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Mental Models w/ Gabriel Weinberg (part 1)
Today's guest, Gabriel Weinberg, the CEO of DuckDuckGo uses connections to help steer the company. What we're talking about today with Gabriel are mental models for building a team and business.
In part 1 of this interview, we dive into Gabriel's recent book, Super Thinking. This is a big book of mental models. Don't miss part two of this interview, airing on Friday, May 31st.
If you have questions about today's episode, want to start a conversation about today's topic or just want to let us know if you found this episode valuable I encourage you to join the conversation or start your own on our community platform Spectrum.chat/specfm/developer-tea
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One of the most amazing things about the human brain is its ability to make connections. The ability to make connections between things that may seem unconnected at first. This idea is exactly what we're talking about in today's episode. Today's guest Gabriel Weinberg is the CEO of DuckDuckGo. He uses this kind of connection making to help him steer his company. And these aren't just random connections. What we're talking about today are called mental models. This is something that we talked about in the recent past on this show and something that you've probably heard about on other podcasts and across the web because this is not a new concept. But it is becoming more and more relevant for software developers like you. My name is Jonathan Cutrell and you're listening to Developer Tea and I create this show to help driven developers find clarity, perspective, and purpose in their careers. Gabriel is on the show today to talk about his new book, Super Thinking. This is a big book of mental models somewhere around 300 of these models that Gabriel and his wife Lauren connect and explain. I highly encourage that you put this on your reading list. You can pre-order this or when it comes out on June 18th you can order it directly. Let's get straight into the interview with Gabriel Weinberg. Gabriel, welcome to the show. Hi, thanks for having me. Of course, people who are coming to this episode most likely know that you are the CEO and founder of DuckDuckGo. I love for you to take a moment and share what you hope people will remember you for. What do you want people to know you to be? What kind of legacy would you like to leave, I guess? Interesting question. I am only 39, which sounds old to some people and young to other people. I hope that I don't know the answer to that question yet. I have my own kind of North Star, which is a mental model actually, about a mission statement. The North Star in reality is Polaris and it's a star that always ports North. You can figure out what direction you are going to navigate to. As a metaphor, it's like a personal mission statement or a company mission statement that directs your activities. Mine is really to maximize making a unique positive impact on the world. There's a number of ways to date I've been trying to do that. One is through DuckDuckGo and helping people really get privacy on the internet. Our mission statement, the company, is raised a standard of trust online. I've also written two books now that are in completely different areas that I thought would also be unique impacts and it kind of maximizes because many people can read the books. I hope to continue that mission statement. I don't know. I'm definitely continuing with DuckDuckGo. I hope there are other things too that kind of follow that list of things before I exit the planet. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, to answer this question is really difficult, right? Because you're kind of predicting what you would want once you're gone and it's kind of hard to know what wanting looks like when you don't exist anymore. Exactly. But that can be helpful. I mean, I would hope that people would look back and say, you know, he made a positive impact on the world and then on a personal level, you know, that my family enjoyed the time with me. Yeah. I think so. You mentioned mental models and you mentioned that you've written two books and one of the big topics of today's conversation is going to be your book, Super Thinking, which you co-wrote with Lauren McCann. Lauren's own life, by the way. It's your wife, right? Yeah. It's kind of interesting. But my wife's middle name is McKay. So when I first saw the book, I had to do a double take to make sure that I wasn't seeing things there. But I've read through the majority of the book. Unfortunately, I've only had it for a short period before we had this conversation. This is maybe one of my, this is going to go up on my shelf as one of the like recurring books alongside Daniel Connamens thinking fast and slow and a few other books that I think are really just ground, very good grounding books. I'd love for you to talk for a moment. Just kind of give a general overview. I know that's such a broad question, but maybe a definition or how you explain to people what a mental model is in the first place. Sure. And so a mental model is really just a fancy word for concept. And there are billions, millions, over some big number of concepts in the world. And to developers, there are many mental models for developers, right? There's all sorts of design patterns. Every one of those design patterns, MVC or whatever you, is a mental model. It's a way to think abstractly about development. And then every discipline has some of those, so like I was a physics major in college. And there's a ton of all the physics concepts you learned in high school and then you know college. Now some of those concepts though are special. And they're special because they're useful beyond the discipline at hand. And so for example, in physics, there is a concept of critical mass, which is you know the mass you need to make a nuclear chain reaction. But that concept is very useful outside of physics because you can apply it, say like to a product, you know, if you're building a product and you think that product is a critical mass situation, that means that if you can get a certain number of users behind it or get a certain amount of data in it, you can unlock something different. And so if you know that applies, you can automatically think more strategically and kind of higher order thinking about the situation. Now for developers, there are a bunch of mental models in development that are very useful outside of development. So that might be a good one to explain. For example, like technical debt, developers are very familiar with technical debt. But that concept extends to like diversity debt inside a company or management debt or any other kind of debt where you need to pay that down later. And so the idea with super thinking is there's about 300 of these generally useful mental models for decision making. And if you can get a grasp about all of them and kind of have them in your head at any event time, when you're faced with a random problem, you can be an amazing problem solver and just better decision maker, both professionally and personally. This is such a critical, I guess, meta concept since it's the concept of concepts for developers and non-developers as well, to grasp. I'd love to know, I know there's people who are listening to this episode right now who are thinking, okay, well, mental model is this idea of taking a concept oriented approach. How can I even practice that? I'm told exactly what to do at my job. I'm giving very clear specifications. I'm not in a decision making position. So I can imagine they're reaching for the pause button or they're closing the podcast app right now because they don't think that this applies. But I think you absolutely know that it does. And I'd love for you to speak to that for a moment. For somebody who is an individual contributor, is there a model that you can kind of hook their interest with for a moment and say, okay, yes, actually, this isn't just for the managers. It's not just for the CEOs. It's also for pretty much anybody can get some useful information out of these models. Yeah, absolutely. I wrote down, so there's about 300 in the book and they're grouped into nine narrative chapters on different topics, themes. One is how to spend your time wisely, which is basically how to be productive as chapter three. And there's a bunch of mental models in there that are very useful for individual contributors and developers. I wrote down a few. They wrote down a whole list, but here's a few that we could kind of kick off with. So the first, there's really a group of three that are all about the same concept, multi-tasking, which people have heard of. I'm sure the top idea in your mind and deep work. And the basic idea here is developers are trying to solve pretty difficult problems that don't have obvious solutions. And to do that, you really have to have some creativity. But the creative process, unfortunately, is not very linear. And if you just sit down and try to crank at a hard problem, you may not solve it. Oftentimes, it may come when you're taking a walk or in the shower or you have that kind of creative breakthrough. Now, the top idea in your mind, that is a mental model to really describe a bit how your mind works and that there's generally kind of one idea kicking around the back of your mind that you're thinking creatively about. And this relates to multi-tasking because humans are unfortunately just, we can't multitask honestly. If you try to do two things at once, your context switching between them and that's also probably known to developers. If you go try to like read Reddit or something and come back, you just start all over again. So you generally don't want a multi-task and you generally also want to have this one idea be the idea that you're trying to solve so that when you're kicking around in the shower or walking around, that's the idea that you're solving. And then the third mental model that kind of works in there is this concept called deep work based on another book by Kellnutport of the same name. And what it's saying is to really attack those creative problems, you also, and work through the solutions you may come up with in the shower, you really need dedicated amounts of time. You can't be interrupted by either meetings or other things and you should block those out in your calendar to really have this notion of working deeply, deep work. And so if you bring those together, you want to think, what is the critical idea I'm trying to solve? You want to make sure that's kind of top of your in your mind. Then you want to block out whole areas that you can do deep work. And within those areas, you want to cut down a multi-task in and shut off all your notifications and things like that so you're not distracted. So that's one example. I'd love to give some more as well, but when we start there. Yeah, so I want to kind of zoom in on something that you mentioned here because I think a lot of developers intuitively know that interruption is really detrimental to our work. I know that I can barely think if somebody's talking 10 feet away from me, I can barely read a sentence. So I have a really hard time. And I think that's actually true for a lot of developers, not only reading, but also reasoning about something. But something that you mentioned there that I think is really critical is, it's not just external interruption that matters. If you are interrupting yourself, I think we have this kind of disillusion as Developer That the best developers are able to do 20 things in a given day. And they're able to hold all of this information in their head and be an expert at all of those things simultaneously. What you're calling out here, and I think it's really critical for developers and really everyone to grasp. And that is that your problem solving skills or whatever your creative output is, when it's divided, it doesn't get divided equally. There is a loss factor when you divide it. There's something missing because of those context switches. But I also like this idea that if you explicitly identify the top idea in your mind, then you have this new mechanism of being able to kind of explicitly say no to the other ideas. I think that's really critical. So I love the mental model of the top idea in your mind. Yeah, just to give one story, which we account in the book is, you know, it came from a now venture capitalist who wasn't a computer contributor at one time, Keith or boy, at PayPal in the early days with Peter Teele. And what they did is, you know, what he recognized, or Peter recognized, is that people want to feel productive at