Philena first discovered that she had the ability to heal in the spring of 1982 when she brought a dead sunflower back to life. It had not been watered for one week during very hot weather, and throughout that time its head had been hanging by one thread due to having been murdered by a cat. It was clearly dead, and at this point Philena decided to see if she could heal it. It took 3 or 4 days for the head to mend and stand up. It flowered that summer, though it was a couple of feet shorter than its peers and had a large bump around the place where its neck had been broken.
After this Philena didn't practice healing again for 5 years when she took part in a healing course run by Martin Brofman, a well-known American healer. After this course her healing abilities flowered and various people were healed of various physical problems, which resulted in them not needing an operation. Encouraged by this success Philena went on to develop her own system of Shamanic Healing which used visualisation and sound.
The theory behind Philena's healing is that all problems – physical, financial or emotional – are caused by unexpressed emotions. A physical problem is like ice whereas the emotion causing it, is like water. The idea is that when an emotion gets suppressed, the water turns to ice and thus a physical problem arises. If somehow, one can get the ice to turn back into water and express the emotion, the physical problem goes. Although the theory sounds very simple, the actuality can be more complicated. An emotional problem on the other hand needs to be taken back to its source to be released. Philena found that expressing a certain type of sound facilitated this.
Although Philena has taken various healing courses in England, France and Denmark, her spirit helpers have taught her most of what she has learnt. Philena has been clairaudient since birth, meaning that she has always been able to hear things that other people are unable to hear. She has been guided throughout most of her life by what she calls "My Voices". These voices have taught Philena most of what she knows about healing today.
In every healing session Philena relies on her voices to guide her through the session. Thus every session is tailor made to the client's requirements in that moment. Philena's theory of healing, mentioned above, was the result of what she learned, not the starting point.
Healing sessions cost £60/hr – minimum £90 for 1½ hrs.
A first session usually lasts 3 hours and costs £180. Additional sessions normally take 2 hours and cost £120. The first session is longer as Philena takes comprehensive notes of your problems in this session.
Philena practices two different types of healing using sound – Toning and Chanting.
This is a sound made by the human voice, which releases the emotional blocks in a person's energy field. It can be used in two ways – the Aspirin Effect and the Exorcism Effect.
The Aspirin Effect is when Toning is used to release negative emotions, which get in the way of a person's everyday life.
The Exorcism Effect is when Toning is used to release negative emotions from deep within a person's past – either from this life or from past lives.
Toning is a great tool for healing for people who suffer from frustration, anger, sadness, guilt, anxiety, OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) or panic attacks. It is of particular use when a person's life is in pieces because of a recent broken love affair, or when someone is suffering from the death of a loved one.
Toning is one of the methods used during Philena's Healing sessions.
The client sits on a chair surrounded by a circle of energy healers, including Philena. These healers are trained in chanting Sanskrit – the ancient language of India – and other languages. The pure sounds from the chants, penetrate the client's energy field, removing any blocks which may be holding him back in life. The sound also helps to align his energy field so it can attract into his life that which he desires.
The client needs to be very clear about what he wants to create in his life. His goal needs to be clearly defined by himself and by all the healers present. Ancient sounds are chosen which are directly related to the client's desires. All the healers present chant these sounds repeatedly.
This type of healing suits the very busy person who does not have time for numerous sessions of some other type of healing. It is also very helpful to a person who has tried other methods of healing which have failed. As each chanting session will include at least 3 chanters, this enables a power to be built up which can shift blocks which other types of healing may not be able to reach. Three or more people working together can raise so much more power than one healer working alone.
Chanting can help you to find your soul mate, get a new job, become happy and joyful, attract prosperity and health or any other desire that you may have.
Please note that chanting will never be used to manipulate the behaviour of other people in your life. Thus you cannot have a chanting session to bring back a lost loved one or child, if they have left you of their own volition.
Each Chanting session is different as each one will be tailor made for the client's requirements at the time the chanting takes place.
Chanting sessions cost between £300 and £500, depending on the number of chanters and last approximately 1½ hours. The more chanters present, the more powerful the session.
A Chanting session can be done in your absence provided you provide a recent, full-body photograph of yourself. However it will be more beneficial if you are present. If not present, you can if you like listen to your session on the phone while it is being performed.
Chanting sessions can also be performed in your home or work place. In this case there will be an additional charge to cover the cost of, and time taken, to travel.
Symbolic Visualisations are very useful when you wish to make several changes in your life at once. They are more helpful than normal visualisations as they protect you from mistakes and thus you can avoid unpleasant side effects.
Philena started working with Symbolic Visualisations about 16 years ago, since then many "miracles" have happened in her client's lives. For example: huge debts have been written off by banks, people have found their soul mates, marriages on the edge of divorce have turned around and become blissfully happy, lumps, bumps and rashes have vanished, operations have become unnecessary, hysterectomies have been avoided, well paid jobs have been found, the list goes on and on.
A Symbolic Visualisation session takes approximately 1½ hours and costs £90. Occasionally a second session is required.
Philena has developed her own method of healing relationships. This is very useful if someone has left you, through separation, divorce or death. It is particularly useful if you have lost a loved one to a sudden death and were unable to say goodbye. It is also very helpful if you would like your relationship healed with a partner, parent, child, sibling, friend, boss or work colleague.
Philena's Relationship Healings consist of a mixture of visualisation, talking while in a deeply relaxed state – not hypnosis - and Toning. This type of healing usually only requires one session; however, if the relationship that needs healing is with your mother, more sessions will normally be required. Philena does not know why this is so, but mothers tend to need 2 or 3 sessions minimum. Please note that usually only one relationship can be healed in any one session.
