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Methodology | Open | Published: 27 August 2013
The PROBIT approach in estimating the prevalence of wasting: revisiting bias and precision
Curtis J Blanton1 &
Oleg O Bilukha1
The PROBIT methodology was presented in the 1995 World Health Organization Technical Report on Anthropometry as an alternative to the standard prevalence based method of measuring malnutrition in children. Theoretically the PROBIT method will always give a smaller standard error than the standard prevalence method in measuring malnutrition. A recent article by Dale et al. assessed the PROBIT method for measuring global acute malnutrition measure and found that the method was biased and the precision was superior only for sample sizes less than 150 when compared to the standard method. In a manner similar to Dale, our study further investigated the bias and precision of the PROBIT method for different sample sizes using simulated populations.
The PROBIT method showed bias for each of the ten simulated populations, but the direction and magnitude of the average bias was changed depending on the simulated population. For a given simulated population, the average bias was relatively constant for all sample sizes drawn. The 95% half-width confidence interval was lower for the PROBIT method than the standard prevalence method regardless of the sample size or simulated population. The absolute difference in the confidence limits showed the most gains for the PROBIT method for the smaller samples sizes, but the ratio of confidence intervals was relatively constant across all sample sizes.
The PROBIT method will provide gains in precision regardless of the sample size, but the method may be biased. The direction and magnitude of the bias depends on the population it is drawn from.
The measurement of population based estimates of malnutrition in children 6 to 59 months is a major component in assessing the nutrition levels in vulnerable populations. Typically, the prevalence of malnutrition is determined by taking a random survey sample of children from a population and indexing each selected child's weight and height to the standard World Health Organization (WHO) Growth charts [1]. The resulting weight-for-height Z-scores (WHZ) are then compared to malnutrition thresholds; the number of children with WHZ less than the WHZ threshold is then counted and divided by the number of children in the sample. As a measure of precision, a 95% confidence limit around the estimate is calculated based on the sample size and sample design. This is the standard prevalence method of measuring malnutrition [1].
The 1995 WHO Technical Report 854 described the use of the PROBIT method to measure child anthropometry indicators in nutrition surveys as a more robust alternative to the standard prevalence-based approach [1]. The PROBIT method assumes the true distribution of WHZ comes from a normal distribution, so the distribution can be defined using the mean and the standard deviation (SD). Instead of counting the number of cases below a malnutrition WHZ threshold for a given sample, the PROBIT method estimates the prevalence of malnutrition indirectly by computing the area under the tail of the curve from -∞ to the threshold via the cumulative normal distribution function using the sample mean and standard deviation [2]. Alternatively, to reduce the influence of extreme values for a given survey, robust estimators of the sample mean, such as Winsorized or trimmed means, can be used instead of the standard sample mean [3]. The principal assumption around the PROBIT method when estimating the prevalence of wasting is that the WHZ follow a normal distribution.
The advantage of the PROBIT method is that it will, theoretically, always produce a smaller standard error around a prevalence estimate than the standard prevalence method because it assumes a normal distribution [2]. The other advantage is the method is less vulnerable to field measurement errors of a child's height and weight versus the standard method which counts cases in the tail of the distribution. The disadvantage of the PROBIT method is that the bias of the PROBIT methodology depends upon the deviation of the true population of WHZ from the assumed normal distribution of WHZ defined by the mean and standard deviation. The prevalence based method on the other hand, assuming no measurement error, will give an unbiased estimate of the true prevalence.
Using a simulation based approach; a recent paper by Dale et al. examined the difference in bias and precision between the PROBIT method and the standard prevalence method for estimating the prevalence of global acute malnutrition (GAM) as well as severe acute (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) [4]. Ignoring clustering, they created simulated true populations by inflating field nutrition surveys and then drawing repeated random samples at different fixed sample sizes to calculate the precision and bias for each method. The results were aggregated across the simulated true populations at each of the fixed sample sizes. The Dale study found that the precision for the PROBIT methodology for GAM based on WHZ was superior to the standard method only for sample sizes <150. The paper also stated that PROBIT method overestimated the prevalence of GAM, MAM and SAM and one can correct for it with the simple subtraction of the bias.
After reviewing the Dale article, the authors had concerns about the generalizability of the reported aggregated results. One concern was that the results of the Dale study contradicted the theoretical model in which the precision from the PROBIT method should always be superior to the standard prevalence method irrespective of the sample size and not solely for sample sizes <150. The other problem was that the aggregation of the bias and precision for multiple simulated populations may have masked individual population differences. We suspected that bias would vary by population depending on WHZ fit to the normal distribution and the magnitude of the prevalence.
Our study investigated the discrepancy between theoretically expected results of precision for the PROBIT method vs. the standard method and the ones reported by Dale. In addition we examined the variation of the bias of the PROBIT method by simulated population. We first examined the difference in precision between the two methods assuming a population with a perfect fit to the normal distribution. Next, using simulated populations from inflated field surveys in a similar manner as Dale, we examined the bias and precision around prevalence of the WHO defined threshold of WHZ < −2 (wasting) instead of GAM which is defined as a WHZ < −2 or the presence of edema. We used wasting as opposed to GAM because we wanted to look at the behavior of the estimates without edema. Instead of aggregating across simulated populations, we looked at the precision and bias from individual simulated populations of different categories of quality and magnitudes of wasting.
Perfect fit to normal distribution
First, to illustrate a theoretical perfect fit of WHZ, the precision for each method was calculated assuming an imaginary distribution of WHZ that perfectly fit a normal population with a mean of 0.71 and SD = 1 - this results in a 10% prevalence estimate. For each method, the precision was calculated for 10 different sample sizes ranging from 50 to 900. The standard error (SE) for the prevalence method was calculated using the normal approximation to the binomial and the 95% Half-Width confidence interval (CI) was calculated by multiplying the SE*1.96. To calculate the 95% confidence intervals around the PROBIT estimate, the SE of the sample mean was calculated first along with 95% CI of the sample mean. Next, the cumulative normal distribution function was used to calculate the upper and lower bounds of the sample mean to obtain the confidence intervals around the PROBIT estimate.
Dale et al. PROBIT estimation
To compare the standard method vs. the PROBIT method, Dale et al. created simulated population data sets using a database of 560 cluster survey datasets taking only records with WHZ between −5 and +5. Ignoring the cluster design, they inflated each dataset to a population of 17,000 using random sampling with replacement. A true prevalence was calculated for each of the 560 simulated population datasets by counting the cases of malnutrition and dividing by 17,000. From each population of 17,000, they drew 150 samples of 15 different sample sizes ranging from 50 to 500 stepped up by 25 each time. The prevalence was calculated for every sample using the standard prevalence method of counting cases and the PROBIT method with three different estimators of the mean and SD: 1) median and SD = 1; 2) mean and the observed SD; and 3) mean and observed SD using a Box-Cox transformed data to help normalize the data [5].
To measure the performance of the PROBIT methodology vs. the standard prevalence method, they examined both the bias and precision. The bias was measured by subtracting the estimate of GAM produced by each method from the true prevalence and then taking the mean (mean error). In the case of the standard method, the measure is an unbiased estimator of the percent GAM. The precision was measured by calculating the 95% limits of agreement (mean error ±1.96 * SD error) for each of the 15 sample sizes and populations separately. Summary measures of the bias and precision were calculated by taking the average across the 560 simulated populations at each of the 15 sample sizes.
Simulations to assess the standard and PROBIT methods
To investigate the performance of PROBIT in the measure of wasting compared to the standard prevalence method, we used a total of 10 nutrition field surveys to create simulated populations of WHZ. We included four nutrition field surveys that were conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Bhutanese refugee camps from 2007 through 2010 and used a simple random sampling design – these were considered good quality surveys with supervision at each stage of the survey process [6]. The other six nutrition surveys were randomly selected from a database of 390 surveys provided by Action Against Hunger International (ACF International) and the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit for Somalia (FSNAU). The surveys were administered by non-governmental organizations, were conducted during 2001–2009, used cluster sampling design, had a sample size of at least 400, and were of variable data quality. To obtain a variety of simulation surveys, the surveys were separated into six categories by prevalence and quality prior to selection and one survey per cell was randomly selected (Table 1). The quality stratification was based on the SD of the WHZ as previously described [1].
Table 1 The number of surveys by prevalence and quality categories from the ACF international and FSNAU databases (N = 390)
For all surveys, the WHZ were based on the 2006 WHO Growth Standards [7] and were generated using the ENA software [8]. Extreme values were excluded from the analysis based on the WHO flexible exclusion range criteria, which defines an improbable value as a WHZ of < −4 and >4 from the observed mean [1].
