text:
namespace SeamCarvingGUI
{
    partial class ControlForm
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Required designer variable.
        /// </summary>
        private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components = null;

        /// <summary>
        /// Clean up any resources being used.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="disposing">true if managed resources should be disposed; otherwise, false.</param>
        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if (disposing && (components != null))
            {
                components.Dispose();
            }
            base.Dispose(disposing);
        }

        #region Windows Form Designer generated code

        /// <summary>
        /// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
        /// the contents of this method with the code editor.
        /// </summary>
        private void InitializeComponent()
        {
            this.LoadButton = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
            this.SaveButton = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
            this.ResizeGroupBox = new System.Windows.Forms.GroupBox();
            this.ImageWidthNumeric = new System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown();
            this.ImageHeightNumeric = new System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown();
            this.label2 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
            this.label1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
            this.SetWidthButton = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
            this.SetHeightButton = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
            this.SettingsGroupBox = new System.Windows.Forms.GroupBox();
            this.algorithmDropDown = new System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox();
            this.AverageEnergyLabel = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
            this.label3 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
            this.OpenFileDialog = new System.Windows.Forms.OpenFileDialog();
            this.SaveFileDialog = new System.Windows.Forms.SaveFileDialog();
            this.ProgressBar = new System.Windows.Forms.ProgressBar();
            this.label4 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
            this.ResizeGroupBox.SuspendLayout();
            ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.ImageWidthNumeric)).BeginInit();
            ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.ImageHeightNumeric)).BeginInit();
            this.SettingsGroupBox.SuspendLayout();
            this.SuspendLayout();
            //
            // LoadButton
            //
            this.LoadButton.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 12);
            this.LoadButton.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.LoadButton.Name = "LoadButton";
            this.LoadButton.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(109, 34);
            this.LoadButton.TabIndex = 0;
            this.LoadButton.Text = "Load image";
            this.LoadButton.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
            this.LoadButton.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.LoadButton_Click);
            //
            // SaveButton
            //
            this.SaveButton.Enabled = false;
            this.SaveButton.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(259, 12);
            this.SaveButton.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.SaveButton.Name = "SaveButton";
            this.SaveButton.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(109, 34);
            this.SaveButton.TabIndex = 1;
            this.SaveButton.Text = "Save image";
            this.SaveButton.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
            this.SaveButton.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.SaveButton_Click);
            //
            // ResizeGroupBox
            //
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.ImageWidthNumeric);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.ImageHeightNumeric);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.label2);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.label1);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.SetWidthButton);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.SetHeightButton);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Enabled = false;
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(13, 76);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Name = "ResizeGroupBox";
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Padding = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(355, 133);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.TabIndex = 2;
            this.ResizeGroupBox.TabStop = false;
            this.ResizeGroupBox.Text = "Resize";
            //
            // ImageWidthNumeric
            //
            this.ImageWidthNumeric.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(132, 82);
            this.ImageWidthNumeric.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.ImageWidthNumeric.Maximum = new decimal(new int[] {
            10000,
            0,
            0,
            0});
            this.ImageWidthNumeric.Minimum = new decimal(new int[] {
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0});
            this.ImageWidthNumeric.Name = "ImageWidthNumeric";
            this.ImageWidthNumeric.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(120, 22);
            this.ImageWidthNumeric.TabIndex = 5;
            this.ImageWidthNumeric.Value = new decimal(new int[] {
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0});
            //
            // ImageHeightNumeric
            //
            this.ImageHeightNumeric.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(132, 36);
            this.ImageHeightNumeric.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.ImageHeightNumeric.Maximum = new decimal(new int[] {
            10000,
            0,
            0,
            0});
            this.ImageHeightNumeric.Minimum = new decimal(new int[] {
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0});
            this.ImageHeightNumeric.Name = "ImageHeightNumeric";
            this.ImageHeightNumeric.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(120, 22);
            this.ImageHeightNumeric.TabIndex = 4;
            this.ImageHeightNumeric.Value = new decimal(new int[] {
            1,
            0,
            0,
            0});
            //
            // label2
            //
            this.label2.AutoSize = true;