Many people, who have Relationship Healings with Philena, arrive looking old, haggard and tired and leave looking young, joyful and full of energy. If you would like a before and after photograph, please bring your camera!
If you have a Relationship Healing with Philena, it does not necessarily mean that the person will re-enter your life, it means that the uncontrollable pain, anger and / or guilt that you used to carry, will be gone. You may still feel sad if a loved one has left you, but you will have lost the weight of the sadness.
Relationship Healings are done in your mother tongue, therefore a good knowledge of English is not required. If you cannot speak any English, you may bring an interpreter.
Relationship Healings normally cost between £120 and £180 and last from 2 to 3 hours.
Absent Healing means that you are not present when the healing takes place.
Working alone, Philena charges £100 per month for approximately 5 sessions.
Working with another healer each session costs £50. This enables more power to be built up which thus brings about quicker results. A minimum of 3 sessions for £150 is required the first time you book a session.
Absent healing can also be provided for other people in your life.
A photograph of the person will need to be provided before the healing takes place.
Philena also works in a state of deep trance with another healer to sort out complicated issues in a person's life, both by removing negative influences and by finding the right way forward. These sessions last approximately 1½ hours and cost between £150 and £210 depending on the nature of the problem. These sessions are recorded on to a cassette tape, which is then sent to you by 1st class mail or by airmail.


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Rising Tides Threaten Coastal Creatures
A recent report, Deadly Waters, details a new threat to endangered species: rising sea levels. After analyzing data from scientific literature, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service, scientists at the Center for Biological Diversity identified 233 federally protected species in 23 coastal states that risk habitat loss due to sea level rise.
By Nailah Morgan | December 23, 2013
And these species are not alone. Excessive flooding from rising sea levels combined with powerful Atlantic hurricanes, will lead to storm surges that thrust onto the coast, similar to the one that hit Atlantic City during Hurricane Sandy. Many coastal homes will be lost to rising seas. As climate change continues, coastal residents and wildlife will need to move further inland to survive threats from sea level rise.
The United States is home to more than 1,000 threatened and endangered species, and 1 out of 6 of those species rely on habitats like salt marshes and coastal forests that will be affected by rising sea levels. The state of Florida encompasses the fourth largest population of endangered species (120) and more than half are at risk from increasing sea levels, including Key deer and Loggerhead sea turtles which reside in different areas of the Florida coast.
With a small population of 800, Key deer—one of the first species to be listed as endangered—will be subject to decline at a rapid rate as nearly all of the area of the islands they inhabit rest less than three feet above sea level. The Key deer's habitats on the Florida Keys have already been reduced. Sea level rise will continue to swallow the remaining land and resources that they rely on to survive.
Thousands of female Loggerhead sea turtles nest each year on the coasts of Florida. These turtles will lose almost half of their nesting area at the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge itself—home to North America's most crowded nesting beaches—with a foot and a half sea level rise. This means that female loggerheads will have to scavenge for space as beaches shrink, digging up existing nests and spreading infection.
According to the report, scientists believe sea levels will rise an average of three to four feet this century. As a result, Key deer will lose much of their islands to water and beaches for Loggerhead sea turtles will disappear. Earthjustice relies on strong environmental laws like the Endangered Species Act to protect habitat and safeguard endangered species. As we adapt to climate change, we also work to mitigate the biggest carbon polluters by transiting away from fossil fuels.
The report recommends three key actions that could save endangered species from extinction due to rising sea levels: greenhouse emission reductions, protecting and restoring shorelines, and making room for species to move inland.
To protect endangered species—and ourselves—we cannot afford to delay action on climate change any longer.
Tags: Climate Change, Endangered Species Act, Fish and Wildlife Service, Oceans
Effective Litigation: The Antidote to Political Foot-DraggingNext Blog Post
Previous Blog PostFive Years Later and the Story of the TVA Spill Continues
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藤田医科大学 ホーム
Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues
Hidekazu Tomimoto, Masaki Nishimura, Toshihiko Suenaga, Sinichi Nakamura, Ichiro Akiguchi, Hideaki Wakita, Jun Kimura, Bernd Mayer
The distribution of nitric oxide synthase was investigated in human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, which is a marker for nitric oxide synthase in neurons and endothelial cells, revealed periadventitial nerve fibers in the arteries of the circle of Willis and their cortical branches, as well as the common carotid and subclavian arteries. The fibers were mostly nonvaricose in the periadventitial nerve trunk and were varicose within the adventitia. Patchy reaction products were distributed in the perinuclear region of each endothelial cell. Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media were weakly stained. Staining was particularly intense in regions with atherosclerotic changes, which consist of macrophage infiltration and proliferation of fibroblasts. In the neural parenchyma, two types of NADPH-diaphorase reactive neurons were differentiated. Type I neurons were intensely stained, medium-sized, and bipolar or multipolar. They were distributed in the cerebral cortex and white matter, mostly in the subcortical white matter. Type II neurons were lightly stained, small oval neurons with fine processes and were distributed in the cerebral cortex. Endothelial cells were intensely reactive for NADPH-diaphorase in the arteries, arterioles, and capillaries but weakly in veins. Immunohistochemistry for neural nitric oxide synthase labeled perivascular nerves in the larger arteries and those in the neural parenchyma. Both type I and type II neurons were labeled. Nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells and the nerve encircling blood vessels further suggests a dual control of cerebral circulation by nitric oxide in human brain.
