Websites have their own domain. You can setup and manage multiple websites, each with their own domain, theme and architecture and manage them in Campus Suite. If you are a new customer, your Campus Suite team likely handled all of this for you.
To register a new domain in Campus Suite, navigate to System Settings under Settings. From there click on Domain Configuration and do the following steps.
What does the vertical color bar to the left of a domain's title mean?
On the left side of the page's title you will see a vertical bar, normally this will be grey but it can also be green which means that it is live (viewable by visitors to the site if linked to in the navigation).
While in Domain Configuration located in System Settings under Settings, click on the rocket icon to the right of the domain that you would like to verify. Once a domain is verified, the vertical bar to the left of the domain will become green and a date & time will be displayed saying when it was verified.
Note: In order to use a domain, you must first verify either ownership or administrative permission to the domain. This is done by associating a DNS TXT record with a special value to your domain. When added (and DNS has propagated), you can trigger the system in Campus Suite to check for the code and attempt to verify it. When verified, you will be able to fully utilize the domain in the system to deliver site content from it.
How do I unregister a new Domain?
To unregister a domain in Campus Suite, click on the three vertical dots located to the right of the domain's name and select Unregister from the menu.
How do I find a list of subdomains associated with a domain?
There are two way to find a list of subdomains associated with a domain. The first way is by clicking on the three vertical dots located to the right of the domain's name and select Subdomains from the menu. The second way is by clicking on the name of the domain itself while on the Domain screen.
While websites have their own domain, each domain can also have subdomains. Subdomains can be used to redirect to your website for example redirecting those who enter fallhaven.org to www.fallhaven.org or they can be used to redirect to a specific department, for example if a subdomain redirect has been set up for so anyone who enters the url with athletics at the beginning of it , for example athletics.fallhaven.org to be redirected to the athletics department.
To add a new subdomain in Campus Suite, navigate to System Settings located in Settings. From there click on Domain Configuration and do the following steps.
Enter the Name of the subdomain and then click Create.
What does the vertical color bar to the left of a subdomain mean?
On the left side of the subdomain's name you will see a vertical bar, normally this will be grey but it can also be green which means that it is live (viewable by visitors to the site).
How can I tell if if there is SSL certificate for my site, what type if one is placed and when will it expire?
While viewing the Subdomains you can see if there is a placed SSL certificate, the type and when it will expire. If the placed certificate is an Let's Encrypt SSL it will automatically be renewed.
What does the different colors for the Type pf SSL label mean?
The Type of SSL label can be one of two colors; green and yellow. If the label is green it means that HTTPS is being forced while if it is yellow it means it is not. Please see How do I force HTTPS on a domain? below on how to force HTTPS on a subdomain after placing a SSL certificate.
How can I find the exact date when a SSL certificate will expire?
By taking your cursor over the expiration label a date will appear, this will be the exact date when a SSL certificate will expire.
How do I either request a Let's Encrypt SSL or place a third party certificate?
To request a Let's Encrypt SSL or place a third party certificate navigate to subdomain listing of the domain you are wanting to apply the SSL certificate to and locate the subdomain you want to add the certificate to and click on the three vertcal dots to the right of it and select SSL, then do the following.
On the following screen you can view if there is any active certificates or any in progress, click on Setup in the upper right-hand corner.
Let's Encrypt - The first option for SSL certificate is a free and valid SSL certificate from Let's Encrypt. We recommend using this and automatically handle the renewal of this SSL certificate.
3rd Party Provider - The second option is to use a 3rd party vendor (Network Solutions, Comodo, GoDaddy, etc) provisioned certificate. Please note that renewal is not automated by Campus Suite for this option.
After the certificate is provisioned you will need to enable the SSL behavior of the certificate for the domain by following the instructions below for How do I force HTTPS on a domain?
Please note, It can take up to one hour for a SSL certificate to be installed and configured on the servers and depending on how your site is set up you may need to request and place more than one SSL certificates. An example of this would be fallhaven.org and www.fallhaven.org, each of these subdomains would need to have its own SSL certificate.
How do I force HTTPS on a domain?
To register a new domain in Campus Suite, navigate to System Settings located in Settings. From there click on Domain Configuration and do the following steps.
While viewing the list of subdomains for a domain click on the green +Subdomain in the upper right hand corner and enter the name of the new subdomain or click on the gear icon to the right of an existing subdomain.
Click on HTTPS Settings and then on the switch to the right of HTTPS Upgrade to turn it green, which will force HTTPS on your domain. This will only work if an SSL certificate has been provisioned for the domain.
Note: Need to check with Justin about only needing to force HTTPS on one subdomain and not all of them.
How can I see the active and any SSL certificates that are in progress for a domain?
Navigate to subdomain listing of the domain you are wanting to apply the SSL certificate to and locate the subdomain that you want to see the SSL details for, click on the three vertical dots to the right of it and select SSL. On the following screen you can view the activate SSL certificates, any that are in progress or start the process of requesting a certificate, download an active SSL certificate by clicking on the download icon to the right of the certificate and finally find additional information.
Please note, While in SSL Management, you may see multiple SSL certificates. There can be as many as two to three certificates. marked Intermediate Certificate in the chain before your SSL certificate, marked Domain Certificate, is made.
How do I set up a subdomain redirect?
While viewing the list of subdomains for a domain click on the green +Subdomain in the upper right hand corner and enter the name of the new subdomain or the gear icon to the right of an existing subdomain.
Enabled - Enable/disable domain-level redirection.
Host - The new hostname/domain to redirect to.
Path - Common path to redirect to on the new hostname/domain.
Append path - If desired, the path of the incoming request will be appended to the redirection (after any redirection path specified above).
Query - Any query string parameters to append to the redirection.
Append query - If desired, existing query string parameters on the incoming request will be merged with the redirection query string parameters..
Finally select the Code of the redirect, we recommend a 302 or a temporary redirect and then click Save.
Note: We recommend making the DNS changes before setting up a subdomain redirect, so that the redirect can be tested and set up properly. But if it has not, please remember to modify your DNS to point a CNAME record for the new subdomain to our system ( app.campussuite.com ) after creating the subdomain redirect.
How do I delete either a Subdomain or Subdomain Redirect?
While viewing the list of subdomains for a domain click on the three vertical dots to the right of it and select SSL and select Delete. Please remember once a subdomain is deleted it cannot be recovered.


