text:
Margot Woelk (ou Wölk) ( - ) est une des goûteuses d'Adolf Hitler. Elle faisait partie d'un groupe de quinze jeunes femmes qui, en 1942, ont dû tester la nourriture d'Hitler à la Wolfsschanze pour s'assurer qu'elle n'était pas empoisonnée. Margot Woelk était la seule survivante de ce groupe et ne témoignera de cet épisode de sa vie que deux ans avant sa mort, soixante-dix ans après les faits.

Biographie

Enfance
Margot Woelk naît le 27 décembre 1917 à Schmargendorf, un quartier de Berlin. Elle rapporte que son père a refusé de rejoindre le Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands (NSDAP) et qu'il a été condamné par la justice pour cette raison. Elle-même a refusé de rejoindre le Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM), l'organisation des jeunesses féminines du parti nazi.

Margot Woelk se marie en 1939 et travaille comme secrétaire au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Son mari est incorporé dans l'armée allemande et elle vit dans l'appartement familial de Schmargendorf. Durant l'été 1942, à l'âge de , elle fuit les bombardements de Berlin et se réfugie chez sa belle-mère à Groß-Partsch (maintenant Parcz), un village proche de Kętrzyn, maintenant en Pologne.

Goûteuse d'Hitler
Le quartier général d'Adolf Hitler, la Wolfsschanze (« tanière du loup »), est à deux kilomètres et demi à l'ouest. Le complexe, qui allait devenir l'un des nombreux quartiers généraux du Führer situés dans diverses parties de l'Europe occupée, est construit pour le début de l'opération Barbarossa - l'invasion de l'Union soviétique - en 1941. Selon la rumeur, les Alliés voulaient empoisonner Hitler. Il est donc décidé de faire goûter la nourriture du Führer par des femmes afin de s'assurer de son innocuité.

À peine arrivée, Margot Woelk est désignée pour faire partie de ce groupe de quinze femmes. Chaque matin, lorsque Hitler est à la Wolfsschanze, on vient chercher la jeune femme chez sa belle-mère pour la conduire dans un casernement dans le village voisin de Krausendorf. La fonction de goûteuse est réservée à des allemandes et, si elles sont rémunérées pour ça, elles n'ont pas le choix de refuser. Elles restent sur place durant une heure après avoir mangé, pour vérifier qu'elles ne sont pas malades, puis sont reconduites chez elles. La séance a lieu de 11 heures à midi et est très éprouvante pour les jeunes femmes. Les assiettes remplies de toute sorte de mets sont disposées sur une grande table de bois, dans la salle où ont lieu les tests. « Il n'y avait jamais de viande car Hitler était végétarien », dit Margot Woelk dans un entretien, « La nourriture était bonne, très bonne. Mais nous ne pouvions pas l'apprécier ».

Après l'échec de l'attentat du 20 juillet 1944, les mesures de sécurité sont encore renforcées. Les goûteuses ne sont plus autorisées à vivre chez elles, mais sont hébergées en semaine dans une école inoccupée près de la Wolfsschanze. C'est durant une nuit passée là que Margot Woelk est violée par un soldat SS.

Fuite à Berlin
Alors que l'Armée rouge n'est plus qu'à quelques kilomètres, un officier SS lui conseille de fuir et l'aide à rejoindre Berlin dans le train de Goebbels.

L'armée allemande abandonne la Wolfsschanze en laissant les goûteuses qui seront toutes fusillées par l'armée soviétique. Toutes sauf Margot Woelk.

De retour à Berlin, Margot Woelk trouve une ville dévastée. Elle est d'abord cachée par un médecin. Il ment aux soldats SS qui la recherchent, lui sauvant ainsi la vie lui aussi. Le 20 avril 1945, les Russes commencent à bombarder la ville. L'armée allemande se rend au bout de deux semaines, le 2 mai, et la ville tombe sous le contrôle russe. Pendant ce temps, Hitler s'est suicidé. Margot Woelk est alors enlevée et séquestrée par des soldats de l'Armée rouge. Ils la violent de façon répétitive pendant  de façon si brutale qu'elle souffre de graves blessures et ne pourra plus avoir d'enfants.

Après la guerre
À ce moment-là, elle souhaite ne plus vivre mais, en 1946, elle retrouve son mari Karl, qu'elle croyait mort, et reprend espoir. Karl est méconnaissable après les années de guerre et son emprisonnement dans un camp soviétique mais ils passeront ensemble les  suivantes jusqu'à sa mort en 1990.

Margot Woelk ne parle à personne de ce qui s'est passé à Gross-Partsch et qu'elle qualifie de pires années de sa vie, même à son mari. Cependant elle en rêve souvent. Ce n'est que quelques mois après son  anniversaire, le 27 décembre 2012, qu'elle révèle son rôle de goûteuse d'Hitler à un journaliste du Berliner Zeitung venu l'interroger sur sa vie.

Elle meurt en 2014.

Le point de vue des historiens
Selon un article de Sven Felix Kellerhoff dans Die Welt, Hitler n'avait pas de goûteur personnel. Cependant, Margot Woelk ne prétend pas avoir été à la Wolfsschanze. Le test préliminaire avait lieu en dehors. Vraisemblablement, seuls des échantillons de livraisons de nourriture étaient goûtés.

L'historien Arnd Bauerkämper lui, confirme qu'Hitler a utilisé des goûteurs parce qu'il avait peur d'être assassiné. Il avait son cuisinier personnel. En 1944, les services secrets britanniques ont abandonné le plan d'empoisonner le dictateur avec de la nourriture - parce qu'on soupçonnait qu'il utilisait des goûteurs.

Adaptations
Deux romans sont basés sur l'expérience de Margot Woelk :
 Rosella Postorino (trad. Dominique Vittoz), La Goûteuse d'Hitler « Le Assagiatrici », Paris, Albin Michel, coll. « Le Livre de Poche », 2019
 V.S. Alexander, The Taster, Kensington, 2018

Michelle Kholos Brooks a écrit en 2019 une pièce de théâtre Hitler's Tasters, librement adaptée de l'expérience des goûteuses.

Un court métrage, Guest Of Honor (2019), du réalisateur Justin Robinson, est inspiré de l'histoire de Margot Woelk. Voir en ligne

Notes et références

Personnalité féminine du Troisième Reich
Adolf Hitler
Naissance en décembre 1917
Naissance à Berlin-Charlottenbourg
Décès en avril 2014
Décès à 96 ans


