.log.sql) {
            runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.SHOW_SQL, "true");

            if (persistenceUnitConfig.log.formatSql) {
                runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.FORMAT_SQL, "true");
            }
        }

        if (persistenceUnitConfig.log.jdbcWarnings.isPresent()) {
            runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.LOG_JDBC_WARNINGS,
                    persistenceUnitConfig.log.jdbcWarnings.get().toString());
        }

        if (persistenceUnitConfig.log.queriesSlowerThanMs.isPresent()) {
            runtimeSettingsBuilder.put(AvailableSettings.LOG_SLOW_QUERY,
                    persistenceUnitConfig.log.queriesSlowerThanMs.get());
        }
    }

    @Override
    public ProviderUtil getProviderUtil() {
        return providerUtil;
    }

    @Override
    public EntityManagerFactory createContainerEntityManagerFactory(PersistenceUnitInfo info, Map map) {
        //Not supported by Hibernate Reactive: this should always delegate to Hibernate ORM, which will do its own
        //persistence provider name checks and possibly reject if it's not a suitable.
        return getJdbcHibernatePersistenceProviderDelegate().createContainerEntityManagerFactory(info, map);
    }

    @Override
    public void generateSchema(PersistenceUnitInfo info, Map map) {
        getJdbcHibernatePersistenceProviderDelegate().generateSchema(info, map);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean generateSchema(String persistenceUnitName, Map map) {
        return getJdbcHibernatePersistenceProviderDelegate().generateSchema(persistenceUnitName, map);
    }

    private FastBootHibernatePersistenceProvider getJdbcHibernatePersistenceProviderDelegate() {
        FastBootHibernatePersistenceProvider localDelegate = this.delegate;
        if (localDelegate == null) {
            synchronized (this) {
                localDelegate = this.delegate;
                if (localDelegate == null) {
                    this.delegate = localDelegate = new FastBootHibernatePersistenceProvider(hibernateOrmRuntimeConfig,
                            integrationRuntimeDescriptors);
                }
            }
        }
        return localDelegate;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ghaziabad Development Authority has decided to launch GDA housing scheme 2017 for 1712 flats and these flats would be sold at older prices. The decision regarding to the cost of housing units was taken by GDA Ghaziabad on last Tuesday.
The authority is expecting the get a profit of about 250 crore from the sale of flats in GDA housing scheme 2017 and the people will be able to buy these houses at older rates.
Currently, many scheme of GDA are on progress at Madhuban Bapudham, Indraprastha, Koyal Encalve, Kaushambi Chandrashila Apartments, Vaishali and Modinagar. In these housing scheme, GDA Ghaziabad is constructing flats for EWS, LIG and HIG categories.
Due to the slow-down in the real estate market, most of the flats has been surrendered by the allottees and about 20 percent of these flats has not found any buyer. GDA facing the financial crises and to overcome the situation, the authority is planning a scheme to sell these flats in GDA upcoming housing scheme.
As per the expectation, the scheme will be launched in the next week for the sale of 1712 flats, for the authority has completed all the document work.
These flats are available in various schemes which were launched earlier by the authority. The Madhuban Bapudhan Yojana was launched in 2010 and Indraprastha, Koyal Encalve and Modinagar Yojana was launched last year in 2016 while Chandrashila Apartments, Vaishali Yojana was launched in 2012. The availability of flats in the scheme is given below.
The authority will launch GDA Flat Scheme 2017 by end of May 2017 for 1712 housing units.


Gran Canaria's weather, similar to all of the islands in the archipelago of the Canaries has an all year round climate. With the West African coast with its dry and hot climate is just a few kilometres away, even though this is the case Gran Canaria as do the rest of the Canary Islands experience a 'Spring like' temperature throughout the year. Although the temperature can be a little milder than its neighbouring islands.
Gran Canaria holds a wide variety of microclimates that go from the subtropical to the continental climates. It is a mountainous island where the trade winds prevail all year. This island has the nickname 'continent in miniature' from the variety of climates that are across the island sometimes, you can see snow in the highest peaks, and just a few kilometres away you will get both tropical temperatures and extreme cold.
The temperature is rarely too high and almost always constant. The average temperatures in the summer months are between 26 ºC and 28 ºC (79 – 82 °F), often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), and in the winter months between 22 ºC and 24 ºC.
As with other Canary Islands, the climate in the north of Gran Canaria often differs from the south, most temperatures are given from Las Palmas - expect it to be around 5°C cooler in the north!!!
Gran Canaria Weather - Gran Canaria Information Gran Canaria Spain. Property to rent or buy, tourism around the island of Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. Gran Canaria holidays.


text:
Docker image that automatically starts a play server from a packaged app or a git repository.

# How to use

## From a zip
**Prerequisite: the zip must be created with activator dist**
```
docker run -v /path/to/app.zip:/play/app.zip:z gbecan/play zip
```

## From a git repository
**Prerequisite: activator must be present in the repository**
```
docker run gbecan/play git https://mygitrepo.git
```

## Configuration file
If you need to provide a configuration file for the server, you can add the following option to ```docker run```:
```
-v /path/to/configuration/file.conf:/play/config.conf:z
```

## Options
If you want to provide additional options to the server, you can specify them in the ```docker run``` arguments. For example, you can set the port of the server as following:
```
docker run gbecan/play git https://mygitrepo.git -Dhttp.port=8080
```


When a dentist or dental hygienist cleans your teeth they remove soft plaque and hard tartar, calculus, or stains deposits from your teeth. The primary purpose of having your teeth cleaned is to prevent or delay the progression of periodontal diseases.
Professional dental care alone, however, is inadequate to prevent periodontal diseases. Smoking has been implicated in approximately 50% of periodontal disease cases in adults (Tomar 2000). Abstaining from tobacco use, maintaining good oral hygiene, and having your teeth cleaned professionally are the most effective ways to prevent periodontal diseases.
As with routine dental examinations, the frequency of professional teeth cleaning will depend on the health of your teeth and gums. Healthy children and adults should have their teeth cleaned at least once every 12-24 months. If you are at risk of periodontal diseases because of age, tobacco use, rate of accumulation of deposits, personal oral hygiene practices, or medical conditions such as diabetes or HIV infection, your teeth may need to be cleaned more often.
Dr Murray or the dental hygienist can help you determine how often you should have your teeth cleaned.
Every day, a thin coating forms on your teeth and it picks up stains. Also, the outer layer of each tooth, called the enamel, contains pores that can hold stains. Whitening is not a one-time solution. It will need to be repeated periodically if you want to maintain the brighter color. Contact Dr Murray to schedule an appointment to have your teeth examined to determine if your teeth require this treatment.


Know Hendrickson High Class of 2016 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 2016 Class List by adding missing names.
More 2016 alumni from Hendrickson HS have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 2016 alumni.
Alumni from the Hendrickson High School class of 2016 that have been added to this alumni directory are shown on this page. All of the people on this page graduated in '16 from Hendrickson High. You can register for free to add your name to the HHS alumni directory.


Featuring babysitting / child services, a 24 hour reception and a concierge, the Golden Sun offers guests a comfortable base when visiting Rhodes City.
The hotel provides comfortable rooms, equipped to fit the needs of any traveller.
Diagoras International Airport is under a 20-minute drive from the hotel. Rhodes City city centre is just a 10 minute drive away.