In a manner similar to Dale, we created 10 simulated populations by inflating each of the surveys to a population of 20,000 using simple random sampling with replacement. From each simulated population, we drew 1,000 samples for each of 10 different sample sizes ranging from 50 to 500 incremented by 50. For each sample, we calculated the prevalence using the standard method of counting the number of children with a WHZ less than −2 and then the PROBIT method using the observed mean and SD. We also examined a robust estimator of the mean using Winsorization, but it was not superior to using the observed mean and SD; therefore, we have omitted those results from the article [3].
To compare the properties for the two different methods, we calculated the bias and precision for the 10 different sample size categories within each simulated population. The bias for each sample was calculated by subtracting the sample estimate of wasting prevalence from the true prevalence of the simulated population and then calculating average bias within each sample size category. The precision for each simulated population was estimated by calculating the half-width of the 95% CI (1.96 * SD) within each sample size category (n = 1000); the SD is the standard deviation of the sample prevalence estimates. Because the true population mean of each simulated population is a constant, the method we used to calculate the precision around the PROBIT estimate is mathematically equivalent to the 95% limits of agreement (mean error ±1.96 * SD error) ) used in the Dale article.
To examine the magnitude of the bias relative to the true value, the relative bias for the PROBIT was calculated for each simulation by dividing the average bias for a given sample size by the true prevalence value. To show the relative precision of the standard method to the PROBIT method, we calculated the ratio of the 95% half-width CI of the standard method to the PROBIT by dividing the average 95% half-width CI of the standard method by the average 95% half-width CI of the PROBIT.
To examine the deviations of the populations from the normal distribution we calculated the skewness, kurtosis, and the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality [9]. Significance for the Shapiro-Wilk test was set at p < 0.05.
The analysis for this paper was generated using Excel 2010 and SAS/STAT software, Version 9.3 of the SAS System for Windows [10].
The precision for PROBIT versus the standard method assuming a WHZ distribution that fits the normal distribution perfectly are presented in Table 2. The ratio of the half-width 95% CI of the standard method to the PROBIT was the same (1.7) regardless of the sample size. The half-width 95% CI for the PROBIT was smaller than standard prevalence for all the calculated sample sizes.
Table 2 The standard errors (SE) and confidence intervals (CI) for the PROBIT method versus the standard prevalence method assuming a WHZ perfect fit to the normal distribution (Mean WHZ = −0.72, SD = 1.0, prevalence = 10.0%)
Simulation results
The descriptive statistics for the original datasets (used as a basis for the simulations) are presented in Table 3. The WHZ SD's were similar for the four Nepal surveys (range: 0.91-0.93). By definition, all of the low quality surveys had a SD > =1.2 and the high quality surveys <1.1. Based on the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, all of the low quality surveys as well as three of the four Nepal surveys were significantly non-normal. All of the surveys had a small amount of skewness ranging from −0.17 and 0.31. The kurtosis was also relatively small ranging from 0.15 to 0.75. All of the surveys had very few or no subjects with edema.
Table 3 Descriptive statistics of the nutrition surveys using weight-for-height Z (WHZ) scores for determining Wasting prevalence used for the simulation a
The bias for the PROBIT methods changed in magnitude and direction depending on the simulation survey used, but the magnitude of the bias for a given simulation dataset was relatively constant regardless of the sample size (Table 4). For 8 of the 10 surveys the bias was positive. The bias was the highest relative to the true prevalence of wasting for the 2007 through 2010 Nepal surveys (Table 5).
Table 4 Average bias for the PROBIT method by simulation survey
Table 5 Relative Bias (bias/true estimate) of PROBIT methodology by simulation survey
The precision, represented by the half-width 95% CIs, was superior for the PROBIT method for all the simulation datasets and sample sizes (Table 6). The absolute difference in the CI shows the largest absolute gains in precision for the smaller sample sizes (Figure 1). Within each simulation survey, the ratio of the half-width CI of the standard method to the PROBIT method was relatively constant across all sample sizes for each simulation database (Figure 2). These results are consistent with the theoretical model for precision mentioned above.
Table 6 95% Half-Width confidence intervals for the standard and PROBIT method
The absolute difference in the 95% half-width confidence limit between the PROBIT method - standard prevalence method.
The ratio of standard prevalence method 95% half-width CI to the PROBIT method 95% half-width CI.
We have shown that the magnitude and direction of the bias for the PROBIT methodology depended on the simulation survey dataset in contrast to the Dale article which stated that the PROBIT method overestimates GAM and can be corrected with a uniform value. Our bias was also consistently higher than those reported in the Dale article, but this may be due to the fact that they averaged the bias over 560 surveys and the positive and negative values then cancelled each other out. The relative bias was higher for the Nepal simulation datasets, which all had lower SD (<1) and a higher kurtosis than the other six datasets. On the other hand, all three Somalia datasets that were significantly non-normal by Shapiro-Wilk test showed much lower relative bias. Further analysis is needed to determine if the variation in the magnitude and direction of the bias can be explained by the shape of the WHZ distribution and the degree of non-normality. As suggested in the Dale article, a transformation to make the data more normal may reduce the bias.
Our results show the PROBIT method consistently had higher precision around the prevalence of wasting than the standard method. This was true for the perfect fit to the normal distributions and our simulation results. Our PROBIT method simulations yielded lower half-width CI than the standard method for estimating wasting regardless of the sample size. This is consistent with the theoretical model but is a different result than presented in the Dale article, which concluded that the width of the 95% limits of agreement for the PROBIT methods were superior only for sample sizes <150. Certainly though, the largest absolute gains in precision were for the lower sample sizes. We do not think the difference in precision between our results and Dale's is due to due to the different simulation data sets used for each study. Our precision results were consistently lower for the PROBIT method despite having intentionally selected surveys of varying quality and prevalence sizes. A possible reason for the discrepancy in the results could be the manner in which Dale et al. aggregated their results when calculating the precision around their estimates. It appears they may have calculated the standard deviation of the mean error for all samples from all the simulated populations. Calculating the precision in this manner would artificially decrease the precision of the PROBIT method because the magnitude and directionality of the bias depends on the simulated population. The standard method would not be affected theoretically because it is an unbiased estimate.
The results of our study are limited by the fact that our analyses used simulated WHZ population data created from sample survey datasets instead of the actual exhaustive population data. We do not know if the true populations would have had distributions closer or farther away from the normal distribution. Also, the influence of measurement error in the field was ignored; this may have caused more bias for the standard prevalence method than the PROBIT method. Another limitation is that we ignored the cluster survey design of the non-Nepal surveys when we created a simulated population of WHZ using simple random sampling. Further investigation is needed to determine the behavior of the PROBIT method when applied to cluster surveys. Also, we looked only at wasting, which does not include edema. Looking at GAM in the populations where edema is high and many of the edema cases have WHZ greater than −2, would add an additional positive bias, since edema cases are not accounted for directly by WHZ distribution.
The results of our study clearly show that the bias from PROBIT method is population dependent and should not be generalized for all populations. In our examples, the PROBIT method consistently outperformed the standard method in terms of precision for all sample sizes as opposed to the Dale article which stated the gain in precision is only for small sample sizes. We agree with the Dale article that the PROBIT method is most advantageous for the smaller sample sizes, where the gains in absolute precision are the greatest. However, the ratio of the precision of the standard method to the PROBIT method was shown to be close to constant across sample sizes, consistent with the theoretical model. Further work is needed to explore whether some of the survey data characteristics (e.g., SD, skewness, kurtosis, prevalence, etc.) can consistently explain the degree and directionality of bias, so caution should be used when applying this method.
World Health Organization: WHO technical report series 854, physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry: report of a WHO expert committee. Geneva: WHO; 1995.
Freund J, Walpole R: Mathematical statistics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1987.
Tukey JW, McLaughlin DH: Less vulnerable confidence and significance procedures for location based on a single sample: trimming/winsorization 1. Sankhya Ser A. 1963, 25 (3): 331-352.
Dale NM, Myatt M, Prudhon C, Briend A: Assessment of the PROBIT approach for estimating the prevalence of global, moderate and severe acute malnutrition from population surveys. Public Health Nutr. 2013, 16 (5): 858-863. 10.1017/S1368980012003345
Box GEP, Cox DR: An analysis of transformations. J Roy Stat Soc B. 1964, 26 (2): 211-252.
Bilukha O, Howard C, Wilkinson C, Bamrah S, Husain F: Effects of multimicronutrient home fortification on anemia and growth in Bhutanese refugee children. Food Nutr Bull. 2011, 32 (3): 264-276.
World Health Organization: WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-height and body mass index for- age: methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
ENA for SMART 2011: Software for emergency nutrition assessment. 2011.http://www.nutrisurvey.de/ena2011/
Shapiro SS, Wilk MB: An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika. 1965, 52 (3/4): 591-611. 10.2307/2333709.
SAS: SAS/STAT(R) 9.3 user's guide. 2011.http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/statug/63962/PDF/default/statug.pdf
We would like to thank Action Against Hunger International and the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit for Somalia for the use of their nutrition surveys for this study.