            this.label2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(60, 81);
            this.label2.Name = "label2";
            this.label2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(44, 17);
            this.label2.TabIndex = 3;
            this.label2.Text = "Width";
            //
            // label1
            //
            this.label1.AutoSize = true;
            this.label1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(60, 36);
            this.label1.Name = "label1";
            this.label1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(49, 17);
            this.label1.TabIndex = 2;
            this.label1.Text = "Height";
            //
            // SetWidthButton
            //
            this.SetWidthButton.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(273, 81);
            this.SetWidthButton.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.SetWidthButton.Name = "SetWidthButton";
            this.SetWidthButton.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23);
            this.SetWidthButton.TabIndex = 1;
            this.SetWidthButton.Text = "Process";
            this.SetWidthButton.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
            this.SetWidthButton.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.SetWidthButton_Click);
            //
            // SetHeightButton
            //
            this.SetHeightButton.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(273, 36);
            this.SetHeightButton.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.SetHeightButton.Name = "SetHeightButton";
            this.SetHeightButton.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23);
            this.SetHeightButton.TabIndex = 0;
            this.SetHeightButton.Text = "Process";
            this.SetHeightButton.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
            this.SetHeightButton.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.SetHeightButton_Click);
            //
            // SettingsGroupBox
            //
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.label4);
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.algorithmDropDown);
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.AverageEnergyLabel);
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Controls.Add(this.label3);
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(13, 228);
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Name = "SettingsGroupBox";
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Padding = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(348, 172);
            this.SettingsGroupBox.TabIndex = 3;
            this.SettingsGroupBox.TabStop = false;
            this.SettingsGroupBox.Text = "Settings";
            //
            // algorithmDropDown
            //
            this.algorithmDropDown.DropDownStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList;
            this.algorithmDropDown.FormattingEnabled = true;
            this.algorithmDropDown.Items.AddRange(new object[] {
            "Roberts Cross",
            "Sobel",
            "Prewitt",
            "Prewitt Slanting",
            "Laplacian"});
            this.algorithmDropDown.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(145, 35);
            this.algorithmDropDown.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(4, 4, 4, 4);
            this.algorithmDropDown.Name = "algorithmDropDown";
            this.algorithmDropDown.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(196, 24);
            this.algorithmDropDown.TabIndex = 2;
            this.algorithmDropDown.SelectedIndexChanged += new System.EventHandler(this.comboBox1_SelectedIndexChanged);
            //
            // AverageEnergyLabel
            //
            this.AverageEnergyLabel.AutoSize = true;
            this.AverageEnergyLabel.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(167, 95);
            this.AverageEnergyLabel.Name = "AverageEnergyLabel";
            this.AverageEnergyLabel.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(13, 17);
            this.AverageEnergyLabel.TabIndex = 1;
            this.AverageEnergyLabel.Text = "-";
            //
            // label3
            //
            this.label3.AutoSize = true;
            this.label3.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(6, 95);
            this.label3.Name = "label3";
            this.label3.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(155, 17);
            this.label3.TabIndex = 0;
            this.label3.Text = "Average image energy:";
            //
            // ProgressBar
            //
            this.ProgressBar.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(12, 404);
            this.ProgressBar.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.ProgressBar.Name = "ProgressBar";
            this.ProgressBar.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(348, 23);
            this.ProgressBar.TabIndex = 4;
            //
            // label4
            //
            this.label4.AutoSize = true;
            this.label4.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(27, 38);
            this.label4.Name = "label4";
            this.label4.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(111, 17);
            this.label4.TabIndex = 3;
            this.label4.Text = "Energy function:";
            //
            // ControlForm
            //
            this.AutoScaleDimensions = new System.Drawing.SizeF(8F, 16F);
            this.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font;
            this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(379, 435);
            this.Controls.Add(this.ProgressBar);
            this.Controls.Add(this.SettingsGroupBox);
            this.Controls.Add(this.ResizeGroupBox);
            this.Controls.Add(this.SaveButton);
            this.Controls.Add(this.LoadButton);
            this.FormBorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FormBorderStyle.FixedSingle;
            this.Margin = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3, 2, 3, 2);
            this.MaximizeBox = false;
            this.Name = "ControlForm";
            this.Text = "ControlForm";
            this.ResizeGroupBox.ResumeLayout(false);
            this.ResizeGroupBox.PerformLayout();
            ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.ImageWidthNumeric)).EndInit();
            ((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.ImageHeightNumeric)).EndInit();
            this.SettingsGroupBox.ResumeLayout(false);
            this.SettingsGroupBox.PerformLayout();
            this.ResumeLayout(false);