One would think after winning seven times over the course of last weekend's two race cards at the Meadowlands that driver Yannick Gingras would have a tough time coming up with an encore.
The 39-year-old Gingras, who led the Big M driver colony in wins during January with 15, came within one win of history Friday night at the mile oval, winning seven times on the 13-race card, falling one victory short of the Big M single-card record of eight, which is shared by Mike Lachance and Brett Miller.
Gingras got some help from the sport's top trainer, Ron Burke. The potent pair were at it again Friday, teaming up to win five times on the program after winning three on both Friday and Saturday one week ago.
Chief Justice gave the duo their first winner of the night in the opener, a non-winners of two trot, settling for a dead-heat with Alvisi Hanover, who hit the wire at the same time as the 4-5 favorite in 1:57.3.
Misslarose took the second race co-featured non-winners of $15,000 trot in 1:54.4 as the even-money public choice, winning a second straight on the front end, before back class-master Resita powered clear in the third race non-winners of $8,500 in 1:54 as the prohibitive 1-5 choice.
A week ago, several of the Burke-Gingras winners won despite being out of action for a month, but in the fifth race non-winners of $8,500 trot, they won with 4-5 favorite In Secret – who had been away for three months – in 1:53.1.
But they weren't done quite yet.
Burke and Gingras got their 'one for the thumb' in the eighth race non-winners of $8,500 for filly and mare pacers with Toronto shipper – and first-time Burke trainee – Bettim Jackie, who scored after making the top down the backside in 1:53.4 as the 5-2 second choice.
Gingras' sixth win came in the 11th race for non-winners of $3,500 on the trot. The Mark Ford-trained Sortie Hanover hit the wire first in 1:56.3 as the 4-1 third choice before Gingras completed his seven-bagger with 2-5 chalk Bizet in the 13th race for non-winners of three in 1:56.


Last week we looked at what God is after. What is He all about? The more we learn about God, the more we discover He is the answer to some of our deepest desires.
People desire to be seen.
It starts when we are kids. We keep asking mom to watch as we display our latest trick, dance move or athletic endeavor. As we grow older, it becomes a subtle desire. Facebook likes, Instagram followers and Twitter mentions are the new form of attention. God does see us. He is interested in who we are and what we do.
People have a deep sense of right and wrong (justice).
God created us with this understanding of right and wrong hardwired into our souls. We sense there is good and evil. We also desire to see right win over wrong. We don't want to see injustice. This is a deep longing inside us for another world- a world to come.
People feel like their lives are building toward something.
God describes what our lives are building towards throughout the scriptures. Our lives are building toward eternity. This life we live here is short in comparison to eternity. This eternity depends completely on what we believe about God.
This passage comes down to abiding in Christ. That's the answer to the question. God wants us to abide in Christ. If I'm abiding, loving my brother won't be an issue. If I'm abiding, living in sin won't be an issue.
Spend time with God at church and in groups.
Be surrounded by people who will keep you accountable.
Prepare for days you don't feel like abiding.


text:
Raven and Murphy Learn Diyoza's Dangerous History
[ Written on May 14 2018 by Sarah ]
https://lindseymorgan.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/The-100-season-5-episode-4-exclusive-clip.mp4
Raven (Lindsey Morgan) and Murphy (Richard Harmon), who have remained behind on board the Eligius to keep a close watch on the hundreds of prisoners left in cryo-sleep, learn a little more about their formidable new threat. Raven, curious and concerned for her people, pulls up Diyoza's file and shares some distressing facts.
"She was something they called a Navy SEAL," Raven reads, as headlines about Diyoza appear on screen behind Murphy. "She became a terrorist. Bombing campaigns, assassinations. At the time of her arrest, she was the most wanted criminal in the world." In other words, Diyoza will be a formidable enemy for Bellamy to face — even if they're holding Diyoza's fellow ex-cons hostage. "We're threatening to kill her people," Murphy wryly observes. "What could go wrong?" Spoiler alert: plenty.
The 100 – 5×04 'Pandora's Box' Screencaps
The 100 – 5×03 'Sleeping Giants' Screencaps

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


All across California and Arizona, RiverRock Real Estate Group applies a proven decentralized platform of "best in breed" to office, industrial and retail property assets. We have asset-type specialists with local and regional knowledge because we believe property managers need to understand your business and speak that language in order to help your asset thrive. That's our client-centric property management model, and it's proven to add value.


