On May 11, 2009, the front page of the Wall Street Journal featured the following article that speaks to safety training and practicing what you learn to beyond proficiency.
The captain of a commuter plane that crashed Feb. 12 near Buffalo, N.Y., had flunked numerous flight tests during his career and was never adequately taught how to respond to the emergency that led to the airplane's fatal descent, according to people close to the investigation.
All 49 people aboard were killed, as well as one person in a house below, when the plane crashed just a few miles short of the Buffalo airport en route from Newark, N.J. The Bombardier Q400 turboprop in the crash, which will be the subject of a National Transportation Safety Board hearing Tuesday, was operated by commuter carrier Colgan Air Inc., a division of Pinnacle Airlines Corp.
system, he did the opposite of the proper procedure, which led to the crash, these people said.
Additionally, his 24-year-old co-pilot, Rebecca Shaw, had complained before takeoff about being congested and said she probably should have called in sick, according to people who have listened to the cockpit voice recording.
The circumstances surrounding Continental Connection Flight 3407 have prompted investigators and regulators to examine Colgan's hiring and training practices. At the NTSB hearing, witnesses are expected to provide new allegations about training shortcomings, as well as the prevalence of chronic pilot fatigue and lapses in cockpit discipline. The NTSB also is expected to be critical of the Federal Aviation Administration's oversight of the airline. The FAA, which has said it is investigating the airline over pilot scheduling, declined to comment on issues likely to be raised in the hearing.
Pinnacle has said its pilot training programs "meet or exceed regulatory requirements for all major airlines" and crews "are prepared to handle emergency situations they might face." On Sunday, spokesman Joe Williams confirmed in an email that Capt. Renslow had five "unsatisfactory" training check rides in his career — including two at Colgan — but passed a subsequent series of training tests and was "fully qualified in the Q400" aircraft.
In recent weeks, Colgan's top two training officials resigned; Mr. Williams has said their decisions were voluntary and not connected to the accident. Darrell Mitchell, Colgan's departing director of training, is slated to testify at Tuesday's hearing.
Colgan, based in Manassas, Va., operates nearly 50 planes, carries 2.5 million passengers annually and employs about 480 pilots. It serves as a commuter airline that feeds larger carriers, such as Continental Airlines, United Airlines and US Airways.
US Airways Group Inc. and UAL Corp.'s United Airlines said there haven't been any changes to their Colgan contracts.
Capt. Renslow, 47, joined Colgan in September 2005 after graduating from a pilot-training academy, employment records show. He had a history of flunking check rides — periodic tests of competency that are also required anytime a pilot begins flying a new type of aircraft. Before joining Colgan, he failed three proficiency checks on general aviation aircraft administered by the FAA, according to investigators and the airline. Colgan's spokesman said the company now believes Capt. Renslow failed to fully disclose that poor performance when applying for a job.
Once at Colgan, he failed in his initial attempt to qualify as a co-pilot on the Beech 1900 aircraft, and also had to redo his check ride to upgrade to captain on the Saab 340 turboprop, according to investigators. Repeated check-ride failures raise red flags, and large carriers rarely keep pilots who require such extensive remedial training, according to numerous industry officials. Colgan's Mr. Williams said Capt. Renslow's last unsatisfactory check ride occurred 16 months before the accident, and he subCapt. Renslow had about 109 hours of experience flying the Q400 as a captain, an unusually limited amount of time by industry standards. He had started flying the craft only two months earlier. According to investigators, the co-pilot, Ms. Shaw, had a clean training record.
The pilots' families couldn't be reached for comment.
Both pilots were returning to work after a day off. Capt. Renslow was coming off weeks of late-evening and early-morning flying schedules, often sandwiched around only a few hours of rest. Ms. Shaw had spent the day before the accident skiing. She then took a red-eye flight from Seattle to report for work in Newark.
It was a frigid night. Other planes in the region had reported light to moderate icing, and the pilots observed ice buildup around their own windshield. Bombardier's twin-engine Q400 has a reputation as a workhorse used extensively in winter and isn't known to be susceptible to ice accumulation.
As the plane made its approach toward Buffalo with the autopilot engaged, the crew exchanged idle banter, according to people who have read transcripts of the conversation recovered from the cockpit voice recorder. Federal rules and airline policy prohibit pilots from having extraneous conversations while flying below 10,000 feet.
Flowers lay under a sign outside the Clarence Center United Methodist Church in memory of the victims of Continental Flight 3407.
The crew initially didn't notice the plane's speed had dropped dangerously low, sliding under 115 miles an hour, and risked going into a stall. The slowing speed set off an emergency system called a "stick-pusher," which pushes the control column down in order to send the aircraft into a temporary dive so it can regain speed and recover from a stall.