        }

        #endregion

        private System.Windows.Forms.Button LoadButton;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Button SaveButton;
        private System.Windows.Forms.GroupBox ResizeGroupBox;
        private System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown ImageWidthNumeric;
        private System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown ImageHeightNumeric;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Label label2;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Label label1;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Button SetWidthButton;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Button SetHeightButton;
        private System.Windows.Forms.GroupBox SettingsGroupBox;
        private System.Windows.Forms.OpenFileDialog OpenFileDialog;
        private System.Windows.Forms.SaveFileDialog SaveFileDialog;
        private System.Windows.Forms.ProgressBar ProgressBar;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Label AverageEnergyLabel;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Label label3;
        private System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox algorithmDropDown;
        private System.Windows.Forms.Label label4;
    }
}


text:
package org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.cache.distributed;

import org.apache.ignite.*;
import org.apache.ignite.cache.*;
import org.apache.ignite.configuration.*;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.*;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.processors.cache.*;
import org.apache.ignite.internal.util.typedef.internal.*;
import org.apache.ignite.testframework.*;
import org.apache.ignite.transactions.*;

import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;

import static org.apache.ignite.cache.CacheAtomicityMode.*;
import static org.apache.ignite.cache.CacheMode.*;
import static org.apache.ignite.cache.CacheRebalanceMode.*;
import static org.apache.ignite.transactions.TransactionConcurrency.*;
import static org.apache.ignite.transactions.TransactionIsolation.*;

/**
 * Test for specific user scenario.
 */
public abstract class IgniteCachePutGetRestartAbstractTest extends IgniteCacheAbstractTest {
    /** */
    private static final int ENTRY_CNT = 1000;

    /** */
    private Integer expVal = 0;

    /** */
    private final Object mux = new Object();

    /** */
    private volatile CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override protected int gridCount() {
        return 4;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override protected CacheMode cacheMode() {
        return PARTITIONED;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override protected CacheAtomicityMode atomicityMode() {
        return TRANSACTIONAL;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override protected IgniteConfiguration getConfiguration(String gridName) throws Exception {
        IgniteConfiguration cfg = super.getConfiguration(gridName);

        if (gridName.equals(getTestGridName(gridCount() - 1)))
            cfg.setClientMode(true);

        cfg.setPeerClassLoadingEnabled(false);

        return cfg;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override protected CacheConfiguration cacheConfiguration(String gridName) throws Exception {
        CacheConfiguration cfg = super.cacheConfiguration(gridName);

        cfg.setRebalanceMode(SYNC);

        return cfg;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override protected long getTestTimeout() {
        return 5 * 60_000;
    }

    /**
     * @throws Exception If failed.
     */
    public void testTxPutGetRestart() throws Exception {
        int clientGrid = gridCount() - 1;

        assertTrue(ignite(clientGrid).configuration().isClientMode());

        final IgniteTransactions txs = ignite(clientGrid).transactions();

        final IgniteCache<Integer, Integer> cache = jcache(clientGrid);

        updateCache(cache, txs);

        final AtomicBoolean stop = new AtomicBoolean();

