There is an observable pattern to the way the natural world is formed, if you know how to look. It's a visible pattern that emerges from the growth of every tree, flower, and plant. Surprisingly, this pattern also applies to how we conduct business, including in the stock market. The pattern is called the Fibonacci sequence: a series of numbers that generates the next number by the sum of the previous two.
For example: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, etc.
As these numbers emerge in nature, so does the ratio of 1.618—referred to as the Golden Ratio. Almost everything in nature has properties of the Golden Ratio, and as many traders have discovered, the stock market follows this pattern, too.
The question seems odd, but the answer turned out to follow the Fibonacci sequence—a naturally occurring recursive doubling sequence that leads to exponential growth. This sequence can be seen all across nature; it's the way limbs grow from tree trunks, how leaves grow on the stems of flowers, and how green onions grow their tops.
Fibonacci ratios, referred to as "retracement ratios," are used in the stock market to identify potential price reversal levels. The ratios are derived from the distance between Fibonacci numbers. For example, three popular ratios are derived from the three Fibonacci numbers: 21, 34, 55.
These ratios are applied to price charts to see where the retracements fall. Despite the complexity of the math, it's not reserved for complex trades. For example, you can apply these ratios to price charts for any stock, including something as basic as wheat futures. In fact, it's often beneficial to do so. Wheat is a popular futures contract, and for good reason.
RJO Futures says Chicago SRW wheat is "the most liquid wheat futures contract in the world, trading the equivalent of more than 15 million tons each day in 2013." Applying the Fibonacci retracement ratios to a stock you're already successfully trading can give you an even bigger advantage to calculate risk.
To create the retracement chart, traders take two extreme points like a peak and a trough, and divide the vertical distance by three main Fibonacci ratios: 23.6%, 38.2%, and 61.8%. Horizontal lines are then created at each level to pinpoint potential levels of resistance and support.
Identifying these points can predict the potential points at which an asset's price might reverse.
The Fibonacci ratios are just one indicator you can use as part of your trading strategy.
Where Did These Ratios Come From?
In the 1200s, a young man in his 20s named Leonardo Pisano Bigollo became captivated by mathematical ideas from India. Part of an important trading family, he traveled through the Middle East where he was exposed to these mathematical concepts. Returning to Pisa, Bigollo published the concepts in a book called Liber Abaci, which became a phenomenon across Europe and made him the most revered mathematician of his time.
Bigollo, lovingly referred to as Fibonacci, didn't just outline mathematical concepts in his book. He wrote a discourse on how they applied to commerce.
At the time his book was published, Western civilization was still using Roman numerals, which made complex mathematics impossible. When Fibonacci came back from his travels, he brought with him the number system we use today called Arabic notation (originally from the Hindu system). Fibonacci detailed this number system in his book.
This new number system opened up new possibilities for the Western world that transformed mathematics, science, and commerce. To put it into perspective, imagine trying to solve complex algebraic equations using the Roman numeral system—it's virtually impossible.
In this way, the Western world was limited by its number system without knowing it, and what Fibonacci brought back expanded our understanding and our ability to expand our worldview.
How have you seen the Fibonacci sequence at work?
Disclosure: 90% of stock traders lose money. DON'T DO IT! Buy and hold index funds until you're within about 7 years of retiring. Trying to use technical indicators to time the market is a FOOL'S ERRAND! And if you're on this website then it's because you want to learn about real estate. Don't get derailed by trying to get rich quick with the stock market. Focus on being an expert in real estate! Fibonacci is not your key to success in the stock market.
Actually, if any of you hear your mechanic or uber driver trying to give you stock tips, let me know so I can start selling.
Disagree. Trading the market isn't a "get rich quick" scheme. If you go into any significant investing opportunity thinking that you're bound to fail — including REI. I only trade options off technicals and have been quite successful doing that for several years now. In addition to real estate. I make money wherever money's being made.
I'm glad you've been successful doing it. But the last several years have also been the EASIEST time to make money in this stock market. I'm guessing you made money buying calls? Or maybe selling puts? How many times did we even see the VIX above 15 in the last 3 years?
I would highly advise against anyone trying to learn how to trade the stock market. There's a reason less than 15% of the top 100 equity hedge funds were able to beat the benchmark SP500. And those funds are full of the smartest people in the world putting in 60 hour weeks. Buy and hold and when the crash comes, scale into it.
Please don't turn Bigger Pockets into some stupid get rich quick ponzi scheme. I have heard of Fibonacci and it is relatively bogus. Of course, every bloke is a genius when the overall stock market goes up 25% a year. The Dow has quadrupled since George W left town. And I liked George W.
Next you are going to be telling us to invest in Bitcoin.
Stick to real estate investing articles. They are plenty of places for stock pickers and options folks and all the rest to trade theories and war stories. Stocks are covered in the media every day. There are multiple websites including Bigcharts.com devoted to stocks. There are entire newspapers devoted to the stock market. Yes, my wife and I own a decent amount of stock and it has done real well the past few years. We are passive buy and hold investors.
Similar to real estate, there are no secrets and no gimmicks.
There are precious few resources devoted to mom and pop real estate investing. It is considered "exotic", "alternative" and risky by the mainstream media. I really enjoy the articles by fellow landlords, fellow flippers and even the goofy note buying guys.
BP Editors: Please keep the focus 100% on Real Estate.
Another good post Larry. I have been a trader for aboit 20 years ish now. A great way to make money. Not very tax friendly however. Hence, my interest in realestate.
No idea whatsoever how this article was supposed to educate or enrich me. Perhaps we can start putting the names of blog authors on the listing under BP blogs so we don't waste our time on stuff like this.