text:
Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture: Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum
Carlos R. Fernandez Pulido, Jonathan Caballero, Mary Ann Bruns, Rachel A. Brennan
Ecosystem Science and Management
Between 62% and 92% of industrial and municipal wastewater in upper-middle, low-middle, and low income countries is discharged to the environment untreated, releasing valuable nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into rivers, lakes, and oceans (Lipponen and Nikiforova, 2017). This, in addition to excess nutrients often present in agricultural runoff due to overuse and misuse of fertilizers, can lead to eutrophication, often causing irreparable damage to aquatic ecosystems. For these reasons, new techniques must be found to effectively recover waste nutrients and upcycle them into natural soil amendments that can be used to enrich soil quality and grow food for future generations while minimizing agricultural runoff. Duckweed is a small floating aquatic plant that can hyperaccumulate nutrients present in wastewater and agricultural runoff and then be harvested and reused to replace or supplement commercial soil fertilizers. As part of a two-year field trial, duckweed was tested for the second consecutive year in this study as a soil amendment in comparison to, and in combination with, commercial fertilizer for the growth of sorghum, a drought-resistant grain. Relative to fertilizer in all cases, soils amended with duckweed generated less ammonia and nitrate in surficial runoff. No differences in P in cumulative runoff were found among the different treatments (p = 0.509). Additionally, duckweed application produced sorghum grains with greater N and P content than other treatments (1.63 ± 0.03% N (p = 0.001) and 0.35 ± 0.0% P (p = 0.016)). Duckweed treatments also showed increased soil residue carbon and P after harvesting the crop. When normalized by germination rate, sorghum yield was similar across treatments. In agreement with first-year findings, the results indicated that duckweed may be a viable alternative to commercial fertilizer from an environmental and agricultural perspective, providing acceptable yields and contributing to the buildup of beneficial nutrients in the soil profile. Additional testing is needed to further evaluate potential germination inhibitors, greenhouse gas emissions (ex., N2O), and efficacy when applied to different crops and soil types.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106273
10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106273
Dive into the research topics of 'Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture: Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
sorghum Earth & Environmental Sciences 100%
Nutrients Engineering & Materials Science 96%
alternative agriculture Earth & Environmental Sciences 93%
Araceae Agriculture & Biology 92%
Agriculture Engineering & Materials Science 84%
sustainable agriculture Agriculture & Biology 83%
Nutrient Chemical Compounds 81%
Fertilizer Chemical Compounds 78%
Fernandez Pulido, C. R., Caballero, J., Bruns, M. A., & Brennan, R. A. (2021). Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture: Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum. Ecological Engineering, 168, [106273]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106273
Fernandez Pulido, Carlos R. ; Caballero, Jonathan ; Bruns, Mary Ann et al. / Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture : Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum. In: Ecological Engineering. 2021 ; Vol. 168.
@article{1e519f2361b14699aa56ecda49330a15,
title = "Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture: Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum",
abstract = "Between 62% and 92% of industrial and municipal wastewater in upper-middle, low-middle, and low income countries is discharged to the environment untreated, releasing valuable nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into rivers, lakes, and oceans (Lipponen and Nikiforova, 2017). This, in addition to excess nutrients often present in agricultural runoff due to overuse and misuse of fertilizers, can lead to eutrophication, often causing irreparable damage to aquatic ecosystems. For these reasons, new techniques must be found to effectively recover waste nutrients and upcycle them into natural soil amendments that can be used to enrich soil quality and grow food for future generations while minimizing agricultural runoff. Duckweed is a small floating aquatic plant that can hyperaccumulate nutrients present in wastewater and agricultural runoff and then be harvested and reused to replace or supplement commercial soil fertilizers. As part of a two-year field trial, duckweed was tested for the second consecutive year in this study as a soil amendment in comparison to, and in combination with, commercial fertilizer for the growth of sorghum, a drought-resistant grain. Relative to fertilizer in all cases, soils amended with duckweed generated less ammonia and nitrate in surficial runoff. No differences in P in cumulative runoff were found among the different treatments (p = 0.509). Additionally, duckweed application produced sorghum grains with greater N and P content than other treatments (1.63 ± 0.03% N (p = 0.001) and 0.35 ± 0.0% P (p = 0.016)). Duckweed treatments also showed increased soil residue carbon and P after harvesting the crop. When normalized by germination rate, sorghum yield was similar across treatments. In agreement with first-year findings, the results indicated that duckweed may be a viable alternative to commercial fertilizer from an environmental and agricultural perspective, providing acceptable yields and contributing to the buildup of beneficial nutrients in the soil profile. Additional testing is needed to further evaluate potential germination inhibitors, greenhouse gas emissions (ex., N2O), and efficacy when applied to different crops and soil types.",
author = "{Fernandez Pulido}, {Carlos R.} and Jonathan Caballero and Bruns, {Mary Ann} and Brennan, {Rachel A.}",
note = "Funding Information: The support of a seed grant from the Institutes of Energy and the Environment at Penn State is gratefully acknowledged, as are the experimental advice and training provided by Andrew Kreider and Dr. {\"O}zg{\"u}l Calicioglu. Dr. Greg Roth is thanked for providing the sorghum seeds, and Don Rill from Penn State Extension is thanked for his agronomic advice. The assistance of Jonathan Caballero's car in collecting the duckweed was invaluable and forever appreciated. Funding Information: The support of a seed grant from the Institutes of Energy and the Environment at Penn State is gratefully acknowledged, as are the experimental advice and training provided by Andrew Kreider and Dr. ?zg?l Calicioglu. Dr. Greg Roth is thanked for providing the sorghum seeds, and Don Rill from Penn State Extension is thanked for his agronomic advice. The assistance of Jonathan Caballero's car in collecting the duckweed was invaluable and forever appreciated. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Elsevier B.V.",
doi = "10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106273",
journal = "Ecological Engineering",
Fernandez Pulido, CR, Caballero, J, Bruns, MA & Brennan, RA 2021, 'Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture: Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum', Ecological Engineering, vol. 168, 106273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106273
Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture : Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum. / Fernandez Pulido, Carlos R.; Caballero, Jonathan; Bruns, Mary Ann et al.
In: Ecological Engineering, Vol. 168, 106273, 01.10.2021.
T1 - Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture
T2 - Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum
AU - Fernandez Pulido, Carlos R.
AU - Caballero, Jonathan
AU - Bruns, Mary Ann
AU - Brennan, Rachel A.
N1 - Funding Information: The support of a seed grant from the Institutes of Energy and the Environment at Penn State is gratefully acknowledged, as are the experimental advice and training provided by Andrew Kreider and Dr. Özgül Calicioglu. Dr. Greg Roth is thanked for providing the sorghum seeds, and Don Rill from Penn State Extension is thanked for his agronomic advice. The assistance of Jonathan Caballero's car in collecting the duckweed was invaluable and forever appreciated. Funding Information: The support of a seed grant from the Institutes of Energy and the Environment at Penn State is gratefully acknowledged, as are the experimental advice and training provided by Andrew Kreider and Dr. ?zg?l Calicioglu. Dr. Greg Roth is thanked for providing the sorghum seeds, and Don Rill from Penn State Extension is thanked for his agronomic advice. The assistance of Jonathan Caballero's car in collecting the duckweed was invaluable and forever appreciated. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
N2 - Between 62% and 92% of industrial and municipal wastewater in upper-middle, low-middle, and low income countries is discharged to the environment untreated, releasing valuable nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into rivers, lakes, and oceans (Lipponen and Nikiforova, 2017). This, in addition to excess nutrients often present in agricultural runoff due to overuse and misuse of fertilizers, can lead to eutrophication, often causing irreparable damage to aquatic ecosystems. For these reasons, new techniques must be found to effectively recover waste nutrients and upcycle them into natural soil amendments that can be used to enrich soil quality and grow food for future generations while minimizing agricultural runoff. Duckweed is a small floating aquatic plant that can hyperaccumulate nutrients present in wastewater and agricultural runoff and then be harvested and reused to replace or supplement commercial soil fertilizers. As part of a two-year field trial, duckweed was tested for the second consecutive year in this study as a soil amendment in comparison to, and in combination with, commercial fertilizer for the growth of sorghum, a drought-resistant grain. Relative to fertilizer in all cases, soils amended with duckweed generated less ammonia and nitrate in surficial runoff. No differences in P in cumulative runoff were found among the different treatments (p = 0.509). Additionally, duckweed application produced sorghum grains with greater N and P content than other treatments (1.63 ± 0.03% N (p = 0.001) and 0.35 ± 0.0% P (p = 0.016)). Duckweed treatments also showed increased soil residue carbon and P after harvesting the crop. When normalized by germination rate, sorghum yield was similar across treatments. In agreement with first-year findings, the results indicated that duckweed may be a viable alternative to commercial fertilizer from an environmental and agricultural perspective, providing acceptable yields and contributing to the buildup of beneficial nutrients in the soil profile. Additional testing is needed to further evaluate potential germination inhibitors, greenhouse gas emissions (ex., N2O), and efficacy when applied to different crops and soil types.
AB - Between 62% and 92% of industrial and municipal wastewater in upper-middle, low-middle, and low income countries is discharged to the environment untreated, releasing valuable nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into rivers, lakes, and oceans (Lipponen and Nikiforova, 2017). This, in addition to excess nutrients often present in agricultural runoff due to overuse and misuse of fertilizers, can lead to eutrophication, often causing irreparable damage to aquatic ecosystems. For these reasons, new techniques must be found to effectively recover waste nutrients and upcycle them into natural soil amendments that can be used to enrich soil quality and grow food for future generations while minimizing agricultural runoff. Duckweed is a small floating aquatic plant that can hyperaccumulate nutrients present in wastewater and agricultural runoff and then be harvested and reused to replace or supplement commercial soil fertilizers. As part of a two-year field trial, duckweed was tested for the second consecutive year in this study as a soil amendment in comparison to, and in combination with, commercial fertilizer for the growth of sorghum, a drought-resistant grain. Relative to fertilizer in all cases, soils amended with duckweed generated less ammonia and nitrate in surficial runoff. No differences in P in cumulative runoff were found among the different treatments (p = 0.509). Additionally, duckweed application produced sorghum grains with greater N and P content than other treatments (1.63 ± 0.03% N (p = 0.001) and 0.35 ± 0.0% P (p = 0.016)). Duckweed treatments also showed increased soil residue carbon and P after harvesting the crop. When normalized by germination rate, sorghum yield was similar across treatments. In agreement with first-year findings, the results indicated that duckweed may be a viable alternative to commercial fertilizer from an environmental and agricultural perspective, providing acceptable yields and contributing to the buildup of beneficial nutrients in the soil profile. Additional testing is needed to further evaluate potential germination inhibitors, greenhouse gas emissions (ex., N2O), and efficacy when applied to different crops and soil types.
U2 - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106273
DO - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106273
JO - Ecological Engineering
JF - Ecological Engineering
Fernandez Pulido CR, Caballero J, Bruns MA, Brennan RA. Recovery of waste nutrients by duckweed for reuse in sustainable agriculture: Second-year results of a field pilot study with sorghum. Ecological Engineering. 2021 Oct 1;168:106273. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106273