work. And that makes a lot of sense. And so if they have a really hard problem, call it the A plus problem, but then you also have a bunch of other things you could do, call them B plus problems, you're going to navigate toward those B plus problems all the time. Because they're easy to solve and you can check them off and feel good about yourself. But if you do that, you're skipping that A plus problem, which would be more impactful to your work in the company. And so you have a whole group of people just always solving B plus problems and those A plus problems never get solved. And the answer to that, you know, is to really make that A plus problem the top idea in your mind. And now you mentioned, you can do that as a individual contributor as a leader in the company. I also try to do that for everybody, so we actually have a thread that we have every week called a top priority thread where everyone is explicitly listing what their top priority for the week is. And that is how to operationalize that idea for our company where you're explicitly writing down that top idea in your mind and what you're trying to get solved this week. Yeah, I think I think there's a lot of implications in this book throughout for managers, certainly, and not to leave out the individual contributors, as we already mentioned. But certainly, you know, when you're thinking about, for example, analysis, right? This is such an important thing for managers to consider. Analysis and cognitive biases, there's a whole list of these, not only in the book, but also you have an excellent medium post that kind of summarizes some of them. But I'd love for you to talk about maybe one kind of really important factor for managers, a model that you think a lot of managers might miss. In particular, if you have one that's relevant to developer, kind of engineering managers, I'd love to hear your thoughts on what you think engineering managers, unfortunately, don't often use, but you think they should. Yeah, I'll give you two that are kind of related that we use a lot of talk to go. So this idea of top priorities that we're discussing really bridges, you know, individual contributors and management, and one of the key, really the key job of management is the first job, at least, is to make sure, you know, the right people are working on the right things and implicit in that is what are the right things. And so there's this model of a customer economics called opportunity cost, which is the cost of what you're working on is what you're not working on. And to rephrase that in other way is, you know, a lot of people, including developers, can come up with lots of important projects to do, right? In the company, we got to refactor this piece of code. We got to make this new feature. We got to fix this bug. And you can make a case for why they're all important to do. But that's not really the case you need to be making as a manager. And ultimately, as you turn into a manager in your individual contributor, you also want to be making this case of, I want to do this thing, not because it's important, but because it's more important than all these other things. And so when you're doing that, you're explicitly looking at what the opportunity cost is, because if I work on this, I can't work on these other things. And so constantly thinking about the people that you're working with and are they working on the highest leverage thing is a great mental model for thinking about priorities. Now, the other related one I wanted to talk about was called the forcing function. And what that is is scheduled processes to force everybody to think critically. And it doesn't just have to be about what's the thing to work on. And it could be, are we still doing the right thing? Is this code well structured, et cetera? And so let me give you some examples of forcing functions of.to go. We have a project lifecycle that's pretty structured. So every project has a kickoff call. And in that kickoff call, we call it pre-mortem, where we ask, how might this project fail? And then in the middle of the project, if it's a long, we'll do a mid-mortem where we're asking, is this project failing and why or why not? And then after every project, whether it was very successful or not, we have a post-mortem where we say, what went well here, what didn't go well, what could be better. And all those things are forcing functions because they're kind of pre-scheduled points of critical thinking to really think about what has gone well and how we can improve. And some other ones that are very deliver specific is, in that process, if it's an engineering project, a technical design template, which a lot of companies do, where we're explicitly writing down in this template what we're trying to get done. And then there's a discussion around that, which is also a forcing function to really think about the technical design. Today's episode is sponsored by Century. The models you use to debug your code are probably broken or at least limited. Often we use the same kind of effort-based models to fix problems that are in production. And you probably have some of these. There's probably broken code that you don't know about that is hurting your customer base, it's hurting your users, and ultimately your bottom line. And the problem is, the only way that you're going to find out about it is if your customers tell you about it. This is a really bad recipe. So that's why Century decided to approach it from a different angle. Century will tell you about errors that are happening in production as they happen. So you're going to get the stack trace, even the Git commit, that links you to the code that's causing the error. Go and check it out. Head over to century.io to get started for free today. That's century.io. Thank you again to Century for sponsoring today's episode. I love this idea of having a forcing, I'm coming up with a hundred different ways that I think forcing functions would be useful. One's a couple that you actually mentioned here, and this will probably bring us into another discussion about mental models. You mentioned this pre-mortem, and because you and I both know about the hindsight bias, that is something that can protect against that. But for people who don't understand why you might force thinking about failure ahead of time, how does that help when you are trying to analyze and prepare for failure in the future? Yeah, so it turns out like we have a lot of good ideas for different things in projects and in development, maybe ways to do this code or infrastructure to use. But if you don't write it down and think critically about it, you might miss something that if you thought about it a little harder, you may realize, wow, I could have done this in a completely different direction and saved a month of time or maybe we shouldn't do this project at all, or maybe we can do this a lot simpler if we ran a little experiment first. So what a pre-mortem does is ask a really simple question of how might this project fail? By asking a question like that, you are putting yourself in the mindset of failure to help you actually succeed. It's a little counterintuitive. When you ask a question, it forces you to really think about what could go wrong. Then you can really have the, you know, you're giving yourself the opportunity and the leeway to kind of think about that because people don't want to fail. So it gives you a safe space to do so. Then you can think about, okay, well, you know, maybe this thing I'm thinking about is too complex. We won't figure out this algorithm or this code is not going to work together with that code, you can start to get very specific about these things. Then once you list them out, then you can decide whether they're really risky or not. In my experience, always something gets turned up that it was not thought of before. Yeah, absolutely. You're hitting on so much about, you know, the human brain is such an interesting thing. We don't really totally understand it yet, but one of the things that we know about it is that there are some kind of quick action things that the brain does. One of those quick action things is it tries to solve for gaps, tries to fill in when there is a missing piece of information. Sometimes we'll just make it up. So when you ask questions, for example, what could go wrong, our brains immediately essentially involuntarily jump into action. So questions on their own are kind of forcing functions and they can be incredibly powerful. For example, another forcing function question might be, what is the real question that you are asking? This calls back to it's a conamin-diversky thing. They did some research and found that often we skirt around difficult questions by answering a substitute question. And so if you kind of force somebody to restate what they really mean, then the question that they're really asking can come forth, right? Or the answer that they're really giving, what is the real answer that you want to give me that can come forth if you ask that question a little bit differently? Yeah, that reminds me a couple of things that at MIT, there was this thing called the Help Instance, which was an amazing concept that I tried to replicate but never could. And what it was is it was effectively like a Slack channel would be the most common thing nowadays, but before, instant messaging even existed, it was on a protocol called Zephyr that was predated I am. It's like the first kind of I am. And basically all these people, like 300, 400 people would be subscribed to this and it would go to everybody and literally pop up on their screen and people would ask technical questions around programming. And invariably, I'd say 50% of the time, the first response was, what are you really trying to do? Someone wouldn't ask a question and they'd be like, what are you really trying to do? And we kind of operation as that, Dr. Goh, with each of these templates I'm talking about for like technical design and even our projects have a very specific template. And so like the project template has a background and objective and the objective is really listing out very specific success criteria for the project. And then the technical design, the first thing at the top is the problem statement like you're defining. And most of the conversation that happens in the kickoff call, the technical design call, is about clarifying that problem statement and the success criteria. And I feel that's where the most fruitful conversation comes and it often gets changed. You know, people are like, is that really the problem that you're solving that kind of thing? Right. Yeah. And the same thing can kind of come from it. Maybe it really is the problem that you're trying to solve, but it's an abstract representation of the problem that you're trying to solve. And this goes to another mental model, the five wise. Can you explain kind of what the five wise is and where it comes from? Yeah. Five wise is a great mental model to use in post mortems or other places, even when you're doing bug finding, especially. And what it really is trying to do is get to another mental model called the root cause versus approximate cause. So when something bad happens, let's say a bug, the approximate cause is the thing that immediately caused it, that you noticed caused it. So like maybe it's in the search engine, which we run, say you type in a query and it breaks the server, which was a real bug at some point in our history a long time ago. And so the approximate cause would be you type in this particular query and it causes the site to crash. The root cause is what is really that line of code at the root of this whole problem, right? And that might be, as people are familiar with the stack trace, that might be several lines up on the stack trace. And that's what the five wise does is help you get to that root cause by asking why. So you say, okay, that query is causing the site to break, but why? And you go, okay, well, it's because it ran this function and you say, well, why does that break it? Well, that function called this function. Okay, but why does that matter? Well, that function ran this other line and called this data that used a regular expression that had an infinite backtrace, which is a real example, by the way. And so then you get to the end of it. And if you do it correctly, it doesn't have to be five questions. It could be more or less, but you get to the real root cause of the problem. And then once you know what the root causes, then you can actually have a good fix. And that's what you want to do in post mortems. You want to figure out, okay, I found a root cause through this root cause analysis. And