text:
Bairong Inc. Announces Unaudited Operation Summary for The Third Quarter of 2022
Retention rate of Key FSP clients was as high as 95%;
Smart analytics and operation services achieved 46% revenue growth
BEIJING, Nov. 16, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Bairong Inc. ("Bairong" or the "Company"; HKEX:6608), a leading artificial intelligence ("AI") and cloud-based software-as-a-service("SaaS") technology firm in China serving the financial services industry, today announced its unaudited operation summary for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Revenue Summary
Nine months ended September 30,
(RMB in thousands, except percentages)
Smart analytics and operation services
Precision marketing services
Insurance distribution services
Operation Summary for SaaS Services
Number of key clients
Average revenue per key client
(RMB in thousands)
Retention rate of key clients
5 pct
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the revenue of smart analytics and operation services reached RMB729 million, representing a year-over-year growth of 46%. The growth was primarily driven by a 13% increase in the number of key clients and 26% increase in the average revenue per key client. Smart operation business grew significantly, representing 25% of the business line, up from 12% in the same period last year, reaching RMB182 million.
Since 2017, we have achieved a CAGR of 46% in revenue growth over the last 5 years, and a CAGR of 229% in adjusted net profit growth over the last 3 years. According to the 2022 interim report, our net profit reached RMB93 million in the first half of the year, leading the SaaS industry.
We have cumulatively invested over RMB1.2 billion in research and development, and have obtained over 180 software copyrights and patents, covering key areas including machine learning, AI voice, and privacy computing.
We have developed a mix of cloud-based AI platform to provide data analytics, an auto machine learning system to improve modeling efficiency, a privacy computing platform Indra to ensure data security, as well as multiple products and solutions for smart operation, wealth management and inclusive finance. In September 2022, we officially launched the "Backdrop (Tian Mu) Project", to serve as a one-stop-for-all SaaS service provider for financial institutions.
We have won multiple technology awards including:
- Huawei Kunpeng Partner Program Certification;
- 2022 China New Technology Top 100;
- China Innovative Service Companies in Digital Intelligence Transformation and Upgrading;
- Top 10 Innovation Cases of 2022 Digital Innovation Economy;
- 2022 Best SaaS Company.
We are dedicated to assisting small and micro enterprises in addressing their financing issues, as they widely face the challenges of inconsistent standards, information asymmetry, and high identification costs. Through our proactive "industry + technology + finance" ecosystem, we accurately portray the credit profiles of small and micro enterprises, thus relieving their financing difficulties, as well as assisting financial institutions to identify high-quality assets.
Regarding financial scenario in rural areas, we assist addressing the three key challenges: information asymmetry, lack of collateral, and high transaction costs, by facilitating the construction of rural credit systems and providing more convenient services to rural residents.
We focus on building a win-win financial ecosystem and promoting the green transformation of financial services. We provide cloud services based on big data and AI technologies to help financial institutions reduce fraud risks and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their decision-making analytics and consumer operations. Moreover, we actively leverage technological innovation to enable the green financial businesses to benefit society, and reduce resource and energy consumption in traditional financial business processes.
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues in the domestic, we carried out the Intelligent Voice Epidemic Prevention public welfare project. We have also used our own technology to promote rural revitalization with a new model of financial assistance, and donated scholarships and worked together with Tsinghua University to cultivate data science talents.
About Bairong Inc.
Bairong Inc. is a leader in the facilitation of the Chinese financial service industry's smart digital transformation. We developed a proprietary AI and cloud-based SaaS platform, which leverages AI, cloud computing, blockchain and machine learning technologies to provide financial service providers with highly adaptable, secured and reliable products and solutions. Built upon our long-term industry understanding and user insights, we provide a comprehensive product and solution matrix covering the entire business process spanning smart user acquisition, smart analysis, smart decision-making, smart operations, and smart wealth management, etc. Recently, we ranked as the highest-scored financial SaaS enterprise among the "Top 100 Enterprises Driving Digital Transformation in 2022" by the Internet Weekly of Chinese Academy of Sciences, joining other industry leaders in facilitating the digital transformation of the economy.
For more information, please visit: http://ir.brgroup.com.
This press release contains statements that may constitute "forward-looking" statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by terminologies such as "will," "expects," "anticipates," "aims," "future," "intends," "plans," "believes," "estimates," "likely to," and the negative of these words and other similar expressions or statements. Bairong may also make written or oral forward-looking statements in its periodic reports to the HKEx, in its annual and interim reports to shareholders, in press releases and other written materials, and in oral statements made by its officers, directors, or employees to third parties. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about Bairong's beliefs, plans, and expectations, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements, including but not limited to the following: Bairong's strategies, future business development, and financial condition and results of operations; Bairong's limited operating history; risks associated with the financial service industry, Bairong's ability to develop and deliver services of high quality and appeal to clients; Bairong's ability to generate positive cash flow and profits; Bairong's ability to compete successfully; Bairong's ability to build its brand and withstand negative publicity; and changes in client demand and government incentives, subsidies, or other favorable government policies. Further information regarding these and other risks is included in Bairong's filings with the HKEX. All information provided in this press release is as of the date of this press release, and Bairong does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required under applicable laws.
For investor inquiries, please contact:
Bairong Inc.
Ms. Sandy Qin, CFA, CMA
Email: ir@brgroup.com
Ms. Shuo Nie
Email: brmarketing@brgroup.com
Source: Bairong Inc. Related Stocks: HongKong:6608
Tags : Bairong Inc, Announces Unaudited Operation Summary for The Third Quarter of 2022
Bairong Inc. Announces Unaudited 2022 Interim Financial Results
Bairong Inc. Hosts the 2022 Digital Intelligence Conference; Announces Ambitious Plans to Become Industry Leader
Bairong Inc.: Digitalization of Wealth Management Is Imperative for Banks
Bairong Inc. Reinforces Data Privacy Protection with New Patent
Goodbaby International Holdings Limited Announces Revenue Performance for the Nine Months Ended 30 September 2022
JinkoSolar's Subsidiary Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. Announces Certain Preliminary Unaudited Financial Results for the Nine Months ended September 30, 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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Expert (All Episodes)
2019 Equipment Buying Guide
Audio-Technica ATH-ADX5000 Headphones
Parent Category: Products
Category: Headphone Measurements
Reviewed: SoundStage! Solo, Brent Butterworth, July 2017
I measured the ATH-ADX5000s using a G.R.A.S. Model 43AG ear/cheek simulator/RA0402 ear simulator, a Clio 10 FW audio analyzer, a laptop computer running TrueRTA software with an M-Audio MobilePre USB audio interface, a Musical Fidelity V-CAN amp, and an Audio-gd NFB-1AMP for distortion measurements. On the Model 43AG, I used the original KB0065 simulated pinna for most measurements as well as the new KB5000 pinna for certain measurements, as noted. These are "flat" measurements; no diffuse-field or free-field compensation curve was employed.
Although the ATH-ADX5000s' frequency response shows that its tonal balance is fairly similar to those of typical competitors, it does reveal some interesting idiosyncrasies. First is the midrange bump at about 1.3kHz. Then there's the lack of the usual peak between 2 and 3kHz, which is generally considered necessary for headphones to deliver a sound approximating that of speakers in a room. However, there are strong peaks at 3.4 and 6.3kHz. I can't remember seeing a response quite like this before, so I can't confidently predict how it will sound, but if someone showed me a response curve like this and asked me to interpret it, I'd guess it would sound fairly flat but just a little bass-shy.
Note that this is the best match I was able to get between the left and right channels, after about 20 minutes of experimentation. Getting these measurements to match is always a challenge because slight changes in headphone position change the measured response, and the left and right simulated pinnae (which are based on averages of molds made from hundreds of human ears) aren't perfect mirror images of each other (neither are your ears, for that matter). So I'm always reluctant to criticize headphones for channel matching. I didn't notice a mismatch when listening, but still, this doesn't impress me.
This chart shows the ATH-ADX5000s' right-channel frequency response measured with the old KB0065 pinna (which I've used for years) and G.R.A.S.'s new KB5000 pinna, which I'll be switching to because it more accurately reflects the structure and pliability of the human ear. (I include this mostly for future reference rather than as something you should draw conclusions from; I intend to show both measurements in every review until later this year, when I begin using only the new pinna.)
Here you can see how the ATH-ADX5000s' tonal balance changes when they're used with a high-impedance source, such as a cheap laptop or some cheap professional headphone amps. It's not a big difference, largely because the ATH-ADX5000s' high impedance means that changes in the source impedance don't have as big an effect. But the headphones' uneven impedance curve (see below) does result in a bass boost of about 1dB and a reduction of about 1dB in the lower treble, between 2 and 3kHz. Not a huge difference, but still an audible one.
This chart shows how the ATH-ADX5000s compare with several competing open-back headphones: the Audeze LCD-Xes, the HiFiMan HE1000 V2s, and the Sennheiser HD 800 Ses. While the overall balance is similar in all of these models, the ATH-ADX5000s' competitors clearly have less energy between 1 and 2kHz, and more between 2 and 3kHz -- and that's right in the "sweet spot" of human hearing, so the Audio-Technicas will certainly sound a little different.
The ATH-ADX5000s' spectral decay (waterfall) chart shows no high-amplitude resonances, but many high-Q (i.e., narrow), very-low-amplitude (about -40dB) resonances between 1 and 5kHz. This is typical of open-back models; it doesn't seem to affect their tonal balance, but I speculate that it's part of what gives them a more spacious sound. Incidentally, I put 4" of denim insulation on top of the headphones when I take this measurement, so the resonances don't represent room reflections of the sound coming off the back of the headphones.
The measured total harmonic distortion (THD) of the ATH-ADX5000s is low at any sane listening level. At 90dBA, which is quite loud, the THD rises to only about 1.5% at 20Hz. At the extremely loud level of 100dBA, it's about 1.5% between 100 and 400Hz, and rises to about 4.7% at 20Hz.
In this chart the external noise level is 85dB SPL; the numbers below that indicate the degree of attenuation of outside sounds. Like the other open-back models (the Audeze LCD-Xes and the HiFiMan HE1000 V2s), the ATH-ADX5000s provide no significant isolation. It's interesting, though, to see how the ATH-ADX5000s and HE1000 V2s -- both of which have very open backs -- deliver less isolation than the LCD-Xes. If you want isolation, you'll have to go with a closed-back model such as the Audeze LCD-XCs (also shown).
To the best of my memory, all over-ear and on-ear dynamic headphones I've tested have an impedance bump at the driver resonance (always in the bass); nonetheless, the ATH-ADX5000s' is pretty extreme. The nominal impedance is about the same as the rated impedance of 420 ohms, but the impedance breaks 1400 ohms at 90Hz. Fortunately, because the overall impedance is high, this doesn't cause major changes in tonal balance if a high-impedance source device is used. The phase response is pretty flat, though.
The sensitivity of the ATH-ADX5000s, measured between 300Hz and 3kHz with a 1mW signal calculated for 420 ohms impedance, is 101.8dB, which is 1.8dB higher than specified. This means that even though they weren't designed for the purpose, the ATH-ADX5000s will work reasonably well with low-quality source devices.
. . . Brent Butterworth
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text:
Manicaragua es un municipio y un pueblo de la Provincia de Villa Clara de Cuba. Se localiza en la parte sudeste de Villa Clara, limitando con las provincias de Cienfuegos al oeste y con Sancti Spiritu al este.