text:
Current Search: Elishakoff, Isaac (x) » Graduate College (x) » Elishakoff, Isaac (x)
Hybrid probabilistic and convex modeling of excitation and response of periodic structures.
Zhu, L. P., Elishakoff, Isaac
In this paper, a periodic finite-span beam subjected to the stochastic acoustic pressure with bounded parameters is investigated. Uncertainty parameters exist in this acoustic excitation due to the deviation or imperfection. First, a finite-span beams subjected to the random acoustic pressure field are studied, the exact analytic forms of the cross-spectral density of both the transverse displacement and the bending moment responses of the structure are formulated. The combined probabilistic...
Show moreIn this paper, a periodic finite-span beam subjected to the stochastic acoustic pressure with bounded parameters is investigated. Uncertainty parameters exist in this acoustic excitation due to the deviation or imperfection. First, a finite-span beams subjected to the random acoustic pressure field are studied, the exact analytic forms of the cross-spectral density of both the transverse displacement and the bending moment responses of the structure are formulated. The combined probabilistic and convex modeling of acoustic excitation appears to be most suitable, since there is an insufficient information available on the acoustic excitation parameters, to justify the totally probabilitic analysis. Specifically, we postulate that the uncertainty parameters in the acoustic loading belong to a bounded, convex set. In the special case when this convex set is an ellipsoid, closed form solutions are obtained for the most and least favorable mean square responses of both the transverse displacement and bending moment of the structure. Several finite-span beams are exemplified to gain insight into proposal methodology.
http://purl.flvc.org/fau/fd/FAUIR000090
Dynamic response and stability of viscoelastic structures by interval mathematics.
Duan, Dehe., Florida Atlantic University, Elishakoff, Isaac
It is demonstrated in this thesis that the interval mathematics is a powerful tool to deal with uncertain phenomena especially when the uncertainty in bounded. In this thesis, we apply interval mathematics to several engineering problems, apparently for the first time in the world literature. The following topics are included: (1) The application of interval mathematics in several applied mechanics problems. A brief review of basis concepts is given, and some problems are presented to...
Show moreIt is demonstrated in this thesis that the interval mathematics is a powerful tool to deal with uncertain phenomena especially when the uncertainty in bounded. In this thesis, we apply interval mathematics to several engineering problems, apparently for the first time in the world literature. The following topics are included: (1) The application of interval mathematics in several applied mechanics problems. A brief review of basis concepts is given, and some problems are presented to illustrate the application of interval mathematics. (2) The stability and dynamic response of viscoelastic plate are studied. The effect of viscoelastic parameters on critical velocity is elucidated. (3) The application of Qiu-Chen-Elishakoff theorem in uncertain string and beam problems is investigated.
http://purl.flvc.org/fcla/dt/15090
Interval analysis (Mathematics), Viscoelasticity, Fractional calculus
Antioptimization of earthquake exitation and response.
Zuccaro, G., Elishakoff, Isaac, Baratta, A.
The paper presents a novel approach to predict the response of earthquake-excited structures. The earthquake excitation is expanded in terms of series of deterministic functions. The coefficients of the series are represented as a point in N-dimensional space. Each available accelerogram at a certain site is then represented as a point in the above space, modeling the available fragmentary historical data. The minimum volume ellipsoid, containing all points, is constructed. The ellipsoidal...
Show moreThe paper presents a novel approach to predict the response of earthquake-excited structures. The earthquake excitation is expanded in terms of series of deterministic functions. The coefficients of the series are represented as a point in N-dimensional space. Each available accelerogram at a certain site is then represented as a point in the above space, modeling the available fragmentary historical data. The minimum volume ellipsoid, containing all points, is constructed. The ellipsoidal models of uncertainty, pertinent to earthquake excitation, are developed. The maximum response of a structure, subjected to the earthquake excitation, within ellipsoidal modeling of the latter, is determined. This procedure of determining least favorable response was termed in the literature (Elishakoff, 1991) as an antioptimization. It appears that under inherent uncertainty of earthquake excitation, antioptimization analysis is a viable alternative to stochastic approach.
Deterministic, stochastic and convex analyses of one- and two-dimensional periodic structures.
Zhu, Liping., Florida Atlantic University, Lin, Y. K., Elishakoff, Isaac, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
The periodic structures considered in the dissertation are one-dimensional periodic multi-span beams, and two-dimensional periodic grillages with elastic interior supports. The following specific topics are included: (1) Deterministic Vibration--Exact solutions are obtained for free vibrations of both multi-span beams and grillages, by utilizing the wave propagation concept. The wave motions at the periodic supports/nodes are investigated and the dispersion equations are derived from which...
Show moreThe periodic structures considered in the dissertation are one-dimensional periodic multi-span beams, and two-dimensional periodic grillages with elastic interior supports. The following specific topics are included: (1) Deterministic Vibration--Exact solutions are obtained for free vibrations of both multi-span beams and grillages, by utilizing the wave propagation concept. The wave motions at the periodic supports/nodes are investigated and the dispersion equations are derived from which the natural frequencies of the periodic structures are determined. The emphasis is placed on the calculation of mode shapes of both types of periodic structures. The general expressions for mode shapes with various boundary conditions are obtained. These mode shapes are used to evaluate the exact dynamic response to a convected harmonic loading. (2) Stochastic Vibration--A multi-span beam under stochastic acoustic loading is considered. The exact analytical expressions for the spectral densities are derived for both displacement and bending moment by using the normal mode approach. Nonlinear vibration of a multi-span beam with axial restraint and initial imperfection are also investigated. In the latter case, the external excitation is idealized as a Gaussian white nose. An expression for the joint probability density function in the generalized coordinates is obtained and used to evaluate the mean square response of a multi-span beam system. (3) Convex Modeling of Uncertain Excitation Field--It is assumed that the parameters of the stochastic excitation field are uncertain and belong to a multi-dimensional convex set. A new approach is developed to determine the multi-dimensional ellipsoidal convex set with a minimum volume. The most and least favorable responses of a multi-span beam are then determined for such a convex set, corresponding to a stochastic acoustic field. The procedure is illustrated in several examples.
Grillages (Structural engineering), Girders--Vibration, Wave-motion, Theory of, Vibration
Buckling of composite cylindrical shells with geometric, thickness and material imperfections.
Li, Yiwei., Florida Atlantic University, Elishakoff, Isaac, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
This dissertation deals with the determination of buckling loads of composite cylindrical shell structures which involve uncertainty either in geometry, namely thickness variation, or in material properties. Systematic research has been carried out, which evolves from the simple isotropic cases to anisotropic cases. Since the initial geometric imperfection has a dominant role in the reduction of those imperfection-sensitive structures such as cylindrical shells, the combined effect of...
Show moreThis dissertation deals with the determination of buckling loads of composite cylindrical shell structures which involve uncertainty either in geometry, namely thickness variation, or in material properties. Systematic research has been carried out, which evolves from the simple isotropic cases to anisotropic cases. Since the initial geometric imperfection has a dominant role in the reduction of those imperfection-sensitive structures such as cylindrical shells, the combined effect of thickness variation and initial imperfection is also investigated in depth. Both analytic and numerical methods are used to derive the solutions to the problems and asymptotic formulas relating the buckling load to the geometric (thickness variation and/or initial imperfection) parameter are established. It is shown that the axisymmetric thickness variation has the most detrimental effect on the buckling load when the modal number of thickness variation is twice as much as that of the classical buckling mode. For the composite shells with uncertainty in material properties, the convex modelling is employed to evaluate the variability of buckling load. Based on the experimental data for the elastic moduli of the composite laminates, the upper and lower bounds of the buckling load are derived, which are numerically substantiated by the results from nonlinear programming. These bounds will be useful in practice and can provide engineers with a better view of the real load-carrying capacity of the composite structure. Finally, the elastic modulus is modeled as a function of coordinates to complete the study on variability of material property so that the result can be obtained to account for the situation where the elastic modulus is different from one place to another in the structure.
Composite materials, Buckling (Mechanics), Shells (Engineering), Structural dynamics
Finite element methods for stochastic structures and conditional simulation.
Ren, Yongjian., Florida Atlantic University, Elishakoff, Isaac, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
This dissertation deals with the non-perturbative finite element methods for stochastic structures and conditional simulation techniques for random fields. Three different non-perturbative finite element schemes have been proposed to compute the first and second moments of displacement responses of stochastic structures. These three methods are based, respectively, on (i) the exact inverse of the global stiffness matrix for simple stochastic structures; (ii) the variational principles for...
Show moreThis dissertation deals with the non-perturbative finite element methods for stochastic structures and conditional simulation techniques for random fields. Three different non-perturbative finite element schemes have been proposed to compute the first and second moments of displacement responses of stochastic structures. These three methods are based, respectively, on (i) the exact inverse of the global stiffness matrix for simple stochastic structures; (ii) the variational principles for statically-determinate beams; and (iii)Â the element-level flexibility for general stochastic statically indeterminate structures. The non-perturbative finite element method for stochastic structures possesses several advantages over the conventional perturbation-based finite element method for stochastic structures, including (i) applicability to large values of the coefficient of variation of random parameters; (ii) convergence to exact solutions when the finite element mesh is refined; (iii) requirement of less statistical information than that demanded by the high-order perturbation methods. Conditional simulation of random fields has been an extremely important research field in most recent years due to its application in urban earthquake monitoring systems. This study generalizes the available simulation technique for one-variate Gaussian random fields, conditioned by realizations of the fields, to multi-variate vector random field, conditioned by the realizations of the fields themselves as well as the realizations of the fields derivatives. Furthermore, a conditional simulation for non-Gaussian random fields is also proposed in this study by combining the unconditional simulation technique of non-Gaussian fields and the conditional simulation technique of Gaussian fields. Finally, the dissertation incorporates the simulation technique of random field into the non-perturbation finite element method for stochastic structures, to handle the cases where only one-dimensional probability density function and the correlation function of the random parameters are available, the demanded two-dimensional probability density function is unavailable. Simulation technique is applied to generate the samples of random fields which are used to estimate the correlation between flexibilities over elements. The estimated correlation of flexibility is then used in finite element analysis for stochastic structures. For each proposed approach, numerous examples and numerical results have been implemented.
Finite element method, Stochastic processes, Random fields--Mathematical models
Dynamic stability of fluid-conveying pipes on uniform or non-uniform elastic foundations.
Vittori, Pablo J., Florida Atlantic University, Elishakoff, Isaac, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
The dynamic behavior of straight cantilever pipes conveying fluid is studied, establishing the conditions of stability for systems, which are only limited to move in a 2D-plane. Internal friction of pipe and the effect of the surrounding fluid are neglected. A universal stability curve showing boundary between the stable and unstable behaviors is constructed by finding solution to equation of motion by exact and high-dimensional approximate methods. Based on the Boobnov-Galerkin method, the...
Show moreThe dynamic behavior of straight cantilever pipes conveying fluid is studied, establishing the conditions of stability for systems, which are only limited to move in a 2D-plane. Internal friction of pipe and the effect of the surrounding fluid are neglected. A universal stability curve showing boundary between the stable and unstable behaviors is constructed by finding solution to equation of motion by exact and high-dimensional approximate methods. Based on the Boobnov-Galerkin method, the critical velocities for the fluid are obtained by using both the eigenfunctions of a cantilever beam (beam functions), as well as the utilization of Duncan's functions. Stability of cantilever pipes with uniform and non-uniform elastic foundations of two types are considered and discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the investigation of the paradoxical behavior previously reported in the literature.
Strains and stresses, Structural dynamics, Structural stability, Fluid dynamics, Vibration
Vibration tailoring of inhomogeneous beams and circular plates.
Pentaras, Demetris., Florida Atlantic University, Elishakoff, Isaac, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
The vibrational behavior of inhomogeneous beams and circular plates is studied, utilizing the semi-inverse method developed by I. Elishakoff and extensively discussed in his recent monograph (2005). The main thread of his methodology is that the knowledge of the mode shape is postulated. The candidate mode shapes can be adopted from relevant static, dynamic or buckling problems. In this study, the exact mode shapes are sought as polynomial functions, in the context of vibration tailoring, i.e...
Show moreThe vibrational behavior of inhomogeneous beams and circular plates is studied, utilizing the semi-inverse method developed by I. Elishakoff and extensively discussed in his recent monograph (2005). The main thread of his methodology is that the knowledge of the mode shape is postulated. The candidate mode shapes can be adopted from relevant static, dynamic or buckling problems. In this study, the exact mode shapes are sought as polynomial functions, in the context of vibration tailoring, i.e. designing the structure that possesses the pre-specified value. Apparently for the first time in the literature, several closed-form solutions for vibration tailoring have been derived for vibrating inhomogeneous beams and circular plates. Twelve new closed-form solutions for vibration tailoring have been derived for an inhomogeneous polar orthotropic plate that is either clamped or simply supported around its circumference. Also, the vibration tailoring of a polar orthotropic circular plate with translational spring is analyzed. There is considerable potential of utilizing the developed method for design of functionally graded materials.
Acoustical engineering, Plates (Engineering)--Vibration--Mathematical models, Buckling (Mechanics), Structural analysis
Convex identification and nonlinear random vibration analysis of elastic and viscoelastic structures.
Fang, Jianjie, Florida Atlantic University, Elishakoff, Isaac, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
This dissertation deals with the identification of boundary conditions of elastic structures, and nonlinear random vibration analysis of elastic and viscoelastic structures through a new energy-based equivalent linearization technique. In the part of convex identification, convex models are utilized to represent the degree of uncertainty in the boundary condition modification. This means that the identification is actually the identification of the convex model to which the actual boundary...
Show moreThis dissertation deals with the identification of boundary conditions of elastic structures, and nonlinear random vibration analysis of elastic and viscoelastic structures through a new energy-based equivalent linearization technique. In the part of convex identification, convex models are utilized to represent the degree of uncertainty in the boundary condition modification. This means that the identification is actually the identification of the convex model to which the actual boundary stiffness profile belongs. Two examples are presented to illustrate the application of the method. For the beam example the finite element analysis is performed to evaluate the frequencies of a beam with any specific boundary conditions. For the plate example, the Bolotin's dynamic edge effect method, generalized by Elishakoff, is employed to determine the approximate natural frequencies and normal modes of elastically supported isotropic, uniform rectangular plates. In the part of nonlinear random analysis, first a systematic finite element analysis procedure, based on the element's energy formulation, through conventional stochastic linearization technique, is proposed. The procedure is applicable to a wide range of nonlinear random vibration problem as long as element's energy formulations are presented. Secondly, the new energy-based stochastic linearization method in finite element analysis setting is developed to improve the conventional stochastic linearization technique. The entire formulation is produced in detail for the first time. The theory is applied to beam problem subjected to space-wise and time-wise white noise excitations. Finally, the new energy-based stochastic linearization technique is applied to treat nonlinear vibration problems of viscoelastic beams.
Elasticity, Viscoelasticity, Structural dynamics--Mathematical models, Vibration--Mathematical models
Vibration of nonlocal carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplates.
Hache, Florian, Elishakoff, Isaac, Challamel, Noël, Florida Atlantic University, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering
This thesis deals with the analytical study of vibration of carbon nanotubes and graphene plates. First, a brief overview of the traditional Bresse-Timoshenko models for thick beams and Uflyand-Mindlin models for thick plates will be conducted. It has been shown in the literature that the conventionally utilized mechanical models overcorrect the shear effect and that of rotary inertia. To improve the situation, two alternative versions of theories of beams and plates are proposed. The first...
Show moreThis thesis deals with the analytical study of vibration of carbon nanotubes and graphene plates. First, a brief overview of the traditional Bresse-Timoshenko models for thick beams and Uflyand-Mindlin models for thick plates will be conducted. It has been shown in the literature that the conventionally utilized mechanical models overcorrect the shear effect and that of rotary inertia. To improve the situation, two alternative versions of theories of beams and plates are proposed. The first one is derived through the use of equilibrium equations and leads to a truncated governing differential equation in displacement. It is shown, by considering a power series expansion of the displacement, that this is asymptotically consistent at the second order. The second theory is based on slope inertia and results in the truncated equation with an additional sixth order derivative term. Then, these theories will be extended in order to take into account some scale effects such as interatomic interactions that cannot be neglected for nanomaterials. Thus, different approaches will be considered: phenomenological, asymptotic and continualized. The basic principle of continualized models is to build continuous equations starting from discrete equations and by using Taylor series expansions or Padé approximants. For each of the different models derived in this study, the natural frequencies will be determined, analytically when the closed-form solution is available, numerically when the solution is given through a characteristic equation. The objective of this work is to compare the models and to establish the eventual superiority of a model on others.
Carbon nanotubes, Graphene, Vibration
Combination of anti-optimization and fuzzy-set-based analysis for structural optimization under uncertainty.
Fang, Jianjie, Smith, Samuel M., Elishakoff, Isaac
An approach to the optimum design of structures, in which uncertainties with a fuzzy nature in the magnitude of the loads are considered, is proposed in this study. The optimization process under fuzzy loads is transformed into a fuzzy optimization problem based on the notion of Wemers' maximizing set by defining membership functions of the objective function and constraints. In this paper, Werner's maximizing set is defined using the results obtained by first conducting an optimization...
Show moreAn approach to the optimum design of structures, in which uncertainties with a fuzzy nature in the magnitude of the loads are considered, is proposed in this study. The optimization process under fuzzy loads is transformed into a fuzzy optimization problem based on the notion of Wemers' maximizing set by defining membership functions of the objective function and constraints. In this paper, Werner's maximizing set is defined using the results obtained by first conducting an optimization through anti-optimization modeling of the uncertain loads. An example of a ten-bar truss is used to illustrate the present optimization process. The results are compared with those yielded by other optimization methods.
Legacy FAU Student Theses and Dissertations 1967-2006 (7) + -
College of Engineering and Computer Science (3) + -
Vibration (3) + -
Buckling (Mechanics) (2) + -
Structural dynamics (2) + -
Viscoelasticity (2) + -
Acoustical engineering (1) + -
Carbon nanotubes (1) + -
Composite materials (1) + -
Elasticity (1) + -
Finite element method (1) + -
Fluid dynamics (1) + -
Fractional calculus (1) + -
Girders--Vibration (1) + -
Graphene (1) + -
Grillages (Structural engineering) (1) + -
Interval analysis (Mathematics) (1) + -
Plates (Engineering)--Vibration--Mathematical models (1) + -
Random fields--Mathematical models (1) + -
Shells (Engineering) (1) + -
Stochastic processes (1) + -
Strains and stresses (1) + -
Structural analysis (1) + -
Structural dynamics--Mathematical models (1) + -
Structural stability (1) + -
Vibration--Mathematical models (1) + -
Wave-motion, Theory of (1) + -
Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering (7) + -
Fang, Jianjie (2) + -
Baratta, A. (1) + -
Challamel, Noël (1) + -
Duan, Dehe. (1) + -
Hache, Florian (1) + -
Li, Yiwei. (1) + -
Lin, Y. K. (1) + -
Pentaras, Demetris. (1) + -
Ren, Yongjian. (1) + -
Smith, Samuel M. (1) + -
Vittori, Pablo J. (1) + -
Zhu, L. P. (1) + -
Zhu, Liping. (1) + -
Zuccaro, G. (1) + -
Citation (3) + -
FAU (11) + -