five wise would be one example of a root cause analysis. We can now know what the real problem is and we can decide we need to refactor that code or whatever the problem is. Yeah, there's an interesting ceiling that I found with this. And this is just kind of more entertaining than it is, particularly useful. But maybe it is actually useful because the ceiling that I found is related to kind of jumping from one domain to another. So eventually when you ask why enough, you're going to get into like a very personal reason. Like why was that code there in the first place? Well, it was written by this particular person. Why was it written by this particular person? Well, because they're employed here. Why are they employed here? Right? Yes. You're jumping into a different domain entirely. So it's important, you know, I guess at least partially important to know, okay, where is the actionable why in this particular chain of wise? Because it doesn't, it does seem a little bit exaggerated in that example, but in other examples, it may not be. I think that's a great point. I mean, that actually corresponds exactly what we wrote in the book as an example. So we use the example of the challenger explosion, which I'm old enough to actually remember. Unfortunately, it was a kind of sad day, which was a space shuttle that exploded. And the reason, Proxima Cosplay exploded was an O ring basically failed. And if you keep asking the five wise of that, you get to a point where what happened was is they launched the shuttle in very cold weather, weather that they had, it was colder than they've ever launched anything before and outside the acceptable range of the O ring. And that's why all this stuff failed. And then you ask why and it then jumped, like you said, really to a management problem, where the engineers actually flagged this problem, even made a presentation about it. And the managers overwrote it because they didn't feel the risk was a tie. They didn't kind of believe the risk assessment. And they were just wrong, which is another biased mental model. By the way, we talk about called optimistic probability bias, where you're exaggerating the probability of something. And it turns out it was a management problem. They didn't have enough checks and balances. And so the real solution there was really to add more checks and balances and to make sure things like engineering could have the veto on safety. And so sometimes that jump is important. I think it's good to ask all the way down though to figure out the railroad cause. Yeah, it actually speaks to another model that you have in the book, which is First Principles Thinking. Certainly not a unique discussion. This kind of in the zeitgeist of discussions on mental models. But I imagine that you can connect this five wise into First Principles Thinking. You kind of get down to a barrel, like a barrel level of, you know, what are we actually refactoring here? And we're really going to try to put a bandaid on this problem that we really actually have a management problem, but we're going to try to, you know, skirt around it with engineering. That's probably not a good solution, right? Yeah. Well, interestingly, you mentioned that because you're, I literally wrote down a list of top mental models, I think, in the book that we use for developers. And the ones that you two just listed, five wise, and I can first principles, I wrote down in order at the top of the list. I think we're on the same wavelength there. Yeah, I agree. And I think First Principle is actually even more broadly useful for developers and everybody because what it really is asking you to do is throw out your assumptions. And sometimes assumptions are great, but when you're first starting out on a project, it's really useful to throw them out at least for some time and think about, am I doing the right thing? And so an example would be, you know, you have design patterns and design patterns are generally useful and should be followed in kind of another mental model, but not except when they shouldn't. Or you're always using a certain infrastructure because that's what you have and have always used before. And so your assumption is you're going to, it's the best infrastructure for this or the best programming language for this or the best tool for this. And it may not be. And so it's useful to take a step back before you kind of start something and to list out, okay, why am I using that? And from First Principles, you would say, okay, here's the problem I'm really trying to solve. And I think this is the right tool because of X, Y, or Z where X, Y, or Z is not just because I've used it before or that's what I have available. It's because it's the best tool for the job. Now maybe that is the best tool for the job because it's the one that I know and the company is authorized. That might be the ultimate reason. But you're explicitly writing that down and questioning it. Right. Yeah, that's the last piece is so critical to remember that we aren't just throwing everything out every single time and choosing the most optimal solution based on only the requirements. We're also taking into account that we are participating, right? And so based on all of the variables, not just based on, you know, in a vacuum where I don't exist, where there is some sufficiently talented developer that knows this tool to a reasonable proficiency level, right? That's not a realistic thing. But that actually speaks to another mental model, which is a thought experiment. So you create these and I'm going to summarize thought experiments and then you tell me where I'm filling the gaps where I'm missing things. And a situation that's not necessarily realistic, but it allows you to control the variables. And for example, you can say, okay, in this vacuum where, let's say cost is not a factor. Well, you can actually simulate that. You can think about if cost was no factor and if we had this particular person who's proficient in this language, then we would choose framework X. Now we can now, you know, adjust those variables and see how that comes might change. Yeah, that's exactly right. I mean, so it came from, I mean, people didn't thought experiments probably forever. And but the real kind of popularity of it came from physics. And oftentimes in physics, like there wasn't experiments, you could even run. You couldn't write the code because it was about some theoretical concept that wasn't possible to experiment on yet. And so what people could do is do these thought experiments and try to think about it. So the famous one is Schrodinger's cat from quantum physics where I won't get into the quantum physics of it. But the basic idea is that you have this cat in a box and it could be killed by a pellet of radiation. And you don't know whether it's randomly kind of happens and you don't know whether it happens or not and before you open the box is the cat dead or alive. And it sounds like a open and shut case until you start thinking about it deeply and it literally went on for decades and people are agreeing about it. But that's what the power of thought experiment is. And we talked about earlier the primordium where you're asking why things can fail. That's an example of a thought experiment. But I really like your example of going to extremes because that's what really can test the boundaries. It's kind of like testing code, you know. But instead of writing the code and giving extreme values to test your functions, you're thinking about it ahead of time. And a lot of these things like the primordium and the force of function and they're all about effectively saving you a lot of time and energy because you're thinking about these things before you're doing anything, right? Not that you have to do it always before, but you're using your mind as a tool and without having to build everything. Yeah, yeah. And I like to think about all of these models and there's so many more and I'm sure you have a couple more that you'd like to go through. I like to think about all of them as kind of guardrails. They're not always necessarily diametrically opposed from each other. But one may guide you in a direction that another one may guide you away from. And so, you know, using multiple models to kind of, you know, wrap your mind around a given situation, a given decision, for example, it's important to not just rely on one. It's incredibly important to understand that, hey, you know what, there are multiple models for how numbers may progress, right? So for example, you have exponential, and developers actually have a lot of these, most likely, especially those who are more formally trained, we have mental models for algorithms, right? We have big O analysis is exactly that. We have these models of how complexity may cause a function that the amount of time that a function takes based on a set, how that grows, right? So you know that O log in is going to grow logarithmically versus something that is exponential. And we also have the concept of constants, right? So there's all of these things that naturally developers may not initially think that those are mental models, but they absolutely translate. So I think it's important that we, you know, recognize that there's not just one kind of model, but we use these as guardrails to balance, you know, one model balances another model out. Yeah, totally agree. I like to think of them as kind of shortcuts to higher level thinking. And you know, the shortcut, maybe the wrong shortcut. And so you want to think about multiple things for multiple angles and see which is the right for this situation. But in general, you want to be using them because they're just, they'll be making so much more productive. Thank you so much to Gabriel for joining me for today's episode. Of course, this is only part one of two parts. So if you enjoyed this episode and you want to hear more, make sure you subscribe in whatever podcasting app you're currently using to listen to this. Thank you again to Century for sponsoring today's episode. If you are relying on your users to report errors to you in production, that's the wrong way to do it. Go and check out Century for a better way, centreet.io. Remember part two of this episode comes out on Friday. Thank you so much for listening and until next time, enjoy your tea.


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Currently there are 220 Active listings or Available Cibolo Texas Homes for Sale. The average list price is $194,767.00. There are 18 pending sales and 7 homes that expired on the market in November. The current Cumulative Days on Market for Active Cibolo Texas homes for sale is 148 days.
Cibolo Texas had a total of 20 Sold Homes in November, with an average square footage of 1985. The average list price of the Cibolo Texas homes for sale for the month of November was $167,155.00 with the actual average sold price being $163,816.00. This gives a percentage of List Price to Sold Price of a whopping 98.0% which tells you that pricing for homes listed for sale and that sold in Cibolo Texas for the month of November were fairly consistent with the average days on market being only 96 days! When we give you the list price versus sold price percentage and that number is over 95%, that gives you a pretty clear indication that homes for Cibolo are priced right for the market. Although it's a buyer's market, homes are consistently priced right for this Greater San Antonio Texas area. Make sure that when you are looking to buy a Cibolo Texas home for sale, that your Realtor® provides you with the area comparative market analysis so that you can prepare an offer successfully!
Trending the Cibolo Texas Real Estate market from November of 2010 to November of 2011 showed that in November of 2010 the Average List Price of Cibolo Texas homes for sale one year ago was $169,438.00 with the Average Sold Price being $165,671.00 with days on market being 127. Pulling the numbers for the trending report vary slightly from the full market report above but not by much. Sold homes in Cibolo Texas for November 2011 shows 22 at a sold price of $175,471.00. When you compare the Sold Price of November 2010 as compared to the Sold Price in 2011 it shows an upward trending of $9800.00 and as anyone knows, an increase in sales price and number of homes sold is good news for the Cibolo Texas Real Estate Market. That tells you that even with the news of the economy, the Cibolo Texas Real Estate Market is still holding relatively stable! I will continue monitoring the Cibolo Texas Real Estate market from month to month. With this data we can keep our fingers on the pulse of the Cibolo Texas Real Estate market!