        IgniteInternalFuture<?> updateFut = GridTestUtils.runAsync(new Callable<Void>() {
            @Override public Void call() throws Exception {
                Thread.currentThread().setName("update-thread");

                assertTrue(latch.await(30_000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));

                int iter = 0;

                while (!stop.get()) {
                    log.info("Start update: " + iter);

                    synchronized (mux) {
                        updateCache(cache, txs);
                    }

                    log.info("End update: " + iter++);
                }

                log.info("Update iterations: " + iter);

                return null;
            }
        });

        IgniteInternalFuture<?> restartFut = GridTestUtils.runAsync(new Callable<Void>() {
            @Override public Void call() throws Exception {
                Thread.currentThread().setName("restart-thread");

                ThreadLocalRandom rnd = ThreadLocalRandom.current();

                while (!stop.get()) {
                    assertTrue(latch.await(30_000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));

                    int node = rnd.nextInt(0, gridCount() - 1);

                    log.info("Stop node: " + node);

                    stopGrid(node);

                    U.sleep(100);

                    log.info("Start node: " + node);

                    startGrid(node);

                    latch = new CountDownLatch(1);

                    U.sleep(100);
                }

                return null;
            }
        });

        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + 2 * 60_000;

        try {
            int iter = 0;

            while (System.currentTimeMillis() < endTime && !updateFut.isDone() && !restartFut.isDone()) {
                try {
                    log.info("Start get: " + iter);

                    synchronized (mux) {
                        readCache(cache, txs);
                    }

                    log.info("End get: " + iter++);
                }
                finally {
                    latch.countDown();
                }
            }

            log.info("Get iterations: " + iter);
        }
        finally {
            latch.countDown();

            stop.set(true);
        }

        updateFut.get();

        restartFut.get();

        readCache(cache, txs);
    }

    /**
     * @param cache Cache.
     * @param txs Transactions.
     */
    private void readCache(IgniteCache<Integer, Integer> cache, IgniteTransactions txs) {
        try (Transaction tx = txs.txStart(OPTIMISTIC, REPEATABLE_READ)) {
            for (int i = 0; i < ENTRY_CNT; i++)
                assertNotNull(cache.get(i));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @param cache Cache.
     * @param txs Transactions.
     */
    private void updateCache(IgniteCache<Integer, Integer> cache, IgniteTransactions txs) {
        int val = expVal + 1;

        try {
            try (Transaction tx = txs.txStart(OPTIMISTIC, REPEATABLE_READ)) {
                for (int i = 0; i < ENTRY_CNT; i++)
                    cache.put(i, val);

                tx.commit();

                expVal = val;

                log.info("Updated cache, new value: " + val);
            }
        }
        catch (IgniteException e) {
            log.error("Update failed: " + e, e);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Franklin Township, Somerset County Fire District #2 was formed to provide critical service to the community. It will strive to provide an adequate level of fire protection to the citizens within the district. We will endeavor to protect, support, and defend the taxpayers, residents and visitors at all times and in all areas of the district.


