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Q: What Is Energy? Where did it come from? The simplistic undergrad explanation aside, I've never really understood what energy really is. I've been told that it's something when converted from one kind of something to another kind, or does some "work", as defined by us, but what is that something?
Moreover, if the total amount of energy in the universe is finite and we cannot create energy. Then, where did it come from? I've learned from thermodynamics where it goes, but where does it come from?
I know this sounds like something trivially simple, but there is so much going on in the physical universe and I just can't grasp what it is. Maybe it is because I lack the mathematical understanding that I can't grasp the subtle things the universe is doing. Still, I want to understand what it is doing.  How do I get to the point of understanding what it's doing?
(Note: What prompted me to ask this was this answer. I'm afraid that it just puzzled me further and I sat there staring at the screen for a good 10 minutes.)

A: Wow, this is going to be a risky answer. However, I think you may be looking for an answer that is more conceptual than mathematical or philosophical, so here goes:
Energy is change. That is, energy is present if we observe relationships between objects and fields changing in some way from moment to moment.
Heat energy is just a very fine-grained version of change, expressed in the motion of many molecules whose average motion is negligible.
Potential energy is the possibility of future change. It requires the additional idea that change can be absorbed by some sort of spring-like capability, stored for a length of time, then released again in the future as explicit change.
This spring-like storage effect always seems to boil down to some form of stretching or compressing fields in ways they don't want to go. Thus winding an old style grandfather clock with a key captures explicit change (winding) in the form of interesting stresses on the bonds that hold metal atoms together. For nuclear energy the fields are different, but the concept of stretching or compressing them in interesting ways remains pretty much the same.
Finally, within the idea of potential energy lies an important hint at the relationship between energy and mass. Mass is in a quite real sense the ultimate form of potential energy. In matter, the energy of the past is so well safeguarded from release that it takes an extraordinary key -- specifically an equal quantity and type of antimatter -- to unwind it fully and release all of its energy. For matter, it is the various unbreakable rules of conservation, such as charge conservation, that keep this energy bound up and unavailable. But if some lock-canceling antimatter does happen to show up, watch out!
Photons, the constantly-moving quanta of changing electromagnetic fields, come close to being the purest form of energy possible, with some quibbles I won't bring up here. Not surprisingly then, photons are the majority of what is released when matter and antimatter cancel each other's locks.
With that, I should emphasize again that this is not intended to be a mathematical or philosophical answer. All I'm trying to convey is that energy is all about change. It can be ongoing change, as when objects move in large unidirectional ways (kinetic) or microscopic multidirectional ways (heat), or it can be potential change. The latter is change that was captured and stashed away sometime in the past by stressing fields. The most extreme form of potential energy, one in which the release of the energy is safeguarded by profound conservation laws, is what we call matter.

A: Energy is a convenient way to account for a system's ability to do useful work. There are certain modern qualifications we attach to energy, mostly that the total energy of a closed system is always conserved (barring cosmological effects), which is now explained by the use of symmetry and Noether's theorem (as explained by other's comments).
To try to get to  a more satisfying everyday notion of energy, it is best to resort to the concept of useful work and the accounting of it.  We understand that we exert effort (force over a distance) by lifting an object from the ground to the top of a table.  For practical accounting, we need to understand how much effort was expended.  It was these sorts of accounting problems that led early engineers to the concept of energy.
Energy is useful to us only if it has the ability to change its current form into another form.  One way energy can change is to start with potential energy and convert it to kinetic energy.  For example, consider the static energy stored in the bonds of carbon and hydrogen in a gallon of gas. That bonding energy can be released and converted into useful kinetic energy, such as causing the relative motion of a car. Energy can also change from kinetic energy into potential energy and do useful work. Consider a ball rolling on a table; it has kinetic energy.  If the ball collides with a spring, compresses it, and a latch catches it, the ball will lose its kinetic energy, and the spring will gain potential energy.
If the energy is in a form that is useless to us, then we measure it in terms of entropy.  In a closed system, there is a maximum possible value of entropy associated with it.  If the entropy of a system is lower than its maximum entropy, then that system is "not at equilibrium" and still has usable energy internal to it.  This means that work can be performed within the system to increase the multiplicity of states (which is commonly interpreted as disorder), by converting that potential energy into kinetic energy internal to itself.
In everyday terms, we only think about energy it terms of the useful work that can be derived from it.  So when we talk of selling energy in an energy market, what is being traded is a commodity that can be used to do work.  There are different ways that energy can be stored, but when we buy a certain amount of energy, we expect it to allow us to accomplish certain tasks in a predictable way.
This is a somewhat simplified discussion. There is a lot more that can be added and several clarifications are needed. I don't know your level of understanding, so I have abbreviated my explanation.

A: Energy is just a numerical quantity that never changes when nature changes its courses. It being an abstract idea can be illustrated by an analogy. And who can make you enjoy this other than Mr. Feynman. In his lectures, Feynman gave an extraordinary analogy to this:

Imagine  a  child Dennis who has  blocks  which are absolutely
  indestructible,  and  cannot be  divided into pieces.  Each  is  the
  same  as the  other.  Let  us  suppose  that  he  has  28  blocks.
  His  mother  puts  him  with  his 28  blocks  into  a  room at  the
  beginning  of  the  day.  At  the  end  of  the  day,  being curious,
  she  counts  the  blocks very  carefully,  and  discovers  a
  phenomenal law— no  matter  what  he does with the blocks,  there  are
  always  28  remaining!  This continues  for a  number of  days,  until
  one day  there  are only  27  blocks,  but  a  little investigating
  shows  that there  is  one  under  the  rug—she must  look  everywhere
  to  be sure  that the number  of  blocks  has  not changed.  One  day,
  however,  the number  appears  to change—there are only  26  blocks.
  Careful  investigation  indicates  that the  window  was  open,  and
  upon looking outside,  the  other  two  blocks are  found.  Another
  day, careful  count indicates  that there  are  30  blocks!  This
  causes  considerable  consternation,  until  it  is  realized  that
  Bruce came to  visit, bringing  his  blocks  with  him,  and  he  left
  a few at Dennis' house.  After  she has disposed  of  the  extra
  blocks,  she  closes  the  window,  does  not  let  Bruce  in,  and
  then everything  is  going  along all right,  until  one time  she
  counts  and  finds  only  25 blocks.  However,  there  is  a  box  in
  the  room,  a  toy box,  and  the  mother  goes to open  the toy box,
  but  the boy  says  "No,  do  not open  my toy  box,"  and screams.
  Mother  is  not  allowed to  open the  toy  box.  Being  extremely
  curious,  and  somewhat ingenious,  she  invents  a  scheme!  She
  knows  that  a block  weighs  three  ounces, so  she weighs  the box
  at  a  time when  she  sees  28  blocks, and  it  weighs  16  ounces.
  The  next  time  she wishes  to  check,  she  weighs  the  box again,
  subtracts  sixteen ounces  and divides  by  three.  She  discovers the
  following:
In  the  gradual  increase  in  the  complexity  of  her  world,  she
  finds  a  whole  series  of terms  representing  ways  of  calculating
  how many  blocks are in places  where  she is  not allowed  to look.
  As  a  result,  she  finds  a  complex  formula,  a  quantity which
  has  to  be  computed,  which always  stays the  same  in  her
  situation.