International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy. MS-F-57, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
Curtis J Blanton
& Oleg O Bilukha
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Correspondence to Curtis J Blanton.
Both authors declare that they have no competing interests.
CJB and OOB designed the study, CJB conducted the analysis, and CJB and OOB drafted the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Weight-for-Height
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CHIO Rotterdam rescheduled to July 1-4 and broadcasted via TV and online
With the official approval by FEI, KNHS and the City of Rotterdam the CHIO Rotterdam is rescheduled to July 1-4, 2021. Meanwhile, the CHIO Organisation has partnered with Horse & Country for media coverage of the 72nd edition of the international equestrian event, and plans for the live broadcast and streaming are well advanced.
"With the approval of our new date it's getting more and more likely that CHIO Rotterdam will take place this year, although we still consider all scenario's", says Ron Voskuilen, general director of CHIO Rotterdam. "As the chances for a full-blown edition of the event. including spectators and merchandise village, are very limited, we are working behind the scenes with H&C to make the broadcast of the event via live TV and online possible, ensuring equestrian fans don't have to miss their favorite riders and horses performing in Rotterdam."
"We're extremely grateful with the support of all stakeholders enabling us to organize our event this year", says Theo de Rooij, president of CHIO Rotterdam. "We had very positive feedback from the riders as the new date for many of them will be a very important moment of measurement on their way to the Olympics in Tokyo. We realize this 72nd edition will be very different from other editions of CHIO Rotterdam. There is little chance we can welcome the crowd to our venue this year, we're hoping to have some small COVID-19 proof hospitality. But with live TV and online broadcasting we like to ensure nobody will have to miss any rider or horse."
photo credits: Jessica Pijlman

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Why that coin was in there ? It is supposed to be in Germany ! Hitler's sign was printed in that coin!


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Our Founder: Al Hazzard
Dr. Albert S. Hazzard, Assistant Executive Director of the Pennsylvania Fish Commission, retired April 1, 1963 and Dr. Hazzard directed the Commission's land and water management activities including the biological services, fish rearing, distribution, engineering construction and maintenance. He led the improvement work in Pennsylvania.
In the Commission he helped organize and develop the regional fish management program and represented the Commission in developing plans with the US Soil Conservation Service for multi-purpose lakes under Public Law 566. Dr. Hazzard served on the advisory committee of the International Great Lakes Fishery Commission and acted as Advisor on fisheries from Pennsylvania for the Great Lakes Commission.
He served on a staff headed by Dr. Maurice Goddard, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters during the development of Delaware River Basin Comprehensive Survey. Dr. Hazzard also represented the Fish Commission on various conservation committees with the state and nationally. Before going to Pennsylvania and while there, Dr. Hazzard was active in promoting public trout fishing for sport often referred to throughout the world as the "Fish-for-Fun" project. He believed that reducing the kill through higher size limits and restrictions to artificial lures was the most effective way to better trout fishing.
Dr. Hazzard was a strong advocate of stream improvement and was convinced that warm-water fishermen could best be served via the control of pollution, soil, conservation, securing public access to fishing waters and building fishing lakes rather than by any state-wide program of fish stocking.
Born in Buchanan, NY, on July 30, 1901, Dr. Hazzard graduated from high school in Hancock, NY. He took a A.B. Degree with Honors at Cornell University in 1924, and obtained his PhD degree at Cornell in 1931. He was an instructor in zoology at Cornell from 1924 until 1931. He was a member and leader of the Streams unit of the biological survey of the New York Conservation Department from 1926 through 1930. From 1931 until 1935 he was employed as an associate aquatic biologist by the US Bureau of Fisheries, now the US Fish & Wildlife Service, in charge of fisheries investigations in the western inter-mountain region.
In addition to directing the Institute of Fisheries Research, he served as a research associate in zoology at the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources, and as a private consultant in sport fishery matters. In the latter capacity he served the Izaak Walton League of America in a study in the Adirondacks, and as a special consultant to the Wildlife Resources Board of the State of California.
Dr. Hazzard authored over 70 technical and popular articles relating to fresh-water sports fisheries and was a member of the American Fisheries Society, one of the oldest scientific organizations in the country. He served as its President from 1950-1951. While in Michigan he was active Science Research Club of the University of Michigan and the President of the Club in 1955. He was also a member of the International Association of Fish, Game and Convservation Commission. He was a member of Sigma Xi and Gamma Alpha honorary scientific fraternities.
Dr. Hazzard was married to Florence Woolsey of Hancock, NY, and they raised five children. They retired on a farm near Hancock, NY. Dr. Hazzard was a fine scholar, gentleman, and above all, fisherman.
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Taking Georgia Tech from Excellence to Preeminence
Jan 2, 2012 | Atlanta, GA
The winds of change are evident at Georgia Tech, particularly in the College of Engineering. There are new faces and new leadership—people who are committed to manifesting change in order to move Georgia Tech, the College of Engineering, and the H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering (ISyE) to their highest aspirations. As the technological university of the twenty-first century, Georgia Tech has to be flexible, adaptable, and continually improving and transforming. These new leaders represent the new face of Georgia Tech and engineering. They bring with them not only a sense of urgency, but new perspectives, strategies, and ideas.
G. P. "Bud" Peterson, president of Georgia Tech, arrived in April 2009. He was followed by Rafael L. Bras, who became provost in September 2010. Gary May, dean of the College of Engineering, and Jane Ammons, the H. Milton and Carolyn J. Stewart School Chair at ISyE, both started their new duties on July 1, 2011.
From their diverse backgrounds, these Georgia Tech leaders are crafting a vision of the future. Looking forward, they are envisioning exciting possibilities and enlisting others in a shared view to lead Georgia Tech from excellence to preeminence. The four recently shared their thoughts on Tech's path forward.
There is a lot of discussion regarding the "Grand Challenges for Engineering" for the twenty-first century—some of which are health, clean energy, national security, and education and lifelong learning. What is Georgia Tech's role in meeting these challenges?
Peterson: We believe that over the next twenty-five years, many of the world's most critical problems will be solved at research and educational institutions like Georgia Tech. We're already working on breakthroughs in a number of fields.
Bras: Our tradition is not only to create knowledge but also to use that knowledge for the betterment of society. The Georgia Tech Strategic Plan states: "Georgia Tech has accepted the challenge to create the conditions that lead to solving critical global problems. Rather than settle for incremental steps forward, we have set forth a course to facilitate bold and deliberate contributions to human progress."
May: As the proprietor of the largest, most diverse, and one of the best engineering programs in the nation, it is incumbent upon Georgia Tech to be a leader in creating solutions and empowering students to meet societal challenges. The "Grand Challenges" are so named because they will require significant time, effort, and resources by a variety of constituencies to resolve them.
Ammons: Georgia Tech faculty, students, and alumni are creative, bold, solution-driven leaders when addressing the complex grand challenges of today. ISyE leaders are particularly equipped with holistic systems thinking approaches. Their success and impacts to date make us optimistic as we cultivate the leaders of tomorrow.
How can we help stimulate future collaborations of engineers with social scientists, industry, government, business, and other friends of the Institute to address complex societal issues?
Peterson: Tech has a long track record of creating collaborative partnerships with government, business, and industry, and we must continue. New interdisciplinary fields are emerging that span technology, science, policy, business, law, and the arts. Our success will depend on our ability to utilize science and technology to build on our history of excellence and shape our future.
Ammons: We celebrate the many ways that ISyE faculty, students, and alumni have collaborated with our disciplinary partners as well as business, government, and not-for-profit organizations to improve complex societal issues. Examples include our need for national economic competitiveness in manufacturing and supply chain engineering, our critical healthcare delivery systems, important environmental and sustainability thrusts, and humanitarian logistics and disaster relief. We will stimulate future collaborations by building on these successes and developing our students as leaders with systems thinking and collaborative mindsets.
How do we leverage our state and national leadership roles to advance our global aspirations?
Peterson: During the past two decades, Tech has grown into a globalized university, with partnerships in more than thirty countries and campuses and operations in France, Ireland, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, and China. Our Logistics Innovation and Research Center established last year in Panama, and the new Trade and Logistics Innovation Center in Mexico are prime examples of how we have leveraged our leadership and partnered internationally on projects that will benefit several countries, including the United States.
Bras: Tech is already a global university. The Times Higher Education's World University Rankings place Tech tenth among the world engineering and technology universities. More than 40 percent of our undergraduate students have an international experience, far more than most competitors. Through the prominent leadership roles of many among our faculty and our globalization efforts, we are in a unique position to propel our reputation for excellence to a new, very high level.
May: During the last two decades, the College of Engineering has played a leadership role in establishing Tech's global reputation. Not only do these activities better prepare our graduates for an increasingly "flatter" world, but they also allow the university to have better access to international student and faculty talent, to partner more seamlessly with multinational corporations, and to continue to build its brand.