From there you can always see the author.
I use it to find the authors who I love, like Andrew Syrios and a few others, and to avoid or skim the ones I don't, ah hem.
The best rules I have learned over the last 30 years is: 1. The trend is your friend, and 2. Don't catch a falling knife.
I came to Bigger Pockets after consuming the information at Boggleheads and wanting more. I suggest anyone here looking for stock/bond investment advise to go there. Similar DIY approach and SOLID information.
A very well written article. Someone who combines old and new technologies will certainly excel. Fibonacci has provided scientists with thousands of answers and Fibonacci numbers constantly appear in nature.
Learn to include Fibonacci numbers and sequences in your work, real estate, and life and watch the results.
Just because something might work on a few stocks does not mean it's a valid strategy. Buying stock because some sequence is present does not mean it's a good idea. You should only buy based on the underlying company. The same concept is used in real estate. You buy because of the price is good, not because some sequence of appraised values have been seen. I would caution anyone looking to follow this advice to look at the fundamental logic behind this method.
First off, I don't recall a single thought from the article stating that Fibonacci numbers were some sort of "get rich quick" or Ponzi scheme. Larry's point was simply that the Fibonacci sequence is another tool for analyzing levels of "potential" support and resistance levels. Another tool in a traders toolbox, that's all. He offered some background in where the sequence came from, and how it is observed in nature. Can it have application in the market? Perhaps. But that is the point. Just as traders use moving averages, MACD histograms, RSI, etc, the Fibonacci is simply another tool.
And for those who believe trading the market is risky, be it equities, options, futures or forex, understand that many people are successful, just as many are unsuccessful, at any and all of these. It is certainly NOT a fool's game, except for the uneducated fool. For an educated trader who knows how to use probabilities, manage trades, and hedge as appropriate, the market is another place to make money while minimizing risk.
Like others, I have been successfully trading for years, but I had to get educated. I took classes, and continue to do so. Any of you can do the same. You're taking the time and effort to learn about real estate aren't you? Well you can do the same for learning to trade the market.
Thanks Larry for taking the time to write this article.
Todd, we do read and think, thank you very much. This is supposed to be a real estate investment site. There are many, many, many sites, newspapers, blogs, etc. devoted to stock picking, options, futures, and the like.
If you and your friends make money picking stocks, bully for you. I know it is possible to invest in stocks and futures during the day and manage a dozen rentals on the side. Nothing wrong with that.
Many visitors to this site are real estate newbies looking for some advice and help. All the various strategies, tactics, and tools for investing in real estate, notes, real estate lease options can get confusing even for serious people.
The last thing a confused real estate newbie needs is to get distracted by stock picking advice than may or not be of dubious value.
Editors of BP: Stick to Your Knitting. Dance with What Brung Ya. Stay Focused. You are one of the best resources for real estate investors of all stripes. Don't let yourselves get distracted. Don't let your readers get distracted. There are many more things to cover in the real estate world.
Don't get involved in stock picking, Bitcoin, Sugar Beet futures or anything but real estate.
prove to me that your trading has beaten the S&P 500 over the last 7 years and I'll admit you are right.
and i said "fool's errand", not a "fool's game". the majority of those who try and "trade" the market will ultimately either lose money or will fail to make the same return that passive investing would have given them. and that small amount of people who can beat the market will only get smaller as markets become more crowded with algorithmic trading. the retail trader is at more of a disadvantage now than ever.
Fibonacci sequence is great for calculating the number of seeds in a sunflower head & the number of swirls in a Nautilus shell.
As far as whether it could explain the stock market I'm agnostic, but since the stock market is emotion driven, if everyone believes the Fibonacci theory applies I suppose it could influence the market. If everyone believes in reading chicken entrails or tea leaves then chicken & tea could run the market ("Tea leaves form a crow…SELL NOW…or wait, is it a bat? Buy!").
As others have said, if I want stock timing info I'll research the stock market. I'd rather follow the recent changes to the tax code, or find out about online real estate tools.
As interesting as the history of Fibonacci is, real bunnies more accurately depict a form of geometric progression. They typically have 4-12 offspring per litter, & can have one litter per month. They are fertile at 6 months of age, thus their first litter could be born at 7 month.
Gotta say I'm pretty disappointed to see this content on BP. If you could tell the future price of a stock based on a pattern in it's past price history then everyone would be doing it. If you are going to write about trading on technicals then post some P&Ls to prove its efficacy. Otherwise please don't peddle this stuff on a site dedicated to real estate investing. Warning to any amateur investor thinking about doing this: the validity of trading on technicals (chart patterns) has always been questioned on Wall St. Today the viability of these strategies for the retail investor is even lower than the past. While you are using a ruler to measure retracement patterns, thousands of high frequency hedge funds have servers running the algorithms and executing orders in nano seconds.
I have less trust in BP as a brand because it published this article.


Founded in 2011, ISEFT is an international organization of Emotion Focused Therapy training centres. ISEFT is a community of explorers involved in understanding the role of therapeutic relationship and emotion in promoting the alleviation of suffering and growth. The International Society consists of a group of training centres which conduct approved trainings in Emotion-focused Therapy. These centres offer educational courses and training for mental health professions (externships, workshops, training, supervision etc.) around the world as well as engaging in clinical research and theory development. ISEFT promotes training in both individual and couple therapy. The EFT clinic at York University is pleased to be a certified training centre.


text:
Agents of Shield Season 3, Episode 22 Review
Matt Mallinson June 6, 2016 FeaturedTVTV Reviews
'Ascension'
Picking up from the end of last week's episode, 'Ascension' sees the agents struggle to prevent Hive from releasing his toxin into the atmosphere.