Owing to the above analogy, it is being abstracted that energy is such a manifestation of a number which has a large number of different forms but will never change except for going in and out...

A: I don't think the answer is trivially simple. I will try to give an explanation. In many problems of physics, what you are given is the initial and final states of the system. You don't know (or maybe no one does) what happens between these two states. Now there are quantities that you can measure before and after the system has undergone this change of state. The question is can you predict some of these quantities by knowing the others. Remember that we don't know the mechanism by which the system moves from these two states. But if you have something known as a conservation law, the problem becomes simple. (By saying that a quantity is conserved we mean that it doesn't change throughout some process). Suppose you have some magic function involving the quantities, which gives the same value no matter what the state of the system is, then you are done. The value of the function we call energy. And since its value doesn't change between these two states we say that its conserved.
This excerpt is from Feynman Lectures:

There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing all natural phenomena that
  are known to date. There is no known exception to this law—it is exact so far as
  we know. The law is called the conservation of energy. It states that there is a
  certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in the manifold
  changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a
  mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity which does not
  change when something happens. It is not a description of a mechanism, or any-
  thing concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some number and when
  we finish watching nature go through her tricks and calculate the number again,
  it is the same. (Something like the bishop on a red square, and after a number of
  moves—details unknown—it is still on some red square. It is a law of this nature.)

A: Energy is any quantity - a number with the appropriate units (in the SI system, Joules) - that is conserved as the result of the fact that the laws of physics don't depend on the time when phenomena occur, i.e. as a consequence of the time-translational symmetry. This definition, linked to Emmy Noether's fundamental theorem, is the most universal among the accurate definitions of the concept of energy.
What is the "something"? One can say that it is a number with units, a dimensionful quantity. I can't tell you that energy is a potato or another material object because it is not (although, when stored in the gasoline or any "fixed" material, the amount of energy is proportional to the amount of the material). However, when I define something as a number, it is actually a much more accurate and rigorous definition than any definition that would include potatoes. Numbers are much more well-defined and rigorous than potatoes which is why all of physics is based on mathematics and not on cooking of potatoes.
Centuries ago, before people appreciated the fundamental role of maths in physics, they believed e.g. that the heat - a form of energy - was a material called the phlogiston. But, a long long time ago experiments were done to prove that such a picture was invalid. Einstein's $E=mc^2$ partly revived the idea - energy is equivalent to mass - but even the mass in this formula has to be viewed as a number rather than something that is made out of pieces that can be "touched".
Energy has many forms - terms contributing to the total energy - that are more "concrete" than the concept of energy itself. But the very strength of the concept of energy is that it is universal and not concrete: one may convert energy from one form to another. This multiplicity of forms doesn't make the concept of energy ill-defined in any sense.
Because of energy's relationship with time above, the abstract definition of energy - the Hamiltonian - is a concept that knows all about the evolution of the physical system in time (any physical system). This fact is particularly obvious in the case of quantum mechanics where the Hamiltonian enters the Schrödinger or Heisenberg equations of motion, being put equal to a time-derivative of the state (or operators).
The total energy is conserved but it is useful because despite the conservation of the total number, the energy can have many forms, depending on the context. Energy is useful and allows us to say something about the final state from the initial state even without solving the exact problem how the system looks at any moment in between.
Work is just a process in which energy is transformed from one form (e.g. energy stored in sugars and fats in muscles) to another form (furniture's potential energy when it's being brought to the 8th floor on the staircase). That's when "work" is meant as a qualitative concept. When it's a quantitative concept, it's the amount of energy that was transformed from one form to another; in practical applications, we usually mean that it was transformed from muscles or the electrical grid or a battery or another "storage" to a form of energy that is "useful" - but of course, these labels of being "useful" are not a part of physics, they are a part of the engineering or applications (our subjective appraisals).

A: To understand what energy is, it is necessary to understand the concept of work.
Work is defined as the action of a force over a path.
$$ W=\vec{F}\cdot\vec{d}$$
What does this means? It describes how "exerting" or "draining" a particular action is. For example, imagine lifting a shopping bag of mass $10\ \mathrm{kg}$ vertically by $1\ \mathrm m$. This takes work, and exactly the following amount, given by the weight of the bag times the distance.
$$W= \vec{F}\cdot\vec{d} = Fd\cos{0}=mgd=10\ \mathrm{kg}\times9.8\ \mathrm{m\ s^{-2}}\times1\ \mathrm m=98\ \mathrm J$$
Energy is classically defined as the capacity of a physical system to do work, or in other words: as you perform work, you exchange energy for some physical effect by doing work. Or in other terms again, by exerting a force over a distance you convert energy into work.
In our example, you need to use some form of energy to lift the shopping bag. The quantity you need is exactly the amount of work we calculated.
What happens to this work? It's converted to energy again – to gravitational potential energy:
$$U_\text{final} = U_\text{initial} + W$$
or
$$\Delta U = U_\text{final} - U_\text{initial} = W = mgd$$
which is the classical definition of gravitational potential energy.
So in practice – we never see or measure energy directly. When energy changes form, it is called work, which we can measure. So work, in a way, is a "transport" concept for energy. Energy, on the other hand, is like a "reservoir" of work in potential.
Why is energy a useful quantity? After all, work seems to be a more "fundamental" quantity from an experimental point of view.
The answer to this lies in the conservation law of energy. Work in itself describes a change in energy, so it's not a conserved quantity in itself unless you embed it in the more general concept of energy, which is conserved.
In fact, we can derive large swaths of classical mechanics using conservation of energy as a prime principle, together with the principle of least action.
Caveats
In more advanced theories, conservation of energy is a much more complicated matter and does not apply as simply as in the classical sense. For example in SR, energy can be converted to apparent mass and vice versa.
There are also very interesting mathematical properties of potential energy and its relation to forces and especially fields of forces. These explanations, though are way more abstract and mathematical – I assume you want an intuitive, instinctual explanation of what energy is.
If you are looking for the former please see this question.