Demografía

En el 2021, el municipio de Manicaragua tenía una población de 61,990. Con un área total de 	985,7 km² y una densidad de población de 62.9 hab/km².

Toponimia

Manicaragua significaba Tierra de hombres valientes en los dialectos aborígenes de la zona, ya actualmente extintos.

Economía

Manicaragua es una de las cuatro municipalidades más grandes en Cuba. Las cosechas principales y fuentes de ingresos incluyen artículos tales como el tabaco y el café. El café crece en las cuestas de las montañas del Escambray, un conjunto montañoso que se extiende desde la parte del sudeste de la provincia de Cienfuegos hasta la vecina provincia de Sancti Spíritus.

Los granos de café de Manicaragua llevan un néctar muy peculiar no muy conocido en el resto del mundo. Los "puros" se hacen en una la fábrica local y disfrutan de la popularidad de muchos turistas de diferentes partes del mundo.

El Hoyo de Manicaragua, una vez conocido como la tierra del mejor tabaco del mundo, es un pueblo pequeño localizado en esta municipalidad. Su popularidad se marchitó después de que la cosecha fuese relocalizada en la provincia cubana más occidental: Pinar del Río, a donde muchos campesinos locales fueron transferidos.

Tiene excelentes áreas de belleza natural y valor como el Valle de Jibacoa, Hanabanilla, el dique, y el hotel del mismo nombre.

Véase también

 Provincias de Cuba

Referencias

Municipios de la provincia de Villa Clara

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Tired of our tasteless bananas picked while green for export, we decided to take matters into our own hands. The result, we think, is surprisingly reminiscent of those bursting with sweetness we gorge on in India and Sri Lanka. Ours have the added sticky tang magic that comes from heating butter and lemon.
Set butter to heat in a frying pan on a high heat.
Add banana, lemon juice and agave and fry till soft in the middle and sticky and charred on the outside. Roughly 3 minutes on the first side and 2 on the second.
Serve with yoghurt or creme fraiche, on top of porridge or even with bacon. Anywhere you'd use bananas basically. They're also delicious mixed into creme fraiche with a dash of vanilla extract as a banana cream to go with cake.
Drizzle on mash, meat, fish, grains, salad or bread. It also works in marinades and dressings. So, just about anything really.
Place chillies in a pan with the olive oil and heat to around 180° or just below simmering for 5 minutes.
Remove from the heat, cover and set aside for 2 hrs.
Transfer to a sterilised sealed bottle and keep for up to 4 weeks. Don't store in the fridge as the oil will solidify.
A summer picnic staple. Try tarragon mayo in a bacon, poached egg and salad sandwich – you'll never look back.
In a blender or with a stick blender, mix the egg yolks, herbs, mustard, salt & pepper.
Drop by drop add the sunflower oil until the mixture starts to emulsify.
At this point, you can add the remaining oil in a slow, steady trickle, whisking constantly.
Add a dash of vinegar or squeeze of lemon juice to loosen the mixture.
Tip: If you prefer a lighter mayo, add some hot water or use whole eggs, whites included. The latter is also an easier, less 'curdlesome' option.
Indispensable for curries, lentils, BBQ fish and chicken. I even put it in my tea!
Remove the cardamom seeds and discard pods. Add to a coffee grinder or pestle and mortar with all the other spices and grind until resembling a fine powder.
Store in a sealed container, ideally for up to 3 months. The mix will keep for 6 months but the flavours won't be as strong.
Tip: Lightly pound the cardamom in a pestle and mortar to split the pods. Remove the seeds and grind. Toasting the cardamom first makes removing the pods easier.
This Middle Eastern strained yoghurt calls for a little patience; loading the piece of muslin first time can be a faff. But that's pretty much the extent of this recipe, and once you've tried it on curries, salads or even toasted rye bread you'll see exactly why I always have some in the fridge. And why it's good enough for Mr Ottolenghi and Baker & Spice.
1 tsp za'atar – optional. You can also swap for black pepper or dried chillies (½ tsp max).
Mix all ingredients together and transfer to bowl lined with muslin. Tie the muslin into a sack and suspend over the bowl (I use a chopstick as a bracket).
The idea is to strain all the excess liquids from the yoghurt, so it's best to keep the sack from touching the bottom of the bowl if possible. Alternatively, you can strain more recently.
Leave in the fridge for 24 hrs (or longer, depending on how thick you want the labneh to be). Drain the bowl daily.
Store in a jar in the fridge and keep as per the use by date on the yoghurt.
Tip: Za'atar is a Middle Eastern spice mix of thyme, sesame, sumac, cumin, coriander, fennel and salt.
Cut lemon zest into long, thin strips – a zester is best, but a potato peeler or knife also work. Make sure you avoid the pith or the oil will have a bitter flavour.
Place in a pan with the olive oil and heat to around 180° or just below simmering for 5 minutes. Remove from the heat, cover and set aside for 2 hrs.
Drizzle on mash, fish, grains or salad. The list is endless. Literally.
Add to a green salad for protein, mega goodness and a fuller stomach. You can even pop a couple of spoonfuls into your pan of porridge for extra creamy deliciousness.
Bring quinoa to the boil and simmer for 35 mins. Remove from the heat, cover and leave for 5 mins.
Stir through Lemon oil and serve, or leave to cool and set aside in the fridge for up to 3 days.
We can of course get decent tomatoes in the UK, but it's not always easy. Either way, these are so much sweeter and full of flavour, bringing even the most simple salad to life. We have to admit, we're quite proud of the star anise result.
Chop tomatoes into wedges and place in a baking tray. Don't over crowd the tray or you'll end up with water soaked sogginess.
Mix very gently with the remaining ingredients and cook at 100C for 2 hrs, removing any excess water half way through.
A dollop of this sesame seed powerhouse in a smoothie or bowl of yoghurt will not only give you a mineral hit, it'll fill you up too.
Pour all ingredients into a sealable jar or container and mix thoroughly.
Tahini is sold in whole food and health shops (Holland & Barrett, Wholefoods etc) and most supermarkets, often in the World Foods aisle.
Great on salad leaves or used as a marinade for fish or beef.
Combine all ingredients in a blender until smooth. Store in sealed container in the fridge for up to 1 week.
Like Soy Sauce, Tamari is made from fermented soy beans but has a smoother, more complex flavour. Wheat free versions are also available in whole food shops and many supermarkets.