This months spotlighted Cibolo Texas neighborhood spotlight is Bentwood Ranch. Bentwood Ranch is a relatively new subdivision being only about 6 years old in Cibolo Texas. One could consider the neighborhood semi established neighborhood however, there are still new homes being built in the neighborhood, (a kind of mix of new homes for sale and newer homes for sale). If you are looking to buy a home in Bentwood Ranch, you have the choice of having pre-owned construction or New Home Construction from two major San Antonio New Home Builders DR Horton and Ryland. The neighborhood has amenities such as a pool, park and playground area and a sports court. Currently there are 18 homes available for sale in Bentwood Ranch. One and two story homes are available and vary in size from a little over 1500 square feet to a bit over 4000 square feet. Prices for available homes for sale in the Bentwood Ranch neighborhood range from the mid $150s to the mid $330s. Bentwood Ranch is located in the acclaimed Schertz-Cibolo-Universal City Independent School District and is close to Military Bases such as Randolph Air Force Base and FT Sam Houston (Joint Base San Antonio), TX and very convenient to shopping. You can get to Bentwood Ranch by traveling on I-35 and exiting off on FM 3009 or Roy Richard Drive, take your first right, take a left on Deer Creek Blvd to Cibolo Vally Rd and take a Right and travel to Bentwood Ranch Drive. Taking a right or left will take you to different sections of Bentwood Ranch as it is a large subdivision with different sections. If you are interested in buying or selling a home in the Bentwood Ranch Neighborhood or any area in Cibolo Texas, feel free to give me, Brenda Mullen your San Antonio Texas area Realtor® a call so I can show you what I can do for you!


Hi, at present I am key wording my new galleries for the new website I am constructing and need some assistance with the following images where I don't know or I am unsure of the identities of the subjects. I requires specific names and if it not to much to ask scientific ones also please. thanks in advance.
Hi Everyone, I haven't disappeared just doing a lot of work building a new website etc. It seems to be taking a long time but should be worth it in the end. Hopefully the camera will emerge again soon.
First link is the gallery page: links to galleries are working but the categories are activated yet!
http://bobsharplesphotography.co.uk/Photocart7/photocart/index.php you can play around in the galleries to see what will be on offer, you can even buy stuff via paypal, well it lets you but it is not activated so you won't be charged.
Hi Again, I know there have not been many posts lately on the wildlife front from me and my blog comments on others blogs have been reduced somewhat. This is because I have been rather busy with local events and it has taken a lot longer to sort photographs and articles etc. Hopefully soon after the Praa Sands Raft race which I am photographing this weekend the wildlife photography will start to re emerge on a more regular basis.
But before that here is a lightbox I put together when some requested some images taken wth the Nikon D800, please take a look and let me know your thoughts.
I am thinking of updating/replacing my website in it's entirety. By doing this and integrating components from Zenfolio and Photobox. This will provide more products for sale and a very competitive prices. Now I have a couple of options keep my old homepage and use Zenfolio shopping cart combined with photobox product list or go for the new website from Zenfolio Link Herehttp://bobsharplesphotography.zenfolio.com/ Do not buy anything this site is not live yet. But please look at the buying structure/products on offer, and please give feedback and suggestions. Remember don't go all the way on the check out process.
Well finally cleared the backlog from a few other photo projects and got back out in the field yesterday. A visit to Windmill Farm on the Lizard was planned to carry out some Macro and Fisheye work. Ok it turned out a bit windy for the macro and I could of done with a machete to get around the place,lol but the fisheye was ok. Well I will get straight onto the images as I have a lot of blog catching up to do!


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text:
Top ten matches of the 2015-16 Premier League season
By Kyle LynchMay 19, 2016, 7:30 PM EDT
All week at ProSoccerTalk we are reviewing the dramatic 2015-16 Premier League season. From dishing out awards to looking back at the highs and lows as 20 teams battled it out, we'll have every angle covered.
[ MORE: All 2015-16 PL season reviews ]
For the full archive of our review content, just hit the link above. Now, it's time to take a look back at the ten best matches from the 2015-16 Premier League season.
September 13, 2015: Leicester City 3-2 Aston Villa
Unbeaten through four matches, it looked like Leicester would suffer their first loss of the season as they trailed Aston Villa by two goals with less than 20 minutes to play. But then, a miraculous comeback capped off by Nathan Dyer's 89th minute winner handed the Foxes another three points, showing a spirit and fight that was omnipresent during Leicester's title run.
November 28, 2015: Bournemouth 3-3 Everton
When the clock showed 80 minutes, Everton led this match 2-0. However, the Cherries fought back to tie the score at two after quick goals from Adam Smith and Junior Stanislas, only to have Ross Barkley silence the Vitality Stadium with what looked to be the game-winner in the 95th minute. However, Everton's long celebration led to added stoppage time, with Stanislas grabbing a last-gasp equalizer with the final kick of the ball as the clock hit 98′.
(Steve Bardens/Getty Images)
December 28, 2015: Everton 3-4 Stoke City
0-1, 1-1, 1-2, 2-2, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4. Look away Everton fans, it's another blown lead for the Toffees. After twice drawing level from a goal down, Everton took their first lead of the match in the 71st minute when Gerard Deulofeu put the home-side ahead 3-2. Finally in the driver's seat, Everton collapsed in the closing minutes, allowing Joselu to equalize before Marko Arnautovic buried Stoke's winner from the penalty spot in stoppage time.
January 13, 2016: Liverpool 3-3 Arsenal
Liverpool and Arsenal combined for six goals in a snowy thriller at Anfield that ended with a 90th minute equalizer from Reds' substitute Joe Allen. After 25 minutes the scoreline read 2-2 as a Roberto Firmino brace canceled out goals from Aaron Ramsey and Olivier Giroud. Giroud would get his own brace in the second half to put the Gunners in front until Allen's late tally split the points.
January 16, 2016: Chelsea 3-3 Everton
Everton supporters must really be hating this list. Once again the Toffees led this match 2-0, but quickfire goals from Diego Costa and Cesc Fabregas knotted the score at two. Everton thought they won the match when Ramiro Funes Mori scored the Toffees' third in the 90th minute, only to see John Terry equalize in the 98th to steal a point for Chelsea in his 700th Premier League appearance for the Blues.
[ MORE: Premier League Playback – What did we learn from the 2015-16 season? ]
January 23, 2016: Norwich City 4-5 Liverpool
Nine goals scored from ten shots on target could give Liverpool's epic win over Norwich the crown for match of the season. The Canaries led 3-1 in the 54th minute, then found themselves down 4-3 just 20 minutes later. Sebastien Bassong thought he won back a point for Norwich with their fourth goal in the 92nd, but Adam Lallana found Liverpool a winner in the 95th, highlighted by a classic Jurgen Klopp moment in which the Reds' boss broke his glasses while celebrating with a shirtless Lallana.
February 6, 2016: Manchester City 1-3 Leicester City
An emphatic win at the Etihad put Leicester six points clear at the top of the table and had people thinking, "Maybe they can pull this off." Robert Huth put the Foxes ahead inside the opening three minutes, with Riyad Mahrez doubling their lead with a brilliant individual effort just after the break. Huth would score again to put Leicester up 3-0 as a team of misfits tore apart the one of the most expensive starting lineups in football history.
(Alex Livesey/Getty Images)
April 9, 2016: West Ham United 3-3 Arsenal
With Arsenal still in pursuit of the Premier League title, a 2-0 lead on the road seemed like the perfect position to be in. Enter: Andy Carroll. The big West Ham striker grabbed a hat-trick in just eight minutes as Upton Park erupted, only to see Laurent Koscielny pull the Gunners back as the match finished a 3-3 draw. The result effectively ended Arsenal's title hopes but was a thrilling 90 minutes in the final London derby at Upton Park.
May 2, 2016: Chelsea 2-2 Tottenham Hotspur
Tottenham needed a win to keep their title hopes alive, and sitting 2-0 up at halftime, Spurs were in control. However, second half goals from Gary Cahill and Eden Hazard leveled things up to hand Leicester City the title. The final minutes of this match were overshadowed by a bench-clearing altercation that saw Chelsea boss Guus Hiddink take a tumble.
May 10, 2016: West Ham United 3-2 Manchester United
The final match at Upton Park was one of the more memorable ones, as West Ham went 1-0 up and 2-1 down before coming from behind to win by a final score of 3-2. Winston Reid scored the game-winner in the 80th minute, the final goal ever scored at West Ham's fabled ground.