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.124
Published - 11-1994
神経学
臨床神経学
循環器および心血管医学
10.1038/jcbfm.1994.124
「Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。
Nitric Oxide Synthase Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
NADPH Dehydrogenase Medicine & Life Sciences 72%
Blood Vessels Medicine & Life Sciences 60%
Arteries Medicine & Life Sciences 38%
Tomimoto, H., Nishimura, M., Suenaga, T., Nakamura, S., Akiguchi, I., Wakita, H., Kimura, J., & Mayer, B. (1994). Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 14(6), 930-938. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.124
Tomimoto, Hidekazu ; Nishimura, Masaki ; Suenaga, Toshihiko ; Nakamura, Sinichi ; Akiguchi, Ichiro ; Wakita, Hideaki ; Kimura, Jun ; Mayer, Bernd. / Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues. In: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1994 ; Vol. 14, No. 6. pp. 930-938.
@article{197639303766487594a1a13c0d49049d,
title = "Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues",
abstract = "The distribution of nitric oxide synthase was investigated in human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, which is a marker for nitric oxide synthase in neurons and endothelial cells, revealed periadventitial nerve fibers in the arteries of the circle of Willis and their cortical branches, as well as the common carotid and subclavian arteries. The fibers were mostly nonvaricose in the periadventitial nerve trunk and were varicose within the adventitia. Patchy reaction products were distributed in the perinuclear region of each endothelial cell. Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media were weakly stained. Staining was particularly intense in regions with atherosclerotic changes, which consist of macrophage infiltration and proliferation of fibroblasts. In the neural parenchyma, two types of NADPH-diaphorase reactive neurons were differentiated. Type I neurons were intensely stained, medium-sized, and bipolar or multipolar. They were distributed in the cerebral cortex and white matter, mostly in the subcortical white matter. Type II neurons were lightly stained, small oval neurons with fine processes and were distributed in the cerebral cortex. Endothelial cells were intensely reactive for NADPH-diaphorase in the arteries, arterioles, and capillaries but weakly in veins. Immunohistochemistry for neural nitric oxide synthase labeled perivascular nerves in the larger arteries and those in the neural parenchyma. Both type I and type II neurons were labeled. Nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells and the nerve encircling blood vessels further suggests a dual control of cerebral circulation by nitric oxide in human brain.",
author = "Hidekazu Tomimoto and Masaki Nishimura and Toshihiko Suenaga and Sinichi Nakamura and Ichiro Akiguchi and Hideaki Wakita and Jun Kimura and Bernd Mayer",
doi = "10.1038/jcbfm.1994.124",
journal = "Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism",
Tomimoto, H, Nishimura, M, Suenaga, T, Nakamura, S, Akiguchi, I, Wakita, H, Kimura, J & Mayer, B 1994, 'Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues', Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 930-938. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.124
Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues. / Tomimoto, Hidekazu; Nishimura, Masaki; Suenaga, Toshihiko; Nakamura, Sinichi; Akiguchi, Ichiro; Wakita, Hideaki; Kimura, Jun; Mayer, Bernd.
In: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, Vol. 14, No. 6, 11.1994, p. 930-938.
T1 - Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues
AU - Tomimoto, Hidekazu
AU - Nishimura, Masaki
AU - Suenaga, Toshihiko
AU - Nakamura, Sinichi
AU - Akiguchi, Ichiro
AU - Wakita, Hideaki
AU - Kimura, Jun
AU - Mayer, Bernd
N2 - The distribution of nitric oxide synthase was investigated in human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, which is a marker for nitric oxide synthase in neurons and endothelial cells, revealed periadventitial nerve fibers in the arteries of the circle of Willis and their cortical branches, as well as the common carotid and subclavian arteries. The fibers were mostly nonvaricose in the periadventitial nerve trunk and were varicose within the adventitia. Patchy reaction products were distributed in the perinuclear region of each endothelial cell. Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media were weakly stained. Staining was particularly intense in regions with atherosclerotic changes, which consist of macrophage infiltration and proliferation of fibroblasts. In the neural parenchyma, two types of NADPH-diaphorase reactive neurons were differentiated. Type I neurons were intensely stained, medium-sized, and bipolar or multipolar. They were distributed in the cerebral cortex and white matter, mostly in the subcortical white matter. Type II neurons were lightly stained, small oval neurons with fine processes and were distributed in the cerebral cortex. Endothelial cells were intensely reactive for NADPH-diaphorase in the arteries, arterioles, and capillaries but weakly in veins. Immunohistochemistry for neural nitric oxide synthase labeled perivascular nerves in the larger arteries and those in the neural parenchyma. Both type I and type II neurons were labeled. Nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells and the nerve encircling blood vessels further suggests a dual control of cerebral circulation by nitric oxide in human brain.
AB - The distribution of nitric oxide synthase was investigated in human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, which is a marker for nitric oxide synthase in neurons and endothelial cells, revealed periadventitial nerve fibers in the arteries of the circle of Willis and their cortical branches, as well as the common carotid and subclavian arteries. The fibers were mostly nonvaricose in the periadventitial nerve trunk and were varicose within the adventitia. Patchy reaction products were distributed in the perinuclear region of each endothelial cell. Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media were weakly stained. Staining was particularly intense in regions with atherosclerotic changes, which consist of macrophage infiltration and proliferation of fibroblasts. In the neural parenchyma, two types of NADPH-diaphorase reactive neurons were differentiated. Type I neurons were intensely stained, medium-sized, and bipolar or multipolar. They were distributed in the cerebral cortex and white matter, mostly in the subcortical white matter. Type II neurons were lightly stained, small oval neurons with fine processes and were distributed in the cerebral cortex. Endothelial cells were intensely reactive for NADPH-diaphorase in the arteries, arterioles, and capillaries but weakly in veins. Immunohistochemistry for neural nitric oxide synthase labeled perivascular nerves in the larger arteries and those in the neural parenchyma. Both type I and type II neurons were labeled. Nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells and the nerve encircling blood vessels further suggests a dual control of cerebral circulation by nitric oxide in human brain.