It is with great pleasure that we publish the following interview with Linda Gray Sexton. Fugue is delighted to share it, along with four rediscovered poems (and an essay!) written by her mother, the poet Anne Sexton. We would like to thank Ms. Sexton, whose generosity and cooperation ensured that the rediscovered work of her mother and the following interview are included in Fugue's forthcoming issue 55 (which you can pre-order here). Additionally, special thanks are due to Drs. Zachary Turpin and Erin C. Singer for their efforts in bringing to light these lost works, and for drafting the introduction that appears in the print issue. We hope you enjoy the poems, the essay, and this interview as much as we do.
Linda, thank you for agreeing to speak with us about your experience in bringing to light several of your mother's long-lost poems from the late-1950s. What was your experience of reading the poems presented in the forthcoming issue? Has this happened before—someone drawing your attention to lost or little-known pieces by your mother?
It has been a unique experience to discover, read and experience these poems lost to us for so many years. It has never happened before that a stranger has contacted me serendipitously about new-but-old poems of my mother's and thus brought them to light.
I cannot honestly say that I have never seen them before; I can only say that I do not recall ever having read them at any previous time. It is possible that when I was writing and editing Anne Sexton: A Self-Portrait In Letters, I did encounter them and then dismissed them as early work that she would not have wanted seen. There were several other such poems, all of which her editor at Houghton Mifflin simply did not feel were worthy of publication, as they were too "young" and "inexperienced." Likewise her play, Mercy Street, upon whose cover she wrote "BURN THIS." When I consulted with her editor about possible publication some years after her death, it also was deemed not worthy because the themes and topic had been "better covered in the poetry." Later, I would reverse my former decision to restrict access to the play until the year 2025—much less to burn it. Mercy Street is now available, in both her archive at the University of Texas, and in print through Broadway Plays; and I am involved in negotiations right now for bringing it back to the stage as an opera, with its original New York director. Once again, the decision was not made because the work was of her finest, but rather because it is of her oeuvre and thus deserves consideration when scholars and readers consider the trajectory of her career in poetry.
But I digress. I, myself, being "young and inexperienced" at the time this early poetry might originally have come to light, was unable to make a judgment independent of her editor about these poems or about Mercy Street; I was just twenty-one when my mother committed suicide and only then did I become her literary executor, which proved to be an arduous task, but one which provided me with an opportunity to mature as both an editor and a writer. I had much work to do, and I believe I have succeeded for the most part as the guardian of her work—all done both to protect it and to enlarge her readership. However, I cannot claim that I have never made an error; and perhaps forgoing the earlier publication of these poems was a "mistake," in so far as it now seems to me that they are indeed worthy enough for the world to see: the efforts of a very young poet trying her hand at the genre, making her own mistakes, but showing early definitive talent.
I think my mother might not have wanted these four poems published—and might in fact dismiss them—were she alive and still writing and creating the main body of her work; however, part of a literary executor's job is to make posthumous decisions that take into account the literary world today and the writer's place within it. The poet grants the executor the power to override her desires, and relies upon the wisdom the executor must exhibit in order to make the "correct" choices—even if they may not be exactly what she thinks she wants at the time she is making her decisions for publication after her death. Had she and I had the benefit of a discussion on the topic of these early poems, I think I might have changed her mind about publishing them after she was gone, as a way of elucidating her beginnings as the poet, Anne Sexton.
This early work almost perfectly resists encapsulation. It seems commanding yet self-conscious, dark yet buoyant, and perhaps to be coming from a place of what Diane Middlebrook and Diane Hume George have called "belie[f] in the possibility of recuperation." Do you think these early works help bring your mother's complex art and life into focus? Or do they reveal that there is an Anne who, for all our interest and care, we can simply never know?
I find these poems to be tremendously revealing. My least favorite is "Argument in the Gallery" as it seems the most abstract and I find I am neither particularly moved by it nor do I see the "Anne" whom I have come to know so intimately over the years, not only "in person" but on the page, as well. To be emotionally moved by a poem was, of course, the quality she most treasured and to which she aimed above all. Eventually the formal qualities she captured so exactingly in the early poems—meter, rhyme, tone—were replaced by more inventive ones, in my humble opinion (being neither a poet myself, nor able to be much of a critic therefore).
As she moved onward in her career, her foremost objective became the "tapping" of the unconscious and bringing it into the light in a poetry that made language unique. (See "For John, Who Begs Me Not To Enquire Further" as an example of this concept of tapping the unconscious, albeit in an early iteration.) The internal mechanisms of the poems grow more mysterious as she ages, and one must dig for them to see how she has reinterpreted the more formal way of expressing herself. Despite this, in these early poems she did aim for the emotional pinpoint as the unconscious shaped it, and so makes herself infinitely "knowable." My favorite of these is "Winter Colony," with its overtones of a possible letter to a lover, or even an ode to winter with its cherished objective of skiing, though perhaps I only imagine this—yet in this imagining I become a true "follower" of what she may or may not have intended. And it is this dance between reader and poet that captures her final intent.
Anne and her daughters in their home in Newton, Massachusetts, circa 1960.
Your mother often referred to herself as a "storyteller," even ahead of the word "poet" (much less "confessional" poet). "I prefer people," she wrote in 1959, rather than conceits or imagery, "people in a situation, a doing, a scene, a losing or a gain, and then in the end, find the thought (the thought I didn't know I had until I wrote the story)." What stories do you see these early poems telling?
So much of her storytelling expresses itself in incidents rooted in her life. Big surprise! Plumbing the depths of the personal—whether it is in an abstract concept or in some more objective reality—she found inspiration in what was happening to her. And all this came prior to her early excursions into the nature of mental illness; thus these rediscovered poems are exemplars of her bent as a storyteller of other topics as well. I suppose this is obvious.
In "These Three Kings," she takes on the more pleasurable family traditions that were so carefully observed during her childhood, writing successfully of her place as a young girl in the Staples/Dingley/Harvey clan in exacting detail, and so denies Louis Simpson his edict that no poet of her generation should use the words "ceremony" or "dance" or "praise." Here, for a certainty, she praises a history in which she was a child heroine, observing the dance the family made every December 25th, during which all the generations clasped hands and moved in a big circle. She showed me that same dance when I was a child, "gnarled fingers to new fingers," perhaps trying to preserve it through history, just as the poem captures and thus preserves the ritual. Though I have long forgotten this dance, I do recall the tune the revelers sung, and its haunting refrain has always played a large part in the retelling of the story, from her to her children, from me to mine; in the poem likewise, from poet to reader. My sister and I were regaled with tales of her father in his Abercrombie and Fitch Santa suit, stomping in the attic with the great aunts to mimic the hooves of rain deer, or carrying a pillowcase filled with oranges, ready to be distributed among the tribe of many young cousins.
All this fits so well with her image of herself as a storyteller, and it was one that would persevere throughout the years. A short story from these same years as an early poet, was, I believe, also only published in a magazine or, perhaps, never even published. (I wish I could remember the name of the story! However, it escapes me at the moment—though perhaps some other reader will enlighten us all. Certainly it is part of her archive at the University of Texas in Austin).
This particular short story, written to the child "Linda," was never part of a collected work, but goes on to elucidate some of these same family traditions presented in the poem, a new generation of the "marvelous chain," as she says in "These Three Kings," those which were therefore given over to me for safekeeping—and for recounting, as she passed along these memories as surely as she passed along her recipes. I then told these stories to my own sons every Christmas morning. To recount the story in prose, wherein Linda learns about Santa and the family's traditions, was yet one more way of carrying on her sense of self as a storyteller. For me, that hand-to-hand storytelling from one individual to another was one of her great gifts as a poet.
Your mother had complicated feelings about growing older, particularly about middle age. In her poetry aging is often a "cancer of the background," though many of her narrators float in a sort of ageless reverie ("In a trance I could be any age"...."In a dream you are never eighty"). What do you think it is about aging that disquieted her? Your mother would be ninety this year. Do you imagine her as a grandmother, a great-grandmother even? Or has she, in your mind, always stayed a certain age?
I wish I could project forward to see her as a grandmother to my children, or even as a great-grandmother to my grandson. But I can't. In my mind's eye she is stuck at forty-five—the age at which she killed herself. When I realized that this year, 2018, she would have turned ninety, I was shocked. Her premature death means that, in terms of time, she has been gone as long as she had lived.
She was afraid of death even as she embraced it. Perhaps she pulled it toward her as a way of controlling it, of looking it in the eye up close and saying, "you will not win." In the end, the tragedy was that it did win, on one level at least. Yet the poetry lives on, defeating the "cancer of the background," cheating death itself. Our memories are alive with her words and this keeps her with us, for all time.
In your memoir Half in Love, you write about living in "the magnetism of my mother and her powerful sphere of influence," and about the years spent finding, often painfully, a territory that's yours. What did you learn in that time, and how has it influenced the way you raised and relate to your children? How has raising children changed the way you relate to your mother?
Raising my children radically changed my view of motherhood. Perhaps this sounds simplistic or even obvious, but it was not until I had a child that I fully understood what a toll the childhoods of my sister and me had taken on my mother. It was perhaps inevitable that she not be a "good" mother in all the common senses of the word, because her own mother was a failure as a role model, and also because her poetry required all her devotion. Before I was a mother I resented this, feeling rejected and pushed aside. After my two sons were born, I understood her better, as both a parent and as a poet. In the writing of Searching For Mercy Street, I began to see it all from a different point of view, not only of parenting and the delicate balance it requires, but also, when this balance was set in opposition to the demands of her art. To my surprise, I began to forgive her for all she was unable to give me as a mother, and to celebrate instead what she gave me as a writer. This was hard to do, but resentment dimmed as I wrote. The memoir was essential in terms of realizing myself fully as both a daughter and as a mother.
In my own life, I have set my own writing with care on the edge of love and attention to my children, the drawing of all important boundaries (something my mother was never able to do), and the willingness to put my work aside when the kids' demands seemed to me to be more pressing—more worthy, in some sense. That has probably made me more of a successful mother and less of a successful writer, because if I had to choose, it would be to be a better parent. My mother would have made an entirely different choice. Her work was all. It sustained her in ways we children could not.
Which of your books are you the most proud of and why? (You have so many to choose from.) Which particular project was the most difficult to write? The most revelatory?
I am the most proud of Searching For Mercy Street, which tells such a deep tale of child to mother devotion, then the adolescent breakaway to a new identity, then the exasperating and elevating experience of motherhood—each phase moving onward to forgiveness for all the ways in which my mother disappointed me. It also speaks to the gifts she gave me, especially as a writer, gifts through which she taught me so much because she gave of her talents so freely. Writing the book revealed to me that we had more in common than I had thought, and also less in common. But mostly, it revealed her individuality as both a mother and as a poet, and taught me a great appreciation for all she did achieve. Perhaps it taught me to love her again after a long hiatus.
Anne and Linda just outside their home in Weston, Massachusetts, circa 1967.
Are you currently writing anything we should know about?
I am working now on a novel. In a decision to take a break from more "literary" endeavors, I began a book of psychological suspense—psychology and the machinations of the unconscious never being far from my mind, perhaps unsurprisingly, considering at whose knee I learned my craft. It is titled On My Own and is in the stage of final revisions before I send it to an agent. Right now I have a writer whom I admire reading it for one last set of comments, and I am hoping she will find it ready to be seen by the "professionals" in the literary biz. The novel has been five years in the making and I am eager to move on to new territory. I think, this time around, that it will be memoir again. It is my favorite genre. And I find I have more to say as my mother's daughter—and as her literary executor.
Linda Gray Sexton was born in Newton, Massachusetts in 1953. She is the daughter of the Pulitzer-Prize winning poet, Anne Sexton. Linda graduated from Harvard in 1975 with a degree in literature. She has published four novels: Rituals; Mirror Images; Points of Light; and Private Acts. Her three memoirs include: Searching for Mercy Street: My Journey Back to My Mother, Anne Sexton; Half in Love: Surviving the Legacy of Suicide; and Bespotted: My Family's Love Affair With Thirty-Eight Dalmatians. Linda is now at work on a fifth novel, and writes a bi-weekly newsletter/blog, for which you can sign up on her website, www.lindagraysexton.com. There you can learn more about her, read excerpts of her books, as well as buy them. She lives in Maryland with her husband and their three Dalmatians.
Sign-up for Linda Gray Sexton's biweekly newsletter!
Sign up for Linda Gray Sexton's bi-weekly newsletter!