What can be done to heighten interest in engineering and science education and research to increase the visibility and importance of these areas to society?
Bras: First we need to articulate the excitement of the creative nature of science and engineering, the value we bring to society as knowledge and wealth creators and drivers of progress, our role as providers of solutions to societal problems, and our capacity to transform and preserve life. Second, we must continue outreach efforts to K-12 education—that leaky pipeline must be fixed. And third, we must plug our own leaky pipeline by improving the delivery of our education, making it exciting, rewarding, and fun. Technology can help in that task.
May: Research shows that the general public still has a poor understanding of what engineers do. Data suggest that the public believes engineers are not as engaged with societal and community concerns as scientists or as likely to play a role in saving lives. When judging the relative prestige of professions, people tend to place engineering below medicine, nursing, science, or teaching.
As engineers, we clearly have a vested personal interest in more people having an accurate and positive impression of engineering. In addition, a better understanding of engineering would encourage students—particularly women and underrepresented minorities—to pursue engineering careers.
A consistent effort by the College of Engineering and its constituents can create positive momentum toward making engineering more appealing and better understood by students, educators, parents, policymakers, and society at large.
Peterson: Einstein once said that in the middle of difficulty lies opportunity. I believe we're experiencing this now as our nation and our state look for answers to growing globalization, the need for stronger domestic manufacturing, the need for innovation and getting those innovations to the marketplace to help create a stronger economy and more jobs, and the need to prepare the workforce for the future. Georgia Tech has a seat at the table for President Obama's new Advanced Manufacturing Partnership. Georgia Tech is a leader in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education and is involved in four of the five "Race to the Top" projects recently selected by the state for funding. Today, we're helping to recruit and educate tomorrow's leaders in the STEM fields.
Ammons: We have a mandate to spread the excitement and creativity of science and engineering, including its role in creating wealth, jobs, and making our world a better place. From K-12 outreach to more inspiring hands-on learning experiences at the college level, we need to cultivate the spirit of the National Academy of Engineering's "Changing the Conversation" to inspire our current generation of engineering students that "Dreams Need Doing."
What should we be doing to prepare our graduates with the skills necessary to be successful and to adapt, change, and advance in a truly global marketplace?
Ammons: Perhaps our task is as much about helping students "learn how to learn" and being stewards of their own intellectual and interpersonal development as it is understanding current knowledge and technology. They face a world with increasing technical and social change that will require them to continually increase the first and second derivatives of their personal growth and adaptation.
Peterson: Technology changes so rapidly that our graduates must commit to lifelong learning. I also feel that interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary experience is becoming a must. And, we need to continue to prepare leaders who are both innovative and entrepreneurial.
Bras: We cannot forget that an educated person needs understanding of much more than just science and engineering. We must provide our students with the communication skills, the knowledge of cultures and societies, and the social awareness and sensitivities to lead wherever they are.
May: We have the most talented students that we have ever had in the history of the Institute. These students have grown up with nearly instantaneous and ubiquitous access to information. Given these realities, it makes little sense to educate them exclusively using traditional methods in traditional engineering curricula. On the contrary, our objective must be to empower our students to be independent learners and fearless in the face of complex problems. To accomplish this, the educational experience must maximize flexibility, have a multidisciplinary orientation, and encourage thinking that facilitates the creation of solutions.
How is the changing availability of resources affecting our students and faculty both near- and long-term?
Bras: During the past three years, the state support of Georgia Tech has been reduced by more than 90 million dollars. Although we have recovered a portion of that loss with tuition and other income, the overall support from the state is down to less than 20 percent of total annual expenses. Staff and faculty are doing more with a lot less, our student-to-faculty ratios are higher than ever, beyond what they should be to ensure continuing excellence. We will need to think of new revenue-generation ideas, new ways of controlling costs, and new ways of delivering education without sacrificing quality and excellence.
Ammons: ISyE faculty, staff, and students have been significantly impacted by the reduction in resources. ISyE has one of the largest student-to-faculty ratios of any Georgia Tech unit, and our students are frustrated by the very large class sizes and significant waiting lists for classes. On the positive side, our faculty and staff have been creatively seeking new revenue sources, controlling costs, and innovating in the classroom.
May: As we know, student and faculty interaction is also critically important and inextricably linked to the student-to- faculty ratio. The quality of student and faculty interaction will definitely improve with a more manageable ratio. Our students want and deserve an improved environment for intellectual exchange, and we are committed to that objective.
Peterson: We're all feeling the pinch of this global recession in one way or another, and it is definitely impacting higher education. Students have increased cost-sharing in their education. We continue to preserve the quality of our academic programs to ensure that we are able to provide an educational experience consistent with the very best institutions in the country. In times like these, we are particularly grateful to members of the Georgia Tech family, friends, and supporters who have contributed to Campaign Georgia Tech.
What is your vision for further developing the diversity of our students, staff, and faculty to leverage the diverse talent and perspective that is needed to solve the important societal problems?
May: The economy is critically dependent on the talents and knowledge of a diverse and available technical workforce. U.S. jobs are growing fastest in areas that require knowledge and skills stemming from a strong grasp of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). In some areas— particularly in computer and information technology— business leaders are warning of a critical shortage in skilled domestic workers that is threatening their ability to compete in the global marketplace. To realize a diverse technical workforce, the educational environment for underrepresented engineering students must be systematically improved across all levels of the kindergarten to PhD educational continuum.
Particular attention must be paid to transition points along that continuum—for example, from high school to college, college to graduate school, and graduate school to the workforce. At Georgia Tech, we've seen that a key factor for motivating students to pursue advanced degrees and research careers in STEM is a fruitful research experience as an undergraduate. As the nation's most diverse engineering college, this is nothing short of an obligation for us.
Peterson: We are continuing to strengthen our national leadership position in the total number of engineering degrees awarded to underrepresented minority students and women. And, we now have a number of programs in place to recruit and retain underrepresented minorities in all of the academic programs we offer—not just engineering—and in the past three years, we have increased the number of underrepresented minorities in the freshman class by nearly 40 percent and women by 8 percent. As we commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the matriculation of the first black students at Tech, we are reminded of how far we have come and how much more we need to do to recruit, develop, retain, and engage a diverse cadre of students, faculty, and staff to create a campus community that exemplifies the best in all of us and fosters inclusive excellence.
Are there any capabilities, human or institutional, that we have that are under-developed or under- utilized, and what should we do about that?
Ammons: The heart of Georgia Tech is our people—our students, alumni, staff, and faculty. We have the opportunity to grow stronger and more impactful as we enhance the diversity of talent and perspective in people and our Georgia Tech leadership.
May: Our human resources—faculty, staff, alumni, and students—are our greatest asset. I would like to see us make greater use of these resources by identifying and utilizing more mechanisms for these constituencies to provide substantive input to our decision-making processes. We have access to many smart, gifted, and dedicated people. If two heads are better than one, then surely we as leaders can benefit from our people.
Bras: Of course, every organization can improve. We have an enormous opportunity to transform education with the opening of the G. Wayne Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons. We have an opportunity to reinvent the delivery of undergraduate education and redefine the role of libraries as a center of learning.
Peterson: As we create a more inclusive environment and campus community, we will be even more effective in realizing our full potential. In addition, we must continue to think and plan long term, looking at the big picture. And, without a doubt, the biggest wins will come through collaborative partnerships, within disciplines, with other universities, with government, business and industry, and with our alumni.
What are the things Georgia Tech should be most proud of as an organization, and why?
Peterson: Our people! Georgia Tech students, faculty, staff, and alumni are developing innovations, conducting breakthrough research, saving lives, and changing the world.
May: Georgia Tech has a culture of excellence. We believe in going far beyond the ordinary to pursue the extraordinary— in academics, technology, research, and service. We have a rich culture characterized by attributes such as rigor, pragmatism, collegiality, entrepreneurship, and diversity. Since its inception, Georgia Tech has embraced a "can do" spirit that is evident throughout all facets of campus.
Ammons: Our Georgia Tech core—the quality, drive, commitment, and successes of students, alumni, faculty, and staff.
Bras: We should be most proud of our students, past and future. We must be proud of our legacy of offering opportunity to all willing to work hard, many of whom are the first generation of college students in their families. We must find a way of making sure that cost is never an impediment to any meritorious candidate.
From your perspective is there a message or call to action we need to deliver to our constituents?
Ammons: Our call to action is clear: let's work together to address the important needs of today's world while developing well-prepared leaders of tomorrow.
May: The challenge in sustaining and enhancing the Georgia Tech culture requires an intellectual shift in focus from merely training technical professionals to empowering leaders capable of creating the solutions required by the global society. Within the College of Engineering, we will focus on the Georgia Tech global brand through fostering innovation, leadership, strong student-faculty relationships, and interdisciplinary studies.
