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A partial report preview for BAE Systems plc is shown below. Where indicated by "Yes," CreditRiskMonitor contains this information in its extensive database. To get access to the full report and learn more about CreditRiskMonitor's robust financial risk analysis and timely news service, request a personalized demo and free trial today.
BAE Systems plc
Stirling Square, 6 Carlton Gardens
Phone: +44 1252383857p:+44 1252383857 LONDON, SW1Y 5AD United Kingdom Ticker: BA.BA.
BAE Systems plc is a defense, aerospace and security company. The Company operates through five segments. The Electronic Systems segment consists of the Company's United States and United Kingdom-based electronics activities. The Cyber & Intelligence segment consists of its United States-based Intelligence & Security business and United Kingdom-based Applied Intelligence business, and covers the Company's cyber, secure government, and commercial and financial security activities. The Platforms & Services (US) segment, with operations in the United States, United Kingdom and Sweden, produces combat vehicles, weapons and munitions. Air segment comprises the Company's United Kingdom-based air activities for European and international markets, and United States programmes, and its businesses in Saudi Arabia and Australia, together with its interest in the MBDA Holdings SAS (MBDA) joint venture. Maritime segment comprises the Company's United Kingdom-based maritime and land activities.
Yes Yes - Yes - Yes Yes - -
12/31/2018 12/31/2018 Yes - - - Yes
3721 Aircraft
3728 Aircraft parts and auxiliary equipment, not elsewhere classified
3761 Guided missiles and space vehicles
3484 Small arms
3812 Search, detection, navigation, guidance, aeronautical, and nautical
3731 Ship building and repairing
3711 Motor vehicles and passenger car bodies
6719 Offices of holding companies, not elsewhere classified
8999 Services, not elsewhere classified
Non-Executive Chairman of the Board RogerCarr 69 2/1/2014 10/1/2013
Chief Executive, Executive Director Charles N.Woodburn 46 7/1/2017 2/15/2016
Group Finance Director, Executive Director Peter J.Lynas 60 4/1/2011 4/1/2011
8 additional Officers and Directors records available in full report.
BAE Systems FInance, Inc. United States
British Aerospace Finance Inc. United Kingdom
Detica Group Holdings (Ireland) Ltd Dublin 1, 21-26 Parnell Street DUBLIN Ireland
7 additional Subsidiary records available in full report.
Advanced Concepts, Inc.
Armor Holdings Inc.
Atlantic Marine Holding Co.
36 additional Business Names available in full report.
Number of Employees: 85,800 (As of 12/31/2018)
Outstanding Shares: 3,203,025,768 (As of 6/28/2019)
Shareholders: 95,700
Stock Exchange: LON
Federal Tax Id: 611281919
Fax Number: +44 1252383991


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Q: Can you tell Informix to output trace information to stdout or stderr? I need to use the Informix 'trace' debugging.
In order to use it, you specify the debug file using set debug file to .....
Is it possible to output the trace data to stdout or sterr instead?

A: No, because the server has its standard output and standard error connected to /dev/null (so you wouldn't see anything even if you did redirect to them).  Remember, the database server might not even be on the same continent as you (the ones I use are about 1500 miles from where I sit - when it isn't on my laptop).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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biography articles media coverage spoken audio/video announcements mailing list
Massachusetts Politics
Politics and Higher Ed 101
by Jeff Jacoby
http://www.jeffjacoby.com/4751/politics-and-higher-ed-101
Second of two columns
(Read Part 1)
NEITHER OF MY PARENTS went to college. Nor did theirs. There is something about being the first in your family to attend a university that can make the experience precious beyond measure. Especially when, as was true in my case, you cannot afford the price. My education was financed through loans, work-study jobs, and the generosity of the trustees of George Washington University, who offered me an undergraduate scholarship for which I am abidingly grateful.
When I finished high school, college was put within my reach. As a matter of pride and policy, Massachusetts should ensure that it is put within the reach of every high school graduate who is ready to earn a college degree.
What's the best way to achieve that goal? For the state to build a network of government-run campuses, where tuition is kept low because taxpayers pay most of the costs? That is the formula Massachusetts has tried. The result is a bloated empire of state institutions that few respect.
There's a better formula.
Access to higher education is important, but access to food is a matter of life and death. Yet nobody believes that Beacon Hill ought to build a chain of grocery stores to keep poor people from starving. Far more sensible to simply put a cash equivalent -- food stamps -- into the hands of the needy and let them buy their groceries anywhere they like. The problem for the poor isn't a shortage of places that sell food. The problem is a shortage of money.
What is true of nourishment for the body is true of nourishment for the mind. Non-affluent high school graduates don't lack for colleges to choose from -- certainly not in Massachusetts. From giant Northeastern to tiny Saint Hyacinth, from renowned MIT to modest Dean Junior College, this state is blessed with a vast array of private institutions of higher learning. Some students may be short on funds. None are short on choices.
Massachusetts made a mistake when it got into the business of running colleges and universities. Instead of spending billions of dollars to send deserving kids to school -- by supplementing private financial aid, by funding scholarships, by guaranteeing low-interest loans -- the state instead lavished the money on bricks and mortar. Universities and colleges by the dozen were already here. Why did Massachusetts need to build more of them?
Easy: politics. Politics is what built the state colleges. Politics is what sustains them. And it is politics that puts their self-preservation above their students' education.
Do Senate President Bill Bulger's flatterers tout him as the next president of the University of Massachusetts because of his scholarly credentials? He has none. But he does know how to pull political levers and push political buttons, and for UMass nothing could be more important. Was it academic brilliance that installed Michael Dukakis' trusted (and corrupt) adviser, Gerald Indelicato, as president of Bridgewater State? Or ex-House Speaker David Bartley as president of Holyoke Community College? Not at all. It was politics.
State campuses are studded with shrines to state politicians. At Salem State: the Kevin Harrington Academic Building. At Springfield Tech: Anthony Scibelli Hall. At UMass-Amherst: the William Mullins Athletic Center. At Bridgewater State: the J. Joseph Moakley Center.
Massasoit boasts the Anna P. Buckley Fine Arts Center and the Peter G. Asiaf Field House. UMass-Boston has the Robert Quinn Administration Building. Ex-House speaker Tommy McGee was toppled on Beacon Hill, but a building bearing his name stands erect at North Shore Community College. Even crooks share in the glory. The Paul Sheehy Residence Hall at UMass-Lowell is named for an ex-state senator who served time for bank fraud. UMass-Dartmouth's William Q. MacLean Campus Center honors a Bulger crony who was convicted of corruption.
In the state college network, politics is all. That is why, when faced with shrinking numbers of 18-year-olds during the 1980s, they reduced their standards to the point of travesty rather than close down facilities for which there was no longer a need. UMass-Amherst and UMass-Lowell began admitting virtually everyone who applied. And as the university went, so went the state colleges; most are now indistinguishable from community colleges.
The independent colleges of Massachusetts are one of this state's enduring triumphs. The public ones are among its saddest embarrassments. It's time to face facts: Beacon Hill is simply no good at the business of higher education.
Let us revive the goal we began with: making sure financial straits don't keep any qualified student out of college. Lending a kid tuition money so he can attend a decent college might not offer a politician the ego boost of a Biff MacLean Campus Center. But it just might change that kid's life forever.
(Jeff Jacoby is a columnist for The Boston Globe.)
Related Topics: Education, Massachusetts Politics receive the latest by email: subscribe to jeff jacoby's free mailing list
Don't raise the charter-school cap. Eliminate it
Repeal that law school
At UMass, student lawbreaking has grown routine
George Washington was right about 'baneful' two-party politics
Your legislature in inaction
'Proclaim Liberty': How the Hebrew Bible molded revolutionary America
Biden was right. Busing was wrong
Democrats are having a socialist moment, but it won't last
Bring back flogging
Were the Founders hypocrites?
Tweets by Jeff Jacoby
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However, the US president's tweet did not go well with multiple users, with French users mocking him for teaching them "how to put a fire out"
President Donald Trump took to Twitter to respond to the horrific Notre Dame Cathedral fire on Monday, and advised the firefighters to use "flying water tankers" on the 850-year-old structure.
However, the US president's tweet did not go well with multiple users, who slammed him for his usage of words. French users also chimed in.
"Can you please teach us how to put a fire out ? We the French have no clue, we're currently blowing on it but it doesn't work. Please help us o mighty world ruler," one user responded to the president's tweet.
"I hope the trained firefighters knew enough to act quickly. This is invaluable advice," another Twitter user said.
While there were some who drew attention close home, tweeting: "Trump is apparently an expert at fighting Cathedral fires overseas, but when it comes to natural fires in American forests, he wants nothing to do with them."
The cause of the blaze is not yet clear, however, officials said that it is associated with renovation work at the building, according to BBC. Multiple images circulated on social media of plumes of smoke billowing into the air about the Gothic building.
French President Emmanuel Macron is treating the fire gutting Notre Dame Cathedral as a national emergency. Macron reached the landmark cathedral on Monday evening and went straight into meetings at the nearby Paris police headquarters.
France's civil security agency says "all means" except for water-dropping aircraft were deployed to tackle the blaze. The defense agency said those were unsuitable for fires like the one at Notre Dame because dumping water on the building could cause the whole structure to collapse.
The cathedral is one of the major tourist attractions of Paris and its construction began in the 12th century, taking about 300 years to complete. Although the structure is predominantly French Gothic, there are certain areas which reflect the Renaissance and the Naturalism era of construction.
Catholic Church in France, last year, had launched an urgent appeal for funds to save the cathedral, which was beginning to crumble.
The mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, also spoke on the blaze, calling it a "terrible fire." The mayor urged people at the scene to respect the boundaries set up by the firefighters in an effort to ensure everyone remains safe.


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A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.

A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria.