However, Capt. Renslow tried to force the plane to do the opposite. He yanked back on the controls while adding thrust. His effort was strong enough to manually override the stick-pusher. Within seconds, the plane lost lift, bucked violently and started to roll. It slammed into a house five miles from the runway.
Colgan's standard training program stops short of demonstrating the operation of the stick-pusher in flight simulators. Without such hands-on experience, safety investigators argue, pilots could be surprised and not react properly when the stick-pusher activates during an emergency. The FAA is required to sign off on all airline training manuals.
On Sunday, Colgan said its FAA-approved program includes "comprehensive" classroom training on the stick-pusher but emphasized a demonstration in a simulator "is not required by the FAA and was not part of the training syllabus" Colgan received when it obtained its Q400s.
Investigators surmise the pilots didn't fully understand the operation of one ice-protection system, and therefore incorrectly programmed approach speeds into a flight computer. Startled by an initial stall warning at low altitude, Capt. Renslow reacted with the mistaken assumption that ice accumulation on the tail caused speed to suddenly drop well below normal, investigators believe. The NTSB has said the plane wasn't significantly affected by icing.
More recently, Colgan removed several of its senior management pilots, known as check airmen, who are responsible for evaluating the performance of crews in the air as well as in simulators. The airline said that "from time-to-time," it relieves check airmen of their duties if they fail "to perform to the company's high standards."sequently passed six consecutive competency tests and completed three regular training sessions.
The experience of flying thousands of feet in the air under your control is exhilarating–The freedom, the thrill, the communion with the endless skies. However, would you know how to handle landing an airplane if for example, you lost both engines?
Comfortably confronting the unusual or unexpected is my specialty. A perfect example of this is the USAirways flight that landed safely in the Hudson River after the loss of both engines from a bird strike.
Pilot Chesley B. "Sully" Sullenberger was the hero that landed the USAirways plane with minimal damage to aircraft, crew and passengers. He is praised by his colleagues, industry officials and more importantly the passengers. For the full story, click here for the CNN report.
Below are two videos to demonstrate this masterful landing.
The first is re-creation with animation to depict the bird strike and landing with audio. You'll notice the calm and decisive tone in the pilot's voice. He was thinking ahead, he was ready.
The second video below is another simulation. The Audio is the author who offers details and explanation on the pilot's course of action.
Due to the pilot's quick assessment of his altitude, speed and surroundings, he was able to safely land the plane and all 155 passengers and crew survived!


What on earth is anorexia nervosa?
Anorexia therapy (point out "the-uh-RECK-see-uh nur-VOH-suh") is a form of eating condition. Individuals who have anorexia have an intensive nervous about weight gain. Many people significantly confine the amount of meal these eat and may end up dangerously slender.
Anorexia affects the two entire body plus the thought process. This could begin since a diet, even so it gets spinning out of control. You see food items, weight loss, as well as unwanted weight at all times. You have a misrepresented physique graphic. Some others say you're as well slim, but when you try looking in the actual mirror, the simple truth is an important fatso.
Anorexia typically commences inside the teenage decades. It is really extra normal throughout even though females when compared with fellas. Beginning cure are often very valuable. However , if never addressed premature, anorexia can become your long term problem. With no treatment anorexia bring about misery and medical conditions, for example navicular getting thinner (brittle bones), solution destruction, in addition to coronary disease. Some individuals pass away readily available troubles.
In the event you or simply a friend or acquaintance includes anorexia, obtain enable quickly. Any for a longer time this difficulty continues on, that tougher it really is to conquer. Along with therapy, a man or woman by using anorexia may feel more desirable and stay in a good bodyweight.
Many people within your spouse and children provide an ingesting dysfunction, like anorexia or maybe binge-eating syndrome therapy.
You've got a project and also start a sports the fact that emphasizes bodily proportions, just like ballroom, which, or simply gymnastic exercise.
You're style of individual who makes an attempt to be great continuously, never comfortable to wear enough, or simply anxieties lots.
You are struggling with stressful living activities, such as divorce case, transferring towards a innovative city or simply university, and also the loss of a close relative.
Examples of the signs and symptoms?
Can provide homeowners anorexia regularly powerfully traverse that they've an issue. They just do not view and feel that they. It's usually as many as themselves to obtain support to deal with. For anybody who is interested in a person, it is possible to hunt for certain indications.
Examine way less as compared with has good health and usual.
Are skeptical because of getting fatter.
Refuse to stay a consistent pounds.
Think they're just heavy when they are quite narrow.
Ghost in relation to diet, pounds, together with a diet.
Only limit just how much these people actually eat.
Exercise considerably, even if they may be sick.
Regurgitation or maybe employ stimulant laxatives and also standard water medicine (diuretics) avoiding fat gain.