text:
The wage outrage
By Mansoor Ahmad
LAHORE: It is true the entire world is grappling with inflation, the basic difference between inflation in developed economies and Pakistan is the former have fewer poor, while the latter is loaded with poor.
Inflation impacts all segments of the society differently. It affects lower income groups disproportionately. It all relates to the consumable surplus that each family is left with at the end of the month.
For families still having some surplus it is relatively easy to absorb the price increases. But the low-income families cannot bear any increases as they almost always struggle to make ends meet even before the attack of inflation.
Another drawback for the Pakistani poor is wages do not rise in line with the increase in prices. There are so many workers running after few jobs available in the market and this gives an edge to the employers to engage them on wages of their liking.
Due to low wages Pakistani workers whether qualified, overqualified, or underqualified are mostly going through the motions of performing their duties without much enthusiasm. These workers despite hard work are unable to look after their families properly as years of regular inflation has badly eroded their buying power.
They feel dejected and worries back home impact their productivity. The employers are mostly not happy with the general performance of their workers. The general low productivity of our workers justifies employers' dissatisfaction.
Minimum wage mantra they added has also contributed to the inefficiencies of the workers. There is no rationale in increasing wages without improvement in productivity. The minimum wages are announced for unskilled workers, but these wages are applied to the skilled workforce as well. There are workers in each concern that were engaged years back at the then minimum wage.
After each yearly increase in minimum wage the wages of these workers increased automatically. But the problem is a worker employed at Rs10,000/month a decade back is now getting Rs20,000/month. This speaks volumes about the way wages have increased.
The cost of living has quadrupled in the last ten years. This can be judged from the rates of wheat, sugar, edible oil, mutton, chicken meat, beef, etc a decade back, as well as the tariffs of power, gas and prices of petroleum products and LPG. This is certain that the workers with ten years' experience getting this low wage are unlikely to survive comfortably. On top of that the law mandates any new hire would also be employed at the minimum wage. How can the law equate between experienced and raw hands? There is no reward for experience. Some employers may reward their workers for experience, but it is not binding on them as far as the law is concerned.
The minimum wage fixed by the state is not inflation-adjusted. Anyone drawing minimum wage is poor. In Pakistan, majority of workers do not even get minimum wage as the government lacks the will to implement it. The wage system is loading our system with poverty.
Even the government recognises that, and the minimum wage workers are entitled to the Ehsaas programme dole-outs.
The unemployed pool is so large that we do not employ the right worker for the job that results in wastage of talent. Thousands of persons apply for a clerical job in the public sector that requires a minimum qualification of high school certificate, but the applicants also include graduates or masters.
The overqualified get recruited both in the public and private sector but after some time these workers realise they are overqualified for the job and ask for additional responsibilities usually denied.
This impacts the efficiency of the worker. Labour markets in Pakistan have not kept pace with the ever-increasing shift in the global economy. Workers, inefficiencies have taken their toll on the competitiveness of Pakistani products. Our industries need willing and efficient workers that enjoy their work.
To increase productivity, the entrepreneurs must stop finding talent through normal advertising or HR experts, who have made labour markets in Pakistan dysfunctional.
They should recruit talent at decent wages much above the minimum. Many organisations are now looking for suitable workers at online talent platforms like LinkedIn and others that effectively connect individuals with work opportunities.
One advantage of online talent platforms is their ability to inject transparency and dynamism into job markets.
Developed economies and even Indians are benefiting from these platforms. We could make our labour markets work through right investment and innovation by the private sector.
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Filter effects make for a great play time. Since CSS Filters have been growingly supported on browsers, it is now so much easier implementing them on your pages. By implementing some very basic use cases of the most popular filter effects, you could show your images, videos or texts in endless different ways with only one original source. This experiment puts the varius CSS Filters to test.