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ready for some the most amazing pools in Tulsa? Will Paul Tammy's year pools and spas came in to provide you some the best pools in the nation. Give them a call to they can do for you. The provide some of the best Infini pools ever. When the cool things that Infini pulls they look like they go on forever. That's why they're called affinity pools and that's what they look like to go on forever. They really look really cool and they really unique because they really mesh with the whatever scenario inseam is in the background. Whether be more water or like a mountain. Give them a call to see how you get infinity pool today at 918-884-8427 or even visit the beautiful website on the wonderful World Wide Web at sierrapoolsandspas.com.
When the most amazing things about seer pools and spas that they actually care about you. They don't just care about you with a care about their employees to. The reason why is because the family-owned. Give them a call and see why Paul Tammy really have a passion for you and their employees. They really created tuples and spas to provide a great service that wasn't actually there. It was annexing there because all the contractors were really awful they never came on time. That's what they have an on-time guaranty.Great job at finding the best pools in Tulsa and you no longer havae to keep looking.
Seer pools and spas to get with you and your family. They really want show you how innovative and creative their pools and spas are. They will actually customizable specifically to your backyard and your needs. If you're interested in that give them a call because they would love to speak with you to give you your free consultation today. The provide some of the best service and actually have great financing with zero down. They would love to provide you with these great financing opportunities.Great job at finding the best pools in Tulsa and you no longer havae to keep looking. They really love pools and they really love serving you in the community.
If you're ready for some the best pools and spas than getting to contact with Paul and Tammy today. They can't wait to speak with you and can't wait to show you how customizable their services to you. They're so customizable that they will actually look at your backyard and see where your pool go how it will fit in the make you a 3-D virtual design of the pool. Yes they will give you a virtual design even with a quote. If you accept that quote all you do is sign some papers and you got a pool. It's that simple just give them a call today and see what they can do for you.Great job at finding the best pools in Tulsa and you no longer havae to keep looking. The passion is pools.
If you're ready for the pool to get in your backyard today give them a call and follow the simple steps. Call them. Did your incredible free consultation. An amazing 3-D virtual tour of your pool with a quote. Sign some papers. Get a pool. Guess it's that simple all you have to do is follow the steps in your the pool. Give them a call at 918-884-8427 C can schedule your free consultation or even visit the beautiful website on the wonderful World Wide Web at sierrapoolsandspas.com.
Are you ready for some of the best spas? Maybe ready for that amazing pool that you've been wanting for a long time. Maybe just want to spin your taxes money that great pool. We'll see what was can't wait to get contact with you today. Maybe you're tired of waiting on your contractor to finally people in. Will make a fire contractor and higher seeable. They came to give you the best service in the most beady of time. They really have a on-time guarantee and they will really give you a pool on time. Give them a call today at 918-884-8427 or even visit the beautiful website on the wonderful World Wide Web at sierrapoolsandspas.com.
One of the things is your pools and spas does different is provide you the best customer service. Those builders that provide you pools are you give you any customer service at all. They will just give you pool 3 to 4 weeks after you expected it. Seeable spas really provide you the best customer service. Paul and Tammy are some of the most amazing people McCamley to provide you some of the most amazing services in the entire industry in Tulsa so the greater Metro area.Great job at finding the best pools in Tulsa and you no longer havae to keep looking.
One of the things that sear pools and spas does that really sets them apart from the industry is really does customized pools. They don't give you cookie-cutter pools that they will cut to every part of the neighborhood. The provide use of the most customizable's you ever seen. It's insane what they can actually do for you. It's insane with shades they can make and what depth they can. Give them a call seeking schedule your free consultation see you can get a three virtual 3-D design or your pool actually look like. With that design you also get a quote which will be a great quote.Great job at finding the best pools in Tulsa and you no longer havae to keep looking. Leap into the pool of your dreams.
Sear pools and spas when the most innovative and family-friendly pool and spa company in the industry. The can't wait to speak with you they can show you how they are family-owned and they provide an on-time guarantee. The provide great 0% down financing. It's amazing what they can do for you and your family. The provide you the best infinity pools you ever seen. Their pools are state-of-the-art the pools are always getting better. Just always innovating on something a lot of pool companies don't do. They just want to say behind the times when here's your pools and spas I just want to provide you the best service ever.Great job at finding the best pools in Tulsa and you no longer havae to keep looking. Are you ready for the best pool ever?
If you're ready to finally take that step to putting the pool in your backyard makes you give sear pools was a call. They really excited about serving you in the can't wait to get contact with you today. They really want you to schedule your free consultation you can see what they can do for your backyard. They really also you give you great 3-D virtual Tours and show you what your backyard will look like in just a few weeks. Give them a call right now to see what they can do for your backyard at 918-884-8427 or even visit there wonderful website a beautiful World Wide Web that sierrapoolsandspas.com.


BILD Teaching Academy – is run by dentists for dentists to offer hands-on dental laser training courses. Courses are provided in the UK and Internationally taught in English by renowned specialist dentists.
Gain valuable experience in Laser dentistry with advanced techniques in clinical and cosmetic procedures. The 1 day course includes an introduction of lasers from fundamentals to clinical procedures, with hands-on in the afternoon performing over 22 clinical procedures using the Quicklase lasers practicing on sheep heads.
Courses include lunch and 6 CPDs as well as BILD certification. Courses hold up to 20 delegates allowing for a more personal hands-on training experience with laser specialists.
What makes BILD stand out from the crowd is the practical aspect, which allows you to leave the course and have the confidence to start using a laser straight away.
For BILD Middle East overseas, contact us for costs and dates.
Visit the BILD website for further information, call us on 01227 780009 or complete the form below to book your place and we will call you to confirm.
Please note that we cannot refund cancellations and for any venue date changes, we can only move you to the next available course, we are not liable for any hotel, transport costs or any other fees.
A password is required for the following options (in your manual under Training section), password must be in CAPS.
NB The training and demo materials are in PDF or PPT format. To view PDF files you will need a pdf reader such as Adobe Reader. If you do not already have this installed you can download Adobe Reader here free.
For consultant led on-line training, you need to make an appointment with us.
Consultant led training/demo. (Needs to be pre-booked).


text:
Burmese Translation Services
Burmese Translations
We provide English to Burmese translation by certified Burmese translators with years of experience. Our translation is done with utmost professionalism and accuracy that not translates the source but conveys the true meaning of the content. Our Burmese translators have native-language proficiency and well-versed in subject matters relating to specific industries such as Marketing, I.T, Legal, Tourism & Travel and more. Our translators are based both in Malaysia and in Singapore.
VEQTA Translations is a language service provider in Malaysia that can provide localization and translation into most commercial languages. We have subject matter experts available for perfect Burmese translation for most major industries. We adhere to localization best practices such as styleguides, glossaries, CAT Tools and full quality assurance processes. Our clients from Selangor, Johor, Sabah, Penang and Singapore rely on us for a high quality and accurate Burmese translation of all types of documents and content.
We approach Burmese translation by a proven 3 step process for best result and consistent quality:
2. Burmese Editing Once the translation has passed certain quality criteria, it's passed to the Editor. The Burmese Editor is a senior translator who will go through and polish the text, e.g correcting syntax, grammar and flow.
1. Burmese Main Translation Phase Our native Burmese translators will be assigned on the project according to their experience with similar content. We only use experienced native translators who have been thoroughly vetted by language testing proficiency tests.
3. Burmese Proof checkingAs a final quality assurance step, we will go through the Burmese documents again to give it an overall quality check, check on typos, any missing content and correct any inconsistencies in the translation.
We can provide Burmese translation integrated into your marketing material, online platform, website, portal or system.
Burmese Translation
Burmese Voiceover
Burmese Subtitling
Burmese Subject Expertise
Translate English to Burmese
Our Burmese Language Translators provide a Burmese translation services second to none. We translate Burmese accurately and professionally for all major industries and we can assign a skillful Burmese translator and Editor for any type of document and content for translation English to Burmese or for Burmese to English translation.
The Burmese language is the official language of Myanmar, formerly known as Burma. In the constitution, it is officially called the Myanmar language, but Burmese is the name that most use to identify it. About 34 million people speak it as a native language, while another 10 million speak it as a second language. It is usually associated with the Bamar people, an ethnic group with roots in Myanmar. However, as the Myanmar population consists of many ethnic groups, and these groups are categorized based on region rather than language, Burmese is used among all regions in Myanmar, especially as there is a strong government policy to promote it. While it is spoken mainly in Myanmar, Burmese speaking communities can be found in various parts of the world, including in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, and in the United States. Our Burmese translators are well versed in most major industry fields and subjects such as Finances, Business, Manufacturing, Safety and Legal documents for a high quality Burmese translation.
Notable features of Burmese that speakers of European languages may find unusual or different include the fact that it is a tonal language (like Chinese), the syntax (subject-object-verb), and the grammatical patterns. For example, all verbs have particles attached to them indicating different meanings such as tense, whereas in many European languages, verbs are conjugated into different forms. Another characteristic of Burmese that differentiates it from larger world languages is its highly disglossic nature. That is, the register of Burmese used in media, literature, and other more 'formal' situations differs tremendously from more colloquial varieties. These differences can manifest themselves in terms of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Such disglossia makes it difficult for people who are not educated or literate in Burmese to understand and use media and other written forms of Burmese, and to interact in more formal situations.
Burmese Translators
Burmese Editors
Burmese Copywriters
Burmese Reviewers
Burmese Voice dubbing
Burmese Transcription
Burmese language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages; this group includes the various Chinese varieties (e.g., Mandarin, Cantonese, etc.) as well as languages found in Tibet (e.g., Tibetan), and even some languages that are spoken in Thailand. Pali, an ancient language, had a profound effect on Burmese due to it being the language of Theravada Buddhism in earlier times, a religion that wielded considerable influence in Myanmar. Even today, 89% of the population practices Theravada Buddhism to some extent. Thus, much of the vocabulary that is found in Burmese can be traced back to Pali roots. Other influences in earlier times included the Mon language, Sanskrit, Hindi, and Chinese. More recently in history, there has been influence from European languages as well, such as Portuguese. Most notably, during the British colonial period and after it, English took part in shaping Burmese vocabulary. Interestingly, after the end of British rule, there has been a conscious effort by the government to eliminate, or at least constrain, the use of English loanwords and the English language in general. Therefore, many words have been created to replace English words and to identify new concepts in technological and scientific fields. These loan words are usually derived from Pali.
The Burmese writing system stems from the Brahmic script around the 12th century. Other scripts that have similar roots include Khmer, Thai, Lao, Devanagari, and more. Similar to these other writing systems, the Burmese script is an abugida. In this category of scripts, there is a main consonant with an inherent vowel sound, and certain marks denote a shift in this sound. There are 33 main consonants and 12 vowels. Like many other world languages in general, Burmese is written from left to right and from top to bottom. Even though Burmese is a tonal language, the tone is not marked in the readings and therefore must be implied from the context.
It has its own unique punctuation and formatting rules as well. For example, there are no space between words, but sometimes there are spaces between clauses to facilitate reading.
Historically, the standard Burmese of nowadays has roots in the language that is spoken around the vicinity of the Irrawady River Valley. In ancient times, the Pyu people spoke a Tibeto-Burman language, a language from which Burmese stems. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there was much contact and influence from both Pali and Mon languages, as groups speaking these varieties occupied the area that we know as present-day Myanmar. Influence from European languages occurred throughout the 16th to 19th century. Various factors such as trade and colonization affected the development of the Burmese language by the influence of European languages, such as Portuguese. In the 19th century, due to British colonial influences in politics and education, English was used as the primary language of education. After British rule, and since 1989, Burmese has been the official language of Burma, now known as Myanmar.
Nowadays, Burmese continues to be used as both official and colloquial languages in Myanmar. In regards to current dialectal differences, the major two varieties are categorized by Upper Burma (the Mandalay dialect) and Lower Burma (the Yangon dialect). Many differences occur in vocabulary rather than pronunciation. Overall the Yangon dialect is more representative of the standard dialect, as the media, economic influencers, and main political institutions are more likely to be based in Yangon or around that region. There is high government control over the language and they regulate its development, especially monitoring it for foreign influences such as English-based vocabulary, but also in terms of assuring that the population speaks it. For instance, minority languages are highly discouraged in both public and private sphere, and especially in terms of education.
A dedicated team of Burmese translators who combines Experience, Specialized Subject Matter Expertise with best Translation Practices to deliver quality second to none.
Burmese Document Translation
Burmese Legal Translation
Burmese I.T Translation
Burmese Health & Fitness Translation
Burmese Medical Translation
Burmese Marketing Translation
Burmese Financial & Accounting Translation
Burmese Tourism & Travel Translation


