text:
Why greenhouse gases do not "remove" any alleged "missing heat" from the atmosphere
Excerpts from the comments on WUWT post The Trouble With Global Climate Models in which Quaternary geologist Kristian, TimTheToolMan, and myself explain to "Phil" why greenhouse gases do not "remove" any alleged "missing heat" from the atmosphere:
hockeyschtick
Planck's Law and the theory of blackbody radiation does in fact prove my statement "A low frequency/energy photon (eg 15um CO2 photons) cannot transfer any quantum energy to a higher frequency/energy/temperature blackbody because all of those lower frequency/energy microstates & orbitals are already completely filled/saturated in the hotter body. This fact alone from quantum mechanics falsifies CAGW."
As shown on these calculated Planck curves, CO2 (+H2O overlap) absorbs and emits in the LWIR the same as a true blackbody would at an emitting temperature of ~217K over the LWIR band from ~12 or 13um to ~17um
Even though CO2 has emissivity less than a true black body and line emissions centered around 15um, and observations also show CO2 emissivity decreases with temperature unlike a true BB, for purposes of this simple question, we'll assume (like climate scientists incorrectly do) that CO2 emits and absorbs as a true BB.
gammacrux: Can a BB at 217K cause a BB at 255K to warm by 33K to 288K as the Arrhenius theory claims?
The lower energy/temperature/frequency microstates of a BB at a given temperature are by definition "saturated" in a perfect blackbody absorber/emitter and that explains why classical physics shown by the dashed lines in fig 4.8 does not happen in nature and instead a Planck curve of emission and absorption is found in nature. If those lower energy/temperature/frequency microstates of a BB were not saturated, then any energy level photons could be thermalized by a blackbody and the frequency vs BB energy intensity curve would go to infinity as shown by the (false) dashed lines in fig 4.8:
http://hockeyschtick.blogspot.com/2015/08/plancks-quantum-theory-explains-why-low.html
Phil: Yes or No: Can a blackbody at 193K warm a warmer blackbody at 255K by 33K to 288K?
Phil says: "Since the 'blackbody at 193K' is a figment of your imagination there's no reason to answer it, I would point out that in your pure nitrogen atmosphere the blackbody at 193K would be replacing a background at 4K, that would make quite a difference."
NO not even wrong.
Phil claims the blackbody at 193K is a figment of the OLR spectra that both he and I have posted!
Phil look very closely: do you see the blackbody Planck curves calculated for blackbodies with emitting temperatures of 220K-320K?
Do you see that the CO2+H2O overlap corresponding Planck curve is ~217K (it is higher than 193K for pure CO2 due to presence of water vapor overlap) in the LWIR spectra of any relevance to the AGW debate 12-17um?
THAT is the 217K "partial blackbody" I'm asking about. YOU are effectively claiming that radiation from a "partial blackbody" at a peak emitting temperature of ~217K in the 12-17um band can make a true black body e.g. the Earth warm from the 255K equilb temp with Sun by 33K to 288K!
Secondly, I've already shown you (and so does Feynman's chapter 40, vol 1, and the US Std Atmosphere, Maxwell, etc) that a pure N2 or pure N2/O2 Boltzmann distribution atmosphere would have almost the same temperature gradient as our current atmosphere:
http://hockeyschtick.blogspot.com/search?q=boltzmann+distribution
The "ERL" on a planet with pure N2 atmosphere is located at the surface h=0 and is exactly equivalent to the equilibrium temperature with the Sun for that planet, NOT "a blackbody at 193K" as you falsely claim above!
Phil says "So where does the BB emission in the 15 micron band that was emitted by the earth's surface go to? Conventional science says that it is absorbed by the CO2 in the lower troposphere, i.e. it is 'removed', you say that it is not 'removed'."
Since when does absorption and re-emission in the 15 micron band equal "removed" energy? Only on Phil's planet, which is apparently oblivious to the 1st and 2nd laws, Kirchhoff's, Planck's, & Stefan-Boltzmann Laws, quantum and statistical mechanics, etc. Where oh where Phil did your "removed" "missing heat" go?
GHGs are passive IR radiators at all levels of the atmosphere, with the possible oscillator frequencies fixed by their molecular & atomic structure, and that absorb/emit in the ~12-15um band. There is no energy "removed" or added by GHGs, other than the energy GHGs loose to space, which is exactly equal to the energy input from the Sun, Ein = Eout. GHGs delay transit of IR photons by the time it takes to absorb and then either re-emit a 15um photon which amounts to only a few milliseconds for the whole troposphere, or more likely transfer energy with collisions with non-GHGs to accelerate convection)
hockeyschtick August 11, 2015 at 2:10 pm
No I don't.
At 667cm-1(15 micron) I see the CO2 emission at about 235K, (no H2O).
At ~660 and 680 cm-1 I see CO2 emission at about 217, (no H2O).
At ~620 and 718 cm-1 I see CO2 emission at about 255.
THAT is the 217K "partial blackbody" I'm asking about.
Which doesn't exist.
Yes the same lapse rate, it has nothing to do with actual temperature, just the way it falls off with altitude.
Since when does absorption and re-emission in the 15 micron band equal "removed" energy?
Energy transmitted to atmosphere via collision = absorption – re-emission
Phil. says, August 11, 2015 at 9:09 am:
"… in a reply above here so have you!
In reality, 85-90% of the IR in those ToA spectras are emitted to space from the atmosphere itself (and not from one particular layer, but cumulatively from all layers, from top to bottom), only the remaining 10-15% from the actual surface. The Earth system emits an average flux of 240 W/m^2 to space, not because the atmosphere happens to absorb 150 W/m^2 of a much larger original flux, but because … that's the flux it absorbs from the Sun on average. 240 IN, 240 OUT."
Surely you're joking, Phil.
Did you notice how I wrote "not because the atmosphere happens to absorb 150 W/m^2 of a much larger original flux" and NOT "CO2 does not absorb IR from the surface"? You are not this dumb, Phil. So why do you feel the need to pretend you are …?
This pattern of playing stupid, "misunderstanding" what I'm actually saying, so as to avoid having to relate directly to it, runs through your entire reply. It's a common misdirection tactic employed by internet trolls. Are you a troll, Phil.?
"This is incorrect, most of the emission is from the surface (…)"
Phil., what is this nonsense?
"The emission from the surface in the 15 micron CO2 band is absorbed low in the atmosphere removing the 'chunk', what emission is seen in that band is from cold CO2 high in the atmosphere."
There is no energy "removed", Phil. That's all in your head. Earth's spectrum as seen from space is an EMISSION spectrum, not an absorption spectrum. It is not the surface spectrum eaten into by the intervening atmosphere. I know you'd prefer to think of it that way, but no. The emissions making up the full spectrum comes to 85-90% from the atmosphere, a mere 10-15% directly from the surface. You assume a LARGE surface flux being absorbed by the atmosphere and a resultant much SMALLER atmospheric flux to space. There is nothing in this spectrum suggesting there is.
I explained this all to Bart above. You can't compare the potential (mathematically calculated) 390 W/m^2 from a 288K BB radiating straight into space with the real OLR radiant heat through the ToA. Then you only end up confusing yourself. They are in no way equivalent entities. This is when you end up thinking that energy is somehow "missing" on the way out. It's not, Phil. Those 150 W/m^2 of "trapped" energy are imaginary. Made up. The global surface on average releases a total of 145 W/m^2 worth of heat into the atmosphere. For it to absorb and thus warm from. That's it. That's the transfer of energy. Anything beyond this is merely part of a mental construct. Moreover, only ~33 of those 145 W/m^2 represent radiant heat. The rest is non-radiative. This is compared to the 220 W/m^2 emitted through the ToA to space (final heat flux from the Earth system), which include also the 75 W/m^2 absorbed by the atmosphere of the incoming solar flux. There's no energy missing anywhere at dynamic equilibrium/steady state, Phil. That's sort of the point. All that enters exits. Balance.