In case your general practitioner is convinced that you may have a diet issue, the individual could examine your excess fat considering the required excess fat for somebody of your length and also grow old. He or she can even look at your center, voice, blood pressure levels, pores and skin, along with curly hair to find conditions attributable to not wanting to eat more than enough. You may even currently have blood stream assessments or maybe X-rays.
Your physician might seek advice precisely how you are feeling. Rather for your curable emotional ill health for example melancholy and also nervousness playing a part within a eating condition.
Discomfort the idea dealt with?
All people that definitely have anorexia want treatment method. Even though you, your kid, and another individual everyone care about has only one or two indication of a diet problem, find guide currently. First treatment method provides the most effective possibility that getting rid of anorexia.
Procedure can assist you return to and turn into within a healthy fat. Additionally , it may assist you master decent eating routine as well as be able to feel happier about yourself. Considering anorexia is certainly together a physical in addition to emotionally charged trouble, you could employ a medical professional, a new nutritionist, and also a specialist.
If the excess weight provides shed lacking, you've got to end up being taken care of within a the hospital.
Anorexia normally takes ages to get over, which is present with drop off in to unhealthy behaviors. In case you are having difficulty, do not attempt to control these people yourself. Secure allow right now.
What precisely when you complete if you agree people has got anorexia?
It is usually very scary to realize that somebody you actually care about comes with feeding on condition. But you may help.
Discuss with their. Notify your ex your reason for worried. Remind her one consideration.
Come up with a consultation for you and unfortunately your child to meet up with having a physician or a counselor.
Reveal to a person who can certainly produce a change, as being a mother or father, instructor, doctor, or health care professional. Somebody by using anorexia may perhaps are adamant which your woman doesn't need enable, although your lover may. The sooner she obtains treatment, the earlier might be healthy repeatedly.
Exactly what is anorexia nervosa?
Luxury crusie ship around anorexia?
If should I phone call a doctor?
What precisely characteristics are standard inside those who feeding on disorders?
Bed not the culprit anorexia discovered?
Exactly what brain health and fitness diagnosis?
No one can analyze in addition to deal with anorexia?
What medical tests might be obtained?
Is going to medications enable?
Conduct various other circumstances typically develop utilizing anorexia?
Exactly what are some conceivable troubles of anorexia?
How does family members exhibit assist?
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Pulling or straining a muscle during a workout is painful and frustrating. It occurs when a muscle is stretched too far or too fast and muscle fibers are damaged.
Muscle related injuries are very common and happen nearly to everyone, from professional athletes to those who only workout occasionally.
Most injuries do not require medical attention, and all you need to do is to control the pain during first 24-72 hours.
Rest: Avoid any physical activity that involves the affected area. Forcing yourself through the pain will cause further damage of the muscle and will make things worse.
Ice: As soon as you can apply ice or an ice pack on and around the injured site. This will help to reduce swelling and pain. Keep it on for 10-15 min, give it a break for at least 10 min, and then reapply. Repeat 6 to 8 times during the first 24 hours. To prevent the frostbite avoid applying the ice directly to the bare skin. Always use a washcloth or a towel as a barrier.
Compression: In many cases, compressing the affected area will significantly reduce the pain.
Elevation: Another way to reduce pain is to keep injured part of the body elevated. It might not always be possible for you to do it during the day. However, you can try it before going to sleep, by putting a pillow or a towel under the affected site.
Therapeutic massage is a combination of various therapeutic modalities specifically designed to directly address problems caused by injury.
The aid of these techniques is essential if you are looking to recover as soon as possible and expect the affected muscle to perform as well as it did before.
Receiving Therapeutic Massage Treatments ensures much faster recovery, and results in a healthier muscle that is elastic, flexible and has a minimal amount of scar tissue.
Try Therapeutic Massage and you will get back to your fitness or training program in the shortest time possible!
Therapeutic massage is not recommended during the acute stage, but after its over, you can focus on ensuring quick and healthy recovery of the affected muscle. Massage will be an excellent tool to speed up the healing process.


Free 'Intro to Tango' Workshop in North Sydney with a national champion!
Argentine Tango is connecting, soulful and fun - and easier to learn than you might think. Find out why it's the ultimate dance of connection and so much more than a dance!
☆ No prior dance experience required.
☆ Attend with or without a partner.
Please email to info@so-tango.com your name and mobile number. Make sure to include in the header 'Bondi Free Tango Workshop'.


Today we deployed the 3.6.2 patch with many improvements and fixes. Check out its patch notes here.
We're also happy to finally introduce the Celestial Cat Soulrend Effect which lets you unleash a hoard of extremely dangerous space kitties on your enemies. Check out the video below or click here to get yours.
If you don't consider yourself a cat person, check out the new Gargoyle Armour Set! Aside from its stylish design and a built-in fire effect, this metallic armour set has its own tiny wings and even a long moving tail! Watch the video below or check the Gargoyle Armour Set out in the store.