U2 - 10.1038/jcbfm.1994.124
DO - 10.1038/jcbfm.1994.124
JO - Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
JF - Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
Tomimoto H, Nishimura M, Suenaga T, Nakamura S, Akiguchi I, Wakita H et al. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human cerebral blood vessels and brain tissues. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1994 11;14(6):930-938. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.124


text:
Real Madrid 'pessimistic' over the chances of striker leaving this summer
Michel Durant
Photo by JORGE GUERRERO/AFP via Getty Images
Having bid farewell to a club legend in Casemiro, Real Madrid are now looking to close two more exits before the transfer window closes.
Defender Alvaro Odriozola and striker Mariano Diaz are both out of favour at the Santiago Bernabeu and have been made available for sale this summer.
And, according to MARCA, while Real Madrid are confident about securing an exit for Odriozola, they are very 'pessimistic' about the chances of Mariano leaving the club before the window slams shut in over a week.
Mariano is currently in his second spell at Real Madrid, having returned to the Bernabeu in 2018 after spending a year at Olympique Lyon. However, the 29-year-old has endured a torrid time at the club, having failed to get regular game-time and failing to make an impact when given a chance.
The centre-forward played just nine times in La Liga last season, scoring and assisting one goal apiece. With Karim Benzema firmly ahead of him in the pecking order, Mariano has been told that he does not feature in manager Carlo Ancelotti's plans.
But, up until now, the 29-year-old has been reluctant to leave the club. There has been interest from clubs like Fenerbahce, Getafe and Celta Vigo but the striker has stayed put so far, with still a year left on his contract.
With no fresh development on the matter in the past few days, there is now growing pessimism within the Real Madrid camp over the chances of Mariano leaving the club. Whether they can offload the striker or if he ends up staying for another year remains to be seen.
Related Topics:marianoreal madrid


One of the simplest ways of saving money on any heating system is to install effective controls. Not only does an effective control strategy save you money it also ensures that a comfortable temperature is maintained within the environment. When controls are used in air curtain applications we are not only trying to maintain a temperature in order to offer comfort and climate separation we are also looking to control the fan speed. Fan speed is important so that we can ensure the correct air velocity for effective climate separation.
Too little air velocity will mean that separation between the inside and outside environments is not maintained with a possibility of loss of heat from the building. Too fast a fan speed will cause turbulence where the airstream from the air curtain collides with the floor. Again this can result in the loss of valuable heat from the building.
The Thermoscreens Ecopower controller is supplied as standard with our complete range of heated air curtains for comercial application and is designed to prevent over heating at the building entrance and to provide measurable energy savings. Ambient air curtains are supplied with a remote control unit which allow the user to turn the air curtain on and off and to select one of three fan speeds.
The Ecopower controller can be set in Auto mode to ensure that consistent comfort levels are maintained by using the built- in thermostat. When used in this mode the air return temperature sensor on the air curtain is disabled allowing the air curtain to be controlled via the room temperature.
In addition, you can choose to enable weather compensation control to further enhance energy savings. In this mode the outside air temperature is used as the trigger to adjust the heat output of the air curtain. An alternative control strategy for areas where there is less foot fall may be to fit a door limit switch.
On electrically heated units ecopower has a fan over run function to prevent nuisance tripping of the thermal cut out. In situations where you have more than one air curtain fitted in the same room Ecopower can work in a master slave mode where up to 8 air curtains can be controlled using a single remote control unit.
The Ecopower controller can be manually controlled for either ambient, 50% or 100% heat output or can be connected to a BMS for full integration with the buildings control systems.
If the outdoor temperature sensor measures a temperature between 10oC and 15oC the air curtain will operate on half heat.


TALK about first-class travel. Young smooth fan lobsters spend their first weeks floating on a pillow of jelly. They latch on to a jellyfish and then kick back and relax while it does all the hard work. And as if free transport wasn't enough, the work-shy youths treat the hapless animal as their own private buffet.
The jellyfish fights back by secreting a thick mucus that covers the hitch-hiker from head to toe, cutting its oxygen supply and attracting microbes. With their lives at stake, the lobster larvae (Ibacus novemdentatus) spend half their time grooming themselves. They do this with an elongated appendage specialised for use as a sort of windscreen wiper (Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, doi.org/xrb).
Without this unique device, which is long enough to clean its entire body, jellyfish surfing would be almost impossible, says Kamio. With it, lobster larvae can dine at their leisure, taking anywhere from a few hours to several days to polish off their ride – at which point, the youngsters head off in search of their next mobile meal.


Usually, after using the air-cooled chiller for a long time, the company is prone to various failures due to the lack of necessary maintenance and maintenance. In the face of the occurrence of faults, enterprises need to conduct detailed inspections on the operation status of each component of the equipment in a timely manner. For the refrigeration system, electrical system, wind system, and water system, it is necessary to carry out key tests to determine whether their operations are normal. So, how do you deal with the common system problems of air-cooled chillers?
1. Refrigeration system: check whether the pipelines of the air-cooled chiller have cracks, damage, frost and condensation; air-cooled chillers have cooling pipelines, pipelines and casings, etc. No collision, especially in the welding of refrigerant pipelines, there is no leakage at the joint of the air-cooled chiller, but any oil leaks at the leaking place. You can also clean the pipe joints and joints with a clean soft cloth and soft paper. At the junction, investigate whether there is oil pollution to determine whether there is a leak.
2. Electrical system: Check whether the electrical system fuse of the air-cooled chiller is blown, whether the insulation of the electrical wire is intact, whether the circuit board is cracked, and whether there is looseness at the joint. In particular, the electrical connection is not a good touch, and the wiring screws and the connectors are easily released to form a bad touch.