How To Get a Social Security Card Name Change. If you legally change your name because of marriage, divorce, court order or any other reason, you need to tell Social Security so that you can get a card that reflects your SSA name change.... …. change Medicare coverage options, so you should help the person review his. Medicare & You – Medicare.gov Oct 1, 2016 … coverage, you'll qualify for savings on brand-name and generic drugs.
Internet-based PECOS will allow physicians, non-physician practitioners and provider and supplier organizations to enroll, make a change in their Medicare enrollment, view their Medicare enrollment information on file with Medicare, or check on status of a Medicare enrollment application via the Internet. For more information about the Internet-based PECOS, please select the "Internet-based... The quickest way to update your address for Medicare is to do it online on the Social Security website, even if you do not receive Social Security benefits. You can go on the My Profile tab on the Social Security website and click on my Social Security, where there will be an option to change your address.
How do I change my Medicare coverage?
Learn about how to protect your personal information, including your name and Social Security, Medicare, and credit card numbers. Phone numbers & websites Get contact information for organizations that can help answer your Medicare-related questions. how to cut chain link fence Change from a Medicare Advantage plan back to Original Medicare, Part A and Part B. Switch from one Medicare Advantage plan to another. Switch from a Medicare Advantage plan that doesn't offer drug coverage to a Medicare Advantage plan that does.
Medicare uses the name and address you have on file with Social Security. To change your name and/or address, visit your online my Social Security account . Note how to change password on wireless modem Learn about how to protect your personal information, including your name and Social Security, Medicare, and credit card numbers. Phone numbers & websites Get contact information for organizations that can help answer your Medicare-related questions.
Please note, if you change your Medicare information settings after Medicare information has been made available within your My Health Record, past information will remain visible unless you make changes to your access settings or effectively remove the Medicare documents from view (available from the 'Manage Document Access' page).
On an invoice: go to the invoice, and the Medicare Claim section is shown if the fee is a Medicare fee; click the edit (pencil) icon next to it to add or edit the patient's Medicare details. The patient's Medicare claiming details is added to their profile regardless of which method you use to add their details.