text:
BYP x AirGo
Spelman to admit transgender students starting in 2018
by Keith Reid-Cleveland
Education, Gender and Sexuality, HBCUs, News
Single-sex institutions have often been viewed as strict and non-compromising when it comes to admissions and overall culture. Spelman College, the historic women's only HBCU in Atlanta, Ga., isn't one of them.
In a letter recently sent to students, President Mary S. Campbell has announced that Spelman will offer admission to transgender students beginning in the 2018-19 school year after changing the school's policy.
"Spelman College, a Historically Black College whose mission is to serve high-achieving Black women, will consider for admission women students including students who consistently live and self-identify as women, regardless of their gender assignment at birth," reads the new policy. "Spelman does not admit male students, including students who self-identify and live consistently as men, regardless of gender assignment at birth. If a woman is admitted and transitions to male while a student at Spelman, the College will permit that student to continue to matriculate at and graduate from Spelman."
RELATED: I Will Tell If You Don't: HBCUs, Gender, and Sexual Violence
This is a major move that will surely lead to a lot of extra attention for the university. Don't be surprised if the decision is instantly met with concerning and transphobic rhetoric from the general public and those with ties to the institution. Hopefully, this will lead to a more accepting world starting on Spelman's campus and expanding from there.
"In adopting this admissions policy, Spelman continues its fervent belief in the power of the Spelman Sisterhood, wrote Campbell. "Students who choose Spelman come to our campus prepared to participate in a women's college that is academically and intellectually rigorous, and affirms its core mission as the education and development of high-achieving Black women."
admissions, Mary S. Campbell, Spelman, Trangender
Keith Reid-Cleveland
Keith Reid-Cleveland is a proud product of Chicago's Southside and the Missouri School of Journalism. The Black Youth Project News Editor has written about politics, race and entertainment for multiple publications, such as Uproxx, The Undefeated, Black Nerd Problems, Comic Book Resources and more.
Follow BYP
67,260 Facebook Likes
340 Tumblr followers
Combating colorism: All Black children are worth defending
The Revolution of Black Mothering: Confronting a future that doesn't always include us
We need to respond to PTSD with community care
BYP on Twitter
Tweets by BlackYouthProj
BYP on FB
Black Youth Project
You can get all of our newest stories and updates on BYP research in your inbox.
*Email Lists
General Interest/Newsletter
BlackBloggers
Chicago Public Media
PetitionSignatures
Pledgers List
*Required field. Your email will never be distributed to any third-parties and you can unsubscribe at anytime. More >
Work w/BYP
© 2020 Black Youth Project. All Rights Reserved.


text:
New study undermines the theory that depressed people are just more realistic
Photo credit: Hieu Van
Are depressed people simply more realistic in judging how much they control their lives, while others view the world through rose-colored lenses, living under the illusion that they have more control than they do?
That's the general idea behind "depressive realism," a theory that has held sway in science and popular culture for more than four decades.
The problem is, it's just not true, new research finds.
"It's an idea that exerts enough appeal that lots of people seem to believe it, but the evidence just isn't there to sustain it," says Professor Don Moore, the Lorraine Tyson Mitchell Chair in Leadership and Communication at UC Berkeley's Haas School of Business and co-author of the study, in press at the journal Collabra:Psychology. "The good news is you don't have to be depressed to understand how much control you have."
Depressive realism
The concept of depressive realism stems from a 1979 study of college students examining whether they could predict how much control they had over whether a light turned green when they pushed a button. The original research concluded that the depressed students were better at identifying when they had no control over the lights, while those who weren't depressed tended to overestimate their level of control.
Moore and his colleagues set out to try to replicate those findings as part of a broader effort to restore trust in scientific research, much of which is woven into the fabric of the scientific community and wider culture. Researchers are revisiting bedrock studies to shore up the most basic of scientific principles: Can the research—and its conclusions—be replicated?
Why test the theory of depressive realism in particular? Its decades-long infusion into science, culture, and even potential mental health treatment policy makes it important, Moore says. The original study, for instance, was cited more than 2,000 times in subsequent studies or research, according to Google Scholar.
"At the top of the list of reasons why we ought to revisit this particular article is its widespread acceptance in both the scholarly and popular literature," says Moore, who studies overconfidence, confidence, and decision-making. "That means a lot of people are building theories or policies premised on this effect being true. If it's not, it's really important to establish that."
Replicating the original study
Moore co-authored the study with University of California Berkeley psychology professor Sheri Johnson and former undergraduate student researcher Karin Garrett, BA 21, along with University of Miami doctoral student Amelia Dev, BA 17.
The authors studied two groups of participants, whom they screened for depression via a questionnaire. The first group of 248 participants came from Amazon's Mechanical Turk, an online service that provides paid survey-takers and study participants from a range of backgrounds, in this case all over 18 years old. The second group was made up of 134 college students who participated in return for college credit.
The researchers added or used more modern and robust measurements for the study. For example, they added a mechanism to measure bias, and experimentally varied the amount of control participants actually had.
Participants performed a task similar to that in the 1979 study. In 40 rounds, each chose whether to press a button, after which a lightbulb or a black box appeared. Each was told to figure out whether pushing (or not pushing) the button impacted whether the light came on. After the rounds, each reported how much control they had over the light.
Both the online groups and college student groups were split into three experimental conditions. Each condition experienced different relationships between the button and the light during the 40 rounds. The participants in the first two conditions had no actual control over the light's appearance, yet saw it illuminate one-quarter or three-quarters of the time, respectively. Participants in the third condition had some control, seeing the light three-quarters of the time after pushing the button.
The researchers were unable to replicate the original study's results. In fact, people in the online group with a higher level of depression overestimated their control—a direct contradiction to the original study. The researchers note that findings may be driven by anxiety rather than depression, an observation Moore says merits further study.
In the college student group, depression levels had little impact on their view of their control, the authors found.
Researchers also tested for overconfidence. Study participants were asked to estimate their scores on an intelligence test. Depression had no impact there, either.
Results undermine the theory
The results, Moore says, undermined his belief in depressive realism.
"The study does not suggest that there are benefits to being depressed, so no one should seek depression as a cure to their cognitive biases," Moore says.
Imagine, for example, a manager hiring someone who is depressed because they believe—based on the original study—that the person is less likely to be overconfident and will have better judgment. That would be a mistake, Moore says.
While depression may not improve judgment, the issue of how to accurately gauge our level of control in various situations has broader implications throughout life, Moore says.
"We live with a great deal of uncertainty about how much control we have—over our careers, our health, our body weight, our friendships, or our happiness," says Moore. "What actions can we take that really matters? If we want to make good choices in life, it's very helpful to know what we control and what we don't."
Source/Credit: University of California, Berkeley | Haas School of Business | Rachel Layne
psy101222_01
Labels: Psychology