A: Well energy is only a part of something else that is much more important, and that is called "Action". There is a bumper sticker that reads "Physics is where the Action is". One of the most important quantities in the universe is Planck's constant, and it has the units of action.  (Joule sec). The universe is designed in such as way that the no matter how things move about or change their structure, the action changes represents the efficiency of that change. Or to put it better, the probabilities of things happening or existing can be found out by accounting for this quantity called "Action". From the principle of least action we can derive conservation laws for quantities recognisable as energy, momentum, and angular momentum, it is a consequence of the symmetries involved in the action principle. (Lubos said it better).
Now we know that of these various kinds of conserved quantities, the energy one relates to the application of force (dear old Sir Isaac Newton figured that one out) and so the nice thing about energy is that it can be stored within structures by arranging a force to be stored. And so we have food and fuel. And chemistry. And evolution.
Chemists don't often use energy directly in calculations though, they also use a kind of minimisation principle that involves both energy and another useful quantity called entropy which is a measure of the amount of freedom of choice that we allow energy to have - this measure is called the "Free energy" and this is what allows you to calculate exactly what chemical reactions will occur and to what extent. And so it goes. This free energy is not conserved, the universe is winding down like a big clockwork spring.
The big bang (if you believe in that) is simply an earlier state when the energy density was very high. It doesn't necessarily mean that the universe was a single black hole of finite size. Quantum mechanics also tells us that there is a ground state to just about everything including spacetime, so if there is a vacuum there is a ground state energy. It is generally not worth trying to create a perpetual motion machine from the vacuum though, in spite of legendary pages of Youtube videos.
One thing that energy is not, is a kind of cosmic fluid. It is just a perspective on how change can occur - Einstein relativity theory teaches us that any kind of cosmic fluid including spiritual enlightenment fluids are impossible.
Cause effect means that there is something asymmetric that has happened. Asymmetry is closely associated with the idea of information, the problem of transferring information requires that there is a net displacement in space and time. The strictures on information transfer are the same as those on energy transfer, and we find that the movement of energy suddenly becomes about the movement of bits! So knowledge, energy and time and space must be considered in the same picture.
Firstly the connection betwen energy and time is very profound.  We do not understand time fully but we know that our sense of real time requires there to be a meaningful succession of different states, take away clocks and time literally loses its meaning in such a context. For pure energy, every day is groundhog day - there is an intrinsic period associated with energy states but no sense of succession.
How does "real" time enter the picture? We know that there is an opportunity in spacetime for "timelike" intervals between events, in this zone a succession of events can be established that can maintain a cause-effect relationship in all reference frames. But that doesn't give us the clock itself. Systems also entangle when creating a time ordering, but this is all unclear.
The upshot is that just as there is a energy cost to doing things in the world, there is also a "cost" for systems to even exist in the world we know - aspects of that world must be unknowable. The converse is also true, if we encounter a system that is unstable and can be stabilised by releasing specific energy, then the specificity of that energy means that the time at which the event will occur is unknowable. We simply cannot consider a concept such as energy in isolation - without understanding the nature of concepts such as knowledge and time. Its a package deal.
Finally open systems through which energy flows are better able to maintain clocks and establish a time order, so life is a phenomenon associated with unstable energy flows.
The simplest explanation that I know as to why time runs in one direction, is that events in the reverse direction are "unobservable". I know that sounds like a tautology but if you show why they are unobservable then you have a better explanation. Likewise the positive observable energy could have in its negative counterpart a reason why it is unobservable, but now I really am not qualified to comment, I have already badly exceeded my limits.

A: Any concept in physics- energy, mass, entropy- is explicitly defined by the set of mathematical relationships for the concept. Any linguistic definition of a concept is an attempt to provide a physical understanding of the concept.   For example, for force, one linguistic definition is "A description of an interaction that causes a change in an object's motion".  For me, that definition is not useful unless I understand the mathematical definition defined as F = ma and how it is used in applications.
For a broad concept like energy, the linguistic definition must necessarily be rather vague, and to understand such a definition you need to understand the mathematical relationships for energy and their use in applications.
For a basic understanding of energy, I like the simple definition of energy stated in an old engineering thermodynamics textbook.  "Energy is the capacity, either latent or apparent, to exert a force through a distance." Obert and Young, Elements of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer. For a defined system in basic thermodynamics, we consider the internal energy, the energy in/out of the system due to work and/or heat, and the energy in/out of the system due to mass transfer. [The internal energy is sometimes called the "heat", but this is technically incorrect from a thermodynamics viewpoint.  Heat is energy that crosses a system boundary- without mass transfer- solely due to a temperature difference. Work is energy that crosses a system boundary- without mass transfer- due to  any intensive property difference other than temperature.]
Over time, the concept of energy has been extended to include rest mass energy, field energy, and so on to preserve the concept of the conservation of energy.  So again the linguistic concept has to be very broad/vague to accommodate such considerations.
Hope this helps.

A: What is energy?
Energy is the capacity of a system to do work.
Where does it come from?
It generally comes from another source of energy, as in energy gets converted from one form to another.
Where does it ultimately come from?
That my friend is a question for MetaPhysics.stackexchange.com, which sadly doesn't exist as of now. You might want to hop over to Area51 with a proposal.


Hundreds of Argentine soccer fans rallied under the pouring rain at Buenos Aires' landmark obelisk on Saturday to call on national soccer star Lionel Messi to return to the team following his recent decision to leave.
Messi announced last week that he would no longer play for Argentina after the side lost the Copa America final to Chile on penalty kicks.
His decision caused an uproar throughout Argentina with soccer fans pleading for him to change his mind.
"The truth is it's very painful, what a shame. We have to encourage him and cover the mouths of everyone who criticises him," said fan Patricio Marquez.
"I see him play and it moves me. He must return. Sorry to get all emotional but it is what I feel. To me, he is out of this world, a god, and if he doesn't return, he is forgiven." said fan Juan Alberto Salas.
Saturday's demo was organised via social media with some 70,000 saying they would attend, but the heavy rain affected turn-out.
Messi, a five times World Player of the Year, missed Argentina's opening penalty kick in the shootout after the game ended 0-0 and he was shown in tears afterwards while sitting in the team dugout.
The 29-year-old Barcelona striker has played in three Copa America finals in 2007, 2015 and 2016 and the 2014 World Cup final, and was on the losing side every time. Argentina failed to score in all four matches.
Messi currently is on vacation in the Bahamas with his family.