Follow @KyleLynchFC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}
More than half of the world population live in cities and it is estimated that over a billion live in slums \cite{habitatTrackingProgressInclusive2018a}. Though many definitions of slums exist \cite{lilfordBecauseSpaceMatters2019}, in this paper the term "slum" refers to material conditions of poverty, such as lack of access to public services, water and sanitation for example, and lack of house durability. This is a problem in many parts of the world, but it is more prominent in low-income countries, where in 2014 on average 65\% of the urban population lived in slums, as opposed to 44\% in lower-middle-income and 24\% in upper-middle-income countries \cite{worldbankPopulationLivingSlums}. Slums are often located in areas that are ecologically sensitive, critical for biodiversity, close to water bodies or important for flood protection and, as a consequence, a city's risks and vulnerability are highly concentrated in these settlements \cite{satterthwaiteBuildingResilienceClimate2020a}. In the aftermath of a disaster, uncertainty over population figures and demographic information constitutes one of the main barriers to accurate needs assessment \cite{nojiEstimatingPopulationSize2005} and the absence of such data makes it impossible to adequately measure the impact of the disaster. Hence, to build resilient communities, it is essential that slums and their population are mapped and that their living conditions are improved \cite{satterthwaiteBuildingResilienceClimate2020a}. In this context, the United Nations ratified goal 11.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals, which states that adequate, safe and affordable housing should be accessible for all and that slums should be upgraded by 2030 \cite{habitatTrackingProgressInclusive2018a}. Countries, therefore, are expected to be able to report the progress towards this goal, which includes providing reliable disaggregated data about the percentage of the population living in slums at national and sub-national levels \cite{habitatTrackingProgressInclusive2018a}. However, most of the information about the population living in these areas comes from census data, which is only made available at aggregated levels \cite{klemmerPopulationMappingInformal2020}, and updated at lengthy intervals, making the information obsolete and unsuitable to capture the dynamism of slums \cite{mahabirCriticalReviewHigh2018a}. Moreover, some governments are reluctant to recognize slums, which are often excluded from official statistics \cite{habitatTrackingProgressInclusive2018a}. As a result, other approaches to provide the percentage of the population living in slums have been developed, such as using high-resolution satellite imagery and ground-truth field surveys to train convolutional neural networks to classify slum imagery patches according to their residential occupancy levels \cite{klemmerPopulationMappingInformal2020}. Yet, the cost for acquiring and processing high-resolution imagery as well as conducting field surveys hinders the application of these methods at scale by governments in low-income countries or not-for-profit organizations. An alternative would be to map areas using freely available satellite imagery and employ other free sources of population data to quantify the number of slum dwellers. In this work, we investigate this latter cost-effective approach by assessing the suitability of gridded population datasets to estimate the population living in areas that have been mapped as slums in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. More specifically, we compare the population estimates provided by WorldPOP and LandScan's gridded population data with population data obtained through field surveys. In the next section, the methodology is described. Section 3 discusses the results and Section 4 presents conclusions and future work.\par
\section{Methodology}
Gridded population data are freely available and are usually produced by private companies or research institutions using machine learning, statistics and census data. In this study, we evaluate two of these population layers, WorldPOP and LandScan, as they are the only ones available for 2010, the year that our ground-truth data was collected. The WorldPOP data were developed with the support of many organizations \cite{sorichettaHighresolutionGriddedPopulation2015}, while the LandScan data were created by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. The gridded population data consist of a raster file with values that represent the number of people living in a small square area, also called a grid, with a resolution that can go from a 3 arc-second (100 m), in the case of WorldPOP, to 30 arc-second (1 km) for LandScan (see Figure \ref{Grids} for an example of the data for our area of interest). \par

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.55\columnwidth]{figure1}
\caption{LandScan Gridded Population Data (2010) for the metropolitan region of São Paulo and georeferenced polygons of deprived areas (ground-truth data).}
\label{Grids}
\end{figure}

Gridded population data are generated by complex models that use a top-down approach to disaggregate census data. LandScan uses official census data and projections calculated by the US Census Bureau International Programs and WorldPOP utilises the Gridded Population of the World 4.10 \cite{sedacGriddedPopulationWorld}. Additionally, WorldPOP offers two options of gridded population layers, one that is adjusted using United Nations statistics and one that is not adjusted. In this work, we chose the latter version as our ground-truth is from the same year that the census was conducted. As mentioned previously, census data and projection statistics are only an input to these models that also employ many other parameters such as information on roads, land cover, built structures, cities or urban areas, infrastructure, environmental data, protected areas, water bodies and, in the case of WorldPOP, night-time lights \cite{trendsLeavingNoOne2020} to disaggregate census population counts into grids. WorldPOP uses random forests to select the geospatial features that will be used in the model and also makes its code open source \cite{sorichettaHighresolutionGriddedPopulation2015}. On the other hand, LandScan's model is not completely open \cite{trendsLeavingNoOne2020} and is adapted to each region to account for specific geographical nature and data conditions \cite{landscanFrequentlyAskedQuestions}. \par
The ground-truth data used to assess the accuracy of the two gridded population data can be seen in Figure \ref{Grids} and is composed of 1,703 polygons that were mapped as deprived areas in the 2010 Brazilian census through field-surveys \cite{ibgeAglomeradosSubnormais2010}. Each polygon has information about the name of the settlement, geographical coordinates of the area and the number of inhabitants. The polygons are contained in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, which in 2010 was home to 18.9\% of the country's population living in slum-like conditions. The criteria used for mapping these communities was that the majority of households in the surveyed area lacked access to at least one basic public service, tenure of the land, either at the moment of the survey or during the last 10 years, and that the area did not meet construction standards. As mentioned in the introduction, many definitions of slums exist and, as a consequence, any criteria can introduce biases by including or excluding households depending on their housing conditions. For instance, the criteria used in our ground-truth data does not include areas in which only a few households lack access to public services.
Figure \ref{Diagram} summarizes the methodology used in our experiments and our code is available online\footref{footnote}. Firstly, the ground-truth data was pre-processed to extract  population information, filter our region of interest and convert the coordinates to the same coordinate system of the gridded population data. Secondly, population layers were clipped in mini-rasters matching the location of the polygons in the ground-truth data. Lastly, a comparison of the results against the ground-truth data was obtained.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\columnwidth]{Diagram}
\caption{Methodology used to extract the population of each slum area in the metropolitan region of São Paulo.}
\label{Diagram}
\end{figure}

\section{Results and Discussion}
The comparison of the estimates obtained with WorldPOP \cite{sorichettaHighresolutionGriddedPopulation2015} and LandScan data \cite{brightLandScan20102011} and the ground-truth data shows that satisfactory results could not be obtained using LandScan's population layer, but that WorldPOP produced an estimate of the population living in slums that was only 5.9\% less than the official data (it estimated 2,035,866 people living in the deprived areas whereas the ground-truth data indicate 2,162,368). When it comes to the performance at polygon level, the WorldPOP estimated the population of 67\% of the polygons within a relative error between 0\% and $\pm$20\%, and 24\% of the polygons within an error ranging from $\pm$20 to $\pm$100\% (see Table \ref{Grids}). The relative error was calculated for each polygon by dividing the difference between the estimated population and the ground-truth population by the ground-truth population. LandScan's poor performance can be attributed to its coarse resolution in comparison to the area of the polygons, which leads to a situation in which any strategy to count the values of the pixels can produce errors. That is, if pixels that only partially overlap the polygons are included, they produce an overestimation of the population whereas if they are not included, many polygons' population estimates result in null values. \par
Even though the literature of the use of gridded population data to estimate slum dwellers is, to the best of our knowledge, non-existent, WorldPOP results are in line with the work of \citet{sliuzasAssessingQualityGlobal2017}. \citet{sliuzasAssessingQualityGlobal2017} found that Global Human Settlement Layer products tended to underestimate the built-up area in deprived areas such as slums in Kampala, Uganda, when compared to the built-up area obtained using high-resolution satellite images. Since WorldPOP also employs built-up structures in their modelling, it is possible that the reason behind the underestimation is associated with missing built structures in slum areas. Indeed, WorldPOP has already been found to overlook built structures in rural areas \cite{trendsLeavingNoOne2020}. Other gridded population data, such as the High Resolution Settlement Layer \cite{facebookHighResolutionSettlement2016}, uses satellite imagery with higher resolution than WorldPOP in their model, which could potentially lead to better results. However, such datasets are not available for the year 2010, when the ground-truth data was collected, and for this reason were not included in this analysis. Regarding the differences in relative error of certain polygons, for instance 22 polygons had errors superior to 100\%, further examination using high-resolution satellite imagery can provide insight into the reasons behind it. On the positive side, the methodology proposed in this paper can easily be replicated for other regions. Still, both WorldPOP and LandScan make use of a top-down approach that does not interact with the local communities, something that has been argued by researchers to be desirable \cite{klemmerPopulationMappingInformal2020}.
\begin{table}[]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
& \multicolumn{2}{c}{WorldPOP} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{LandScan} \\ \hline
Relative Error & \# of polygons & \% of polygons & \# of polygons & \% of polygons \\ \hline
0\% to $\pm$20\% & 1135 & 67\% & 7 & 0\% \\
+20 to +100\% & 138 & 8\% & 12 & 1\% \\
-20 to -100\% & 268 & 16\% & 27 & 2\% \\
\textgreater{}100\% & 22 & 1\% & 50 & 3\% \\
Non-Applicable & 140 & 8\% & 1607 & 94\%
\end{tabular
\caption{Relative error of the population estimates using WorldPOP and LandScan gridded population data.}
\label{Grids}
\end{table}
\section{Conclusions and Future Work}
In this paper, we assess the quality of two gridded population data (WorldPOP and LandScan) for estimating the population living in slums. Whilst LandScan did not produce satisfactory results, WorldPOP provided an estimate that was just 5.9\% less than the ground-truth data, which suggests that gridded population data with a resolution of at least 100m can be a useful tool for estimating the population living in slums. \par
In the future, we would like to extend this work to countries where the ground-truth was collected in the year 2015, since more gridded population dataset have estimates for that year. Also, we would like to contemplate regions whose census is shared at a lower granularity than Brazil, as these countries may have less accurate gridded population estimates. Ideally, we would like to compare the results of top-down approaches, such as the population layers described in this paper, with bottom-up ones, such as the Geo-Referenced Infrastructure and Demographic Data for Development (GRID3), currently only available for four countries, and the World Settlement Footprint 2015, which is at the moment under restricted access. Finally, to achieve goal 11.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals, the analysis pipeline developed in this study needs to be extended to include a cost-effective method to detect slum areas and the conditions in these settlements improved.