text:
Home / The Team
The Multiple International team is gathered from the world's best talents to form a unique blend of producers, strategists, creatives, designers, post-production artists and technicians.
Philippe Skaff
CEO/Chief Creative Officer, Multiple International
To many Philippe Skaff is the reference when it comes to Arab creativity; he is best known for one of the most celebrated business success stories in the MENA region. From 2001 to 2011 he took the Grey Communication Group from a virtually unknown brand to sit among the top three regional agencies, spreading its presence to 11 Arab capitals.
Philippe was brought up in Canada where he started his career, after graduating from Laval University in Visual Communication Arts in 1979. In the late eighties he landed a job as a creative director in Dubai. His bold and innovative approach changed the advertising landscape in the Arab world over two decades.
Known for producing videos, movies and books, he produced and directed the critically acclaimed short film Lesson Number Five. He has also published a hard hitting photography book, The Concrete Republic, about urban degradation and has pioneered campaigns to champion the rights of women and fight against corruption and secularism.
He is a regular lecturer and TV host on subjects ranging from fashion to design to environment and singlehandedly founded the Green Party of Lebanon in 2008. Philippe sits on the advisory board of the American Lebanese University of architecture and is an executive member of the National Heritage Foundation.
In 2011 he sold his shares at Grey to start Multiple International, an urban creative project company, and was the creative architect for the Clusters Of Light oratorio.
Wassim Rizk
Managing Partner, Multiple International
Wassim is a communication specialist bringing 23 years of experience in the fields of marketing and advertising.
He started his career in the US as a marketing executive, representing high-end Italian designer furniture brands in the Northeastern corridor.
He moved to Dubai, working as marketing director for one of the largest UAE distributors, overseeing consumer brand communications for Kellogg's, Heinz and Cadbury.
After three years in Dubai, Wassim was appointed as marketing director for Brown & Williamson (which later became part of BAT) for the Levant area, looking after their portfolio of brands that included Lucky Strike, Kent, Pall Mall and Viceroy.
Throughout his career, Wassim has displayed a flair for creative thinking, working closely with various planning and creative teams on the development of brand campaigns.
His contribution is well documented and he is credited with a number of memorable brand straplines such as the 2006 Doha Asian Games campaign - "The Games of your life".
He is a co-founder of Multiple International, the creative project company. Wassim was the chief producer for the highly acclaimed Clusters Of Light oratorio.
Richard Lindsay
Head of Creative, Multiple International and AIM
Richard is a leading creative director, globally recognised in the highly specialised field of experience media.
With over 20 years experience in the design industry, Richard has forged a unique career in the creative media arts, encompassing some of the most ambitious and complex storytelling challenges of our times.
Richard's inventive spirit and passion for innovation has been a leading influence on highly acclaimed productions such as the first European Games in Baku 2015 and the Hong Kong Pulse light shows, both in 2015, the Clusters Of Light stage spectacular in Sharjah 2014, the Vivid Festival in Sydney 2010-2014, the Shanghai World Expo and the Vancouver Winter Olympics in 2010, the Beijing Olympics 2008 and the Doha Asian Games in 2006.
As founder and Head of Creative for the Sydney based company Artists In Motion, Richard combines his artistic talents with a keen appreciation for the technical infrastructure that underpins his ambitious programs. His extensive creative contributions are complemented with a flair for strategy, helping direct the business through the shifting landscape of the digital age.
Jonny Old
Art Director, Multiple International and AIM
Jonny has worked on a huge variety of projects covering many disciplines including print design, branding, advertising, interactive, large scale events and motion design.
Over the last nine years he has worked on some of the world's most high profile events, including the Doha Asian Games, the Pan American Games, the Beijing Olympics, the FIFA World Congress, and Shanghai World Expo. His design expertise has been sought after by leading brands such Nissan, Lexus, Cisco, VW and Toyota.
Recently Jonny has become a specialist in large scale building projections for major events, notably Alfa Bank's Moscow Day which was the world's largest projection mapping show. He was also lead designer of Lighting The Sails, an unforgettably spectacular projection on the Sydney Opera House.
Other high profile projection designs include the award winning 'Gamma World' projection for Sydney's Vivid festival and the Hong Kong Pulse light show.
Jonny was a key member of the creative team and lead projectionist on the 2014 Clusters Of Light oratorio in Sharjah.
Stella Carmody
Executive Producer, Multiple International and AIM
Stella is a seasoned expert in experiential, film and theatre production, covering all aspects from concept development through to final delivery.
With an extensive background in the creative industries and arts management covering live performance, events and film, Stella has worked for brand and communications companies, arts organisations and film festivals.
Most recently Stella was a senior producer for Spinifex, previously working as head of film and multimedia for Avantgarde Brand Services China and senior producer for Avantgarde in Dubai.
Cultural projects Stella has recently worked on include the Clusters Of Light oratorio in Sharjah, the Vivid Festival in Sydney and Kspace - an interactive digital experience for children at the National Museum of Australia.
Mark Mcclelland
Creative Strategy Director, Multiple International and Artmap
Mark has a working lifetime's experience in art and design.
He previously founded and led the creative agency DesignTroupe, which won more than 50 design awards before becoming part of the PWW group. Between that career and the founding of Multiple International partner Artmap, Mark developed an art practice as a sculptor and public artist, combining his interests in design, landscape and art. During that time he was awarded the prestigious sculpture prize at Sydney's iconic Sculpture By The Sea event.
Not content with the constraints of a single artist practice, Mark founded Artmap Studio to offer a comprehensive end-to-end public art service to clients anywhere in the world.
Embracing collaboration across cultures and disciplines, Mark has worked in Asia, the Americas and Europe. He is a member of the Design Institute of Australia and has graduated from the College of Fine Arts, Sydney Institute of Design, the University of New England and the Sturt School. He also holds qualifications in environmental management and permaculture design.
Axel Arnott
Curatorial Director, Multiple International and Artmap
Axel Arnott is a respected specialist in the curation of contemporary architecure for the public landscape. After graduating from the University of Canberra with a degree in landscape architecture and a period of practice in that profession, Axel embraced the world of sculpture as curator then international curator for Sculpture By The Sea, a massively popular event held annually around Sydney.
Between 2000 and 2012, as well as being a key figure in producing Sculpture By The Sea exhibitions in Australia and Europe, Axel managed Sculpture International, a sculpture sales, project management, leasing and advisory service for government, corporate and private buyers.
Axel's experience encompasses art planning and strategy, major art event management, project management of monumental public sculptures, sculpture landscapes and private client installations, as well as countless public exhibitions.
He has worked with hundreds of artists and clients, design professionals, technicians and stakeholders on close to 2,000 individual sculpture installations across the full spectrum of media, scales and sculptural approaches. The experience gained in delivering such a diversity of projects is a key asset in assessing new opportunities and then managing them through the delivery phase with their artistic integrity intact.
Harry Partridge
Technical Director, Multiple International and Artmap
Harry is Artmap's technical director where he is able to exercise his fascination with structure in art and architecture and his interests in innovative design and sustainability.
Harry founded and led Artmap associate Partridge Partners, whose design and engineering work is visible in many of Australia's most prominent public sculptures. He continues to use his formidable engineering skills to work with artists and curators to design, certify and commission significant public art installations.
Harry graduated in engineering from Sydney University before undertaking a Masters in engineering science. One of Australia's most experienced structural engineers, particularly in the engineering of art installations, he is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers, Australia, and a member of several prestigious structural and engineering assocations in Australia and beyond.
© Copyright Multiple International Group 2019 All rigths reserved.