"the GHE effect on Mars is about 5K."
No. This is nothing but a perpetuated myth. The myth of a Martian "greenhouse effect". People just keep stating it as a defined Truth, not referring to anything of substance, any real-world evidence of any kind. And you're naturally all too eager to regurgitate it here once more. Thing is, it's just assumed and thus claimed to be. But assuming and claiming something to be true doesn't make it true. The ~5K Martian rGHE is simply an old guesstimate from before any global data was available. Or as your second link describes it: "It is estimated that the Greenhouse effect on Mars warms the atmosphere at the surface by less than 10 degrees Fahrenheit." Of course it's "estimated" to be present and working. Because that's what the rGHE hypothesis itself DEMANDS. The "estimate" in question is based solely on the fundamental premise behind the rGHE hypothesis. There has never been any actual observational data to support it. It's the common method of circular reasoning of "modern climate science": There just HAS TO be an rGHE on Mars, simply because there's so much CO2 in its atmosphere, absorbing outgoing surface IR. It doesn't have to be big, but there MUST be one. Because there SHOULD be. According to the hypothesis. "Radiative forcing," after all.
So, by simply starting out by stating there is one of, say, 5K, the hypothesis effectively verifies itself. The conclusion is already decided upon. Based on what the original premise requires. And the original premise is thus also neatly confirmed by the conclusion. No need to go out and actually observe anything at all. And we've come full circle.
This is the reason why I specifically referred you to the "Mars Global Surveyor" (TES) and "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter" (MCS) projects of NASA. To avoid this circularity. Its hard, though, when you just choose to ignore it, pretend that you didn't see it. Playing stupid …
http://faculty.washington.edu/joshband/publications/bandfield_mcs_tes.pdf
Back in the days before consistent, comprehensive, global, multiyear measurements of the Red Planet were in place, all one had was scattered atmospheric profiles from descending probes, plus in situ measurements from various landers and rovers. Most of these operated preferably during the summer and landed preferably in the tropics and subtropics. Also, the strong inversions at the Martian surface during nighttime and high-latitude winters tend to be 'forgotten' when extrapolating the mean tropospheric temperature gradient all the way down to the ground. The diurnal average ((day+night)/2) is actually quite close to isothermal (zero gradient) in the lowermost 2-3 km of the Martian atmosphere:
NASA now seems to have it pretty well established now that the mean global surface temperature of Mars is in fact around 210K (-63C), taking in also the winters and high latitudes.
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/facts/
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html
210K is exactly the number you get when you calculate Mars's effective planetary blackbody temperature in space. So, the rGHE is zero, no raised ERL. You might wish for there to be some rGHE warming. But there isn't.
I understand that it's more convenient for you, Phil., to refer to outdated (and unsupported) assumptions about what SHOULD be the case, so that you can lean back and just dismiss offhand this quite intriguing circumstance rather than actually dealing with it. I agree with Bart above in his description of you:
"(…) he has latched onto an erroneous conclusion without adequate consideration of alternatives to his POV."
The ~217K "partial blackbody" and corresponding 220K emitting temperature Planck curve is circled right here Phil, please get some reading glasses:
Phil says "Yes the same lapse rate, it has nothing to do with actual temperature, just the way it falls off with altitude."
Baloney, it has everything to do with temperature from the surface to edge of space, and the HS greenhouse eqn calculates a perfect replica of the US Standard Atmosphere, Triton, and overlapping portions of T/P curve on Venus without any knowledge of surface temperature in advance. The only radiative forcing in that equation is that from the Sun, no radiative forcing from GHGs.
Phil says "Energy transmitted to atmosphere via collision = absorption – re-emission"
This is how GHGs preferentially transfer heat to N2/O2 to accelerate convective cooling. Thus, the "removed energy" is sent to the tropopause and then "removed" to space. You continue to fantasize that the CO2+H2O ~217K "partial blackbody" emitting temperature can warm the 255K Earth by 33K to 288K.
Lalaland fizzikxs
Kristian August 13, 2015 at 12:17 pm
No it's reality. Here're the spectra from Petty's book:
Note that looking up in the 800 – 1000 cm-1 range and 1100 – 1200 cm-1 range there is no IR emitted downwards from the atmosphere whereas there is upward emission corresponding to the surface BB radiation. That is consistent with my explanation, not yours.
"No it's reality."
What's reality? What exactly are you referring to, Phil.? I said: "You assume a LARGE surface flux being absorbed by the atmosphere and a resultant much SMALLER atmospheric flux to space. There is nothing in this spectrum suggesting there is." Your reply: "No it's reality. Here're the spectra from Petty's book:" Er, again: Both of these spectra are EMISSION spectra. It is the radiation actually reaching the detector of the measuring instrument. This is ALWAYS the radiant HEAT (what you would call the 'net flux') moving between source and target. If you cool an IR detector sufficiently, it will detect IR even from a cold sky. That doesn't mean that this cold sky transfers any radiant energy to Earth's warm surface. It transfers radiant energy to the much colder detector. That's how these spectra are produced, Phil. Perhaps you didn't know.
You seemingly want to claim that what we see from space is the emission spectrum of Earth's actual, solid/liquid surface with bits of it somehow removed by the intervening atmosphere. There is, however, no way that you could've interpreted the situation the way you do unless you perceived that incidentally drawn outline of a perfect Planck curve on top of the actual spectrum as somehow the original surface emission flux and the real, measured Earth spectrum only as this original after atmospheric absorption.
No, it's completely consistent with my 'explanation'.
TimTheToolMan
Bart writes "The GHE hypothesis says it heats the surface, raising the temperature, and thereby allowing the energy to escape at different frequencies when the distribution shifts."
Well that possibility is an assumption of the AGW theory. The "settled science" part says that the altitude of the atmosphere radiating as the "effective radiation level" (ERL) increases due to the increase in CO2 above and then due to the lapse rate, is radiating from a cooler place and hence radiates less energy. The settled science part says that the temperature of the atmosphere at the ERL must increase to regain equilibrium.
There is no "settled science" requirement at ground level for any change in temperature. AGW theory simply extrapolates that heating at the ERL back to the ground through changed lapse rate all the way to the ground where your secondary effect helps to compensate.
And it supposedly does so with feedbacks that IMO appear to decrease entropy.
"Your hypothesis is that almost all of the outgoing spectrum at the ToA is emission from the atmosphere."
It is not my 'hypothesis', Phil. All Earth energy budgets that I've seen (starting with the Kiehl-Trenberth '97 one) say basically the same thing. The only part of our planet's average total emission to space (240 W/m^2) that originates straight from the surface is that portion escaping through the atmospheric window (~8-13 microns). This makes up ~10-15% of the total spectrum. Note that far from all of Earth's emission to space even in this 8-13 micron interval comes directly from the surface. Much of it is emitted rather by clouds (covering ~60% of Earth) somewhere aloft in the tropospheric column. The atmospheric window is only a 'window' through the gases making up our atmosphere (ozone being one important exception), not through its clouds. This is often forgotten about.