text:
Christianity Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for committed Christians, experts in Christianity and those interested in learning more. It only takes a minute to sign up.
Was the "Nicene Creed" of AD 381 an update of the Nicene Creed of AD 325?
When people talk about "The Nicene Creed," it seems that they are often referring to the document associated with the Council of Constantinople (AD 381). I'm sure there are many reasons for this, one of which being the similarity between that creed and the one produced by the AD 325 Council of Nicaea (cf. Wikipedia's comparison of the 325 and 381 creeds).
However, I've learned that it is not universally held that the 381 council actually meant to update the 325 creed. Britannica says:
Additional discoveries of documents in the 20th century, however, indicated that the situation was more complex, and the actual development of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed has been the subject of scholarly dispute. [...] It was probably based on a baptismal creed already in existence, but it was an independent document and not an enlargement of the Creed of Nicaea.
If this is the case, then it would seem to be incorrect to refer to the AD 381 creed as the "Nicene" creed, or even the "Niceno-Constantinopolitan" creed (as Britannica does), since there would be no direct connection between the two creeds.
What is an overview of the historical evidence regarding the origin of the AD 381 "Nicene Creed"? Did its authors intend for it to be an update of the AD 325 creed? Did any contemporaries call the AD 381 creed "Nicene"?
Or is the 381 creed better understood to be an independent creed?
church-history early-church creeds-and-confessions nicene-creed
Nathaniel is protestingNathaniel is protesting
Is the argument that both the 325 and the 381 versions were based on an earlier creed? That would be a tough argument to make, since almost all of the wording of the 325 version, except the closing anathemas, is contained in the 381 version. How would the presumed earlier creed be any different than the 325 Nicene Creed?
– Lee Woofenden
@LeeWoofenden From what I can tell, I don't think the argument is that they are both based on a single earlier creed... Britannica says it was an "independent" document, for example. Perhaps the hypothetical basis for the 381 creed included more of the language that the 381 creed has that the 325 creed doesn't. But ultimately, I'm not sure; I think a good answer to the question would have to deal with this issue.
– Nathaniel is protesting
There are many differences in wording, although with very similar meaning, allowing the assumption that the two creeds are independent of each other, linked only by being based on an earlier baptismal creed. Even so, the authors of the 381 Creed were inevitably aware of the Nicene Creed of 325. Actual evidence that the Creed of 381 is dependent on the Creed of 325 is found in the words "being of one substance [being] with the Father."
Elaine Pagels says, in Beyond Belief, page 174, that this phrase was inserted into the Nicene Creed at the insistence of Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, in order to fully exclude the views of Arius, whom Alexander had excommunicated for alleged heresy. Thus, these words could not have been received from a pre-Nicene document, and their existence in the Creed of 381 makes that document at least partly dependent on the Nicene Creed of 325.
Further circumstantial evidence is that the longer and more sophisticated wording of the later Creed is a theological elaboration that is typically found in later versions of a document, and therefore potential evidence that the 381 version is an update of the 325 document rather than of an even simpler, earlier document. The reference to Mary likely to be a result of the Mariology that developed over the later decades of the fourth century.
Lee Woofenden
Dick HarfieldDick Harfield
In the article on the First Council of Constantinople, the Catholic Encyclopedia says:
[The Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed] is traditionally held to be an enlargement of the Nicene Creed, with emphasis on the Divinity of the Holy Spirit. It seems, however, to be of earlier origin, and was probably composed (369-73) by St. Cyril of Jerusalem as an expression of the faith of that Church (Bois), though its adoption by this council gave it special authority, both as a baptismal creed and as a theological formula.
So the "Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed" was probably just the creed composed (369-73) by St. Cyril of Jerusalem as an expression of the faith of that Church and not, as traditionally held, an enlargement of the "Creed of Nicaea."
Mr. Bultitude
J.N.D. Kelly Early Christian Creeds,
"Of all existing creeds it is the only one for which 'ecumenicity'...can be claimed."
Kelly devotes 35 pages to this Creed, and though unfair to his work to cite such a snippet, he writes near end of the Chapter,
This creed seemed to...be the "faith of the Nicene Fathers"...dealing with the heresies of the hour
KorvinStarmast
Richard7Richard7
As the other answers already indicate, the description of the Son as homoousion (of the same substance) with the Father, is found for the first time in the Nicene Creed of 325. After Nicaea followed a period of intense controversy. As indicated by the following names of the sides in that controversy, it was not about the entire creed, but specifically about the word homoousion:
Homoousian = Same Substance,
Homoiousian = Similar Substance,
Heteroousian = Different Substance,
Homoian = In this view, we should not talk about God's substance because that is not revealed in the Scriptures.
(See the Wikipedia page on the Arian Controversy for more detail.)
Since that same controversial and unscriptural word appears in the creed of 381, that creed was an update of the 325-creed. As the question also noted, the Wikipedia page on the Nicene creed compares the two creeds and shows huge similarities.