text:
Maine News Online
Is Bulova A Good Watch Brand? What You Should Know About The Bulova Watch
Good watches don't have to be expensive, very rare, and often difficult to obtain; these are why Bulova watch brand decided to release its range of products into the market. It is pretty common to see Bulova watches with chunky cases and flashy designs, and those features don't break the bank. Though there is some premium Bulova watches that cost higher than the average, most of the brand's watches are within a budget range. Just like another watch brand, Bulova seems to have something for everyone.
So, Are Bulova Watches Good?
Yes, Bulova watches are accurate and more affordable than many other brands, but they score low on water resistance and can be gaudy.
Bulova Watches- What You Should Know
The following is some essential information you should know about the Bulova watch brand;
1. History of Bulova Watch Brand
Bulova watch brand was established in 1875 when a Bohemian immigrant named Joseph Bulova opened a small jewelry store on Maiden Lane, New York City. Maiden Lane has now become a significant financial district in the city.
Mr. Bulova happened to be an experienced goldsmith and a watchmaker before setting up a watch business. The company's motive is to design and manufacture good quality American pocket watches. At the onset of world war 1, Mr. Bulova discovered that the fashion trend was shifting from pocket watches to wrist timepieces; he decided to embrace innovation, knowing that the future would likely be wristwatches.
By 1919 Bulova had switched entirely to wristwatch manufacturing and even displayed a complete set of men's watches at his store the same year.
2. Development and Evolution of Bulova Watches Over the Years
In the early 1920s, Bulova decided to move his watch manufacturing company to Biel, in Switzerland, and that is where he was able to mass-produce a wide range of watches, especially for men. The mass watch product was quite alien to the watch industry, but it helped Joseph Bulova upscale his line of business.
In 1926, Bulova became the first watch manufacturer to roll out a radio advertisement for its range of watches.
The Lone Eagle is one of the earliest brands of watches released by the company, and it was released in 1927. The Lone Eagle was launched to commemorate the first non-stop flight over the Atlantic- a feat achieved by Charles Lindbergh. Bulova went on to produce its first TV advertisement in 1941 during the football game between Philadelphia Phillies and Brooklyn Dodgers.
In 1945, Side Bulova, Joseph Bulova's first son, took after his father, opened the first watchmaking school in the country, and was named after his father. The school had focused on training the World war 2 veterans' watchmaking skills, but the facility later became a full-time rehabilitation center a few years later.
3. Early Bulova Watches
Bulova watches have evolved over the years with the release of new series constantly. By the 1950s, Bulova had become a household name in the watch manufacturing industry. In addition to making watches, the company also went into sports team promotion and other forms of advertising.
In 1951, Bulova introduced the Accutron- one of the earliest series. The watch was released under the theme "Accuracy and Electronic." This phase represented modern times, and the watch operated with a 360 Hz tuning component that vibrates at 360 times/second. This technology is similar to the vibrating quartz found in modern watches today.
This watch also had an accuracy of 2 seconds/day and remains very impressive till today because it exceeds many mechanical watches around. Accutron was not released until 1960 commercially until a few years after Hamilton released the first electric watch.
The Precisionist is one of the newest Bulova watches released in 2010. The watch was released when Bulova returned to providing ultra-accurate timepieces for its followers and consumers. The Precisionist relies on an ultra-high frequency quartz movement that periodically maintains a 10 seconds perfection.
4. Bulova Space Mission
In 1971, an exciting development was recorded in the history of the Bulova watch brand. It was the year some astronauts went to space and were spotted wearing the famous Omega speed master's watches. The watches were owned by NASA and were certified solely for the space exploration program. Bulova was motivated by this development and decided to create a watch for Apollo 15 exploration.
Commander David Scott was on preparing for his second lunar walk when his speed master's watch crystal popped out. Rather than proceed on the journey without a watch, David Scott decided to wear the Bulova 88510 chronograph watch as a backup. This story was even more incredible because Bulova had bided to be part of the space mission but was unsuccessful.
The same Bulova watch David Scott wore sold recently for more than $1.6 million at a private auction. In honor of this significant milestone, Bulova decided to reproduce the watch. This means that those who can't afford the original will surely afford the replicas.
5. The Controversies
Like most other top watch manufacturers, Bulova had passed through some controversial phases in its history. In 2008, Citizens bought the company for a massive $250 million. This purchase ended Bulova's reign as America's king of watchmakers.
While Bulova's headquarters remains in New York, the United States of America, most of its manufacturing processes happen in countries like Japan, Switzerland, and Hong Kong.
What Are The Pros Of The Bulova Watches?
The following are some of the great reasons you should consider switching to Bulova watches;
1. The Lower Price Bargain
This is one of the best reasons you should consider buying a Bulova watch. Many sceptics wondered how the takeover by Citizens would affect the affordability and manufacturing standards of Bulova watches; thankfully, Bulova is not an overly expensive watch today.
It is quite common to see some Bulova watches priced at more than $1000, and at the same time, there is a wide range of good quality options in the $300 and $700 price ranges.
2. Innovation
Bulova is a watch company that is not afraid of taking chances. From the pre-world war 1watch series to the production of the first watch ads on TV in America, Bulova remains one of the most innovative watch manufacturers around today. The advancement in timepiece accuracies has transformed the watch industry for the better.
3. Good Customer Care Service
One thing you will notice with the Bulova group is that they listen to customers' feedback. They have resized some of their watches and made them even more attractive than ever before. They constantly add those basic field watches and great chronographs to their lineup.
What Are The Cons Of Bulova Watches?
The following are some reasons why some people may avoid Bulova watches;
1. Styling
Bulova watch styling can be quite subjective. They are characterized by some wild and flashy designs that many minimalists really don't want. The flashy designs seem to appeal to fashionistas and the younger generation who prefer hippy accessories. The watches are characterized by some busy dials alongside swirls and circles that can appeal to the average guy. Fortunately, Bulova watch manufacturers are adding new styles that appeal to all categories of society.
They say Bulova watches are only good for the big guys, and that may seem to be somehow true. Most of the Bulova watches have a 44mm diameter or more, and that is quite big for some people who are not used to wearing bogus timepieces. There seem to be lug-to-lug length measurements for the watches too. The typical Bulova watch length may be more than 40mm.
3. Zero to Poor Water Resistance
It is possible to find some Bulova watches with great water resistance features; many of their watches are, however not good in terms of such.
Some Popular Bulova Watches You Should Check Out
The following are some of the finest Bulova watch options you should check out now;
Bulova Hack
This is one of the best field watches manufactured by Bulova. They are very compact and durable in design. It is a world war 2 era designed watch; hence it is military-inspired. It is a three-hand automatic movement watch and measures 38 x 47mm in width and length. The double-domed mineral Chrystal and stainless steel case complete the setup.
Bulova Chronograph-A
This is a flashy option, and it is a watch inspired by racers. It is a five-hand chronograph with pushers at 2 and 4 o'clock placements. This watch comes in beautiful color variants, and it comes with 200m of water resistance and measures 40.5mm in length.
Bulova A15 Pilot
The A15 is one of the big 44mm size watches from the brand. The lugs are curvy and short, thus making the watch comfortably wearable. It is also reasonably priced.
The Bulova Fly-me-to-the-moon, and Lunar pilot, are some other watches worth checking out.
Previous articleHow To Run A Successful Painting Business
Next articleImproving Your Business Accounts With Excel Invoice Templates
mainenewsonline_v5hrbn
Why Is My Window Air Conditioner Freezing Up?
Four Ways To Keep Your Small Business Up With The Times
Define: Real Estate Law
6 Major Smart City Initiatives From Around The World
How Long Does It Take For Mercury To Rotate?
Are Tardigrades Dangerous?
How Can Bitcoin Affect Parle G?
Common Credit Score Mistakes To Avoid
How To Use Southwest Travel Funds?
Cryptoverse: After Bitcoin 'Winter', Investors Hunt Risk In Virtual Worlds
MaineNewsOnline is a News, Finance, Home Improvement, Technology, Sports website. We always provide you with latest news and different ideas. Stay with us for regular updates.
Contact us: editor@mainenewsonline.com
How To Log Into Someones Facebook Messenge Without Them Getting A...
© 2023 All rights reserved byMaine News Online


The club organizes several events during the season which will be added here and added to the calendar.
If you want to learn what lawn bowls is all about then come along. There will be FREE "Learn to Bowl" clinics. Please bring a pair of smooth soled, heel-less shoes. We provide the rest of the equipment.


Central Coast Adventist School is a P-12 co-educational private school located in Erina, New South Wales, Australia. Founded in 1969, the school is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system.
The school was established in 1969. John Hammond was the first principal with 18 students. The school has grown to over 900 students today.


Announcement 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏𝐏𝐈𝐍𝐆 on orders of 2 or more! 𝐎𝐑 buy 3+ items from our shop and save 10%.
The Sugared Plums creates hand made personalized picture frames and signs for wedding gifts, anniversary gifts for couples, bridesmaid gifts, engagement gifts, baptism gifts, godparent gifts, coach thank you gifts, 50th anniversary gifts, guest books, wedding welcome signs, & personalized home decor for housewarmings!
Our current delivery time is 1-2 weeks (after approval of proof-if proof is requested).
Hours of operation are 8am-5pm EST (M-F). We do our best to respond within 24 hours. If there's a large volume of emails, a reply can take longer. You can also check out our FAQs found at the bottom of every item!
𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏𝐏𝐈𝐍𝐆 on orders of 2 or more! 𝐎𝐑 buy 3+ items from our shop and save 10%.
It looks beautiful! Thank you!
The seller was super responsive, worked patiently with me to select colors, sent me a proof, and then delivered ahead of my deadline! And the end product is beautiful, perfect in fact, and will make an awesome 2nd Anniversary gift to my husband. Thank you!!
We LOVE teachers at The Sugared Plums! Two of our team's spouses are teachers and we have such a great respect for all they do for kids in our community day!
Mothers Day is coming quickly! May 12th is going to be here before you know it! May 1st is the last day we will be accepting orders for Mothers Day delivery... so don't put it off... surprise mom or grandma with one of our personalized picture frames!
Your first dance is always such a special moment on your wedding day. Time seems to stop.... you are able to take a breath after all the planning and nerves... and enjoy the special day you worked so hard to create with your spouse..
Every frame is hand-made in house from start to finish.
Sugared Plums Frames make great and unique gifts for every occasion!
As the mother of two of the sweetest Sugared Plums (my children – the shop's namesakes), I have always sought to create or buy unique and personal gifts for special occasions.
The Sugared Plums frames and signs are created from start to finish "in house". When you give one of our personalized picture frames or signs as a wedding gift, graduation, anniversary, baby shower, or housewarming gift, you are giving a gift with sentimental meaning attached to it.
You can personalize your picture frame or sign with your own special quote, lullaby, song lyric or verse! These custom picture frames make great gifts for Weddings, Anniversaries, Births, Nursery Decor, Graduation, Christening, Godparents, and Baptisms!
I feel like I have the "best of the best" when it comes to Etsy customers and I am so grateful every day to be able to create unique and handmade gifts that speak to the hearts of my customers.
I would love to work with you to create your own unique and personal gift for your Wedding or any other Special Occasion!
I love being the "voice" of Sugared Plums Frames. I handle all correspondence and the design/proof process with each and every one of our great customers.
David is our "Tool Guy". He hand cuts all our frames and applies our signature Dark Walnut stain by hand to each and every frame.
Monica is in charge of wrapping all our frames and making sure they arrive safely to our awesome customers!
Elvira is in charge of assembling all our frames. She is awesome at applying our brush-stroke finish to the top of of every one of our frames by hand!


Received: May 4, 2012 Revised: January 16, 2013 Accepted: February 6, 2013 Published: March 14, 2013 Those four lines sum up my first extensive experience with the review process — long, challenging but overall positive.
I really appreciated my mentor Dr. Rossi forwarding me an early opportunity to write a review article in my 2nd year of my graduate school years. The experience was a training tool not only for the scientific aspect of it but also for the organizational and communication side of it.