3. Ventilation system: check whether the air filter, heat exchanger coil and fin of air-cooled chiller are excessively dusty; whether the air inlet and outlet are dredging; whether the fan and fan blade work is normal; Whether the size is normal, the water system is not normal, etc.
4. Water system: Check whether the water system of the air-cooled chiller is leaking; whether the water inlet and outlet are dredging; whether the pump is working properly. Listening to the power-on and listening to the sound of the compressor of the air-cooled chiller is normal, whether there is abnormal sound, the fan, the pump work with or without noise, the noise is not too large. The air-cooled chiller is under vibration and has low noise under normal conditions.


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Is Gamma Still Needed?: Part 6 - Analyzing Gamma Correction In The Frequency Domain
November 19th 2020 - 09:00 AM
John Watkinson, consultant
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To date, the explanations of gamma that are seen mostly restrict themselves to the voltage or brightness domain and very little has been published about the effects of gamma in the frequency domain. This is a great pity, because analysis in the frequency domain produces interesting results.
Is Gamma Still Needed?: Part 2 - The CRT & The Hurter And Driffield S-Curve
Is Gamma Still Needed?: Part 3 - The Program Chain, Surround Brightness Ratio (SBR) & The HVS
Is Gamma Still Needed?: Part 4 - The Weber Fraction, Distortion And Noise
Is Gamma Still Needed?: Part 5 - Processing Gamma Corrected Signals
In all types of imaging, one of the criteria is the sharpness of the reproduced image. The technical term is resolution; the ability of the system to distinguish between closely spaced details in the picture rather than running them together.
Resolution, which is absolute and has units, should not be confused with definition, which is a marketing term, is relative and meaningless. High definition is more meaningless.
Fig.1 shows a simple imaging system, consisting of a film camera that produces transparencies for projection. As the image passes along the chain, imperfections cause resolution to be lost. The resolution seen on the screen is the worst of the resolution of the two lenses and the resolution of the film due to finite grain size.
Fig.1 - A simple camera exposing transparency film for projection has three possible stages where resolution can be lost.
Television adds some complexity, because the image is scanned. In tube-type cameras, the equivalent of the grain size of film was the size of the scanning spot, which would be convolved with the detail in the image. Modern sensors use discrete photosites that should be comparable in size to the point spread function of the lens so that both have about the same resolution.
The scanning process in a television camera converts spatial frequencies into temporal frequencies. The frequency is the product of the scanning speed and the spatial frequency. Fig.2 shows that in a tube-type TV camera resolution can be lost in the lens, further lost in the finite size of the scanning spot and further lost if sufficient bandwidth is not made available for the video signal.
In a modern sensor, the rate at which the photosites are scanned becomes the sampling frequency, and according to sampling theory the highest signal frequency cannot exceed half the sampling frequency. For example, in 601, the luma sampling rate was 13.5MHz and that offered a video bandwidth of about 6MHz.
Fig.2 - In a traditional tube camera, the lens and the scanning spot size can impair resolution and any bandwidth limit applied to the video signal will also limit horizontal resolution.
TV changed from lines to pixel count as a metric, but a metric for what? We might think that lines or pixel count put a bound on the achievable resolution. In a linear system that is true. In a system that uses gamma, it is unfortunately not true.
Fig.3 shows a test chart can be made with black and white stripes and these would create a square wave in the output of an ideal camera sensor. However, the optical system of the lens and the aperture effect of the sensor combine to make the modulation transfer function that of a low pass filter. As we move the chart further away, more of the harmonics of the square wave are lost and eventually we are left with only the fundamental. The frequency of that fundamental tells us the horizontal resolution of the camera.
This is the basis of modulation transfer function testing used extensively for lenses. It's based on Fourier analysis, which in turn is based on linear addition of sine waves of various frequencies to synthesize waveforms. In other words all of the mathematical relationships between lens and sensor resolution, waveform and spectrum and scanning speed and bandwidth only apply when all of the transfer functions concerned are linear. William Schreiber pointed that out as early as 1986.
Fig.3 - In Modulation Transfer Function testing, and ideal test card will produce a square wave if there is infinite resolution and bandwidth in the camera. In practice as the spatial frequency increases the square wave will lose its harmonics and become a sine wave, but only in a linear system.
As is well known, gamma is a powerfully non-linear transfer function that is asymmetrical, in other words the effect at the black end of the luma gamut is quite different to the effect at the white end. This contrasts, for example, with symmetrical non-linearity such as the clipping of an over-driven audio amplifier.
When gamma correction is applied in television, none of the assumptions of linear information theory apply any more. The non-linearity of gamma introduces harmonics and increases the video bandwidth needed for a given resolution.
Fig.4a) shows the effect of putting a sine wave into a gamma corrector. The output waveform has been changed dramatically. We would expect the non-linearity would introduce third harmonics, and the asymmetry would introduce a second harmonic.
Fig.4b) shows a sine wave of twice the input frequency. The existence of a significant amount of second harmonic content is not in doubt.
Once upon a time cameras used analog signal processing between the sensor and the video output, but soon digital processing cameras were introduced because of the greater stability. The output of the sensor was digitized and then all processing could be done manipulating numbers. In addition to other steps, the gamma correction would be done in the digital domain. One would think this would be easy, requiring a look-up table, a piecewise linear approximation or some other suitable algorithm.
Unfortunately it is not easy, because of the harmonics caused by the non-linearity causes problems. Fig.5a) shows the spectrum of a sampling system where aliasing has been prevented using a band-limiting filter prior to the ADC. Fig.5b) shows what happens when gamma correction is attempted. The harmonics are generated after the anti-aliasing filter and the lower side band that reflects from the sampling rate now folds back into the baseband.