Etymology
Herbivore is the anglicized form of a modern Latin coinage, herbivora, cited in Charles Lyell's 1830 Principles of Geology. Richard Owen employed the anglicized term in an 1854 work on fossil teeth and skeletons. Herbivora is derived from Latin herba 'small plant, herb' and vora, from vorare 'to eat, devour'.

Definition and related terms
Herbivory is a form of consumption in which an organism principally eats autotrophs such as plants, algae and photosynthesizing bacteria. More generally, organisms that feed on autotrophs in general are known as primary consumers.
Herbivory is usually limited to animals that eat plants. Insect herbivory can cause a variety of physical and metabolic alterations in the way the host plant interacts with itself and other surrounding biotic factors. Fungi, bacteria, and protists that feed on living plants are usually termed plant pathogens (plant diseases), while fungi and microbes that feed on dead plants are described as saprotrophs. Flowering plants that obtain nutrition from other living plants are usually termed parasitic plants. There is, however, no single exclusive and definitive ecological classification of consumption patterns; each textbook has its own variations on the theme.

Evolution of herbivory

The understanding of herbivory in geological time comes from three sources: fossilized plants, which may preserve evidence of defence (such as spines), or herbivory-related damage; the observation of plant debris in fossilised animal faeces; and the construction of herbivore mouthparts.

Although herbivory was long thought to be a Mesozoic phenomenon, fossils have shown that plants were being consumed by arthropods within less than 20 million years after the first land plants evolved. Insects fed on the spores of early Devonian plants, and the Rhynie chert also provides evidence that organisms fed on plants using a "pierce and suck" technique.

During the next 75 million years, plants evolved a range of more complex organs, such as roots and seeds. There is no evidence of any organism being fed upon until the middle-late Mississippian, . There was a gap of 50 to 100 million years between the time each organ evolved and the time organisms evolved to feed upon them; this may be due to the low levels of oxygen during this period, which may have suppressed evolution. Further than their arthropod status, the identity of these early herbivores is uncertain.
Hole feeding and skeletonization are recorded in the early Permian, with surface fluid feeding evolving by the end of that period.

Herbivory among four-limbed terrestrial vertebrates, the tetrapods, developed in the Late Carboniferous (307–299 million years ago). Early tetrapods were large amphibious piscivores. While amphibians continued to feed on fish and insects, some reptiles began exploring two new food types, tetrapods (carnivory) and plants (herbivory). The entire dinosaur order ornithischia was composed of herbivorous dinosaurs. Carnivory was a natural transition from insectivory for medium and large tetrapods, requiring minimal adaptation. In contrast, a complex set of adaptations was necessary for feeding on highly fibrous plant materials.

Arthropods evolved herbivory in four phases, changing their approach to it in response to changing plant communities.Tetrapod herbivores made their first appearance in the fossil record of their jaws near the Permio-Carboniferous boundary, approximately 300 million years ago. The earliest evidence of their herbivory has been attributed to dental occlusion, the process in which teeth from the upper jaw come in contact with teeth in the lower jaw is present. The evolution of dental occlusion led to a drastic increase in plant food processing and provides evidence about feeding strategies based on tooth wear patterns. Examination of phylogenetic frameworks of tooth and jaw morphologes has revealed that dental occlusion developed independently in several lineages tetrapod herbivores. This suggests that evolution and spread occurred simultaneously within various lineages.

Food chain

Herbivores form an important link in the food chain because they consume plants to digest the carbohydrates photosynthetically produced by a plant. Carnivores in turn consume herbivores for the same reason, while omnivores can obtain their nutrients from either plants or animals. Due to a herbivore's ability to survive solely on tough and fibrous plant matter, they are termed the primary consumers in the food cycle (chain). Herbivory, carnivory, and omnivory can be regarded as special cases of consumer–resource interactions.

Feeding strategies

Two herbivore feeding strategies are grazing (e.g. cows) and browsing (e.g. moose). For a terrestrial mammal to be called a grazer, at least 90% of the forage has to be grass, and for a browser at least 90% tree leaves and twigs. An intermediate feeding strategy is called "mixed-feeding". In their daily need to take up energy from forage, herbivores of different body mass may be selective in choosing their food. "Selective" means that herbivores may choose their forage source depending on, e.g., season or food availability, but also that they may choose high quality (and consequently highly nutritious) forage before lower quality. The latter especially is determined by the body mass of the herbivore, with small herbivores selecting for high-quality forage, and with increasing body mass animals are less selective. Several theories attempt to explain and quantify the relationship between animals and their food, such as Kleiber's law, Holling's disk equation and the marginal value theorem (see below).

Kleiber's law describes the relationship between an animal's size and its feeding strategy, saying that larger animals need to eat less food per unit weight than smaller animals. Kleiber's law states that the metabolic rate (q0) of an animal is the mass of the animal (M) raised to the 3/4 power: q0=M3/4
Therefore, the mass of the animal increases at a faster rate than the metabolic rate.

Herbivores employ numerous types of feeding strategies. Many herbivores do not fall into one specific feeding strategy, but employ several strategies and eat a variety of plant parts.

Optimal foraging theory is a model for predicting animal behavior while looking for food or other resources, such as shelter or water. This model assesses both individual movement, such as animal behavior while looking for food, and distribution within a habitat, such as dynamics at the population and community level. For example, the model would be used to look at the browsing behavior of a deer while looking for food, as well as that deer's specific location and movement within the forested habitat and its interaction with other deer while in that habitat.

This model has been criticized as circular and untestable. Critics have pointed out that its proponents use examples that fit the theory, but do not use the model when it does not fit the reality. Other critics point out that animals do not have the ability to assess and maximize their potential gains, therefore the optimal foraging theory is irrelevant and derived to explain trends that do not exist in nature.

Holling's disk equation models the efficiency at which predators consume prey. The model predicts that as the number of prey increases, the amount of time predators spend handling prey also increases, and therefore the efficiency of the predator decreases. In 1959, S. Holling proposed an equation to model the rate of return for an optimal diet: Rate (R )=Energy gained in foraging (Ef)/(time searching (Ts) + time handling (Th))

Where s=cost of search per unit time f=rate of encounter with items, h=handling time, e=energy gained per encounter
In effect, this would indicate that a herbivore in a dense forest would spend more time handling (eating) the vegetation because there was so much vegetation around than a herbivore in a sparse forest, who could easily browse through the forest vegetation. According to the Holling's disk equation, a herbivore in the sparse forest would be more efficient at eating than the herbivore in the dense forest.

The marginal value theorem describes the balance between eating all the food in a patch for immediate energy, or moving to a new patch and leaving the plants in the first patch to regenerate for future use. The theory predicts that absent complicating factors, an animal should leave a resource patch when the rate of payoff (amount of food) falls below the average rate of payoff for the entire area. According to this theory, an animal should move to a new patch of food when the patch they are currently feeding on requires more energy to obtain food than an average patch. Within this theory, two subsequent parameters emerge, the Giving Up Density (GUD) and the Giving Up Time (GUT). The Giving Up Density (GUD) quantifies the amount of food that remains in a patch when a forager moves to a new patch. The Giving Up Time (GUT) is used when an animal continuously assesses the patch quality.

Plant-herbivore interactions
Interactions between plants and herbivores can play a prevalent role in ecosystem dynamics such community structure and functional processes. Plant diversity and distribution is often driven by herbivory, and it is likely that trade-offs between plant competitiveness and defensiveness, and between colonization and mortality allow for coexistence between species in the presence of herbivores. However, the effects of herbivory on plant diversity and richness is variable. For example, increased abundance of herbivores such as deer decrease plant diversity and species richness, while other large mammalian herbivores like bison control dominant species which allows other species to flourish. Plant-herbivore interactions can also operate so that plant communities mediate herbivore communities. Plant communities that are more diverse typically sustain greater herbivore richness by providing a greater and more diverse set of resources.

Coevolution and phylogenetic correlation between herbivores and plants are important aspects of the influence of herbivore and plant interactions on communities and ecosystem functioning, especially in regard to herbivorous insects. This is apparent in the adaptations plants develop to tolerate and/or defend from insect herbivory and the responses of herbivores to overcome these adaptations. The evolution of antagonistic and mutualistic plant-herbivore interactions are not mutually exclusive and may co-occur. Plant phylogeny has been found to facilitate the colonization and community assembly of herbivores, and there is evidence of phylogenetic linkage between plant beta diversity and phylogenetic beta diversity of insect clades such as butterflies. These types of eco-evolutionary feedbacks between plants and herbivores are likely the main driving force behind plant and herbivore diversity.

Abiotic factors such as climate and biogeographical features also impact plant-herbivore communities and interactions. For example, in temperate freshwater wetlands herbivorous waterfowl communities change according to season, with species that eat above-ground vegetation being abundant during summer, and species that forage below-ground being present in winter months. These seasonal herbivore communities differ in both their assemblage and functions within the wetland ecosystem. Such differences in herbivore modalities can potentially lead to trade-offs that influence species traits and may lead to additive effects on community composition and ecosystem functioning. Seasonal changes and environmental gradients such as elevation and latitude often affect the palatability of plants which in turn influences herbivore community assemblages and vice versa. Examples include a decrease in abundance of leaf-chewing larvae in the fall when hardwood leaf palatability decreases due to increased tannin levels which results in a decline of arthropod species richness, and increased palatability of plant communities at higher elevations where grasshoppers abundances are lower. Climatic stressors such as ocean acidification can lead to responses in plant-herbivore interactions in relation to palatability as well.

Herbivore offense

The myriad defenses displayed by plants means that their herbivores need a variety of skills to overcome these defenses and obtain food. These allow herbivores to increase their feeding and use of a host plant. Herbivores have three primary strategies for dealing with plant defenses: choice, herbivore modification, and plant modification.