Additionally, this weekend we're holding a Super Stash Sale where we're discounting Stash Tabs. Everything except for the new Unique Collection Tab has been discounted, including the Fragment Tab, Map Tab, Premium Stash Tab Bundles, Premium Quad Stash Tab, Essence Tab, Divination Tab, Currency Tab and Guild Stash Tabs! Click here to view the full selection of discounted stash tabs.
The sale runs all weekend and ends at Mar 26, 2019 11:00 AM (this is displayed in your local time).
Love the tail on that gargoyle!


MP3 has a new convert -- punk rock record label Epitaph announced Tuesday it will sell portions of its catalogue online using the format.
The deal will see Epitaph artists like The Offspring, Bad Religion, Pennywise, The Cramps and NOFX available exclusively on EMusic.com, one of the Internet's largest MP3 stores. EMusic chairman Bob Kohn last week slammed the SDMI's attempts to squeeze MP3 out of the market, claiming the SDMI alternative would die within a year.
PUNK-O-RAMA 4, a compilation of unreleased tracks from contemporary punk bands and a track from Tom Waits' album, Mule Variations kick-started the partnership yesterday. The album can be downloaded for $4.99 (£3).
Three previous PUNK-O-RAMA albums, compilation albums from Fat Possum and Hellcat Records and other Epitaph material will also be available for download.
Andy Kaulkin, president of Epitaph, is excited by the deal. "Downloadable music is here to stay. We can't wait to get rolling," he said. Gene Hoffman, president of EMusic descibed Epitaph's decision to go with MP3 as "a milestone in the evolution of downloadable music".


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As convenient and efficient modes of transport were developed in London, it changed the way people were able to spend their leisure time, paving the way for an institution we hold dear to this day: the great British day trip.
We are happy to announce our 2020 line-up of exclusive day trips around the capital, giving you the opportunity to hop aboard a vintage vehicle, see the sights and explore some of London's most iconic attractions.
Date: Thursday 11 June 2020
Time: 09:00 – 18:00
Tickets: Adults £90; Concessions and LTM Friends £85
Join us for a classic day out and celebrate the beauty of flower season as we hop on a vintage double decker bus to Kew Gardens, inspired by London Transport's iconic posters.
Start your day at London Transport Museum, learning about the great artists and designers working for London Transport in the golden age of poster design. Then board a beautifully restored heritage bus, leisurely winding its way past Parliament, through Knightsbridge and Kensington, until you reach the blossoming bounty that is Kew Gardens.
At Kew, join expert guides on an exclusive walking tour - visit newly restored Temperate House, explore Kew's rich history of art, science, and leisure, and take in the sights and scents of summer.
You'll also be able to enjoy free time at Kew, exploring the lush expanses at your leisure, and enjoy a picnic lunch courtesy of Newens – the original Maids of Honour, who have been serving freshly baked goods in Kew since the early 18th century.
Enjoy the bus ride back before ending your day with a self-guided gallery visit back at London Transport Museum where you can explore London's transport heritage of the last 200 years.
Please be aware that the vehicle is not wheelchair accessible and that this event includes walking.
Find out more details and a full timetable of the event by downloading the event information sheet [160KB]
Date: Thursday 15 October 2020
Tickets: Coming soon
Be the first to find out when tickets go on sale by signing up to our enewsletter!
Our autumn excursion will explore feats of Victorian engineering that changed our city and world forever.
Wander in the footsteps of Brunel, visit the world's first tunnel under a river, enjoy lunch in London's oldest riverside pub, and discover the traces of Victorian London all around us.
More information about the day, including a full programme will be coming soon. Sign up to our enewsletter to be the first to know when tickets go on sale!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


James Construction completed multiple renovations to the oldest church in Bellevue. Upgrades for ADA use included installation of a new 3-story elevator requiring structural modifications, general modifications to school and community areas, and new kitchen renovations for Meals on Wheels. Work also included installation of a new underground waterproofing system and sump pumps.
The church is actively involved in community outreach and great care was taken to allow daily ministries and programs to continue throughout the demolition and construction process. "The unexpected surprises were handled quickly and smoothly and always with the Owner costs and final product in mind" says Stephen D. Cupcheck, AIA.
Architect(s): Ross Schonder Sterzinger Cupcheck P.C.


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Science 27 April 2012:
Vol. 336 no. 6080 pp. 444-449
Revealing the Angular Symmetry of Chemical Bonds by Atomic Force Microscopy
Joachim Welker,
Franz J. Giessibl*
+ Author Affiliations
Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
↵*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: franz.giessibl@ur.de
We have measured the angular dependence of chemical bonding forces between a carbon monoxide molecule that is adsorbed to a copper surface and the terminal atom of the metallic tip of a combined scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope. We provide tomographic maps of force and current as a function of distance that revealed the emergence of strongly directional chemical bonds as tip and sample approach. The force maps show pronounced single, dual, or triple minima depending on the orientation of the tip atom, whereas tunneling current maps showed a single minimum for all three tip conditions. We introduce an angular dependent model for the bonding energy that maps the observed experimental data for all observed orientations and distances.
