1. A city ordinance forbade the holding of a religious meeting in a public park without a license. The State Supreme Court construed it as leaving to the licensing officials no discretion as to the granting of licenses, no power to discriminate, and no control over speech, and as calling merely for the adjustment of the unrestrained exercise of religions with the reasonable comfort and convenience of the whole city. Held: As thus construed, the ordinance does not violate the principles of the First Amendment, made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment. Pp. 402-408.
(a) Appellant's attack on the ordinance as applied to him, on the ground that it was repugnant to the principles of the First Amendment, and a determination of its validity by the State Supreme Court, required this Court to take jurisdiction on appeal under 28 U.S.C. 1257 (2). P. 402.
(b) The principles of the First Amendment are not to be treated as a promise that everyone with opinions or beliefs to express may gather around him at any public place and at any time a group for discussion or instruction. P. 405.
(c) Kunz v. New York, 340 U.S. 290 , and Saia v. New York, 334 U.S. 558 , distinguished. Pp. 406-408.
(a) It cannot be said that failure of officials to act in accordance with state law, redressable by state judicial procedures, are state acts violative of the Federal Constitution. P. 409.
(b) Nor can it be said that a State's requirement that redress for unlawful denial of the license be sought through appropriate judicial procedure violates due process. P. 409.
(c) Royall v. Virginia, 116 U.S. 572 ; Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 ; and Thomas v. Collins, 323 U.S. 516 , distinguished. Pp. 410-414.
(d) The Constitution does not require approval of the violation of a reasonable requirement for a license to speak in public parks because an official error occurred in refusing a proper application. P. 414.
97 N. H. 352, 88 A. 2d 860, affirmed.
Appellant's conviction of a violation of a city ordinance forbidding the holding of a religious meeting in a public park without a license was sustained by the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. 97 N. H. 352, 88 A. 2d 860. On appeal to this Court, affirmed, p. 414.
Hayden C. Covington argued the cause and filed a brief for appellant.
Gordon M. Tiffany argued the cause for appellee. With him on the brief were Louis C. Wyman, Attorney General of New Hampshire, and Henry Dowst, Jr., Assistant Attorney General. Mr. Tiffany, then Attorney General of New Hampshire, was also on a Statement Opposing Jurisdiction and a Motion to Dismiss or Affirm.
"The discretion thus vested in the authority [city council] is limited in its exercise by the bounds of reason, in uniformity of method of treatment upon the facts of each application, free from improper or inappropriate considerations and from unfair discrimination. A systematic, consistent and just order of treatment, with reference to the convenience of public use of the highways, is the statutory mandate. The licensing authority has no delegation of power in excess of that which the legislature granting the power has and the legislature attempted to delegate no power it did not possess." State v. Derrickson, 97 N. H. 91, 93, 81 A. 2d 312, 313.
"The issue which this case presents is whether the city of Portsmouth can prohibit religious and church [345 U.S. 395, 399] meetings in Goodwin Park on Sundays under a licensing system which treats all religious groups in the same manner. Whether a city could prohibit religious meetings in all of its parks is a doubtful question which we need not decide in this case. What we do decide is that a city may take one of its small parks and devote it to public and nonreligious purposes under a system which is administered fairly and without bias or discrimination." 97 N. H., at 95, 81 A. 2d, at 315.
On appeal, the Supreme Court of New Hampshire affirmed. 4 It held the ordinance valid on its face under Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 . While the Cox case involved the clause of the ordinance, 22, relating to "parade or procession upon any public street or way," the New Hampshire Supreme Court thought the present prosecution was "under a valid ordinance which requires a license before open air public meetings may be held." This was the first ruling on the public speech clause. Cf. State v. Cox, 91 N. H., at 143, 16 A. 2d, at 513; Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S., at 573 . As the ordinance was valid on its face the state court determined the remedy was by certiorari to review the unlawful refusal of the Council to grant the license, not by holding public religious services in the park without a license, and then defending because the refusal of the license was arbitrary.
Appellant's challenge on federal grounds to the action and conclusion of the New Hampshire courts is difficult to epitomize. By paragraph 3 of his motion to dismiss, note 3, supra, appellant relied on the principles of the First Amendment for protection against the city ordinance. In his statement of jurisdiction, the question presented, No. I, the illegal denial of his application for a license, was urged as a denial of First Amendment principles. 5 In his [345 U.S. 395, 401] brief, he phrases the issue differently as indicated below. 6 We conclude that appellant's contentions are, first, no license for conducting religious ceremonies in Goodwin Park may be required because such a requirement would abridge the freedom of speech and religion guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment; second, even though a license may be required, the arbitrary refusal of such a license by the Council, resulting in delay, if appellant must, as New Hampshire decided, pursue judicial remedies, was unconstitutional, as an abridgment of free speech and a prohibition of the free exercise of religion. The abridgment would be because of delay through judicial proceedings to obtain the right of speech and to carry out religious exercises. The due process question raised [345 U.S. 395, 402] by appellant as a part of the latter constitutional contention disappears by our holding, as indicated later in this opinion, that the challenged clause of the ordinance and New Hampshire's requirement for following a judicial remedy for the arbitrary refusal are valid. This analysis showing an attack on the ordinance as applied as repugnant to the principles of the First Amendment and a determination of its validity by the New Hampshire Supreme Court requires us to take jurisdiction by appeal. 7 The state ground for affirmance, i. e., the failure to take certiorari from the action refusing a license, depends upon the constitutionality of the ordinance.
"This exception presented to the Supreme Court of New Hampshire the question. It is whether the ordinance as enforced by the City Council, under its policy to refuse religious meetings in the park, was a violation of the federal Constitution."
By its construction of the ordinance the state left to the licensing officials no discretion as to granting permits, no power to discriminate, no control over speech. There is therefore no place for narrowly drawn regulatory requirements [345 U.S. 395, 405] or authority. The ordinance merely calls for the adjustment of the unrestrained exercise of religions with the reasonable comfort and convenience of the whole city. Had the refusal of the license not been in violation of the ordinance, the Supreme Court would not, we are sure, have required the appellant in its next application to go through the futile gesture of certiorari only to be told the Portsmouth Council's refusal of a license was a valid exercise of municipal discretion under the ordinance and the Fourteenth Amendment. Such state conclusions are not invalid, although they leave opportunity for arbitrary refusals that delay the exercise of rights.
The principles of the First Amendment are not to be treated as a promise that everyone with opinions or beliefs to express may gather around him at any public place and at any time a group for discussion or instruction. It is a non sequitur to say that First Amendment rights may not be regulated because they hold a preferred position in the hierarchy of the constitutional guarantees of the incidents of freedom. This Court has never so held and indeed has definitely indicated the contrary. It has indicated approval of reasonable nondiscriminatory regulation by governmental authority that preserves peace, order and tranquillity without deprivation of the First Amendment guarantees of free speech, press and the exercise of religion. 11 When considering specifically the regulation of [345 U.S. 395, 406] the use of public parks, this Court has taken the same position. See the quotation from the Hague case (below) and Kunz v. New York, 340 U.S. 290, 293 -294; Saia v. New York, 334 U.S. 558, 562 . In these cases, the ordinances were held invalid, not because they regulated [345 U.S. 395, 407] the use of the parks for meeting and instruction but because they left complete discretion to refuse the use in the hands of officials. "The right to be heard is placed in the uncontrolled discretion of the Chief of Police." 334 U.S., at 560 . "[W]e have consistently [345 U.S. 395, 408] condemned licensing systems which vest in an administrative official discretion to grant or withhold a permit upon broad criteria unrelated to proper regulation of public places." 340 U.S., at 294 .
There is no basis for saying that freedom and order are not compatible. That would be a decision of desperation. Regulation and suppression are not the same, 12 either in purpose or result, and courts of justice can tell the difference. We must and do assume that with the determination of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire that the present ordinance entitles Jehovah's Witnesses to hold religious services in Goodwin Park at reasonable hours and times, the Portsmouth Council will promptly and fairly administer their responsibility in issuing permits on request.
Second. New Hampshire's determination that the ordinance is valid and that the Council could be compelled to issue the requested license on demand brings us face to face with another constitutional problem. May this man be convicted for holding a religious meeting without a license when the permit required by a valid enactment - the ordinance in this case - has been wrongfully refused by the municipality?
Appellant's contention is that since the Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion, the Council's unlawful [345 U.S. 395, 409] refusal to issue the license is a complete defense to this prosecution. His argument asserts that if he can be punished for violation of the valid ordinance because he exercised his right of free speech, after the wrongful refusal of the license, the protection of the Constitution is illusory. He objects that by the Council's refusal of a license, his right to preach may be postponed until a case, possibly after years, reaches this Court for final adjudication of constitutional rights. Poulos takes the position that he may risk speaking without a license and defeat prosecution by showing the license was arbitrarily withheld.
"Admitting this, it is still contended, on behalf of the Commonwealth, that it was unlawful for the plaintiff in error to practice his profession without a license, and that his remedy was against the officers to compel them to issue it. It is doubtless true, as a general rule, that where the officer, whose duty it is to issue a license, refuses to do so, and that duty is merely ministerial, and the applicant has complied with all the conditions that entitle him to it, the remedy by mandamus would be appropriate to compel the officer to issue it. That rule would apply to cases where the refusal of the officer was wilful and contrary to the statute under which he was commissioned to act. But here the case is different. The action of the officer is based on the authority of an act of the General Assembly of the State, which, although it may be null and void, because unconstitutional, as against the applicant, gives the color of official character to the conduct of the officer in his refusal; and, although at the election of the aggrieved party the officer might be subjected to the compulsory process of mandamus to compel the performance of an official duty, nevertheless the applicant, who has done everything on his part required by the law, cannot be regarded as violating the law if, without the formality of a license wrongfully withheld from him, he pursues the business of his calling, which is not unlawful in itself, and which, under the circumstances, he has a constitutional right to prosecute. As to the plaintiff in error, the act of the General Assembly of the State of Virginia forbidding payment of his license tax in its coupons, receivable for that tax by a contract protected by the [345 U.S. 395, 412] Constitution of the United States, is unconstitutional, and its unconstitutionality infects and nullifies the antecedent legislation of the State, of which it becomes a part, when applied, as in this case, to enforce an unconstitutional enactment against a party, not only without fault, but seeking merely to exercise a right secured to him by the Constitution. . . .
"In the present case the plaintiff in error has been prevented from obtaining a license to practice his profession in violation of his rights under the Constitution of the United States. To punish him for practicing it without a license thus withheld is equally a denial of his rights under the Constitution of the United States, and the law, under the authority of which this is attempted, must on that account and in his case be regarded as null and void." 116 U.S., at 582 -583.
"Upon application of any person in behalf of such cause, the secretary shall determine whether such cause is a religious one or is a bona fide object of charity or philanthropy and conforms to reasonable standards of efficiency and integrity, and, if he shall so find, shall approve the same and issue to the authority in charge a certificate to that effect." 310 U.S., at 302 .
"If he finds that the cause is not that of religion, to solicit for it becomes a crime. He is not to issue a certificate as a matter of course. His decision to issue or refuse it involves appraisal of facts, the exercise [345 U.S. 395, 413] of judgment, and the formation of an opinion. He is authorized to withhold his approval if he determines that the cause is not a religious one. Such a censorship of religion as the means of determining its right to survive is a denial of liberty protected by the First Amendment and included in the liberty which is within the protection of the Fourteenth." Id., at 305.
"We think a requirement that one must register before he undertakes to make a public speech to enlist support for a lawful movement is quite incompatible with the requirements of the First Amendment." Id., at 540.
The Court allowed the unconstitutionality of the statute to be used as a complete defense to contempt of the injunction.
It is clear to us that neither of these decisions is contrary to the determination of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. In both of the above cases the challenged statutes were held unconstitutional. In the Royall case, the statute requiring payment of the license fee in money was unconstitutional. In the Cantwell case, the statute [345 U.S. 395, 414] had not been construed by the state court "to impose a mere ministerial duty on the secretary of the welfare council." The right to solicit depended on his decision as to a "religious cause." 310 U.S., at 306 . Therefore we held that a statute authorizing this previous restraint was unconstitutional even though an error might be corrected after trial. In the Thomas case, the section of the Texas Act was held prohibitory of labor speeches anywhere on private or public property without registration. This made 5 unconstitutional. The statutes were as though they did not exist. Therefore there were no offenses in violation of a valid law. In the present prosecution there was a valid ordinance, an unlawful refusal of a license, with remedial state procedure for the correction of the error. The state had authority to determine, in the public interest, the reasonable method for correction of the error, that is, by certiorari. Our Constitution does not require that we approve the violation of a reasonable requirement for a license to speak in public parks because an official error occurred in refusing a proper application.
[ Footnote 1 ] Schneider v. State, 308 U.S. 147, 160 . Constitution, First Amendment: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." Id., Fourteenth Amendment: ". . . No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
[ Footnote 2 ] "Section 22. License Required. No theatrical or dramatic representation shall be performed or exhibited and no parade or procession upon any public street or way, and no open air public meeting upon any ground abutting thereon shall be permitted unless a license therefor shall first be obtained from the City Council. "Section 23. License Form. Every such license shall be in writing and shall specify the day and hour of the permit to perform or exhibit, or of such parade, procession or open air public meeting. "Section 24. Fee. The fee for such license shall be not more than Three Hundred Dollars for each day such licensee shall perform [345 U.S. 395, 398] or exhibit or such parade, procession, or open air public meeting shall take place, but the fee for a license to exhibit in any hall shall not exceed Fifty Dollars. "Section 25. Penalty. Any person who violates section 22 of this Article shall be fined Twenty Dollars."
[ Footnote 3 ] "1. The undisputed evidence shows that the members of the city council and the city council itself acted arbitrarily, capriciously and without support of law and of fact when they denied the application made by Jehovah's witnesses in behalf of the defendants to deliver the public talks upon the occasions in question. "2. The undisputed evidence shows that the park in question is a public park, dedicated as such without any limitations in the deed of dedication or in the ordinances of the City of Portsmouth and the defendants had the legal right to deliver the talks in the park and it was the duty of the city council to issue to the defendants permits to use the public park in question for public meetings and public talks. "3. If the ordinance is construed and applied so as to justify convictions of the defendants under the facts in this case, then the ordinance is unconstitutional as construed and applied because it abridges the rights of the defendants to freedom of assembly, freedom of speech and freedom of worship, contrary to the Bill of Rights of the New Hampshire Constitution and the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States."
[ Footnote 4 ] State v. Poulos, 97 N. H. 352, 88 A. 2d 860.
[ Footnote 5 ] "Is the construction of the laws of New Hampshire and the ordinance in question - so as to completely deny the appellant the right to challenge the federal constitutionality of the ordinance, as enforced, [345 U.S. 395, 401] construed and applied in criminal proceedings brought to punish appellant for holding a meeting and giving a speech in the city park of Portsmouth without a permit, which was applied for and illegally denied according to the holdings of the courts below - an abridgment of the rights of appellant to freedom of speech and assembly contrary to the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States?"
[ Footnote 6 ] "Is the administration and enforcement of the ordinance by the City Council, requiring a permit for holding meetings in the parks of Portsmouth so as to deny all applications made by religious organizations to hold religious meetings and deliver religious talks in the parks of Portsmouth, an abridgment of freedom of speech, assembly and worship in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution?" "Does the construction and application of the ordinance and the law of New Hampshire so as to require appellant to apply for a writ of mandamus or certiorari as the only remedies to correct the unconstitutional administration of the ordinance, and also so as to deny the defense in the criminal prosecution that the construction and application of the ordinance by the City Council was in violation of his rights guaranteed by the federal Constitution, amount to an abridgment of freedom of speech, assembly and worship contrary to the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution?"
[ Footnote 7 ] King Mfg. Co. v. Augusta, 277 U.S. 100 ; Jamison v. Texas, 318 U.S. 413 . When the appeal was docketed we postponed determination of jurisdiction of the appeal to the hearing on the merits. 28 U.S.C. 1257 (2); Rules of the Supreme Court, No. 12 (5).
[ Footnote 8 ] State v. Derrickson, 97 N. H. 91, 94, 81 A. 2d 312, 314.
[ Footnote 9 ] Niemotko v. Maryland, 340 U.S. 268 , concurrence at 282: "A licensing standard which gives an official authority to censor the content of a speech differs toto caelo from one limited by its terms, or by nondiscriminatory practice, to considerations of public safety and the like."
[ Footnote 10 ] "It has been conceded by the defense on this transfer, as well as on the first one, that the ordinance is valid on its face. It is identical in language with the statute that was construed as valid in State v. Cox, 91 N. H. 137, which was affirmed in Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 . It is not disputed that the ordinance applies to the park that was the scene of the open air meetings in question. No objection has been made to the application of the ordinance to the areas where the meetings took place, and no exception taken [345 U.S. 395, 404] to any finding or ruling with respect thereto." 97 N. H. 352, 354, 88 A. 2d 860, 861. "Again we call attention to the fact that in this jurisdiction if a licensing statute is constitutional and applies to those seeking a license, the remedy here provided consists of proceedings against the licensing authority that has wrongfully denied the license." 97 N. H., at 356, 88 A. 2d, at 862-863. Distinguishing Hague v. C. I. O., 307 U.S. 496 , where a defense of unconstitutionality was allowed in a prosecution for holding a public meeting without a license, the State Court said: "Permits had been refused for public meetings, but, unlike the case at bar, the prosecutions were contemplated under ordinances that were invalid." 97 N. H., at 356-357, 88 A. 2d, at 863. "The remedy of the defendant Poulos for any arbitrary and unreasonable conduct of the city council was accordingly in certiorari or other appropriate civil proceedings." 97 N. H., at 357, 88 A. 2d, at 863. This conclusion follows the rule in State v. Stevens, 78 N. H. 268, 269-270, 99 A. 723, 724-725, that where a license statute is valid an erroneous refusal of the license cannot be attacked collaterally on prosecution for acting without a license.
[ Footnote 11 ] Constitutionally protected right to circulate publications does not include door-to-door canvassing for subscriptions contrary to the reasonable limitations of a municipal ordinance. See Breard v. Alexandria, 341 U.S. 622, 641 . Lovell v. Griffin, 303 U.S. 444, 451 : "The ordinance is comprehensive with respect to the method of distribution. It covers every sort of circulation `either by hand or otherwise.' There is thus no restriction in its application with respect to time or place. It is not limited to ways which might be regarded as inconsistent with the maintenance of public order or as involving disorderly conduct, the molestation of the inhabitants, or the misuse [345 U.S. 395, 406] or littering of the streets. The ordinance prohibits the distribution of literature of any kind at any time, at any place, and in any manner without a permit from the City Manager." In considering a required permit in Hague v. C. I. O., 307 U.S. 496 , Mr. Justice Roberts, in considering an ordinance that gave the Director of Public Safety discretion as to issue of park permits, p. 502, wrote: "Wherever the title of streets and parks may rest, they have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public and, time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions. Such use of the streets and public places has, from ancient times, been a part of the privileges, immunities, rights, and liberties of citizens. The privilege of a citizen of the United States to use the streets and parks for communication of views on national questions may be regulated in the interest of all; it is not absolute, but relative, and must be exercised in subordination to the general comfort and convenience, and in consonance with peace and good order; but it must not, in the guise of regulation, be abridged or denied." Pp. 515-516. Schneider v. State, 308 U.S. 147, 160 -161: "Municipal authorities, as trustees for the public, have the duty to keep their communities' streets open and available for movement of people and property, the primary purpose to which the streets are dedicated. So long as legislation to this end does not abridge the constitutional liberty of one rightfully upon the street to impart information through speech or the distribution of literature, it may lawfully regulate the conduct of those using the streets. For example, a person could not exercise this liberty by taking his stand in the middle of a crowded street, contrary to traffic regulations, and maintain his position to the stoppage of all traffic; a group of distributors could not insist upon a constitutional right to form a cordon across the street and to allow no pedestrian to pass who did not accept a tendered leaflet; nor does the guarantee of freedom of speech or of the press deprive a municipality of power to enact regulations against throwing literature broadcast in the streets. Prohibition of [345 U.S. 395, 407] such conduct would not abridge the constitutional liberty since such activity bears no necessary relationship to the freedom to speak, write, print or distribute information or opinion." Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 306 -307: "Even the exercise of religion may be at some slight inconvenience in order that the State may protect its citizens from injury. Without doubt a State may protect its citizens from fraudulent solicitation by requiring a stranger in the community, before permitting him publicly to solicit funds for any purpose, to establish his identity and his authority to act for the cause which he purports to represent. The State is likewise free to regulate the time and manner of solicitation generally, in the interest of public safety, peace, comfort or convenience. But to condition the solicitation of aid for the perpetuation of religious views or systems upon a license, the grant of which rests in the exercise of a determination by state authority as to what is a religious cause, is to lay a forbidden burden upon the exercise of liberty protected by the Constitution." In considering conviction, for an unlicensed religious parade, under a statute with provisions similar to this ordinance, we said: "Civil liberties, as guaranteed by the Constitution, imply the existence of an organized society maintaining public order without which liberty itself would be lost in the excesses of unrestrained abuses. The authority of a municipality to impose regulations in order to assure the safety and convenience of the people in the use of public highways has never been regarded as inconsistent with civil liberties but rather as one of the means of safeguarding the good order upon which they ultimately depend. The control of travel on the streets of cities is the most familiar illustration of this recognition of social need. Where a restriction of the use of highways in that relation is designed to promote the public convenience in the interest of all, it cannot be disregarded by the attempted exercise of some civil right which in other circumstances would be entitled to protection. One would not be justified in ignoring the familiar red traffic light because he thought it his religious duty to disobey the municipal command or sought by that means to direct public [345 U.S. 395, 408] attention to an announcement of his opinions." Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569, 574 . "If a municipality has authority to control the use of its public streets for parades or processions, as it undoubtedly has, it cannot be denied authority to give consideration, without unfair discrimination, to time, place and manner in relation to the other proper uses of the streets. We find it impossible to say that the limited authority conferred by the licensing provisions of the statute in question as thus construed by the state court contravened any constitutional right." Id., at 576.
[ Footnote 12 ] Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697, 712 ; Breard v. Alexandria, 341 U.S. 622, 641 ; First Amendment.
[ Footnote 13 ] It may be that in some states, the proof of proper application and unlawful refusal is a sufficient defense. It is also true that others punish activities without a license, following an unlawful [345 U.S. 395, 410] refusal. Commonwealth v. McCarthy, 225 Mass. 192, 114 N. E. 287; State v. Stevens, 78 N. H. 268, 99 A. 723; Phoenix Carpet Co. v. State, 118 Ala. 143, 22 So. 627; City of Montpelier v. Mills, 171 Ind. 175, 85 N. E. 6; Commonwealth v. Gardner, 241 Mass. 86, 134 N. E. 638; State v. Orr, 68 Conn. 101, 35 A. 770; City of Malden v. Flynn, 318 Mass. 276, 61 N. E. 2d 107. A close parallel exists between unlawful refusals and failure to apply for license on the ground that such application would be unavailing. Such a defense is not allowed. "It is well settled that where a licensing ordinance, valid on its face, prohibits certain conduct unless the person has a license, one who without a license engages in that conduct can be criminally prosecuted without being allowed to show that the application for a license would have been unavailing. . . . In short, the individual is given the choice of securing a license, or staying out of the occupation, or, before he acts, seeking a review in the civil courts of the licensing authority's refusal to issue him a license. Likewise in the case at bar the defendants are given the choice of complying with the regulation, or not engaging in the regulated activity, or, before they act, petitioning the appropriate civil tribunals for a modification of or exception from the regulation." United States v. Slobodkin, 48 F. Supp. 913, 917. See cases cited, particularly Hall v. Geiger-Jones Co., 242 U.S. 539, 554 .
In no area of adjudication is the adage "silence is golden" more pertinent, when there is no duty to speak, than in the series of problems to which a judicial reconciliation between liberty and order gives rise. It is more than a counsel of wisdom. When there is no duty to speak on such issues there is a duty not to speak. This is not so merely because constitutional pronouncements, when a case before the Court does not call for them, violate [345 U.S. 395, 415] a constitutional practice sanctioned by history and reinforced by the costly experience of occasional departures from it. The practice is especially compelling in cases involving the scope and limits of judicial protection of religious freedom and freedom of speech. These present perhaps the most difficult issues for courts. By their very vastness, the themes to be translated into law lend themselves too readily to the innocent deceptions of rhetoric. Every new attempt to translate the legal content of these liberties impliedly brings into question prior attempts; at the least it encourages further efforts at exegesis.
"first, no license for conducting religious ceremonies in Goodwin Park may be required because such a requirement would abridge the freedom of speech and religion guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment; second, even though a license may be required, the arbitrary refusal of such a license by the Council, resulting in delay, if appellant must, as New Hampshire decided, pursue judicial remedies, was unconstitutional, as an abridgment of free speech and a prohibition of the free exercise of religion."
If lucid English means what it unambiguously says, the "first" contention in the above quotation - "no license for conducting religious ceremonies in Goodwin Park may be required because such a requirement would abridge the freedom of speech and religion guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment" - means that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment bars New Hampshire from requiring a license for "an open air public [345 U.S. 395, 416] meeting," as is required by the ordinance of Portsmouth. 1 And this in legal terms is a claim by the appellant that the ordinance (for jurisdictional purposes, a statute) is void on its face. Such precisely was the explicit claim made in Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 . In the Cox case the claim was that the scheme of licensing as such was out of constitutional bounds. It was to that issue that our unanimous decision was directed. From the beginning of the litigation that claim was explicitly rejected in the present case and at no subsequent stage of the litigation has Poulos claimed that the licensing scheme as such was void. No such claim is made in his statement as to jurisdiction, in his reply to the statement in opposition, or in his brief and reply brief on the merits. Kai gar, as the expressive Greek phrase ran - naturally so. Experienced counsel for Poulos tried to take himself from under the Cox decision and distinguished it from this case in that here "the respondents [the codefendant, Derrickson, died after the trial in the New Hampshire Superior Court] have attempted to comply with the ordinance and offered to pay the necessary fee and expenses." It is not that [345 U.S. 395, 417] Poulos estopped himself, by applying for a license, from thereafter assailing the statute as void. It is that throughout he conceded the ordinance to be "valid on its face." State v. Poulos, 97 N. H. 352, 354, 88 A. 2d 860, 861.
The real constitutional attack that Poulos makes in the proceedings which are here under review, in all the briefs that are here filed, and in the oral argument, is founded on the fact that he was denied the opportunity to set up in a prosecution, under 25 of the Portsmouth ordinance, for speaking without a license, the claim that in denying the license for which he applied the Portsmouth City Council acted arbitrarily and unreasonably. The only issue that arises from the proceedings had in the Portsmouth Municipal Court, which fined Poulos $20, in the Superior Court, which sustained the fine, and in the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, which affirmed the Superior Court, was whether the remedy for the concededly wrongful refusal to grant Poulos a license was mandamus to the City Council. These courts all agreed that he could not set up as a defense in the prosecution for speaking without a license the arbitrary conduct of the City Council in denying him one.
"According to the [Superior] Court, the defendants misconceived their remedy. It has been conceded by the defense on this transfer [of the case from the Superior Court], as well as on the first one, that the ordinance is valid on its face. It is identical in language with the statute that was construed as valid in State v. Cox, 91 N. H. 137, which was affirmed in Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 . It is not disputed that the ordinance applies to the park that was the scene of the open air meetings in question. No objection has been made to the application of the ordinance to the areas where the meetings took place, and no exception taken to any finding or ruling with respect thereto." See State v. Poulos, supra, 97 N. H., at 354, 88 A. 2d, at 861.
Nowhere in any one of the four documents submitted to this Court on behalf of Poulos is there any showing that more than this procedural issue is before us. The grievance that is here is not that a license was required for speaking in Goodwin Park. The claim is that, having duly complied with this requirement by applying for a license that was then wrongfully refused. Poulos was free to speak without a license, and that he was not required to go to the Superior Court for a mandamus against the City Council.
To be sure, Poulos makes the claim - having conceded that the statute is valid on its face - that the ordinance is unconstitutional "as applied" "under the facts in this case." But what "facts"? The facts are these: having complied with the statute requiring a license, he was not allowed to set up as a defense for its violation the fact that the want of a license was due to the illegal conduct of the licensing agency.
But that is not the "second" contention. It is the only contention. It is the only contention that was before the New Hampshire Supreme Court in the proceeding we are reviewing, and it is the only contention, however variously phrased, on which Poulos can obtain review here. 2 And this is the contention - the statute "as applied" in this sense - that the Court treats in its discussion under Second.
On this, the only issue that is here, I agree that New Hampshire was not barred by the Due Process Clause from requiring Poulos to mandamus the City Council after it had unlawfully refused him a permit. New Hampshire may in these circumstances, I agree, refuse him permission to set up the Council's arbitrary denial of his application as a defense to prosecution under the ordinance, which fixes the penalty at $20. There is nothing in the record to suggest that the remedy to which [345 U.S. 395, 420] the Supreme Court of New Hampshire confined Poulos effectively frustrated his right of utterance, let alone that it circumvented his constitutional right by a procedural pretense. Poulos' application for a permit was denied on May 4, 1950, and the meetings for which he sought the permit were to be held on June 25 and July 2. In the absence of any showing that Poulos did not have available a prompt judicial remedy 3 to secure from the Council his right, judicially acknowledged and emphatically confirmed on behalf of the State at the bar of this Court, the requirement by New Hampshire that Poulos invoke relief by way of mandamus or certiorari and not take the law into his own hands did not here infringe the limitations which the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment places upon New Hampshire. It would trivialize that Clause to bar New Hampshire from determining that legal issues raised by denial of a license, under a constitutionally valid system, should not be adjudicated in the first instance in police courts or, in any event, should be determined in an appropriately designed procedure and not as a defense to a penal action.
In reaching this conclusion the New Hampshire Supreme Court did not construe the ordinance; it did not, in the technical meaning of the phrase, apply the statute. "We see no reason," said that Court, "for overruling the law as stated in this jurisdiction that a wrongful refusal to license is not a bar to a prosecution for acting without a license." State v. Poulos, supra, 97 N. H., at 354, 88 A. 2d, at 861. What the Supreme Court of New Hampshire enforced was not a part of the licensing ordinance but the general procedural law of New Hampshire. It stretches the doctrine of Dahnke-Walker Milling Co. v. Bondurant, 257 U.S. 282 , beyond reasonable limits to find that a requirement [345 U.S. 395, 421] of New Hampshire procedure is an application of the licensing statute, rather than an application of the common law of New Hampshire. Therefore, I think, the case is properly here on certiorari and not appeal.
[ Footnote 1 ] When the case was first before the New Hampshire Supreme Court on a stipulation of facts essentially different from the findings on which the decision in the present case must rest, there was in issue the claim that the city may not refuse a license for religious meetings in one park even "if there are still adequate places of assembly for those who wish to hold public open air church meetings." This question was taken out of the case upon remand for the trial which resulted in the conviction now before us. It was then found that the refusal to grant a license in this case was "arbitrary and unreasonable." In its second review of the case, in the only decision that is now here, the New Hampshire Supreme Court assumed that the Council's action was unlawful. Accordingly all that is subject to review now is the question whether the procedural law of New Hampshire, in relation to an illegally withheld license, may constitutionally operate in the circumstances of this case.
[ Footnote 3 ] See, e. g., Nelson v. Morse, 91 N. H. 177, 178, 16 A. 2d 61, 62.
The Court's holding in this case is one more in a series of recent decisions which fail to protect the right of Americans to speak freely. I join MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS' forceful dissent and wish to add only a few words.
I agree with the Court that the validity of the speech licensing phase of this New Hampshire law was not upheld in Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 . That case merely recognized that the power of a state to regulate streets for traffic purposes carried with it a right to regulate street parades. 1 Nothing said there indicated that a state's power to regulate traffic carried with it a right to censor public speeches or speakers merely because the state did not wish certain speakers to be heard. Here the record shows beyond doubt that objection to Poulos' talking was not rooted in a permissible regulation as to the time and place street or park speeches could be made. For the New Hampshire Supreme Court tells us that its officials "arbitrarily and unreasonably" refused to grant Poulos a "license" to talk. This shows that the state's speech licensing officials actually denied Poulos his constitutional [345 U.S. 395, 422] right of free speech. 2 The Court now holds Poulos can be branded a criminal for making a talk at the very time and place which the State Supreme Court has held its licensing officials could not legally forbid. I do not challenge the Court's argument that New Hampshire could prosecute a man who refused to follow the letter of the law to procure a license to "run businesses," "erect structures," "purchase firearms," "store explosives," or, I may add, to run a pawnshop. But the First Amendment affords freedom of speech a special protection; I believe it prohibits a state from convicting a man of crime whose only offense is that he makes an orderly religious appeal after he has been illegally, "arbitrarily and unreasonably" denied a "license" to talk. This to me is a subtle use of a creeping censorship loose in the land.
[ Footnote 1 ] "They [appellants] were not prosecuted for distributing leaflets, or for conveying information by placards or otherwise, or for issuing invitations to a public meeting, or for holding a public meeting, or for maintaining or expressing religious beliefs. Their right to do any one of these things apart from engaging in a `parade or procession' upon a public street is not here involved and the question of the validity of a statute addressed to any other sort of conduct than that complained of is not before us." Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569, 573 .
[ Footnote 2 ] In the Superior Court Poulos took the position that the city council's refusal to "license" him to speak was "arbitrary and unreasonable" and in violation of the right freely to assemble, speak and worship guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The State Supreme Court affirmed the Superior Court's holding that the council's refusal was arbitrary and unreasonable.
The Court concedes, as indeed it must under our decisions (see Royall v. Virginia, 116 U.S. 572 ; Thomas v. Collins, 323 U.S. 516 ), that if denial of the right to speak had been contained in a statute, appellant would have been entitled to flout the law, to exercise his constitutional right to free speech, to make the address on July 2, 1950, and when arrested and tried for violating the statute, to defend on the ground that the law was unconstitutional. An unconstitutional statute is not necessarily a nullity; it may have intermediate consequences binding upon people. See Chicot County Dist. v. Bank, [345 U.S. 395, 423] 308 U.S. 371 . But when a legislature undertakes to proscribe the exercise of a citizen's constitutional right to free speech, it acts lawlessly; and the citizen can take matters in his own hands and proceed on the basis that such a law is no law at all. See De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353, 365 .
The reason is the preferred position granted freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion by the First Amendment. See Thomas v. Collins, supra, p. 530; Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105, 115 . The command of the First Amendment (made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth) is that there shall be no law which abridges those civil rights. The matter is beyond the power of the legislature to regulate, control, or condition. The case is therefore quite different from a legislative program in the field of business, labor, housing, and the like where regulation is permissible and the claim of unconstitutionality usually can be determined only by the manner or degree of application of the statute to an aggrieved person.
A legislature that undertakes to license or censor the right of free speech is imposing a prior restraint (see Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 ), odious in our history. The Constitution commands that government keep its hands off the exercise of First Amendment rights. No matter what the legislature may say, a man has the right to make his speech, print his handbill, compose his newspaper, and deliver his sermon without asking anyone's permission. The contrary suggestion is abhorrent to our traditions.
If the citizen can flout the legislature when it undertakes to tamper with his First Amendment rights, I fail to see why he may not flout the official or agency who administers a licensing law designed to regulate the exercise of the right of free speech. Defiance of a statute [345 U.S. 395, 424] is hardly less harmful to an orderly society than defiance of an administrative order. The vice of a statute, which exacts a license for the right to make a speech, is that it adds a burden to the right. The burden is the same when the officials administering the licensing system withhold the license and require the applicant to spend months or years in the courts in order to win a right which the Constitution says no government shall deny.
"The discretion thus vested in the authority is limited in its exercise by the bounds of reason, in uniformity of method of treatment upon the facts of each application, free from improper or inappropriate considerations and from unfair discrimination. A systematic, consistent and just order of treatment, with reference to the convenience of public use of the highways [here the parks], is the statutory mandate. The licensing authority has no delegation of power in excess of that which the legislature granting the power has and the legislature attempted to delegate no power it did not possess." State v. Cox, 91 N. H. 137, 143, 16 A. 2d 508, 513.
The requirement that the licensing authority stay within "the bounds of reason" and that it be "free from improper or inappropriate considerations and from unfair discrimination" is a command that it act reasonably, not [345 U.S. 395, 425] capriciously or arbitrarily. But even a reasonable regulation of the right to free speech is not compatible with the First Amendment. 1 Of course, a state could deny the use of a park to one religious group if a prior application had been granted to another group and the meetings would conflict. But there is no suggestion by New Hampshire that its system of regulation vests the licensing authority with only that limited power. The gloss which the New Hampshire court has placed on the statute grants a power reasonably to regulate free speech. That unfortunately is a doctrine that has been slowly creeping into our constitutional law. 2 It has no place there. It is a doctrine dangerous to liberty and destructive of the great rights guaranteed by the First Amendment.
So, one answer to the Court's holding that appellant should have gone into court to compel the issuance of a license is that the licensing power was discretionary not [345 U.S. 395, 426] ministerial and that a discretionary power to license free speech is unconstitutional.
[ Footnote 1 ] This marks a distinction between the present case and Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 . There the sole charge against appellants was that they were "taking part in a parade or procession" on public streets without a license. We only held that New Hampshire's method of controlling travel on the streets of cities was permissible under the police power of the states. We distinguished that problem from like cases arising under the First Amendment, p. 573, "The sole charge against appellants was that they were `taking part in a parade or procession' on public streets without a permit as the statute required. They were not prosecuted for distributing leaflets, or for conveying information by placards or otherwise, or for issuing invitations to a public meeting, or for holding a public meeting, or for maintaining or expressing religious beliefs. Their right to do any one of these things apart from engaging in a `parade or procession' upon a public street is not here involved and the question of the validity of a statute addressed to any other sort of conduct than that complained of is not before us."


text:
Sarounette's RelIgious Wisdom
Who Plays The Priest In Vikings
Baptist Churches In Newark Delaware Anthony and Joseph Church in Herkimer, and at St. John the Baptist in Newport. George Walker. A tornado with winds. Dubbed Newark's First Lady of Jazz, Dorthaan retired from WBGO Jazz 88.3 in 2018 after four decades as a founding employee of the award-winning public radio station in Newark. She continues to produce. 15670 Ashbury
Dec 08, 2016 · But Ivar The Boneless — who appears in History's Vikings as played by Alex Høgh Andersen — is redefining our perceptions. Ivar was born with a condition, rendering his legs useless, hence the nickname. Normally, this would be grounds to let a baby die in the world of Vikings, but his mother decided to keep him.
Baptist Hospital Nursing Program San Antonio Mar 20, 2014 · United States Nursing ; Texas Nursing ; BSHP SAN ANTONIO BSHP SAN ANTONIO. Texas Mar 20, Anybody out there accepted to Baptist school of health professions summer 2014 RN program??? Edited Mar 20, 2014 by VIOLETJIMENEZ. 0. Share this post. Link to post Share on other sites. Apr 9, 2014 by freet.
This is the love story between Ragnar Lathbrok and Athelstan, from the History Channels: Vikings: it seems obvious that there is more to these two men's relationship then the show portrays. This is my version hope you like it, BEWARE M/M sex, 18 and older, characters are not my own and blah blah blah, I made all this shit up.
Stanford Cardinal Vs California Golden Bears 11 18 Best Spiritual Session By Sandeep Maheshwari Jun 26, 2019 · For all the excellent inspiration, Sandeep Maheshwari makes it to our list of best motivational speakers in India. His videos on Youtube are a definite must watch! His ideas are also very similar to those of Deepak Chopra and Yogesh Chabria when it comes to using
A priest in the Diocese of St. Cloud. Oelrich invited the woman to the rectory to play cards and have dinner, after which he proposed she stay the night. They engaged in intercourse, which.
Aug 21, 2019 · Vikings probably arrived in the Faroes in the eighth century and they used this as a stepping-stone to sail further west across the Atlantic. In the mid-ninth century a series of Viking voyages came across Iceland and in the year 872 colonists led by Ingólf Arnarson settled on the island.
View the Box Score (boxscore) for the NFL game between the Minnesota Vikings and the Baltimore Ravens on December 13, 1998.
Linus Roache stars as King Ecbert in HISTORY's series Vikings. first gained worldwide recognition in Antonia Bird's critically acclaimed film, Priest. He also played the lead role in Pandaemonium, which he won the Best Actor award at the.
In Fear And Faith Silence Is Screaming Lyrics A neighbor who was mowing his lawn heard the victim screaming inside the house and ran over to help, according to Pasco County Sheriff Chris Nocco. The man helped the victim lower 'several elementary. Then there's a deep silence, the kind like when a man. He tells me about a song on Anomaly called "Fear,"
Feb 2, 2017. ICYMI: This is the Vikings season four finale episode recap, and. Travis Fimmel played this complex character to perfection, adding. the large Athelstan hole in our lives as a devout priest, fierce warrior, and conflicted lover.
The Vikings punted on their next drive. On the Ravens first offensive play of the game, quarterback Jim Harbaugh handed off to running back Priest Holmes, who was tackled by Robert Griffith. The.
Nov 28, 2017. Vikings series creator and writer Michael Hirst holds very little back while talking. to the cast Jonathan Rhys Meyers as the warrior priest Heahmund. the lead in Hirst's previous history series The Tudors, playing Henry VIII.
In past years, the debate has often focused on the problem of child sex abuse by priests — and the extent to which homosexuality played a role. Those questions are being revisited following the recent.
Mar 26, 2015. 'Vikings' Creator, Star: Latest Shocking Death Will Have "Huge Payoff". When series creator Michael Hirst first conceptualized Athelstan (George. an actor who'd become a friend from a fairly tight knit group of people.
The criterion is the player played less than six years, and the resultant injury forced them into an early retirement. So, you will not see names like Priest Holmes or Bob. Millard played in 75.
The equally well documented 500-year Little Ice Age starved and froze the Vikings. and priests performed exorcism rituals.
Never coming through is a mark against your legacy, no matter the position you play. Ask Dan Marino. Bleacher Report breaks down the top 25 best players to never win a Super Bowl. we considered.
Sep 10, 2019- These are for those who want their Sims to live in Scandinavian Society of the early Middle Ages, between 800 and 1100 A.D. Clothes, hair, decor, lighting, furniture, and build mode items are included in this board. See more ideas about Sims 2, Sims and Early middle ages.
82-year-old priest killed in flash floods after Halloween storm. The Chiefs need to dial up those types of plays against an aggressive Vikings defense that enters Week 8 tied for eighth in the.
Does anyone remember, much earlier in Vikings, when they were hearing trials in the hall, one of the men accused his wife of sleeping with a wanderer who was staying with them, etc., and when they man said his alias and described him, someone (I think it might have been Lagertha), said that he was probably a god, and that the man should.
You will find out…[pauses, seems to choose words carefully] that it plays into the beliefs of the Vikings. He may exist in many forms. Ragnar says, "I want to take the priest." And I got the.
Nov 30, 2017 · This Vikings review contains spoilers. Vikings Season 5 Episodes 1 and 2 "We three brothers are the leaders together as our father would have wished." In.
Jim hopes to pursue a law degree after college." He did like his Judas Priest. For those of us who knew Schwartz from Mount Saint Joseph High School in Baltimore, and especially those of us who played.
Vikings isn't the first time that Finnish actors Peter Franzén and Jasper Pääkkönen, who play King Harald and Halfdan. Bishop Heahmund was based upon a real warrior-priest of the same name, who.
Oct 1, 2017. 'Vikings' History Consultant, Justin Pollard, talks about diving into chronicles of the 9th century to bring Ragnar Lothbrok to life in HISTORY's hit.
The Vikings completed their. and helped Priest Holmes, Larry Johnson and Tony Richardson go to the Pro Bowl seven times in seven seasons. Saxon was a sixth-round pick of the Chiefs in 1988 and.
Linus Roache is an English actor known for his work in several hit Tv series out of which Vikings is the most notable one. The handsome man is delightfully married to his wife since 2003.
Sep 24, 2019. One of the most devastating losses for Vikings fans was the loss of Athelstan ( George Blagden), a monk turned Viking that helped Ragnar.
Are You a Stathead? Every week during the season, we'll send you an email to your inbox with scores, this week's schedule, top performers, fantasy drops and adds, new debuts and interesting tidbits.
Feb 2, 2017. Vikings Season 4 had plenty of deaths, but none was more pivotal. Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund, a warrior priest with a penchant for.
Best Nail Salon Falls Church Va VIENNA, VA — Vienna Shopping Center is welcoming new tenants to the center with a grand reopening this Saturday, April 30 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. The shopping center is welcoming several new. A complete list of all the best Falls Church Nail Salon rewards, deals, coupons in Falls Church, Virginia from Fivestars loyalty
The Vikings fired offensive line coach Jeff Davidson shortly after last season and brought in Tony Sparano. Injuries have played a major role in the line's shortcomings this season, but it's also fair.
Nov 30, 2016 · When History's Vikings went dark on the first half of its fourth season, the show jumped forward in time to reveal Ragnar Lothbrok's (Travis Fimmel) sons all grown up. Ragnar, who had.
George Blagden is a London-based film and stage actor who is best known for his television roles in the historical dramas Versailles and Vikings, where he plays King Louis XIV and the Anglo-Saxon monk Athelstan respectively.
Ragnar Played by Travis Fimmel. Lagertha Played by Katheryn Winnick. Aethelwulf Played by Moe Dunford. Astrid Played by Josefin Asplund. Bjorn Played by.
Feb 1, 2017. The gods have spoken and another season of History's Vikings comes to a gripping end. truly die, and what role Heahmund will play going into next season. Actually, in pretty much the same way that Athelstan hasn't.
Jul 9, 2017. Vikings 4×20 vikings new character vikings season 5 the priest. Vikings 4×20 New Character | The Priest | Ending Scene HD. Playing next.
Top 10 Songs About Vikings Metal_Treasure Vikings were Norse (Northern European) seafarers who raided and traded across Europe during the late 8th to late 11th centuries (aka the Viking Age). In old English the word for viking was "wicing"(pirate).
However, for the handful of criminal cases in play, it will be up to a judge to determine. The number of priests charged with criminal sexual abuse each year is small, largely because of statutes of.
That team started 6-0 before falling apart, and it all came crashing down when they were stunned 18-17 at Arizona on the final play – a touchdown pass to the corner of the end zone on fourth and 24.
Dec 21, 2017 · Vikings season 5 premiered with a civil war going on between Ragnar Lothbrok's sons. But where is Ragnar? Travis Fimmel's ruthlessly noble character got us hooked onto the fantastical period drama. We can't imagine Vikings without Ragnar or his brother, Rollo. Will Ragnar be in Vikings season 5? Here's what you need to know from Travis.
Jan 26, 2017. Vikings creator Michael Hirst, already deep into production on the 20. He's a wild card who happens to be [played by] Jonathan Rhys Meyers,
Diggs scored on first-half passes that covered 51 and 62 yards, becoming the first player since Randy Moss in 2000 to post two touchdown receptions of 50-plus yards in one game for the Vikings (4-2).
Center For Spiritual Living North Carolina RELATED: Disgust, validation, hope: Survivors, Catholics react to report detailing 70 years of Colorado clergy sex abuse The. After growing up on the beach in Miami and living in the Pisgah Forest in North Carolina, I didn't understand how monsoons could happen in the desert? I heard. Spiritual Education, SEE, Unity Institute, Online Classes, Lyceum.
Geeks Of Doom interviews Vikings actor George Blagden, who plays the priest Athelstan, about his journey and fate after Thursday's Episode "Born Again. The bloodiest season of Vikings continues. On this week's episode, "Born Again," one of the show's most beloved characters experienced a religious…
"He was a coach who cared a lot about his players, not just on the field but off the field," said Hall of Fame defensive lineman John Randle, who played for the Vikings from 1990-2000. "He was.
The short film started with a high-spirited, fictional version of Andersen showing the film crew around his Penthouse apartment in Dublin, Ireland, and then taking them along to a day on the set of "Vikings." Things seemed to be going perfectly for the actor until his co-star, Marco Ilsø, who plays his on-screen brother Hvitserk, informed him that "Vikings" was going to be canceled after the.
Ragnar is said to have been the father of three sons—Halfdan, Inwaer (Ivar the Boneless), and Hubba (Ubbe)—who, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and other medieval sources, led a Viking invasion of East Anglia in 865. They may have sought to avenge Ragnar's death, which may or may not have been murder, or they may have been claiming land to which they believed they had a right as a.
Oct 30, 2019 · Vikings season 6 release date, cast, plot, trailer: Will there be another series? VIKINGS season 6 has been confirmed by the show's makers and.
Mar 28, 2015. Geeks Of Doom interviews Vikings actor George Blagden, who plays the priest Athelstan, about his journey and fate after Thursday's Episode.
Jan 29, 2018. VIKINGS season 5 saw the introduction of a Christian warrior called Heahmund, played by The Tudors actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers. on a real-life Christian priest called Heahmund, who was indeed the Bishop of Sherborne.
The Minnesota Vikings' Harrison Smith played like a Pro Bowler in the 16-0 win over the Green Bay Packers, even if the safety didn't make the NFC postseason roster this season GREEN BAY, Wis. (AP) —.
Is Joel Olsteen An Atheist Joel Osteen Doesn't Mention God!. Joel Osteen is the pastor of Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas. Joel Osteen is the. How about a God-defying atheist? Nov 24, 2007 · I listen to Joel Olsteen on TV., He is a very positive speaker. I remarked that he was inspiring as a minister. A friend said he was
Madison Sumner added 11 points and Caelyn Orlandi had seven points and five steals for the Vikings (18-5), who advanced. a strong finish to defeat the Wildcats (10-9). Priest River advances to a.
Nov 26, 2018. Vikings (2013-present) is a historical fiction TV series created and written. the fictional Athelstan character) and in Season 3:10 Rollo is offered land and. The role historical regions such as Wessex or West Francia played.
George Paul Blagden (born 28 December 1989) is an English stage and film actor. He is best known for his role as Louis XIV in the French-produced television series drama Versailles. He also played Grantaire in the 2012 film adaptation of Les Misérables and Athelstan in the television series Vikings.
May 17, 2013 · As the protagonist of the historical drama series, Australian actor Travis Fimmel plays Ragnar Lothbrok in History Channel's Vikings. That being said, the historical figure depicted in History Channel's Vikings should not be confused with the characters in BBC Two's The Last Kingdom which is another TV series about Vikings adapted from the historical fiction works of Bernard Cornwell.
George Paul Blagden (born December 28, 1989) is an English stage and film actor. He portrays Athelstan in the History Channel series Vikings. He is best.
Minneapolis and Minnesota Vikings officials said Monday they're scrutinizing a parcel of land next to the Metrodome in hopes of continuing to play at the old stadium. north of the Dome owned by the.
Previous PostPrevious Jesus Christ Is The Son Of Heavenly Father
Next PostNext Finding Jesus Faith Fact Forgery Season 1 Episode 2
Posts from the Bloggers
Theres No Atheist In The Foxhole
Love Is A Leap Of Faith Pelicula En Espanol Completa
Faith As Small As A Mustard Seed Doug Horley
Holy Child School Bridgeville Pa
What Does A Catholic Priest Do
Fountain City United Methodist Church Knoxville
Archangel Michael Coptic Orthodox Church Greenville Sc
Jesus Christ Superstar John Legend Cast
Alpine Church Lake Zurich
General Audience With The Pope 2019
Download Holy Bible In English For Pc
13 Church Street Philadelphia Ny
Meaning Of Continence In Catholicism
Bible Verses About Fire Of The Holy Ghost
Castleton United Methodist Church Fish Fry
1251 Emmanuel Church Rd Huntingtown Md
Fruits Of The Holy Spirit Bible Reference
First United Methodist Church Pascagoula Ms
Bethlehem Baptist Church Jacksonville Nc
All Souls Catholic Church Easter Mass
Chief Priest In The Bible
1400 E Church St
Lyrics To Gospel Song He Knows My Name
Dio Holy Diver Live Cd
Dr Galapo Holy Redeemer Hospital
Find More Cool Stuff
Understand the Powerr of God

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Keras concatenate Sequential and Dense models I have the following models:
Dense Model:
def dense_model(num_features):
  inputs = Input(shape=(num_features,), dtype=tf.float32)
  layers = Dense(32, activation='relu')(inputs)
  model = Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=layers)

  return model

LSTM Model:
def lstm_model(num_features):

    inputs = Input(shape=[None, num_features], dtype=tf.float32, ragged=True)
    layers = LSTM(16, activation='tanh')(
        inputs.to_tensor(), mask=tf.sequence_mask(inputs.row_lengths()))

    layers = BatchNormalization()(layers)
    layers = Dense(16,activation='relu')(layers)
    layers = Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')(layers)

    model = Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=layers)
    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='adam', metrics=['mse'])

    return model

I'm trying to concatenate the two networks like so:
def concatenate_model(num_features):
    model_1 = dense_model(10)
    inputs = Input(shape=[None, num_features], dtype=tf.float32, ragged=True)
    layers = LSTM(16, activation='tanh')(
        inputs.to_tensor(), mask=tf.sequence_mask(inputs.row_lengths()))

    layers = BatchNormalization()(layers)
    layers = Dense(16,activation='relu')(concatenate([layers,model_1]))
    layers = Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')(layers)

    model = Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=layers)
    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='adam', metrics=['mse'])

    return model

to get the following result:

But I get an error:
ValueError: as_list() is not defined on an unknown TensorShape.

Here is a Colab that demonstrate my issue. What am I missing?

A: Try this:
import tensorflow as tf

def dense_model(num_features):
  inputs = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=(num_features,), dtype=tf.float32)
  layers = tf.keras.layers.Dense(32, activation='relu')(inputs)
  model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=layers)

  return model

def lstm_model(num_features):

    model_1 = dense_model(10)
    inputs = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=[None, num_features], dtype=tf.float32, ragged=True)
    layers = tf.keras.layers.LSTM(16, activation='tanh')(
        inputs.to_tensor(), mask=tf.sequence_mask(inputs.row_lengths()))

    layers = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(layers)
    concatenated = tf.keras.layers.Concatenate(axis=-1)([layers, model_1.output])
    layers = tf.keras.layers.Dense(16,activation='relu')(concatenated)
    layers = tf.keras.layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')(layers)

    model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=[inputs, model_1.input], outputs=layers)
    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='adam', metrics=['mse'])

    return model

model = lstm_model(20)
dot_img_file = '/model.png'
tf.keras.utils.plot_model(model, to_file=dot_img_file, show_shapes=True)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Rails Find all objects with same children Using

*

*Rails 3.2.8

*Ruby 1.9.3

*Postgresql

*Ubuntu 12.10.

Feel like I've completely forgotten how to construct a rails search after being away from rails for a few months.
Orders has_many Items.
Items have string status: in_progress, canceled, completed.
They also have a boolean of acquired.
So, I want to find all 'ready to complete' orders, which is to say, orders with all items that have at least one item that has (status in_progress and acquired), and any that are not in_progress are status canceled or status completed.
But I don't know how to construct a query that will only return Orders that have items that are all meeting those conditions. I have an Order with 3 Items, all are in_progress, one is acquired.
orders = Order.includes(:items).where(items: { status: "in_progress", acquired: true })

This will return the Order, eager loading the 1 Item that is acquired. But I need a query that will not return any orders, since not all items meet the criteria. But I am not sure where to start, and trying to search for this problem has been really difficult.
I need to check that at least one item is (in_progress and acquired) any any that are not are canceled or completed, and that ALL items are this way.
Any push in the right direction would be most appreciated!

A: Rails ActiveModel does not support OR queries well yet, so try to use arel to build complicated query.

A: I'm not familiar with Postgresql syntax, but in Mysql if you want to select orders where all items is "in progress" you should do smth like this:
SELECT orders.* FROM orders LEFT JOIN items ON items.order_id = orders.id AND items.status!='in progress' WHERE  items.id IS NULL;

OR
SELECT orders.* FROM orders INNER JOIN items ON items.order_id = orders.id GROUP BY items.order_id HAVING COUNT(items.id)=SUM(CASE WHEN items.status='in progress' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END);

I guess in ActiveRecord:
Order.joins("items ON items.order_id = orders.id AND items.status!='in progress'").where("items.id IS NULL")


Singapore, 22 August 2014 - COMEX, Singapore's biggest IT and Consumer Electronics Exhibition, will be presenting a new show concept for its 20th anniversary this year.
The new show's highlights include the Tech Fashion Show, Tech Showcase, Booth Babes Contest, The Stage and Gamers' Hub, which will give visitors an unforgettable experience.
COMEX 2014 takes place at Suntec Singapore, levels 4 to 6, from 28 to 31 August 2014, 12.00 to 9.00pm.
For the first time in COMEX, the Tech Fashion Show will combine fashion and technology to deliver a different experience to visitors. This fashion show will take place twice daily across the four-day event and booth babes will showcase tech products from wearables to cameras to the latest from leading laptop and popular gaming brands.
Booth babes are back in force this year! Brands represented include popular gaming brands Armaggeddon, as well as ASUS, Dell, HP, Lenovo and broadband service provider, MyRepublic. These booth babes made their first appearance online since 13 August to the show's growing Facebook fan-base of more than 80,000 users.
The booth babes contest will be held in two phases - a pre-show Facebook contest on www.fb.com/ComexITShow that ends 24 August where winners can walk away with $100 cash prizes and a selfie contest during COMEX August where visitors can take selfies with the booth babes, upload to Facebook and Instagram with the hashtag #comexbabes and stand to win $300 worth of cash prizes.
In addition to the five COMEX booth babe talents, Lenovo takes it a step further by flying in two booth babes from Taiwan.
Lenovo has chosen COMEX as the platform to launch its new Horizon 2 Table PC – thinner and more stylish than before and that offers an unprecedented multi-user experience.
Google Glass lands in COMEX! Visitors who want to find out how to use this technology to take a picture, record a video or even find directions should go straight to the Tech Showcase on Level 4 to experience this exciting innovation for themselves.
Touted as the first truly social wearable, Razer Nabu Smartband comes to COMEX featuring an open development platform for exciting app integrations. In addition, Casio presents the G-Shock GPW1000, the first watch to combine GPS and atomic clock radio time syncing.
Come see, touch and feel these products and more in the Tech Showcase, a non-sales area located on Level 4.
Next to the Tech Showcase, participating exhibitors will present and demonstrate their latest and popular products to visitors at 'The Stage'. It will be an area bustling with activities and visitors stand to win prizes at they learn about the products in a fun and engaging environment. Participating exhibitors include Airbnb, Fujifilm, MyRepublic and Samsung. There will also be a special segment daily at 12.30pm where visitors can learn more about the Google Glass from experts.
Next to The Stage, AsiaSoft, a leading online gaming publisher; Alienware, manufacturer of high-end gaming laptops and PCs, as well as PlayStation® 4 and Xbox One will anchor the 'Gamers' Hub' – a place for gamers to congregate with fellow gaming enthusiasts at COMEX this year.
Visitors can watch exciting PvP matches from STRIFE The Game at the Alienware Arena. Players can look forward to entertaining quests, engaging hands-on sessions as well as matches between renowned gamer groups. There are sure-win STRIFE items up for grabs, as well as Alienware products to win.
Pre-orders for Glacier White "PS4TM "Destiny" bundle pack is available at the Sony booth within the Gamers' Hub. Visitors can also try out a new game DRIVECLUBTM.
Microsoft's XBox One will finally be available after a long wait. It comes with the highly anticipated title EA SPORTS™ FIFA 15 and will be available for pre-order.
Gamers will not be the only group to benefit from special deals at COMEX 2014. With exciting offerings and a wide range of hot deals from smart phones, tablets, digital imaging, portable entertainment, smart TVs, audio & home theatre entertainment, lifestyle products, consumer electronics to a plethora of accessories all under one roof, there is something for everyone at COMEX 2014.
The latest offering from the Microsoft Surface family, the Microsoft Surface Pro 3, will be on sale at COMEX.
MyRepublic will offer unprecedented broadband deals at incredible prices.
Airbnb will participate in a larger way this year by setting up a 200 sqm concept booth, allowing visitors to experience and learn how to list, discover and book unique accommodations around the world – online or from a mobile phone. Visitors can look forward to travel credits when they sign up to be an Airbnb user at COMEX.
For every spend or deposit of $100 at COMEX 2014, or sign up to become an Airbnb user at their booth, visitors will get one chance to win up to $40,000 worth of cash and prizes in a lucky draw.
Along with the changes to the show concept, the COMEX logo is refreshed as well. The theme behind the new logo is "Connects You to Technology". The font is modern, simple, and easy to read. The letter "X" with a circle above represents a person or people. The boxes above the "X" represent the touch points we have with technology.
The new logo is a reflection of the future, with ever-changing technology. It signifies the connection between people and products, with COMEX being the core of this connection.


Our Service is completely Customized, we assign to each one of our customers a Private Aviation Executive Specialist, who will personally and at all times take care of all necessary details to guarantee that each flight is a unique and unforgettable experience, making something complex as aviation, in something very simple, safe and pleasant.
Whether you are a Senior Business Executive, Celebrity or Royalty, we know that your time and safety is the most important for you. ARE will provide the best Business Jet solution to optimize your productivity and efficiency while traveling.
Combined Luxury and Performance, to make your journey as hassle-free as possible, you can fly fast, directly and safety to an exact location accessing crowded and hard to reach places.
Since our beginnings we managed professionally and efficiently, Business Jets and Helicopters, generating high financial returns with total reliability. We know that each owner is different and that their needs are very specific, that is why we have developed policies and procedures to guarantee that your Aircraft will always be in optimal conditions and ready to fly.


The apartment is in the heart, & laquo; zest & raquo; city of Sevastopol on Mayakovsky Street - Artbukhta.
Mayakovsky, a street in the Leninsky district of Sevastopol, between street. Senyavina and pl. Lazarev.
Between McDonald's restaurant and hotel Sevastopol.
The only place in the city, where the combination of all parameters for a comfortable and convenient stay.


text:
HomePosts tagged 'text'
Puns About Monorails Always Make For Decent One-Liners.
April 30, 2015 April 19, 2015 fasab comedy, Humour, Legal, Puns	a family of four, ability, American, amusing, bad jokes, clever, Comedy, contacts list, doctor, Entertainment, first session, friends, funny, holiday to India, Humor, Humour, I can't wait, Impatience Support Group, joke, jokes, mind readers, monorails, one-liners, population, pun, puns, right to remain silent, scare a Gynaecologist, serving suggestions, silly jokes, small town, speech impediment, spell, sperm count, stupid, synonym, text, tongue-in-cheek, tree-house, Ventriloquist, we fell out, wig wam, woman falls pregnant, word, word play, word plays
It is just as hard to guage the size of a monorail as it is to guage the popularity of puns.
Here is another selection of word plays that may help you make up your mind.
Enjoy or endure!!
According to 'serving suggestions'
I'm a family of four
Me and my friend used to spend
all our time together in a tree-house,
but then we fell out.
I come from a small town
whose population never changes.
Every time a woman falls pregnant,
someone leaves town.
A synanym is a word you use
in place of one you can't spell.
It's difficult to say something tongue-in-cheek
without people thinking you have a speech impediment.
I had the right to remain silent,
unfortunately I didn't have the ability.
It's my first session with the
Impatience Support Group is tonight
…….. I can't wait.
I realized I didn't have many friends
when I tried to text Ben,
scrolled down my contacts list
and accidentally texted William.
My doctor said to me,
"Do you know your sperm count?"
I said,
"No, I didn't know they were that clever."
Did you hear about the American
who went on a holiday to India and
didn't manage to see a single wig wam?
How does a woman scare a Gynaecologist?
By becoming a Ventriloquist.
Finally, here's a joke for
all the mind readers out there….
Understanding what is beyond the horizon is beyond me.
April 2, 2015 March 31, 2015 fasab comedy, Humour, Language, Puns	amusing, arbitrary, Bach, bad jokes, beyond the horizon, boss, casino, coconut farm, Comedy, company, conundrum, corner shop, corners, cost-saving drive, dealing, deck of cards, definition, desiccated, doesn't surprise me, Duct tape, energy-efficient lights, Entertainment, favorite composer, fisherman, flexible shifts, friend, funny, Humor, Humour, intelligence, Jack-in-a-box, jogging, jokes, King Abdullah, Las Vegas, learning Spanish, lost at Si, medieval times, Moorish, motion detection, no particular reason, North African invaders, part time job, pee, pretty girl, pun, pun day, puns, puzzling, reading a book, rubberized computer keyboards, running gag, she's mine, sheikh, silly jokes, storm, stupid, text, toilets, too many questions, understand, Understanding, update, word play, word plays, you look odd
But puns I do understand.
What is a little more puzzling is why I like them and why so many others do as well.
Still, we can figure out that conundrum another time.
For now it's another Pun Day, so….
Enjoy or endure!
I bought a cheap Jack-in-a-box
and it's not much good.
It doesn't surprise me.
Some guy came up to me in the street today
and said "Wow, you look odd."
I replied "Well, so do you."
"Guess that made us even."
I've just come back from the corner shop.
I bought four corners.
So King Abdullah died,
that should sheikh things up a bit.
I've got a part time job for a company
making rubberized computer keyboards.
It's flexible shifts.
Someone stopped me while I was jogging
this morning to ask why I had
duct tape over my mouth.
I didn't answer.
It's a running gag.
A friend of mine bought a second hand
deck of cards from a casino in Las Vegas,
but after four weeks they hadn't arrived.
When he asked for an update, they said
they were still dealing with his order.
Did you hear about the fisherman
who was learning Spanish
He got lost at Si
I'm currently reading a book about
North African invaders during
Medieval times and can't put it down.
Its very moorish.
I looked up the definition of
the word "arbitrary" today.
For no particular reason.
My boss said,
"As part of our cost-saving drive we are
installing energy-efficient lights in the toilets.
They work on a motion detection system."
I replied,
"That's all fair and well, but what if
someone's just going in for a pee?"
A storm has ripped through
my coconut farm…
I'm desiccated.
Whenever I find a pretty girl
I look for intelligence.
Because if she doesn't have that,
then she's mine!
I always ask too many questions.
Does anybody know why this is?
I text a friend the other day asking him
who his favorite composer is.
Surprisingly, he didn't text Bach.
"I Think," Said The Sweet Potato, "Therefore I Yam."
December 11, 2014 December 10, 2014 fasab comedy, Humour, Language, Puns	24 hour clock, Ahmed, amusing, bad jokes, breeze, bunch, capital punishment, car, car boot, Comedy, correct term, court, criminal activity, dance, dangerous, dracula, driving, electric cable, Entertainment, ex-girlfriend, father-in-law, freedom of speech, funny, garage, geography exam, gun, hack it, Hertz, Humor, Humour, jet wash, job, jokes, kleptomaniacs, matrimony, metres, Monte Cristo, multiplication, murders, musical instruments, Muslim, nephew, nervous, party, pleading guilty, police, police car, police force, pulling my leg, pun, pun day, punishment, puns, question, secure computer files, silly jokes, Steal Band, steel band, street, stupid, stupid jokes, sweet potato, system, tables, text, toys, up to the job, voodoo doll, waiters, wind, word play, word plays, work, yam
Well today I yam the poster of more puns.
Keep your groans handy, you might need 'em.
Enjoy or endure.
You can say what you like
about freedom of speech.
I would love to dance at a metric party,
but I have two left 0.305 meters.
Waiters are good at multiplication
because they know their tables.
I accidentally grabbed a
live electric cable yesterday.
It really Hertz.
Capital punishment.
I used to work at a car garage
that had a jet wash.
It was pointless,
there was nowhere for them to land.
I got a 24 hour clock from
a garage sale for only 10/c.
They'll be so mad,
it's lasted far longer.
I'm in court accused of the murders of
Dracula and Monte Cristo.
I'm pleading guilty to both Counts.
There's a Muslim in the street carrying a gun.
Police say he's Ahmed and dangerous.
My ex girlfriend text to say that
she'd made a voodoo doll of me.
I think she's pulling my leg.
I used to have a job in the police force,
in which I'd break into secure
computer files to uncover criminal activity.
That was until I was met by one system
that proved I wasn't up to the job.
I just couldn't hack it.
Driving home, I noticed I had a
police car right up my ass.
Must have a word with my nephew
about leaving his toys lying around.
I'd been worrying about my
geography exam for a long time.
When I sat down to take it,
the first question read;
"What is the correct term for any wind that
blows between 4 and 30 miles per hour?"
I don't know what I was worried about.
It was a breeze.
I was so nervous when I met my
future father-in-law that i blurted out,
"Sir, May I have your daughters
hole in handy matrimony?"
What do you call a bunch of
kleptomaniacs with musical instruments?
A Steal Band.
Browser Wars – A Blast From The Past.
October 29, 2014 October 28, 2014 fasab Business, Computers, Factoids	academic, America Online, AOL, Blast From The Past, Broadband, browser, Browser wars, California, CDs, codebase, consumer Internet revolution, cookies, developed the software, dial-up connections, dominant web browser, downloaded, education, fact, facts, Firefox, flagship product, floppy disks, founded, frames, free version, Gecko layout engine, Google Chrome, graphics, high speed internet, IE, industry standards, internet, Internet Explorer, JavaScript, Jim Clark, Linux, logo, Macintosh, Marc Andreessen, market leader, microsoft, modems, Mosaic, Mosaic Communications Corporation, Mountain View, Netscape 6, Netscape Communications, Netscape Communications Corp, Netscape Navigator, non commercial users, non-profit organizational, on-the-fly display, open source license, OS/2, proxy auto-config, Random, Spyglass Inc, surfing the internet, technically innovative, text, Thunderbird, University of Illinois, web browsers, web page, windows, Windows platform
Those of you who are old enough may recognize the logo.
Twenty years ago (1994) when I was surfing the internet – and I was – the browser I was using was Netscape Navigator.
In fact it wasn't only me using it because in those days this flagship product of the Netscape Communications Corp was the dominant web browser.
Netscape Navigator was based on the Mosaic web browser, and its co-author Marc Andreessen, along with another guy called Jim Clark, founded the Mosaic Communications Corporation and set up shop in Mountain View, California. After discontented noises about the use of the 'Mosaic' name from the University of Illinois where Andressen had developed the software, the company changed its name to 'Netscape Communications' and their browser's name to 'Netscape Navigator'.
It was 1994 and Netscape Navigator was launched. But not without a few hiccups. First it was free for all non commercial users. Then it wasn't, the free version was restricted to academic and non-profit organizational use. And then it was free again online, with boxed versions available on floppy disks (and later CDs) in stores along with a period of phone support.
It had its teething problems too in the beginning, with a few security issues and so forth but eventually these were smoothed out and they could launch big time, which they did.
In fact the timing couldn't have been better. The Netscape Navigator browser was ideally positioned to take advantage of the consumer Internet revolution of the mid-to-late 1990s and it soon became the de facto standard, particularly on the Windows platform.
At the time it was technically innovative too, introducing on-the-fly display of web pages, where text and graphics appeared on the screen as the web page downloaded. Earlier web browsers would not display a page until all graphics on it had been loaded over the network connection which often meant that a user had to stare at a blank page for as long as several minutes.
This was very significant at the time. Don't forget that we were all struggling with modems and dial-up connections in those days. Broadband high speed internet was just a dream.
It had other new features too, many of which have since become industry standards, including cookies, frames, proxy auto-config, and JavaScript.
Netscape Navigator was available for a wide range of operating systems, including Windows, Macintosh, Linux, and OS/2 and it quickly became the market leader with more than 50% usage share. Many people say that it was due in part to the ease of using Netscape Navigator that more people were using the Internet on a regular basis.
Everything was going great for Netscape. And then Microsoft decided to enter the web browser software market. Like Netscape before them, Microsoft licensed the Mosaic source code from Spyglass, Inc. (which in turn licensed code from University of Illinois) and, using this basic code, created Internet Explorer.
At first Microsoft's browser efforts were way short of the mark (some would say they still are!), and was a much inferior product to Netscape Navigator. However they threw money at the project and by versions 3.0 onwards Internet Explorer became a real competitor to Netscape. As web page content increased the Netscape browser became slower compared to IE, with the result that the latter started to gain significant market share.
From there it was all down hill for Netscape.
In March 1998, Netscape released most of the development code base under an open source license, but the open source community decided to scrap the Netscape Navigator codebase entirely and build a new web browser around the Gecko layout engine which Netscape had been developing but which it had not yet incorporated. Whether deliberate or not I'm not sure, but to add insult to injury the open source community-developed project was named 'Mozilla', Netscape Navigator's original code name. Products like Firefox and Thunderbird have resulted from this.
Then America Online (AOL) bought Netscape. They produced a new version with a new graphic user interface and released it as Netscape 6, but it was not successful in winning back users, who continued to move over to Internet Explorer.
On 28 December 2007, the Netscape developers announced that AOL had canceled development of Netscape Navigator, leaving it unsupported as of 1 March 2008.
And that was that. I think you can still download archived and unsupported versions of the browser for anyone is curious to have a look. But it does not now compare with modern browsers like Google Chrome which in later years did to Internet Explorer what it had done to Netscape Navigator.
I'm Planning On Being More Spontaneous In The Future.
April 10, 2014 April 8, 2014 fasab comedy, Humour, Language, Puns	amusing, bad jokes, bike, blood vessels, Comedy, cut off his left ear, dealer, dog, donut thief, Entertainment, female Ninjas, fifth Beatle, full of holes, fun, funerals, funny, gravestone, graveyard, headline, Humor, Humour, joke, jokes, Mark my words, marriage, married, medical school entrance exam, morning, nerves, outstanding in his field, park, penny, Peterborough Evening Telegraph, phoned 911, play on words, pound, pun, pun day, puns, reception was excellent, scarecrow, sentence, silly jokes, sorrow, stolen, stupid, stupid jokes, taking a dump, text, three degrees, three hundred and fifty seven Degrees, TV repairman, Vincent Van Gogh, word, word play, word plays
Pun Day is here again.
I'm sure you're delighted!
So here is the latest assortment of word play jokes.
Did you hear about the scarecrow that won an award?
He was outstanding in his field.
The dealer asked me 'how much are you willing to pay for the car?'
'1500, tops', I responded
'OK,' he replied, 'but they better be short sleeved'.
If I had a penny for every time someone
gave me their dog to look after,
I'd have a pound!
I phoned 911 to report my bike being stolen in the park.
They asked, "What does it look like?"
I replied, "It's big, green and full of swings."
Isn't it odd that funerals always begin
not with sorrow but with fun?
Female Ninjas
Now there's something you don't see.
The case against a donut thief
turned out to be full of holes.
When the TV repairman got married
the reception was excellent.
I've been sleeping with this bloke's wife and today he sent me this text:
"You go near her again and ill have you dead! Mark my words!"
To which I replied:
"8 out of 10, I'll requires an apostrophe and a capital I."
When Vincent van Gogh cut off his left ear,
his right ear was left.
I failed my medical school entrance exam because of nerves.
The correct answer was blood vessels.
To some – marriage is a word…
to others – a sentence.
Saw a dude squatting behind a gravestone in the old graveyard.
I thought "What is he doing? I'm letting him know that I see him"
So I shouted "Morning!"
And he shouts back, "Nah, just taking a dump."
Headline taken from the Peterborough Evening Telegraph:
"MPs call for jobs blow to be reversed"
Never mind the fifth Beatle, what about the other
three hundred and fifty seven Degrees?
Does Husk Make Gaggles?
April 2, 2014 March 31, 2014 fasab Bloopers, comedy, Humour, Language	amusing, auto-correct, Bloopers, cell phones, Comedy, Entertainment, funny, Humor, Humour, messages, messaging, mistakes, mobile phones, stupid, stupidity, technology, telephone, telephones, text, texting, texts
Don't worry too much if you don't know the answer to the question in the title, or even if you don't understand the question.
We are in the realm of cell phone auto-correct again, so anything can happen.
As always the health and safety warning applies to those of a nervous disposition who are likely to be offended by strong explicit language.
"IDK, LY and TTYL!"
March 26, 2014 March 23, 2014 fasab Bloopers, comedy, Humour	amusing, auto-correct, Bloopers, cell phones, Comedy, Entertainment, funny, Humor, Humour, messages, messaging, mistakes, mobile phones, stupid, stupid people, stupidity, technology, telephone, telephones, text, texting, texts
Not sure about the title? Don't worry, all will become a little clearer in a moment.
Suffice to say we're having another tussle with auto-correct!
Usual health and safety applies to those of a nervous disposition who may be offended by adult themes and language.