This is definitely the lesser of the two-part finale, proving less exciting and struggling to hold onto the momentum throughout. Last week I was intrigued by the notion of Hive vs SHIELD in the enclosed SHIELD base but this is dispelled incredibly quickly. However, the opening fight between Hive and Daisy is a real highlight and perhaps the best fight the show has ever produced. Hand-to-hand combat is mixed well with Daisy's powers to create an energetic battle. Hive leaves as soon as the conflict is over splitting the team between those on the Hub and those still trapped at the base.
The scenes featuring Coulson and co trapped in the base aren't particularly interesting, mostly due to the lack of terror induced by the primitives. Other than enhanced strength, they lack any real powers and Simmons easily comes up with a way to render them blind and useless. From here it's a simple matter of sneaking the agents onto the Hub for the big finale. The fight between the various agents and Hive's primitives is also quite well done, being intense and exciting. Hive again feels quite weak here – his powers should make him able to annihilate the team easily but instead he just leaves. He has struggled to feel like a big threat all season and is easily defeated, hopefully this time for good.
The reveal of the agent to die is again played around with this week, with Daisy claiming the cross in an attempt to sacrifice herself. The fact that it is Lincoln to die isn't a massive shock; last week he spoke about his desire to leave SHIELD and he basically breaks up with Daisy before leaving. The goodbye between Daisy and Lincoln feels like a copy of the goodbye between Steve and Peggy at the end of Captain America. However, it's still quite an impactful scene, particularly as Daisy begs Coulson to find a way to help Lincoln. The scenes between Lincoln and Hive as they bro out in space is less well done. Hive doesn't feel a well realised enough character for these scenes to really mean anything. It feels like it would have been more meaningful to end things with Lincoln's confession of love for Daisy.
The surprise six-month time jump is an interesting scene, the idea of Daisy now acting as Quake in a vigilante form is quite cool. Things seem to have changed a lot in the six-month gap; Coulson is no longer director of SHIELD and its unclear if the other agents are still part of the organisation. The final scene of Dr Radcliffe constructing a robot form for his AI seems an odd way to end the season, particularly as it's something that hasn't been addressed before. I'm intrigued to see how these elements are picked up next season.
Agents of SHIELD Season 2, Episode 1 Review
Nick Savvides October 25, 2014
Matt Mallinson February 21, 2016
Nick Savvides November 22, 2014
TV News Roundup: Trailers Released for True Detective and Orange Is The New Black
Rosy Deacon April 10, 2015
Matt Mallinson January 25, 2016
Agents Of SHIELD Season 1, Episode 7 Recap
Natalie Xenos November 17, 2013

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Freemasonry > From the Flaming Pentalpha to the Sign of the Goat
Freemasonry gathers symbols with a great ethical, esoteric and philosophical value; among them there is the five-pointed Star. The result of the elaboration of the pentalpha is the Flaming Pentalpha, which is a splendid representation of the initiatory condition. Female Freemasonry uses it as well, but upside down, giving itself a sinister feature.
Freemasonry > The Light of the Initiation
'Death is next to us since birth. Death is the Expert Brother who knocks at the Door of the eternal East, accompanying us to the last earthly trial, which for the 'reawakened' means to be initiated to eternity.'
Freemasonry > Ethics of Sacrifice. The degrees on the «Path of Service»
«…what is the highest degree of service which an initiate can devote himself to? »
Freemasonry > ThreeMagisterialArts Ars Muratoria, Ars Regia and Ars pontificia
Since ancient times, building 'immaterial bridges' has been the fundament of mysteric science, which finds its highest expression in hiero-inspiration. The term Hierophant comes from this; it indicates the initiator that became 'bridge' and transmitted to the postulant the 'knowledge' of which he was the 'Chalice'. Holy inspiration was a prerogative of Hierophants; it consists of receiving ideas from the 'divine' plane. Plato called this dimension 'hyperuranium' (plane of archetypical ideas).
(Read More... | ThreeMagisterialArts)
Freemasonry > Lost_Sacralization The lost Sacralization – Part 5
The Chain of U.nion is the physical realization of the will for cohesion, produced by the attracting energy of a Group of men and women that exists and lives independently from its qualities. If the Group lacks the attracting force of the central nucleus, the will for cohesion ends; the composts crumble and separate. If the phenomenon refers to the human body, it corresponds to death. Therefore the attracting force of a Group must be continuously strengthened with ability, method and care.
(Read More... | Lost_Sacralization)
The dry Path and the humid Path, symbols of hermeticism - The system where supremacy of power and physical strength were paramount set a strange scale of values. Putting the hidden extraordinariness of the inner virtues of man below the formidable ordinariness of the domineering classes' culture has materialistically and exoterically affected the lesser interpretation of many allegories and symbols. The esoteric allegory on the Dry and Humid Path as well has been interpreted in a minor key. It has been reduced to a literal and physiologic key, where the most appreciated value was the physical attribute of the interpreter of the psycho-drama.
Big groups of profane culture unrelated to the technical and scientific field use an imprecise terminology that leads to confusion. Esotericism tries and respects the originality and the characteristics of each reality it gets in relation with, by taking care of the property of words and the exactness of meanings. Esotericism is a method of research used to distinguish the different aspects of abstract concepts such as appearance and essence, viz. interior or exterior, active or passive.
The keystone of every structure, even profane ones, is the ideal at the center of it; this ideal is usually resumed in a motto or in the synthesis of a word. Many imaginary thoughts took a utopian form. Some of them remained on a level of abstraction and became ideals; others materialized in a project. Every human project is utopia to start with; the person who perceives it has to turn it into reality. Only inability, inconsistency or carelessness allow utopia to remain an ideal or unrealized form.