Google has announced that it will begin cracking down on "intrusive interstitials" on January 10, 2017, because this type of ad "can be problematic on mobile devices where screens are often smaller." Google will be potentially penalizing — i.e., lowering the rankings — of these web pages.
Facebook on Tuesday rolled out a number of improvements to its "Slideshow" ads, announced last fall as a means of offering an alternative to video ads in developing markets where bandwidth may be limited. The company said that advertisers will now be able to create these ads right from their phones, as well as take advantage of new features like the ability to add text and music, as well as more photos, including Facebook's own stock image library.
What makes location data actionable and location-based marketing effective — and what do recent success stories like Pokemon Go foretell for the location data industry? Street Fight recently caught up with Joe Francica, managing director of geospatial solutions at Pitney Bowes, to talk about the best practices in location data.
Though publishers have traditionally relied on advertising to monetize their content, ad blockers have certainly changed the way they approach their monetization strategies now. In fact, many have since moved beyond traditional advertising, and have begun incorporating subscriptions as well. May 2016 research revealed that more than three-quarters of US publishers use a combination of both.
Stephen Statler: inMarket's strategic product is not the app, the value is created by their network. Their network links dozens of publishers' apps to retailers that host inMarket beacons and, the third stakeholder in the network, the brands, whose products are being promoted. In this video, CEO Todd DiPaola talks about the importance of this network.
It looks like Samsung will soon have its own home device to compete with the Amazon Echo and Google's incoming Home. Called a Scoop, the hardware is very reminiscent of an Amazon Echo Dot; it's short, but packs all the same punch you'd expect from a smart home device.
Assembly Chief Digital Officer Jeff Liang said the big breakthrough in targeting — and he means all targeting, not just programmatically — will be in unlocking the data being collected via a multitude of electronic sensors embedded in mobile devices.
Ursula Huws: Uber's announcement that it will introduce driverless cars in Pittsburgh throws into question the fate of not just the sharing economy, which Uber helped to make mainstream, but also the future of employment in a wider sense. One thing is for sure, however: Though Uber may be changing, the way it has shifted how we work is here to stay.