"In which case looking up in the 800 – 1000 cm-1 range and 1100 – 1200 cm-1 range should show emission just as when looking down in those same ranges, however as shown it does not (however in the ranges where GHGs absorb/emit downward emission is seen). The reason is that the atmosphere is transparent to those wavelengths and the emissions from the surface go directly to space there."
Er, yes. And I have never claimed otherwise? That's the atmospheric window that I was speaking of.
"In the regions where components of the atmosphere absorb the surface emissions are attenuated and only the emissions from the GHGs high in the atmosphere where it is optically thin (lower than surface values) are able to escape."
Indeed. But the atmosphere absorbs most of the energy (radiative and non-radiative) transferred from Earth's surface, about 80-85% of it. ALL atmospheres absorb some of the outgoing heat from the solar-heated planetary surfaces beneath. Thick atmospheres absorb most of it.
"MODTRAN calculates this effect and produces a very good match to the observed spectrum. Here's a sample MODTRAN calculation showing all the GHG 'notches', and the same calculation with each GHG progressively removed. You'll notice that the resultant spectrum approaches the blackbody spectrum of the surface."
Staring at these spectra has apparently made you go blind to reality, Phil. They seem to muddle your thinking. You think you 'see' in them something you quite frankly do not, an effect you are in fact only imagining in your mind, by first mentally placing a perfect outline of a surface (288K) Planck curve as an overlay on top of the actual ToA spectrum, then automatically interpreting notches in thereal spectrum as observed as somehow notches rather in your hypothetical surface (288K) Planck curve outline, as if the ToA spectrum were just the surface spectrum 'eaten into' by the GHGs on its way through the atmosphere.
Once again, Phil., the ToA spectrum is an EMISSION spectrum, NOT an absorption spectrum.
Once again, you believe there is "energy missing" on its way from the surface to space, and so in your mind, this energy must rather make the surface warmer; I guess, by being re-radiated back down.
You need to wake up and see the whole picture, Phil. It's about more than just outgoing IR. The atmosphere is NOT like in these contrived MODTRAN spectra of yours. You cannot just clinically remove separate IR active constituents at your own will from the atmosphere and then expect the atmosphere in all other respects to remain unchanged, only with more radiation going out than before. In reality, you change the WHOLE atmosphere.
Earth as a thermodynamic system is in a relative steady state, in a sort of dynamic equilibrium with the Sun and space (its 'surroundings'). In such a state, ALL energy that enters the system also exits. On average. Across some defined cycle. 240 W/m^2 comes in from the Sun. Then, in such a steady state, 240 W/m^2 also needs to go out from the Earth to space. And it does. None of the energy coming in is "held back" or "trapped" within the system. The notches do not represent "missing energy", Phil. And the transfer fluxes sure don't amplify internally by looping up and down between atmosphere and surface. That's a mental model that's completely absurd. There is no energy transfer from the cool atmosphere to the warm surface. The energy transfer only goes from the surface UP. The only energy transfer TO the surface comes from the Sun.
You seem to forget (or overlook) two crucial aspects:
1) Of the surface heat transferred to the atmosphere, less than one fourth is radiant, the remaining being non-radiant. However, ALL the heat (100%) transferred from the atmosphere to space is radiant. So the atmosphere absorbs 25-35 W/m^2 of radiant heat (IR) from the surface, but emits 200-220 W/m^2 into space. (This includes the ~75 W/m^2 of SOLAR radiant heat absorbed by the atmosphere coming in through the ToA. See next point.)
2) The atmosphere (the IR active gases + aerosols + liquid and icy clouds) not only absorbs outgoing IR from the surface. It also reflects AND absorbs a large portion of the incoming solar radiant heat, on average globally/annually about 77 and 75 W/m^2 respectively of the original 340 W/m^2, leaving only 165 W/m^2 og solar heat to be absorbed by the actual surface (23 W/m^2 reflected by the surface itself).
So when you try to argue that as a MODTRAN spectrum fills up and starts moving towards a full 288K Planck curve, then the surface will automatically have to warm, you have completely missed the point.
First of all, there is no full 288K Planck curve originally being emitted from the surface. That's just something that's being arbitrarily drawn onto the actual recorded spectrum. As sort of an artificial reference or benchmark spectrum: This is how it should've looked! It's fully hypothetical. And it obviously and totally confuses your eyes and your mind into thinking you see something you don't.
The mean planetary emission temperature of Earth is 255K, not 288K, if you go by the 240 W/m^2 global average flux. But since this flux is emitted NOT from a single solid blackbody surface at 255K, but rather from a full 3D dynamic volume of gases, clouds and aerosols, tens of kilometres thick + a solid/liquid surface at the bottom, the outline will necessarily look a far cry from a smooth 255K Planck curve. You cannot and should not try to fit a 2D blackbody Planck curve to the emission spectrum of a gaseous VOLUME. If you still choose to do so, you will have to find the total flux intensity first. In our case it's 240 W/m^2. Well, then the hypothetical 2D blackbody would be one at 255K, and the resulting Planck curve would be one peaking at ~11.4 microns, not ~10 microns (288K). Some of the 3D spectrum will be above this ideal 255K Planck curve, and other parts will be below it. But all in all, the ragged real spectrum will match the total flux intensity of the smooth hypothetical one: 240 W/m^2.
Secondly, let's say, Phil., that you were to compare two Earth spectra to space and that the one is recorded during a dry, cloud-free day, and the other during a cloudy, humid day. This could be at the same spot at different times, or at different spots, only in the same general latitudinal zone.
Using your logic, the second spectrum will be a lot more 'closed up' than the first one, allowing a lot less energy from the surface out to space, and thus the "removed" energy will necessarily make the surface underneath warmer than in the first case, where substantially more of the energy is allowed through to space. MODTRAN also would agree with you. This would be the naturally inferred conclusion.
And it would be wrong!
Because, is this what we actually observe in the real world? Is the surface of the Earth generally warmer when there are lots of clouds and lots of water vapour in the tropospheric column above than when its dry and cloudless? It sure isn't! Clouds and humid air definitely reduce nighttime cooling of the surface, but they also reduce daytime heating of that same surface. And the latter effect turns out to be invariably stronger. And quite significantly so. This is pretty easy to verify empirically through consistent observations from the real Earth system.
Some great stuff and I appreciate posting it here where it is easy to find and refer to. Good show! (and of course I agree)
Regards, Mark
MS August 22, 2015 at 8:51 AM
Thanks Mark!
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text:
Noa Seru Nakaitaci, né le  à Lautoka aux Fidji, est un joueur de rugby à XV fidjien. De nationalité franco-fidjienne, il est international français évoluant au poste d'ailier ou de centre. Il joue en club au sein de l'effectif du LOU Rugby, après avoir passé sept saisons à l'ASM Clermont Auvergne, où il s'est révélé.