Freemasonry > Three occult sides of the Temple
If the adept is not looking for vain appearance but for initiatory coherence, he will have to learn to act unusually and the key word is transcending. In order to achieve a considerable initiatory ability, he must be able to transcend the symbolic shadow and go from the exterior Temple, which is the fulcrum of symbolic Freemasonry, to the inner Temple, which is the basis of White Freemasonry.
Freemasonry > Analogy with a living symbol – the Way of the Salmon
Old Commentaries often use metaphors of animals to express particular abilities. The Lion is an example; it is used to symbolize the boldness and the fighting courage. Some Masters have veiled important teachings in images, using animals such as the Elephant, the Tortoise, the Eagle, the Tiger, the Seagull, the Gazelle, etc. In this tradition the image of the Salmon indicates the man who 'searches'; like the others, it veils the sense of the initiatory postulate.


Mind the Gapp – 'Heart of Gold' put me in the middle of the road. Traveling there soon became a bore, so I headed for the ditch." – Neil Young, comments written for the liner notes of his 1977 compilation, Decade.
First, a car i've never seen. An Allstate that was sold through Sears. It was a badged version of the Henry J. See more about the Henry J. and Kaiser here.
Another update. Concrete counters are now sanded and sealed. Sink, drain and water connected. The cabinets and face frames are primed. Drawers and doors are next.
We were on vacation in Venice and wandered over to Burano where I took this picture. The Tower is on the back of the Church of St. Martin Bishop.
Molly and I were in Rovinj a few years ago. Took this picture on pier. This was a great vacation.


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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3304-8727David Vernez1,
Jonathan Save2,
Anne Oppliger1,
Nicolas Concha-Lozano3,
Nancy B Hopf1,
Hélène Niculita-Hirzel1,
Grégory Resch2,
Véronique Michaud4,
Laurie Dorange-Pattoret1,
Nicole Charrière1,
Kiattisak Batsungnoen1,5,
Guillaume Suarez1
1Unisanté, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
2Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
3Unit of Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, CURML, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
4Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC), Institute of Materials (IMX), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
5Institute of Public Health, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
Correspondence to Professor David Vernez; david.vernez{at}unisante.ch
Introduction During pandemics, such as the SARS-CoV-2, filtering facepiece respirators plays an essential role in protecting healthcare personnel. The recycling of respirators is possible in case of critical shortage, but it raises the question of the effectiveness of decontamination as well as the performance of the reused respirators.
Method Disposable respirators were subjected to ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) treatment at single or successive doses of 60 mJ/cm2 after a short drying cycle (30 min, 70°C). The germicidal efficacy of this treatment was tested by spiking respirators with two staphylococcal bacteriophages (vB_HSa_2002 and P66 phages). The respirator performance was investigated by the following parameters: particle penetration (NaCl aerosol, 10–300 nm), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry and mechanical tensile tests.
Results No viable phage particles were recovered from any of the respirators after decontamination (log reduction in virus titre >3), and no reduction in chemical or physical properties (SEM, particle penetrations <5%–6%) were observed. Increasing the UVGI dose 10-fold led to chemical alterations of the respirator filtration media (FTIR) but did not affect the physical properties (particle penetration), which was unaltered even at 3000 mJ/cm2 (50 cycles). When respirators had been used by healthcare workers and undergone decontamination, they had particle penetration significantly greater than never donned respirators.
Conclusion This decontamination procedure is an attractive method for respirators in case of shortages during a SARS pandemic. A successful implementation requires a careful design and particle penetration performance control tests over the successive reuse cycles.
prevention strategies
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003110
What is already known?
N95 or FFP2 disposable respirators are the most common respiratory protection devices used in healthcare settings to prevent contamination from airborne aerosols.
The decontamination and recycling of respirators is an alternative in case of shortage, provided that the procedure is balanced to allow sufficient disinfection with the least possible impairment of the properties of the respirators.
What are the new findings?
Decontamination through drying and a UV irradiation of 60 mJ/cm2 was sufficient to ensure decontamination (>3 log reduction in virus titre) without mechanical or filtration performance impairment of the respirator.
Wearing the respirators causes a greater decrease in penetration efficiency than the disinfection cycle.
What do the new findings imply?
In case of shortage, respirators can be recycled using drying and germicidal UV, which is relatively simple and inexpensive procedure.
The integrity and penetration efficiency of the respirators during disinfection-recycling cycles must be monitored.
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (COVID-19) that started at the end of 2019 led to a severe shortage of respirators such as the filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) in Europe. This respirator shortage was caused by the tremendous need in protecting civilians and healthcare workers from airborne SARS-CoV-2. Infection control procedures call for disposable single-use FFR to avoid cross-contamination.