Bras: "What does Georgia Tech think?" will be a common question in research, business, the media, and government. The only thing I have to add is to ask all alumni, students, staff, and faculty not to wait until asked—let's tell the world what we think.
Peterson: Our Industrial and Systems Engineering program is the best in the nation, and it is because of the commitment and quality of our people. In addition to being proud of your alma mater, we challenge you to find ways to partner with the Institute and to help us develop leaders for the next generation.
Special thanks to Kay Kinard and Patti Futrell for their contributions and assistance with this article.
(Clockwise) President "Bud" Peterson, Dean Gary May, Provost Rafael Bras, and ISyE School Chair Jane Ammons


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Image_1_Role of GDNF, GFRα1 and GFAP in a Bifidobacterium-Intervention Induced Mouse Model of Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia.JPEG (204.66 kB)
Image_1_Role of GDNF, GFRα1 and GFAP in a Bifidobacterium-Intervention Induced Mouse Model of Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia.JPEG
posted on 14.01.2022, 16:18 by Wei Liu, Tingting Zhou, Jinqiu Tian, Xiaofang Yu, Chuantao Ren, Zengcai Cao, Peimin Hou, Qiangye Zhang, Aiwu Li
To investigate the effects of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), GDNF family receptor alpha 1 (GFRα1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) on colonic motility in a mouse model of intestinal neuronal dysplasia by intervention with Bifidobacterium and to explore the influence of Bifidobacterium on enteric glial cells (EGCs).
Western blotting and qRT-PCR were employed to detect the expression of GFRα1 and GFAP in colonic tissues of mice with or without Tlx2 mutations, and ELISA was used to detect the expression of GDNF in serum. IHC was used to detect the appearance of the ganglion cells. Subsequently, Tlx2 homozygous mutant (Tlx2−/−) mice were treated with Bifidobacterium. Colonic motility was measured before and after intervention by measuring the glass bead expelling time. The variations in abdominal circumference and GDNF, GFRα1, and GFAP expression were measured. In addition, 16SrRNA gene sequencing was performed to detect the abundance of the intestinal microbiota.
The mRNA and protein expression of GFRα1 and GFAP was decreased in the colonic tissues of Tlx2−/− mice and GDNF expression was decreased in serum compared with Tlx2+/− and WT mice. After confirming the colonization of Bifidobacterium by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the expelling time and abdominal distension were ameliorated, and the expression of GFAP, GDNF, and GFRα1 was increased.
The expression of GDNF, GFRα1, and GFAP is associated with colonic motility. The altered expression of EGC-related factors suggested that Bifidobacterium may be involved in the EGC activation process. The amelioration of IND symptoms after intervention with Bifidobacterium prompted the elicitation of adjuvant therapy.
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Role of GDNF, GFRα1 and GFAP in a Bifidobacterium-Intervention Induced Mouse Model of Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia
Frontiers in Pediatrics
Foetal Development and Medicine
Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine not elsewhere classified
intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND)gut microbiotaBifidobacteriumhomozygous mutant mice of Tlx2GDNF


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Featured Borelli Named to NYC Council Land Use Committee & Subcommittee on Zoning and Franchises
by Joe Borelli on Dec 10, 2020 Featured
CM Borelli Named to NYC Council Land Use Committee & Subcommittee on Zoning and Franchises
Council Member Joe Borelli is joining the New York City Council's Committee on Land Use, considered the Council's most important committee, as well as the Council's Subcommittee on Zoning and Franchises. Borelli will now have an outsized role in deciding controversial re-zonings, like last month's Industry City drama, when New York City lost a project that promised 20,000 new jobs at a time when the City sorely needs it, and the upcoming proposal in St. George to build two 25 story high rise towers.
"It's an honor to join the Council's Committee on Land Use and I look forward to using this role to make sure Staten Islanders are represented and their voices are heard clearly when once-in-a-generation projects propose to reshape communities," said Council Member Joe Borelli.
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Meadows Mennonite Retirement Community began its mission in 1923 to minister to seniors in the belief that God desires all people to enjoy dignity, respect, love and care.
The original Meadows campus, located just west of Chenoa, Illinois, provided skilled nursing services to 13 residents when it opened in 1923. Over the years, the campus grew and expanded service options for area seniors. Meadows established a strong reputation for providing quality, resident-focused care in a Christian environment, a reputation that has been upheld throughout Meadows' 95 years of service.
Today, Meadows Chenoa campus continues to serve seniors through a full continuum of senior living options, including Independent Living, Memory Care, Skilled Nursing Care, Respite Care and our Achieve Wellness & Rehab Therapy program (inpatient and outpatient services).
Meadows offers the most comprehensive memory care in the area, with two resident Neighborhoods for early stage and late stage memory care services. All our memory care residents are treated with great respect and care, and the staff is thoroughly trained in communication and comfort of the residents, to meet them where they are in the disease. Meadows had the first sensory room in the Bloomington-Normal area, which can both calm and stimulate those with dementia to reduce boredom, sadness, anger, or anxiety.
Short-term skilled nursing serves those who need a short time to recover from surgery, stroke or other events while receiving physical, occupational or speech therapy. Long-term care is offered for those who need ongoing assistance as a result of serious health issues or disabilities. The skilled care Neighborhood features a beautiful remodeled dining and activity space, choice of private or semi-private rooms, and daily activity programs tailored to each resident's abilities and needs.
Inpatient and outpatient therapy is available through the Achieve Wellness & Rehab Therapy Program. Physical, occupational, speech therapies are available seven days a week as needed for inpatients, and our therapists also serve outpatients for the convenience of anyone living in the Chenoa, Gridley, Lexington, Fairbury, El Paso or Pontiac area who needs outpatient therapy close to home.
Independent living is offered to residents of 44 villa homes surrounding a community Campus Center. Residents enjoy snow removal, lawn care, maintenance, scheduled transportation, life enrichment opportunities, emergency response (pendants monitored 24 hrs. a day, 365 days a year), priority admission to additional care and services, and access to the Campus Center, featuring a pool table, virtual gaming system, multi-purpose room and fully-equipped fitness center.
Meadows Community is fully Medicare and Medicaid Certified.


Anger grows as authorities report abductions of more girls by suspected Boko Haram members.
A reported 279 schoolgirls are still missing in Nigeria. Three weeks ago they were kidnapped by the armed group Boko Haram, yet authorities seem no closer to rescuing them. Public anger continues to grow, and on Tuesday police reported the abduction of eight more girls. How are Nigerians responding to the security crisis? What more could be done to help the abducted girls and prevent further cases? Join the conversation at 19:30 GMT.
Since last month, Nigerians have demanded a resolution to the schoolgirls' kidnapping from Chibok, a town in northeastern Nigeria's Borno state.
The armed group Boko Haram claimed responsibility in a video, saying they would "sell them in the market, by Allah". Adding to the instability in the north, eight more girls were abducted in Borno state, and a Monday night attack reportedly killed as many as 300 people in the town of Gamboru Ngala, along Nigeria's border with Cameroon. President Goodluck Jonathan appealed for international help on Sunday, amid criticism that his government is ill-equipped to face the threat from Boko Haram.
As Nigerians carried out rallies around the country, First Lady Patience Jonathan allegedly ordered the temporary arrest of Naomi Nyadar, a protest leader. That account was later denied by the First Lady's spokesperson. Nyadar led around 500 women in protest outside the National Assembly and was reportedly accused by the first lady of belonging to Boko Haram.
The video below shows Patience Jonathan's emotional response as she met with all-female delegation from Borno. She allegedly accused some protesters for fabricating the abductions to politically hurt her husband.
Nigerians discussed Nyadar's arrest as well as the government's response to the crisis.
Many shared images from protests in Nigeria and around the world over the past week.
Many Nigerians are also offering their own policy solutions to the crisis using #CitizensSolutionToEndTerrorism.
The suggestions were compiled into a document by EiE Nigeria a coalition of youth groups.
Nigerian diaspora in the United States called on local senators for support.
#BringBackOurGirls has been tweeted more than 1.2 million times in the past week.
The Stream asked its online community to share their views on Nigeria's abducted girls.
Many discussed reasons for the government's failure to recover the girls.
Others debated next steps for the government and affected communities.


You are here: Home / Managing Your Nonprofit / Staffs Manage. Boards Govern.
Great advice! In the past 10 or 12 years, I have also instituted on boards I have chaired (1) board member annual self-evaluations, (2) board member annual evaluations of the board as a whole, and (3) board member evaluations of every board and committee meeting attended, to be completed at the end of the meeting or the next day. In each case, the Governance Committee designs the evaluation form (including some very open-ended questions) and reviews the results. Examples of questions re meetings: Was the meeting a worthwhile use of your time? Did you receive all materials adequately in advance? Were you questions answered? Were the agenda items appropriate for consideration by the board? Was there enough/too much time spent of each agenda item? Were you satisfied with the in-put from other board members?