Feeding choice involves which plants a herbivore chooses to consume. It has been suggested that many herbivores feed on a variety of plants to balance their nutrient uptake and to avoid consuming too much of any one type of defensive chemical. This involves a tradeoff however, between foraging on many plant species to avoid toxins or specializing on one type of plant that can be detoxified.

Herbivore modification is when various adaptations to body or digestive systems of the herbivore allow them to overcome plant defenses. This might include detoxifying secondary metabolites, sequestering toxins unaltered, or avoiding toxins, such as through the production of large amounts of saliva to reduce effectiveness of defenses. Herbivores may also utilize symbionts to evade plant defenses. For example, some aphids use bacteria in their gut to provide essential amino acids lacking in their sap diet.

Plant modification occurs when herbivores manipulate their plant prey to increase feeding. For example, some caterpillars roll leaves to reduce the effectiveness of plant defenses activated by sunlight.

Plant defense

A plant defense is a trait that increases plant fitness when faced with herbivory. This is measured relative to another plant that lacks the defensive trait. Plant defenses increase survival and/or reproduction (fitness) of plants under pressure of predation from herbivores.

Defense can be divided into two main categories, tolerance and resistance. Tolerance is the ability of a plant to withstand damage without a reduction in fitness. This can occur by diverting herbivory to non-essential plant parts, resource allocation, compensatory growth, or by rapid regrowth and recovery from herbivory. Resistance refers to the ability of a plant to reduce the amount of damage it receives from herbivores. This can occur via avoidance in space or time, physical defenses, or chemical defenses. Defenses can either be constitutive, always present in the plant, or induced, produced or translocated by the plant following damage or stress.

Physical, or mechanical, defenses are barriers or structures designed to deter herbivores or reduce intake rates, lowering overall herbivory. Thorns such as those found on roses or acacia trees are one example, as are the spines on a cactus. Smaller hairs known as trichomes may cover leaves or stems and are especially effective against invertebrate herbivores. In addition, some plants have waxes or resins that alter their texture, making them difficult to eat. Also the incorporation of silica into cell walls is analogous to that of the role of lignin in that it is a compression-resistant structural component of cell walls; so that plants with their cell walls impregnated with silica are thereby afforded a measure of protection against herbivory.

Chemical defenses are secondary metabolites produced by the plant that deter herbivory. There are a wide variety of these in nature and a single plant can have hundreds of different chemical defenses. Chemical defenses can be divided into two main groups, carbon-based defenses and nitrogen-based defenses.

Carbon-based defenses include terpenes and phenolics. Terpenes are derived from 5-carbon isoprene units and comprise essential oils, carotenoids, resins, and latex. They can have several functions that disrupt herbivores such as inhibiting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation, molting hormones, or the nervous system. Phenolics combine an aromatic carbon ring with a hydroxyl group. There are several different phenolics such as lignins, which are found in cell walls and are very indigestible except for specialized microorganisms; tannins, which have a bitter taste and bind to proteins making them indigestible; and furanocumerins, which produce free radicals disrupting DNA, protein, and lipids, and can cause skin irritation.
Nitrogen-based defenses are synthesized from amino acids and primarily come in the form of alkaloids and cyanogens. Alkaloids include commonly recognized substances such as caffeine, nicotine, and morphine. These compounds are often bitter and can inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis or block nervous system signal transmission. Cyanogens get their name from the cyanide stored within their tissues. This is released when the plant is damaged and inhibits cellular respiration and electron transport.

Plants have also changed features that enhance the probability of attracting natural enemies to herbivores. Some emit semiochemicals, odors that attract natural enemies, while others provide food and housing to maintain the natural enemies' presence, e.g. ants that reduce herbivory.
A given plant species often has many types of defensive mechanisms, mechanical or chemical, constitutive or induced, which allow it to escape from herbivores.

Predator–prey theory
According to the theory of predator–prey interactions, the relationship between herbivores and plants is cyclic. When prey (plants) are numerous their predators (herbivores) increase in numbers, reducing the prey population, which in turn causes predator number to decline. The prey population eventually recovers, starting a new cycle. This suggests that the population of the herbivore fluctuates around the carrying capacity of the food source, in this case, the plant.

Several factors play into these fluctuating populations and help stabilize predator-prey dynamics. For example, spatial heterogeneity is maintained, which means there will always be pockets of plants not found by herbivores. This stabilizing dynamic plays an especially important role for specialist herbivores that feed on one species of plant and prevents these specialists from wiping out their food source. Prey defenses also help stabilize predator-prey dynamics, and for more information on these relationships see the section on Plant Defenses. Eating a second prey type helps herbivores' populations stabilize. Alternating between two or more plant types provides population stability for the herbivore, while the populations of the plants oscillate. This plays an important role for generalist herbivores that eat a variety of plants. Keystone herbivores keep vegetation populations in check and allow for a greater diversity of both herbivores and plants. When an invasive herbivore or plant enters the system, the balance is thrown off and the diversity can collapse to a monotaxon system.

The back and forth relationship of plant defense and herbivore offense drives coevolution between plants and herbivores, resulting in a "coevolutionary arms race". The escape and radiation mechanisms for coevolution, presents the idea that adaptations in herbivores and their host plants, has been the driving force behind speciation.

Mutualism
While much of the interaction of herbivory and plant defense is negative, with one individual reducing the fitness of the other, some is beneficial. This beneficial herbivory takes the form of mutualisms in which both partners benefit in some way from the interaction. Seed dispersal by herbivores and pollination are two forms of mutualistic herbivory in which the herbivore receives a food resource and the plant is aided in reproduction. Plants can also be indirectly affected by herbivores through nutrient recycling, with plants benefiting from herbivores when nutrients are recycled very efficiently. Another form of plant-herbivore mutualism is physical changes to the environment and/or plant community structure by herbivores which serve as ecosystem engineers, such as wallowing by bison. Swans form a mutual relationship with the plant species that they forage by digging and disturbing the sediment which removes competing plants and subsequently allows colonization of other plant species.

Impacts

Trophic cascades and environmental degradation
When herbivores are affected by trophic cascades, plant communities can be indirectly affected. Often these effects are felt when predator populations decline and herbivore populations are no longer limited, which leads to intense herbivore foraging which can suppress plant communities. With the size of herbivores having an effect on the amount of energy intake that is needed, larger herbivores need to forage on higher quality or more plants to gain the optimal amount of nutrients and energy compared to smaller herbivores. Environmental degradation from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the US alone has the potential to both change vegetative communities through over-browsing and cost forest restoration projects upwards of $750 million annually. Another example of a trophic cascade involved plant-herbivore interactions are coral reef ecosystems. Herbivorous fish and marine animals are important algae and seaweed grazers, and in the absence of plant-eating fish, corals are outcompeted and seaweeds deprive corals of sunlight.

Economic impacts
Agricultural crop damage by the same species totals approximately $100 million every year. Insect crop damages also contribute largely to annual crop losses in the U.S. Herbivores also affect economics through the revenue generated by hunting and ecotourism. For example, the hunting of herbivorous game species such as white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, antelope, and elk in the U.S. contributes greatly to the billion-dollar annually, hunting industry. Ecotourism is a major source of revenue, particularly in Africa, where many large mammalian herbivores such as elephants, zebras, and giraffes help to bring in the equivalent of millions of US dollars to various nations annually.

See also

 Consumer-resource systems
 List of feeding behaviours
 List of herbivorous animals
 Plant-based diet
 Productivity (ecology)
 Seed predation
 Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
 Herbivore men

References

Further reading
 Bob Strauss, 2008, Herbivorous Dinosaurs, The New York Times
Danell, K., R. Bergström, P. Duncan, J. Pastor (Editors)(2006) Large herbivore ecology, ecosystem dynamics and conservation Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. 506 p.
Crawley, M. J. (1983) Herbivory : the dynamics of animal-plant interactions Oxford : Blackwell Scientific. 437 p.
Olff, H., V.K. Brown, R.H. Drent (editors) (1999) Herbivores : between plants and predators Oxford ; Malden, Ma. : Blackwell Science. 639 p.

External links
Herbivore information resource website
The herbivore defenses of Senecio viscusus
Herbivore defense in Lindera benzoin
website of the herbivory lab at Cornell University

Ecology terminology
Animals by eating behaviors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Go API microservice occasionally returns first character in a string or garbage characters. Is there a known error that may cause this? I have a few API microservices that use gorrilla mux/handlers that randomly return characters that are not in the string, or only the first character. The problem never shows up when tested in Postman, about 10% of the time when called from the React.js front end, 50% of the time when called from AWS lambda python function when called every minute, and nearly never when lambda is called once every 3 minutes. To be honest, I am not sure where in the stack this is going wrong.
The microservices are running in a docker container within an OpenShift cluster that are ran though a Kong API gateway. Currently I am leaning to the problem being within gorrilla mux/handlers or the GoLang code, because we had the same issue before we moved to OpenShift and it seems to be happening across a few different clients, and services.
First, we looked into the problem being in the frontend. This is where we notice the first character only bug. We thought this may be an issue with react possibly displaying the data before it pulls all of it. So we logged the object that was returned and it contains the same data. What is interesting is that most of the strings are fine except one that is usually >100 characters, and when it happens it happens to all of strings with the same key. Again this only happens about 5-10% of the time and refreshing normally fixes it.
Then we noticed that an AWS lambda python function was getting garbage data from a similar API service. Sometimes '\000000\0000000' over and over again, or random parts of other strings from the JSON output, would be added in the middle of other strings. This started happening more often (as more data was added to the DB tables) until it was about 50% of the time when the lambda function was called every minute. I changed the call to be scheduled every three minutes and the problem disappeared.
When I go to find where in the stack this is happening with postman calls the problem never shows up, even when I blast calls in rapid succession. Which makes this a bit of a pain to track down.
I am not certain that the problems between lambda and the react front end are the same but I figured that the inconsistency is what is consistent between these problems. I am chalking up the difference in how this inconsistency is expressed to how the JSON is read into the clients.
I am hoping someone could point me in the right direction on this. Google and GitHub are not returning any known bugs that seem similar, and I am at a bit of a loss on where to be probing this one.


text:
Agrilus kubani é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Bílý, 1991.