text:
Australobolbus canalis är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Henry Fuller Howden 1992. Australobolbus canalis ingår i släktet Australobolbus och familjen Bolboceratidae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Skalbaggar
canalis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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An animal pain relief, movement and flexibility specialist, Dr. Sandra L. Johnson is a graduate of Western States Chiropractic College, is a Doctor of Chiropractic and is trained and Certified in Animal Chiropractic (CAC) by the American Veterinary Chiropractic Association (AVCA). She has published multiple articles on animal chiropractic care and is the first Animal Chiropractor in the Portland area who does house calls. She has been working with animals for over ten years. Click for web site.
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If you are looking for a gentle and more effective way to help your animals, The Tellington TTouch Equine Awareness Method (TTEAM) and the Tellington TTouch (TTouch) may be the answer for you. TTouch/TTEAM involves the use of techniques that mutually enhance your relationship with your animal, improve your animal's health and encourage a better response to training. Click here for web site.
AnimalTalk, an application of the BodyTalk System, is a natural form of energy medicine that balances the bodymind energy of your pet. Effective and non-invasive, this way of healing is effective in treating side effects from vaccinations, physical and emotional trauma, parasites, musculoskeletal issues, separation anxiety and behavior issues. Sandra is a Certified BodyTalk Practitioner. Click for web site.
Dr. Starita's areas of expertise include nutrition, homeopathy, radionics, herbal and glandular therapies, gem and flower essences, bodywork, emotional release therapy, color, sounds and other forms of vibrational healing. Click for web site.
An Animal Communicator/Holistic Care Consultant, Kat offers worldwide services and animal communication workshops for all species. Any issue or situation can be addressed with animal communication, and questions can be asked that help you learn more about and deepen the bond with your pet. Kat also works with animals who have crossed over. She is a medical intuitive and does body scans for health issues. Visit her site to learn more about her services, workshops and weekly internet radio show, Animal Corner.
Indoor/outdoor playcare, boarding, grooming and training. Features a 10,000 sq. ft. indoor/outdoor facility where dogs can play on agility equipment, roll around with Jolly Balls, jump in and out of swimming pools, romp, run and wrestle. Training includes obedience, agility, fly ball, puppy program and therapy preparation. Click for web site.
Dog Gone Happy is a doggie daycare in Northeast Portland, Oregon where dogs are their first priority. Dog Gone Happy strive to make sure your dog is healthy and happy in a clean, safe environment. They teach good doggie manners with positive reinforcement and have trained facilitators monitoring the dogs at all times. Dog Gone Happy features outdoor play, heated floors, limited number of dogs and specially trained staff. Click for web page.
The goal of Kate Aromaa of Cooper's Dog Training and Behavior Modification is for all of her clients is to have a sound and trusting relationship with their dog. Kate uses positive methods to work on everything from basic obedience to aggression. She has more than ten years of experience and is a Certified Professional Dog Trainer and a professional member of the Association of Pet Dog Trainers. Cooper's Dog Training offers private in-home lessons, group lessons and AKC Canine Good Citizen testing. Click for web page.
Portland Urban Pet Services helps you to manage your pets daily needs. In addition to providing your pet with the very best care, they also give you peace-of-mind. Many Portland families trust Portland Urban Pet Services and travel worry-free when they must leave their pets home alone. From animal care to home care, PUPS Pet Care Specialists will put your mind at ease. Click for web site.


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La Galería Nacional de Dinamarca (en danés: Statens Museum for Kunst, abreviado como SMK) es una pinacoteca ubicada en el centro de Copenhague.

El museo colecciona, registra, conserva, investiga y gestiona el arte danés y extranjero que data del siglo .

Edificios

El museo ocupa dos edificios separados, uno antiguo y el otro moderno. Diseñado por Vilhelm Dahlerup y G.E.W. Møller en un estilo que recuerda el Renacimiento italiano, el antiguo edificio fue construido entre 1889 y 1896.Se emprendió una ampliación, diseñada por los arquitectos Anna Maria Indrio y Mads Møller, de la oficina  Arkitektfirmaet C. F. Møller,  que fue abierta en noviembre de 1998. El nuevo edificio, de concepción moderna, se erigió en el parque en la parte situado en la trasera del antiguo edificio, al que está conectado por un pasaje cubierto por un techo de vidrio llamado el «Callejón de las Esculturas». En esta "calle", que recorre todo el museo, se organizan regularmente conciertos y espectáculos de danza.

Colecciones
Las colecciones del museo reúnen casi 9000 pinturas y esculturas, aproximadamente 240 000 obras de arte en papel, así como más de 2600 vaciados en yeso de esculturas de la antigüedad, la Edad Media y el Renacimiento. La mayor parte de colecciones antiguas del museo proviene de las cámaras de arte de los reyes daneses.

Arte europeo (siglos XIII-XVII)
La exposición de arte europeo (entre los años 1300-1800) es extensa y abarca un período de 500 años, con obras de Mantegna (Cristo muerto sostenido por dos ángeles), Cranach (varias pinturas como Retrato de Martín Lutero, El juicio de Paris, Venus y Cupido, el ladrón de miel...), Tiziano, Marinus van Reymerswaele (El cambista y su mujer), Pieter Aertsen, Goltzius, Rubens, Rembrandt, Abraham Bloemaert... En la sección de pintura española sobresale un rarísimo retrato pintado por José Antolínez, El embajador danés en Madrid, Cornelius Pedersen, y su séquito (1662), según el esquema de retrato de grupo habitual en Holanda.

El arte se extiende por trece salas, y es la colección de arte más antigua de Dinamarca, con un énfasis particular en piezas danesas, holandesas, flamencas, italianas, francesas, españolas y alemanas.

Arte danés y nórdico (1750-1900)
Estudios del arte danés y nórdico (entre los años 1750-1900) en el arte escandinavo desde los inicios de la pintura danesa a través de la Edad de Oro hasta el nacimiento del modernismo. Se exponen más de 400 obras a través de 24 salas de exposición. Cuenta con trabajos de Abildgaard, Eckersberg, Købke, Ring y Hammershøi.

Arte francés (1900-1930)
La Galería Nacional de Dinamarca recibió su colección de arte moderno francés en 1928, cuando fue donado por el fallecido coleccionista Johannes Rump. Esta colección cuenta con algunas de las piezas más famosas del museo, de artistas como Matisse (su icónico retrato La raya verde), Picasso, Derain y Braque. La colección fue ofrecida por primera vez a la SMK por Rump en 1923, pero fue rechazada por el entonces director Karl Madsen porque no creía que fuera de una calidad lo suficientemente alta.