Over the years, states and national organizations have focused on preventing people from drinking and driving. Multiple ad campaigns have been launched telling people "friends do not let friends drive drunk," and "buzzed driving is drunk driving." Still, alcohol is not the only intoxicating substance that DUI laws cover.
In the state of Illinois, citizens are not permitted to be under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or any combination of the two while they are in physical control of a motor vehicle. With the legalization of recreational marijuana in many states and the permittance of medical marijuana in a majority of states, driving under the influence of marijuana has become more prevalent.
Since 2014, Illinois residents have had access to medical marijuana as long as they have a written recommendation from a doctor and they obtain a medical marijuana ID card from the Illinois Department of Public Health. There are 41 ailments that qualify for a medical marijuana card, including cancer, HIV/AIDS, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and seizures. Medical marijuana cardholders are allowed to have up to 2.5 ounces of marijuana in the vehicle with them as long as the marijuana is in a sealed container. Even if marijuana is medically prescribed, you are not permitted to be under the influence of cannabis while you are operating a motor vehicle.
In most states, the legal threshold to be considered under the influence of alcohol is having a blood-alcohol concentration of .08 or more. Like the BAC limit, there is a limit as to how much THC (the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis) is permitted to be in your system while you are driving. In Illinois, you are legally considered to be under the influence of marijuana if you have a THC concentration of five nanograms or more per milliliter of blood or 10 nanograms or more per milliliter of a different bodily substance.
If you are convicted of a DUI while under the influence of marijuana and this is your first DUI offense, you will be charged with a Class A misdemeanor. This means you could face up to a year in jail, $2,500 in fines, and a driver's license revocation of one year. If you were found to be under the influence of marijuana while driving or you had marijuana in the vehicle with you and you are not a medical marijuana patient, you can also be charged with possession of a controlled substance.
Any DUI charge is a serious matter. That includes being charged with a DUI while under the influence of marijuana. For help, trust a knowledgeable Arlington Heights, IL marijuana DUI defense attorney with your case. Scott F. Anderson, Attorney at Law has years of experience successfully defending clients accused of driving under the influence. Call our office today at 847-253-3400 to schedule a free consultation.


The Aviation Maintenance Technology degrees program offer students a good overview to aviation maintenance as it currently is understood as well as experienced by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) mechanics who are certificate holders with power plant or airframe ratings.
There's an actual shortage of skilled, and well-qualified technicians in the aviation maintenance technology of the aviation industry, and Spartan graduates are servingto fill the gap. The 2017 Boeing Outlook Report predictions more than 648,000 airline maintenance technicians will be required by 2036. Train to become an aviation electronics technician in as little as 14 months.
Large companies such as Delta, United, and American recruit straight from Spartan. They have been a leading benefactor of qualitied graduates for over the last 90 years. Their AET program is NCATT qualified and our graduates have probabilities to work for some of the leaders in the aerospace, communication, robotics, and UAV industries.
Choosing the right college is one of the more important decisions you will make in your life. To find out if you and Spartan are a good fit, please fill out the brief form on their website. They will contact you to discuss training options and provide answers to any questions you might have.
As an AET, you have the responsibility for the manufacturing, maintenance, and operation of the electrical systems on an aircraft. This includes radar, communication and avionics systems. The FAA has recently unlocked the door for commercial unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones and as a result mandate is building for competent AET's able to build, program and fly UAVs in applications ranging from military to Hollywood.
They have classes in Tulsa, Denver, Los Angeles and Inland Empire and teach all the information you need to be successful in this career field. Remember that without you, airplanes just don't fly.


In April 2007, the end of the "Field Music indie band" (as one member disdainfully called it) was announced on the BBC. The trio was exhausted by the popularity song-and-dance routine, and its members announced their intent to "go and do some real work." While David Brewis' School Of Language—a jerky cut-up rock project that emerged in January—felt like work still in progress, his brother Peter's The Week That Was is truly a labor to love. It helps that the gang is all here (David, Field Music keyboardist Andrew Moore, nine others) to act out Peter's handsome ambitions as composer/conductor. The Week That Was leaves "indie rock" behind, hops right over hip marching-band music, and lands square between the lofty obelisks of high-art pop and New Music. "It's All Gone Quiet" deftly channels Another Green World-era Eno over a Reich-like vibes-and-drums combo. "The Good Life" imagines Peter Gabriel singing for Talking Heads. "Come Home" is the kind of thing that might emerge from Cornelius producing The Kinks. Meanwhile, Kate Bush and Brian Wilson just kind of frolic freely throughout. It's a tough set of legacies to live up to, but the freshly liberated Field Music crew doesn't seem the least bit intimidated.


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Resources for this Program
Dealing with Bullying
A great website for kids!
OnlineSchools.org
A new resource for bullying and cyberbullying in schools.
Drug abuse prevention organization that measurably impacts teen perceptions and attitudes about the risks of substance abuse to help youth make empowered, healthy choices.
Stop Bullying Now
This site has hypothetical bullying situations with questions at the end.
Word Central
Meet Alpha-bot, the word-spelling robot for fun games and challenges.
People Like Vince
People Like Vince is a play for elementary students that seeks to reduce the stigma of mental health issues through the social and emotional learning core competencies.
People Like Vince by C.E. Gatchalian was originally commissioned and produced by Green Thumb Theatre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
Myrtle is adjusting to life at her new school with guidance from her Uncle Vince. But sometimes, Uncle Vince's behavior confuses Myrtle and even causes kids at school to make fun of her. When Myrtle learns about her uncle's mental health issues, she remembers how he encouraged her to make new friends and believe in herself. She realizes Uncle Vince is her hero.
This 45-minute program is immediately followed by an additional 25 minute follow-up workshop allowing students to explore empathy and the principles of social and emotional learning. Every student also receives a workbook with grade specific activities that build on themes from the play. All workbook activities are tied to Colorado Academic Standards.
Target audience: Grades 2-6
Minimum size: 100 students
Maximum size: 250 students
Duration: 45 minutes, plus 90 minutes for setup and 45 minutes for teardown
Cost: Free to schools within Kaiser Permanente Colorado's service area
Mondays and Fridays through 2017. Any school day from January 3 through March 16, 2018.
Follow Up Workshop
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING CORE COMPETENCIES
The 25-minute post-play workshop provides an opportunity for the audience to explore the SEL Core Competencies of Self-Awareness, Social Awareness and Responsible Decision Making through the characters and the story of People Like Vince. Learn more about SEL Core Competencies.
"There is a kid on my football team that has something similar to what the Uncle has… that play made me realize that we need to be more careful of how we treat him."
— 5th grade student, Glacier Peak Elementary (Adams 12 Five Star Schools)
AvailabilityMondays and Fridays through 2017. Find Out More For information and scheduling, contact Rhonda Hoover at 303-789-7143 or rhonda.d.hoover@kp.org or use our booking form by clicking BOOK NOW.


The 2018 World Cup has already been a memorable one with two records being thrashed in both good and bad ways.
But rather than being downcast by the loss, to Didier Drogba and co, the Japanese fans armed with Liners patrolled their side of the stadium and gathered up discarded litter.
Japan's national team defeated Colombia 2-1 in the FIFA World Cup Group H opener in the Russian city of Saransk on Tuesday, to the disappointment of about 15,000 Colombian fans who arrived to the Volga Area city to support their team. "But instead of partying in the minutes after the end of the game, they tasked themselves with cleaning up their section before leaving".
Kagawa rolled Japan's resulting penalty past David Ospina in a nightmare start to Colombia's World Cup campaign. "Senegal achieved a historic triumph", Argentinian television station TyC Sports tweeted after the match.
This became the second fastest red card in world cup history after Jose Alberto Batista of Uruguay who was sent off 54 seconds into the match against Scotland back in 1986 in Mexico. "An important aspect of Japanese society is making sure that everything is absolutely clean and that's the case in all sporting events and certainly also in football".
The 2-1 victory was the first and only African win in the first round of matches, after Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria and Tunisia all lost their opening games.
Japan became the first-ever team from Asia to defeat a Southern American squad in a World Cup game, after three draws and 14 defeats.
Japan will take on Senegal on June 24 and then face Poland on June 28.


When you have many functions in a process, often you have set many breakpoints in multiple functions. It is then time consuming when it comes time to remove all breakpoints to go thru all functions looking for breakpoints to remove.
A "Remove All Breakpoints - Toolbar Button will save time.