When more than two atoms are involved, the forces that act between atoms generally depend not only on their distance but also on the angles between the atoms. Chemical bonds establish an equilibrium between attractive and repulsive interactions for atoms that is described by the Morse potential (1). When more than two atoms are involved, the bonding energy generally depends on the bonding angle as well as distance, and model potentials with an angular dependence, such as the Stillinger-Weber potential (2), are needed. The directional character of the atomic bonds is reflected in the crystal structure. Most metals condense in a face-centered cubic (fcc), hexagonal close-packed (hcp), or body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice (3). In particular, metals with unfilled p or d shells can show strong directional bonding [chapters 1.4 and 2.5 in (3)]. Although fcc and hcp lattices have the largest possible number of nearest neighbors, the angular dependence of atomic forces leads to slight energetic differences between fcc and hcp lattice structures. Atomic manipulation of cobalt atoms on a copper surface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has shown that a Co adatom on a Cu(111) surface prefers to occupy an fcc site over an hcp site, although the adatom is in both cases sitting directly in a dip between three Cu atoms (4).
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) (5) can measure forces between individual atoms with great precision, and recent progress in three-dimensional force spectroscopy (6–8) helps to investigate the angular dependence of atomic bonding forces. Initial manifestations of an angular dependence of bonding forces led to the observation of subatomic features on the surface of Si (9). The data were explained by the directional dependence of covalent bonds between a Si tip with a Si adatom on the sample [figure 4 in (9)] as predicted by calculating the tip-sample interaction using the Stillinger-Weber potential (2), a classic model potential for diamond structure materials. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations by two groups (10, 11) supported the covalent-bonding theory, but other authors (12) proposed that the data could have been the result of a feedback artifact, and there has been a recent theoretical proposal that the angular dependence could be caused by multiple-atom tips (13). Simultaneous STM and AFM experiments of a W tip imaging a graphite sample showed a single current maximum and multiple force maxima in the image of the W tip atom (14); hence, AFM can address electronic states that are spatially more confined than electronic states that are accessible to STM. In that experiment, the light and small carbon atoms have produced repeated images of the electronic valence states in tungsten atoms [see figures B and C in (15)]. Recent DFT calculations confirmed that the electronic structure of W should show these small features (16). However, the softness and close atomic packing of graphite make it difficult to calculate the experimental observables, and distance-dependent data were not available in the first experiments.
Precise measurements of the interaction of two single and clearly defined atomic bonding partners as a function of distance and angle would allow us to study the evolution of the atomic angular dependencies and provide well-defined experimental data that can serve as a reference for theoretical calculations. Here, we present an experimental study of the interaction of two well-defined bonding partners: a single CO molecule that is bonded to a Cu(111) surface and the metallic front atom of a tip. We analyzed tunneling current and frequency shift in three dimensions and were therefore able to recover the force and potential energy between two atomic bonding partners as a function of angle and distance.
We used STM (17) combined with frequency modulation AFM (18), where a quartz cantilever (qPlus sensor) (19) with a stiffness of k = 1800 N/m, an eigenfrequency of f0 = 27275.20 Hz, a quality factor of Q = 195870, and a W tip oscillated with a constant amplitude A (here, we use A = 50 pm and A = 100 pm). When the tip of the cantilever was subjected to a tip-sample force Fz with gradient kz = −dFz/dz, the frequency shifted to f = f0 + Δf withΔf = f0 <kz>/(2k) (1)Our commercial cryogenic scanning probe microscope, operated at 4.3 K (20), measured an average tunneling current <I> in parallel with an average force gradient <kz> (21). The interaction between tip and molecule was probed by three-dimensional force spectroscopy (6–8), where a set of constant height images spaced by a vertical distance of 10 pm was collected to recover the energy profile. We used the method of Sader and Jarvis (22) to recover forces and energies from frequency shifts (23) (figs. S1 and S2). Because of the small oscillation amplitudes we used, the frequency shift was approximately proportional to the force gradient, so that the atomic short-range contributions (ranging from a few piconewtons up to ≈300 pN) could be measured with a high signal-to-noise ratio on top of the long-range van der Waals forces ranging up to 2 nN (fig. S3).
The tips were made from a multicrystalline W wire and cleaned and prepared in situ by electron bombardment and field evaporation at voltages up to 15 kV. Because the tips were prepared and transferred into the low-temperature microscope in an ultrahigh vacuum, we assumed that they expose clean surfaces with a W front atom.