When considering social work as a career, you should have a strong desire to help others; effective communication skills; a sense of responsibility and ethics; and the ability to manage time effectively. Many human services jobs involve direct contact with people who are vulnerable to exploitation or mistreatment, so patience and understanding are valued characteristics.
Social work is a profession devoted to helping people function the best they can in their environment. This can mean providing direct services or helping individuals, groups, and communities solve problems. It also can mean working for change to improve social conditions.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, employment of social workers is expected to grow much faster than the average for all occupations, and job prospects are expected to be excellent, particularly for social workers working in rural areas.
Social workers are found in public agencies, private organizations, hospitals, clinics, schools, nursing homes, probation, courts, and countless other workplaces. An important goal of our social work program is to prepare you for generalist practice.
As a social work major at Minot State, you'll take courses from several departments including psychology, sociology, and political science in addition to courses specific to social work. The curriculum is accredited by the Council on Social Work Education.
Any student interested in social work can join the Student Social Work Organization (SSWO) which promotes cultural, social, and intellectual activities essential to the social work profession.
Minot State's social work program is offered in Minot, Bismarck, and Fargo.


text:
Tool of the week: Gary Sinise (aka Lt. Dan of Forrest Gump fame) shouuld enlist himself instead of being a pimp for the Army
Published on October 27, 2008 by jmbranum
I'm sick and tired of seeing celebrity hacks use their talents for the sake of military recruiting and propaganda. Toby Keith has made a whole career of it (and yes Toby, I'm ashamed you're from Oklahoma) but there are two other folks that I think are worthy of public ridicule.Army Times: New recruiting ads focus on Army careers
"As it turns out, camouflage is a great way to get noticed," comes the commanding voice of actor Gary Sinise, who in a low register informs the viewer the Army offers "150 careers in the strength America's top employers are looking for."The family scenes are still out there, but now they're on the newly overhauled http://www.goarmy.com, which launches with an opening video showing a stack of infantrymen in a smoky alleyway and ends with an invitation to "click on any video" to see other career choices, none of which is combat arms."People already know about the infantry, but they don't necessarily understand the rest of the Army. This is an opportunity to give them a look at our other careers," said Accessions Command spokesman Lt. Col. Dan Lee, who said the fact that the Army is at war is also represented in the new ads.
What a putrid pile of dog excrement. If the Army is so great for one's career, why is it that the average veteran has a LOWER average salary than the average non-veteran?As far as I can tell from digging around online, Gary Sinise has not served in the military (but he did give $2300 to John McCain's campaign), so he needs to shut up. And stay tuned for my mocking of another celebrity propagandist, Kid Rock.
PHOTOS: IVAW and Allies march on the DNC (all photos are now up)
Why I regret voting for Obama
Cliff Cornell Deported from Canada
Previous Previous post: Opie, Andy, and the Fonz all agree . . . Vote for Obama
Next Next post: A response to Kid Rock's "Warrior" music video
0 thoughts on "Tool of the week: Gary Sinise (aka Lt. Dan of Forrest Gump fame) shouuld enlist himself instead of being a pimp for the Army"
Pssh says:
Nice attitude for a minister. I tripped over this comment via google and, it's true, you really can find every sort of wackiness on the web. There is a tool here but it's not me and it's not Gary Sinise.


text:
Q: R: How to create a function with if-statements to search for a file in multiple paths The code below is what I usually use in Python. Now I want to do this in R, but I can't find an example of the documentation of if statements in a def. Is this even possible?
def loadfile():
    if 'test.csv' in os.listdir():
        return 'test.csv'
    elif os.path.exists('../../project1/data/'):
        return '../../project1/data/test.csv'
    elif os.path.exists('../../../project1/data/'):
        return '../../../project1/data/test.csv'

Thanks a lot!!

A: If statements are build like following example in R:
if (condition) {
   statement
} else if (condition) {
 ...
} else {
 ...
}

A: You can use file.exists and dir.exists for your checks.
For the if statements, you need parentheses around the Boolean clause and curly braces for the body. You do not need to specify a return(value) directly, because R will automatically return the last variable evaluated in a function.
Bringing it together:
loadfile <- function() {
  if (file.exists('test.csv')) {
    'test.csv'
  } else if (dir.exists('../../project1/data')) {
    '../../project1/data/test.csv'
  } else if (dir.exists('../../../project1/data')) {
    '../../../project1/data/test.csv'
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Stryver replied to my Lord, no; but he would ask the witness to tell him whether what happened once, might happen twice; whether he would have been so confident if he had seen this illustration of his rashness sooner, whether he would be so confident, having seen it; and more.
If the case or witness does not justify an in-person interview, send a short questionnaire for the witness to complete.
Make sure that your in-house contact obtains a time commitment from the witness to allow for sufficient preparation.
46) The ideal, as noted above, was for the witness to give his own account without any prompting.
ATTORNEYS WILL ASK AN EXPERT WITNESS to disclose any information of a personal nature that could diminish their effectiveness.
59) In this scenario, the state or local agency must surrender its supervision of the witness to federal authorities and, according to the USAM, is requested to reimburse the federal government.
Believe it or not, there are even "expert witness brokers," much like employment agencies, who, for a percentage of fees, will represent and market the availability of an expert witness to lawyers nationwide.
The judge wrote "In my view, before a Court may permit a witness to testify under a pseudonym because of that witness's fear for his or her safety, it is necessary for the Court to be satisfied that the witness's fear has a legitimate basis.
Since it was no secret what Starr thought Clinton did, it was not difficult for a witness to figure out what to say to obtain immunity or avoid a perjury indictment.
An interviewer begins this procedure by building rapport and encouraging the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than responding only to someone else's questions.
It's no exaggeration to say that if you want to hire a witness to parrot your point, you can.


Discussion in 'Sold/Expired' started by Remmy700, Jun 6, 2015.
Looking for an upgrade stock for a sav mod 10 with bottom bolt release and savage factory DBM. If anyone has anything please let me know. Thank u.
To the top. Still looking.
Bell&Carlson makes a M40 version now for savage SA DBM. Just got one for Savage 10 Predator Max 1. A huge improvement over the factory stock. Got mine from Red Hawk Rifles.
I have one that has the wide for end and I belive I have a complete set of bottom metal for it. It has a varmit/heavy barrel channel.


text:
Santa Cruz Branch Rail Line Acquisition
On October 12, 2012 — after more than ten years of extensive due diligence and negotiations — the RTC closed escrow for the acquisition of the Santa Cruz Branch Rail Line (Branch Line) from Union Pacific thereby placing a new transportation corridor in public ownership and beginning a new era of mobility options and opportunities.
A community event to commemorate public ownership and demonstrate potential use of the corridor called Right on Track: Rail Corridor Ribbon Cutting was held on November 17 at locations throughout the county.
Acquisition of this key transportation corridor will allow greater transportation options to the more than 80 parks, 25 schools and over half of the county's population who live in census blocks within 1 mile of the corridor.
On May 6, 2010 the RTC unanimously decided to purchase the Santa Cruz Branch Rail Line for $14.2 million. On January 19, 2011, the RTC secured approval and funding from the California Transportation Commission for purchase of the Branch Line. On May 17, 2012, the RTC selected Iowa Pacific Holdings to operate freight and tourist passenger service on the Branch Line.
Santa Cruz Branch Rail Line fact sheet
Due diligence documents including appraisals, funding applications, inspections and agreements
Maps of the Branch Line are available online at the Santa Cruz County GIS map gallery (Click on "Maps" and then type "transportation" in the search box). Hard copies are available for viewing at the RTC offices and free CDs are available by calling (831) 460-3200.
History of rail transportation in Santa Cruz County
Funding and Conditions
The majority of funding for acquisition of the rail corridor was provided by California and Santa Cruz County voter approved Proposition 116 which specifically stipulates that it is for" rail projects within Santa Cruz County that facilitate recreational, commuter, intercity and intercounty travel." The California Transportaition Commission released funds to the RTC with the condition to initiate recreational passenger rail service and a commitment to follow all Proposition 116 requirements. The tracks cannot, as has been speculated, be removed and replaced with a trail only. It is also noteworthy that the CTC has final approval over many other funding sources for transportation projects in Santa Cruz County including road and highway projects.
Luis Mendez
RTC Executive Director George Dondero, RTC Deputy Director and Project Manager Luis Mendez, RTC Chair Kirby Nicol and Iowa Pacific Western Regional General Manager Michael Gresham at the approximate mid-point of the transportation corridor
April 11, 2016 Press Release from Santa Cruz & Monterey Bay Railway/Iowa Pacific regarding its commitment to continue to operate the railroad through the end of their contract in 2022.
Right on Track: Rail Corridor Ribbon Cutting. A community event to commemorate public ownership of the Santa Cruz Branch Rail Line and new mobility options.
Deeds transferred from Union Pacific and 32-mile rail corridor officially owned by the community.
The federal Surface Transportation Board granted the RTC's petition to acquire the Santa Cruz Branch Rail Line and move forward with closing escrow.
At today's meeting, the RTC authorized the selection of Iowa Pacific Holdings to operate on the Santa Cruz Branch Rail Line.
View Iowa Pacific's PowerPoint presentation from the meeting here. (PDF link)


If you are doing B.Tech and you are in search of good institute to learn PHP/ASP.NET/JAVA/ SEO or other I.T course then we can help you in best way. With our special Industrial Training in Jalandhar. We will provide you 6 Months/ 6 Weeks Training in your desired program.
"Very professional team and work process. I am very much satisfied with their responsiveness, patience and quality of work. I have already planned other project for this team. Highly recommended. "


When you have little ones, there will be boo-boos. Even my girls had their fair share of owies! This would have been so handy when they were younger.
Cool Gel N Cap's durable and reusable gel packs provide cold AND warm relief for your child's boo boo's. Soothe those everyday lumps, bumps, bruises, fevers, earaches, and headaches in a fun, easy, and effective way! Perfect for ages 1 - 6! See the complete Cool Gel N Cap review here.
This giveaway is open to US residents ages 18+. It runs from 7/16/12 1am EST to 7/31/14 11:59pm EST. Winner will be notified via email within 48 hours of giveaway end. Winner will have 24 hours to respond or a new winner will be chosen.


text:
package eigene_uebung;

public class LogEntry {
    protected final long timestamp;
    protected final String name, failureDescription;
    protected final int id;

    protected static int ID = 0;

    public LogEntry(final String line) {

        final String[] entry = line.split("-", 3);
        this.timestamp = Long.parseLong(entry[0]);
        this.name = entry[1];
        this.failureDescription = entry[2];
        id = ID++;
    }

    /**
     * Nur Setter, da hier nichts verändert werden muss.
     */

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return timestamp + "-" + name + "-" + failureDescription;
    }

    public long getTimestamp() {
        return timestamp;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public String getFailureDescription() {
        return failureDescription;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The grey fleet challenge faced by UK companies is reaching epidemic proportions and it's not likely to get better any time soon.
"The first questions we ask fleets is how many company cars and grey fleet drivers they have. The majority cannot answer the latter part of the question, so we know many companies' duty of care is out of control," explained Steve Pinchen, sales director at Licence Bureau.
"Generally, it's not because the companies are complacent, but because the grey fleet part of their business is changing at such a pace many don't know where to start to control it on a daily basis to keep compliance at 100%," he added.