However, rather than saying that Britannica is wrong, I propose we understand the quote from Britannica differently. To explain:
Confounded the confusion
The 325-creed was formulated near the beginning of the Arian Controversy but it only served to increase the confusion:
"The creed of Nicaea, sanctioned by imperial decree … only added increased confusion and complication to the problem it was intended to solve." (Boyd, p38)
"The Creed of Nicaea of 325, produced in order to end the controversy, signally failed to do so. Indeed, it ultimately confounded the confusion because its use of the words ousia and hypostasis was so ambiguous as to suggest that the Fathers of Nicaea had fallen into Sabellianism, a view recognized as heresy even at that period." (Hanson)
50 Year Arian Controversy
This resulted, then, in that huge controversy for the next 50 years when the church rejected the Nicene Creed and proposed various alternatives. For example:
"A string of councils began to be called in which the formula of Nicaea was called into question and even drastically modified." (Steven Wedgeworth)
"In 357 a council held in Sirmium in Illyria forbade the use of ousia (nature) in speaking of the relationship between the Father and the Son. With this, the homoousios of Nicaea became a dead confession." (A Short History of the Early Church, Harry R. Boer, p117)
That 357-creed stated:
"No one can doubt that the Father is greater in honor and dignity and Godhead, and in the very name of Father, the Son Himself testifying, 'The Father that sent me is greater than I' (John 10:29, 14:28) … the Father is greater, and the Son subordinated to the Father."
At another council at Seleucia in 359, the majority accepted a "similar substance" (Homo-i-ousian) creed, saying that the substance of the Son is similar to the substance of the Father.
But emperor Constantius requested a third council, at Constantinople, of both the eastern and western bishops, to resolve the split at Seleucia. At first, that council accepted a Heteroousion (different substance) creed, but after the emperor exiled some of the leaders of that view, the council reverted to a homoian creed.
For more information, see Arian controversy - Wikipedia.
Cappadocian Fathers
My point is that, during that 50-year period, while the Nicene Creed was rejected by the church, Athanasius kept on working vigorously in defense of the Nicene Creed. At the end of his life, his cause was taken up by the three Cappadocian fathers, who were all born after the Nicene Creed of 325 was formulated. However, they did more than just to defend the Nicene Creed. Rather, they developed new theories.
Firstly, they redefined the word hypostasis in order to deal with the confusion caused by the Nicene Creed:
It was mainly under the influence of the Cappadocian Fathers that the terminology was clarified and standardized so that the formula "three hypostases in one ousia" came to be accepted as an epitome of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity. (González, Justo L. (1987). A History of Christian Thought: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon. p. 307.) (Hypostasis)
They also developed the view of the Holy Spirit that was taken up in the 381-creed. The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism, "God," p. 568, states that the teaching of the three Cappadocian Fathers "made it possible for the Council of Constantinople (381) to affirm the divinity of the Holy Spirit, which up to that point had nowhere been clearly stated, not even in Scripture."
I propose, therefore, that although the creed of 381 reads very similar to the creed of 325, we understand the Brittanica-statement to say that the Arian Controversy stimulated a huge jump in the development of the Trinity doctrine and that what the authors of the 381 creed meant by that creed is significantly different from what the authors of the 325 creed meant.
AndriesAndries
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Does the Nicene Creed condemn Chiliasm?
Was the Nicene Creed accepted under duress?
Are Father, Son, and Holy Spirit explicitly identified as "persons" in any writings directly associated with the Nicene Creed?
A Question regarding arguments against the Nicene Creed
Why were ousia and hypostasis synonymous in the Nicene Creed?
Why was Theodosius successful in ending the Arian Controversy?
What was the 'orthodox' view of God and Christ when the Arian Controversy began?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I'm traveling today, which means that I (and now you, dear reader) get a reprieve from breathless debt ceiling reportage. Rumor has it that Boehner's staging a comeback! Although, at the moment, I have no idea how he's expecting his plan to make it past Reid and the president. The 3G here at O'Hare is very dodgy, meaning that I'm in the dark for the foreseeable future.
I suppose I could try watching CNN Headline News, piped into every inch of this terminal on obnoxiously large flat-screens (just like every other terminal in America; I wonder how much CNN pays for the privilege of tormenting weary travelers with Wolf Blitzer's soulless mug).
Joy Behar informed me earlier that she's going to get to the bottom of the "debt crisis," by asking tough, no-nonsense questions... to... Ann Coulter?!
Ann Coulter is still alive?
Then there were a few segments where they explained rating agencies with household finance analogies. It's like borrowing cash from your friend to buy a new couch, see! Next they had a story on how some sick child met with Chuck Grassley to explain the importance of children's health care and the anchor reminded us that this health care thing was just a tiny piece of the ginormous federal budget and I think I blacked out for a little bit.
At this point it's basically inevitable that everything will come to a head while I'm on an airplane over the Atlantic. I guess I'll just find out what happened after I get off the plane. If there's rioting in the streets when I get to Belfast, I'll know that either the world economy collapsed, or it's a Thursday.