Carbon monoxide is known to chemisorb via its C atom onto a site on top of a Cu atom on the Cu(111) surface (24). It can be manipulated in a controlled fashion on the Cu(111) surface and is observed as a dip in low-bias STM experiments (25). Figure 1 shows the setup of the experiment: A W tip was placed above a CO molecule that is chemisorbed on a Cu(111) surface. Three highly symmetric tip configurations are studied in detail here: Fig. 1A depicts tip 1, a W tip presumably oriented in a [001] direction. This tip was poked into the Cu(111) surface to change its geometry. This tip-shaping procedure used is standard in the low-temperature STM community, and it is commonly assumed that poking the tip in Cu is likely to cover the tip apex with Cu [e.g., (25, 26)]. Further below, we provide evidence that, although tip 1 was poked into the Cu surface, it had a W atom at its front. Figure 1E shows tip 2, a W tip presumably oriented in a [011] direction with a twofold rotational symmetry with respect to the z axis that causes a double dip in the force maps. Tips 2 and 3, however, were treated with great caution after the in situ high-voltage preparation to maintain a safe distance to the sample such that we are sure they expose clean W at the apex. Figure 1I depicts tip 3, a W tip presumably oriented in a [111] direction with a threefold rotational symmetry with respect to the z axis causing a triple force minimum. The transition from tip 2 to tip 3 occurred after a gentle "poke" (a voltage pulse that caused, among structural changes in the tip apex, single W atoms to drop from the tip onto the Cu surface). As can be seen in fig. S3, B and C, the tip radius was not affected by that transition.
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Constant height images of tunneling current and deconvoluted force for three different tips over a CO molecule on Cu(111) recorded at three different heights (see axis indicators in top row): (A to D) current and force for a tip that is highly symmetric with respect to rotations around the z axis; (E to H) current and force for a tip with a twofold dip in the force; (I to L) current and force for a tip with a threefold dip in the force; sample bias is +10 mV, and cantilever amplitudes are A = 50 pm (tips 1 and 3) and 100 pm (tip 2). The tunneling current follows an exponential law with I(z) = Imaxexp(−z/λI), where λI = 55 pm, 56 pm, and 59 pm for tips 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The forces refer to the atomic contributions; long-range interactions are not included here.
A gentle poke event was conducted in the following way: First, the tip was held at a tip height (27) over the Cu surface of about 400 pm at a fixed lateral position. Then, the tip approached the surface by about 700 pm to the surface, so it was driven by about one atomic diameter into the surface. After that, a bias voltage of a few volts was applied, and the tip was slowly retracted within a few seconds. This procedure led to structural changes in the tip apex, and often to dropping one or a few tip atoms onto the Cu surface, whereas the Cu surface remained atomically flat otherwise. This finding is somewhat surprising, because W is much harder than Cu, and one might expect to find depressions in the flat Cu surface after a poke. However, even at the Cu(111) surface layer, a Cu atom still has 9 nearest neighbors (out of 12 in bulk), whereas W atoms at the tip apex have only a fraction of the eight nearest neighbors present in bulk W. (More information about the statistics of poking events is provided in fig. S10.)
The data sets in rows 2 to 4 in Fig. 1 are tomographic slices of current and force (short-range contribution only) for three different heights, starting with a height (27) of about 340 pm for the top row starting with Fig. 1B, about 220 pm for the center row starting with Fig. 1C, and about 150 pm for the bottom row starting with Fig. 1D (for precise values, see the marks on the z axes in Fig. 1, A, E, and I). At least 40 slices of current and frequency shift, spaced by height decrements of 10 pm, have been probed for each of the tips 1 to 3, and movies S1 to S3 show 40 frames starting at zmax ≈ 550 pm and ending at zmin ≈ 150 pm. Evidently, the force signals show a striking angular dependence that becomes more pronounced with decreasing tip height z.
This pronounced angular dependence of the frequency shift (and force) data, showing dual and triple minima for tips 2 and 3, respectively, is in stark contrast to the z-rotational symmetric force profiles that were found for metallic adatoms and metallic tips (28), presumably Cu-covered Ir tips and CO/Cu(111) (7), and a CO-terminated metal tip interacting with CO/Cu(111) (29). At a first glance, the current images in Fig. 1 and in movies S2 and S3 appear to be symmetric with respect to rotations around the z axis. Binnig suggested that it is possible to search for a potential angular current dependence by subtracting the normalized current data at a large distance from the normalized current data near the surface. The top row of Fig. 2 shows these differential normalized current images for tips 1, 2, and 3. Indeed, the differential images do show an angular dependence that reflects the rotational symmetry of the force images, although the local extrema are closer to the center in the differential current images than in the force images. Thus, some of the angular dependence of the force data also seems to show up directly in the tunneling current.