text:
Saurashtra's dream of winning the Ranji Trophy was finally achieved. The four-time finalists in the last eight years deserved the Indian domestic cricket's premier trophy and it took grit, hard-work, effort and endurance for the team to do so.
The finals had all the ingredients of what cricket is about. The players were cautious, careful and determined in their goal to be victorious. The wicket, as Arun Lal the Bengal coach pointed out, was not much to boast about. However, the uncertainty of the bounce and the slow pace had both the batsmen and the bowlers working that much harder. The most wonderful aspect of the match was the disciplined and determined manner that both the sides showed in their approach.
The wicket was not one that had players playing scintillating shots, but technique and patience was the way and one marveled as to how the players approached it. There were so many short victories in the five days of the match that pinpointed what finally culminated in Saurashtra's win, was a hard task.
The Saurashtra openers, Harvik Desai and A. Barot, started the proceedings with a hard fought partnership of 82 runs. The Bengal bowlers bowled extremely well by persisting on good lines and lengths. Diffusing the initial assault by their openers could have been one of the reasons that may have helped the Saurashtra batsmen in the dressing room get over their initial nerves. Both the opening batsmen got out with a decent score behind them, with the latter scoring a half century. However, their dismissal brought the Bengal bowlers back into the fray.
The knock of 54 runs, thereafter, by 21-year-old Saurashtra batsman Vishvaraj Jadeja was a significant contribution in continuing the foundation set by the openers. This youngster played a major part in Saurashtra's victory and to me was one of the prominent players of the match. Apart from his batting performance in a tough situation, he fielded like a demon at the suicidal position of forward short leg. His presence was what caused uncertainty at times in the minds of the Bengal batsmen and the three catches that he took were all excellent.
His first catch was what got Saurashtra the breakthrough when he smartly caught the Bengal opener Sudip Gharami and thereafter the one he took of Sudip Chatterjee, the man batting on 81 runs who looked to take Bengal closer to a win. He then went on to take a sharp catch off Mukesh Kumar at the end of the Bengal innings.
It is after many decades of Indian cricket that one has seen a good close-in fielder and the difference in the final analysis of this match was Vishvaraj's lurking presence near the bat. One somehow, never gives credit to the performance of close-in fielders. Cricket's statistics seems to always highlight batting and bowling performances and the silent forgotten killers are sometimes the sharp half chances taken by the fielders in the suicidal position that changes the complexion of the game.
Arpit Vasavada's determined century and his partnership with the present 'Wall' of Indian cricket, Cheteshwar Pujara, was also a very important part of the match in favor of Saurashtra. Vasavada, with a century in the semifinals and in the finals showed how experience at the age of 31 can play a major part in the life of a cricketer.
One wonders if the Indian selectors will pay heed to his performances rather than his age when they select the sides in the future. He and Anustup Majumdar at the age of 35 years, with their batting performances, have shown that even in the Indian domestic circuit, age is just a number. The wicket of Majumdar was the crucial one that Saurashtra required, as with big centuries, both in the quarter-finals and the semi-finals and batting with a half century under his belt on the final day of the final, the balance of the match depended on how he fares.
It was justifiably the bowling of the Saurashtra captain Jaydev Unadkat that brought the sweet taste of victory. His magical spell in the semi-finals and the dismissal of the dangerous Majumdar was due to his untiring effort. Unadkat, with 67 wickets in the Ranji Trophy this year, has shown that his bowling has matured by leaps and bounds.
One can see the resemblance of Zaheer Khan in him and he certainly deserves to be a prime candidate to play for India once again. Like batsmen, bowlers too over time develop their skills and understand the bowling conditions better. One hopes that Unadkat is not passed over by an U-19 young left-arm pace bowler or a one off performer in the IPL. The Saurashtra captain has proved that he is a good leader and thinker of the game and to have a thinking bowler is a very important trait for any side.
The two men behind the scene and the stalwarts of Indian cricket, Arun Lal and Karsan Ghavri the coaches of Bengal and Saurashtra respectively, are two of the most likeable cricketers to have played for the country. The part that they played in their teams reaching the final must have been very interesting. Both of them are very good man managers. Carving and motivating domestic players and bringing in that element of professionalism must be a tale of its own.
Well done Saurashtra, you deserve the Ranji Trophy, especially as it has the name of one of the greatest cricketers ever to play the game, Jam Saheb Ranjitsinhji, from the state of Jamnagar in Saurashtra. The cup has finally come to roost where it belongs.


text:
Q: Parent div won't adjust to child div with grid display Like in the title, I want to build a simple website, but I can't make parent div adjust to the content inside. If there is any content, it works great, but if I make child div display: grid like I want, parent div height is just 100vh, but no more, even if grid items are overflowing down. Here is the code:

* {
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

.container {
  min-height: 100vh;
  height: auto;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.one {
  background: grey;
}

.title {
  text-align: center;
  background: turquoise;
  flex: 0 1 auto;
}

.content {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  background: red;
  font-size: 5rem;
  justify-content: center;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 40%);
  grid-template-rows: repeat(4, 40%);
  column-gap: 5rem;
  row-gap: 5rem;
}

.content-object {
  background: url("Project4.jpg");
  background-position: center;
  background-size: cover;
}

TEST

A: Your issue is that
grid-template-rows: repeat(4, 40%);

40% is too big for the rows. Use px instead.
also
row-gap: 5rem;

is too much.
Here is a demo codepen link
I have also added padding top and bottom on the container.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


IXL's grade 8 skills will be aligned to the National Curriculum Statement (CAPS) soon! Until then, you can view a complete list of grade 8 objectives below.
8.2.4.a.1.4 determine the numerical value of an expression by substitution.
8.3.1.c.1 Solve geometric problems involving unknown sides and angles in triangles and quadrilaterals, using known properties and definitions.