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Congratulations to Paracatu on receiving the inaugural global award from the International Network for Acid Prevention (INAP) for their implementation of best practices in the identification, planning and management of potentially reactive geologic materials on site.
Development and implementation of a mine-planning model to control and effectively manage ore that could potentially cause acid rock drainage (ARD).
Maintenance of more than 100 water-quality monitoring stations to ensure water quality meets Brazilian standards.
Construction of specific disposal tanks and establishing formal criteria for the final tailings to substantially reduce the risk of ARD and ensure high water quality.
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Acocks Green Village in 1967 and again some 52 years later today.
Merritts Brook Lane from the bottom of what is now Vinyard Road looking toward Bell Holloway.
Brooklyn Farm Technical College Kingstanding, not long after it opened and as it is today now renamed James Watt College.
We visited this college from my school at the beginning of what would have been my third year at Dennis Road School, this was the coach excursion that got me banned from all school trips. Messing about with the escape door at the rear of the coach I caused the alarm to go off. The coach driver had to stop the coach and walk to the back of the coach and secure the door. This obviously meritted 4 strokes of the cane across the rump my name being placed in the punishment book (again) and a ban on all other school trips for as long as I remained at the school.
If that had been my biggest pickle that I got in to at Dennis Road I would have been a happy bunny.
Not a road or area that I have any great personal knowledge of, it's Highbridge Road Wylde Green Sutton Coldfield. No great changes here as far as I can see, the photographer of the original photo must have been standing with the bridge that the road is obviously named for to his rear.
We are standing at the end of Dale End looking at the junction of Stafford Street and Coleshill Street. No date with the original photo, but I would guess shortly before WWII. Though whenever it was there is nothing of this view left today as can be seen in the later image.
Looking up Moat Lane from 1812 to the present times.


text:
Ersu steht für:
 Ersu (Sprache), eine der Qiang-Sprachen, siehe Xixia-Qiang-Sprachen #Interne Klassifikation und Sprecherzahlen

Ersu ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Erten Ersu (* 1994), türkischer Fußballtorwart

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The last of my spell of four weddings in just over a week (with thankfully no funerals) saw me heading off down to Wymondham Abbey for the wedding of Mark and Emma. Wymondham Abbey is a fantastic church with beautiful ornate decoration behind the altar and some fantastic architecture – great for pictures. After the ceremony it was off to Brasteds, an old favourite of mine, to continue the celebrations (and get some Mr Whippy's from the ice cream van).
I still have some work to do to on Mark & Emma's slideshow but here's a quick taster of their day in the meantime.
Congratulations Mr & Mrs Vertigans!
On the second boiling hot day of the mini heatwave that we experienced a couple of weeks ago I was up at Brasteds on the outskirts of Norwich to shoot the wedding of Carys and Jonathan. The weather was superb (if a little hot for running around with a ton of camera gear!) and the sun and Autumn colours looked stunning in the gardens. Here's a sneak preview slideshow of their day before a full blog posting once they have seen their pictures.


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Microprocessors, Virtual Machines, Software Libraries, Electronic Learning.