Experimental and simulated differential images of the tunneling current. The tunneling current above a CO molecule at position (x0, y0) can be approximated well by a Gaussian dip I(x, y) = I0(1 − Δexp{−[(x − x0)2 + (y − y0)2]/ρ2}), where ρ was fitted to the experimental current profiles at large distance, yielding ρ = 387 pm, 401 pm, and 431 pm for tips 1, 2, and 3, respectively, at z ≈ 350 pm. ρ is about 9% smaller for z ≈ 150 pm. The normalized tunneling current is obtained by setting the maximum current (above Cu) to 1 and the minimum (at the center of CO) to 0. The experimental difference between the normalized tunneling current close to the surface (z ≈ 150 pm) and far from the surface (z ≈ 350 pm) is shown in (A), (C), and (E) for tips 1, 2, and 3. The simulated difference between the normalized tunneling current close to the surface (z ≈ 150 pm) and far from the surface (z ≈ 350 pm) shown in (B), (D), and (F) is calculated by assuming a Gaussian dip for the current distribution but allowing a lateral tilt of the CO molecule (x′, y′) = (Fx/kCO, Fy/kCO) caused by the experimentally determined lateral forces (figs. S4 and S5).
An influence of atomic forces on current data has been observed with giant corrugations on soft samples (30) and corrugation enhancements on metal surfaces (31). The force field between an STM tip and a molecule can trap hydrogen molecules that modulate the current to improve molecular resolution (32). Although the free CO molecule stands perfectly upright on top of a Cu surface atom, it can be deflected laterally by external forces (29). The softest vibrational mode of CO on Cu(111) is the frustrated translation mode, with an energy of 4 meV as measured by He scattering (33) and by inelastic tunneling spectroscopy (26). The vibrational energy and the molecule's moment of inertia lead to an estimate of the lateral force constant kCO (figs. S4 and S5). The lateral forces between tip and CO molecule were obtained from the experimental data by differentiating the energy profile with respect to a lateral direction within the (x, y) plane (fig. S6). For each position (x, y), we calculated the tilt of the CO molecule by dividing the lateral force by kCO. The tunneling current as a function of (x, y) at constant height could be simulated with a Gaussian dip (see captions of Fig. 2 and fig. S5). Figure 2, B, D, and F, shows the simulated current images with kCO = 2.1 N/m. The simulated images provide a very good match to the experimental images, demonstrating that the apparent angular dependence in the current images is likely caused by a position-dependent tilt of the CO molecule that modulates the current rather than a direct angular dependence of the tunneling current.
Next, we ask what we can learn about the physics of the bond from the experimental spatial force dependence. Experimentally, we have access to the net force F in z direction. The semi-empirical Morse potential (1)VM(d) = Ebond[−2e−(d−σ)/λ + e−2(d−σ)/λ] (2)describes the bonding energy of a diatomic molecule as a function of the atomic distance d. The two terms describe attractive and repulsive interaction components for two atoms with a decay length λ for the attractive and λ/2 for the repulsive branch of the potential, reaching its minimum (bonding energy) at the equilibrium distance σ.
If the force between tip and sample could be fully described by a Morse potential, the force images would show a single attractive minimum with a similar lateral extension as the dip in the current image, and the force images would be symmetric with respect to rotations around the z axis. For tip 1, the force data were approximately symmetric with respect to rotations around the z axis, but the force minimum was laterally markedly more confined (diameter ≈ 330 pm in Fig. 1 D) than the current minimum (diameter ≈ 720 pm). Tips 2 and 3 showed a strong azimuthal dependence in the force image. For tip 2, we found two local minima that became more pronounced with decreasing distance (Fig. 1, F to H). Tip 3 exposed three minima that also became more pronounced with decreasing distance.
Figure 3 shows experimental force versus distance data for tips 1 (panel A), 2 (C), and 3 (E). Tip 1 showed an attractive force that became more attractive with decreasing distance and reached its greatest magnitude at a distance of 145 pm. A closer approach to the surface would have caused a lateral force greater than the moving threshold of 160 pN (7) and would have pulled the CO molecule laterally. In the distance regime from 500 to 200 pm, the force increased exponentially in magnitude with decreasing distance with a decay length of 95 pm. For distances < 200 pm, the attraction increased faster at a decay length of 40 pm.