Biographie

Arrivé en 2010 à Clermont-Ferrand en provenance de l'académie de Nadroga, Noa Nakaitaci prend ses marques avec l'équipe espoirs en décrochant un titre de champion de France. En 2011, avec l'absence de nombreux joueurs, treize joueurs sélectionnés dans différentes sélections pour la coupe du monde 2011, il en profite pour intégrer l'équipe première, avec laquelle il joue plus de  de jeu pour  sur la saison. Il dispute ainsi son premier match de Coupe d'Europe, à Ravenhill contre l'Ulster, inscrivant un essai lors de la défaite . Il est également titulaire une semaine plus tard face aux Italiens de Aironi. Avec ses bons débuts, Clermont prolonge son contrat jusqu'en 2015.

En , il refuse une sélection au sein de la sélection fidjienne, justifiant plus tard, en 2014 dans une interview au journal Le Monde sa décision par un attachement au pays où il a été formé et où il a fondé une famille. Lors de cette saison, il dispute treize rencontres en Top 14, inscrivant huit essais, dont deux lors de la  face à Toulon, mais il ne participe pas à la demi-finale perdue face à Castres. Il joue également un match de Coupe d'Europe, rentrant lors de la demi-finale victorieuse face au Munster. Il ne dispute toutefois pas la finale de la compétition, perdue face au Rugby club toulonnais.

Il est sélectionné dans un groupe de  par Philippe Saint-André pour la tournée de juin 2013 de l'équipe de France en Nouvelle-Zélande. Lors de celle-ci, Il joue son premier match avec le XV de France le , face à la province des Auckland Blues au cours duquel il marque deux essais. Ce match, préparatoire au deuxième des trois tests de la tournée disputés face aux , ne constitue toutefois pas une cape car il n'est pas disputé face à une équipe nationale.

Lors de la saison 2013-2014, il inscrit cinq essais en Top 14, disputant seize rencontres dont dix en tant que titulaire. Il dispute également quatre rencontres de Coupe d'Europe.

Il obtient sa première cape le  à Rome contre l'Italie pour le compte du Tournoi des Six Nations. Titulaire avec le , il joue tout le match, remporté  par le quinze de France. Il est à nouveau sélectionné contre l'Angleterre une semaine plus tard et marque un essai lors de la défaite 55-35.

Peu après le tournoi, il inscrit deux essais lors de la victoire  de Clermont face aux Anglais de Northampton en quart de finale de la Coupe d'Europe. Une semaine plus tard, le club auvergnat se qualifie pour la finale en battant les Saracens sur le score de . Lors de la finale face à Toulon, il a un geste d'agacement, jetant le ballon hors des limites du terrain, ce qui permet à Leigh Halfpenny d'inscrire une pénalité qui porte alors le score à  en faveur des Toulonnais. Ces derniers s'imposent finalement . En mai, il fait partie des trois ailiers retenus dans le groupe de  composé par l'encadrement de l'équipe de France pour la préparation à la Coupe du monde. Il dispute les deux derniers tests de la préparation, face aux Anglais puis les Écossais, réussissant un essai lors de cette dernière rencontre. Peu avant celle-ci, il est retenu par Philippe Saint-André pour la coupe du monde. S'y mettant peu en valeur, il ne retrouve l'équipe nationale qu'à l'occasion des tests de , en l'occurrence contre l'Australie. Il y gagne ses galons de titulaires pour le Tournoi des Six Nations suivant.

En , l'encadrement du XV de France l'intègre dans la liste Élite des joueurs protégés par la convention FFR/LNR pour la saison 2017-2018.

En , il signe un contrat de cinq ans avec le LOU Rugby pour rejoindre le club en 2018.

En novembre 2022, il est appelé avec les Barbarians français, dans un groupe de 23 joueurs, pour affronter les Fidji au Stade Pierre-Mauroy.

Statistiques

En club

Noa Nakaitaci participe à dix saisons du Top 14, inscrivant 47 essais en 152 rencontres.

Sur la scène européenne, il participe à dix éditions de la coupe d'Europe, pour un total de 38 matchs et 12 essais. Il dispute deux finales de cette compétition, en 2013 et 2015.

En équipe nationale

Au , Noa Nakaitaci compte 15 sélections en équipe de France, obtenant sa première cape face à l'Italie  lors du Tournoi 2015. Il totalise 10 points, deux essais. Il a auparavant été appelé à porter le maillot de l'équipe de France pour un match non officiel de face aux Auckland Blues en 2013, au cours duquel il marque un doublé.

Noa Nakaitaci compte sept sélections dans le cadre du Tournoi des Six Nations, lors des éditions 2015 et 2017 .

Légende : v = victoire ; n = match nul ; d = défaite ; la ligne est en gras quand il y a grand chelem.

Notes et références
Notes

Références

Liens externes

Joueur fidjien de rugby à XV
Joueur international français de rugby à XV
Joueur de l'ASM Clermont Auvergne
Joueur du Lyon OU
Joueur du Barbarian RC
Ailier (rugby à XV)
Centre (rugby à XV)
Naissance en juillet 1990
Naissance à Lautoka

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The real estate broker reported that Cerberus affiliates invested approximately €17.7 billion in European NPLs in 2014, constituting nearly 22 percent of the €80.6 billion in closed commercial real estate and real estate-owned transactions for the year. This is the second year in a row that Cerberus has topped the broker's chart.
Last year the company completed more than a dozen deals across Europe, acquiring loans and assets in the UK, Germany, Spain, Italy, Ireland, France and Denmark, among other countries.
Significant transactions included; the Project Eagle portfolio purchased from Ireland's National Asset Management Agency (NAMA); the Project Aran portfolio sold by Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) subsidiary Ulster Bank; the Project Avon portfolio acquired from Lloyds Banking Group; the Project Chestnut portfolio bought from National Australia Bank (NAB); and, the Project Mermaid portfolio divested by Denmark's Finansiel Stabilitet.
Cushman & Wakefield's report also identifies the other NPL category killers in Europe, those being Lone Star Funds which invested €16 billion, The Blackstone Group with €8.7 billion, CarVal Investors with Goldman Sachs on €6.2 billion, though that does not count their individual transactions, JPMorgan on €4.2 billion, then Deutsche Bank, Oaktree Capital Management, Kildare Partners, Kennedy Wilson and Colony Capital.