Arte danés e internacional (después de 1900)
Ubicado en la extensión del museo construida en 1993, esta colección del siglo del siglo  y  se centra predominantemente en las muestras más importantes del arte moderno danés. Un largo pasillo de pinturas hasta el parque Østre Anlæg funciona como un recorrido cronológico de la obra de este período, mientras que las galerías más pequeñas se centran en artistas o movimientos específicos.

La Real Colección de Arte Gráfico
La Real Colección de Arte Gráfico contiene más de 240 000 obras: dibujos, grabados, acuarelas, litografías y otras clases de arte en papel, que data del siglo  hasta la actualidad. Esta colección empezó en la época de Cristián II. En su diario de 1521 el pintor alemán Alberto Durero dice que le dio al rey «las mejores piezas de todos mis grabados».

En 1843 muchas de estas obras, que hasta ese momento habían sido parte de la colección privada del rey, se exhibieron al público. Luego se trasladaron a la Galería Nacional, en su primer edificio terminado en 1896, junto con la Real Colección de Pintura y la Real Colección de Fundidos.

Aunque un gran número de obras impresas son extranjeras, el arte danés constituye la parte principal de la colección. Esta colección está abierta al público a través del Salón de Grabados, accesible al que pueda reservar con anticipación la entrada.

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web .
 Copenhagen-Portal - Denmark's National Gallery  .
 Visita virtual a la Galería Nacional de Dinamarca .


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Maia Chaka Becomes The First Black Woman To Referee In The NFL Full-Time
By Ryan Shepard Mar 5, 2021
This week, Maia Chaka got the call of a lifetime. The NFL informed the Virginia teacher that she had been offered a position to referee in the league full-time. By earning the role, Chaka became the second woman to receive the title and the first Black woman to have the job. The moment was so overwhelming that Chaka nearly didn't believe it at first.
"It's just an honor to join the National Football League," Chaka told the hosts of the TODAY show.
"Just because I've been at it for so long and I just never thought the day would come."
Chaka is a woman of many talents. In addition to working as an official, she also teaches physical education and health to the youth in Virginia Beach, Virginia. She embarked on this journey as a referee in 2014. Over time, she's worked her way through the ranks of the league's development program and served as a referee during the 2020 XFL season. Through these experiences, Chaka has gained the knowledge needed to referee games in the nation's most popular sports league.
"You need to have the confidence on the field to make the call," Chaka said.
"You're going to make mistakes and it's not necessarily how many mistakes you make but It's how you recover."
As the first Black woman to work NFL games, she hopes this will help inspire other young women to chase their dreams in the NFL. Alongside Chaka, Jennifer King recently became the first Black woman to receive a full-time coaching offer in the NFL.
"If you have a passion for something or you have the drive for something, don't let it hold you back just because you think that something may give you some type of limitation," she explained.
"Work hard, and always, always, always follow your dreams."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Todays wedding started early by London's Waterloo station, at Arena Hair (Lower Marsh) to meet the bride and bridesmaids for their hair and makeup; followed by a short walk to the Park Plaza Hotel on Westminster Bridge Road, for last minute details and getting dressed!
After the very enjoyable wedding service, the next highlight of the day were the two old original Routemaster Buses (from the London Bus Company) arranged for transporting everyone (including me!) to the reception at Tudor Barn – Great Fun!
As with all my weddings; I know I've said it before and I know I will say it again, but I'm so privileged to do this job! Enjoy!


Took our first tentative steps onto the allotment this week and despite the chaos of winter, were excited to see signs of spring, with colourful shoots of rhubarb, chard and cardoons sprouting amongst the weeds. Thus encouraged, we began the considerable task of preparing the ground for sowing. First to go in were the broad beans – all heavily netted to protect the tasty shoots from hungry rabbits and birds. Next up will be a batch of purple asparagus which should arrive before the end of the month.
We are still novice allotmenteers having taken over our patch of previously neglected ground in a nearby field 18 months ago. Before that we bought all our veg from shops and markets. But oh my goodness it tastes so much better freshly plucked! And all the better too for not being chemically cleansed and encased in plastic. So despite the hard work it is definitely worth it!
This entry was posted in Grow your own by susan. Bookmark the permalink.


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1948 United States presidential election in Maryland
Main article: United States presidential election, 1948
United States presidential election in Maryland, 1948
← 1944 November 2, 1948[1] 1952 →
All 8 Maryland votes to the Electoral College
Thomas Dewey Harry S. Truman
Republican Democratic
Home state
New York Missouri
Earl Warren Alben W. Barkley
Popular vote
President before election
Elected President
Elections in Maryland
Presidential primaries
U.S. Senate elections
U.S. House elections
1791 (sp 3rd)
1793 (sp 2nd)
1798 (sp 7th)
1894 (sp 1st)
Attorney General elections
Comptroller elections
General Assembly elections
County executive elections
Elections by year
Question P
The 1948 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 2, 1948, as part of the 1948 United States presidential election. Maryland voters chose eight[2] representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Maryland was won by Governor Thomas Dewey (R–New York), running with Governor Earl Warren, with 49.40% of the popular vote, against incumbent President Harry S. Truman (D–Missouri), running with Senator Alben W. Barkley, with 48.01% of the popular vote.[3][4]
Republican Thomas Dewey 294,814 49.40%
Democratic Harry S. Truman (inc.) 286,521 48.01%
Progressive Henry A. Wallace 9,649 0.58%
Socialist Norman Thomas 2,941 0.49%
Write-in Strom Thurmond 2,476 0.41%
596,735 100%
^ "United States Presidential election of 1948 - Encyclopædia Britannica". Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ "1948 Election for the Forty-First Term (1949-53)". Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ "1948 Presidential General Election Results - Maryland". Retrieved December 20, 2017.
^ "The American Presidency Project - Election of 1948". Retrieved December 20, 2017.
State results of the 1948 U.S. presidential election
Thomas Dewey
Strom Thurmond
Democratic primaries
Republican primaries
Republican Convention
Gubernatorial
United States elections
House elections
This Maryland elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland&oldid=901805043"
1948 United States presidential election by state
United States presidential elections in Maryland
1948 Maryland elections
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Elections using electoral votes


"Pinochet's supporters will continue to believe what they will believe, but the well-educated reader needs to have a solid historical record to turn to, and The General's Slow Retreat provides just that. Few books offer the kind of engaging narrative Spooner is capable of. I have been looking for such a text for years."
"In The General's Slow Retreat, Mary Helen Spooner reconstructs the private world of conflict, negotiation, and insecurity that marked the Chilean transition. Spooner takes her readers beyond the narratives produced for public consumption into the private meetings of military and civilian leaders, where deals were struck and positions that profoundly shaped the way forward for Chilean democracy were devised. Drawing on published interviews, news accounts, and memoirs as well as her remarkable access to dozens of key players—including presidents, senators, ministers, and military officials—Spooner has crafted a detailed and sophisticated account of Chile's fragile transition, focusing with unfailing acuity on questions of Pinochet's influence and the legacy of human rights abuses after the 1988 plebiscite."
"What Spooner offers us in The General's Slow Retreat is a human account of Chile's particular experience that is thoughtful, well-researched and immensely readable."
Mary Helen Spooner grew up in St. Louis and has worked as a journalist in Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia and Chile. She is the author of Soldiers in a Narrow Land: the Pinochet Regime in Chile and The General's Slow Retreat: Chile after Pinochet, both published by the University of California Press.
How Chile rebuilt its democracy under Pinochet's long shadow.
A devastating account of the rise and slow disintegration of a brutal dictatorship.