Respirators are rated according to percentage of penetration to aerosols, according to the labels FFP1-FFP2-FFP3 (EU Standard) and N95-N99-N100 (US standard). The most common respiratory protection used in healthcare settings are disposable FFP2 and N95 respirators and are capable of capturing ≥94% and ≥95%, respectively, of aerosols in submicron range.1 2 Contrastingly, surgical masks do not provide respiratory protection from small airborne particles due to their loose fit and low filtration capacity.3 4 FFR are negative pressure air-purifying particulate respirators that differ from other respirators because the filtering media itself is the respirator. These disposable respirators are not recommended for reuse and should only be considered in a situation of critical shortage. One recommendation of respirator reuse during the COVID-19 pandemic is to provide one respirator per day for each healthcare worker who may be in direct contact with infected patients.5 This recommendation is based on the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 up to 72 hours on different surfaces.6 Decontamination of disposable FFR is the last resort. Appropriate methods need to be developed that inactivate viral particles, are harmless to the user and do not significantly compromise respirator filtering capacity.7
Several methods have been evaluated for their efficiency in decontaminating FFR such as autoclaving, steam generated by heat or microwaves, ethylene oxide, vaporised hydrogen peroxide and bleach. Moreover, a >4 log reductions in viable viral particles has been obtained after decontamination of H1N1 influenza-contaminated and H5N1 avian influenza-contaminated FFR via ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) with a dose of 1440–1800 mJ/cm2.8 9 A similar log reduction has been observed with a dose of 1800 mJ/cm2 on the MS2 coliphage,10 but a 3-log reduction was already achieved with a 30 mJ/cm2 UVGI dose.11
Advantages of UVGI systems are the setup flexibility, short treatment time, facility of dosage and the absence of residual disinfecting agent after treatment. The UVGI treatment is less aggressive than other disinfection methods used in the hospital sector (eg, autoclaving or bleach), thus limiting damage to disposable respirators.12 Nevertheless, UVGI treatment is one of the germicidal procedures frequently used in the hospital and biological field. Other 'softer' disinfection methods, such as drying at medium temperature (typically between 70°C and 90°C), have been suggested to deactivate the SARS-CoV-2.13–15 Arguably, drying and storing the respirators for a few days could be sufficient to deactivate the coronavirus, which cannot survive indefinitely outside the human body. However, the disadvantage of the latter methods when used alone is they do not necessarily eliminate other pathogens that may be present. Moreover, a recent review highlighted UVGI as one of the most promising decontamination methods for N95 FFRs.16
The effects of UVGI on respirator appearance, airflow resistance (breathability), particle filtration efficiency (penetration rate) and in one instance fit, have been studied in detail for multiple decontamination cycles. No significant effects were found for UVGI doses of 176–181 mJ/cm2 after a 30 min irradiance (15 min each side)17 as well as for UVGI doses of 1620 mJ/cm2 (each side) in particular for particle penetration and airflow resistance of different models of FFR.18 Only at extreme UVGI doses (120 000 to 950 000 mJ/cm2) a slight effect on strength, particle penetration (1.25% increase) and airflow resistance (below 5%) of the material was observed.19 However, no study has yet demonstrated simultaneously that a treatment was efficient in decontaminating FFRs while maintaining its physical integrity over multiple decontamination cycles.
By using a protocol similar to a reference protocol developed at the University of Nebraska, USA,20 our aim was to test a decontamination procedure involving drying and germicidal UV ensuring germicidal efficacy while being low enough to avoid a physical or chemical alteration of the filter medium and allowing multiple recycling treatments.
The full description of the methods and the experimental setting used is in the online supplemental material. Our method is based on a procedure developed by the University of Nebraska.20 Briefly, the decontamination procedure consisted of subjecting disposable FFP2 respirators (3M 6923 and 1862, 3M, Germany) to a drying cycle (oven temperature at 70°C for 30 min) and subsequently exposing them to germicidal treatment with UVC. The respirators were suspended in a rotating circulating rack and irradiated for 4 min at an irradiance of 0.25 mW/cm2 corresponding to a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 (UVC, 254 nm). The respirators were irradiated homogeneously by multidirectional irradiance set-up by the distribution of several UVC light sources (n=10) and the presence of reflective walls in the chamber.
[bmjgh-2020-003110supp001.pdf]
The effectiveness of the decontamination procedure was tested using two Staphylococcus aureus' bacteriophages (vB_HSa_2002 and P66 phages), belonging to the family of double-stranded DNA viruses. A count of viable phage particles on contaminated respirators subjected to germicidal treatment was compared with controls (spiked respirators that were not treated). The effect on the integrity of the respirators after successive decontamination cycles was assessed by increasing the UV doses from 60 mJ up to 3000 mJ/cm2 (corresponding to 50 cycles). Physical and chemical alterations were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a fine particle penetration test (NaCl aerosol, 10–300 nm range). Respirators were also visually inspected after the decontamination procedure for possible mechanical damage (deformation, seal integrity and strings). Tests were conducted on both unused and used respirators, the latter being collected from frontline units from the Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté).
Decontamination procedure efficiency and phage release from FFR
No viable phage particles were recovered from any of the FFR extract solutions (12 masks and n=2 per mask) obtained from decontaminated FFR (table 1).
Viable Staphylococcus aureus phage particles measured on FFR before and after the decontamination process
Similar fractions (approximately 1/2000, ie, 2×105±1.16x105 plaque-forming unit (PFU) and 2.66×104±2.02x104 PFU for phage vB_HSa_2002 and P66, respectively) of the total amounts of phage particles applied (ie, 4×108 PFU and 4×107 PFU for phage vB_HSa_2002 and P66, respectively) were released from untreated masks within the FFR extract solutions after 1 hour shaking (table 1). It should be noted that the brief heat-drying phase alone has a germicidal effect. No viable phage particles were recovered after preliminary heat-drying tests carried out on a reduced number of respirators (n=4) with the vB_HSa_2002 phage (see online supplemental material).
Respirator integrity with increasing UVGI doses
While some structural changes were perceptible, the overall integrity and performance of the respirator was only moderately affected by UVGI dose. Penetration rates for fine particles (10–300 nm) were on average slightly higher in UVGI-treated compared with non-treated respirators (figure 1A). There was no clear trend between structural changes and UVGI doses. Particle penetration rates remained below 2% at UVGI doses up to 1200 and 3000 mJ/cm2, corresponding to 20 and 50 treatment cycles. Note that penetration rates for respirators that have been worn once by healthcare professionals were significantly higher (mean penetration 0.9%) compared with unused respirators (mean penetration 0.3%) (analysis of variance, p<0.001) (figure 1B).