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Political parties×
Rod Rosenstein (4)
James Comey (3)
Christopher Wray (3)
Mark Meadows (2)
Ted Lieu (1)
Government appointments and nominations (2)
0a56e1933601c0e95ff0de8f801389aa
US Mueller Report Reaction (Lon NR)
Democrats demand full release of Mueller report
Donald Trump , Robert Mueller , Ted Lieu , William Barr , Rod Rosenstein
Within minutes of receiving notification that special counsel Robert Mueller had turned over his report on the Russia investigation, congressional Democrats were calling for the report to be fully released, including the underlying evidence. They have threatened subpoenas if it is not.
The demands are setting up a potential tug of war between congressional Democrats and President Donald Trump's administration that federal judges might eventually have to referee.
Six Democratic committee chairmen wrote in a letter to Attorney General William Barr on Friday that if Mueller has any reason to believe that Trump "has engaged in criminal or other serious misconduct," then the Justice Department should not conceal it.
"The president is not above the law and the need for public faith in our democratic institutions and the rule of law must be the priority," the chairmen wrote.
Reacting to the release, Democratic Congressman Ted Lieu, who serves on the Judiciary Committee, told the Associated Press that "the American people paid for this report," adding "both American people and Congress have a right to see the full report. "
Lieu said although the special counsel report focused on Russia, the findings could also be used in a wide array of Judicary Committee investigations.
It's unclear what Mueller has found related to the president, or if any of it would be damning. In his investigation of whether President Donald Trump's campaign coordinated with Russia to sway the 2016 election, Mueller has already brought charges against 34 people, including six aides and advisers to the president, and three companies.
Lawmakers say they need the underlying evidence - including interviews, documents and material turned over to the grand jury - because the Justice Department has maintained that a president cannot be indicted, and also that derogatory information cannot be released about people who have not been charged. So if the investigation did find evidence incriminating against Trump, they may not be able to release it, under their own guidelines.
The Democrats say that it could be tantamount to a cover-up if the department did not let Congress and the public know what they found.
1. Wide, exterior view of Department of Justice
Los Angeles - 3 May 2018
2. STILL Image, Rep. Ted Lieu, Democrat - California, Member of House Judiciary Committee
Torrence, California - 22 March 2019
3. SOUNDBITE (English) Rep. Ted Lieu, Democrat - California: ++ AUDIO ONLY++
"Today is a proud day for America. Despite many attempts by Donald Trump to block this investigation Robert Mueller and his team were able to complete it. The fact that Mueller and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein kept their jobs I think is a strong testament to the vitality and strength of our institutions. This was a Republican led investigation of a Republican president and it was allowed to continue. I think that says a lot about America."
4. Wide, exterior view of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's office
"Now in terms of distribution, the American people paid for this report. It is a matter of intense national interest and under both the separation of powers as well as just general fairness and transparency, both American people and Congress have a right to see the full report. "
6. Wide, exterior view of Department of Justice ++NIGHT SHOT++
"It's hard to know without knowing what's in the actual report. It's also important to understand that because the Department of Justice has taken the position that they won't indict a sitting president then the only other institution that can hold the press accountable is Congress. And we can't do that if we don't see the full report. So, that at every level when you look at it from separation of powers or the functions of both Congress and the special counsel in this case, the different functions we have to see the entire report."
8. Wide, people standing in front of White House
9. Close-up protester
10. SOUNDBITE (English) Rep. Ted Lieu, Democrat - California: ++ AUDIO ONLY++
"Special Counsel Mueller's investigation was largely centered on Russia. The House Judiciary Committee and other committees were interested in knowing did Donald Trump, his family, his associates commit any crime? Second, did they engage in any ethical misconduct, whether or not it rose to the level of a federal crime? And third how do we explain this to the American people to keep it from happening again?"
11. Wide, tourists walking in front of White House
12. Wide, White House ++NIGHT SHOT++
Political corruption , Political issues , Government and politics , Special Counsel investigation into Russia's interference in 2016 U.S. Elections , Separation of powers , Legislature , Political parties , Political organizations , Judiciary , Law and order , General news , Criminal investigations , Crime , Criminal investigations
U.S. Democratic Party, U.S. Department of Justice, United States government, United States Congress
Mount Washington , California , United States
92d31627c5959508bdb8e10be2c356e4
US House FBI Strzok (Lon NR)
GOP Grills FBI Agent who said he'd 'Stop' Trump
Mark Meadows , Robert Mueller , Hillary Clinton , Donald Trump
An FBI agent who worked on separate investigations into Democrat Hillary Clinton and President Donald Trump's campaign testified behind closed doors to two House committees Wednesday as GOP lawmakers stepped up efforts to highlight what they say is bias at the Justice Department.
Peter Strzok exchanged anti-Trump texts with a colleague, FBI attorney Lisa Page, as both worked on the Clinton investigation and briefly on special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into ties between Trump's campaign and Russia. House Republicans have seized on the texts as part of investigations into the Justice Department, the FBI and decisions that both made during the 2016 presidential election.
In one of the texts, from August 2016, Strzok wrote, "We'll stop it," in reference to a potential Trump election win.
Mark Meadows, one of the most vocal critics of the Justice Department, said as he walked into the interview that he had several questions about the beginning of the Russia investigation in 2016 and informants used to question Trump campaign staff.
"Ultimately you cannot have bias within the FBI and DOJ and expect justice to be meted out equally," Meadows said.
The barrage of GOP criticism against the Justice Department comes just a few months before the midterm elections, and amid intense sparring between the parties over the FBI's role in the Russia probe. The House could vote as soon as Thursday on a resolution demanding the department hand over thousands of documents that Congress has requested by July 6. The resolution was approved by the House Judiciary Committee.
Washington - 27 June 2018
1. FBI Agent Peter Strzok walks through Rayburn House office building
2. SOUNDBITE: (English) Rep. Mark Meadows, (R) North Carolina:
"Well, I think that we should have actually been a little bit more deliberate bringing him here. We've had to collect documents. One of the problems is we're still getting documents from DOJ (Department of Justice) that really are a predicate to this interview. We have documents that we've requested from DOJ that they continue to hold onto, that they will not give us. You know that we got text messages the day of the IG (Inspector General) hearing. Now it's time for DOJ and FBI to be transparent. But it's also time for the American people to see the truth. Hopefully, they will be able to do that. We'll have hours of interviews today to get to the bottom line. But, ultimately, you cannot have bias within the FBI and DOJ and expect justice to be meted out equally. And so hopefully we'll rid the FBI of any inherent bias."
3. Various of meadows speaking with reporters
4. SOUNDBITE: (English) Rep. Mark Meadows, (R) North Carolina: (referring to texts between Strzok and Lisa Page)
"If you have intimate personal conversations between two people, that normally would show the intent more so than perhaps something that would be said out in public."
5. Reporter asking Meadows question
Presidential elections , National elections , Elections , Government and politics , United States presidential election , Political parties , Political organizations , Judicial elections , Judiciary , Judicial elections , 2016 United States presidential election , Criminal investigations , Crime , General news , Criminal investigations , Law and order
U.S. Department of Justice, United States government, U.S. Republican Party, United States House of Representatives, United States Congress, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation
dbf38f7b424d83c3c590ad19fe6e44af
US House FBI Strzok (cR)
Donald Trump , Hillary Clinton , Mark Meadows , Robert Mueller
United States presidential election , 2016 United States presidential election , Political parties , Political organizations , Government and politics , Criminal investigations , Crime , General news , Criminal investigations , Law and order , Judicial elections , Judiciary , Judicial elections , Elections , Presidential elections , National elections
U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States government, U.S. Republican Party, United States House of Representatives, United States Congress, U.S. Department of Justice
8695fffc623dc40186517ff36226fccd
US House Election Report 2
US Democrats and Republicans battle over inspector general's election report
Donald Trump , Elijah Cummings , Robert Mueller , Christopher Wray , Trey Gowdy , Rod Rosenstein , Bob Goodlatte , Jerrold Nadler , Hillary Clinton , James Comey
House Democrats and Republicans battled over the recently released Justice Department's IG report on the FBI and the 2016 election during a Capitol Hill hearing Tuesday.
The report, authored by Michael Horowitz, blasted FBI actions during the 2016 investigation into whether Clinton, the Democratic presidential candidate, had mishandled classified information on her private email server when she was secretary of state.
Republicans have become increasingly skeptical of special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into potential coordination between Russia and Trump's Republican presidential campaign.
They've been saying they're not convinced by the report's conclusion that the decision to spare Clinton from criminal charges was free from bias, or by reassurances that the problems were limited to just a handful of employees
"There were FBI agents and attorneys who decided to prejudge the outcome of the Hillary Clinton case before the investigation ended. I want you let that sink in for a second," said Rep. Trey Gowdy of South Carolina.
"The IG's report has spawned more questions and more theories about the FBI and DOJ's handling of the Clinton investigation," said Republican colleague Bob Goodlatte of Virginia.
"It confirms that Mrs Clinton did in fact receive special treatment from the Obama Justice Department and FBI during their investigation," Goodlatte said.