text:
How to plan your trip to Ireland 2019
Ireland should be on your shortlist of countries to visit because it is amazing, you would never ever be able to find something similar. It may be the unpredictable weather, the fact that we're slightly isolated from the rest of Europe.
It is important to know that when you plan to visit Ireland, you cannot do it all in one trip. You have to decide how much you want to see and do, and what general areas you want to visit.
Here are few interesting facts you need to know before you coming to visit:
• The most famous Irish breweries are Guinness, Smithwicks (Kilkenny), and Harp Lager
• The three most famous symbols of Ireland are the green Shamrock, the harp, and the Celtic cross.
• Halloween traces back its origins to the Gaelic festival of Samhain, a harvest festival held on 31 October to mark the end of summer.
The island of Ireland is located in the north-west of Europe. It is separated from the neighbouring island of Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel, which has a width of 23 kilometres (14 mi) at its narrowest point. To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the south is the Celtic Sea, which lies between Ireland and Brittany, in France.
Cool right? If you are asking about how to get to Ireland. As Ireland is an island, the common way to get in is flying, however if you want to make a trip of it can travel by sea as well. There are a number of airlines that will bring you over directly from America and Canada.
Ireland most loved airline is Aer Lingus why, it is simple it is the official carrier. The airline flies from major cities in America and Toronto.
Cities that Aer Lingus is flying to Ireland from (Boston, Chicago, Hartford, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, Newark, Orlando, San Francisco, Toronto and Washington D.C.) there are plans for the airline to open new routes from summer.
However, other airlines like (American Airlines, United Airlines, and Air Canada) also fly into Ireland with most of them departing from the state capitals. So there is no excuse not to booking that trip.
Main Airports in Ireland:
Ireland has three international airports (Dublin, Shannon and Cork) with Dublin and Cork been the busiest of the three. Shannon airport however is the most cherished by American travellers due to the fact that it has its own United States border preclearance, which eliminates the need to go through immigration on arrival in the United States.
Dublin Airport, Ireland however remains the most visited airport mainly due to it being the capital, it also serve as the major tourist region of Ireland rich with historic connotation and a lot of activities to keep you engaged for days non-stop.
The airport has undergone further redevelopment and expansion to cater for the growing influx of multinational conglomerates and the tourism industry has seen a big revamp and the numbers are growing rapidly year on year.
What do I need to visit Ireland?
Due to the relationship between the North American countries and most EU countries, citizens can visit Ireland for a 90 day period as long as they meet the entry requirement. You can get further information on the requirements for entry into Ireland via the Irish immigration website. The rules change regularly, so you should check you have the most up to date information for your trip.
Accommodation in Ireland:
There are various options to get cheap accommodation now with the option of AirBnB, the competition is very high. Though getting those high quality accommodation can be on a high end for those on a minimal budget, there are options of staying on hostels and backpackers accommodation where you can get a cheap accommodation for as little as $25 - $40/ night.
Everything has to do with your preference. Our recent survey revealed that customers prefer accommodation that has unique character and these type pf properties can be found on AirBnB where artistic individual have taken the time to express their uniqueness through their home decorations.
Travelling around in Ireland:
Ireland is such a beautiful country with a lot of places to visit from the wild Atlantic way to the Ancient East, you will never be bored. Due to the distances of these places from each other and the location of these tourist site getting a car hire is generally the preferred option. This gives you the flexibility to go around Ireland and to get you to see places like the Cliffs of Moher, Dingle Peninsula, Waterford scenic drives and much more.
You can travel around Ireland easily with a car by having a GPS this would you in navigating across the country very easily.
Other modes getting around include getting the train and public buses. You can definitely save money using alternative transportation modes; this will take a lot of your travel time especially if you go with a tour bus where it is scheduled for specific times.
Renting a Car in Ireland:
Renting a car is very simple the only thing that you need to concern yourself with is the rental cover. Companies like Irish Car Rentals and Car Hire offer very affordable car hire bookings on car and SUV at unbeatable prices.
Car Rental Ireland's rented cars can be picked up and dropped off at other locations through our one way car hire service, this would come in very handy as you could be coming in from one airport and flying out from another airport.
For example, collecting a car hire Dublin Airport and dropping off in Cork Airport rental depot.
Choosing the right car is important for your trip, you would need to ensure the number of passengers or luggage will fit. A range of vehicles are available to cater your requirements such as a economy car or a luxury car.
Car Rental Cover:
When collecting your hire vehicle, even when CDW insurance is in place, you will normally be required to leave a deposit before the vehicle is handed over. This is because you are usually liable to pay the first portion of any loss or damage, so should your hire vehicle become damaged or stolen during your rental, you will be liable to pay the first portion of the damage or loss that is incurred. This is referred to as an excess charge or fee.
How excess cover works:
For example, if you hire a car and the vehicle comes with standard car hire cover included (referred to as the collision damage waiver or loss damage waiver). As is the case with most personal motor cover policies, it's likely that you'll still be liable to pay an excess before the rental company cover the rest of the cost. This means that you could be liable to pay hundreds, sometimes thousands, if anything happens to the car, regardless of whether it was your fault or not, if this cover not be in place. By buying car hire excess cover you will be covered against excess charges.
- Top 10 Tourist Attractions in Dublin City
- Sights to see in Ireland
- Eating out in Ireland


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Q: Nested documents in Solr using spring data solr I am trying to use Solr (solr-6.5.1) for storing xml files and need to figure out how to insert it as nested documents using spring data solr (2.1.3). Till now I was not able to find a working example on how to do that.
I read Yonik's post on nested documents, but still couldn't figure out how to do that with spring data solr. I implemented some java objects which should represent the data and thus inserted as child documents, but Solr seems to interpret them as flattened Strings.
If someone has a working example on how to put nested documents with 2-3 child documents, I would be very glad if you could share this.


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Q: How to find maximum interval in a graph? I have some data that is recorded every second and measures some value, I can draw a graph of it and see how the distribution looks, but how do I find the the sub array with the maximum sum or the interval with the greatest values if all values are positive?
If the graph was measuring temperature for example how would I find out what interval of the day was the hottest from a time v.s. temp graph?(both of which are arrays in my program)

A: If the array contained negative numbers, you could just use Kadane's Algorithm. But since your array is all positive integers, you can make your own solution.
One way is to normalize the array and then threshold the values. Then iterate through the array, and when you see a value go above the threshold, save that index in the array as the beginning of the sub array. When the value goes back below the threshold, save that index as the end of the sub array.
With this solution, you can have multiple "hottest parts" of the day. This makes sense, because what if it climbs to the same temperature at two different parts of the day?
If you want only one sub array as a result, then after you compute the above result, you can pick the sub array with the greatest sum (summing all the values in the sub array).
To normalize the array, first calculate the mean of the array. Then subtract the mean from each value in the array. Now the array is centered around zero. Then find the maximum value in the array. Divide each value in the array by the maximum value. Now maximum value in the array is one. Normalizing allows you to threshold the data accurately regardless of the maximum value or average value of the array.
Here's the python code (x is the input array as a numpy array ):
def getMaxSubArrays(x):
    y=x-np.mean(x)
    z=y/y.max()
    maxSubArrays=[]
    subFound=False
    begin=0
    for i in range(len(z)):
        if z[i]>0.75 and subFound==False:
            subFound=True
            begin=i
        elif z[i]<=0.75 and subFound==True:
            subFound=False
            maxSubArrays.append((begin,i))
    for subarray in maxSubArrays:
        print "subarray found: index ",subarray[0]," to ",subarray[1], x[subarray[0]:subarray[1]]
    return maxSubArrays


One important tradition for Thanksgiving in my family is pecan pie. I know pumpkin and apple are the most popular, but my Grandma and Mom's favorite pie was always pecan. I have to agree. It is pretty decadent and delicious and I consider it special because I only got to enjoy it for Thanksgiving. No other time of the year. So now every year I make a pecan pie. Since I like to switch things up a bit though when it comes to recipes, it is not my Grandma's pecan pie, it is even better. And I know my Grandma would approve because when she was still alive, she always loved my desserts that I would share with her, especially ones involving pecans and caramel. I know Thanksgiving isn't here quite yet, but I decided to bake a pecan pie last weekend. I decided to enter the Tresomega "Organics For Life" Blogger Recipe Challenge contest, and I decided what better recipe than a fabulous pecan pie featuring their coconut oil!
After all, coconut oil is essential to my flaky tender pie crusts. When I first switched over to a vegan diet, I used buttery sticks for my pie crusts because I thought they would be closer to butter. But I actually discovered that coconut oil is perfect for pie crust and it doesn't have preservatives in it that you usually find in those sticks, also I am not keen on canola or palm oil which are often found in butter substitutes. I like to keep things as unprocessed as possible. Coconut oil gives your crust a lovely sweet flavor and tender texture.
For this pie, I made my classic pie crust and it was the perfect base for the gooey pecan pie filling. I decided to be decadent this time and make a double chocolate pecan pie. So I made a date caramel filling with a touch more of the coconut oil and some pecan butter for richness plus a little cacao powder to make it chocolaty. It was so good, almost like a fudge caramel! In addition to the pecans, since this is double chocolate pie I stirred in vegan chocolate chips. I could not wait to try this pie!
It smelled amazing as it baked. Like caramel and chocolate heaven! It was a bummer I had to let it cool overnight because I made it pretty late, but it was well worth the wait. This pie is pure decadent delicious goodness! Rich, gooey chocolate caramel filling, crunchy pecans and chocolate chips in a buttery crust! You won't even miss the sugar and corn syrup that you would find in regular pecan pie, this is plenty sweet. You would never guess that it is vegan, gluten free and refined sugar free! If you love pecan pie for the Holidays as much as I do, definitely give this version a try! I have a feeling your family will love it even if they aren't all vegan.
To make the crust, in a large bowl, mix together flour, sugar, and sea salt. Cut in coconut oil with a pastry blender or 2 knives until it is in pea sized pieces. Mix in just enough water to create a smooth dough that holds together but isn't too sticky. Add more water if needed, and knead slightly until a smooth dough is created. Roll out into a 9 inch circle using floured parchment underneath and floured rolling pin. Transfer dough to an 8 inch tart pan or pie pan (don't worry if it tears, just patch it up and nobody will know). Set aside in the refrigerator.
To make filling, combine all ingredients in a high speed blender or food processor except the pecans and chocolate. Process until smooth, then scrape into a bowl and stir in the pecans, and chocolate. Spread the filling over the crust, and top with more pecans and chocolate. Brush the top lightly with maple syrup. Place in the oven.
Bake for about 35-40 minutes until the crust is starting to brown lightly. Remove from oven and let cool before serving.