Love is the most excellent way, but it is also the most difficult way! We need God's help!
Many years ago I understood our Key Verse to mean that if I loved others, God would be so pleased that He would overlook my sins. As I studied this verse, it became clear to me that I was the one who needed to overlook sins; the sins of others against me! God's love in me would grow me into the person that could look beyond the transgressions of people and see their deeper needs.
This is one of the greatest principles of the New Testament, and the most difficult to live out! The good news is we have a very clear model to imitate in Jesus himself. He loves us deeply, consistently even in the face of our failures. We grieve Him, yet He overcomes that with His great love for us! What a great privilege to enjoy. Yet, with privilege comes responsibility. God does this for us and expects us to grow into a Christ like believer who can pass it on to those around us!
Yes, love is the most excellent way, but it is also the most difficult way! When someone around you is frustrating you, God expects you to love them anyway! When someone ignores you; mistreats you; lies about you; and thinks the worst of you, God commands you to love them. This is a high level of living, but God makes it happen as we obey His instructions. Let's take the journey!
Father, I do want to love as you love me. I know I can't without a divine work in me. I will trust you to make me into what I can't be on my own. In Jesus' name, amen.


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Serving Northern Nevada
Best of Carson City
Lahontan Valley
Ken Beaton: A Gold Star is forever
Opinion | May 27, 2017
Ken Beaton
This statue is near the cemetery in Boalsburg, Pa. It represents two teenage females, Emma Hunter and Sophie Keller, with a mother, Elizabeth Myers, who lost a son in the Battle of Gettysburg. The three women decorated graves on July 4, 1864. Boalsburg claims to be the birthplace of Memorial Day.
Courtesy |
Monday is Memorial Day, a day to decorate graves and honor those who have fallen in battle while preserving our freedom.
The tradition of remembering loved ones began in ancient Greece and Rome. An Athenian general and statesman, Pericles, praised those killed in the Peloponnesian War. The tone of Pericles' speech has been compared to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Ancient Romans had annual remembrance days for their loved ones and soldiers.
Confederate soldiers' graves were decorated as early as June 3, 1861 in Warrenton, Va., and Savannah, Ga., in 1862. In Boalsburg, Pa., near Penn State University, Emma Hunter, Sophie Keller and Elizabeth Myers decorated soldiers' graves on July 4, 1864. I've visited Boalsburg. There's a statue of the three women promoting Boalsburg as the birthplace of Memorial Day.
Major General John Logan issued General Order 11 declaring Decoration Day, a day for the nation to use flowers to decorate the graves of our war dead. Legend has it May 30 was the only day in May that wasn't the anniversary of a Civil War battle. Others suspect May 30 was selected because across our country flowers were blooming.
In 1968 (Pub L 90-363) was signed into law. Memorial Day became a national holiday to be celebrated on the last Monday of May. (Washington's Birthday, Columbus Day and Veterans' Day became Monday holidays).
On April 10, 11 and 12 my wife recorded KNPB's "The Great War: American Experience," an excellent three-part series of America's history including the suffragettes. I would suggest only watching a two-hour segment a day.
A member of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae developed his gift to write poems. John was in Ypres which is in the Flanders region of Belgium. On May 2, 1915, John's close friend, Alexis Helmer, was killed in action. McCrae buried his friend and noticed how quickly poppies grew at the new graves. He wrote the following poem.
In Flanders fields
That mark our place, and in the sky
Loved and were loved, and new we lie
In 2011 my wife and I took a World War II memorial tour, 15 days through six countries. We visited four American Battle Monuments Cemeteries, three World War II and the World War I Meuse-Argonne Cemeteries. The Meuse-Argonne Cemetery was our first stop of the day. We were greeted with an azure sky and a solitary cumulous cloud as the dew on the verdant lawn glistened in bright sunlight. I was struck by 14,246 grave markers at attention ready for inspection. Nine Medal of Honor recipients are buried in Meuse-Argonne including Freddie Stowers, an African American soldier. He was awarded his medal posthumously in 1991.
Whenever I visit a cemetery, I read as many grave markers as possible before boarding the tour bus. Each grave marker has a story. At the Sicily-Rome American Cemetery in Nettuno, Italy, two grave markers caught my attention. The first was a staff sergeant who was killed in action on Jan. 31, 1944. There was nothing unusual until I read his age, 17! He was either 14 or 15 when he lied about his age to enlist. He had the maturity to be promoted to staff sergeant. His youth ended abruptly more than 73 years ago.
The other grave marker was 2nd Lt. Ellen G. Ainsworth. She was one of 40,000 nurses who enlisted in the USA. Lt. Ainsworth was assigned to the 56th Evacuation Hospital near the front at Anzio. She was wounded by an artillery shell on Feb. 12, 1944, and died on Feb. 16. Ellen was awarded the Silver Star, posthumously, for "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against the enemy … (her) gallant action and dedicated devotion to duty, without regard for her own life, were in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon herself, her unit and the United States Army." She was the only woman from Wisconsin who died in World War II.
Sally Berkholder lives near Glenwood City, Wisc. Her dad was high school classmates with Ellen. Sally visited Ellen's grave at the Sicily-Rome American Cemetery in Nettuno, Italy. She returned to Wisconsin determined to keep Ellen's memory alive and change the name of Glenwood City Post Office. Sally contacted her Congressman, Sean Duffy of Wisconsin's 7th District. His bill became law on June 13, 2016. On Aug. 31, 2016 the 2nd Lt. Ellen Ainsworth Memorial Post Office was dedicated. Now, young females in Glenwood City have a role model.
I witnessed the dedication of the 2,500-square-foot visitors center with nine exhibits, one honoring 2nd Lt. Ellen G. Ainsworth on Memorial Day, May 26, 2014, at the Sicily-Rome American Cemetery. I was with the First Special Service Force Association, "The Devil's Brigade." We had arrived in Rome the previous day. The Memorial Day ceremony was our second stop on an 11-day "Follow in Their Footsteps Tour." After the ceremonies, we visited the graves of "Forcemen" buried in Nettuno.