Referências

kubani


text:
Q: Add increasing time to a date (php) Hello everybody and thanks for taking the time to read this ;
I was wandering if I have a variable that contains a formatted date like this :
07/02/2012

That I obtained with the following query
date_format(data,'%d/%m/%Y') as data_scadenza,

How can I loop this date to have something like this:
2012-02-07 11:53:00, 2012-02-07 11:54:00, 2012-02-07 11:55:00, etc.

Thanks everybody in advance, was wandering how to do this either in PHP or directly in the MySQL query.

A: Loop through it in PHP.
$num = 5; //5 values will be printed
$phpdate = strtotime('07/02/2012'); //converts to timestamp
$phpdate += 11*3600 + 53*60; //to set initial offset to 11:53:00
for($i=0;$i<$num;$i++)
echo date( 'Y-m-d H:i:s', $phpdate + 60*$i).",";

Output:
2012-07-02 11:53:00,2012-07-02 11:54:00,2012-07-02 11:55:00,2012-07-02 11:56:00,2012-07-02 11:57:00,

A: Have a number table with values from 1 to 100 and use this
select date_format(data+interval number minute,'%d/%m/%Y') as data_scadenza your_table as t1
cross join number_table as num


text:
A Year of Bangladesh's War on Terror
Features | Security | South Asia
A year after the Dhaka bakery bloodbath, counterterrorism remains deeply political.
By Siddharthya Roy for The Diplomat
Crime Scene Unit works on the spot where police shot dead a suspected militant who tried to enter a security checkpost on a motorcycle armed with explosives in Khilgaon, outskirt of Dhaka, Bangladesh (March 18, 2017).
Credit: REUTERS/Mohammad Ponir Hossain
On July 1, 2016, Bangladesh saw a bloodbath at the Holey Artisan Bakery, a ritzy eatery a stone's throw away from the American embassy inside the heavily fortified diplomatic enclave of the country's capital Dhaka.
The organization that claimed the attack has many names: Dawla al-Islamiya fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham (Daesh), Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Islamic State (IS). The nomenclature depends mostly on who's talking, but the names are usually used interchangeably. The Bangladeshi government however, refuses to use any of the above and instead called the attackers neo-JMB, referring to the Jamaat-ul Mujahideen Bangladesh.
"What is in a name?" one might wonder. A terrorist organization by any other name would kill equally. But the year gone by since the attacks and the path down which Bangladeshi politics has gone, highlights the complex politics that lie behind what one calls the enemy.
"No Islamic State in Bangladesh"
Despite widespread acts of violence by Islamic extremists, officially Bangladesh had always denied the presence of international jihadist forces inside their borders.
"There's no Islamic State in Bangladesh," Bangladeshi Prime Minister and Awami League chief Sheikh Hasina had declared as recently as February 2016.
"We know from Syria that there is no common [ideological] ground for Islamic State and al-Qaeda," Bangladeshi Foreign Minister Shahriar Alam, had said in the face of rising international concerns during the infamous blogger assassinations.
"But the funny thing is that in some instances both have claimed responsibility [for attacks] here [in Bangladesh]," he continued, and labeled the killings as being done by internal elements.
The Holey Artisan Bakery attack made this stubborn denial a very difficult line to keep up.
Even before the smoke had cleared, speaking through their news agency Amaq, the Islamic State's emir for the Bengal region Shaykh Abu Ibrahim Al Hanif (aka Tamim Chowdhury), hailed the dead militants as fallen comrades. Images released on the internet showed the attackers Nibras Islam, Rohan Imtiaz, Andaleeb Ahmed, Meer Saameh Mubasheer, Khairul Islam Payel, and Raiyan Minhaj – all young men in their 20s – posing with the black flag of the Islamic State.
Reports in the local press confirmed the young men as having been "missing" for a while — buttressing speculations of them having received training during the months leading up to the Holey Artisan attack.
In fact, barely two months before the attack, Chowdhury had openly laid his future plans out in the 14th edition of the Dabiq — the Islamic State's online magazine at the time.
"Bengal is an important region for the caliphate [Islamic empire] and the global jihad due to its strategic geographic position," he'd said. "Bengal is located on the eastern side of India, whereas Wilāyat Khurāsān [the Af-Pak region] is located on its western side. Thus, having a strong jihad base in Bengal will facilitate performing guerrilla attacks inside India simultaneously from both sides and facilitate creating a condition of tawahhush [fear and chaos] in India along with the help of the existing local mujahideen there."
"Holey Artisan's only the beginning," Chowdhury boasted in his closing statements, and promised more violence "soon."
Sure enough, on July 7, 2016, just five days from the bakery attack, a group of militants attacked an Eid congregation in Sholakia, 60 miles northeast of Dhaka city.
A 'New Chapter' for Terror in Bangladesh
"Holey was a totally new phenomenon – a new chapter for us in law enforcement," Deputy Commissioner Mohibul Islam, the lead investigator of the Holey Artisan and Sholakia cases, told me. Our conversation was the first time he'd agreed to speak with a journalist.
Having started his career in the detective branch of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police, the soft spoken and staid officer had been shifted in April 2016 to the newly formed anti-terror unit called the Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime Unit as chief of counter-intelligence.
"There has been a general uptick in violence ever since the war crimes trials started in 2013," the detective continued. "The rioting, executions of freethinkers and bloggers, and anti-minority violence etc. And at first we thought the new episodes were all a part of that series. But from 2014, we began seeing things that didn't quite fit in. The tactics, the motivations, communications, recruitment, equipment — everything seemed different. We suspected that a new organization had joined the scene but couldn't put our finger on it. Holey did that for us."
An attack on a police checkpoint in Ashulia had left one constable dead and another with severe stab wounds. An assistant inspector had been shot dead in Gabtoli. A suicide bomber had tried to blow himself up in the headquarters of the Rapid Action Battalion.
These episodes had happened shortly before the Holey Artisan attack. And all of them had hinted at something new. Unlike the violence in the past, these militants weren't just targeting civilians. They were trying to engage the state.
The weapons were changing too.
The freethinkers, bloggers, and missionaries had all been killed with knives and machetes and other easy to procure weapons. But the attack on Holey Artisan saw grenades and guns, and also brought back IEDs (improvised explosive devices) after a long time. Instead of using regular text messages and phone calls, the new bunch used encrypted communication.
The approach toward killing had changed as well. Where previously attackers would ambush targets and run away, the new ones stayed their ground and died in combat.
"They came ready to die," Mastaan*, a cook at the Holey Artisan said to me. "They broke their Ramadan fast after sundown – cooking themselves meals in the kitchen with the help of one of our colleagues. When eating they'd said to him: 'The next meal will be in heaven — see you there.'"
Barely five months after the Holey Artisan attack, in December 2016, Bangladesh saw its first women suicide bombers.
Acting on a tip off, the anti-terror unit raided an apartment building in the Ashkona neighborhood in Dhaka's Uttara sector. At around 12:20 pm local time, the police surrounded the building and demanded that the occupants surrender. According to other residents of the building, the police assured the militants over a megaphone that if they surrendered, they'd be given legal recourse and no physical harm would be done to them.
"Jebunnahar, please come out, I want to see you alive," one old woman wept over the police megaphone. She was the mother of a militant holed up inside.
Clad in a burqa, Jebunnahar did come out – with her seven-year-old daughter in tow. But instead of surrendering, she blew herself up chanting: "We will go to heaven!"
In the same raid, a 15-year-old boy laid his life down too.
Taken together, the attacks in the second half of 2016 pointed to a whole new level of indoctrination. Where Islamists of the past had killed in the name of religion, the new breed was willing to die for it.
Another indicator of change was the socioeconomic backgrounds of the new terrorists – something that had taken Bangladesh by surprise.
Unlike the fanatics of past decades, who had modeled themselves after the Taliban of Afghanistan, the Holey Artisan attackers weren't schooled in madrassas imparting religious education. Instead, similar to iconic Islamic State militants like Muhammad Jassim Abdulkarim Olayan al-Dhafiri (aka Jihadi John) and or Siddhartha Dhar (aka Abu Rumaysah al-Britani), these young men hailed from well-to-do families and had access to expensive English language higher education.
"I can't, for the life of me, imagine Nibras as a radical militant. I mean, let alone being radical, he wasn't even religious. He was such a cool dude — a playboy — a real ladies' man," Shaukat, an acquaintance of Nibras Islam, told me sitting in a café two blocks from the Holey Artisan's old location. Nibras was the leader of the hostage operation.
"I mean he had a poster of Ozzy Osbourne in his room, for fuck's sake!" Amin, another acquaintance, added.
Shaukat and Amin*, both Dhaka based musicians, knew Nibras on account of him frequenting the close-knit rock band scene of the city.
Bangladesh's War on Terror
Words notwithstanding, the Bangladesh government's actions spoke volumes about how seriously they took the Islamic State's threat. Simply put, Holey Artisan was Bangladesh's version of 9/11 and much of what's transpired in the last year has been its own version of the War on Terror and all that it entails for democratic politics.
For example, in the wake of the Holey Artisan attack, the government encouraged the massive arming of civilian police, even giving them legal carte blanche to kill without due process.
"The need for a professional and unbiased police unit has been around for a long time now," an official of the counterterror unit said, speaking on condition of anonymity. "The Holey Artisan Bakery attack just catalyzed the process."
With just 96 police personnel per hundred thousand citizens, Bangladesh ranks among the ten countries with the smallest police presence in the world. The feeble force handles everything from criminal investigation to human trafficking, the narcotic trade, traffic, and industrial and VIP security. Moreover, because of the centralized nature of the Bangladesh police, the deployment of personnel is lopsided – focusing on a handful of major cities like Dhaka, Chittagong, and Sylhet and leaving the vast countryside with little or no law enforcement.
In addition to this, corruption and political bias runs deep within the ranks — something highlighted during the blogger killings of 2015.
So for all practical purposes, the Rapid Action Battalion has been Bangladesh's primary counterterror unit. The battalion, formed in 2004, is an autonomous paramilitary unit made of officers from the army, navy, air force, and civilian police and was responsible for crushing the old Jamaat-ul Mujahideen, Harkat-ul Jihad Islami, and a host of other outfits.
The efficacy of the Rapid Action Battalion notwithstanding, Sheikh Hasina was wary of arming them any more than they already were. The battalion was a part of the military, an establishment that had on multiple occasions usurped civilian power and put the country under martial law — and even more importantly, assassinated her father and founder of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
What the government needed was a unit of the civilian police that was under the control of the civilian government. And that's where the Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime Unit, or CTTC for short, came in handy.