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Encrypted email service | Breaking Cybersecurity News | The Hacker News
Here's How eFail Attack Works Against PGP and S/MIME Encrypted Emails
With a heavy heart, security researchers have early released the details of a set of vulnerabilities discovered in email clients for two widely used email encryption standards—PGP and S/MIME—after someone leaked their paper on the Internet, which was actually scheduled for tomorrow. PGP and S/MIME are popular end-to-end encryption standards used to encrypt emails in a way that no one, not even the company, government, or cyber criminals, can spy on your communication. Before explaining how the vulnerability works, it should be noted that the flaw doesn't reside in the email encryption standards itself; instead, it affects a few email clients/plugins that incorrectly implemented the technologies. Dubbed eFail by the researchers, the vulnerabilities, as described in our previous early-warning article , could allow potential attackers to decrypt the content of your end-to-end encrypted emails in plaintext, even for messages sent in the past. According to the paper released
Lavabit — Encrypted Email Service Once Used by Snowden, Is Back
Texas-based Encrypted Email Service ' Lavabit ,' that was forced to shut down in 2013 after not complying with a court order demanding access to SSL keys to snoop on Edward Snowden's emails , is relaunching on Friday. Lavabit CEO Ladar Levison had custody of the service's SSL encryption key that could have helped the government obtain Snowden's password. Although the FBI insisted it was only after Snowden's account, that was the key to the kingdom that would have helped the FBI agents obtain other users' credentials as well. But rather than complying with the federal request that could compromise the communications of all of its customers, Levison preferred to shut down his encrypted email service, leaving its 410,000 users unable to access their email accounts. Now, Levison has announced that he is reviving Lavabit with a new architecture that fixes the SSL problem — which according to him, was the biggest threat — and includes other privacy-enhancin
What is SMTP STS? How It improves Email Security for StartTLS?
Despite so many messaging apps, Email is still one of the widely used and popular ways to communicate in this digital age. But are your Emails secure? We are using email services for decades, but the underlying 1980s transport protocol used to send emails, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), is ancient and lacks the ability to secure your email communication entirely. However, to overcome this problem, SMTP STARTTLS was invented in 2002 as a way to upgrade an insecure connection to a secure connection using TLS. But, STARTTLS was susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks and encryption downgrades. But worry not. A new security feature is on its way!!! SMTP STS: An Effort to Make Email More Secure Top email providers, namely Google, Microsoft, Yahoo!, Comcast, LinkedIn, and 1&1 Mail & Media Development, have joined forces to develop a new email standard that makes sure the emails you send are going through an encrypted channel and cannot be sniffed. Dubbed SMT
Encrypted Email Servers Seized by German Authorities After School Bomb Threats
In the wake of a hoax bomb threat, all public schools in Los Angeles were closed for a day last week, and now German authorities have seized an encrypted email server. But, Does that make sense? In a video statement posted on Monday, the administrator of Cock.li – an anonymous email provider service – said German authorities had seized a hard drive from one of its servers that used to host the service in a Bavarian data center. The email provider was thought to have been used last week to send bomb threatening emails to several school districts across the United States, resulting in the closure of all schools in the Los Angeles Unified School District. Despite The New York City Department of Education dismissed the e-mail as an obvious hoax, German authorities seized a hard drive that, according to the service admin, actually holds "all data" on the company. According to the service administrator Vincent Canfield, "SSL keys and private keys and f
ProtonMail Paid Hackers $6000 Ransom in Bitcoin to Stop DDoS Attacks
The Geneva-based encrypted email service ProtonMail was forced to pay a Ransom of almost $6,000 to stop sustained Denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks that have knocked its service offline since Tuesday. ProtonMail – a full, end-to-end encrypted email service that launched last year – has been dealing with, what it called, the extremely powerful DDoS attack, and is still unavailable at the time of writing. ProtonMail Paid $6,000 to Stop DDoS In an official statement posted on a WordPress blog Thursday, officials of ProtonMail said the powerful DDoS attack by an unknown group of hackers forced them to pay 15 Bitcoins (about $5,850) in exchange for them halting the assault. However, even after paying the ransom amount, the crippling DDoS attacks continued to the ProtonMail service. DDoS Attack Continues Even After Paying Ransom ProtonMail officials said, "We hoped that by paying [ransom], we could spare other companies impacted by the [DDoS] attack again