Fig.4 - At a) the asymmetry of gamma correction crushes the positive excursions of a sine wave and sharpens the negative excursions. Note the similarity of those negative excursions with the second harmonic sine wave shown in b).
As a result, digital processing cameras that perform gamma correction have to use oversampling to broaden the spectrum of the base band so that the harmonics due to the non-linearity do not fold back into the base band and can fit correctly within the available bandwidth. Once that is done, there can be a combined low-pass filter and decimator to return to the desired output sampling rate, such as 13.5MHz in SDTV.
The first reference I could find to oversampling gamma correctors is in a Sony Patent dating from 1996, which explains the bandwidth extension caused by gamma. It's US 6,515,699 and makes interesting reading.
It is useful to consider the effect of gamma on a minimal black and white TV system. After the camera is the gamma corrector and then there is a low-pass filter that prevents the TV channel going out-of-band. The receiver has a gamma characteristic that opposes most of the gamma correction to leave a small overall gamma.
If the sine wave emerging from the limiting case of Fig.3 represents the camera output, the gamma corrector will produce the waveform of fig.4a) which contains second and third harmonics. If we have a test card that is near the limit for NTSC, the fundamental will be just below 4.28MHz. The second and third harmonic content due to gamma correction are filtered out by the band-limiting filter.
What arrives at the receiver cannot be the gamma corrected waveform of Fig.4a), because the necessary harmonics have been removed. All that can be left is the fundamental, so we are back to a sine wave again! The sine wave is reduced in level because fundamental energy went into the harmonics.
At the receiver, that sine wave is subject to the gamma of the display, so the resultant light waveform cannot be a sine wave.
We must conclude that gamma is only reversible if the gamma corrected signal is not band limited. Band limiting a gamma corrected signal causes distortion as well as high frequency loss. The widely held assumption that gamma and inverse gamma cancel out is simply not true in television where there is always a bandwidth limit either due to channel width in analog broadcasts or the anti-aliasing filters in digital systems.
Fig.5 - In a normally operating sampling system, a), the anti-aliasing filter prior to the ADC prevents the lower sideband from interfering with the base band signal. However if the samples are gamma corrected, as in b) the second harmonic created by the non-linearity is after the filter, and the extended bandwidth folds back and results in aliasing.
One common test applied to a video channel is the multi-burst signal, which consists of bursts of various frequencies that are produced in a generator and used to test the response of a video transmission channel. If the frequency response isn't flat, one or more of the bursts will fall in level.
However, it is important to realize that the multi-burst signal consists of sine waves that have been gated to make the bursts. They have not been gamma corrected; they remain linear. So if you think that the multi-burst signal is measuring the resolution of your video system, you are wrong. It is measuring the frequency response of the video signal path, and in the presence of gamma the two are different.
If you don't believe that, try passing multi-burst through a gamma convertor, a box that converts between HLG and PQ or SDTV, and see what happens. As these formats have different gammas, the conversion must be non-linear and the result is not pretty. It's not a valid test, as a non-linear device doesn't have a conventional frequency response so it can't be tested.
How significant is this problem in practice? Well, resolution is limited by the weakest link in the chain, and in today's television standards the weakest link is the inadequate frame rate that causes smear in the presence of motion and makes high pixel counts pointless. High Definition describes the TV set, not the picture. The damage gamma does to resolution is largely concealed beneath the greater damage elsewhere. Interlace further concealed the problem in legacy formats.
In a typical video signal, smeared images occupy the bottom of the spectrum, leaving plenty of room above for the harmonics introduced by gamma.
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The Texas Spring Palace and the Fall of a Brave Man
May 8, 2019 February 2, 2008
Special to the Star-Telegram
An obscure monument south of downtown Fort Worth recalls a progenitor of the Stock Show and the tragedy that occurred there.
The 2008 Fort Worth Stock Show and Rodeo concludes tomorrow. Since its inception in 1896, the show has grown to world-class proportions, attracting almost a million visitors each year and pumping an estimated $100 million into the Fort Worth-area economy.
The "Texas Fat Stock Show," as it was called back in the day, wasn't the first attempt to promote the town along the Trinity. Years before, the seeds for what would become a spectacular civic success were sown in calamity and tragedy.
Until 1889, there wasn't much reason for anybody outside of the county, much less the state, to take notice of Fort Worth. That all changed in May 1889, with the opening of the Texas Spring Palace, the "Pride and Glory of Texas."
According to the Texas State Historical Association, the Spring Palace "served as an educational, cultural, and entertainment center for Texas residents and guests throughout the month." Covering a full city block just south of the original Texas & Pacific Station, promoters showcased all of Texas' goods in an attempt to lure investors, businesses and immigrants to the area.
The dark-green, three-story exterior featured "turnip-shaped cupolas and a massive center dome surpassed in size only by that of the national Capitol in Washington." It "looked like something out of a fantasy world."
The New York Times referred to the edifice as "a temple of products of Texas," with interiors that were "beautiful beyond description," and "handsomely arranged" grounds with "walks and a great variety of beautiful shrubbery."
Despite suffering a financial loss, organizers heavily promoted a second season beginning May 10, 1890. Thousands attended each day, culminating with an extravagant ball "under the auspices of the Cotillion Club" on May 30.
A festive crowd of 7,000 packed the ballroom that Friday night, including a thousand guests from Dallas who arrived via a train scheduled for the occasion.
About 10:25 p.m, witnesses reported a small blaze on one of the balconies. Within minutes, the entire building — built of wood and filled with dry, combustible, Texas-made products — was consumed by fire. Miraculously, only a few dozen people were injured.