The unit was formed as a part of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police in 2014 to tackle increasing cyber crime, fight online fraud, and track illegal money coming into the country. But it had remained largely on paper. After the Holey Artisan attack, the government pulled out all stops and put the arming of the anti-terror unit on an absolute fast track.
Indian agencies and the FBI supplied forensic equipment and training on cyber investigations and surveillance. And a separate budget was opened up, resulting in the team going from under a dozen officers to a battalion of over 600 armed men in a matter of months.
To avoid political biases, combatants were drawn exclusively from fresh recruits between 19 and 26 years old and relatively young officers from the Dhaka Metropolitan Police were put in charge. Separate teams for bomb disposal, SWAT, cyber, and special operations were raised and joined under a military style unified command.
Bypassing the infamously tardy bureaucracy, the cabinet of ministers issued an executive order that gave the unit autonomy from the main police establishment and allowed the anti-terror unit to operate all over the country without seeking permission from local authorities.
As of today, it reports directly to the prime minister's office and works autonomously outside the formal structure of the Bangladeshi police. And ever since the Holey Artisan attack, the unit has become the face of the anti-terror operations and has carried out raids in far out places like Mirpur, Narayanganj, and Azimpur.
Operation Storm 26 – one such raid in Kalyanpur that took place based on intelligence from the Eid attack in Sholakia – brought to the fore the curios debate about what to call the terrorists.
Of the nine people holed up in the house, eight were killed and later identified using Bangladesh's biometric database, the National Identification Cards System. One, Rakibul Hassan, aka Reagan, survived with severe bullet injuries.
At the Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, where Reagan was treated, journalists of the news website BDNews24 recorded conversations between him and the police and leaked them.
Reagan was heard telling the police that he had been with the group for over ten months and they were all set to travel to Syria – the place where the real Islamic State was headquartered and where mastermind Tamim Chowdhury, aka the emir of Bengal, had traveled to build his official connections to the global entity.
Yet, post-Operation Storm 26, Bangladesh's top cop, inspector general AKM Shahidul Hoque, personally addressed the press and said: "We are primarily suspecting that the militants are members of the banned outfit Jamaat-ul Mujahideen Bangladesh and they had no link to IS members."
Headed by Siddique-ul Islam aka Bangla Bhai (big brother of Bengal), the original Jamaat-ul Mujahideen Bangladesh was an al-Qaeda affiliate that operated between 2001 and 2005. Following an operation by the RAB, the top leadership was captured and sent to the gallows, crushing the outfit.
Yet the Bangladeshi government insists on calling the terrorists of today neo-JMB. Clearly in naming the new terrorists neo-JMB, the Bangladesh government had found an apparatus to deal with the renewed emergence of Islamic terrorism while denying its global links.
To be fair, there was room to doubt the claims of the Holey Artisan attackers or the later ones being linked to Islamic State.
For one, both manpower and equipment were of extremely poor quality – nothing close to the battle-hardened mercenaries of Syria and Iraq and their firepower. The grenades used in the Holey Artisan attack weren't military grade and the guns were the kind usually smuggled in from India.
Even in the case of Jebunnahar, the suicide bomber of Ashkona, the bomb vest was so lacking in power and the assassin so untrained that she ended up only killing herself and burning her little daughter.
As for the killing of religious minorities and freethinkers, the sole weapons had been knives and machetes – the kind available to anyone in the open markets of Dhaka.
Also on the political front, it really is difficult to demarcate where internal attacks end and where global or international jihad starts. And there is more than a grain of truth to saying that the use of terror as a political "ism" is Bangladesh's internal problem.
When Politics Meets Violence
Wanton violence has been an indivisible part of Bangladeshi partisan politics and even the most mundane of contests often turn into bloody battlefields. Moreover, inside Bangladeshi polity there's always been genuine support for the idea of making Bangladesh a theocratic Islamic state and those sections have never shied away from extremism and violence.
Second, the idea of using Bangladesh as a launchpad of attacks against India — as laid out by the now-dead Chowdhury — is an old military doctrine that has been officially backed by the Pakistani military establishment since the 1950s and '60s. Older Bangladesh-based organizations like the Harkat-ul Jihad Islami have actively worked on those lines, coordinating with Pakistan-based outfits like Lashkar-e Taiba and Hizbul Mujahideen.
So if there is any real line between a violent internal Islamist and a jihadist influenced by global movements, then it's a blurred one lying somewhere in the gray area of mainstream Islamist politics in Bangladesh.
"Where the Jamaat-i-Islami ends and where this or that terrorist organization begins is nothing but an academic debate," says Sumi Khan. Khan is one of the very rare women crime journalists in Bangladesh and the 2005 recipient of the Guardian Courage in Journalism Award. Much like the blogger Avijit Roy, assailants upset with her work attacked her when she was taking a rickshaw on a crowded street. Even though severely injured, she survived the murderous attack.
"All of these terrorists have come out of the ranks of the Jamaat-i-Islami," she reasons. "It's just their age-old duplicity that they actively aid and abet terrorism and when confronted with evidence, they wash their hands off of that member. The BNP [Bangladesh Nationalist Party, the current opposition] is no different. They pretend to be all constitutional but then feed off the crimes of the Jamaat."
But Dr. Maidul Islam, the author of Limits of Islamism: Jamaat-i-Islami in Contemporary India and Bangladesh, disagrees with this view.
"If the Jamaat-i-Islami was itself a terrorist organization, why would Bangla Bhai or anyone else need to move out and form another organization to carry out their work?" he asks. "There is a difference between being Islamist and being a terrorist organization. Banning the Jamaat-i-Islami to tackle terrorism is like taking a sledgehammer to surgery instead of a scalpel."
According to him, the ban will simply push the majority of the Jamaat-i-Islami underground and make it easier for jihadist groups to recruit in their ranks. It will also cut off the sources that the government had in their ranks.
"This judge-jury-executioner-rolled-into-one approach will create more problems than it will solve" Dr. Ali Riaz said.
Riaz, scholar of South Asian politics and author of God Willing: The Politics of Islamism in Bangladesh had been an important voice that supported the setting up of the International Crimes Tribunal. But he has now distanced himself from the anti-terror operations.
Accusing the government of political vendetta, he asks: "Why shoot and not interrogate? Why bypass the judiciary and due process? What is needed is not a police state but a program for de-radicalization."
"That's not our job," intelligence chief Mohibul Islam bluntly said when asked about de-radicalization. "There is only one strategy for terrorism that's followed the world over – we follow the same one – catch, kill and crush."
The anti-terror unit's ever growing list of kills has been true to that strategy.
The 'Neo-JMB'
"The reason for naming the terrorists neo-JMB and not Islamic State is not a trivial one," Baki Billah, one of the blogger leaders of the Shahbag Square movement, remarked. Though his Communist Party is a member of the Grand Alliance, he distances himself from the path taken by the government post-2013.
"The name decides who takes action against the organization and thereby who reaps the political fruits of its annihilation," he explains. "Call it Islamic State and the reins go into the hands of the international community. Naming it neo-JMB makes it home grown and therefore the reins stay in the hands of Sheikh Hasina. And when she keeps saying 'BNP-Jamaat BNP-Jamaat,' it builds the ground for effectively annihilating the political opposition in the name of fighting terrorists."
It's not just Hasina's anti-terror operations that have been the cause of political anger building up against her government. She's brought in sweeping changes to election laws that have forced the opposition to boycott the elections.
For example, as per the Bangladeshi constitution, to ensure free and fair elections, at the end of an elected tenure, the government passes into the hands of the executive, which then runs a non-partisan caretaker government. As a safety measure, the caretaker government isn't allowed to pass new laws or amend the constitution. It must simply run the day-to-day affairs of the state, conduct the elections and thereafter pass on the reins to the newly elected government.
But after coming to power in 2008, using the Grand Alliance's absolute majority Hasina changed that rule.
The 15th Constitutional Amendment Bill passed on June 30, 2012 scrapped the need for a caretaker government and gave the election commission the power to conduct elections while the incumbent party remained in power.
This arrangement wasn't acceptable to the opposition and they boycotted all elections thereafter. Even the Jatiya Party, the second largest party in the Grand Alliance of 2008, parted ways with Hasina and joined the opposition in boycotting the polls of 2014.
"There exists no proper environment for the polls," said H M Ershad, the founder of Jatiya Party and the former army chief who ruled Bangladesh from 1982 to 1990.
"We will not participate in the upcoming elections, as most opposition parties had decided to stay away," he had said a day after the last day to file nominations for the 10th general election in 2014. His ministers had resigned from active service a few months prior to that.
"When 150 out of 300 seats in the Jatiyo Sangshad [ the national parliament] are decided unopposed, do you call it an election?" Kanak Sarwar, of Ekushey TV asked. "Only 11 of the 41 registered parties had participated in the elections. This is a bogus democracy!"
Sarwar was later jailed for airing a program considered to be critical of the ruling party.
"You see that?" Sharmee Hossain, a professor at Northwestern University and a prominent liberal voice, asked me, pointing at the traffic island that was the famous Shahbag Square. A huge television screen now stands atop a white concrete structure on the island broadcasting government propaganda.
"This was the square that made the government hear the people's voice," she said. "Now with that television mounted up there, the people have to hear the government's voice. They don't want another Shahbag to happen."
Siddharthya Roy is a journalist specializing in politics and global affairs who has reported extensively from South Asia.
*Names have been changed.
Bangladesh counterterrorism
Bangladesh police
Bangladesh terrorism
blogger deaths in Bangladesh
Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime Unit
Holey Artisan Bakery
Islamic State in Bangladesh
Jamaat-i-islami
Jamaat-ul Mujahideen Bangladesh
Rapid Action Battalion
Shahbag Square protest
Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan Stokes Bangladesh's Terrorist Fears
By Subir Bhaumik
The secular government of Muslim-majority Bangladesh fears the Taliban takeover in Afghanistan will rejuvenate the violent radical Islamist ecosystem back home.
The Rise of US-Bangladesh Counterterror Cooperation
By Arafat Kabir
Kerry's visit to Dhaka shows how seriously the U.S. takes terrorism in Bangladesh.
What Does COVID-19 Mean for Terrorism in Bangladesh?
By Shafi Md Mostofa
How the pandemic intersects with challenges of Islamist radicalization for Bangladesh.
Sri Lanka: A New Pattern of Transnational Terror
By Angshuman Choudhury and Sarral Sharma
The recent attacks are part of Islamic State's global expansion through local 'franchises.'