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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http://www.freedomworks.org/content/freedomworks-leads-two-dozen-groups-asking-congress-support-maximizing-americas-prosperity
FreedomWorks Leads Two Dozen Groups in Asking Congress to Support the Maximizing America's Prosperity (MAP) Act
By Sarah Anderson
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- FreedomWorks today, along with more than two dozen aligned free market organizations, sent a coalition letter to House and Senate offices in support of the soon-to-be-introduced Maximizing America's Prosperity (MAP) Act, led by Rep. Kevin Brady (R-Texas) and Sen. Mike Braun (R-Ind.). Adam Brandon, FreedomWorks President, commented:
"As America rapidly approaches $30 trillion in national debt, it is critical that leaders seek reasonable solutions to getting our fiscal house in order. This status quo of unchecked spending growth is patently unacceptable. Such a massive debt looms large over our ability to recover effectively from COVID and more notably threatens our fiscal credibility in the world marketplace.
"The MAP Act would implement a restraint mechanism proven to work in other capitalistic nations to ensure sound budgeting and spending, that will secure our nation's future for generations of Americans to come."
The full letter and signatories are pasted below and can also be found in a shareable PDF here.
Dear Members of Congress,
We, the undersigned organizations representing millions of Americans nationwide highly concerned by our country's unsustainable fiscal trajectory, write in support of the Maximizing America's Prosperity (MAP) Act, to be introduced by Rep. Kevin Brady (R-Texas) and Sen. Mike Braun (R-Ind.). As we stare down a mounting national debt of over $28 trillion, the MAP Act presents a long-term solution to our ever-worsening spending patterns by implementing a Swiss-style debt brake that would prevent large budget deficits and increased national debt.
Since the introduction of the MAP Act in the 116th Congress, our national debt has increased by more than 25 percent, totaling six trillion dollars higher than the $22 trillion we faced less than two years ago in July of 2019. Similarly, nearly 25 percent of all U.S. debt accumulated since the inception of our country has come since the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Now more than ever, it is critical that legislators take a serious look at the fiscal situation we find ourselves in, with a budget deficit for Fiscal Year 2020 of $3.132 trillion and a projected share of the national debt held by the public of 102.3 percent of GDP. While markets continue to finance our debt in the current moment, the simple and unavoidable fact remains that our country is not immune from the basic economics of massive debt, that history tells us leads to inevitable crisis.
Increased levels of debt even before a resulting crisis slows economic activity -- a phenomenon referred to as "debt drag" -- which especially as we seek recovery from COVID-19 lockdowns, our nation cannot afford. This is particularly true when coupled with the systematic devaluation of our dollar that has only been exacerbated by the federal government's response to COVID-19.
The MAP Act would put our country back on course fiscally by capping federal spending as a percentage of potential gross domestic product (GDP), gradually declining from 18.9 percent in Fiscal Year 2022 to remain at 17.5 percent, which is the 50-year rolling average of revenues in our country, from Fiscal Year 2031 onward. Capping federal spending to potential GDP -- which is the estimate of GDP at full employment -- would ensure fiscal responsibility, yet still allow for consideration of economic circumstances as we bring our spending back in line with revenues.
During times of strong economic growth, a potential GDP cap on federal spending would prevent Congress from spending at unsustainable levels, yet would allow for stability during times of economic downturns. Responsible budgeting and spending is what is required of American families, and thus should certainly be required of our nation's leaders in Congress.
For these reasons, we urge you to support and cosponsor the Maximizing America's Prosperity Act to usher in direly-needed and long-overdue sustainable fiscal policy in Washington.
David Williams, President, Taxpayers Protection Alliance
Brandon Arnold, Executive Vice President, National Taxpayers Union
David McIntosh, President, Club for Growth
Seton Motley, President, Less Government
Ryan Ellis, President, Center for a Free Economy
Michael Melendez, Director of Policy, Libertas Institute
Andrew Langer, President, Institute for Liberty
Brett Healy, President, The John K. MacIver Institute for Public Policy
Andrew F. Quinlan, President, Center for Freedom and Prosperity
Lisa B. Nelson, CEO, ALEC Action
Brent Wm. Gardner, Chief Government Affairs Officer, Americans for Prosperity
Garrett Bess, VP of Government Relations & Communications, Heritage Action for America
Jenny Beth Martin, Honorary Chairman, Tea Party Patriots
Jonathan Bydlak, Director of the Fiscal and Budget Policy Project, R Street Institute
Kevin Roberts, CEO, Texas Public Policy Foundation
Tom Schatz, President, Council for Citizens Against Government Waste
Grover Norquist, President, Americans for Tax Reform
Phil Kerpen, President, American Commitment
James Taylor, President, Heartland Institute
CJ Szafir, President, Institute for Reforming Government
Dr. Bob McClure, President and CEO, The James Madison Institute
Bob Barr, Chairman, Liberty Guard, Member of Congress, 1995-2003
Jon Caldara, President, Independence Institute
Wayne Hoffman, President, Idaho Freedom Foundation
Rick Esenberg, President, Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty
Tags Press Release, MAP Act, Maximizing America's Prosperity Act, Rep. Kevin Brady, Sen. Mike Braun, spending, Budget
MAP Act Coalition Letter FreedomWorks (2).pdf
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FreedomWorks Calls on House Republicans To Vote "No" on Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Ahead of the impending vote on the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act in the U.S. House of Representatives, FreedomWorks calls on House Republicans to vote 'no' on the legislation.
"https:\/\/www.freedomworks.org\/content\/key-vote-no-continuing-resolution-fy-2022-hr-5304?social=facebook_share"
Key Vote NO on the Continuing Resolution for FY 2022, H.R. 5304
On behalf of FreedomWorks' activist community, I urge you to contact your representative and ask him or her to vote NO on the Continuing Resolution to provide funding for Fiscal Year 2022 through December 3rd. This resolution would simultaneously provide continuing appropriations for federal functions after the expiration of the fiscal year on October 1st, and suspend the debt limit to allow the Treasury to finance these appropriations through continued borrowing.
"https:\/\/www.freedomworks.org\/content\/key-vote-no-4-trillion-budget-resolution-s-con-res-14?social=facebook_share"
Key Vote NO on the $4 Trillion Budget Resolution, S. Con. Res. 14
On behalf of FreedomWorks' activist community, I urge you to contact your representative and ask him or her to vote NO on the $4 Trillion Budget Resolution, S. Con. Res. 14.
"https:\/\/www.freedomworks.org\/content\/key-vote-no-4-trillion-budget-resolution?social=facebook_share"
Key Vote NO on the $4 Trillion Budget Resolution
On behalf of FreedomWorks' activist community, I urge you to contact your senators and ask them to vote NO on the $4 Trillion Budget Resolution.
"https:\/\/www.freedomworks.org\/content\/democrats-aim-reconciliation-35-trillion-\u201cinfrastructure\u201d-budget?social=facebook_share"
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Democrats Aim for Reconciliation with $3.5 Trillion "Infrastructure" Budget
BY Alessandro Silvia
In an effort to fulfill many of his campaign promises, President Biden, along with numerous congressional Democrats, came to an agreement on a $3.5 trillion budget blueprint. This blueprint, dubbed the "Human Infrastructure" budget proposal, allocates money to "combat climate change," expand Medicare, as well as numerous other partisan priorities.
"https:\/\/www.freedomworks.org\/content\/support-lessening-regulatory-costs-and-establishing-federal-regulatory-budget-act-hr-968?social=facebook_share"
Support the Lessening Regulatory Costs and Establishing a Federal Regulatory Budget Act, H.R. 968
On behalf of our activist community, I urge you to contact your representative and ask him or her to support the Lessening Regulatory Costs and Establishing a Federal Regulatory Budget Act, H.R. 968. Introduced by Rep. Ted Budd (R-N.C.), the Lessening Regulatory Costs and Establishing a Federal Regulatory Budget Act would ensure that for every significant regulation created two are eliminated and that the total cost of regulations does not increase.
"https:\/\/www.freedomworks.org\/content\/support-don\u2019t-weaponize-irs-act-s-1777?social=facebook_share"
Support the Don't Weaponize the IRS Act, S. 1777
On behalf of FreedomWorks' activist community, I urge you to contact your senators and ask them to cosponsor the Don't Weaponize the IRS Act, S. 1777, introduced by Sen. Mike Braun (R-Ind.). This bill would protect free speech and shield Americans from being targeted due to their political beliefs by codifying the May 2020 Treasury Department rule that eliminated the requirement of 501(c)(4) organizations to disclose donors' personal information to the IRS.
"https:\/\/www.freedomworks.org\/content\/support-let-states-cut-taxes-act-hr-2002-and-s-730-and-state-fiscal-flexibility-act-s-743?social=facebook_share"
Support the Let States Cut Taxes Act, H.R. 2002 and S. 730, and the State Fiscal Flexibility Act, S. 743
On behalf of FreedomWorks' activist community, I urge you to contact your representative and senators and ask them to cosponsor the Let States Cut Taxes Act, H.R. 2002 and S. 730, introduced by Rep. Dan Bishop (R-N.C.) and Sen. Mike Braun (R-Ind.), and the State Fiscal Flexibility Act, S. 743 introduced by Sen. Mike Crapo (R-Idaho). These bills would eliminate a provision in the "American Rescue Plan" Act, the most recent $1.9 trillion hyper-partisan COVID-19 "relief" package, that bans states from cutting taxes until 2024 if they take any funds from the package.
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Vote Recommendations (Round Three) on Amendments and Motions to the Democrats' Partisan Reconciliation Package, H.R. 1319
On behalf of FreedomWorks activists nationwide, I urge you to contact your senators and ask them to vote in the manner prescribed for each amendment or motion below to the Democrats' Partisan Reconciliation Package, H.R. 1319, should these amendments be allowed votes.