\section*{Broader Impact}
This research raises many ethical issues that should be considered. Firstly, it is important to be aware of the many definitions of the word "slum" \cite{lilfordBecauseSpaceMatters2019} and that, despite it being used in the Sustainable Development Goals and United Nations Habitat reports \cite{habitatTrackingProgressInclusive2018a}, it can be considered a derogatory term \cite{doveyViewpointInformalSettlement2020}. Secondly, machine learning applications, like gridded population data and scripts to extract information from these applications (such as the methodology proposed in this paper) can be useful to inform public policy and monitor progress towards goals, but they do not substitute field-surveys and interaction with the affected communities. In fact, our research will be of best use if adopted in conjunction with official census data collection to address quality issues that might arise in the data collection process \cite{mahabirCriticalReviewHigh2018a} or the reluctance of some governments to include slums in official statistics \cite{habitatTrackingProgressInclusive2018a}. Finally, for the research that quantifies the population living in deprived areas to promote positive social impact, its output needs to be used with the interest of the poor in mind.\par
\section*{Acknowledgments}
Science Foundation Ireland supported this research through the SFI Centre for Research Training in Machine Learning (18/CRT/6183).

\small

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The guest artists for September will be two family duos. Michael Phillips with his son Aaron, and Stephan Stafford with his daughter Olivia. The Meet the Artist reception will be Sunday, Sept. 25, 2-4 P.M.!
Plan to see us at Marion's annual "Art in the Park", Saturday September 17th. We will be featuring a booth and have One Year Anniversary giveaways!


text:
�Four-laning of Biswanath - Gohpur in 3 years�
BISWANATH CHARIALI, June 21 - Four-laning and widening work of National Highway-15 from Biswanath Chariali bypass to Gohpur will be completed in three years.
Work on the 57.50-km long portion of the highway began in January this year, claimed M/s TK Engineering and Consortium Pvt Ltd at a press meet here on Sunday.
It was mentioned that the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways had decided to widen the highway upto Itanagar in Arunachal Pradesh, which is also known as the �backbone� of northern Assam. It also connects the strategically important Indo-China border with the rest of the country.
Four-laning of Holongi near Gohpur to Itanagar (around 19.20 km long), a part of the highway, has already been completed. The existing stretch (Ch-208.00 km on NH-52 to Ch-265.50 km on NH-52) from the Biswanath Chariali bypass upto Gohpur is a component of the SARDP-NE Project connecting Itanagar.
Further, this road connects the districts of Sonitpur, Lakhimpur and Dhemaji of Assam and several districts of Arunachal Pradesh with the rest of the country.
The project being located at 26.73307� N, 93.14738� E, and with its unique physiographic elements, the area experiences sub-tropical monsoon climate with mild winter, warm and humid summer. The average annual rainfall varies from 1,700 mm to 2,700 mm. The main rainy months are June, July, August and September. The annual temperature of the area ranges from 8�C to 37� C. June, July and August are the hottest, while December and January are the coldest months.
The project is to widen the existing two-lane road of 57.50 km stretch from Biswanath Chariali to Gohpur to four-lane standard with the scope of four new major bridges, four new Railway overbridges, 26 minor bridges and 78 new culverts along with one toll plaza, 7 kms of service road, 11.5 kms of roadside drain, 1.5 kms of protection work, 108 minor junctions, road marking and painting, informatory, cautionary, hazard marking signboards and gantry erection for this 57.50 km long stretch.
Meanwhile, people of this vast area have urged the concerned authorities to maintain strict vigil on the quality of work.


text:
Mission complete: Middlebury native Sam Grewe tops off high jump résumé with Paralympic gold. Is Paris next?
By Chris Kudialis
The one prize missing from Sam Grewe's trophy case in Middlebury was up for grabs Tuesday in Tokyo. After his event, it hung from his neck as the Star Spangled Banner played in the background.
The 23-year-old former Notre Dame athlete won gold in the men's T63 Paralympic high jump, out-leaping longtime rivals Mariyappan Thangavelu and Sharad Kumar to earn his first-ever championship on the world's biggest stage. Grewe cleared the bar at 1.88 meters in the pouring rain at Japan's National Stadium, while 2016 Paralympic champion Thangavelu earned silver at 1.85 m and Kumar took bronze at 1.83 m.
"I had to make a lot of adjustments tonight and I'm really quite proud of how I handled it mentally," Grewe said. "There's some crazy emotion, just thinking about it all and realizing I'm a gold medalist. It's really so incredibly cool to be in this position."
Grewe, who graduated from Notre Dame in the spring, has already won a pair of world championships, a Pan American gold and a Paralympic silver medal in the event. The only thing missing from his stacked résumé was Paralympic gold.
► More:Middlebury native Sam Grewe aims to complete Paralympic high jump résumé with gold medal in Tokyo
► More:Area athletes competing in Tokyo Olympics
He entered Tuesday's event a favorite to win the nine-man final in the T63 classification, which consists of single-leg above-the-knee amputees. But it took a pair of clutch jumps under pressure for him to make his dream come true.
After cruising through the lower-level jumps with no problem, Grewe was one of five jumpers left at 1.83 m. Fellow American Ezra Frech and Poland's Lukasz Mamczarz failed to clear that height in their three jumps, while Grewe, Thangavelu and Kumar all cleared on their first attempts.
Kumar hadn't failed any jumps through the 1.83 m mark, but came up short on each of his three jumps at 1.86 m. Both Grewe and Thangavelu knocked off the bar during their first two jumps at that height.
Splashing through standing water on his way to the bar, Thangavelu cleared the 1.86 m bar on his third attempt, putting pressure on the Middlebury native and threatening a second straight Paralympic silver medal.
With the competition on the line and rainwater soaking through his red Team USA uniform, Grewe delivered a flawless leap that cleared the bar by several centimeters.
"I was completely drenched. It was a torrential downpour and unlike any meet I've had in my life," he said. "But I think my training in the elements up in Indiana and Michigan made a big difference tonight."
Thangavelu couldn't surpass the 1.88 m bar in his three tries, and Grewe also knocked it over on his first couple jumps. But with gold for the taking, Grewe stepped up yet again with a clean leap on his third jump that sent him soaring into Paralympic history.
His emotions poured out when he landed on the mat and turned around to see the bar still hanging. The former Notre Dame athlete flexed his muscles, pointed at the camera on hand and let the world know "that's what we do."
Grewe's jump of 1.88 m in the pouring rain at Japan's National Stadium fell short of his personal best and world-record height of 1.90 m. But after securing the gold medal, Grewe tried and fell short at 1.91 m.
Grewe told the Tribune shortly before leaving for Tokyo that he wasn't sure if he'd aim for the 2024 Paralympics in France. He's in his first year of medical school at the University of Michigan, and acknowledged the rigors of his future schedule would make finding time to train significantly more difficult.
But after Tuesday's gold medal performance, NBC cameras caught the Middlebury native striking a different note as he embraced fellow high jumper Flavio Reitz of Brazil.
"We'll see you in Paris," Grewe said.
He confirmed on a phone call Tuesday that France is in his sights. First, he's going to unwind and get ready for his first round of major med school exams.
"Just being a Paralympic athlete is such a special identity for me, and being a part of this community is so powerful that I can't step away from it," Grewe said. "With Paris being just three years away, I have to push for it."


Click here to make fun of check out my old blog from when I studied abroad in Leipzig in 2013.
My study abroad trip to Leipzig, Germany in 2013 wouldn't have been possible without an international partnership that was 20 years in the making.
Quick question: where is your smartphone right now?


text:
Title: Sacred Heart University
Subject: Fairfield, Connecticut, List of radio stations in Connecticut, WSHU (AM), Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport, 2006 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament
Collection: 1963 Establishments in Connecticut, Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities, Buildings and Structures in Fairfield, Connecticut, Council of Independent Colleges, Educational Institutions Established in 1963, New England Association of Schools and Colleges, Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport, Roman Catholic Universities and Colleges in Connecticut, Roman Catholic Universities and Colleges in the United States, Sacred Heart University, Universities and Colleges in Connecticut, Universities and Colleges in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Where Personal Attention Leads to Personal Achievement
$137,027,000 (2014)[1]
John J. Petillo
Fairfield, Connecticut, U.S.