Penetration of fine particles (10–300 nm) through the FFR filter media in % as a function of the UVGI treatment duration (in equivalent number of cycles): (A) all respirators together and (B) separating unused respirators and respirators used once. FFR, filtering facepiece respirator; UVGI, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation.
An increase of the germicidal UV dose up to 10 cycles (600 mJ/cm2) did not lead to any visible damage (with the naked eye or by electron microscopy) (see online supplemental material). The stiffness and strain to failure was also not significantly altered, and the crystallinity and melting enthalpy of the respirator material remained identical (see online supplemental material). Structural alterations of the filter media surface were observed with increasing UV dose as increases in aromatic C–C bonds (1520 1/cm) and carbonyl functions (1700 1/cm)21 22 in the FTIR chromatograms corresponding to the oxidation of polypropylene (figure 2). This change in respirator surface properties could affect particle–surface interception mechanisms, such as direct interception and interception due to Brownian motion.
Structural change in the FFR filtering media observed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as a function of the number of UVGI treatment cycles. In thumbnail, examples of IR absorbance spectrum of the media after 0 and 10 cycles. UVGI, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation.
A generation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured during the UVGI cycle in the exposure chamber air. Ambient hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were determined with photonic-based detection and increased from 35±31 (background) to 200±52 nmol/Lair. Interestingly, the consumption of ozone (O3) was observed concomitantly, and O3 concentration fell from 33 ppb for background to 17 ppb after germicidal UV treatment. According to the existing literature on advanced oxidation processes, UV irradiance at 254 nm triggers the photocatalytic dismutation of O3 into hydroxyl radicals (HO·) that, in turn, can form more stable airborne H2O2 molecules.23
Two phages were used as model systems to test the efficacy of our decontamination procedure (drying cycle+UVGI) on viral particles infectivity. Indeed, despite these phages being non-enveloped harmless virus models, it has been shown previously that the enveloped (H1N1 and HSV1) and the non-enveloped viruses (eg, DNA murine minute virus)—which are generally more resistant than enveloped viruses—were fully inactivated by a combination of heat and exposure to 17 mJ/cm2 UVC.24 Therefore, a procedure fully inactivating non-enveloped DNA phages would be very likely efficient in inactivating SARS-CoV-2. Our setting allowed recovery in solution of fractions of the applied viable viral particles well above the detection limit of our drop tests assay (ie, 2×102 PFU/mL). Our results demonstrated that after a single decontamination cycle, no viable phage particles were recovered from any of the 24 phage-contaminated FFR tested. The developed decontamination procedure successfully inactivated the phage particles and represents therefore a valuable strategy to decontaminate FFR contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. However, it is difficult to precisely quantify its germicidal efficacy due to the detection limit of the method, which is due in particular to the biological material loss during extraction from the respirator in this experiment.
The germicidal efficiency observed for the overall decontamination process is due to both UVGI and heat-drying treatments. As already shown in our preliminary tests and in previous studies,14 heat treatment alone has a germicidal effect. However, the UVGI treatment alone is also an effective decontamination method in general and has the advantage of having a broad germicidal action spectrum. Nevertheless, a drying process is required to achieve optimal and reproducible UVGI treatment in the depth of the material. By combining the two methods, we propose additional safety by overcoming some of the limitations of each treatment alone and bring convincing arguments for healthcare facilities, which are familiar UVGI treatment.
A drying of 70°C during 30 min and a UV dose of 60 mJ/cm2 per recycling cycle ensured a germicidal effect without damaging the mechanical and protective properties of the respirator as have been previously published. Although chemical structure changes are measurable on the surface of the filter media at doses below 120 mJ/cm2 (two cycles), respirator performance assessed as particle penetration across the filtering media was only moderately affected by UVGI treatment. Even after 10 cycles, fine particle penetration remained below the 5%–6% thresholds expected for FFP2 or N95 type FFRs.
Our results also show that the wear and tear caused by the use of the respirator affects the penetration performance more than the decontamination procedure itself. This is probably due to the condensation of the user's exhaled breath in the respirator, as high humidity levels have been previously associated with a deterioration of the electrostatic charge of the filtering media.25 Tests for multiple reuse cycles were not conducted in this study since recycled respirators can only be used in case of effective shortage, which we did not encounter. These results suggest that respirator performance tests after recycling are necessary. It could be that the number of decontamination cycles are not the limiting factor but rather the number of times the respirator is used.
UVGI treatment and thermal drying are easy to install and relatively inexpensive. Consequently, the decontamination procedure is an interesting alternative in a situation where there is a shortage of disposable respirators. However, the implementation of the decontamination procedure requires some precautions that could limit its germicidal effectiveness such as shading due to the geometry of the respirator and the rapid attenuation of radiation in the filtering media. By using of multidirectional UV sources, controlling the effective radiation dose during treatment, and pretreating the respirator with heat (70°C), these undesirable effects are avoided. ROS and ozone measurements suggested the presence of H2O2 concomitantly with the UV treatment. H2O2 is a gaseous reactive species and can act as a biocidal agent in the depth of the filtering medium giving the UVGI treatment an additional desired effect.