Try out this low calorie protein packed shake that works great as a post workout recovery option.
There's a common misconception among people who want to lose weight or get leaner that certain protein shakes will lead to weight gain.
When in reality, most protein powders are extremely low on calories, carbs, and fats. Adding more protein into your diet is a key component to actually losing weight.
Protein keeps you full longer than any other macronutrient. Thus, not requiring as many calories to fill you up.
Here is a recipe for a pretty low calorie post workout recovery shake.
I recommend using a blender for this.


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"Cove": A Disturbing Look at Dolphin Hunt
July 31, 2009 / 12:55 PM / AP
First comes the noise: a systematic banging of metal poles underwater, a wall of sound that frightens the dolphins and sends them scurrying in the opposite direction.
Then comes the capture: Japanese fisherman drive these dolphins into a hidden cove, ensnaring them in their nets before deciding which should be sold to marine parks and which should be slaughtered for their meat.
Last comes the kill: They spear the creatures, haul them into their boats and take off, motoring through the bloody water, leaving behind what looks like a punchbowl of death.
This process is depicted in gruesome detail in "The Cove," a documentary that mixes advocacy journalism with the suspenseful thrill of a caper.
Director Louie Psihoyos, former dolphin trainer Ric O'Barry and a team of divers and tech experts infiltrated this heavily protected cove in the coastal Japanese town of Taiji. Their aim was to expose the clandestine workings of a business in which dolphins that are caught for entertainment purposes go for up to $150,000. (The ones that end up in the marketplace for consumption, meanwhile, are chock-full of hazardous mercury.)
The irony in all this, of course, is that O'Barry made his name capturing and training the dolphins who starred in the 1960s TV series "Flipper"; now, after forging an emotional bond with these creatures - he believes Kathy, the original Flipper, committed suicide in his arms - he's a vocal force urging that they be released back to the ocean.
(Early on in the film, O'Barry is asked, "How many times have you been arrested?" Without missing a beat, he responds, "This year?")
Psihoyos' film is effectively disturbing - he mixes horrifying anecdotes with beautiful footage - but he also aptly compares the plot to access and photograph these hunts to "Ocean's Eleven." One member of the team, who works for George Lucas' Industrial Light & Magic, helped make fake rocks in which to hide high-definition cameras and microphones; another is a former avionics technician who spent seven years in the Canadian Air Force. Through hand-held camerawork and night vision effects, we feel like we're running with the crew, too.
His film isn't exactly balanced, though, with Japanese leaders and international whaling officials categorically coming off as duplicitous. The statistic is repeatedly mentioned that 23,000 dolphins and porpoises are killed annually in Japan, but we're never told the origin of this figure. And Psihoyos offers such a dizzying array of talking heads to make his points, it's often hard to keep track of who does what with the various biological and oceanic agencies.
But the last 10 minutes or so are a doozy - difficult to watch for their graphic violence, frustrating in the sense of helplessness they inspire. Psihoyos and Co. do offer some glimmers of hope in the epilogue as to what we can do, though. At the very least, "The Cove" will make you think twice before taking the kids to a marine park to see dolphins do tricks.
"The Cove," a Roadside Attractions release, runs 91 minutes. Three stars out of four.
By Christy Lemire
First published on July 31, 2009 / 12:55 PM
© 2009 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
CBSN Live
Right Rail - Video Promo - Listing
To the Moon! Apollo 11's great adventure
Jeffrey Kluger, editor-at-large at Time magazine, recounts the human landmark of landing men on the lunar surface. Kluger talks with Apollo 11 command module pilot Michael Collins and astronaut Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and, in archive footage, hears from mission commander Neil Armstrong about the achievement of the first Moon landing, and of the "magnificent desolation" they found there.
Colson Whitehead on "The Nickel Boys"
Author Colson Whitehead won a Pulitzer Prize for his bestselling 2016 novel "The Underground Railroad." He talks with Lee Cowan about his latest novel, "The Nickel Boys," a fictional tale of cruelty and trauma based on the notorious Alfred G. Dozer School for Boys outside Tallahassee, where the neglect and abuse of children was rampant for decades.
The seamstresses who fashioned Apollo's spacesuits
When NASA needed a lunar spacesuit for the Apollo astronauts, they turned to the International Latex Corporation, and a cadre of women who normally sewed latex bras and girdles, to create a softer, more flexible spacesuit. Tracy Smith talked with some of the seamstresses who fashioned protective wear that would mean life or death for men in space, and with Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison "Jack" Schmitt who was the last man to walk, and jump, on the lunar surface.
Walter Cronkite and the awe of space exploration
When Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July 20, 1969, nearly half of the country's 57 million TVs were tuned to CBS's anchored by Walter Cronkite. Martha Teichner reports on the epochal event through the lens of Cronkite's enthusiastic reportage.
Black models in modern art
A recent New York City art exhibition, now at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, explores the importance of black models as key to the development of 19th and 20th century art, through their representations by French and American artists (including Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Frederic Bazille and Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault). Nancy Giles talks with curator Denise Murrell about how the Harlem Renaissance influenced painters such as Henri Matisse, and with Brooklyn artist Mickalene Thomas about black figures in art at a time of social and political transformation.
Right Rail - Gallery Promo
Inside Apollo 11
New images from inside the command module that landed the first men on the moon
Feb 12, 2016 12 photos
Notable deaths in 2019
A look back at the esteemed personalities who've left us this year, who touched us with their innovation, creativity and humanity
Summer music 2019
It's summertime - time for music at festivals and venues across the country
Jun 8 72 photos
Photographer Dave Engledow, the "World's Best Father"
He calls himself the "World's Best Father," and he's got the pictures of himself and his daughter, Alice, to prove it
CBS News On Samsung TV
The Uplift — Stories That Inspire
At the age of 22, he officially became a father. A decade later, he has three sons after initially fostering the boys
Jia Sarnicola and Zuri Copeland may have their differences, but they are closer than close
Rob Mendez was honored at the ESPYs with an award for perseverance
"There's a reason dogs like country music. Thank you Miranda Lambert for your generous donation," the shelter posted on Facebook
11-year-old wins trip to the All-Star Game with powerful essay
Asma Kaukab shared what it was like to be teased because of her Muslim faith
Boy helps officer tie his shoelaces during July 4th parade
Officer Jerrick Wilson was about to carry the American flag when he needed some help