There was one fatality. According to the Fort Worth Daily Gazette:
"The saddest incident of the fire was the death of Mr. Al S. Hayne, who gave up his life that others might be saved. He had left the building, but returned to help out the women and children, and nobly did he do it. As long as men could stay in and live he stayed, and while great flakes of burning grass and moss were falling on his body, setting fire to his clothes, he stayed there, handing out women and children to those on the outside; and it was not until he was literally burning alive that he abandoned his post, and then all had been saved."
Three years later, the Woman's Humane Association erected a monument to memorialize the 40-year-old Hayne (pronounced Hay-nie), a British engineer who had come to Fort Worth 10 years before his death.
For 115 years, the Hayne Memorial has survived, precariously positioned inside the narrow triangle formed by the awkward intersections of Lancaster Avenue, Main Street and Houston Street. It survived the fire that destroyed the first T&P Station in 1904. It survived vandals who stole Hayne's original marble bust in 1922, replaced by a bronze replica in 1934. It survived more than three decades under the suffocating Interstate 30 overhead.
And now it has even outlasted the treacherous traffic triangle that warded off those who might wish to pay their respects. Recognizing the historical significance of Hayne and the palace, city leaders used the Lancaster Avenue redevelopment project to eliminate one side of the traffic triangle. With the rerouting of Houston, the Hayne Memorial can be safely accessed from new walkways along the south side of Lancaster.
A visitor might wonder why Al faces west down Lancaster rather than north toward the courthouse, or east toward his native London, or south to the site of his heroic sacrifice.
A romantic might speculate that it's so he can offer a protective watch over the fruits of his heroism, crowded along the distant Stock Show midway each year.
For more information on the Spring Palace and Al Hayne:
www.tshaonline.com
www.fortwortharchitecture.com
www.rootsweb.com/~txtarran/
Steve Stockdale teaches as an adjunct faculty member in the Schieffer School of Journalism at Texas Christian University. He is a member of the Star-Telegram community columnist panel.
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Andalusia welcomes Rehobeth for home opener
Published 9:04 am Thursday, September 2, 2021
With two road games in the books, Andalusia (1-1) returns home to face Rehobeth (2-0) at 7 p.m. Friday, Sept. 3. It will also be Senior Night, as players, cheerleaders, and band members will be recognized at 6:30 p.m.
The Rebels will be playing in their third straight road game to begin the season. Last time out, RHS won, 16-6, at Ashford. The Bulldogs entertain the home crowd for the first time this year. Last week, AHS went up against 7A Fairhope and was shut out, 28-0.
Head Coach Trent Taylor said Rehobeth would be another strong opponent for the Bulldogs this week.
"They are playing extremely well, and last year's game was probably one of the tougher ones we had in the regular season. Their head coach Pate Harrison does a tremendous job. After having a lot of success at Elba, he has gone to Rehobeth and has those kids believing and doing really well."
He added his thoughts on being back in Andalusia after the Bulldogs had a pair of difficult road games to start the year.
"There's no doubt we are glad to be home. It is very nice not to have to pack up and go somewhere."
Taylor praised this year's senior class for the leadership and skills they bring.
"They are a great group of guys. Like the ones before them, they have worked extremely hard. They take a lot of pride in what we have here at Andalusia and what we're trying to do with our program. It's a really special bunch," he said.
Pate Harrison leads Rehobeth for the second straight year with a 9-4 record. Harrison is 63-31 overall in nine seasons with prior stops at Dale County and Elba.
Andalusia won the first-ever meeting between the two teams in 2020 with a strong second half. The Bulldogs held a slim three-point lead at halftime and scored three touchdowns to defeat the Rebels, 38-22.
PHS volleyball outlasts Kinston in five-set area thriller


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Schumer criticized for missing self-imposed deadline on voting rights package: 'Failing leadership'
Sen. Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., will delay the vote on election reform legislation until Tuesday, missing his self-imposed deadline to take up the voting rights legislation by the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday on Monday.,
Sen. Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., will delay the vote on election reform legislation until Tuesday, missing his self-imposed deadline to take up the voting rights legislation by the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday on Monday.
The pair of voting rights bills are in limbo after Democratic Sens. Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona and Joe Manchin of West Virginia on Thursday doubled down on their opposition to rolling back the filibuster rule, despite personal pleas from Schumer and President Biden.
SINEMA DOUBLES DOWN ON FILIBUSTER SUPPORT, DEALING LIKELY FATAL BLOW TO DEMS' ELECTION BILLS
"Due to the circumstances regarding COVID and another potentially hazardous winter storm approaching the DC area this weekend, the Senate will adjourn tonight," Schumer announced late Thursday.
Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York is seated before a Senate Rules and Administration Committee oversight hearing on the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the Capitol on Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022, in Washington. (Elizabeth Frantz/Pool via AP)
Rather than keeping the Senate in all weekend to meet his Monday deadline, Schumer sent the lawmakers home, citing the snowy forecast on the East Coast and alluding to the COVID-19 case of Sen. Brian Schatz, D-Hawaii, that put the Democrats' perilous 50-seat majority down one person.
Schumer said the planned recess for next week will be delayed so lawmakers can return to Washington on Tuesday to take up the voting rights legislation.
"Make no mistake, the United States Senate will — for the first time this Congress –debate voting rights legislation beginning on Tuesday," Schumer said.
SENATE FILIBUSTER FIGHT: WHAT'S IN DEMOCRATS' VOTING BILLS AT CENTER OF SHOWDOWN?
Sen. Joni Ernst, R-Iowa, called Schumer's competence into question.
Schumer "can't meet his own deadlines," Ernst tweeted. "If you can't even run the Senate, what makes you think you can run America's elections?"