While the students are away for the summer, you may need to repaint or refurbish classrooms, offices or facilities. Perhaps the recently endowed new facility is just about ready for the ribbon-cutting ceremony.
How can you make sure that all of the furniture, files, equipment and computers get to where they need to be when they need to be there? Rely on RCS's academic moving experts.
RCS has executed moves for virtually every college and university in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
So whether you're a Cavalier, Hokie, Spider, Panther, Yellow Jacket, Trojan, Lancer, or any other institution of higher learning, your school colors are our school colors.


called out Jaffna for its great seafood."Surrounded by sea, you bet [it] catches some high-quality creatures," the article stated.according to Sri Lankan tourism website yamu.lk. Specialties there include local crab,which can be turned into traditional crab curry.While Purananuru 399 mentioned about fried murrel fish & fatty meat pieces of shark,Sirupanatruppadai,line,193-195 mentioned about crab curry with rice.Both of these ancient Tamil poems given below.
Also from Malaipadukadam,We come to know,not only the hospitality of the mountain kuravars,the people of foothills,But also Drinks & food enjoyed by the guest from morning to evening,by.lines 170 – 185.
in all the houses, and prevent you from leaving."
Finally ,We come to know from Kalithokai 65,the tradition of Chewing the mixture of areca nut and betel leaf is very old & practice even in sangam period,700 BC-300 AD.In both India and Sri Lanka, it was a custom of the royalty to chew areca nut with betel leaf. Kings had special attendants whose duty it was to carry a box with all the necessary ingredients for a good chewing session.There was also a custom for lovers to chew areca nut and betel leaf together.Not only that Betel leaves (Thamboolam,) is usually exchanged whenever marriages are finalised, when guests leave after their stay, while inviting for the weddings and while offerings are made to the Deities.and To the visitors it is offered as a mark of courtesy.
"Take these," as he tried to hand then to me.
I am the other spirit. You better be gracious to me."


Carla Goldberg is a mixed media artist, gallery director and curator. She's shown her own artwork in over 200 national and international museum, university and gallery exhibitions. She is the winner of the 2014 Sea Grant awarded by the University Of Connecticut and The National Oceanographic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for her "Seafoam" Sculptural Drawings.
2018- Acumen Brooklynn NY Curated by Vida Sabbaghi opens Nov.
2014- Museum of the Shenandoah Valley "Second Time Around"
2018- BAU Gallery Beacon, NY opening Sept.
2007- Freedom & Art Project- I created and ran this project for 3 years that raised funds for Amnesty International in support of Human Rights.
Private Suite at The Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach, FL.
May 12, 2016 - A guide to cultural and recreational events in the Hudson Valley. Items for .... BEACON "Eventide," Carla Goldberg and Erica Leigh Caginalp.
Ode Magazine- Exchange: The voice of art in a battle for freedom - Oct.
"NEW SCHOOL: A HUDSON VALLEY ARTISTS PROFILE"
Poughkeepsie Journal News- Sunday Oct. 2, 2011 CSA write up.
2007-Russell Wright Design Center: Manitoga Summer Nature and Design Camp.
May 2011 Beacon Art Salon Artists Discussion Series, "Art As Activism"
Nov.7, 2007 U of R, Curators talk, "The Importance of Being Findable"
Nov. 8, 2007 Kathryn Green Series, U of R, "From Pedestrian To Pedestal"
Alida Anderson Projects- Washington, D.C.
Palm Springs High School Palm Springs, CA.
Mount Royal Graduate School Of Painting-Baltimore, MD.


I couldn't find Judy Dater's self-portrait referenced at the beginning of this but I found another of her self-portraits.
This weekend my grandma and I went to Marfa, TX (just a little southeast of El Paso). We didn't see the Marfa lights but we did visit the Chinati Foundation, the contemporary art museum started by Donald Judd. The museum is on an old fort so all of the work is spread out into different buildings. The museums's intention is to show large-scale installation pieces that demonstrate the link between artwork and the surrounding landscape. For this reason all but one of the pieces are permanent. A piece is made for a particular space and should remain there as long as it exists. Marfa was interesting. The entire town seemed to have taken on the minimalist ideas of Judd.
Then we continued to Fort Davis, where we were nearly blown away. The wind was unbelievable. Tumbleweeds and dust were flying everywhere. So we drove north through the Davis Mountains. It was amazing. The rocky cliffs looked like dolls watching us from the road.
This another piece I've been working on. I've been going on short hikes behind the cabin and collecting different treasures I find. I've found some amazing insects that are perfectly preserved and dry. I also have so many rocks you wouldn't believe it. It's just like when I was a kid and called the little black rocks "dog noses." After I bring everything back I identify it and put it in a jar. Each jar will have a label when I'm finished.
I thought I'd also put this picture up because its so funny. This is my grandparents and all the kids at the cabin. My mom is the one on the far right. It's interesting staying here because there is so much of my family history preserved here. The bar that my grandparents owned is right down the road as well. In the piece above I was thinking about this preservation of the natural environment as well as my family's stories.
This is the piece I've been working on. I'm just about finished. Its sort of another interpretation of the Organ Mountains. I've started driving around Las Cruces and the only way I know where I'm going is by looking for the mountains.
I also went on a hike today with my grandparents, looking for petroglyphs that we heard about near Tonuco Peak. We didn't find any petroglyphs but we did find lots of rocks and bones and even some rabbit tails… I've been thinking about how well things are preserved in the desert, freezing time. I have some ideas for an additional work…I'll post some photos as that develops. Anyways, lunch in Hatch for world famous green chile and barbecue was delicious! This weekend I'll be in Silver City and Deming.
I'm here! I've actually been here for two nights but have just figured out the internet situation. This is the little house that my grandparents built in 1976. The first night was interesting…getting used to being alone in the quiet. I have many memories of Radium Springs, shaped by visits to my grandparents' other house and the stories I've heard about growing up in this distant place. This was the first time I drove myself out here, every other trip was seen from the backseat. I realized that this project, for me, is going to be a lot about home and origin and the landscape to which one belongs. I'm returning to New Mexico to study and to navigate and map my home.
These are the pieces I've been working on in preparation for my trip to Radium Springs, NM. I've been looking at the topography of the areas I will be near. I also read Desert Quartet by Terry Tempest Williams, in which the author describes the eroticism and energy of the desert. The bottom piece began as a study of the Organ Mountains in Las Cruces and I presented it in critique as still in process. I was pleased to hear that in this piece my peers saw maps, home, and a female figure. We also discussed it's formal similarities to the Venus of Willendorf as well as its vaginal qualities.
The top piece is the rough shape of the Chihuahuan desert combined with images of organs and life which I have been playing with for a while. I'm interested in how this piece was interpreted as a map of large area as well as a view of microscopic organism.


Louisville, KY (August 25, 2014) – The Kentucky Derby Museum announces the return of its critically acclaimed bourbon series "Legends Series" that features America's most-important whiskey distillers. The first event showcases a secret distiller who makes the majority of this country's rye whiskey.
Bourbon Authority, of the Kentucky Derby Museum, Fred Minnick, also a journalist and Wall Street Journal-bestselling author, interviews whiskey legends in a live studio audience and leads a tasting of fine whiskey. Louisville.com listed the museum's Legends Series as one of ten bourbon learning events in Louisville.
The other legends include: Jimmy Russell, longtime master distiller of Wild Turkey, December 4, 2014; Harlen Wheatley, master distiller of Buffalo Trace, February 5, 2015; Bill Samuels, chairman emeritus for Makers Mark, June 4, 2015; and Mike Veach, renowned bourbon historian and author, August 6, 2015.
Each event will include whiskey tastings, a Q & A with the guests and appetizers, all set in the beautiful surroundings of the museum from 5:30p.m. to 7:30p.m.
The inclusive five event Legends Series is $225. In order to receive the series discount, tickets must be purchased as a package at the time of the first event. After the first event, individual tickets will be sold to each tasting. Single event tickets will be available at $50. Special pricing is also available for Derby Museum members.


text:
Q: How to get Workflow Rule in Maven's Mate I'm trying to import my workflow rules from my org using Maven's Mate and I have got all my custom objects and in the package.xml i have the following:
<types>
    <members>*</members>
    <name>WorkflowRule</name>
</types>

A: Via the GUI
MavensMate > Project > Edit Project

Then on the Advanced Tab look for "Workflow" at the bottom of the drop down list.