As you read this I'm visiting family and friends in Massachusetts. Monday, I'll visit Pine Grove Cemetery's World War II veterans' section. With some beach sand, water and a clean rag I'll scrub clean my Uncle Richard's grave marker. He was KIA on Dec. 3, 1943 at the Battle of Monte la Difensa, Italy. A picture of me was found in his helmet. I traveled through nine time zones to climb Monte la Difensa in 2008 and 2014 with some members of the FSSF Association. We visualized the battle, toasted 73 "Forcemen" KIA and shed some tears.
When a Blue Star is prominently displayed, the parents/spouse has a loved one serving our country. When a Gold Star replaces the Blue Star, the parents/spouse has lost their loved one while serving our country. A Gold Star is forever.
Ken Beaton of Carson City contributes periodically to the Nevada Appeal.
Get Healthy Carson City: Hot diggety dog: Is it hot enough for you?
A pilot's wife flies, by Aly Lawson
Letters to the editor for July 17, 2019
Susan Stornetta: A new view to my perspective
Nevada's workers could be hit hard by automation
Real Estate Guide E-Edition
Newsletters – Lahonton Valley News
Nevada Appeal E-Edition
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PUDD'NHEAD WILSON AND THOSE EXTRAORDINARY TWINS
by Mark Twain. Originally published in 1893-1894 by Century Magazine in seven installments. New York: Barnes and Noble Classic, 2005. 256pp. $5.95 paper. ISBN: 9781593082550.
Reviewed by Christopher P. Banks, Department of Political Science, Kent State University. Email: cbanks6 [at] kent.edu.
At first blush Mark Twain's PUDD'NHEAD WILSON would not seem appropriate for inclusion in a special issue analyzing literature that contributes to political science or criminal justice pedagogy. Published in the United States in 1894 as THE TRAGEDY OF PUDD'NHEAD WILSON AND THE COMEDY OF THOSE EXTRAORDINARY TWINS, the book actually contains two tales, the sums of which arguably constitute "comic tragedy" (Railton 2002). The first story narrates events surrounding the protagonist's life before the Civil War. In Dawson's Landing, a village nestled between St. Louis and the mighty Mississippi, a fair-skinned slave nanny, Roxy (owned by Judge Driscoll's brother), switches at birth Judge Driscoll's nephew, Tom, with her own enslaved boy, Chambers. The shorter appendage, THOSE EXTRAORDINARY TWINS, continues the saga after the plot concludes in PUDD'NHEAD WILSON by examining the fate of Angelo and Luigi Capello, foreigners involved in the main story who become ensnared as principal suspects in Judge Driscoll's murder trial.
Although critics have debated whether the separate stories are best considered as a unitary essay (O'Connell 2002), or whether PUDD'NHEAD WILSON is Twain's most insightful exposition on slavery or racism (Spangler 1970) in conjunction with the ill-effect of public opinion (Coburn 1970), arguably the first chronicle is the most coherent story with the best potential for application in law and social sciences courses. The novel is an excellent literary devise to compare and contrast themes recurring in judicial process, law and society, or criminal justice courses. After a brief account of PUDD'NHEAD WILSON's plot, the review will outline the particular ways in which the short novel can be put to use in those types of courses.
PUDD'NHEAD WILSON traces the tragic consequences flowing from the double-life that Tom lives as an undeserving and often monstrous heir to his rich uncle's estate. He is undeserving because he is really a slave who can pass as a white; and he is a monster because he is relentlessly irresponsible and merciless in his cruelty towards his mother, Roxy. She is a slave who at great expense to her own security keeps Tom's true identity secret. More than once, she gets Tom out of the trouble he causes by abusing his uncle's finances and honorable reputation with a pattern of compulsive gambling and cowardice. Tom's lack of courage ultimately brings him into conflict with his uncle, Judge Driscoll, who is forced to defend Tom's honor in a duel when Tom refuses to fight after being humiliated in public by Luigi Capello. His lack of fortitude also [*361] is the reason why Judge Driscoll, and Tom, conspire to discredit Luigi publicly after the duel (which Driscoll and Luigi survive). It becomes part of a chain of events that leads to Tom killing his uncle and conveniently laying the blame on the Capello twins, who ran to assist the Judge who had been fatally stabbed by Tom. Tom had tried to steal the Judge's money while his uncle slept in his house office.
Tom's secret life, as not only a false heir but also as a thief, intersects with the protagonist, David Wilson, as the story unfolds. As Twain tells it, Wilson is a young lawyer whose reputation is sullied by making an innocuous but ill-considered remark shortly after arriving in town. The misstep causes the village residents to refer to him as "pudd'nhead," a regrettable label that clings to him for the next twenty years and prevents him from practicing his calling. But, much later on, Wilson's public reputation grows when he represents, and successfully defends Luigi at a public trial after he is falsely accused of killing the Judge.
Although Wilson is described as "college-bred", Twain reveals little about his law training other than to say he "had finished a post-college course in an Eastern law school" (p.8) before coming to Dawson's Landing. Twain expands on two of Wilson's "pet fads" (p.10), however, which comprise "palmistry" and an unclassified habit "which dealt with people's finger-marks" (p.11). The latter inclination, which for Pudd'nhead becomes more of a preoccupation, causes him to record meticulously the fingerprints of all of Dawson's Landing inhabitants over their lifetimes. He kept them on small sheets of glass that were always in his possession or in his office. As it turns out, Wilson's fingerprinting assumes central importance in exposing Tom as the Judge Driscoll's murderer near the end of the story.
Several aspects of PUDD'NHEAD WILSON have exciting potential for classroom use. First, Twain's decision to highlight fingerprinting as a central plot element was ahead of its time, as was Twain's description of it as an evidentiary tool in a jury trial. As he wrote, "Every human being carries with him from his cradle to his grave certain physical marks which do not change their character, and by which he can always be identified…These marks are his signature, his physiological autograph…[that cannot] become illegible by the wear and the mutations of time" (p.133). In the story, the duplicity underlying Tom's claim as an heir to his uncle's estate because of Roxy's decision to switch the babies at birth could not hide the truth that he was a murderer—a principle that lies at the core of the underlying assumptions of the truth-seeking adversarial model of the criminal justice system.