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text:
Higher Education System MCQs (UGC NET paper 1 FREE Updated Notes 2020)
11. Education and population are related as follows
(a) Expansion of education leads to developing trends of small size family among educated males and females
(b) Expansion of education can control growth-rate of population
(c) Expansion of education makes population more qualitative.
(d) All the above
12. Individual differences in democracy are encouraged because
(a) of the guarantee of all kinds of freedom as a right provided by the constitution
(b) in the long run individuals will act and think alike
(c) they make diverse beneficial contributions to a common cause
(d) political leaders want to achieve their selfish ends.
13. Which categories of the following women appear in greater proportion in profession of nursing?
(a) Christian
(b) Hindu
(c) Muslim
(d) No pattern is reported
14. From the point of view of population control through family planning there should be
(a) more literacy of males than females
(b) more literacy of women than men
(c) eradicntion of illiteracy of the old men
(d) emphasis on expansion of education
15. For raising the educational standards of the university
(a) students opting for higher education should be selected on the basis of intellectual tests
(b) occupational and industrial development is essential with higher education
(c) state policy should be effective
(d) "a" and "b"
16. Which one of the following is an important occupation of educated women?
(a) teaching
(b) medicine
(c) nursing
Ans d
17. For reducing expenditure on technical education
(a) technical educational institutions should start to take donations;
(b) it is necessary to reduce expenses o~ instruments and equipments of technical education ,
(c) it is necessary to provide apprenticeship training through companies
(d) it is necessary to reduce the number of technical educational institution.
18. The higher education is still dominated by
(a) Mother-tongue
(b) English
(c) Hindi
19. According to whom "Educational Psychology is the Science of Education" ?
(a) Skinner
(b) Crow and Crow
(c) Peel
(d) Pillsburg
20. The new education policy envisages major modifications in the system of education. It is implied that:
(a) Present education system is not consistent with national objectives and needs
(b) Present education system requires a great change
(c) Present education system is outdated
Ans . d
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The communication in the Middle Ages must be seen in the light of Denmark´s role a the dominant Baltic power.
Scania´s central position meant that Denmark´s church centre was placed in Lund and that Scania´s southern trade place, Skanør at Falsterbo, became an international, financial power centre. The ships shuttled between the regions.
A Common Cultural Area
You could say that Zealand had two cultural areas; a southwestern area, which consisted of cultivated plains and a northeastern with forests.
Scania similarly had three cultural areas; one southern with plains, which had been cultivated early, one northern with forest areas and forest settlements and small woods, which have been named "national settlements". In this area and in North Zealand new cultivation areas were created through the clearing of forest and in these areas the place name ending –röd/ryd is common. The cultivation pattern in northwestern Scania and in North Zealand was similar. It must be added that the contacts between Scania and Zealand was most intense between Helsingborg and Elsinore.
The place names can be traced to "the throat" (hals), by which they meant the narrowest part of the Sound. The people around the North Sound was called "halsinger" and both towns were called "halsingarnas borg" and "halsingarnas öre" (beach). The importance the area around "halsen" had for the contacts between Zealand and Scania was early attested by Adam of Bremen in his work "De hamburgska ärkebiskoparnas historia" (1070). He noted that you could "sail to Scania from many places in Zealand. The shortest distance is from Helsingborg, where the narrowest part of the Sound is called Halsen and where the population is called halsingar".
One may establish from this that North Zealand and north western Scania very early were quite homogeneous
Three Cultural Areas
New Settlements in Zealand
Settlements in Scania
Although the development of the cities in the Sound region was modest compared to the Hanseatic towns, the Danish kingdom had some advantages. Especially the herring fishing in the Sound.
Herrings
Skanör Church
The Castle Hill
The Herring
The demand for herring, which was salted with salt from Lünebürger Heide, was great as the Catholic Church demanded meat-free days in connection with Lent. Often even Friday was considered a meat-free day.
As early as the 12th century Falsterbonäs became a centre for the herring trade, which took place from August 24th to October 9th. In this period thousands of visitors gathered there and that meant a significant upturn for Skanør and Falsterbo. Form the beginning Skanør was the main area, but in the 14th century Falsterbo became more important.
Traders from England, Scotland, Flanders and Normandy came to the herring market, but the most dominating traders came from Germany, especially Lübeck. They traded other goods besides herring. There was wide array of different goods, among them horses, butter, iron, tar, corn and handicraft products.
The dominance of the Lübecks was evident because they had their own church in Falsterbo. The fishing and the Scanian market in Skanør and Falsterbo yielded a large income to the Danish kingdom. A good fishing year in the 14th century could mean an export of 300.000 barrels of herring and it is estimated that one third of the Danish king´s income came from the Scanian market. The large production and the great demand made Skanør and Falsterbo to the most important market of the region in the 14th century.
All the way back in prehistoric times there have been trade between the North and Southern Europe and in the late Iron Age and early Viking Age amber, fur and slaves have been sold and traded for luxury goods like glass.
In the 8th century the trade between the Mediterranean and Northern Europe was arranged via the Frankish realm, but when it succumbed in the beginning of the 9th century and the Arabs conquer large parts of the Mediterranean the North in the Viking Age came to play an important part in north-south as well as the east-west trade. In southern Scandinavia Hedeby in Southern Jutland became a prominent trade centre, whereas further to the east and north are Gotland and Birka in Sweden.
Trade Routes
Shiptypes
It was mainly the Vikings´ ship technology, which secured them a preferential position in the Baltic trade from around the year 800. Magnates and peasants fitted out ships for expeditions in long ships, which could carry around 9 tons.
The later developed, but also clinker-built ships of the knar type, which also were used for sailing in the North Atlantic, could carry around 20 tons.
In the beginning of the period it was probably difficult to discern between looting- trade- and colonization expeditions, but around the transition to the Middle Ages around the year 1050, trade plays a more important part. This is mainly due to the ship type the kogge, which could carry up to 30 tons and around the year 1200 up to 200 tons.
Kogge and knarr
Knarr
Kogge
The Malmøkogge
Hork
From around this time the trade also changes to more everyday articles like corn, fish and meat, which come from the surplus production provided by the new cultivation methods. These products could be sold in the town communities, which flourishes in the course of the 12th and 13th century in Northern Germany. These Hanseatic towns came to control large parts of the trade in the Baltic by way of an organizational and technological superiority.