Only one FFP2 respirator brand was used in this study. Similar findings are expected with other FFP2 respirators undergoing UVGI treatment because the filter media are typically polypropylene. There are, however, some caution needed in extrapolating these results to other FFP2 respirator brands, in particular during periods of respiratory supply shortage. Respirators that have not undergone testing and can be of lower quality will then likely appear on the market. For this reason, recycling should be limited to respirators with particularly low penetration rates, typically around 1%. This gives a larger margin of safety with respect to the minimum requirements of the FFP2 and N95 standards.
We would like to thank Lorenzo Corsini for having kindly provided us with the staphylococcal phage P66. We also would like to thank Dr A Cohades, Dr Y Lebaupin and Ms C Wyss from the Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites for performing the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and tensile tests.
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Handling editor Seye Abimbola
Contributors DV, GS, AO, NBH, HN-H, NC-L and KB, conceived and designed the study. GS, JS, AO, NC-L, GR, VM, LD-P and NC acquired the data. DV, GS, AO, HN-H, GR and VM contributed to data interpretation and analysis. DV, GR, VM and GS wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors were involved in critical revision of the article and approved the final version for publication.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Data availability statement Experimental data are available on request from the corresponding author (david.vernez@unisante.ch).
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.


text:
Nation Jun 04
Maine lawmakers approve bill that allows assisted suicide
By Marina Villeneuve, Associated Press
Nation Jan 27
As doctors drop opposition, aid-in-dying advocates target next battleground states
Efforts to expand physician-assisted death, which is legal in six states and Washington, D.C., are met with powerful resistance from religious groups, disability advocates and the medical establishment.
By Melissa Bailey, Kaiser Health News
Nation Apr 14
The stories behind Canada's assisted suicide battle
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau introduced legislation Thursday that would legalize physician-assisted suicide across the nation. Trudeau's decision comes a year after the Canadian Supreme Court overturned a criminal ban against the practice. For more on the issue, we look…
By PBS NewsHour
Arts Mar 03
Diane Rehm shares the painful story of her husband's death
After her husband starved himself to death over the course of nine days rather than continue living with Parkinson's disease, NPR's Diane Rehm found herself plagued with questions and fears. She channeled her struggles into "On My Own," an evocative…
Nation Sep 12
California lawmakers approve physician-assisted suicide
In a vote of 23 to 14, California lawmakers approved a bill allowing physician-assisted suicide on Friday.
By Carey Reed
After Brittany Maynard, right-to-die movement finds new life beyond Oregon
Last fall, the story of 29-year-old Brittany Maynard, who moved to Oregon so she could legally end her own life, brought the issue of assisted suicide back into the national spotlight. Now, the movement's renewed momentum may affect end-of-life care…
What's the state of assisted suicide laws across the U.S.?
By Stephen Fee
Since last fall, the laws governing assisted suicide -- even in states where the practice is legal -- have continued to evolve.
Here's what you may have missed from NewsHour Weekend in 2014
By News Desk
From a candid interview with Bryan Cranston to the roots of gang violence in El Salvador, here's a look back at some of the what you may have missed from NewsHour Weekend's first full calendar year on air.
Beyond Oregon: Should terminally ill patients be allowed to choose death?
While assisted suicide is legal in only three states, the story of 29-year-old Brittany Maynard, who after being diagnosed with terminal brain cancer moved to Oregon so she could legally end her own life, has brought the issue back into…
The Suicide Plan: PBS Film Examines Assisted Suicide Part 2


No one said it better than George Eliot: "Animals are such agreeable friends—they ask no questions, they pass no criticisms." (Eliot is also known as Mary Anne Evans, author of the 1857 short story "Mr. Gilfil's Love Story.") Pets are such an ideal source of unconditional love! They will always be happy to see us and we can count on an enthusiastic hello to brighten the day. We may often find ourselves rushing into the office for a morning meeting—we should be just as diligent about dashing home to be greeted by a pet in the evening! Here's how our furry friends can help increase health and happiness at home.
In addition to exercise and a healthy diet, pets can help improve heart health. Did you know that some studies have shown that pet owners have better survival rates following certain kinds of heart conditions3? Also, one study showed that people with a history of cat ownership were less likely to die of a heart attack than those who had never owned a cat3!
You and your pet could both benefit from blowing off steam after a long day! Pets need exercise too, especially if they've been inside or cooped up for much of the day.4 It's a fine starting point to walk together, play fetch, or bring out an interactive toy. Together you and your pet could help improve your health and then gradually increase your activities. Consult with your doctor and veterinarian for recommendations—then unleash your new enthusiasm for exercise together! Exercise will increase blood flow throughout your body, which could also encourage more radiant skin. You could consider time with your furry friend part of your daily beauty routine!
With these healthy benefits, you'll probably find new appreciation for your dog or cat. You may even see a new side of your pet as you discover fun activities to try together. Fortunately, you can still get out and enjoy the last dog days of summer before the cooler weather sets in!
Sorenson B. The health benefits of pets. Mayo Clinic Web site. http://sharing.mayoclinic.org/2010/05/12/the-health-benefits-of-pets/. Accessed August 14, 2012.
27 ways pets can improve your health. WebMD Web site. http://pets.webmd.com/ss/slideshow-pets-improve-your-health. Accessed August 14, 2012.
Qureshi A, et al. Cats as domestic pets reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases: Results from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Study Mortality Follow-up Study. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2009 Jan; 2(1): 132–135. NCBI Web site.
Pets need exercise, too! CBS News Web site. http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500199_162-3719260.html. Accessed August 14, 2012.


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Big kids and little kids – Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, Ph.D.