We don't know about the weather where you are, but we are smack dab in the middle of winter at our Lansing, Michigan headquarters. Groundhog Day is always the time of year that us Michiganders start to think longingly of spring. However, this morning the famous, weather-predicting groundhog "Punxsutawney Phil" saw his shadow and promises six more weeks of winter. We may be wishing for spring, but it looks like we should be preparing for a couple more months of winter!
With that in mind, we'd like to give away a HUGE prize pack to help our customers get through the rest of this winter. Our Liquid Web Winter Gear Prize Pack includes our Glacier Jacket, a Liquid Web Beanie, Smartphone Gloves, and a Travel Mug to hold a warm beverage of your choice.
The Winter Prize Pack will be awarded in the form of LW Bucks, the point system used in our Brand Store. We'll add LW bucks equivalent to the value of the prize pack in your LW Brand Store account. Don't have an account? Signing up is free and easy!
To enter the giveaway, fill out the form below! The contest will run until Friday, February 6th. We will announce the winner that Friday at Noon.


text:
Check Out Our Latest Blogs »
Gen Gathering - Acts of Kindness
Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness (RAOGK) was a very valuable asset for many family history researchers to have a photograph of an ancestor's headstone, copy of a death certificate, a microfilm copy of an old newspaper clipping, etc. Unfortunately the former RAOGK had to close down awhile back due to the death of its creator.
New on the Internet scene is 'Gen Gathering' to fill that void.
On the site, register, whether seeking or volunteering, you can create your own profile page by adding as much or as little personal information as you wish, along with an optional photo of yourself. Your profile page will include the history of your volunteer acts. As a seeker of assistance, you can also view your history of requests. All requests will be numbered for easy reference.
Looking for a specific surname: Go to "Find a Volunteer" and then to the Family History category. In the "Search Method" box, click on "Similar to search" and leave the "Search for" box empty. When you click "Search" all entries will be displayed.
Some of the types of primary and secondary resources a volunteer can provide:
Birth, death, marriage, cemetery indexes, websites, city directories, yearbooks, school photos, funeral home records, courthouse, church, Historical/Genealogical Society lookups – (land, marriage, christening, probate, wills, etc.). Library lookups (obituaries, biographies, historical books, maps, etc.), digital photos or videos of any historical or family locale – (cemetery, church, war memorial, land, etc.). Military resources (state and county books, biographies, etc.).
To begin a search, select the location, noting that a few are outside the United States. Some examples, for Maryland there were 59 volunteers, in Florida there are 80 and in New York there are 91. Outside the U. S. there is United Kingdom with 17 and The Netherlands with 3 volunteers.
Register to search for a volunteer and / or to be a volunteer. Do make the offer, however, easy or basic your offer, it could be the key assistance someone needs. Presently there are over 5,000 registered users and over 3,200 resources offered by the volunteers.
So Bookmark this site — you will use it on a long term basis.
Related FamilyTree.com genealogy blogs:
Closing of RAOGK
19th century 20th century 23andMe America ancestor ancestors ancestry Ancestry.com census Civil War databases documents England family Family Heritage Family History family research FamilySearch family stories familytree family tree familytree.com family tree research Genealogy genealogy research Heritage history hometown images immigrants military myheritage newspapers photos Preservation records relatives research Scrapbooking soldiers surnames U.S. history United Kingdom United States vital records


text:
Israeli Shells Hit Southern Lebanon
TEHRAN (Tasnim) - Lebanon's Al-Manar satellite television said several artillery shells fired by the Israeli military have hit southern areas of the country.
Several border areas in southern Lebanon including Kfar Shouba, Rashia and al-Marea were hit on Sunday, the channel stated.
The shelling took place after the Tel Aviv regime claimed that two Katyusha rockets fired from Lebanon had landed in the town of Kyriat Shmona near the Lebanese border. No injuries or damage were reported.
The Israeli military has confirmed that its tanks fired nearly two dozen shells into several border areas of Lebanon.
UN peacekeepers in southern Lebanon said they were in contact with both sides to contain the situation, Press TV reported.
The area has remained mostly quiet since a month-long war in 2006 between the Israeli regime and the Lebanese resistance movement Hezbollah.


Madison Capital Funding closed a $74,500,000 senior debt facility to finance the Leveraged Buyout of Aquamar Intermediate Holdings, Inc. by Huron Capital Partners the lender announced. Madison Capital Funding serves as the the Joint Lead Arranger and Administrative Agent. Further terms were not disclosed.
Aquamar Intermediate Holdings, Inc. is a manufacturer and distributor of surimi seafood products to foodservice and retail.


I'm glad you came here! Want to see some of my work? I hope so because otherwise you might be in the wrong place. If you can't get enough just click here.
Hi, I'm Kian McKellar, I run Key In Films. If you are wondering how to say my name just say "Key In" real fast!
Most days you can find me dashing around trying to film everything. As a freelancer I choose to film for mostly nonprofits and small businesses. My desire is to create videos that shows their passion and who they are. Everyday I'm lucky because I get to be inspired by the people that I'm filming. Working for myself also allows me to reimagine the work I am doing on daily basis.
When I'm not working you can find me either rock climbing, doing improv or making comedic camera gear videos. My gear videos are a result of me being a huge gear nerd. You might find me on a Friday night taking apart my gear bag and redesigning where everything goes. Just so I can move fast enough to capture that next candid moment.
I live and work out of Washington DC (don't hate) and I'm always happy to grab some coffee (time permitting). So drop me an electronic mail and let's connect!
Hate using forms? Feel free to email me directly at kian@keyinfilms.com.


text:
Англо-іспанська війна — військовий конфлікт між Королівством Великої Британії та Іспанією, частина Семирічної війни. Тривав з грудня 1761 до лютого 1763, закінчився підписанням Паризької мирної угоди.

Передісторія та причини

Після початку війни між Францією та Британію в 1756 Іспанія дотримувалася нейтральності. Прем'єр-міністру короля Фердинанда VI Рікардо Волу вдалося стримати політику профранцузької партії при дворі, метою якою було приєднання Іспанії до війни на боці Франції. В свою чергу, Британія запропонувала іспанцям Гібралтар в обмін на їхній союз та допомогу у відвоюванні Менорки, проте ця пропозиція була відхилена.

Ситуація кардинально змінилася після смерті короля в 1759 та приходу до влади його набагато більш амбітного брата Карла. Однією з головних цілей політики Карла було збереження Іспанії як імперії та, таким чином, підтримка її реноме великої держави в Європі.

До 1761 Британія здобула значну перевагу в ході бойових дій, що позначилося на Іспанії — британські корсари почали захоплювати кораблі в іспанських територіальних водах, вимагаючи компенсації за них.

Побоюючись, що перемога Британії над Францією змінить баланс колоніальних сил, в серпні 1761 Іспанія підписала Сімейну угоду з Францією (обидві країни знаходилися під владою різних гілок Бурбонів, звідки й назва союзу), внаслідок чого вступила у війну з Британією в січні 1762.

Перебіг війни

Після оголошення війни між Францією та Великою Британією у 1756 році Іспанія зберігала нейтралітет. Прем'єр-міністр іспанського короля Фердинанда VI Рікардо Уолл ефективно протистояв французькій стороні, яка хотіла вступити у війну на боці Франції. Геополітична ситуація змінилася, коли Фердинанд VI помер у 1759 році, і йому на зміну прийшов його молодший зведений брат Карл III Іспанський. Карл був більш амбітним, ніж його самовдоволений брат, і одним з головних об'єктів зовнішньої політики Карла було подальше виживання Іспанії як імперської держави, а отже, як сили, з якою слід рахуватися в Європі. Він був стурбований поразками Франції у війні, підозрюючи, що це порушить баланс сил. Між Францією та Іспанією було укладено домовленість про захоплення Португалії, яка залишалася нейтральною, проте була важливим союзником Британії. Франція сподівалася відтягнути таким чином британські сили. 9 травня 1762 Іспанія вдерлася в Португалію та захопила місто Алмейда, змусивши Велику Британію відправити в Португалію армію з 8000 вояків, проте це було єдиним досягненням.

Вступ Іспанії у війну дозволив британцям розпочати наступ на іспанські колонії. Британський експедиційний корпус захопив Гавану та чотирнадцять лінійних кораблів, більшу частину іспанського флоту на Карибах. Через півтора місяця британці захопили Манілу, таким чином отримавши контроль над столицями як Іспанської Вест-Індії, так і Іспанської Ост-Індії, серйозно похитнувши міжнародний авторитет Іспанії.

Результати та наслідки

Після встановлення британського контролю над Канадою в результаті Франко-індіанської війни Франція передала Іспанії Луїзіану за угодою в Фонтенбло в 1762.

Війну було закінчено підписанням Паризької мирної угоди в 1763, в результаті якої Флорида та Менорка перейшли під владу Британії, Іспанія також була змушена залишити Португалію та Бразилію, в той час як Британія звільнила Кубу.

Джерела

Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754—1766. Vintage, 2007 (ASIN: B0012D1CY2)

Війни XVIII століття
Війни Іспанії
Війни Королівства Великої Британії
Війни Португалії
Семирічна війна
конфлікти в 1761
конфлікти в 1762
конфлікти в 1763

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia