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Subtractor Op Amp Wiki
It can be Voltage amplifiers, whose input is some voltage and output is also voltage but amplified. This means that the op amp does not provide any amplification to the signal. From the first day of our inception, we are instrumental in providing our patrons with best grade OP Amp as Adder & Subtractor Trainer. An averaging amplifier provides an output that is proportional to the average value of its inputs. An ideal op amp has infinite. Op-amp based circuit. They are easy to use and can provide some near perfect analogue circuits. This page is the central documentation site for Diavolino from Evil Mad Scientist. Kjo aplikohet në të gjithë botën. An operational amplifier (often op-amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. What is an operational amplifier? An operational amplifier, abbreviated as op-amp, is basically a multi-stage, very high gain, direct-coupled, negative feedback amplifier that uses voltage shunt feedback to provide a stabilized voltage gain. You have now seen how an operational amplifier can be used in a circuit as an adder, a summing amplifier, and a scaling amplifier. Sloa099 fully differential op amps made easy 3 3 how is the second output used. They can be applied to all sorts of great applications. The buffer OP-AMP 741. Dan Sheingold, Analog Dialogue Vol. From the classical viewpoint, the op-amp voltage follover consists only of an operational amplifier. Op-amps may be packaged as components or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits. The op amp differential gain stage (also known as a differential amplifier, or subtractor) is shown in figure 2. A voltage controlled amplifier, or VCA, is an amplifier whose gain is set by the voltage level of a control signal. It is also called as difference amplifier. It has a perfect electrical sense; so, it does not need a zero indicator to monitor the virtual ground voltage. You need to bias the op amp somewhere in the middle of his "linear region". 已授权您依据自由软件基金会发行的无固定段落及封面封底文字(Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts, and Back-Cover Texts)的GNU自由文件许可协议1. What You Will Learn. An op-amp is a differential amplifier which has a high i/p impedance, high differential-mode gain, and low o/p impedance. AIM: To study Adder, Subtractor Comparator circuits using OP-AMP IC741 and. Or the Unity Gain Follower Voltage Follower used to transfer or copy a voltage from a first circuit (Vin) to a second circuit (V out). Revealing the Ideas behind Circuits Welcome to Circuit Idea!. Differential amplifier behaves as subtractor circuit, that basically subtracts the two. I intend to use an op-amp for isolation instead of the isolation transformer. The design incorporates elements of a traditional discrete op-amp, but with an IC amplifier at its core. Usually, this is a numbered counter clockwise around the chip. The non-inverting input provides a gain of 1 + R2/R1. In this tutorial you will design a difference amplifier using the LM741 Op-Amp model. You have now seen how an operational amplifier can be used in a circuit as an adder, a summing amplifier, and a scaling amplifier. no 1 Measurement of Op-Amp parameters 7-11 2 Applications of Op-Amp (Adder, Subtractor, adder-subtractor, average amplifier, Current to voltage converter) 12-14 3 Integrator and Differentiator using Op-Amp 15-17 4 Instrumentation Amplifier using Op-Amp 18-19. THE INPUT IMPEDANCE OF AN UNCONNECTED OP-AMP IS VERY HIGH!!! ONCE YOU CONNECT OTHER COMPONENTS TO THE OP-AMP, EVERYTHING CHANGES! You are wrongly assuming that the the characteristics of the entire circuit and the characteristics of an unconnected op-amp are the same: they are not !. This article will explain advanced op amp behaviour including open loop gain, closed loop gain, loop gain, phase margin and gain margin. A diferențial amplificator sau op amp subtractor este un circuit amplificator bazat pe amplificatoare special concepute, care amplifică diferența dintre două semnale de intrare și respinge orice semnale comune celor două intrări. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The 2-ACA-Bo from ClassicAPI provides a stereo summing solution for a host of applications. As C 1 charges through R 1, the voltage across R 1 falls, so the op-amp draws current from the input through R L. Wiki User 02/15/2011. English: A Diagram of the internal structure of an simple op-amp model, showing the input and output resistances and the controlled voltage source. Use the op amp in a linear operating region. Differential Amplifier The Voltage Subtractor An operational amplifier often op amp or opamp is a dc coupled high gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and usually a single ended output. 我,本作品著作权人,释出本作品至公有领域。 这适用于全世界。 在一些国家这可能不合法;如果是这样的话,那么: 我无条件地授予任何人以任何目的使用本作品的权利,除非这些条件是法律规定所必需的。. An op-amp is a differential amplifier which has a high i/p impedance, high differential-mode gain, and low o/p impedance. Unlike most types of amplifiers. This parallel subtractor can be designed in several ways, including combination of half and full subtractors, all full subtractors, all full adders with subtrahend complement input, etc. It is also called the Voltage Subtractor circuit which we will try on a breadboard and check if the circuit is working as expected. Note that the voltage source is connected to a possibly variable voltage, used for offset nulling. The Subtractor also called a differential amplifier, uses both the inverting and non-inverting inputs to produce an output signal which is the difference between the two input voltages V1 and V2 allowing one signal to be subtracted from another. We can design an op amp circuit to combine number of input signals and to produce single output as a weighted sum of input signals. Wiki User 10/05/2017. Note that even though the square wave generator swings the voltage output from plus to minus , the frequency does not depend upon this supply voltage. 3/1 ECE- IC Applications Lab Manual Aurora's Engineering College 8 Experiment No. Difference Amplifier (Subtractor) A difference amplifier will produce an output based on the difference between the input signals. Thanks to its remarkable design and use of the DIP8 format, Sparkos Labs's discrete operational amplifiers are some of the smallest commercially available examples, with an ability to integrate into most any circuit that uses an op-amp. The prism determines the main firing mode of the amp, the scaffold determines the alt-fire, and the brace changes certain stats on the amp such as energy pool or critical chance. Main details about the Diavolino kit. The difference of the voltage between V+ and V- is amplified in this circuit. Okay, stil it doesn't work. The op amp differential gain stage (also known as a differential amplifier, or subtractor) is shown in figure 2. The adder/subtractor is a pre-designed component; I have no access to the interior. See kehtib üleilmselt. 1 (1976), "Simple Rules for Choosing Resistor Values in Adder-Subtractor Circuits". These parts can be mixed and matched to the user's liking if they so wish. The subtraction of the two input voltages is possible with the help of subtractor. The subtractor using op-amp is shown in figure below. It's a lot like a virtual ground except not at 0 V. de la Cruz. Recall that the ouptut of the 411 only gets within about 1. This type of operational amplifier circuit is commonly known as a Differential Amplifier configuration and is shown below:. * Built – in bank of components required for constructing adder and subtractor. This note covers the following topics: Ideal Operational Amplifier, Op-amp types , Non-inverting Amplifier, The Integrator Amplifier, The Differentiator Amplifier, Basic OPAMP Configurations and Simple Mathematical Operations , Differentiation and Integration using OPAMP, Digital Logic Families, Boolean Logic Operations using Digital ICs, Adder and. • When the input signal becomes positive again, the op amp's output voltage will take a finite time to swing back to zero, then to forward bias the diode and produce an output. Rangkaian Dasar Op-Amp : 1. The circuit that takes the difference of two signals is called a subtractor. Jump to navigation Jump to search. A Summing and Differential Amplifier with One Op Amp by Adrian S. *PDF: National Semiconductor Op Amp Circuit Collection Application Note 31 February 1978 *PDF: AN106 Application Note A Collection of Amplifier Applications. If all resistors are equal in value, then the output voltage can be derived by using superposition principle. where Z dif is the op-amp's input impedance to differential signals, and A OL is the open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp (which varies with frequency), and B is the feedback factor (the fraction of the output signal that returns to the input). Summing amplifier/ Inverting adder circuit using op amp 741 Gallery of Electronic Circuits and projects, providing lot of DIY circuit diagrams, Robotics & Microcontroller Projects, Electronic development tools. In this project, we will show how to build a non-inverting op amp circuit using an LM741 op amp chip. draw the sketch of an Op-amp based voltage subtractor and determine the output voltage V0 for Rf=1Mohms, R1=50kohms, R2=100kohms, and R3=400kohms. The gain with respect to the two inputs can be changed. OP_CONTROL1. A demultiplexer is also called a data distributor. Likewise we can build the Op-amp adder with non-inverting op-amps. Ensure that the inputs of the op amp do not exceed the. Any number of input signal can be summed using an opamp. The op-amp input cannot go to 20V. I intend to use an op-amp for isolation instead of the isolation transformer. Operational Amplifier: Op-Amp as Differential Amplifier or Op-Amp as subtractor (With Examples). I am using 10K for R1-R4, and 2. If you can't find what you're looking for, or you have an idea for a calculator that would be helpful to you, let us know. Start by creating the following test circuit. The sum of the input signal is amplified by a certain factor and made available at the output. 5 kΩ 5 kΩ 5 kΩ 5 kΩ Va Vb Vc Vd file 01002 2. Two variations on the summing amplifier are the averaging amplifier and the subtractor. It is also called as difference amplifier. V' will also be the voltage at the op amp - terminal since the op amp output will adjust itself until the + and - terminal voltages are equal. This type of operational amplifier circuit is commonly known as a Differential Amplifier configuration and is shown below:. 5K for Rgsuch that the output is 10 times the input difference (1 volt per amp). become a Unity Gain Differential Amplifier and the voltage gain of the amplifier will be exactly one or unity. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. So in op-amp adder output voltage is proportional to the sum of input voltages. LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB- EE322P List of Experiments S. Bailey Line Road 175,355 views. An op-amp has a differential input. Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits Analog Integrated Circuits PDF Version. Buffer op amp for AD8421 REF pin. The fixed reference voltage Vref is give to the non-inverting terminal (+) of the op-amp. Revealing the Ideas behind Circuits Welcome to Circuit Idea!. HANDBOOK OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS Bruce Carter and Thomas R. As a result, the op-amp produces an output voltage that is almost exactly equal to the input one: V OUT = V IN. If you supplied it with a variable voltage, you could freely change the amplitude without changing the frequency. effectiveness of the ability of a difference amplifier to reject a common-mode signal is known as common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). For this circuit worksheet students build their own circuit and complete several short answer questions on different amp circuits. Op-Amp Adder and Subtractor - Op-amp is used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals. Arial Wingdings Arial Black Times New Roman Pixel 1_Pixel Microsoft Equation 3. Sansen, "Power supply rejection ratio in operational transconductance amplifiers," IEEE Trans. An operational amplifier (often op-amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this lab we introduce the operational amplifier (op amp), an active circuit that is designed with certain characteristics (high input resistance, low output resistance, and a large differential gain) that make it a nearly ideal amplifier and useful building-block in many circuits applications. It adds up all the voltages that are input to the op amp. amplifier, PIR 2 /2 requires that the amplifier must be able to source a peak AC current of around 350 mA with an 8-Ohm load. With an in-amp, it might be for protection from voltages beyond the supplies or for a filter to reduce RF interference. In this case, the OP-Amp is connected as non-inverting amplifier as shown in fig. Adder: Op-amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of. The subtractor using op-amp is shown in figure below. THE INPUT IMPEDANCE OF AN UNCONNECTED OP-AMP IS VERY HIGH!!! ONCE YOU CONNECT OTHER COMPONENTS TO THE OP-AMP, EVERYTHING CHANGES! You are wrongly assuming that the the characteristics of the entire circuit and the characteristics of an unconnected op-amp are the same: they are not !. Hi, I need to built a circuit to subtract a reference voltage of 4V from a variable signal from 4 to 4,25V This interval 250mV must be amplified 4 times. The output of the op-amp is influenced by these supply voltages in three ways. This is sometimes helpful, although I suspect most people just attenuate the input to begin. The Summing Amplifier is a very flexible circuit indeed, enabling us to effectively "Add" or "Sum" (hence its name) together several individual input signals. Subtractor and integrator ckt of Op-Amp (in Hindi) 9:19. Në disa vende kjo mund të mos jetë e mundur ligjërisht; nëse është kështu:. CIRCUITS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 9 Operational Amplifiers 9. Wiki User 02/15/2011. basics where you can't assume any. Related Searches to Op-Amp Differentiator differentiator op amp rc differentiator circuit differentiator op amp example problems op amp differentiator experiment difference between integrator and differentiator op amp integrator and differentiator advantages of differentiator op amp as differentiator integrator and differentiator using op-amp. Stay tuned! More lessons will be added soon. The subtractor circuit shown in figure 3-25 will produce the following output:. Such a circuit is called a summing amplifier or a summer or adder. To study op amp as adder and subtractor circuit aic practical electronics opamp. It is called a inverting comparator circuit as the sinusoidal input signal Vin is applied to the inverting terminal. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world then the sources will be at virtual ground by the operational amplifier. It can be Voltage amplifiers, whose input is some voltage and output is also voltage but amplified. The on-demand courses and tutorials include introductory ideas about device architecture in addition to advanced, application-specific problem-solving, using both theory and practical knowledge. The IC op amp is here to stay; the latest generation op amps cover the frequency spec-trum from 5-kHz GBW to beyond 1-GHz GBW. So if you proper bias your op amp, your low-pass filter will work just fine. * Test points provided at various stages in the circuit. The 8 digit binary signal is the input to the DAC and V0 is the corresponding analog output of the current to voltage converter. Non-Inverting Adder. The summing amplifier is a one kind of circuit and the configuration of this circuit is based upon the standard inverting op-amp. basics where you can't assume any. When we look closely at the comparator symbol, we will recognize it as the Op-Amp (Operational Amplifier) symbol, so what makes this comparator differ from op-amp; Op-Amp is designed to accept the analog signals and outputting the analog signal, whereas the comparator will only give output as digital signal; although an ordinary Op-Amp could be used as. Logarithmic Amplifier Anti-logarithmic Amplifier Differentiator Integrator Adder, Subtractor, Multiplier & Divider Eldo Digital Macromodels Digital Model Definition Delay Inverter Exclusive-OR Gate 2-Input Digital Gates 3-Input Digital Gates Multiple Input Digital Gates Analog to Digital Converter Digital to Analog Converter Eldo Magnetic. Sunday, April 20, 2008 Course Outline / Syllabus for Class Under Engr. Learn how to use op-amp as a Differential amplifier to find the voltage difference between two voltage values. Did you know that a standard resistor component sitting upon your desk doing "nothing" is actually generating noise?. Wiki User 10/05/2017. We are all very lucky he does. 2版或任意后续版本的条款,复制、传播和/或修改本文件。. Operasional amplifier (Op-Amp) adalah suatu penguat berpenguatan tinggi yang terintegrasi dalam sebuah chip IC yang memiliki dua input inverting dan non-inverting dengan sebuah terminal output, dimana rangkaian umpan balik dapat ditambahkan untuk mengendalikan karakteristik tanggapan keseluruhan pada operasional amplifier (Op-Amp). To find the output voltage V O1 due to V 1 alone, make all other inputs zero. One input is known as the inverting input (' - ' symbol) and the other is known as the non-inverting input (' + ' symbol). In the case of the ideal op-amp, with A OL infinite and Z dif infinite, the input impedance is also. Op Amp Package Options Figure 3 represents a small number of the many op amp package options offered by Texas Instruments. The input signal is applied to the non-inverting input (+). We can design an op amp circuit to combine number of input signals and to produce single output as a weighted sum of input signals. The subtractor using op-amp is shown in figure below. Topics Covered: - Definition of summing amplifier/summer/ adder - Output voltage equation derivation of op-amp summing amplifier. The design incorporates elements of a traditional discrete op-amp, but with an IC amplifier at its core. The most commonly used op-amp is IC741. If the inputs resistors, R 1, R 2, R 3 etc, are all equal a "unity gain inverting adder" will be made. Without feedback this op-amp would act like a comparator (i. until you also make V2=0 actually it will be equal to the voltage at the non-inverting terminal (Vb) (for an Ideal OpAmp) so if V2 is also zero then Va will be zero. So we need a device that can handle higher currents. Electronics/Analog multipliers. That means I can't connect to the bits between the adder components. OP-AMP Questions :-1. So in op-amp adder output voltage is proportional to the sum of input voltages. Original file  (SVG file, nominally 300 × 175 pixels, file size: 26 KB). OPAMP APPLICATIONS ADDER, SUBTRACTOR & COMPARATOR CIRCUITS [43747] THEORY : Adder : Adder circuit is a Summing Amplifier. You really need a "better" op-amp that goes rail-to-rail, and you need to carefully specify the input signal. Instrumentation Amplifier: The difference gain of this instrumentation amplifier R, however should never be made zero, as this will make the gain infinity. 2 nebo libovolné vyšší verze publikované nadací Free Software Foundation. A half-subtractor lets you borrow out, but not borrow in. Finally, we need a voltage subtractor to make the op-amp compare its output voltage V OUT with the input voltage V IN. Wiki User 10/05/2017. AMP는 adenosine monophosphate의 줄임말이다. It expands on the (often incorrect) assumptions made about op amps that are only accurate at dc. The input signal is applied to the non-inverting input (+). The Subtractor also called a differential amplifier, uses both the inverting and non-inverting inputs to produce an output signal which is the difference between the two input voltages V1 and V2 allowing one signal to be subtracted from another. The supply voltage ranges from guaran-teed operation at 0. op amp adder circuit wiki The simplest op amp half-wave rectifier is shown in. Then, write an equation describing the whole circuit's function. For this reason, summing amplifier is also called as Voltage adder since its output is the addition of voltages present at its input terminal. Comparator Symbol Op-Amp as a Comparator. See kehtib üleilmselt. OP-AMP AND ITS APPLICATIONS Learning Objectives What is an OP-AMP? OP-AMP Symbol Polarity Conventions Ideal Operational Amplifier Virtual Ground and Summing Point Why V i is Reduced to Almost Zero? OP-AMP Applications Linear Amplifier Unity Follower Adder or Summer Subtractor Integrator Differentiator Comparator. If all resistors are equal in value, then the output voltage can be derived by using superposition principle. To avoid such a situation, in a practical circuit, a fixed resistance in series with a potentiometer is used in place of R. An operational amplifier or op amp is a DC coupled voltage amplifier with a very high voltage gain. Sometimes, we need to have an output signal of the same polarity as the input signal. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. Describe the use of an op-amp in an audio amplifier. 0 Operational Amplifiers Outline What is an Op-Amp Uses for Op-Amps Vacuum Tube Op-Amps Solid State Discrete Op-Amps Monolithic Integrated Circuit Op-Amp Features of Op-Amps Characteristics of Op-Amps Characteristics of Op-Amps Summary of Characteristics Ideal Op-Amp. Subtractor and integrator ckt of Op-Amp (in Hindi) 9:19. 18 6 Design and verify the operation of op - amp as an (a) adder (b) subtractor (c) integrator and (d) differentiator. effectiveness of the ability of a difference amplifier to reject a common-mode signal is known as common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). simulate this circuit - Schematic created using CircuitLab Just bumped into a problem. The prism determines the main firing mode of the amp, the scaffold determines the alt-fire, and the brace changes certain stats on the amp such as energy pool or critical chance. INTERFACER – SBOA - Subtractor Operation Amplifier interface board. This continues as the capacitor charges, and eventually the op-amp has an input and output close to virtual ground because the lower end of R 1 is connected to ground. The subtractor using op-amp is shown in figure below. Di sejumlah negara, tindakan ini tidak memungkinkan secara sah; bila seperti itu:. Improved Op Amp Half-Wave Rectifier Figure 12 shows a half-wave rectifier circuit with improved performance. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself. 9 V to absolute maximum voltage ratings of 1000 V. Catalogo ic circuiti integrati e microprocessori. Patent us fully differential current feedback cmos drawing. Logarithmic Amplifier Anti-logarithmic Amplifier Differentiator Integrator Adder, Subtractor, Multiplier & Divider Eldo Digital Macromodels Digital Model Definition Delay Inverter Exclusive-OR Gate 2-Input Digital Gates 3-Input Digital Gates Multiple Input Digital Gates Analog to Digital Converter Digital to Analog Converter Eldo Magnetic. When working with a unipolar (0-Vcc, as opposed to bipolar +/-Vcc) supply, certain design considerations must be made. There are two basic varieties of op-amp summer circuits: noninverting and inverting. Digital Electronics | Operational Amplifier (op-amp) Amplifier is a device that increases the strength of input signal. This example describes a two input 4-bit adder/subtractor design in VHDL. The op-amp is usually powered by a dual polarity power supply in the range of +/- 5. Recall that the ouptut of the 411 only gets within about 1. The figure shows op amp as comparator circuit with hysteresis. 연산 증폭기(op-amp, Operational amplifier)는 두 개의 차동 입력과, 대개 한 개의 단일 출력을 가지는 직류 연결형(DC-coupled) 고이득 전압 증폭기이다. Op-Amp Adder and Subtractor Circuits Subramanian May 28, 2013 Op-Amp Circuits 4 Comments The adder can be obtained by using either non-inverting mode or differential amplifier. I have made a difference amplifier (subtractor) based upon OP-AMPs as below pic. Lisensi ini berlaku di seluruh dunia. electronic circuit or component serving as a high-gain voltage amplifier with a differential input and a single-ended output operational amplifier (Q178947) From Wikidata. What are subtractor op-amplifier?. The op-amp has a "inverting" or (-) input and "noninverting" or (+) input and a single output. Then the output expression would simply be Vout = V2 - V1. Component parator using ic opamp circuit design and simple light sensor op amp rookie electronics pdf amprookie electro thumbnail. That solution looks good to build on a breadboard, but the problem I have is that the circuit is designed using the Quartus software and sent to a FPGA. If the inputs resistors, R 1, R 2, R 3 etc, are all equal a "unity gain inverting adder" will be made. The other important op amp equation takes a look at the input resistance R I. The output of the op-amp is influenced by these supply voltages in three ways. *PDF: National Semiconductor Op Amp Circuit Collection Application Note 31 February 1978 *PDF: AN106 Application Note A Collection of Amplifier Applications. The below figure shows a 4 bit parallel binary subtractor formed by connecting one half subtractor and three full subtractors. 2 tai myöhemmän ehtojen alaisena, jotka on julkaistu Free Software Foundation puolesta; ei koske muuttumattomia kohtia, ei etukannen tekstejä eikä kirjankannen tekstejä. You have now seen how an operational amplifier can be used in a circuit as an adder, a summing amplifier, and a scaling amplifier. Add an op-amp circuit to the output of this passive averager network to produce a summer circuit: an operational circuit generating an output voltage equal to the sum of the four input voltages. Minimizing Op-amp Offset Voltage¶. For this reason, summing amplifier is also called as Voltage adder since its output is the addition of voltages present at its input terminal. Spice's parameterized Op-Amp model. It expands on the (often incorrect) assumptions made about op amps that are only accurate at dc. Start by creating the following test circuit. 5 kΩ 5 kΩ 5 kΩ 5 kΩ Va Vb Vc Vd file 01002 2. Understanding noise in a real-world circuit is critical to achieving your overall system noise performance goal, but noise calculations are complicated and often require long hand calculations. The op-amp is characterized by an open-loop gain A and let's assume that the output voltage Vo can go all the way to VDD. The op-amp has a "inverting" or (-) input and "noninverting" or (+) input and a single output. Improved Op Amp Half-Wave Rectifier Figure 12 shows a half-wave rectifier circuit with improved performance. This parallel subtractor can be designed in several ways, including combination of half and full subtractors, all full subtractors, all full adders with subtrahend complement input, etc. A large and rapid voltage change in an op amp's output is always limited by the slew rate of the device. The Operational Amplifier is probably the most versatile Integrated Circuit available. What is an operational amplifier? An operational amplifier, abbreviated as op-amp, is basically a multi-stage, very high gain, direct-coupled, negative feedback amplifier that uses voltage shunt feedback to provide a stabilized voltage gain. This section discusses about the op-amp based subtractor circuit. BASIC SUBTRACTOR OR DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER. Electronics-Tutorial. An operational amplifier or op amp is a DC coupled voltage amplifier with a very high voltage gain. You need to bias the op amp somewhere in the middle of his "linear region". That means I can't connect to the bits between the adder components. • Isolate op-amp circuit output with unity gain op-amp if. Wiki User 02/15/2011. Recall that the ouptut of the 411 only gets within about 1. Bailey Line Road 175,355 views. But you want an offset. I recently obtained a mysterious electronic component in a metal can, flatter and slightly larger than a typical integrated circuit. Op-amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals. OThe maximum output-voltage swing of an Op Amp should ideally be equal to the value of the applied voltage. An op-amp integrating circuit produces an output voltage which is proportional to the area (amplitude multiplied by time) contained under the waveform. We can apply superposition theory to calculate the V+, then use standard non-inverting feedback gain equation to evaluate the output voltage, Vout. In this video, how to use the op-amp as the differential amplifier (Difference amplifier) or as subtractor has been discussed with solved examples. Op-amp Applications Summary. However, in-amps and diff amps are designed to reject common-mode signals so that they do not appear at the amplifier's output. 0 Operational Amplifiers Outline What is an Op-Amp Uses for Op-Amps Vacuum Tube Op-Amps Solid State Discrete Op-Amps Monolithic Integrated Circuit Op-Amp Features of Op-Amps Characteristics of Op-Amps Characteristics of Op-Amps Summary of Characteristics Ideal Op-Amp. Let us assume that the non-inverting terminal is at potential 'V'. 1 (1976), "Simple Rules for Choosing Resistor Values in Adder-Subtractor Circuits". An op-amp inverting amplifier. Op Amp as Comparator Circuit Working Operation. problems when either op-amp outputs have to fall to near 0. 0 Neadaptată, 2. Skip navigation Sign in. I would allow for some headroom for the battery voltage, as the battery voltage is usually higher during charging. Thus, the value of the negative voltage that is fedback to the positive terminal becomes higher. A comparator has two input voltages and one output voltage. Designing transistor amplifiers vs. Op Amp Differentiator. A key feature of a difference amplifier is its ability to remove unwanted common mode signals, known as common mode rejection (CMR). Sloa099 fully differential op amps made easy 3 3 how is the second output used. This equation becomes useful when you analyze a number of op amp circuits, such as the op amp noninverter, inverter, summer, and subtractor. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. Any number of input signal can be summed using an opamp. I am using an op-amp that supposedly works down to 0, but it's not getting close enough. We can apply superposition theory to calculate the V+, then use standard non-inverting feedback gain equation to evaluate the output voltage, Vout. Operational Amplifiers are used to amplify signals from DC to tens of megahertz and can do so in a variety of different op-amp configurations. AMP는 adenosine monophosphate의 줄임말이다. An op-amp made from 555 chips. Dan Sheingold, Analog Dialogue Vol. HANDBOOK OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS Bruce Carter and Thomas R. The 2-ACA-Bo from ClassicAPI provides a stereo summing solution for a host of applications. Unë,krijuesi i kësaj pune, e lëshoj këtë punë në public domain. Thus the inverting amplifier provides constant voltage gain. A demultiplexer (or demux) is a device that takes a single input line and routes it to one of several digital output lines. An op-amp based subtractor produces an output equal to the difference of the input voltages applied at its inverting and non-inverting terminals. Spice's parameterized Op-Amp model. Two variations on the summing amplifier are the averaging amplifier and the subtractor. This type of operational amplifier circuit is commonly known as a Differential Amplifier configuration and is shown below:. Amp ops específicos e de alta velocidade podem atingir uma largura de banda de centenas de MHz. The ClassicAPI BB2521 offers a cost-effective and easy-to-build alternative to discrete op-amps. Component op amp circuit diagram january electronics zen iv converterDiyaudio parator thumbnail. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Amp. As we can see, the actor 2 is bored with this "donkey work" - to observe the virtual ground and to vary V IN2:) Can something else do it? An op-amp seems to be a good choice (Fig. Expert Answer. Low pass filter response curve. The below figure shows a 4 bit parallel binary subtractor formed by connecting one half subtractor and three full subtractors. A subtractor is an electronic circuit that produces an output, which is equal to the difference of the applied inputs. توضیح: A circuit diagram of a buffer amplifier made using an operational amplifier. If the input goes more positive than the reference voltage set by the voltage divider, Vin > Vref, the output changes state. 1 Latar Belakang Penguat operasional (operational amplier) atau yang biasa disebut op- amp merupakan suatu jenis penguat elektronika dengan hambatan (cou- pling)arus searah yang memiliki faktor penguatan sangat besar dengan dua masukan dan. Let us assume that the inverting input voltage has a slight positive value. Again, it is the extremely high differential gain of the op-amp which allows us to build these useful circuits with a bare minimum of components. In this video, how to use the op-amp as the differential amplifier (Difference amplifier) or as subtractor has been discussed with solved examples. The CMRR of a difference amplifier is dominated by the tolerance of the resistors. Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits Analog Integrated Circuits PDF Version. To study op-amp as adder and subtractor, the offered OP AMP as adder & subtractor trainer is used. Перейти до навігації Перейти до пошуку. It has a perfect electrical sense; so, it does not need a zero indicator to monitor the virtual ground voltage. The operational amplifier , often referred to informally as an op amp, is a circuit that provides extremely high-gain amplification of the difference in voltage between two inputs. Here is an op amp subtractor. OP_CONTROL1. What is a low pass filter. To avoid such a situation, in a practical circuit, a fixed resistance in series with a potentiometer is used in place of R. The Operational Amplifier (op-Amp) and its basic amplifying configurations. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. 연산 증폭기(op-amp, Operational amplifier)는 두 개의 차동 입력과, 대개 한 개의 단일 출력을 가지는 직류 연결형(DC-coupled) 고이득 전압 증폭기이다. Announcement article at Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories. Baca dalam bahasa lain Pantau halaman ini Sunting A circuit diagram of a comparator made using an operational amplifier. The text includes simulations in LTspice ®. It's a lot like a virtual ground except not at 0 V. I am using an LM358N op amp. An op-amp inverting amplifier. Selle teose autoriõiguste valdajana annan selle teose avalikku omandisse. From the point of view of the input to the amplifier at "A", the op-amp's noninverting input (pin 2) is held at a fixed voltage by the feedback action of the circuit. An inverting amplifier is a circuit involving the use of an amplifier, often an operational amplifier, which is configured such that the output is 180° out of phase with the input. For this reason, summing amplifier is also called as Voltage adder since its output is the addition of voltages present at its input terminal.


Mesmerizing creatures, full of movement and light. This Red Jellyfish 2Pc Set in an exclusive photo pattern inspired from nature is for kids who like wearing bright colors. Your girl is going to feel free as a jellyfish in this colorful royal blue, red and orange set. Our sun protective clothes block 99.8% of UV sun rays.


text:
Charam-e Kohneh (; also known as Charam) is a village in Kabud Gonbad Rural District, in the Central District of Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 991, in 248 families.

References

Populated places in Kalat County

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


How Do We Know If We're Doing Any Good?
As well-meaning people or institutions, is there a way to measure our impact on the world? If so, should we crack down on the delinquents? If not, then what? Rev. Paul Beckel has served the First Universalist Unitarian Church of Wausau since 2001.


archaeological evidence for an earlier manor house on the site.
cost 12,000 pounds, is described in some detail in a survey compiled in 1538.
were being broken and crushed.
the eastern end of the northern arm is also not original.
quoins, also standing to a height of up to 1m above the level of the platform.
construction to the greater part of the wall, with bricks of different type.
following her divorce from Henry VIII.
beneath all these features is however, included.
deposits in the moat and in the adjoining fishponds.


The remarkable transition toward cannabis freedom is a truly great moment in U.S. history. As more lawmakers on Capitol Hill join the fight to defeat federal prohibition, more states are recognizing the benefits of cannabis decriminalization, but there remains wide disparity.
When medical cannabis is outlawed in one state and legal in neighboring states, law-abiding parents must become criminals to heal their children after all other options have failed.
The Free Thought Project interviewed Sarah Ellett, who literally had to flee her home state of Utah to save her daughter's life without fear of state oppression. Now safe in the state of Oregon, 4-year-old Remie is eating and drinking on her own, walking, speaking and playing.
Remie suffers from multiple debilitating conditions and was not expected to live. She spent the first five months of her life in the neonatal intensive care unit and then continual emergency trips back to the hospital.
But medical cannabis allowed her to beat the odds – and thrive. Not only is she growing now, but she has been able to stop taking some pharmaceutical medications that caused further debilitating effects.
Remie's story shows that cannabis works for other conditions besides seizures, including the miraculous ability to jump-start the pituitary gland into making growth hormones necessary for life. Before cannabis, Remie was immobilized.
Sarah has experienced her own transformation, from being completely against cannabis to embracing the plant and its ability to heal her daughter. Along the way, she has won over several staunchly conservative Mormon friends in Utah, and spoken with lawmakers who may turn out to be allies in the fight for medical cannabis freedom.
Sarah began considering medical cannabis in 2015 to treat Remie after reading the story of SuperNova, who was experiencing miraculous improvements after her parents moved to Colorado and started giving her cannabis oil. We had the privilege of telling Nova's story in Dec. 2016 after interviewing her mother.
Sarah's son, a war veteran with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), also helped her open up to the possibility of using medical cannabis. After getting no help from the Veterans Administration, her son successfully treated himself and is now able to cope with PTSD.
At this time, Remie was not improving, despite several regimens of pharmaceutical medications. Like Nova, Remie suffers from panhypopituitarism, where the pituitary gland is inactive and does not produce the hormones necessary for life. Remie suffers from other conditions affecting the muscles, kidneys and lungs.
Utah passed a law in 2014 legalizing high-CBD extracts, but Remie didn't qualify under the law, which also required extremely low THC levels.
In 2015, while still in Utah, Sarah obtained a month's supply of whole-plant cannabis oil from a cancer patient. She started giving Remie very low doses.
Within two to three days, Sarah began to notice improvements. Remie used to wake up every day vomiting due to bronchial spasms; this was the first illness cannabis oil was able to control, where pharma meds – which made her sleepy and grumpy – failed.
Within a week Sarah was able to take Remie swimming, helping her to deal with stress which in turns helps prevent emergency epidoses. After two weeks on cannabis oil, Remie took her first step. Within three to four weeks, at the age of three, she began walking.
Sarah never dreamed Remie could improve so dramatically.
Remie walking for the first time.
As the month's supply began to run out, Sarah knew she had to take drastic measures to keep Remie on a positive path. She drove to Colorado but couldn't access medical cannabis without a state MMJ card. So she bought some bubble hash, which is a clean, purified concentrate, and brought it home to make her own tincture.
Of course, this was illegal by federal and Utah law, but legality does not equal morality. Loving mothers will not let unjust laws stand in the way of saving their children. The one-year statute of limitations has passed, and Sarah now feels free to talk about her brave journey.
After being denied medical products in Colorado, Sarah went to Oregon, which at the time allowed non-residents to obtain a medical cannabis card. She brought Remie's medical records and visited a doctor specializing in medical cannabis treatment.
"I was taken aback at the kindness I witnessed at this clinic," said Sarah.
Here she began a treatment regimen of cannabis oil comprised of cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), at a ratio of 7mg CBD/0.5mg THC and a dosage schedule of three times per day.
As wonderful as it was to watch her daughter grow, Sarah was compelled to go further. She began talking to local representatives about decriminalizing medical cannabis, telling them Remie's amazing story.
Sarah joined other patients to push for support of whole-plant medical cannabis. State Sen. Mark Madsen proposed a bill which would have legalized production, distribution, manufacture and possession within Utah, and expand qualifying conditions. Despite overwhelming public support, the bill failed by one vote.
Sarah and Remie got the attention of Thom Hartmann, who interviewed Sarah in January 2016 on his TV show.
"Would you break the law to save your child even though it could mean losing her, or would you fight the powers that be because you know you're right?" asked Hartmann during the introduction.
Sarah knew if Utah didn't pass a comprehensive medical cannabis law, she would have to consider moving to Oregon with Remie and her three other children. It's a good thing she began planning, because soon after the Thom Hartmann show – where Sarah gave Remie cannabis oil on live TV – the state of Utah planned to take Remie away.
The Utah Division of Child Family Services showed up at her door one day with a regional supervisor, armed with reams of paper including her Facebook posts.
"After [the Thom Hartmann show] the Utah Division of Child Family Services appeared at my door on Jan. 25, and with papers in hand they tried to question me, but I asked them to leave with my lawyer listening on the phone. I then picked up the baby, left the milk on the table, checked the kids from school and left Utah while officers from all over the country were in full parade for 30 miles on the freeway to pay honor to a slain officer. In a way it was quite a dramatic and scary exit from Utah but I didn't stop and we made it here.
I grabbed a box and threw in essentials such as meds and equipment and the kids' clothes. I had to keep the car looking pretty cool and not as if we were leaving the state. The state car was parked outside my 11-year-old's school and I checked her out before anyone could talk to her, telling the secretary we had a doctor appointment.
A state car followed her to the freeway, but did not pursue. Sarah believes they were going to get a warrant to take Remie away.
After a two-night stay in Salt Lake City to gather their thoughts and make sure they were doing the right thing, Sarah called relatives to let them know they were safe, and headed to Portland, Oregon. They now live near Eugene.
Picture of Remie with cannabis oil donors in Portland, one month after beginning treatment.
Remie's cannabis oil is donated to her and other sick children through the noble efforts of The Forrest Initiative. They are instrumental in keeping Oregon's medical cannabis program going, at a time when medical dispensaries are under threat by the state's misapplication of new recreational use laws.
We contacted Tanesha Smelser, executive director of the Forrest Initiative, to get her perspective on the state of medical cannabis there.
"Oregon is in a funny place with its medical marijuana laws, it is not that medical patients are going to be taxed but rather growers and dispensaries are having to choose between being medical or recreational. No matter how much you love the medical side, no matter where your passion lies- choosing 'medical only' means you are dancing with the devil.
My personal experience is that recreational sales make up 75% (or more) of the business in dispensaries. I've heard of shops going from $5k to $10k a day… down to $100. The other hurdle is Oregon has over 35,000 growers that were able to sell to every dispensary. Today, there are less than 1,000.
Growers giving away medications are being forgotten. If we are forced to sell the product Remie is using to her so that Oregon gets its tax revenue, she could die. Parents in this program cannot afford OLCC prices. We as a community can save lives AND make money.
With almost 70,000 OMMP cards in Oregon do we really want to divert the financial weight back to the healthcare system in the name of revenue? Without affordable access how many ER trips, hospital stays, pain management visits will fall back on the state?
Recreational sales should help medical growers flourish, instead it is suffocating. Oregon is pushing desperate parents to the black market, turning parents into criminals. Do we really want to be the state that kills our medical program once we get a taste of the money to be made? I sure don't.
For now, Remie still gets the cannabis oil she needs to continue thriving. But uncertainty remains as recreational laws take hold and the state seeks to make the most of its new tax base.
Sarah says "a whole bin of meds" is not needed anymore for Remie. She has been able to stop taking asthma and nausea medications, and no longer requires oxygen during the day and usually not at night. Growth hormone medications, including painful shots, have been reduced as Remie is now producing about half of her own growth hormones.
"Her growth is a huge benefit from cannabis. She wasn't growing, but well after one year of NO weight gain at all, she gained weight when using cannabis – about one pound per month and now she is in the 97th percentile for body-mass-index, even though she is still very short.
As in Colorado, doctors cannot discuss medical cannabis or acknowledge its benefits, for fear of harassment by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the possible loss of their medical license. Nevertheless, some doctors have confided that cannabis is helping Remie, especially with growth and to prevent muscle spasms which caused lung pain that brought deadly danger.
Sarah Ellett has a front row seat to the challenging transformation going on with respect to medical cannabis access. Her story shows that parents will not let unjust prohibition laws and threats from government stand in the way of helping their suffering children.
Please share this story so other parents may find inspiration, and please support The Forrest Initiative so they can continue helping sick children as medical dispensaries continue to face the threat of extinction.


According to Money Magazine's recent Best Places to Live poll, the Phoenix area is home to one of America's best small cities (Scottsdale) AND one of America's best big cities (Mesa). Phoenix' reputation as a prime real estate location began with retirees looking for an alternative to Florida. With over 300 days of sunshine every year, and a distinct lack of hurricanes, Phoenix real estate soon became some of the most in demand retirement property in the country. For some, 300 days of sunshine is pure heaven; for others, however, staying cool is a challenge. Well, I'm here to tell you that it is far easier to cool down in a hot place than it is to heat up in a cold one - especially if that hot place is Phoenix.
The first thing to know about Summer in Phoenix is that it DOES get hot - with temperatures around 100 degrees - in fact, it's the hottest city in America. The second thing you should know is that, because the tourist season is in the winter, residents get great summer discounts for cool activities such as movies, art galleries, live theatre, museums, hotels and resorts, and golf! In fact, many Phoenix residents cannot WAIT for summer to roll around: not only have the winter tourist crowds thinned out, leaving ample space on the city's many wonderful golf courses, but golf deals are among the lowest in the country! And there's more, this is just the tip of the, um, icecube.
Perhaps it's because museums are known to be cool and capacious that there are so many in Phoenix. From the Phoenix Police Museum, and the Living History Museum, to the Hoo-hoogam Ki Museum and the Arizona Doll and Toy Museum, it seems that Phoenix has a museum for every taste and every occasion. If the occasion is a hot day, remember, museums are BIG, with stone floors (cool!) and beautifully conditioned air. However, if museums don't cut it (did I mention the Arizona Science Museum and the Hall of 'Flame' Firefighting Museum?), there is a way to cool down out in the sun.
If you are looking for a way to appease both the sun-worshippers and the shade-seekers, there are - believe it or not - many options in Phoenix. If you're looking for quiet fun there's no better place than one of Phoenix's beautiful beaches (yes, I said beaches!); those looking for LOUD fun (equally as cool) will revel in the many water parks Phoenix has to offer. Beaches include Camelback Mountain - Echo Canyon Recreation Area (north of town, in Paradise Valley), Encanto Park (right in Phoenix), Vista del Camino Park (in Scottsdale) and Tempe Town Lake (in Tempe). Phoenix water parks include Castles and Coasters, Big Surf (Tempe), Mesa Golfland Sunsplash, and Waterworld Safari. In addition to all of these, many parks in and around Phoenix feature "splash pads" and "splash areas". These are usually free and do not entail a big, day long excursion; more the sort of place you can just go and cool off.
If you are planning on moving to the Phoenix area, there are a couple of important 'cooling factors' to consider when looking for a home. Carpets, while cozy and comfy, are not cool; look for homes with tile, stone, or hardwood flooring. High ceilings help cool rooms by allowing more space for heat to dissipate. Also, heat rises, so the higher the ceiling, the higher the heat will be over your head. Finally, check the windows in the home: windows can help to heat homes, so check which direction the windows face, and remember that morning sun is cooler than afternoon sun.


text:
Film Review: Fast & Furious 7
by Sami Ho
Rated M. Starring Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Dwayne Johnson. Directed by James Wan.
Seven movies is a lot for the Fast & Furious (F&F) franchise, especially for a series that wasn't originally based on a book or TV show. But what an impact it has had – with multi-million dollar revenue expected within the first few weeks, the whole world seems to be in love with it. Even those who weren't fans of F&F noted the death of Paul Walker (playing Brian O'Conner) as a tragic loss – for friends and family, but also for the continuation of the franchise.
Fast & Furious 7 follows the trail of Dominic Toretto (Diesel), one of the Furious crew being hotly pursued by Deckard Shaw (Jason Statham), after previously leaving his brother in a comatose state. At the same time, a random appearance of U.S. government official, 'Mr. Nobody' (Kurt Russell), recruits the crew along with captured hacker Ramsey (Nathalie Emmanuel) to obtain the 'God's Eye' device, away from the hands of Somalian terrorist Jakarde (Djimon Hounsou). This technological weapon would allow full surveillance and destruction of anyone under the sun. The main problem for Toretto, however, is that Shaw is out to get revenge on him and his family. What Shaw doesn't know is that there is more to the family than he realises.
Now, I'm no car techie. Originally, my suspicions of a glorified car show were confirmed. Spiffy car models with even more skimpily clad lady models – could a movie like this really have any substance apart from revving engines and ego? Thankfully, as even Toretto noted, 'This time, it ain't just about being fast.'
The action scenes are well-shot and exciting, which only slightly covers up the semi-ludicrous plotline (why would a government agency ask these guys to use cars in a mission?). Despite all this, the movie contains some real gems in terms of loveable characters, surprisingly witty dialogue, and significant themes.
'You want to know how to kill a shadow? Shine a little light on it.'
This light, in Furious 7, comes from the love and sacrifice that the team have for one another. It's a 'bro' world. "Salute mi familia" says Toretto – one of the heart-pounding mantras of the crew.
It reminds me of the brotherhood that Christians share with Jesus himself, whose mission it was to give up his own life for his family. God became man so that we might have life, and share this God-given friendship to all of humanity. John 1:1-5:
"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was with God in the beginning. Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made. In him was life, and that life was the light of all mankind. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it."
Cheesy, immature and predictable at times, I couldn't help but roll my eyes at Fast & Furious 7. But the bonds between the F&F crew were so warmly presented that I couldn't help but shed maybe a tear or two, at the emotional ending.
I'm giving Fast & Furious 7 three stars out of five.
Fast & Furious 7 is screening now in cinemas everywhere.
For more film reviews from a Christian perspective, connect with Reel Gospel on Facebook and Twitter.
Posted in 2015, Film ReviewsTagged christian, Fast & Furious 7, film review, Furious 7Bookmark the permalink.
Album Review: Dustin Kensrue – Carry the Fire
TV Review: Marvel's Daredevil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Johan Gustaf Nils Samuel Åkerhielm (født 24. juni 1833 i Stockholm, død 2. april 1900 sammesteds) var en svensk friherre og politiker, der var Sveriges statsminister fra 1889 til 1891. Han var også medlem af Riksdagen fra 1859 til 1866, finansminister fra 1874 til 1875 og udenrigsminister i 1889.

Han var søn af Gustaf Fredrik Åkerhielm.

Biografi
Efter endte Uppsalastudier blev han ansat i Indenrigsministeriet. 1856—63 var han i diplomatiets tjeneste i Paris, Sankt Petersborg, Wien og de sidste 3 år i København. Som adelig deltog han i et par rigsdage, deraf den sidste stænderrigsdag, hvor han hørte til repræsentationsreformens tilhængere. 1870—75 sad han i Andet Kammer, 1873 og 74 som tingets næstformand. Han gjorde sig i de år særlig fortjent af den skandinaviske møntkonventions tilblivelse 1873. September 1874 indtrådte han som finansminister i det Carlesonske ministerium, men afgik allerede i maj 1875 på grund af uenighed om et værnepligtsforslag. Åkerhielm blev nu et virksomt medlem af Første Kammer. Sommeren 1889 blev han udenrigsminister i det protektionistiske ministerium Bildt og i oktober samme år statsminister. Hans ministerium var særdeles virkedygtigt: forsvaret og mellemrigsloven reformeredes, hypoteksvæsenet ligeså, og det vigtige arbejde på den nordlige stambane fremskyndedes, ligesom kolonisationen i det folketomme Norrland fremmedes. Nogle løsrevne ord ("tala svenska med norrmännen") fra et privat møde om værnepligten i landstinget, maj 1891, blev af modstanderne udlagte som trusel mod Norge og medførte til sidst, at Åkerhielm måtte gå af 10. juli 1891, efterfulgt af Boström som førsteminister. I 1893 indvalgtes Åkerhielm i Andet Kammer, men overgik i 1895 til Første Kammer og havde sæde her til sin død. I 1876 var Åkerhielm bleven øverstekammerjunker og 1888 Serafimerridder. Han nød altid stor anseelse i alle partier, og hans interesser spændte over de forskelligste for landets udvikling vigtige områder. Redelig og selvstændig og praktisk, som han var, samt statelig i sin fremtræden, lagde hans ord altid et tungt lod i vægtskålen.

Kilder

Se også
Sveriges regeringer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sveriges statsministre
Udenrigsministre fra Sverige
Finansministre fra Sverige
Friherrer fra Sverige
Svenskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Stockholm


The Thornburg campus combines superior environmental technologies with the architecture of Legorreta + Legorreta to create a tour de force of environmental sustainable practices.
Nestled among a natural landscape on seven acres, the expansive building consists of three interconnected sections with a combined 100,000 square feet of office space, two courtyards, and three rooftop gardens.
The integration of architecture and advanced environmental technologies sets the Thornburg campus in a class of its own. Designed by architects Legorreta + Legorreta and collaborating architects Dekker/Perich/Sabatini (D/P/S), and built by Klinger Constructors, the Thornburg campus is tiered down a sloping hillside facing the Sangre de Cristo mountains, successfully maximizing the challenging site space, while maintaining its aesthetic appeal. The surrounding landscape shields the parking area and preserves the natural look of the site.
The campus received a LEED Gold certification from the United States Green Building Council. Many of the LEED features surpass industry standards for air quality, daylight control and water and energy conservation. Exterior treatments such as the planted rooftop gardens and the pervious gravel-pave system for the parking area are also unique.
At every turn, from choosing construction materials to office equipment, the Thornburg campus conserves energy and water while providing a productive and environmentally friendly work environment. The building was designed to be an employee-friendly work environment, making employees part of the environmental design features. Carefully chosen paints and carpets, as well as other environmentally friendly materials that produce very little off-gassing, ensure that air is cleaner than typical indoor spaces. Large windows and skylights provide natural lighting for work spaces, reducing the need for standard fluorescent lighting. Indicator lights tell employees ideal times to open and close windows to enhance their workspace.
The Thornburg campus has been designed to accomplish the most advanced thinking in architecture and construction/ Without being eccentric, it blends into its environment and takes advantage of natural light and views.


How do you remember 彿 ?
'sit around all day reciting Buddhist scriptures, like your grandmother?
Her eyes were unfocused, as if she were staring inside at her memories of the day.
The eye of the hurricane hit Florida just south of Miami.
The shop was close and hot, and the atmosphere seemed tainted with the smell of coffins.
All the nice areas in Florida are becoming more and more urbanized.
She spent two years in South Florida researching and filming her documentary.
There was something about that weak voice that sounded familiar.
The figure vanished as silently as if it had simply been a figment of her imagination.
" Play'My Old Kentucky Home,'" he suggested smoothly, and Scarlett gratefully plunged into it.


text:
Q: Reduce the loop logic? Is there a way to refactor this so the code look shorter and readable? There won't be more than 100 Ids in the payload, so I think the performance does not matter in this case.

const payload = {
    RequestIds: [
        { Id: 1 },
        { Id: 3 },
    ]
}

const result = {
    Items: [
        { Id: 1, Name: 'Item 1 A'},
        { Id: 1, Name: 'Item 1 B'},
        { Id: 2, Name: 'Item 2 C'},
        { Id: 2, Name: 'Item 2 D'},
        { Id: 3, Name: 'Item 3 E'},
        { Id: 3, Name: 'Item 3 F'},
    ]
}

const items = [];
for(const payloadItem of payload.RequestIds) {
    const filteredItems = result.Items.filter(item => item.Id === payloadItem.Id);

    if (filteredItems.length > 0) {
        items.push(...filteredItems);
    }
}

console.log(items);

A: Make a Set of the Ids in the payload, then do a single .filter by whether the Id being iterated over is included:

const payload = {
    RequestIds: [
        { Id: 1 },
        { Id: 3 },
    ]
};
const payloadIds = new Set(payload.RequestIds.map(({ Id }) => Id));

const result = {
    Items: [
        { Id: 1, Name: 'Item 1 A'},
        { Id: 1, Name: 'Item 1 B'},
        { Id: 2, Name: 'Item 2 C'},
        { Id: 2, Name: 'Item 2 D'},
        { Id: 3, Name: 'Item 3 E'},
        { Id: 3, Name: 'Item 3 F'},
    ]
}

const items = result.Items.filter(({ Id }) => payloadIds.has(Id));
console.log(items);

A: Please try this.

const resultItems = result.Items;
const items = payload.RequestIds.reduce((prev, cur) => [...prev, ...resultItems.filter(item => item.Id === cur.Id)], []);

or

const items = resultItems.filter(item => payload.RequestIds.some(req => req.Id === item.Id));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Racial trauma is the accumulative effects of racism on an individual's mental and physical health. In this episode, David and John sit down with psychologist Helen Malgas to discuss racial trauma, what it is, and how it affects us. Can even processes of speaking out or reconciliation contribute to continued racial trauma? How has the church in the past contributed to racial trauma and how might churches today be continuing…
Apartheid as a Crime Against Humanity
In this episode David and John discuss former deputy president FW de Klerk's recent statement (and subsequent apology) that apartheid was not a crime against humanity. We discussd de Klerk's history of similar statements, as well as his testimony before the TRC. We probed what biblical repentance could look like and explored if the church in South Africa was guilty of a cheap repentance. In particular we asked if white…
In this episode David and John sat down with the "godfather" of African American theology Dr Carl Ellis. We spoke about black consciousness, Dr King and Malcolm X and the limited gospel of American evangelicalism. We heard how black consciousness gave Dr Ellis the right questions with which to approach the text. And how Dr Ellis' own theological education had little to say to the context of his life and…
Recovering the Gift of Lament
Our theology and our church culture have not given us the permission, the language or the means to adequately sit with the despair, the anger and the shame of racial injustice, ongoing trauma, and a deeply scarring history. We need to recover the lost gift of lament. Without first learning how to lament we can never truly experience reconciliation. In this episode David and John explore biblical lament. Why is…
Racism and Power: Seeing the Invisible Structures
John Scheepers
Talks, Video
Racism has both an individual and a structural element and as such is intricately linked to systems of power and privilege. This talk probes us to examine the intricate link between power and prejudice within both society and the church. And then, building on the work and example of Christ in Philippians 2, invites us to consider what a biblical theology of power and privilege could look like as we…
#SkaapGate, Race and Land in South Africa
Dambudzo Mushambi
Makhanda Nxele. Remember that name Questions linger whether the inciting incident where people were forcibly removed from Clifton beach last month was an instance of racism masquerading as concern about crime or simply a misunderstood but legitimate response to crime. There are also questions whether the subsequent cleansing ceremony itself was properly done according to African customs, or whether it is an instance of the weaponization of African culture for…
Both Desirable and Biblical: The Vision of Isiphambano
At our recent breakfast for Pastors and Church Leaders, John Scheepers, shared the vision and goals for Isiphambano. Calling for us to embrace a two-handed theology that both proclaims Jesus and embraces a new way of just living, both individually and collectively in South Africa today.
5 Ways to Live More Justly in 2018
Some of us might try to fight it but there is something psychologically compelling about the somewhat arbitrary changing of the calendar year that resonates with our desire for change. Amidst all the new gym memberships, course enrollments, and best intentions here are five relatively simple ways in which you might take some steps towards living more justly in 2018.
Does the Gospel Really Make a Difference?
Does the gospel really make a difference in a divided and restless South Africa? What if the solution was not another radical edgy or hot take on the contemporary situation? Four ordinary Biblical injunctions which could radically change everything with a bit of consistent application.
A Theology of Violence
How do we theologically understand violence? Is there biblical warrant for a broader definition of violence? What does it mean to be peacemakers in a context of both repeated, overt acts of violence and insidious systemic violence? How does the gospel shape our understanding of and reaction to both behavioural and systemic violence? These are questions and concerns addressed in this talk.


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Phase: Open Submission Continent: Asia
Seasonals by WTH Foods
Elimination of food waste for a food secure Central Luzon and Calabarzon
Written by Stephen Michael CO
21:09, Jan 30, 2020
Pitch video of Seasonals by WTH Foods
Logo of Seasonals by WTH Foods
WTH Foods Pte Ltd
Small company (under 50 employees)
www.wthfoods.ph
Under 1 year
Central Luzon and Calabarzon
I was born and raised in this region and the food system of Metro Manila depends on this region. Due to its close proximity to Metro Manila, the regions still supply a great amount of staple food, such as rice, coffee, tropical fruits, vegetables and livestock. Our small food manufacturing company is located in the locality.
Despite the wealth of Metro Manila, which is located at the center of the region, many people remain poor and undernourished. Natural calamities always strike this region. Nutritious, accessible food is always lacking. I wish to have a bigger impact in our Place.
This is a promotional tourism video of Luzon. It is a good representation of the Place
Central Luzon is the region north of Metro Manila (Philippine capital), while Calabarzon is the region east and south of Metro Manila. Central Luzon is called the Rice Granary of the Philippines, as it has the largest plain and is the top producer of rice. Calabarzon is formerly known as Southern Tagalog Mainland, and is composed of the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas and Quezon. Hence, the combined name of Calabarzon. The combined population of both regions is 25 million, excluding Metro Manila's 13 million inhabitants.
The area is known for its delicious regional cuisines. Given that 80 percent of the population is Catholic, there are not many food restrictions. Rice, fruits, vegetables, fish and pork are featured in many dishes of the region.
Due to rapid urbanization in the last 20 years, 60-65% of the population now lives in urban areas. As a Catholic nation, Filipinos are generally conservative, yet the younger generations are more exposed to Western culture, thanks to social media. It is also home to several indigenous groups, such as Aetas and Dumagats, who live in mountainous areas.
The region is prone to natural disasters annually, such as typhoons, monsoon rain and volcanic eruptions (Mt Pinatubo and Taal Volcano). Every year, millions of people are displaced, evacuated or relocated due to the natural disasters. This disrupts their food supply and diets. However, farmers in the area also suffer from bumper harvests that are underutilized. Annually some 13 million tons of crops fail to reach consumers in the Philippines.
From this region alone, one could already see the nutritional paradox. There are enough food to feed the population, yet thousands of families still go hungry every year.
What is the approximate size of your Place, in square kilometers? (New question, not required)
What is the estimated population (current 2020) in your Place?
The rapid growth of population in the region is already straining the food system now (2020) and will continue to strain the food system in 2050. As the economy continues to grow, a rapidly growing middle-class population is presenting several problems. Meat consumption is on the rise. People are following a more Western diet, heavy on processed food and imported ingredients. With the advent of food delivery services, more packaging goes to waste and harms the environment.
Environmental degradation is occurring at an unprecedented rate as rapid, unplanned urbanization is eating into forestlands, threatening water catchment areas and local flora & fauna. The need for more food is also leading to clearing of forests. Additionally the Philippines and the Place is prone to natural disasters as it sits on the Pacific Ocean Typhoon Belt, as well as the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Philippines experiences more than 20 typhoons annually, and has 25 active volcanoes. Two of which are found in Central Luzon (Pinatubo) and Calabarzon (Taal).
Despite technological and economic progress, local farmers and fisherfolks are left behind. They are one of the poorest sectors of society. They are averse to using technology in agriculture. This partly stems from unequal economic opportunities, lack of education, as well as a backward culture. The problems that arise from this lack of technology use include heavy post-harvest losses, imbalance in supply and demand, and annual losses during natural calamities.
The local government has not shown a strong will to protect food systems. The different government agencies dealing with agriculture and trade have conflicting policies. The recent Rice Tariffication Law has gravely hurt the livelihood of rice farmers as imported rice flooded the market. Corruption and incompetence down to the local level are observed during national calamities, when government asks for private donations, despite having calamity budgets in the millions of dollars.
Ultimately, this rapid growth in population will strain the food systems in decades to come. People are living more and more in areas that will be hit by natural disasters. Farmers are not meeting demand adequately, and are themselves suffering economically. The growing middle-class is consuming more and more unwholesome, processed food. Lastly, the government couldn't care less.
Our team believes that the private sector will lead in addressing these challenges. A robust food system should not be politicized, inefficient and ineffective.
WTH Foods is a small plant-based food innovation company based in Manila, Philippines. We believe that plant-based food is key to a more food secure future. It is not only healthier for the population, but also strains the environment less, compared to animal agriculture.
One of our proposed solutions is Seasonals by the WTH Foods. Seasonals will help farmers valorize bumper crops by processing, packaging and marketing the seasonal produce immediately and effectively. Our proposed solution is both a packaging innovation, as well as business model innovation.
Our team is made up of a food tech, R&D chef, and business people. Our production staff is trained to use seasonal and bumper crops to produce delicious and nutritious plant-based dishes, such as soups and fruit cups. These are then packaged to effectively extend shelf life beyond one year.
As for our business model innovation, we will procure surplus crops directly from farms, process and package immediately in our facility, and sell to private customers using a one-for-one business model, wherein the buyer purchases one case and chooses an institution (charity, government agency, or NGO) to receive the other case. Victims of natural disasters will especially benefit from these ready-to-eat, nutritious packaged food.
SEASONALS will be the first business model of its kind in the Philippines. We believe it is the most efficient and effective way to absorb large excess agricultural surplus and eliminate food waste from the source and contribute to a larger circular economy.
Our team envisions a Place and People that is food secure as it pushes forward into the future. The food system of the Place is regenerative and nourishing. Farmlands are efficient; farmers are wealthy. The whole population is fed with nutrient dense food. Forests are preserved and can be enjoyed by everyone in the Place. Natural disasters are a thing in the past as the People do not have to live in dangerous areas for their food and livelihood. Regardless of economic status, every single Person has access to wholesome, nutritious food.
Mangoes are an example of seasonal crop that spoils fast. Tons of good mangoes go to waste when the market is unable to absorb the supply.
By 2050, the Philippines will be one of the largest economies in the world. Our team envisions a Place and People that is food secure as it progresses into the future. We believe that the biodiverse Place of Central Luzon & Calabarzon has enough food resources to sustain its People in 2050. This is a Place where no People should go hungry.
In order to achieve this Vision, we believe the first step is reducing food waste from the source. As the world embraces Philippine cuisine, Filipinos will be more proud than ever of our dishes. Farmers will not be forced to plant monoculture crops, but are encouraged to plant local food plant species. Through advancements in packaging technologies, these seasonal crops can be processed deliciously with long shelf lives. Farmers will embrace seasonality of harvest and not fear it.
The People, especially victims of natural disasters, shall have dignity in their food. Disaster relief food is no longer restricted to unwholesome canned sardines and instant noodles. Canned foods will no longer be filled with unsafe preservatives and overflowing with sodium. Everyone will be able to enjoy delicious and nutritious, ready-to-eat packaged plant-based food, which suits their tastes and nutrient requirements.
The indigenous People of the Place are able to continue their traditional way of life. The Aetas of Zambales Province and Dumagats of Rizal Province retain their ancestral domains, as they are not threatened by urban crawl and deforestation. Current farmlands are adequate because food waste is eliminated and the food system is regenerative and nourishing.
Ultimately, we envision a Place where food is accessible to everyone. In 2020 People spend more than 40% of their income to buy food. In 2050 there will be accessible nutritious food for every Person in the Place, regardless of socioeconomic status. Poverty is not a reason to go hungry.
Stephen Michael CO
20200129 WTH Seasonals TFF Challenge pitch deck.pdf
Pitch deck of Seasonals by WTH Foods
Inspired by (1)
Feeding Metro Manila in 2050
Hi Stephen Michael CO
Welcome to the Food Vision Prize community!
For the last hours before the deadline, make sure you have reviewed your final submission through the Pocket Guide to support you through the final hours of wrapping up your submission. This will give you the most important bullet points to keep in mind to successfully submit your Vision.
Here is the link to the pocket guide: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o8WGMus6-V8GywWdlNwmCpk7I1fMVzcQ/view
Look forward to seeing your submission finalised by 31st January, 5:00 pm EST :)


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Eb-1 Visa Application
EB-1 (First Class Priority Employment Immigration Application) is an industry elite who has outstanding skills and talents in various fields and will continue to work in the same industry. The EB-1 visa is the first priority visa and the fastest type of visa to get the green card. Unlike EB-2 and EB-3, EB-1 visa applicants do not have to go through a lengthy "labor department verification" process, and only need to wait for 4-6 months to get a green card.
The biggest advantage of the EB-1 visa over other occupational immigration green cards is that, because there is no schedule, I-485 (transfer status application) can be submitted together with the application of I-140 (immigration application). The I-485 application means that the applicant can quickly obtain an early departure permit and work permit, and the applicant's family member can also apply for I-485 at the same time.
Here are three different EB-1 visa segments:
Special Talents (EB-1A) – This category is established for those who have made outstanding contributions and achievements in the fields of science, art, education, business and sports. Such talents must be nationally or worldwidely recognized.
Distinguished Researcher / Distinguished Professor (EB-1B) – This category is for researchers and professors whose international academic achievements are widely recognized internationally.
Multinational Manager (EB-1C) – This classification is for senior management executives who are transferred to relevant US companies.
Comparison of EB-1 visas and other types of professional immigrant visas
Here we would like to point out that EB-1A visas do not require an employer to apply for them, and EB-1B and EB-1C require employers to apply for them. No employer (self-service application) application is a huge advantage for EB-1A applicants, compared to most other professional immigrants (going out to NIW).
Secondly, it is a very important advantage to not need to pass the labor department audit. The labor department's audit is a very long, time-consuming and money-consuming process. Employers need to first try to hire the same position in the US market, and prove that among Americans, it is impossible to find a suitable, willing person to take up the position. If there is a suitable American worker, the Labor Department verification will be rejected. So the EB-1 visa does not require the Ministry of Labor to verify that this advantage is very huge.
So let's summarize some of the advantages of EB-1:
No need for labor department verification
No scheduling, no waiting
If the applicant is in the United States, you can apply for an early departure permit and work permit at the same time.
EB-1A and EB-1B can be expedited and the results can be obtained in 15 days. The EB-1C cannot be expedited for the time being.
EB-1A applicants can apply for self-help without the need for an employer to help.
Please also note that applicants who meet the EB-1 criteria may also apply for a national benefit exemption.
EB-1 standard
The three different EB-1 classifications mentioned above have different standards.
EB-1A Special Talent Applicants need to demonstrate their "special talent" in science, art, education, business or sports, which can be demonstrated by national or world-class awards or recognition. Eligible EB-1A applicants may offer the above-mentioned single award or accreditation (Pulitz, Oscar, Olympic medals) or must meet at least three of the ten conditions below.
Applicants for EB-1B Distinguished Professors must demonstrate that they have been researched or taught in the relevant academic field for three years and their academic achievement is internationally recognized. In addition, the applicant must enter the United States for the purpose of continuing to study or teach in the same field of a university or higher, or to enter a private employer, but the employer must also engage in related research for more than three years.
EB-1C multinational manager applicants must meet the conditions of being a senior manager of a foreign affiliate company for at least one year in the past three years. A foreign affiliate must be a parent company, a subsidiary, or a specially licensed joint venture with a US company. EB-1C applicants must continue to hold senior management positions after coming to the United States.
EB-1A – Auditing Standard for Special Talents
According to immigration regulations, special talent means that applicants in this field must be among the top talents with the highest level of talent in the field. EB-1A applicants must meet the following requirements:
Ongoing national or world-class accreditation – Foreign applicants must have ongoing national or international recognition in science, art, education, business or sports.
Recorded achievements – achievements of foreign applicants have been documented in various fields, saved
Important international awards or "Ten Three Guidelines" – applicants are required to obtain a mainstream international awards, similar to the Nobel Prize (a); if a condition is not met, then meet (b): three of the following ten conditions: by Sub- or small-level national-level international awards Become a member of the top group in the field. It has been published in large newspapers, magazines, and various media, and has been invited to judge through its own professional standards. other individuals working in the field of professional judgment made significant contributions in research, teaching, art, sports, business-related field proven academic research articles have appeared in major publications specializing in works of art played in art exhibitions or performances on display in outstanding Leadership in the organization of the person In the relevant field, the income or reward is more successful than other personal performances in the field.
EB-1B – Distinguished Scholar and Professor
The EB-1B visa is for those who are internationally recognized for their outstanding achievements in academia. Unlike EB-1A, which can be self-employed, EB-1B must have an application from a US employer (also known as a petitioner). The EB-1B applicant/beneficiary must meet the following criteria:
Three years of experience: Beneficiaries must have three years of teaching or research experience. If the teaching and research experience is obtained during the beneficiary's doctoral degree, then if the beneficiary completes a doctoral degree to obtain a doctoral degree, the experience can be calculated, but it needs to meet the following: Note: During the study of the beneficiary's reading or postdoctoral period, Must be certified as "excellent" to make the study compliant. Note: The teaching during the beneficiary's reading of the blog must be in accordance with the conditions of the beneficiary's full responsibility to teach the course before it can be certified.
Have a tenured professorship or a permanent position: a tenured professor or permanent position that a beneficiary must provide after entering the United States. Note: If the position is proposed by a private employer, the employer must have hired three full-time academics/researchers (documented results but no outstanding achievements).
Meet two of the following six conditions and provide proof that you have won major mainstream awards for outstanding achievements. Because outstanding achievements have become members of the industry's top organizations, others have written in professional publications, and about applicants and Articles on its research content As judges to judge other people's work and research in this field of expertise Original research contributions Any written work or literature on the field (international circulation of newspapers and magazines)
Please note that the employer must clearly indicate in the job offer that this will be a tenured professor or research position.
If you want to immigrate via an EB-1 visa, please find an experienced immigration attorney to communicate to determine that you are eligible for EB-1.
Eb-1 Visa Application | San Jose Immigration Lawyers SAC Attorneys


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Coach talk: 2A Greater St. Helens League football
Posted by Paul Valencia
Date: Thursday, September 1, 2022
No night off in this league, coaches say, with talent in every program
The schedule. Wow. Just look at the schedule.
Ridgefield is taking on W.F. West and then Class 3A Mountain View.
Columbia River has Class 4A Skyview in Week 2.
Oh, and then the Class 2A Greater St. Helens League schedule starts.
"It's a difficult league. It's awesome," Columbia River coach Brett Smedley said. "There is not a night off, and we love that. Everybody is extremely tough. That's what I love about the 2A GSHL. It keeps us engaged and it keeps us working every single day. That's what life is all about."
For years, it was Hockinson's league.
Last year, Ridgefield made The Leap, taking the league title and advancing to the state quarterfinals.
This year? Oh sure, Ridgefield has to feel good about its chances. But Washougal is on the rise, too. Columbia River is ready to battle. Hockinson wants to get back to the top. Mark Morris is solid. And on and on it goes.
"I think it's going to be pretty balanced this year," Washougal coach Dave Hajek said. "I don't see anyone being a dominant force like Hockinson in the past where they dominated the whole league. I feel we can compete with everyone in our league. Most everyone can compete with anyone in our league. There will not be too many games where it's 40-0. It will be a pretty competitive league."
Washougal, by the way, and Woodland will get an early start to the season. The Panthers play at River Ridge on Thursday. Woodland is at Kalama on Thursday. The rest of the league will have their openers on Friday.
Hockinson and Ridgefield will open league play against each other in Week 3.
The Hawks, who won state titles in 2017 and 2018 and reached the state semifinals in 2019, understand what it is like to be chased.
"You have to expect everyone's best night when they play you," Hockinson coach Clint LeCount said.
Now the Hawks are chasing the Spudders.
"For the longest time, we were running the show. Last year, Ridgefield came in and knocked us off. We're fighting and scraping to get ourselves back to a league championship," LeCount said.
"They're the defending league champs and bring back quite a few starters. (Coach) Scott Rice has done some tremendous things with the program," LeCount added. "For us to even have a shot at a league title, we know we have to win that Week 3 matchup with them."
Rice said he could see the Spudders, Hockinson, Washougal, Columbia River and Mark Morris battling for the top four spots. But he also knows Hudson's Bay will be improved with a new coach, Woodland has renewed optimism with a state champion coach, and the Spudders also worked with R.A. Long over the summer.
"They're all good football programs," Rice said. "I think, top to bottom, it's going to be a fight to win games."
As far as the Spudders, Rice is liking where his team is going into the season. He even said the Spudders are a little further along in the process than at the same time in 2021.
Ridgefield will also have to deal with a difficult schedule. W.F. West is a top 10 team in Class 2A, according to Cascadia Preps. Mountain View is the defending 3A GSHL champion. Then the Hockinson game in Week 3.
"Hoping those first two weeks will pay off," Rice said, in terms of getting the Spudders battle-tested for the rest of the season.
"We can win a lot of football games," Rice said. "I'm excited about the leadership. A quiet group of kids but they show up and go to work every day. I'm excited to see what we're going to be made of. I know they come to work hard every day. I don't have to worry about that."
Sean McDonald, who led Kalama to three state titles, has taken over as the head coach at Woodland.
He said Ridgefield is the team to beat and that he heard Washougal has something brewing this season, as well. He noted Mark Morris and Hockinson as always having good programs.
"It will be exciting to see," he said.
McDonald is not overlooking his own team. No way.
"I always expect to win. I've told the boys that. We keep working our butts off, there is no reason we can't be competing for a league championship at the end of the year," McDonald said.
At Hudson's Bay, the Eagles are celebrating the return of Mark Oliverio. He coached Bay in 2015 and 2016, leading the Eagles to a winning season in 2016.
"I'm familiar with the coaches," said Oliverio, who moved to Kentucky following the 2016 season, but returned to Clark County and was the head coach at Battle Ground last year. "They're all great guys. They all run great programs," Oliverio said. "It's a highly competitive league. I feel appreciative to be mentioned in the same sentence with those guys."
All the coaches, all the players, will be getting ready for league play in the next couple of weeks.
Then, expect a battle in the 2A Greater St. Helens League
Opening week:
Columbia River at Foss, 6 p.m. Friday
Hockinson at La Center, 7 p.m. Friday
Hudson's Bay vs. Heritage, 4:30 p.m. Friday at McKenzie Stadium
Mark Morris at Battle Ground, 7 p.m. Friday
Castle Rock at R.A. Long, 7 p.m. Friday
W.F. West at Ridgefield, 7 p.m. Friday
Washougal at River Ridge, 7 p.m. Thursday
Woodland at Kalama, 7 p.m. Thursday
Where are they now? WSU assistant baseball coach shined at Skyview HS
Jake Valentine, a 2004 graduate of Skyview High School, has moved up the coaching ranks, and this past weekend, the Washington State assistant was one of the guest speakers at the prestigious Northwest Baseball Coaches Association Convention in Portland.
Union's freshman phenom scores 50 on Friday night
Brooklynn Haywood, a freshman for the Union Titans, broke her own school record with a 50-point performance Friday night against La Conner.
New Heritage football coach in it for the long haul
Kevin Peterson, named the head coach, promises to bring stability to Heritage High School's football program, hoping to remain with the program until the day he retires from teaching.
Campaign to attract new sports officials is working
After years of declining numbers, the Evergreen Basketball Officials Association is seeing an increase in its roster, and state officials say that numbers are growing in many sports throughout Washington.
Clark County Today Sports Podcast, Episode 1
Reporter Paul Valencia teams up with sports administrators and former coaches Tony Liberatore and Cale Piland to discuss high school sports in Clark County
Tags:Class 2A Greater St. Helens LeagueRidgefield SpuddersColumbia River RapidsVancouverRidgefield High SchoolHudson's Bay High SchoolWashougalColumbia River High SchoolR.A. Long High SchoolHockinsonHockinson HawksMark Morris High SchoolRidgefieldHudson's Bay EaglesWoodlandWashougal PanthersClark CountyWoodland BeaversLatest2A GSHLWashougal High SchoolWoodland High Schoolhigh school footballHockinson High Schoolhigh school athletics


The Smith Museum of Stained Glass Windows is a permanent display of 150 stained glass windows housed in an 800-ft.-long series of galleries along the lower level terraces of Festival Hall. Open since February 2000, it is the first museum in the United States dedicated solely to stained glass windows. It showcases both secular and religious windows and is divided by artistic theme into four categories: Victorian, Prairie, Modern and Contemporary. All of the windows were designed by prominent local, national and European studios and most were originally installed in Chicago area residential, commercial and religious buildings.


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How Often Do People Who Are Not Citizens Vote in Texas Elections? (February 2019)
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?"
Never 18%
Rarely 22%
Sometimes 23%
Frequently 28%
Don't know/No opinion 10%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Measurement of Party ID for this figure is based on two questions. First, respondents were asked whether they consider themselves to be a Democrats, Republicans, independents, other, or not sure. Those who responded that they are independents or "other" were then asked if they lean toward either the Democrats or Republicans. If they indicated that they lean toward one party or the other, they are considered Democrats or Republicans for the purposes of this figure. Only "pure" independents or members of a third party who indicate that they have no preference for Democrats vis-a-vis Republicans are considered independents . Respondents who answered that they are "not sure" for either of the two aforementioned questions are not incorporated into this figure.
Never 29% 18% 7%
Rarely 39% 12% 9%
Sometimes 14% 28% 29%
Frequently 8% 26% 47%
Don't know/No opinion 10% 16% 8%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Party identification is calculated according to the PID7 variable, a seven point scale of party identification.
Lean Democrat
Not very strong Democrat
Strong Democrat
Never 30% 19% 34%
Rarely 48% 36% 35%
Don't know/No opinion 6% 12% 11%
Never 6% 3% 10%
Frequently 51% 40% 46%
Don't know/No opinion 9% 10% 6%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Ideology is measured on a scale of 1-7, with 1 corresponding to "extremely liberal", 7 corresponding to "extremely conservative, and 4 corresponding to "in the middle." For the purposes of this table, respondents who placed themselves at or between points 1 and 3 on the scale are considered "liberal," respondents who placed themselves at point 4 on the scale are considered "moderate," and respondents who placed themselves at or between points 5 and 7 on the scale are considered conservative.
Sometimes 8% 26% 31%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" The ideology measure is based on respondent self-placement in response to the following question: "On a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 is extremely liberal, 7 is extremely conservative, and 4 is exactly in the middle, where would you place yourself?" The placements are further classified such that 1 is extremely liberal, 2 is very liberal, 3 is somewhat liberal, 4 is moderate, 5 is somewhat conservative, 6 is very conservative, and 7 is extremely conservative.
Leaning liberal
Extremely liberal
Sometimes 12% 6% 9%
Frequently 9% 8% 11%
Don't know/No opinion 12% 4% 7%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Race is calculated according to the race variable.
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Gender is calculated according to the GENDER variable.
Never 17% 18%
Rarely 22% 22%
Sometimes 22% 23%
Frequently 34% 23%
Don't know/No opinion 6% 13%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Community is based on the following question, "Would you say that you live in an urban, suburban, or rural community?"
Don't know/No opinion 11% 8% 10%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Age is calculated according to the AGEG variable.
Never 21% 15% 18% 16%
Rarely 23% 30% 18% 18%
Sometimes 25% 19% 23% 24%
Frequently 18% 23% 31% 36%
Don't know/No opinion 12% 12% 9% 5%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Education is calculated according to the EDUC variable.
Never 29% 17% 19% 13% 20% 11%
Rarely 25% 16% 21% 20% 23% 37%
Sometimes 17% 22% 22% 18% 25% 26%
Frequently 21% 32% 29% 35% 24% 23%
Don't know/No opinion 9% 14% 9% 13% 8% 4%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Religiosity is calculated according to the IMPORT variable.
Extremely important
Not very important
Don't know/No opinion 10% 8% 8% 12%
Respondents were asked, "How often do you think that people who are not U.S. citizens vote in Texas Elections?" Fundamentalism is calculated according to the LITERAL variable.
The Bible is the word of God, to be taken literally
The Bible is the word of God, not to be taken literally
The Bible is a book written by men
Democratic Identification
Religiosity
How Often Are Eligible Voters Prevented from Voting? (February 2019)
Does Texas Election System Discriminate Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities (February 2019)
Vote Frequency (October 2018)
Vote Intention (October 2018)
Vote Enthusiasm (October 2018)
Political Campaign Contact (October 2018)
Political Campaign Contact - Party (October 2018)
Political Campaign Contact - In Person (October 2018)
Political Campaign Contact -- Phone Call (October 2018)
Political Campaign Contact - By Email or Text Message (October 2018)
Political Campaign Contact - By Letter or Post Card (October 2018)
Political Campaign Contact - By Social Media Message Or Post (October 2018)
Support or Oppose Allowing Texans to Complete Voter Registration Forms Online (June 2018)
How Much Have You Heard About Recent Court Decisions Finding Discrimination in Texas's Election System (October 2017)
Does Texas Election System Discriminate Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities (October 2017)
Ability to Vote for Single Party on Ballot (June 2017)
Penalty for Registered Voters Not Showing Identification (June 2017)
Type of Penalty for Registered Voters Not Showing Identification (June 2017)
Seriousness - People Voting Who Are Not Eligible (October 2016)
Seriousness - People Voting Multiple Times (October 2016)
Seriousness - Votes Being Counted Inaccurately (October 2016)
Seriousness - Voting Machines Being Hacked (October 2016)
Primary Election Candidate Certainty (February 2016)
U.S. Senate Vote Choice If Hutchison Resigned (February 2010)
Voter Identification (February 2011)
Voter ID Law Support (October 2012)
Federal Approval of Election Laws for Some States (October 2012)
Importance of Religious Faith in Voting Decisions (October 2012)
Importance of Issue Positions in Voting Decisions (October 2012)
Importance of Character in Voting Decisions (October 2012)
Importance of Party in Voting Decisions (October 2012)
Importance of Political Record in Voting Decisions (October 2012)
Most Important Factor in Voting Decisions (October 2012)
Federal Approval of Election Laws for Some States (February 2013)
Federal Approval of Election Laws for Texas (February 2013)
Favorability of Voter ID Law (February 2014)