A modern engineering discipline leading the iron and steel industry and other industries... Erdemir Mühendislik Yönetim ve Danışmanlık Hizmetleri A.Ş. was founded by Ereğli Demir Çelik Fabrikaları T.A.Ş. (Erdemir), Turkey's biggest iron and steel company and integrated flat steel producer, on 6 August 2001.
Starting its operations in April 2002, Erdemir Engineering operates as an engineering company with a view to supporting the iron and steel industry with the experience, specialization, competence and knowledge gained during the investments made since the very first day of foundation of Erdemir.
In an era of accelerating technological advancements and innovations, Erdemir Engineering acts with the awareness of the fierce competition environment, where quality expectations are getting ever more demanding. Maintaining its consistent and sustainable growth trend, the company started its activities with the aim of providing OYAK Mining Metallurgy Group's production and auxiliary facilities with investment, consulting and engineering services. The company aims to be a globally competitive company in the field of engineering services in the iron and steel industry.
Erdemir Maden commissioned the Ekinbaşı Mine.
Erdemir Maden broke new ground in its industry when it obtained the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management System certificate.
OYAK Group acquired Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları T.A.Ş. within the scope of privatization.
Divriği Hekimhan Madenleri Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. is transferred to Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları T.A.Ş. within the scope of privatization.
Divriği Hekimhan Madenleri Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. commissions a pelleting facility.
Turkish Iron and Steel Enterprise is founded.
Divriği Iron Mine starts to be operated by ETIBANK.


The Nash Ensemble of London is an acclaimed English chamber orchestra. It was founded by Artistic Director Amelia Freedman in 1964, while she was a student at the Royal Academy of Music, and was named after the Nash Terrace around the Academy. The Ensemble has won awards from the Edinburgh Festival Critics and the Royal Philharmonic Society, as well as a 2002 Gramophone Award for contemporary music. In addition to their classical repertoire, the Ensemble performs works by numerous contemporary composers including Richard Rodney Bennett, Harrison Birtwistle, Elliott Carter and Peter Maxwell Davies, and has given the first performance of over 200 works.