Volvo will continue to expand its footprint in India to help improve competence levels and create more jobs, Lundstedt added.
Pointing out that GST has not only facilitated business between states, Lundstedt said the new tax regime will continue to bring in growth for both the company as well as the country. The Volvo Group, however, said there is room for the government to further liberalise its labour regime.
"We are working in extremely volatile times and hence there needs to be reasonable flexibility to up and down our workforce volumes," Lundstedt said.
The Volvo Group has been in India for almost 20 years and has set up three production bases in the country to manufacture trucks, buses and construction equipment. The company, in association with Eicher, expects to double its turnover in India to $4 billion by 2020 from present levels.
Highlighting that the rollout of GST has resulted in 30% faster logistics, Kamal Bali, president of Volvo Group India, said the group is extremely bullish on the massive socio, economic and political transformation in India.
According to Lundstedt, with good governance in place, the Volvo Group will further enhance its commitment to India, not just for the domestic market but also as an export hub for the rest of the world.
"The 'Make in India' initiative of this government is a sign of the government being open to development with different companies," he said, adding that the Volvo Group would take the lead in new technologies such as electro-mobility, driverless vehicles and urban development in India.
The Volvo Group has a combined capacity of 15,000 units of trucks, buses and construction equipment annually, while its joint venture partner has a capacity of about 75,000 units.
About 15% of Volvo's production in India is currently exported and the company hopes to increase this substantially over the years.


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Izzy's Story
Izzy lives in California and loves to put on make-up and listen to the latest pop music. "She is my Walmart greeter to the world," says her mother, Alexis. "She's the mayor of wherever she goes."
Izzy has neurofibromatosis (NF), which impacts one of every 3,000 children in the U.S. and leads to unpredictable nerve tumor growth. Near her first birthday, she was diagnosed with the condition. Doctors removed a large tumor behind her left eye, but it soon regenerated and led to facial deformity.
When Izzy was 3, her family came to the Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute at Children's National Hospital where she met Dr. AeRang Kim. Dr. Kim had just launched a multi-site National Institutes of Health-backed study of MEK inhibitors. This new therapy shows great promise for treating and preventing NF tumors.
Izzy's tumor size decreased rapidly and shrunk by 40 percent. Six years later, the therapy continues to help control her condition. "It's a huge blessing every day," says Alexis. "She's a really normal, average 10-year-old. To have that normalcy is a great gift to us."


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see more from Retirement
This Retirement Savings Chart Will Make You Feel Terrible, but it Shouldn't
by Kelly Anne Smith
It seems like nearly every day I read an article that bashes everyone for not having enough in retirement savings.
I'm all for pushing toward my financial goals, but honestly, just how realistic is the advice out there about how much we should have tucked away for retirement?
If you're like me and feel guilty about your savings, I'm here to tell you that you're not alone, and you shouldn't feel guilty.
This Retirement Savings Chart Might Ruin Your Day
According to investment company Fidelity, the amount you have in your savings should correlate with your age and annual salary. Fidelity says it determines these amounts by "a yearly savings rate, a savings factor, an income replacement rate, and a potentially sustainable withdrawal rate to help you create your retirement roadmap."
According to Fidelity's chart, if you started 25 years old and want to retire at age 67 with the same lifestyle, you should have at least one year's salary tucked away for retirement by the time you're 30. From there, you should have two times your salary saved by 35, three times at 40, four times at 45 and so on until you have a whopping 10 times your salary saved when you retire at 67.
Here's the chart:
Do People Really Have That Much Saved?
OK, take a breath.
I'm here to tell you that if you don't have the recommended amount saved, you shouldn't panic — we don't have that much saved either.
I took a very official poll here at The Penny Hoarder HQ — official as in I conducted it through Slack — to see if my colleagues had as much saved as this chart recommends.
See? You're not alone.
Where This Financial Advice Falls Flat
It's charts like these that make people feel really bad about themselves.
You know why? Because they make tons of assumptions.
If you read the itty-bitty fine print at the end of the post, you'll see that this chart is based on the assumption that you would like to retire at 67 and plan to die at 92 (LOL). The numbers are also based on a 15% savings rate, which is the real doozy here.
When it comes down to it, younger generations have the odds stacked against them. They're dealing with out-of-control housing costs and student loan debt that's higher than ever.
In the second quarter of 2017, the median wage for full-time U.S. workers was $859 per week, which works out to $44,668 over a year. For a young worker, saving 15% of that income would be tough after making ridiculous rent and student loan payments.
So yes, let's remember that not all of us can put away that golden 15% of our income and still afford to live.
If you're ready to stop freaking out about retirement and get a hold of your plan, check out a few of these resources:
Wondering where a chunk of your paycheck is going each month? Read up on 401(k) basics and a cool strategy for how to make the most out of yours today — and maybe even retire early with it!
Does your employer not offer a company-backed retirement plan? Here's everything you need to know about Roth IRAs and how to get started with one.
So don't panic. Not all charts — or retirement plans — are created equal.
Kelly Anne Smith is a junior writer and engagement specialist at The Penny Hoarder. Catch her on Twitter at @keywordkelly.
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January 4, 2023 Dear Penny: Can My Lazy Husband Take My Pension if We Divorce?


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Colorado 77, Iowa State 75: The Road Ends Here
By CrossCyed Mar 9, 2011, 7:42pm CST
Share All sharing options for: Colorado 77, Iowa State 75: The Road Ends Here
A herculean effort by Jake Anderson and a gritty overall effort for the Cyclones this afternoon came up empty once again as the 12th seeded Cyclones dropped a close one to the bubblicious Colorado Buffaloes, 77-75.
Anderson's 33 point effort was one of the most impressive by a Cyclone all year, but, in the end, Alec Burks and his 29 points were too much for an Iowa State team that has made a living dropping games in the waning minutes. The game was all but likely the final games in a Cyclone uniform for Anderson, Diante Garrett, Jamie Vanderbeken and Andrew Mitchell.
One can hash and rehash today's game (which Mark will likely do) and the season as being mirror images of each other - a quick start that slowly slips away as the Cyclones fail to hang on at the end. Colorado just had too many weapons as the Cyclones ran out of gas.
Effort was never a question in this game or during this season. A Cyclone team hasn't been this much fun to watch since the 2004-2005 Cyclone team decided to embrace #winning. While the thoughts of Cyclone fans move ahead to next football season and the upcoming basketball campaign, don't forget this year's squad. The effort they showed on the court is one hell of a blueprint for what we'd like to see out of all Cyclone squads in the future.
Iowa State will wait for an NIT invitation, but likely needed a win today in order to be a prospective squad. The CBI is a possibility, but only if Iowa State feels they can make money. If they can, the CBI would invite them, but that's a shaky proposition at best. We'll keep our ears open on Sunday, but don't expect much.