I've come to realize that one of the more striking things about Peninsula School's local culture is not that it's like a startup, or that the students intuit progressive educational pedagogy, that dogs like it, or that it's unselfconsciously global. Actually, those are all striking. But something I really noticed today while on a field trip with my daughter's first grade class is the relationship that the older kids have to the younger ones.
In the public schools I went to, younger students were Fresh Meat. If any attention was paid to them, it was pretty negative. At the skating rink, however, I kept seeing the older students– roughly middle-schoolers– helping the first graders: picking them off the ice, holding their hands for balance, getting adults if they'd fallen and were upset. I was wondering at it, and then realized, I see this all the time.
There are "student helpers" who come around to the nursery school classes, and read and play with the smallest kids. There are numerous events where the older grades host the younger ones (the fourth graders do a brilliant carnival, for example). Finally, there are a few things (the annual re-enactment of the destruction of the Spanish Armada, the winter and spring fairs) that bring the whole school together.
In other words, there's quite a bit of contact between age groups– and more of it than I remember in my schools, where you tended to associate (or merely huddle) with your own class. This tends to humanize all ages, I think: the older kids see the younger ones as small versions of themselves, while the younger ones are less awestruck or frightened by the older ones.
I don't recall seeing an older kid– or group of them– ever picking on an elementary schooler. It's not impossible, but it would be hard to do regularly, in part because other students wouldn't stand for it any more than the teachers. They're a surprisingly tough bunch when it comes to enforcing local norms. Two of my daughter's classmates berated me for buying her a drink– an action that Generated Inequity and ran the risk of Making The Children Whose Parents Weren't There Feel Bad. (Apparently, feeling bad is the next step after Channeling the Spirit of Oliver Cromwell.) I suspect that if they're like this at five, they're not more reticent at twelve.


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In this light, would it be correct to believe and adopt capitalism driving inclusive growth in India? 2016 EIA Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. What are the legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes in India? The workforce is changing as businesses become global and technology erodes geographical and physical organizations are critical to enabling this transition and can utilize next-generation tools and strategies to provide world-class support regardless of location, platform or device. 2016 Discuss the advantage and security implications of cloud hosting of server vis-a-vis in-house machine-based hosting for government businesses. 2018 State of the Cloud, cloud adoption is growing, but how are organizations taking advantage of it? (1) skill-HRD (2) Growth concepts capitalistic growth, inclusive growth, jobless growth. 2014 Thermal energy Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before project is cleared by the government. Suggest measures to be taken for facing these challenges.
Year 2018, i remain the official Senior Maverick for. 2016 Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sectors in India 2015 In view of the declining average size of land holdings in India which has made agriculture non-viable for a majority of farmers, should contract farming and land leasing be promoted in agriculture? Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects., The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years.


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'Congress' leadership is not the divine right of an individual ': Prashant Kishor takes a dig at Rahul Gandhi
A day after Trinamool chief Mamata Banerjee declared that "there is no UPA", political strategist Prashant Kishor stated that while the "idea" and "space" the Congress party puts forward is important for a strong opposition (to the ruling BJP), the party's leadership is not the "divine right" for leading Opposition's leadership.
In a Twitter post, Prashant Kishor said, "The idea and space that Congress represents is vital for a strong Opposition. But Congress's leadership is not the divine right of an individual especially when the party has lost more than 90% elections in the last 10 years."
He said, "Let Opposition leadership be decided democratically."
Kishor's comments comes a day after West Bengal chief Minister Mamata Banerjee said, "There is no UPA now", on being asked if Pawar was to lead the UPA, the United Progressive Alliance.
Mamata stressed on the importance of the regional parties in the formation of strong Opposition. The Trinamool's expansion plan, analysts perceive, is more about getting into a leadership role in the Opposition space, and consequently, to occupy a a stronger presence in national politics.
Mamata, during her Mumbai visit, met veteran politician and NCP chief Sharad Pawar. She was also called on by Shiv Sena leaders Aaditya Thackeray and Sanjay Raut.
Mamata Banerjee has been on an expansion campaign for her Trinamool Congress (TMC) in a bid to project the party as an alternative to the Congress on national level. The TMC was formed by Mamata Banerjee in late 1990s after she parted ways with the Congress to focus on West Bengal politics.
'Time to show opposition unity': Congress after Mamata Banerjee's 'what UPA? there's no UPA' scorn
Navi Mumbai: Two world class training pitches at upcoming 'Football Maharashtra Centre of...


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Microsoft releases yet another version of PowerToys to improve FancyZones and more
Published 1 month ago
It is mere days since Microsoft released PowerToys v0.51.0 complete with the new Mouse Highlighter utility. Now the company has another update available which offers improvements to the FancyZones and PowerToys Run tools.
PowerToys v0.51.1 is by no means a big release, especially when you look at the huge list of improvements and additions in the previous update, but it remains an important one. The changes introduced in this latest version come, Microsoft says, in response to user feedback, and will be of particular interest to Windows 11 users.
Microsoft releases PowerToys v0.51.0 with lots of fixes, a new mouse utility... and two exciting teasers
0patch beats Microsoft to fix serious local privilege escalation vulnerability in Windows
The first issue is quite an old one, having been around since version 0.45.0 of the PowerToys collection. Users complained about an issue with FancyZones failing to work on system startup, with the problem being bypasses by disabling and re-enabling the utility. The problem was down to a conflict with Virtual Desktops:
#13214 - FZ losing layouts due to VirtualDesktopManager init
The second issue fixed in PowerToys v0.51.1 relates to a failure to unload old plugins, which was in turn causing problems with PowerToys Run.
#14701- PT Run due to duplicate older plugins
The release also includes all of the updates from the previous version.
You can download PowerToys v0.51.1 here.