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Generations of warfare
Find sources: "Generations of warfare" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The concept of four "generations" in the history of modern warfare was created by a team of United States analysts, including William S. Lind,[1] for the purpose of an argument for "the changing face of war" entering into a "fourth generation". The generations of warfare are sometimes dubbed as "4GW".[2]
First-generation warfare refers to Ancient and Post-classical battles fought with massed manpower, using phalanx, line and column tactics with uniformed soldiers governed by the state.[dubious – discuss] This generation came to an end around the mid-nineteenth century due to rapid improvements in the range, accuracy and rate-of-fire of many weapon systems.
Second-generation warfare evolved after the invention of the rifled musket and breech-loading weapons and continuing through the development of the machine gun and indirect fire. This generation predates the widespread effective use of motorised vehicles in battle (such as tanks and planes) and combined arms warfare. The term second generation warfare was created by the U.S. military in 1989.
Third-generation warfare focuses on using Late modern technology-derived tactics of leveraging speed, stealth and surprise to bypass the enemy's lines and collapse their forces from the rear. Essentially, this was the end of linear warfare on a tactical level, with units seeking not simply to meet each other face to face but to outmaneuver each other to gain the greatest advantage. Armoured units, planes and paratroopers began to play an increasingly critical role in operations, with the development of strategies such as Blitzkrieg and Deep Battle.
Fourth-generation warfare as presented by Lind et al. is characterized by a "post-modern" return to decentralized forms of warfare, blurring of the lines between war and politics, combatants and civilians due to nation states' loss of their near-monopoly on combat forces, returning to modes of conflict common in pre-modern times. Guerrilla groups, private military contractors and paramilitary organisations play a prominent role in fourth-generation warfare.
Fifth-generation warfare is conducted primarily through non-kinetic military action, such as social engineering, misinformation, cyberattacks, along with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and fully autonomous systems. Fifth generation warfare has been described by Daniel Abbot as a war of "information and perception".[3]
1 First generation
2 Second generation
3 Third generation
4 Fourth generation
5 Fifth generation
First generationEdit
Prussian infantry advancing in line and column formation at the Battle of Hohenfriedberg in 1745
In 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Treaty of Westphalia gave a practical sovereignty to the German states, which until then were semi-independent components of the Holy Roman Empire. This more firmly established the sovereignty of the nation-state, which meant, among other things, that governments would have exclusive rights to organize and maintain their own militaries. Before this time, many armies and nations were controlled by religious orders and many wars were fought in mêlée combat, or subversively through bribery and assassination. The first generation of modern warfare was intended to create a straightforward and orderly means of waging war.[4]
Alternatively, it has been argued that the Peace of Westphalia did not solidify the power of the nation-state, but that the Thirty Years' War itself ushered in an era of large-scale combat that was simply too costly for smaller mercenary groups to carry out on their own. According to this theory, smaller groups chose to leave mass combat—and the expenses associated with it—in the domain of the nation-state.[5]
The increased accuracy and speed of the rifled musket and the breech-loader marks the end of first generation warfare; the concept of vast lines of soldiers meeting face to face became impractical due to the heavy casualties that could be sustained. Because these technologies were adopted gradually throughout the Americas and Europe, the exact end of the first generation of modern warfare depends on the region, but all world powers had moved on by the latter half of the 19th century.[4]
In order to create a more controlled environment for warfare a military culture was developed that, in many ways, is still visible in the armed forces of today. Specially crafted uniforms set soldiers apart from the general populace.
An elaborate structure of rank was developed to better organize men into units. Rules for military drill were perfected, allowing line and column maneuvers to be executed with more precision, and to increase the rate of fire in battle.
Control of media information release during the war and production of counterfeit money in order to devaluate enemy's economy were used for the first time during Napoleonic wars.
Anglo-Spanish War
Seven Years' War
Second generationEdit
Technological developments such as the Maxim gun gave smaller units the ability to operate more independently
In the 19th century, the invention of the breech-loading rifled musket meant longer range, greater accuracy, and faster rate of fire. Marching ranks of men straight into a barrage of fire from such weapons would cause tremendous rates of casualties, so a new strategy was developed.
Second generation warfare still maintained lines of battle but focused more on the use of technology to allow smaller units of men to maneuver separately. These smaller units allowed for faster advances, less concentrated casualties, and the ability to use cover and concealment to advantage.[4] To some degree, these concepts have remained in use even as the next generations have arisen, so the end of the second generation is not as clearly defined as that of the first. The development of the blitzkrieg highlighted some of the flaws of static firing positions and slow-moving infantry, so this can be considered the beginning of the end for the second generation, at least as the dominant force in military strategy.
The contributions of the second generation were responses to technological development. The second generation saw the rise of trench warfare, artillery support, more advanced reconnaissance techniques, extensive use of camouflage uniforms, radio communications, and fireteam maneuvers.
Iran–Iraq War
Third generationEdit
Fast advances and maneuvering allowed Allied mechanized forces to quickly penetrate deep into Iraq during the Gulf War
The use of blitzkrieg during the German invasion of France first demonstrated the power of speed and maneuverability over static artillery positions and trench defenses. Through the use of tanks, mechanized infantry, and close air support, the Germans were able to quickly break through linear defenses and capture the rear.
The emphasis on maneuvering and speed to bypass enemy engagement remains a common strategy throughout the world, and collapsing an enemy's defenses by striking at deeper targets is—in a somewhat different way—a major strategy in fourth generation warfare.[4]
The contributions of the third generation were based on the concept of overcoming technological disadvantage through the use of clever strategy. As linear fighting came to an end, new ways of moving faster began to appear.
The emphasis on mobility moved from heavy armor to greater speed, the development of the helicopter allowed insertions in hostile territory, and advanced missile technology allowed forces to bypass enemy defenses and strike at targets from great distances. The speed inherent in these methods necessitated a greater degree of independence allowed to the units on the front lines.
Greater trust needed to be placed in junior officers commanding sub-units by higher-ranking officers—a belief that they could adequately achieve their objectives without micromanagement from higher ranking commanders in command headquarters.
Smaller units were allowed greater decision flexibility to deal with changing situations on the ground, rather than have decisions made for them by commanders who were distant from the front. This began to break down the regimented culture of order that was so important in previous theoretical eras of military command and control.
Invasion of Afghanistan
Fourth generationEdit
Main article: Fourth-generation warfare
Fourth-generation warfare is characterized by a blurring of the lines between war and politics, combatants and civilians. The term was first used in 1989 by a team of United States analysts, including William S. Lind, to describe warfare's return to a decentralized form. In terms of generational modern warfare, the fourth generation signifies the nation states' loss of their near-monopoly on combat forces, returning to modes of conflict common in pre-modern times.
The simplest definition includes any war in which one of the major participants is not a state but rather a violent non-state actor. Classical examples, such as the slave uprising under Spartacus or the mercenary uprising that occurred in Carthage after the first Punic War, predate the modern concept of warfare and are examples of this type of conflict.
Guerillas in Maguindanao, 1999
Fourth generation warfare is defined as conflicts which involve the following elements:
Are complex and long term
Terrorism (tactic)
A non-national or transnational base – highly decentralized
A direct attack on the enemy's core ideals
Highly sophisticated psychological warfare, especially through media manipulation and lawfare
All available pressures are used – political, economic, social and military
Occurs in low intensity conflict, involving actors from all networks
Non-combatants are tactical dilemmas
Lack of hierarchy
Small in size, spread out network of communication and financial support
Use of insurgency and guerrilla tactics
Fourth-generation warfare theory has been criticized on the grounds that it is "nothing more than repackaging of the traditional clash between the non-state insurgent and the soldiers of a nation-state."[6]
Fifth generationEdit
Main article: Fifth-generation warfare
Fifth-generation warfare (5GW) is warfare that is conducted primarily through non-kinetic military action, such as social engineering, misinformation, cyberattacks, along with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and fully autonomous systems. Fifth generation warfare has been described by Daniel Abbot as a war of "information and perception".[7]
DefinitionEdit
There is no widely agreed upon definition of fifth-generation warfare,[8] and it has been rejected by some scholars, including William S. Lind, who was one of the original theorists of fourth-generation warfare.[9]
The term 'fifth-generation warfare' was first used in 2003 by Robert Steele. The following year, Lind criticised the concept, arguing that the fourth generation had yet to fully materialize.[10]
In 2008, the term was used by Terry Terriff,[11] who presented the 2003 ricin letters as a potential example, but stated that he was not entirely sure if it was a fifth-generation attack, claiming "we may not recognize it as it resolves around us. Or we might look at several alternative futures and see each as fifth generation."[11] Terriff argued that while fifth-generation warfare allows "super-empowered individuals" to make political statements through terrorism, they lack the political power to actually have their demands met.[12]
L.C. Rees described the nature of fifth generation warfare as difficult to define in itself, alluding to the third law of science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke – "any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic."[13]
CharacteristicsEdit
Alex P. Schmid said that fifth-generation warfare is typified by its "omnipresent battlefield", and the fact that people engaged in it do not necessarily use military force, instead employing a mixture of kinetic and non-kinetic force.[14] In the 1999 book Unrestricted Warfare by colonels Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui of the People's Liberation Army, they noted that in the years since the 1991 Gulf War, conventional military violence had decreased, which correlated to an increase in ""political, economic, and technological violence", which they argued could be more devastating than a conventional war.[15] On the contrary, Thomas P. M. Barnett, believes that the effectiveness of fifth-generational warfare is exaggerated, as terrorism conducted by individuals, such as Timothy McVeigh or Ted Kaczynski, lacks the support of more organized movements. This was seconded by George Michael, who noted that in the United States, gang violence was responsible for far more deaths than lone wolf terrorist attacks.[16]
^ Lind, William S.; Nightengale, Keith; Schmitt, John F.; Sutton, Joseph W.; Wilson, Gary I. (October 1989), "The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation", Marine Corps Gazette, pp. 22–26
^ Defense Technical Information Center (2007-06-01). DTIC ADA521639: Military Review. Volume 87, Number 3, May-June 2007.
^ Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 20.
^ a b c d Lind, William S. (January 15, 2004), "Understanding Fourth Generation War", antiwar.com, retrieved February 7, 2010
^ Echevarria, Antulio J. II (November 2005). Fourth-Generation War and Other Myths (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. United States Army War College.
^ On Fourth Generation Warfare, The Mackenzie Institute
^ Michael, George (2012). Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 156.
^ Abbott, Daniel (2010). The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare. Nimble Books. p. 125.
^ a b Terriff, Terry (2008). Global Insurgency and the Future of Armed Conflict. Routledge. p. 42.
^ Terriff, Terry (2008). Global Insurgency and the Future of Armed Conflict. Routledge. p. 50.
^ Schmid, Alex (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. Routledge. p. 167.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generations_of_warfare&oldid=1129644173"