Democrats, however, battled back.
"Why is it that after you released this report, Mr. Horowitz, some of my colleagues seriously suggested that we opened an investigation into your investigation, of the investigation?" said Democratic Rep. Jerry Nadler.
"The Republicans are now tripling down threatening to impeach Rod Rosenstein and Christopher Wray for somehow obstructing their efforts to get to the bottom of all of this," added Democratic Rep. Elijah Cummings of Maryland.
Monday, Horowitz appeared with FBI Director Christoper Wray before a senate panel.
Wray said that the FBI is determined to not repeat any of the mistakes identified in the watchdog report.
Days earlier, President Donald Trump asserted the report exonerated him.
"There was no collusion. There was no obstruction," the president told reporters. "And I think that the Mueller investigation has been totally discredited."
Although the report criticized former FBI Director James Comey for multiple decisions that investigators said broke from protocol. But the inspector general said it found no evidence that political bias affected the outcome of the investigation.
And the report focused only on the FBI's actions during the 2016 election, not the Mueller investigation.
Washington, DC - 19 June 2018
1. Wide of House lawmakers on dais at hearing
2. Mid of Justice Department Inspector General Michael Horowitz at witness table
3. SOUNDBITE (English) Rep. Trey Gowdy, (R) South Carolina
"There were FBI agents and attorneys who decided to prejudge the outcome of the Hillary Clinton case before the investigation ended. I want you let that sink in for a second. They prejudged the outcome of the Hillary Clinton investigation before the investigation ended, and these exact same FBI agents and attorneys prejudged the outcome of the Russian investigation before it even began."
4. Mid of lawmakers on dais
5. Mid of Horowitz at witness table
6. SOUNDBITE (English) Rep. Jerry Nadler, (D) New York
"Why is it that after the Department of Justice and the FBI concluded they should not charge Secretary Clinton with a crime, rather than accepting the conclusion as we would in most criminal cases, the judiciary and oversight majorities launched an investigation into the Department of Justice and the FBI? Why is it that after you released this report, Mr. Horowitz, some of my colleagues seriously suggested that we open an investigation into your investigation, of the investigation?"
8. SOUNDBITE: (English) Rep. Bob Goodlatte, (R) Virginia
"The IG's report has spawned more questions and more theories about the FBI and DOJ's handling of the Clinton investigation. It confirms that Mrs. Clinton did in fact receive special treatment from the Obama Justice Department and FBI during their investigation."
10. SOUNDBITE (English) Rep. Elijah Cummings, (D) Maryland:
"The Republicans point to some individual expressions of bias, and these are facts the inspector general already revealed. Instead the Republicans are now tripling down threatening to impeach Rod Rosenstein and Christopher Wray for somehow obstructing their efforts to get to the bottom of all of this."
11. Wide of lawmakers on dais
Presidential elections , National elections , Elections , Government and politics , 2016 United States presidential election , United States presidential election , Criminal investigations , Crime , General news , Criminal investigations , Law and order , Impeachments , Political issues , Judicial elections , Judiciary , Judicial elections , Political parties , Political organizations , House elections , Special Counsel investigation into Russia's interference in 2016 U.S. Elections
U.S. Department of Justice, United States government, U.S. Democratic Party, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Republican Party
ce78be4d1326d086953ac654c2bb9922
US House Election Report 2 (CR)
House Dems, GOP Battle Over IG's FBI Report
James Comey , Elijah Cummings , Bob Goodlatte , Trey Gowdy , Donald Trump , Jerrold Nadler , Rod Rosenstein , Robert Mueller , Christopher Wray , Hillary Clinton
+++WHITE FLASHES BETWEEN SOUNDBITES+++
1. SOUNDBITE (English) Rep. Trey Gowdy, (R) South Carolina +++SOT PARTIALLY COVERED WITH BROLL+++
3. SOUNDBITE (English) Rep. Jerry Nadler, (D) New York +++SOT PARTIALLY COVERED WITH BROLL+++
+++WHITE FLASH+++
6. SOUNDBITE (English) Rep. Elijah Cummings, (D) Maryland:
Criminal investigations , Crime , General news , Criminal investigations , Law and order , 2016 United States presidential election , United States presidential election , Special Counsel investigation into Russia's interference in 2016 U.S. Elections , House elections , Elections , Government and politics , Impeachments , Political issues , Judicial elections , Judiciary , Judicial elections , Political parties , Political organizations , Presidential elections , National elections
U.S. Department of Justice, United States government, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Republican Party
11995cd6ba4e8e07c77bf73ae90e5a47
US House Election Report 2 (Lon NR)
Trey Gowdy , Elijah Cummings , Robert Mueller , Christopher Wray , Jerrold Nadler , James Comey , Donald Trump , Bob Goodlatte , Hillary Clinton , Rod Rosenstein
Presidential elections , National elections , Elections , Government and politics , Political parties , Political organizations , Criminal investigations , Crime , General news , Criminal investigations , Law and order , Special Counsel investigation into Russia's interference in 2016 U.S. Elections , Impeachments , Political issues , 2016 United States presidential election , United States presidential election , House elections , Judicial elections , Judiciary , Judicial elections
U.S. Department of Justice, United States government, U.S. Republican Party, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of State


text:
Stevenson grad Stephanie Miller confident after Illinois Open win
By Bobby Narang
Pioneer Press |
Stevenson alum Stephanie Miller receives the Elaine Rosenthal Memorial Trophy from Greg Kosin after winning the Illinois Women's Open on Wednesday, July 20. (Rory Spears / Pioneer Press)
Stephanie Miller traveled many times zones this summer to rediscover her golf game.
The former Stevenson standout and current Illinois senior had a busy summer, traveling to Hawaii twice before embarking on a nine-day cruise in Alaska.
And none of her trips involved golf.
But Miller's many journeys did have an indirect, positive effect on her golf game.
"I was still thinking about golf, but just hanging out with my family took my mind away from everything because we were so busy," Miller said. "Recently, my expectations have been a bit too high. I've been trying to play well instead of letting it happen. Getting away from that really showed me I have to let it happen, not about worrying and trying too hard."
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Miller capped a strong three-round performance by winning the 22nd Annual Phil Kosin Illinois Women's Open on Wednesday, July 20. Miller shot a 69 in each of her three rounds to finish with a 9-under 207 at Mistwood Golf Club in Romeoville.
By her own account, Miller said she has struggled with consistency her two last seasons after a strong freshman season at Illinois. She only played in two tournaments this summer but hopes to build off her showing at the Illinois Women's Open. Her dad served as her caddie for two days, and Miller had only one day to prepare for the tournament due to her family reunion cruise.
"I came out with no expectations considering I had taken that time off," Miller said. "Playing with no expectations is always the best way to play, so you don't set the bar too high and get in your own way. That's what I think was most helpful. It was great. I played really well, just easy, light and had fun. The mental side of the game is so important, and clearing your mind is a good thing."
With eight current and former Illini players competing in the Illinois Women's Open, Illinois women's golf coach Renee Slone watched a relaxed and confident Miller close out the tournament.
"It was exciting to see her win the Illinois Open," Slone said. "It sounds like that tournament was a huge positive for her. She obviously played well, but from the mental and emotional side of it, it was a very strong tournament for her. It was a huge boost for her confidence and a big step forward."
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After winning two individual state titles and earning all-state golf honors all four years at Stevenson, Miller chose Illinois over Wichita State and San Diego State. She had a banner freshman year, becoming the first Illini freshman to win a tournament outright since 1992. She closed out her freshman season by tying for 15th at the Big Ten Championships and tying for 51st at the NCAA Central Regional.
Despite competing in all 22 tournaments over the next two seasons, Miller said her recent play might be the ideal tonic to help her reach the high level of play of her freshman season.
"I was in a steady funk in my junior year, not shooting great scores, but after this breakthrough in the (Illinois Women's) Open, I should hopefully post more low scores this year and contribute more score-wise to the team," she said.
Slone lauded Miller's leadership on last season's senior-less squad and indicated that Miller has to get back to the basics of enjoying the sport.
"I do hope that she is able to really enjoy the game and everything that it brings her way and she is able to manage the ebb and flow of things," Slone said. "She has to be able to work through some things, get a different outlook and perspective and bring a lot of positivity and joy to the game and why she enjoys the game. Everybody experiences good days and not as good, but how we manage those days and grow from them and move forward and continue to improve is important."
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An avid cook and former whiz at painting nails, Miller credits her father, Alan Miller, and golf coach, Jon Reese, for elevating her game to the next level. Miller admitted excitement for her senior season.
"We had no seniors last year, so that kind of threw me into a leadership position," she said. "This year will be a bigger role, more girls. I'm really happy with what I've done so far and where I am."
Bob Narang is a freelance reporter for Pioneer Press.
Twitter @bobnarang
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