Then click on "Update Subscription"

Then refresh your index

You can go over to the Project Metadata tab to select specific workflows (or any other metadata) you want.

Finally when you are done click "Update Project"

A: believe you just need to say workflow instead of workflowrule in your package xml
<types>
    <members>*</members>
    <name>Workflow</name>
</types>

here's a list of all metadata type names
https://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/api_meta/Content/meta_types_list.htm


alicetalksfilm is a film and entertainment blog ran and written by myself, a 20-year-old, second-year Film Studies student at the University of Southampton.
Having started the blog back when I was studying for my GCSEs, I had no intention of taking my love of film beyond being a hobby into the realm of academia, yet here I am! My main goal, aside from becoming a journalist after I graduate, is to use this blog (alongside my regular work in my Students Union entertainment magazine, The Edge) to improve my writing style and gain some hard-to-come-by experience.
Due to my commitments to other publications where most of my reviews can be found, I no longer tend to use this blog to write articles on cinema releases. Instead, alicetalksfilm has become more of a forum for discussion, in which I write from time to time on current issues and will, of course, write reviews if I feel like it!
Please share the link around and get in contact if you have any queries or request for articles. I'm also always keen to hear from anybody who would like to work with me or offer any related opportunities.


Friday, September the 8th until Sunday the 10th. And with the Fur Ball on the Saturday night again with a 1930s theme.
Making a direct donation or bequest (100% goes to saving the bilbies).
Getting creative and fundraising through your friends, workplace and community groups.
Purchasing the affordable bilby merchandise (Why not buy in bulk and hold a bilby fundraising event!).
Sponsoring a bilby or becoming a corporate sponsor.
Friending us on Facebook or following us on Twitter.
The more you can do, the more you will be contributing to the long-term survival of the bilby.
Supporting the recovery of this species will also help other endangered and threatened fauna in our arid outback that face similar challenges.


No matter what your fitness level, the general benefits of swimming are yours to go out and grab and make your own.
It has the power to give your muscles a makeover, transform you into a cardio king, turn back the clock, and calm you quicker than a secluded beach in the Bahamas.
But if this isn't enough to get you reaching for your cossie, here are our top benefits of swimming to show you there is no such thing as being too cool for the pool.
Full body workout. Swimming uses all the muscles in the body so whether you swim a gentle breaststroke or hammer butterfly, you will get a full body workout. Plus, exercising in water makes your body work harder so 30 minutes in a pool is worth 45 minutes of the same activity on land.
Great for general wellbeing. Just 30 minutes of swimming three times a week alongside a balanced, healthy diet and lifestyle is one of the best ways to stay fit and healthy and maintain a positive mental outlook. Do it with friends, and it's even more fun!
De-stresses and relaxes. Whether it's work stressing you out, the kids being a nightmare, or just life in general, we all get times we just want to SCREAM. Well, help is at hand. Swimming regularly can lower stress levels, reduce anxiety and depression, and improve your sleep patterns. Feeling the mental benefits of swimming takes just a light swim. No lane pounding needed.
Burns those calories. Swimming is one of the most effective ways to burn calories. A gentle swim can burn over 200 calories in just half an hour, more than double that of walking. And a faster swim would see that chocolate bar gone quicker than if you went running or cycling.
Lowers the risk of diseases. As well as being a great form of cardiovascular exercise, swimming just 30 minutes a week can help to guard against heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes.
Supports the body. Water supports up to 90 per cent of the body's weight. So if you sprained an ankle at Monday night football or have a long term injury or illness, swimming is a brilliant way to stay active.
Increases your energy levels. Inactivity and not ageing is often responsible for people's lack of energy. Just 30 minutes of swimming three times per week can boost your energy levels through increased metabolic rate.
Exercising without the sweat. If sweating puts you off other forms of exercise, fear not! As a swimmer, you'll never feel sweaty no matter how hard you work because the water around you is constantly cooling you down.
Burn calories swimming with the FREE Just Swim App.Click the image above to download.


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18 Sports Plays of the Week – 1/17
FAA: No more commercial astronaut wings, too many launching
by: MARCIA DUNN, Associated Press
FILE – Oliver Daemen, from left, Mark Bezos, Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon and space tourism company Blue Origin, and Wally Funk, right, participates in a post launch briefing where they discussed their flight experience aboard the Blue Origin New Shepard rocket at its spaceport near Van Horn, Texas, on July 20, 2021. The Federal Aviation Administration said Friday, Dec. 10, 2021, they are no longer present commercial astronaut wings starting next year, too many people are launching into space. All 15 people who rocketed into space this year on private flights from the U.S. will still receive their wings from the FAA. (AP Photo/Tony Gutierrez, File)
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) — Heads up, future space travelers: No more commercial astronaut wings will be awarded from the Federal Aviation Administration after this year.
The FAA said Friday it's clipping its astronaut wings because too many people are now launching into space and it's getting out of the astronaut designation business entirely.
The news comes one day ahead of Blue Origin's planned liftoff from West Texas with former NFL player and TV celebrity Michael Strahan. He and his five fellow passengers will still be eligible for wings since the FAA isn't ending its long-standing program until Jan. 1.
NASA's astronauts also have nothing to worry about going forward — they'll still get their pins from the space agency.
All 15 people who rocketed into space for the first time this year on private U.S. flights will be awarded their wings, according to the FAA. That includes Blue Origin founder Jeff Bezos and Virgin Galactic's Richard Branson, as well as the other space newbies who accompanied them on their brief up-and-down trips. The companies handed out their own version of astronaut wings after the flights.
All four passengers on SpaceX's first private flight to orbit last September also qualified for FAA wings.
Adding Blue Origin's next crew of six will bring the list to 30. The FAA' s first commercial wings recipient was in 2004.
Earlier this year, the FAA tightened up its qualifications, specifying that awardees must be trained crew members, versus paying customers along for the ride. But with the program ending, the decision was made to be all-inclusive, a spokesman said.
Future space tourists will get their names put on a FAA commercial spaceflight list. To qualify, they must soar at least 50 miles (80 kilometers) on an FAA-sanctioned launch.
"The U.S. commercial human spaceflight industry has come a long way from conducting test flights to launching paying customers into space," the FAA's associate administrator Wayne Monteith said in a statement. "Now it's time to offer recognition to a larger group of adventurers daring to go to space."
Snow Showers Precip: 69%
New York inmates received $34M in federal stimulus checks, per DOCCS
State Liquor Authority investigating Branch Office after fatal fight; Elmira Police release new information
Elmira veteran turns love of cooking into new business


Real dealers, real action and real rewards at CasinoEuro!
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Betsson Casino Has announced the release of two new and exciting casino games this month. The two new games are Diamond Dogs Video Slot and Punto Banco baccarat and they will be found at the online casino's site along with 120 other games.
Diamond Dogs is a 5 reel 25 line video slots comes complete with a red carpet paparazzi bonus game. All your players need to do is to snap photos of their favorite Diamond Dog to win bonus coins. Maximum bet per game is 50 with a maximum win during Free Spins of 65,682.
Punto Banco is the Pro Series version of Online Baccarat and is played in six standard decks and features 2 to 1 payouts on Punto and Banco bets as well as an enticing 9 to 1 pay out on tie bets. The player can play without placing bets on the table while the results of each hand are conveniently displayed in the History window. Plus, there are great card and chip animations too. Low, standard and high limit versions as well as a VIP Punto Banco with a maximum bet of 10,000 available.
When you visit us at the Betsson Casino you will find everything from table games, slot machines, video slots, video poker, minigames and other casino games – in essence, everything that you would like to play in an internet casino is here for you to enjoy.


A few of the individuals who have become plumbers in their life end up telling all of their friends that they have found the job of their dreams. They also will sometimes convey that they will never quit being a plumber for as long as they are alive. However, in nearly every single case where this type of thing occurs, there ended up being a heavy amount of discord over the initial joyful feeling and the end result after working for the plumbing company for a large period of time. If you feel as if you wish to undergo this transformation then try to talk to plumber grayson ga and see if they can hook you up with a suitable plumbing job pretty soon.


Being charged with a DUI can be scary and overwhelming. Being charged with a felony DUI can be even more daunting. Felony DUIs result in much more serious penalties than misdemeanor DUIs. With so much at stake, it may be in your best interest to seek professional legal advice regarding your situation.In the state of California, a DUI can be charged as a felony in three major situations. First, drivers may be charged with a felony DUI if they have three prior convictions within a ten-year time period and are currently being charged with their fourth DUI. Next, if a driver has a prior felony DUI conviction, he or she may be charged with a felony DUI if subsequent DUI charges come up. Lastly, a driver can be charged with a felony DUI if he or she was involved in an accident that killed or injured another person.The office of Dale Gribow Attorney at Law has successfully defended numerous people facing felony DUIs. After reviewing the details of your arrest, Attorney Gribow will dig deeper to find out if your rights were violated in any way during the process. For example, law enforcement officials often administer field sobriety tests and chemical tests, such as Breathalyzers, at the scene of an accident to determine the blood alcohol content of the driver.
However, mistakes are common when it comes to the administration of these tests and the maintenance of the equipment used in the testing process. These mistakes can have a huge effect on the accuracy of the test results. With the proper defenses in place, Attorney Gribow may be able to negotiate on your behalf for reduced charges. Even if one has a prior record with multiple offenses in the past, A Palm Springs criminal defense attorney can make a meaningful difference in how matters proceed after an arrest.