Under that model of adversarial justice, the prosecutors retain the evidentiary burden to prove Tom's guilt in front of the jury representing a cross-section of the community (whether the jury in PUDD'NHEAD fairly represented anything other than male, slaveholding white folks is another issue for class discussion). Likewise, Wilson had the onus to rebut the prosecution's case, which he did through an innovative strategy of forensic science that was still in its infancy at the time Twain wrote the book. In addition to reinforcing the basic [*362] tenets of criminal advocacy and procedure, instructors can use PUDD'NHEAD WILSON as a vehicle to introduce students to contemporary topics in forensic science and to show how lawyers relying upon it can vindicate those who are falsely accused of crimes with DNA "fingerprints" or the like. In the process, the classroom can become engaged in analyzing how scientific evidence is a problem of resources for counsel representing indigent clients, as well as the foundation for the rise of "innocence commissions" that work towards reversing wrongful convictions in criminal justice cases (Schehr and Sears 2005; Scheck and Neufeld 2002).
Next, because the events leading up to Tom's murder trial track the ordinary sequence of facts that are put before a jury trying a criminal case, the novel can be an effective means to construct, and then dispel, the common perception that the truth, and perhaps justice, only emerge from adversarial criminal proceedings resulting in jury verdicts. As any lawyer or student of law and courts knows, most laymen falsely believe that the true facts of a criminal prosecution are exposed only after the jury discovers it with the help of skillful lawyer-advocates who are engaged in a trial supervised by an unbiased judge. That typical impression is reinforced on a daily basis on the law-and-order cop shows on cable television, and it finds expression in PUDD'NHEAD WILSON. After all, the bad guy was caught in a highly publicized trial that involved a jury and the skilled efforts of a courtroom advocate, just like on T.V. Yet, and as a result of the common misperceptions surrounding the judicial process, the book can be utilized as a myth-buster to illustrate that 95% or more of criminal adjudications are not settled by a singular trial event, but rather by plea bargains or behind the scenes deals that are cut between the prosecution and defense, without jury knowledge or input. Nor is it always accurate, one can also observe, that lawyers are even put in a position to succeed in high-profile criminal trials when the clients are often indigent, the caseload pressures are high, and the resources (and sometimes lawyer competency) are woefully inadequate to the task at hand.
In this light, the issue of why the trial process has become less a courtroom show, or perhaps (more charitably) less a naked exhibition of the raw legal talents of orators who spar for the truth in front of peers sitting in judgment of the accused may be fodder for a classroom debate about the transformation of the legal profession after the introduction of the casebook method as the principal means to train lawyers after 1870. In PUDD'NHEAD WILSON, the lawyer found the truth in an open courtroom and, in an earlier day, that forum typically was the venue for great status and reputation. But, with the rise of the casebook method in U.S. law schools, legal apprenticeship for law training dissipated, and so too did the chances for earning big wins in a courtroom, a phenomenon that coincided with the rise of more efficient, profit-minded Wall Street-modeled law firms. In essence, the book could be the starting point for an analysis of the transformation of the practice of law into the business of law. In addition, an identical classroom discussion could consider the thorny questions that arise over the fairness of prosecutorial discretion and plea [*363] bargains, the reduced role of juries as a source of community conscience and wisdom, and whether trials themselves have become relics of the past because of the costs, time, and caseload demands associated with modern litigation (Yeazell 2004).
Finally, PUDD'NHEAD WILSON can be an example in literature to mull over what many believe ought to be the true "end game" of criminal litigation: that justice is achieved. Although Luigi is set free by a jury of his peers, the trial could not erase the twenty-three years of slavery that Chambers endured because of Roxy and Tom's deception. As Twain recounts, due to the trial Chambers "suddenly found himself rich and free", but he "could neither read nor write, and his speech was the base dialect of the negro quarter. His gait, his attitudes, his gestures, his bearing, his laugh—all were vulgar and uncouth; his manners were the manners of a slave", and the "poor fellow" only "felt at home and at peace nowhere but in the kitchen" (p. 140). Similarly, as Twain explains at the novel's conclusion, Tom's confession and subsequent life imprisonment only hurt the creditors who suffered a bigger loss in settling the murdered Judge's estate after the murderer's true identity was discovered, in large part because Tom was not rightfully considered a slave and estate property. If he was, he would not have been free to murder his uncle. "As soon as the Governor understood the case," Twain writes, "he pardoned Tom at once, and the creditors sold him down the river" (p. 140).
In spite of Luigi's acquittal, and as happens in many litigated matters in real life, PUDD'NHEAD WILSON illustrates that the application of law in a jury trial may sometimes led to unintended consequences and injustice. One of the case's victims, Chambers, was not helped at all by the orderly application of adversarial justice in a criminal trial; and Tom, although he was punished, was sanctioned by the extralegal effect of a gubernatorial pardon arising from the overriding interests of creditors, a judgment that in the end was not what the jury intended through the imposition of a life sentence. The comic tragedy of PUDD'NHEAD WILSON, then, serves up the cold lesson that is often repeated in law and courts courses—sometimes the law, despite its best intentions, is a source of great misfortune for those who either intentionally or unwittingly become entangled in the judicial process.
Coburn, Mark D. 1970. "Training is Everything: Communal Opinion and the Individual in Pudd'nhead Wilson." MODERN LANGUAGE QUARTERLY 31 (2): 209-219.
O'Connell, Catharine. 2002. "Resecting 'Those Extraordinary Twins: Pudd'nhead Wilson' and the Costs of 'Killing Half.'" NINETEENTH-CENTURY LITERATURE 57 (1): 100-124.
Railton, Stephen. 2002. "The Tragedy of Mark Twain." NINETEENTH-CENTURY LITERATURE 56 (4): 518-544.
Scheck, Barry C. and Peter J. Neufeld. 2002. "Toward the Formation of 'Innocence Commissions in America.'" JUDICATURE 86 (September/October): 98-105. [*364]
Schehr, Robert Carl and Jamie Sears. 2005. "Innocence Commissions: Due Process Remedies and Protection for the Innocent Critical." CRIMINOLOGY 13: 181–209.
Spangler, George M. "Pudd'nhead Wilson: A Parable of Property." AMERICAN LITERATURE 42 (1): 28-37.
Yeazell, Stephen C. 2004. "Getting What We Asked For, Getting What We Paid For, and Not Liking What We Got: The Vanishing Civil Trial." JOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES 1: 943-971.
© Copyright 2008 by the author, Christopher P. Banks.
Edition: April 2008 Special Edition, Vol. 18 No. 4