Suburban 100+ acres
NCAA Division I – NEC, CAA, ECAC, AHA, EIVA
31 varsity teams
Pioneers, SHU
"Big Red" the Pioneer
NAICU
NEASC
.edu.sacredheartwww
Sacred Heart University is a Roman Catholic university located in suburban Fairfield, Connecticut, United States. Sacred Heart was founded in 1963 by the Most Reverend Walter W. Curtis, Bishop of the Diocese of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Sacred Heart University was the first Catholic university in the United States to be staffed by the laity.[2] Dr. John J. Petillo is the current President of the University.[3]
SHU is the second largest Catholic university in New England, behind Boston College,[4] and offers more than 40 degree programs to over 7,500 students at the bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels.
Sacred Heart is included in The Princeton Review's Best 371 Colleges 2010,[5] the Best 301 Business Schools 2010,[6] as well as U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges.[5]
Additional campuses 2.1
Student life 3
Theatre Arts Program 3.1
Student government 3.2
The Spectrum 3.3
Community service 3.4
Study abroad 3.5
Athletics 3.6
Club sports 3.7
Greek life 3.8
Honors 4
Notable alumni 5
Notable members of the Board of Trustees 6
Sacred Heart University was founded in 1963 by the Most Reverend Walter W. Curtis, Bishop of the Diocese of Bridgeport. It was established to provide the community with an affordable, quality education at a local Catholic university. The University was to be led and staffed by the laity independent and locally oriented, serving the needs of the diocese and of southwestern Connecticut. Former American ambassador and Diplomat Thomas Patrick Melady served as President of the University from 1976 to 1986.
Enrollment has risen from the original class of 173 to over 6,000 full and part-time undergraduate and graduate students, and the faculty has increased from 9 to 237 full-time professors and over 350 adjunct professors since 1963.
View of Sacred Heart's campus
The University has enhanced the undergraduate student experience in several notable ways. The first dorms, Scholars Commons (previously known as J-Hill), were built 1991, giving the university the ability to accept students who wanted the residential experience. It now has 10 residential buildings with 70% of the full-time undergraduates residing in university housing.
New degree programs and majors in relevant disciplines are regularly added to the curriculum. The University offers Division I athletics with 31 varsity teams. The $17.5 million William H. Pitt Health and Recreation Center is available to all students and to the community at large. The University campus is a wireless environment.
The University consists of five colleges: College of Arts & Sciences, John F. Welch College of Business, College of Health Professions, Isabelle Farrington College of Education and University College. The University College is committed to the adult learner, and its evening, weekend and accelerated courses earn praise for their diversity and relevance to changing lifestyles.
In the 1980s, former United States president
Articles needing additional references from October 2014
Articles lacking reliable references from February 2015
Buildings and structures in Fairfield, Connecticut
Educational institutions established in 1963
Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport
Roman Catholic universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Universities and colleges in Connecticut
Roman Catholic Universities and colleges in Connecticut
Links to related articles
Colleges and universities in Connecticut
Central Connecticut State University
Charter Oak State College
Eastern Connecticut State University
Private institutions
Holy Apostles
Lincoln College of New England
LACFA
Rensselaer at Hartford
Federal institutions
United States Coast Guard Academy
Asnuntuck
Naugatuck Valley
Northwestern Connecticut
Quinebaug Valley
Graduate, professional, and
Berkeley Divinity School
Quinnipiac School of Law
Quinnipiac School of Medicine
University of Connecticut Health Center
University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine
Yale School of Drama
Northeast Conference
Bryant Bulldogs
LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds
Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers
Robert Morris Colonials
Sacred Heart Pioneers
St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers
Saint Francis Red Flash
Wagner Seahawks
Atlantic Hockey
Air Force Falcons (Cadet Ice Arena)
American International Yellow Jackets (Olympia Ice Center)
Army Black Knights (Tate Rink)
Bentley Falcons (John A. Ryan Arena)
Canisius Golden Griffins (HarborCenter)
Holy Cross Crusaders (Hart Center)
Mercyhurst Lakers (Mercyhurst Ice Center)
Niagara Purple Eagles (Dwyer Arena)
Robert Morris Colonials (84 Lumber Arena)
RIT Tigers (Gene Polisseni Center)
Sacred Heart Pioneers (Milford Ice Pavilion)
Blue Cross Arena (conference tournament site)
Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association
Charleston Golden Eagles
NJIT Highlanders
Juniata College
Rutgers–Newark
Diocese of Bridgeport
Lawrence Shehan
Walter William Curtis
Edward Egan
William E. Lori
Frank Joseph Caggiano
St. Augustine Cathedral
Basilica of Saint John the Evangelist, Stamford
St. Agnes, Greenwich
St. Anthony of Padua, Fairfield
St. Benedict-Our Lady of Montserrat, Stamford
St. Bridget of Ireland, Stamford
St. Catherine of Siena, Riverside
St. Catherine of Siena, Trumbull
St. Cecilia, Stamford
St. Charles Borromeo, Bridgeport
Christ the King, Trumbull
St. Clement of Rome, Stamford
SS. Cyril and Methodius, Bridgeport
St. Gabriel, Stamford
St. George, Bridgeport
St. Gregory the Great, Danbury
Holy Family, Fairfield
Holy Name of Jesus, Stamford
Holy Name of Jesus, Stratford
Holy Spirit, Stamford
Immaculate Heart of Mary, Danbury
St. James, Stratford
St. Jerome, Norwalk
St. John, Darien
St. Joseph, Brookfield
St. Joseph, Danbury
St. Joseph, South Norwalk
St. Ladislaus, South Norwalk
St. Lawrence, Shelton
St. Marguerite Bourgeoys, Brookfield
St. Mark, Stratford
St. Mary, Bridgeport
St. Mary, Greenwich
St. Mary, Norwalk
St. Mary, Stamford
St. Matthew, Norwalk
St. Maurice, Stamford
St. Michael the Archangel, Bridgeport
Notre Dame, Easton
Our Lady of Grace, Stratford
Our Lady of Guadalupe, Danbury
Our Lady of Peace, Stratford
Our Lady of the Assumption, Fairfield
Our Lady of the Assumption, Westport
Our Lady Star of the Sea, Stamford
St. Paul, Greenwich
St. Peter, Bridgeport
St. Peter, Danbury
St. Philip, Norwalk
St. Pius X, Fairfield
St. Roch, Greenwich
St. Rose of Lima, Newtown
Sacred Heart, Georgetown
Sacred Heart, Greenwich
Sacred Heart, Stamford
Sacred Heart of Jesus, Danbury
St. Stephen, Trumbull
St. Theresa, Trumbull
St. Thomas Aquinas, Fairfield
St. Thomas the Apostle, Norwalk
St. John Fisher Seminary
St. Vincent's College, Bridgeport
Convent of the Sacred Heart, Greenwich
Fairfield College Preparatory School, Fairfield
Immaculate High School, Danbury
Kolbe Cathedral High School, Bridgeport
Notre Dame Catholic High School, Fairfield
St. Joseph High School, Trumbull
Trinity Catholic High School, Stamford
John F. Welch College of Business
Isabelle Farrington College of Education
William H. Pitt Center
Campus Field
The Ballpark at Harbor Yard
Cambridge Campus (Trumbull, CT)
Oakview Campus (Trumbull, CT)
Stamford Campus (Stamford, CT)
Griswold Campus (Griswold, CT)
Luxembourg Campus (Luxembourg)
Dingle, County Kerry Campus (Ireland)
Sacred Heart Athletics website
^ As of June 30, 2014. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2014 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2013 to FY 2014" (PDF). 2014 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments. National Association of College and University Business Officers.