The shape of your face is important in determining the right shape of your frames. The easiest way to determine your face shape is by standing in front of a mirror, closing one eye and tracing your face with a dry-erase marker. Stand back and look at the shape you drew! Is it more round, square, oval, or heart-shaped?
Now that you know the shape of your face, it's important that you choose a frame shape that balances out your face. Try not to choose glasses that are shaped exactly like your face. Round glasses will soften a square face, while square frames will balance out a rounder face.
Glasses should compliment your look, but with so many different styles to choose from, how can you find out the ideal frame shape for you? First, you need to find out what face shape you have and it's easier than it sounds... check out our guide to find the best glasses for your face shape.
This is the problem I see most often when people are picking out their glasses because it's the easiest thing to miss! The size of the frame needs to be proportionate to the size of the face. Sorry, my smaller-faced friends, I know oversized glasses are trendy, but you need to stick with a smaller frame.
Don't ignore your personal style!
We can tell you what looks good on you all day, but in the end, the glasses you choose should match your style! Are you more classic? Do you dress flirty and chic? Whatever your style is, I promise there is a set of glasses out there that will match it. Let our opticians know what your style is, and they will take it into account while helping you pick out your perfect pair of frames.
Okay, you're ready to head to the optical! Our opticians are eagerly awaiting helping you select your new accessory. Stop by any time to see us; we are looking forward to it!


The WSBI Latin American and Caribbean Regional Group meeting held late last year gave us a chance to look at how the digital wave sweeping over banking can help our work around financial inclusion.
Organised on 11-12 October by our friends Caja de Ahorros de Panama, the event, called the GRULAC, brought a diverse set of panelists from Panamanian authorities, central banks and supervisory authorities from the Americas, fintechs and an expert from the Inter-American Development Bank who presented a new study on savings for development.
It was a chance for members of WSBI to dig into this year's GRULAC theme – 21st century banking – and ask the question: What does that mean?
For WSBI members as well as the entire banking landscape, it means 24/7 banking: always on and always working. It means serving our customers better through innovation. It comes as a global phenomenon sweeps the planet – millions of people every month buying smartphones. Old technology used in banking are being swept aside by "quick touch" apps while face-to-face "high-touch" wilA world with '24/7 Customer Service, presence anywhere, anytime' presents policymakers and regulators with as many challenges as it does for the banking industry. Digital financial services raise specific risk and trust factors and traditional responses may not be adequate in the "new normal". Policymakers, regulators and supervisors worldwide have the responsibility to guarantee that all financial services providers, whatever the distribution channel they use, operate on a level playing-field, to ensure that the relevant prudential and supervisory measures are in place to guarantee the security of transactions and the soundness of the institutions involved.
They also have the responsibility to make sure that long-term trust and protection of financial customers is specifically addressed. Stakeholders, policy-makers and regulators must provide an enabling regulatory environment that boosts financial inclusion and access, also with the aid of innovation and technological solutions, rather than hampering it. Better regulation should mean proportionate regulation. The 'one size fits all' approach does not workl become even more important. It's a brave new world.
Whether its bricks, clicks or flicks, we succeed in this 'New Normal' by learning, changing, advancing. Success is a lot easier to learn from than failure. Sharing what works among colleagues is powerful and fast. It can pay dividends on the policy and regulatory front in the markets where we serve.
At WSBI, we can do much to help this success sharing process. We support capacity building for members though a worldwide platform for knowledge sharing. That's a main reason for WSBI meetings like GRULAC. We also share knowledge through the recently launched WSBI-ESBG Online Community. We look for ways to share the savings and retail banking story vis-à-vis international policymakers and stakeholders involved in defining the retail banking environment.
As mentioned before, technology has changed the way we look at our lives, and that includes how we pay for things, how we save and how we work with a bank. On the first point, customers expect something different, something more. Supported by rapid changes in technology, today's consumers expect the industry to change too. Customers, especially the Millennials and an increasingly Internet-savvy public, demand more and more connectivity, convenience and the new forms of freedom their smartphone provides. Second, the rules have changed. After the crisis, the Basel provisions led to more robust rules to ensure banks have the capital to withstand turmoil that can arrive at their doorstep. We are making loads of progress on the digital front, but we need support from policymakers too.
How do we address this? Local and regional regulators should provide "access to the same financial products to all in the same way rules apply equally to all". When fair and equitable rules are in place, our model thrives. When it thrives, our financial inclusion and access target is reached.
Policy has an important role, but we have work to do too. It is imperative that banks improve the accessibility for customers through innovation and technology.
As the WSBI Bangkok Resolution released in 2016 says, there is a pressing need to embrace digitisation, which brings us even closer to our customers while triggering breakthrough solutions in areas like payments. It should be made clear, however, that digitisation is not an end in itself and that the human factor –including the ability to promote and sustain trust in the formal financial services system – should not be pushed aside.
Now that 2017 has arrived, we must hold a mindset that values being better prepared, more demanding upon ourselves, more critical of how we do things, and well informed. WSBI provides a valuable platform to help members to do just that.


Autosport Legends:Ayrton Senna is a tribute to the life and career of the iconic triple Formula 1 World Champion. Produced to coincide with the Senna biopic on DVD, this lavishly produced premium magazine celebrates Senna's greatest triumphs on track and his impact on the sport off it - with an absorbing mixture of archive and fresh new content. Including: Eyewitness reports of Senna's greatest … races.  His landmark interviews with the sport's top writers.  Technical analysis of his title‐winning racing cars.  Exclusive new features including the recollections of drivers who raced in Senna's last GP.  Unseen photographs from award‐winning picture agency LAT Photographic.  Full career biography and statistics.


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Q: Wifi not connecting automatically on boot I have finally got the Broadcom wifi network card to work--Broadcom Corporation BCM43142 802.11b/g/n [14e4:4365] (rev 01). This article was very helpful. However, every time I boot the computer, I have to go into terminal and enter the following commands in order to get the wifi working:
sudo modprobe -r b43 ssb wl
sudo modprobe wl

How can I connect to the wifi automatically when I boot my computer without having to manually enter the commands above manually every time I boot?
Thank you.

A: You have this problem, because you installed b43 driver.
It can be fixed by
 sudo apt-get install --reinstall bcmwl-kernel-source

This package will blacklist b43 permanently.


I have been working in the financial services industry since 1981, with a focus on fostering strong client relationships and helping customers achieve their personal financial goals. I hold a Bachelors degree in History and a Professional Diploma in Education from the University of Alberta. I also hold the CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ certification offered by the Financial Planning Standards Council. I look forward to working with you.


Family-owned, artisanal brewery which has developed and marketed its own special "Sleeping Hat" beers. Based outside of Brussels near Ghent, but well worth a visit. At Oefenpleinstraat 15, 9090 Melle.
Guided tours into the secrets of Belgian beer fabrication for the past 700 years. Taste a variety of beers as well as the famous "flammekushes". Tours in English. Monday to Friday from 10:00-17:00. At Chaussee de St Job 666, 1180 Uccle.
Active artisan brewery open all year round showing the entire brewing process and offering the chance to taste. Just off the Grand Place. At Rue de la Colline 24, 1000 Brussels.
Brussels based brewery offering interactive and educational tours. Group visits (min. 15) on Thursday, Friday or Saturday at 14:00 and 16:00. Reserve 3 weeks in advance by phone, fax or email. At Grote Markt, 1 1000 Brussels.
Family brewery (100 years old) and museum - the only working brewery in Brussels open to the public. Guided tours, twice yearly public brewing sessions. At 56 Rue Gheude, 1070 Brussels.
Everything you ever wanted to know about the history of Belgian beer with special rooms on the leading technologies in beer brewing. Museum open daily from 10:00-17:00. At Grand-Place 10, 1000 Brussels.


... Has passed away today at the age of 83.
I want to pay respects but I feel that "live long and prosper" would be incorrect for the occasion.
He will be missed for his contributions to fictional science, geekism, and writing biographies with conflicting titles.
He has been beamed to the Genesis planet.
When I was about 9 years old I was introduced to Star Trek TOS whilst at Primary School. That moment was what turned me into the geek that I am today, especially when I decided to tape my fingers together in order to do Spock's signature!
R.I.P Leonard you will be missed but never forgotten!
I am a huge Star Trek fan so he will be sorely missed. Still remember persuading my wife to go to a Star Trek convention in London (no Leonard Nimoy unfortunately but did encounter many of the cast including William Shatner and Avery Brooks).
especially when I decided to tape my fingers together in order to do Spock's signature!
I, somehow, was able to do that before I ever saw the show. It was weird when I eventually saw Spock do it on the show.
Rest long and in peace?
It's always the good people who die first.
Rip bones, you were the goodest aparrently.
Awwww, . I'm going to go look at pictures of kittens for a couple of hours now.


There is a growing movement on university campuses across the country that has seen student groups engage, challenge, and at times square off with university administration over the investment policies in place at their schools. On January 17 Brock University's administration took its first public stance on the issue when it released a Request for Proposals inviting financial firms to apply to be Brock's new investment consultant. The RFP requires that any companies seeking to provide consulting services to the school submit, among other things, details about the firm's "understanding, experience and application of socially responsible investing practices" as part of the evaluation and hiring process.
This is no token move on the part of the school; Brock's investment portfolio, which includes the pension fund and the university endowment, totals approximately $434 million. Moreover, Brock is positioning itself to be one of the first to take a firm stance backed with binding policy on this issue. Very few schools have official documents that mention the issue; only York University explicitly mentions responsible and ethical investment in its investment principles.
The requirement that applicant companies demonstrate understanding and experience with responsible investment practices came about as a direct result of the efforts of Brock's own responsible investment group: Responsible Investing at Brock. Founded last semester, the group has been working to encourage the school to take a more vocal and active role in ensuring that its money is being invested in a socially responsible way.
For more information about Responsible Investing at Brock, send an email to responsible.investing@yourbrock.org.