Adorable baby girls pink dress by Mebi.
This lovely little dress features frilly shoulders, frilly sleeves and a large knitted bow. Match with a pair of Spanish bow tights and shoes.
This dress is available from 6 months to 36 months.


The UPWARDS project was launched in April of 2018 with the goal of making possible the development of bigger and better designed wind turbines, thus increasing the capacity of societies all over Europe and the rest of the world to harness wind-energy.
This goal is being pursued though the development of the next generation of multi-physics simulation capabilities specialized in wind flow, turbine mechanics and the interaction of the two of these. These simulation tools will enable more cost-effective and more rapid development of wind turbine prototyping. This is an essential capability as the larger the wind turbines become, the more economic unfeasible physical prototyping becomes, thereby hindering wind turbine development and wind-energy advancement.
This ambitious project is strategically important for the future of sustainable development in Europe and is being implemented thanks to the involvement of a consortium of 11 partners (companies, research institutes and universities) across 8 countries and 2 continents. SINTEF is acting as the coordinating entity for the project and is working in conjunction with its partners to create the simulation framework and tools needed to make the next generation of wind turbines a reality.
Wind energy is the fastest growing source of renewable electricity generation, as the worldwide production has almost doubled between 2011 and 2015, reaching 487 GW of total installed capacity in 2016 and over 800 GW forecasted by the end of 2021 This represents 1,155,000 Jobs created by the global wind industry at the end of 2016. The global capacity is expected to nearly double in next five years with 520,000 people expected to be employed by the wind industry in the EU by 2020.
Improving the quality and quantity of wind turbines is key to achieving the EU's climate and renewable energy targets for 2030 and beyond, and the global 2°C set by the Paris COP agreement. In 2016, wind power avoided over 637 million tons of CO2 emissions globally. At the same time, EU seeks to improve the European competitiveness on wind energy as outlined in the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan), focused on developing large-scale turbines in the range 10-20 MW. Currently, the largest wind turbine in the world is the Vestas 8 MW turbine with a rotor diameter of 164 meters and the world's longest wind turbine blade is LM Wind Power's 88.4 meters long blade. The increase in size is needed in order to accelerate the development and deployment of cost-effective low carbon technologies.
Numerous economic, technical, social and environmental aspects inhibit the development of wind parks. In some cases, the costs of wind turbines may be prohibitive and the design of large wind turbine needs to be optimized in terms of material use and reliability, while in other case the siting of wind turbines may interfere with environmental functions, such as landscape preservation.
Up-scaling of rotor size requires further optimization of aerodynamic and structural performance, and imposes new physical phenomena that needs to be better understood in the design process. UPWARDS will develop a high-performance computing (HPC) framework for integrated high fidelity dynamic simulations. The HPC simulation framework represents next generation of dynamic multi-physics and mechatronic simulation technology. By continuing development beyond the UPWARDS project, this HPC framework will pave the way for extensive virtual prototyping of wind turbines, that will speed up wind turbine development and reduce the need for prototype testing. Several aspects of wind turbine technology can be exploited with high fidelity simulation.
Turbulence originating from atmospheric conditions, terrain or wind turbine wake that causes significant fatigue on the rotors.
As rotors become larger the tip speeds increase, resulting in more noise that potentially prohibit use in many onshore locations.
Longer and more slender blades will experience more bending that results in complex, dynamic stresses that need to be accounted for in structural design and material qualification.