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The Art of Snacking
Caesar once said, vene, vidi, veggie, which translated into English means, I came, I saw and I snacked. Back then though, they were limited in their snacking foods, so he made do with a vegetable plate and some kind of dip. This was unheard of back then, dipping vegetables. And so he was taken out of power by a few of the snacking purists, including Brutus. They dethroned him right after a bedtime snack of cauliflower. Caesar was so proud of himself, breaking a personal record; just before he died he looked up and said, "I ate two, Brutus!"??I come from a long line of snackers myself. My grandfather once was looking forward to a bedtime snack of cheese and crackers and the cheese turned up missing. My grandfather was so irritated he wrote a booklet called, 'Who Moved My Cheese?!' It didn't catch on. He was ahead of his time. He also wrote, "The Seven Secrets of Successful Snackers." But, alas, his books were lost during a dust storm in the 30's.??My father used to have snacks like a piece of cake in a bowl with milk poured all over it. But then he ate oyster soup, too. Allegedly he was looking for a 'pearl of a snack'. He passed on to me the desire to snack. When he would take us to where he worked, he would give us a few pennies so that we could get peanuts out of a snacking machine. Back in the 50's that was all the rage. Machine snacking. In fact that's where that famous saying comes from; "Mechanized snacking will never replace the horse." This was said by the infamous non-snacker, Sir Isaac Fig Newton. Later he recanted his non-snacker status and invented the famous snack that bears his name.??My mother would often smuggle snacks into the house, hoping to not expose her family to her snacking habit. This was kind of her. At least that's what she told us. Even so, we would eventually find the chocolate covered peanuts, or fudge, or chocolate chip cookies and have a snack ourselves. This only goes to prove the old adage, 'give a kid a fishstick and he'll go hungry, but teach him to snack on chocolate and he'll snack for life'.??When I was a senior in high school, I wrote a term paper about that famous author guy Shakespeare. You know he wrote that play about MacBeth who stood up during a commercial during a football game and uttered those now-famous words, "To snack or not to snack. That is the question." I compared the snacks in that play to the ones in Romeo and Juliet; Where Juliet gives Romeo a snack that only her family ate. When Romeo ate it he discovered it was the same snack his family ate, it just had a different name. Then he said. "A snack by any other name would taste as sweet!"?Snacking was even an issue during the French Revolution. Marie Antonette decided that her subjects were all nice people and she said, "Let them snack on cake!" Then the poor people ran out of food and that's where that saying comes from, "You can't have your snack cake and eat it too."That's along about the time when the French decided to modernize their army, getting rid of the sword fighters and hiring only guys that could shoot muskets. Three work guys tried to make themselves a name and some money by making a new candy for snacking. They called it 'Three Musketeers'.Our country was founded upon great snacking principles. That famous American patriot, Patty O'Henry (who later invented the O'Henry candy bar) once shouted, "Give me liberty, or give me a snack!" And then he was answered by another famous patriot. "I have not yet begun to snack!" I think his name was John Paul Jones. And we all remember what the hungry submarine captain said when it was time to fire torpedoes at the enemy ships. "_____the torpedoes, hand me my snack!"??A rock and roll band made history by singing, 'All You Need Is A Snack'. Another band was quoted in The Rolling Stone "It's not the singer, it's the snack!" I'm not sure what their point was, but it's a statement that's hard to argue with. And I think it was the astronaut Buzz Aldrin, who, while eating a cheese sandwich on the moon quipped, "That's one small cheese snack for man, one giant cheese snack for mankind". And the ill-fated Apollo 13, when it ran out of tubes of snacks for the astronauts radioed, "Houston we have a problem!"??Our politicians often take sides on the snacking issue. "A car in every garage and a snack in every pot" got somebody elected. When Dwight Eisenhower ran for president they printed up thousands of buttons that were supposed to say, "I like Ike like a good snack." But the printer was low on ink so he being an anti-snacker just printed "I like Ike." The irony is Eisenhower was elected anyway.??His successor, John F. Kennedy was in Germany where he uttered the now famous words, "Ich be ein snackergrubin." Some in the press misunderstood him, not knowing German very well. They messed up the quote, but history will show what he said.??In present day times we have a divided country. There are the chocoloate snackers on one side of the issue and the non-chocolate snackers on the other.??And the independents take the middle ground of undecided chocolate or not snackers. This is what makes our country so great. We can all agree that there needs to be a guaranteed national snack plan. I mean its really quite un-American and almost unbelievable that the richest nation in the world would let some of its citizens go to bed without a bedtime snack. What are we thinking???Anyway let's get behind our leaders and line up for a snack. Let's remember all famous American snackers. And the logic of that famous guy from Oklahoma that once said, "I never ate a snack I didn't like." Or did he say, "You can't tell a snack by its color?" No, no, no! He said, "Diet and you diet alone, but snack and the world snacks with you."
Bad Hair Day!


"I don't know what I'd have done without you" is a phrase that keeps cropping up in the thank you notes received from local people who have visited the University of Sussex's free law clinics for advice this year.
Students from the law school have been volunteering on a number of Sussex Clinical Legal Education projects to provide free legal advice to local people on issues as diverse as housing, employment, criminal, family and prisoner problems.
Sarah (not her real name) is one of the clients who put pen to paper to thank her student supporters recently. Sarah was charged with an offence and was adamant that it was unfair. Not qualifying for legal aid, she turned to the criminal justice law clinic at the University of Sussex.
The students there spoke with her and looked at the details of the case, and agreed. They assisted a supervising solicitor in making made formal representations to the court, and as a result, her case was dropped. "I am so incredibly thankful for all your help and support this past weeks, I don't know what I would have done without you" she wrote to tell the students.
"Working for Citizens Advice has been a great experience as I had the opportunity to help people and get to know the real issues out there that are affecting people's lives.
Among the 722 people helped at the Citizens Advice clinic in the 2017-18 academic year were 532 complex cases. On other projects, students helped 82 people without their own legal representation for example by explaining paperwork or taking notes for them (known as the CLOCK project).
Forty-eight people were helped with family law issues, and 19 people were helped with employment problems. The students helped 20 people with housing issues and nine people with criminal justice challenges.
Students working on the criminal justice clinic also assisted the Prisoners' Advice Service with five cases, and worked with the campaign group Joint Enterprise Not Guilty by Association (JENGbA) on two cases.
The Sussex Clinical Legal Education programme was started by Dr Amir Paz-Fuchs in 2016 and it has already become one of the most comprehensive free legal advice clinics anywhere.
Dr Paz-Fuchs, a senior lecturer in law, says: "Sussex law students have been helping some of the most vulnerable people in their local community tackle what are often traumatic life circumstances.
You can read more about all pro-bono projects, including the law clinics, on the Law department webpages.