Sen. John Barrasso, R-Wyo., questioned whether Schumer has been overpromising because he's "scared" of a potential primary challenge from Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y.
"Chuck Schumer's failing leadership of the Senate has gone from bad to worse," Barrasso said in a statement to Fox News Digital. "He can't stick to a simple timetable, and then promises votes he can't win, and has to cancel or lose. Schumer must be running scared of AOC's shadow to think that this is the kind of governing the American people are looking for."
The missed deadline capped a tough day for Schumer and Democrats.
Biden made a personal visit to the Capitol Thursday to talk to Democrats on getting voting reforms passed, but before he arrived, Sinema took to the Senate floor and delivered the death blow by saying she won't vote to get rid of the 60-vote threshold.
Sen. Kyrsten Sinema, D-Ariz., delivers remarks on the Senate floor in support of the legislative filibuster, on Thursday, Jan. 13, 2022.
"I will not support separate actions that worsen the underlying disease of division infecting our country," Sinema said.
Manchin later issued another statement reiterating he will not get rid of the tradition of needing 60 votes to pass most legislation.
"I will not vote to eliminate or weaken the filibuster," Manchin said.
When Sinema and Manchin didn't give in, Biden invited them both to the White House Thursday night to discuss a pathway forward on the voting bills.
Still, it's unclear, what, if any, path forward Schumer and Biden have on passing voting reforms that Republicans resoundingly oppose.
Marisa Schultz is a politics reporter for Fox News Digital. Story tips can be sent to marisa.schultz@fox.com or @marisa.schultz.


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Managing Editor, Publications
About the Independent Institute
The Independent Institute is a non-profit, non-partisan, public-policy research and educational organization that shapes ideas into lasting impact through publications, conferences, and effective multi-media programs. Our mission is to boldly advance peaceful, prosperous, and free societies that are grounded in a commitment to human worth and dignity. Applying independent thinking to issues that matter, we create transformational ideas for today's most pressing social and economic challenges.
The Managing Editor is responsible for publications production at Independent, including overseeing the work of designers, copyeditors, and proofreaders, and indexers involved in the publishing of books, eBooks, audio books, journals, newsletters, white papers, and other items distributed by the Institute.
The Managing Editor assists the Senior Director of Publications in defining these projects and bears primary responsibility for the preparation, monitoring, and meeting of production and publishing schedules and for all follow-up actions, including the prompt payment of all vendors. The Managing Editor is also responsible for tightly integrating all production and publishing schedules with marketing, sales, and publicity schedules. To make certain that the various publications are published to specifications, on-schedule, and on-budget, the Managing Editor works closely with these teams, as well as with development, the research director, the heads of the Institute's centers, the editors of The Independent Review and The Independent (quarterly newsletter), and the creators of event materials and of the Institute's various monographs, briefings, reports, booklets, media collections. This includes, notably, the annual report, whose production is the personal responsibility of the Managing Editor.
Direction. Lead the production department by overseeing its core publications functions, developing creative guidelines and then directing creative work, assigning production-staff duties and projects, and establishing follow-up actions to ensure that best practices are employed in the design, production, handling, and on-time delivery of all electronic and print materials.
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Note: Depending on experience, this position may be filled either as Managing Editor or Director of Publications. The position reports to the Senior Director of Publications and Public Affairs.
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In Xanadu by William Dalrymple is a personal travel memoir of his journey along Marco Polo's footsteps from Jerusalem to Xanadu, the summer palace of Kubla Khan. As an avid traveler, William spends his summer break from Cambridge to take an overland journey from Jerusalem to Aleppo, to Eastern Turkey, across Iran and Pakistan, and finally through China until his final destination – Xanadu. Along the way he shares his encounters with locals and other travelers, funny stories, bureaucratic hurdles, and historic insights on the places he visits.
His detailed description of the towns, the landscape and architecture on his way let you piggy-pack along, as if he was painting the world he sees for you and allows you to join him on this journey.
William Dalrymple is an acclaimed author of history and travel books, and In Xanadu includes quite a bit of historic detail of the places he visits. Yet he does it in a refreshing and compelling way that draws you in, even if you are not a history buff. He tells you a story about the times past, full of anecdotes and interesting details. Not dates and time and other boring details, but the stories that you will actually remember a few years down the line.
All throughout the book, Dalrymple introduces you to the people he meets and their stories. Funny dialogues, paired with situational humor and cultural or language misconceptions make it a fun read. He shares these people's story, sometimes just a glimpse, sometimes he goes deeper. Some of those characters will float away after you read on, others will stick with you and you'll remember them like an old friend, as if you had met them yourself.
I love how this book swept me away to these foreign lands. Dalrymple's way of describing these exotic lands will teleport you to the far-flung places along his journey. His description is so vivid and detailed that you can SEE the towns he visits and the buildings he admires. In Xanadu pulls you in and you become part of it. After reading the book, it almost felt like I had been on this journey. As if I had truly seen those magical places and shared those experiences people on the way.
The stories and encounters with the people along his way range from adventurous to funny to downright scary, but he never fails to see the good in people. Dalrymple has the heart of a true traveler, always believing in the good in people and ready for an adventure. He draws people out through his conversations and you get to see a glimpse of their every day lives, their culture and traditions. While I am not a history buff, I truly enjoyed his interludes about the local history and the way he shared the story of a place.
I love history and travel, so I'm adding this to my to-read list. Thanks for sharing, Maria!
I'm always looking for new books to read. This sounds like a really interesting story about a part of the world I'd love to get to know. Thank you for this review – this book has been added to my list!
Xanadu is a RUSH song!
Haha, you are right Brian. Great song, but kinda long!