^ "Sacred Heart University Connecticut". Sacredheart.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ "SHU president resigns to pursue other interests". Connecticut Post. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ a b c d "Sacred Heart University Connecticut". Sacredheart.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ "Record-Journal - Google News Archive Search". News.google.com. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ Sasaki Associates, Inc. "John F Welch College of Business Department of Communications". Sasaki Associates, Inc. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ "Student Government - Sacred Heart University Connecticut". Sacredheart.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ "Sacred Heart (The Spectrum) News and Classifieds". Sacredheart.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ "Study Abroad". Sacred Heart University. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
^ a b "Sacred Heart University Connecticut". Sacredheart.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ "News Stories - Sacred Heart University Connecticut". Sacredheart.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ a b c "Administration and Board of Trustees". Sacred Heart University. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
Film and Television Master's program at Sacred Heart University
Linda McMahon[20]
John Ratzenberger[20]
Peter Terpeluk, Jr.[20]
Notable members of the Board of Trustees
Kevin Nealon – Saturday Night Live cast member
John Ratzenberger – actor
Lydia Hearst-Shaw – American model and actress
Jon Corto – former linebacker for Buffalo Bills
Romeo Roselli – professional wrestler and actor
Jeff LeBlanc – singer/songwriter from the class of 2008
Matt Jones – professional Soccer player
"America's Best Colleges" by U.S. News & World Report, Tier I institution[5]
"The Best 371 Colleges" by Princeton Review[5]
"Best Physical Therapy Program in Connecticut"[14]
"Best Graduate Schools 2009," ranked its physical therapy program 52nd nationally, placing it as one of the top 5 programs in New England[14]
"Best 301 Business Schools" by Princeton Review[15]
SHU named to the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll 2008-09[16]
Habitat for Humanity campus chapter among the top five collegiate chapters in the nation[17]
"SHU Ranked #11 in Intel's Most Unwired Campuses"[18]
"Named one of Princeton Reviews and GamePro's Top 50 Game Design Program"[19]
Fraternities: 5 National: Delta Upsilon, Delta Tau Delta, Pi Kappa Phi, Kappa Sigma, Iota Phi Theta, and 1 Local: Omega Phi Kappa
Sororities: 7 National: Alpha Delta Pi, Chi Omega, Kappa Delta, Phi Sigma Sigma, Zeta Tau Alpha, Theta Phi Alpha, and Delta Zeta
Sacred Heart is home to 6 national sororities and 4 national fraternities, as well as 1 local sorority and 1 local fraternity. Greek Life it is one of the largest and fastest growing organizations on campus with nearly 800 members and continues to grow each year. Greek Life at SHU is also home to a chapter of Order of Omega, a national Greek academic honor society.
Men's Football
Currently there are twenty-four club sports active on campus. The active clubs are:
Women's Varsity Athletic Teams:
Men's Varsity Athletic Teams:
The SHU Men's Fencing Team won the Northeast Fencing Conference Championship title five years in a row (2010–2014) and was ranked #9 in 2011.
On February 21, 2013, the Sacred Heart University Athletics Department hired longtime Major League Baseball player and manager Bobby Valentine to head its athletics department.
The SHU Baseball Team has appeared in the NEC Championship game the past 4 seasons (2009–2012) and won the past 2 Northeast Conference Titles. These wins have earned SHU back to back NCAA tournament bids.
The men's golf team won the NEC Title in May 2008, 2009 and 2011.
In March 2009, the Women's Basketball team won the NEC Title and earned their second trip to the NCAA Tournament in the last four years. The team faced the Ohio State Buckeyes in the first round of the tournament on March 21, 2009, and lost, 77–63. The Sacred Heart Pioneers women's ice hockey program competes as an independent in NCAA Division I women's ice hockey.
Nearly 800 students participate in the university's 31 athletic teams (17 female teams and 14 male teams) along with more than 500 students who participate in 23 Club Sports.
The Pioneers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the Northeast Conference (NEC), Atlantic Hockey, Colonial Athletic Association (CAA), Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC), Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA), and the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (EIVA). The NEC is the school's primary conference.
SHU also allows students to participate in CCIS programs, programs affiliated with other schools across the U.S. These programs include, but are not limited to: France, Argentina, Germany, Belgium, and Japan.
SHU has the only American-accredited MBA program in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and a residential study-abroad program in the Irish-speaking community of Dingle, County Kerry, Ireland. International experiences are available to SHU students worldwide through study abroad programs located at The American University of Rome, in Italy, the University of Notre Dame in Fremantle, Australia, and the University of Granada, in Spain, as well as programs in Bermuda and the Bahamas.[13]
More than 1,200 students and members of the faculty and staff volunteer in excess of 31,000 hours each year largely within the City of Bridgeport, but also regionally, nationally, and internationally. In Spring 2008, SHU finished third in the nation in the "ONE Campus Challenge", a campaign that seeks to raise public awareness about the issues of global poverty, hunger, and disease. In Fall 2007, SHU's Habitat for Humanity Campus Chapter was named one of the Top Five Campus Chapters in the nation, for their work in the Bridgeport community, and around the country with alternative spring break service trips.
The Spectrum is a student-run newspaper printed and distributed to students each Wednesday and made available online.[12]
The Student Government consists of nearly 75 student leaders from all four class years. All full-time undergraduate students have the opportunity to be elected or appointed to a position. There is a Student Government President, four Class Presidents, a Vice President of Finance, a Vice President of Student Events Team, a Vice President of Judicial Affairs, a Vice President of Senate, a Vice President of Campus Clubs & Organizations, and an Executive Board Secretary. Each Class Board has a class president, vice president, secretary, treasurer, four senators, a community service chair, a fundraising chair, and an advertising chair. These students act as a direct liaison between the student body and the administration. They actively address student issues and concerns, promote campus and class unity and plan various campus wide events.[11]
The Theatre Arts Program began in 2009 with the premiere of Sacred Heart University's first musical production: Rent. Other productions include Little Shop of Horrors in spring 2011, Spring Awakening in the spring of 2012, Nunsense in spring 2013, The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee also in spring 2013, Boeing Boeing, Edges, and The Playboy of the Western World in the fall of 2013, Chicago and You're a Good Man Charlie Brown in spring 2014, Almost Maine, Dogfight, and I Remember Mama in fall 2014, and Wait Until Dark, The Fantasticks, and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in spring 2015. The Theatre Arts Program also features a student-produced, student-written, and student-performed festival called "Theatrefest", spanning through both the fall and spring semesters and is the home of Sacred Heart's own improv team: The Awkward Handshakes. It is one of the largest student groups on campus.
Theatre Arts Program
Additional campuses
The main campus is located in suburban Fairfield, 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City and 150 miles (240 km) south of Boston.
In the summer of 2015, Sacred Heart University broke ground on a new Health Sciences building. This new building will feature state of the art features in order to lead students to future success in their professional career.
In 2015, Sacred Heart University again broke ground on a brand new state of the art dorm building.
In the summer of 2014, Sacred Heart University broke ground for a planned new learning center, to be called the "Student Success Center" dedicated to helping SHU students and young students from the surrounding region achieve success in their educational pursuits.
In 2013, Sacred Heart University opened their new Wellness Center. The two-story, colonial-style, 5,800-square-foot building, situated on Park Avenue across from the main campus, serves as a place for acute health and medical needs and will also offer students counseling and therapeutic services.
In 2012 the University approved construction of two new buildings for the John F. Welch College of Business and the Isabelle Farrington School of Education. The two new buildings will be designed by the Watertown, MA firm of Sasaki & Associates (Who also designed The Chapel of the Holy Spirit and the Linda E. McMahon Student Commons). Construction and development is expected to begin in 2012 on a recently acquired parcel of land at the corner of Jefferson St and Park Ave in Fairfield.[10]
In 2012, the University opened a new Student Commons building (Dedicated as the Linda E. McMahon Student Commons) after McMahon donated approximately $5 million. The new Commons includes dining facilities, lounge space, meeting rooms, and several other amenities.[9]
On Sunday, September 27, 2009, Sacred Heart University opened its new chapel, dedicated to the Holy Spirit.
On January 25, 2006, Jack Welch gave a large sum of money and his name to Sacred Heart University's College of Business, which is now known as the "John F. Welch College of Business."[8]
Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Hartford, Connecticut, New England, New York
Stamford, CT, Bridgeport, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hartford, Connecticut, Greenwich, CT
Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut, Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, Fairfield Stags, Society of Jesus
Fairfield University, Connecticut, Norwalk, Connecticut, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Fairfield County, Connecticut
List of radio stations in Connecticut
Hartford, Connecticut, New Haven, Connecticut, Connoisseur Media, New Britain, Connecticut, Bridgeport, Connecticut
Wshu (am)
Npr, Sacred Heart University, Wshu-fm, Rock music, Watt
2006 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Clemson University, California State University, Fullerton, Rice University, Oregon State University


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text:
The politics of violence, glue-sniffing, and liberation: making 1968 in Japan
Friday, 30 November 2018 - 5:00pm to 6:30pm
Pavilion Room, 4th Floor, Gateway Building, St. Antony's College
Dr William Marotti, Associate Professor, Department of History, UCLA
Professor Roger Goodman and Dr Linda Flores
Nissan Seminar
By Professor William Marotti, the Department of History at UCLA
In January of 1968, violent confrontations between protesters and police transformed perceptions of state force and legitimacy, creating new political possibilities within a global 1968. I consider the relation between a politics of violence and space, and the radical cultural politics of the moment, including art, theater, counterculture, and abject communities.
William Marotti is associate professor in the Department of History at UCLA and Chair of the East Asian Studies M.A. Interdepartmental Degree Program. He teaches modern Japanese history with an emphasis on everyday life and cultural-historical issues. Marotti's Money, Trains and Guillotines: Art and Revolution in 1960s Japan (Duke University Press, 2013) addresses politics in Japan in the 1960s through a focus upon avant-garde artistic production and performance. His current book project, "The Art of Revolution: Politics and Aesthetic Dissent in Japan's 1968," analyzes cultural politics and oppositional practices in Japan, with particular emphasis on 1968 as a global event.