Force versus distance data and fit curves for tip 1 (A), tip 2 (C), and tip 3 (E). For tips 2 and 3, the force curve is fitted at the local maxima (red) and minima (blue); see insets. The fit curves are composed from a Morse potential and an angular dependent attractive exponential term. (G) Representation of the W tip atom as its Wigner-Seitz unit cell and orientation of a CO molecule with azimuthal angle ϕ and inclination angle θ. Here, the [111] orientation is shown with θ = arccos (1/√3) ≈ 54.73° and ϕ = 45°. The [110] orientation corresponds to θ = 45° and ϕ = 0°, and the [100] orientation is obtained for θ = 0° and ϕ = 0°. For clarity, only the front atom of the tip and the CO molecule are shown. (B) Force derived from the model potential at a height of 150 pm and a tip orientation close to [001] with θ = 5° and ϕ = 10°. (D) Force derived from the model potential at a height of 150 pm and a [110] tip orientation with θ = 45° and ϕ = 0°. (F) Force derived from the model potential at a height of 150 pm and a [111] tip orientation with θ ≈ 54.73° and ϕ = 0°. (H) Bonding energy as a function of distance for tips 1 and 3 showing experimental data and the results from our model. Note that the horizontal scales in (A), (C), and (E) and z and z′ in (H) are shifted by 50 pm (fig. S7).
Figure 3C refers to tip 2, where the force curve at the center (red) could be well approximated by a Morse law with Ebond = 5.95 zJ, σ = 217 pm, and λ = 93 pm. At the lateral positions where attraction was strongest (blue graph in Fig. 3C), we did not get close enough to the surface to find an absolute force minimum. The difference between the force curves at the center (red) and the most attractive sites (blue) was well approximated by an exponential function with a decay length of 40 pm.
Figure 3E shows the force-versus-distance dependence of tip 3, where the force curve at the center (red) was well approximated by a Morse law with Ebond = 6.30 zJ, σ = 222 pm, and λ = 99 pm. The blue curve in Fig. 3E shows the force at the lower one of the three attractive lobes. Again, this curve did not show a minimum within the distance range that was covered, and the difference of the center (red) and attractive lobe curves (blue) could be approximated by an exponential function with a decay length of 40 pm.
The dependence of the force curves as a function of crystal direction and distance allowed us to build a semi-empirical potential VW-CO/Cu(111), which was composed of a Morse potential and a very short-range, additional attractive component pointing in <100> directions that accounts for the three tip symmetries shown in Fig. 1 as well as the lower-symmetry tips shown in fig. S9. We assumed that the force symmetry was related to the crystal symmetry of the tip material. The crystal structure of W is bcc, and Fig. 3G shows the Wigner-Seitz cell of bcc W. The bcc Wigner-Seitz cell is fourfold symmetric in <001> directions, twofold symmetric in <011> directions, and threefold symmetric in <111> directions. If we assume that the angular dependence is caused by a bonding energy component that is strong along the <001> directions, we can explain the data in Fig. 1 for all three tip orientations. A mathematical function that reflects this angular symmetry is given byαn(x′/r′,y′/r′,z′/r′) = 1/(1 – 31–n)[(x′/r′)2n + (y′/r′)2n + (z′/r′)2n – 31–n] (3)with r′ = (x′2 + y′2 + z′2)0.5 and an integer n ≥ 2 (fig. S7). This function is constructed to yield αn = 1 for the <100> directions, αn = 0 for all <111> directions, and αn = (1.5n−1 − 1)/(3n−1 − 1) for the <110> directions (e.g., α2 = 1/4, α3 = 5/64). Because the angular dependent force contribution shows an approximately exponential decay for larger distances (difference of red and blue curves in Fig. 3, C and E), we model the full angular potential byVW-CO/Cu(111)(x′, y′, z′) = VM(r′) − αn(x′/r′,y′/r′,z′/r′) × Eang exp[σang/λang – (r′8 + σang8)1/8/λang] (4)This potential has seven parameters, and a good agreement between the experimental force versus distance data and constant height images is obtained for Ebond = 6.30 zJ, Eang = 110 zJ, σ = 272 pm, λ = 99 pm, σang = 140 pm, λang = 40 pm, and n = 3. The green lines in Fig. 3, A, C, and E, show the forces as obtained from Eq. 4. Figure 3, B, D, and F, shows the calculated constant height force images obtained by using the model potential. The key features and the signs and magnitudes of the experimental forces are accurately generated by that potential. Even subtle features in VW-CO/Cu(111), such as the appearance of a small repulsive ring around the attractive center of Fig. 3B, were observed in the experiment. The minima are spaced wider apart in the experimental data than in the calculation according to the model potential VW-CO/Cu(111), possibly because of the lateral bending of the CO molecule discussed in Fig. 2.
The design of our model potential after Eq. 3 is supported by the physics of chemical bonding. The Morse part of VW-CO/Cu(111) is treated in most textbooks on quantum mechanics by calculating, for example, the bonding energy of the hydrogen molecular ion by perturbation theory, where the Morse potential is an approximation for the energy as a function of distance for the symmetric pair wave function.
The angular dependent part is more complicated. In his paper (34), Feynman demonstrated that forces in molecules (and thus in tip-sample interactions) can be calculated from electrostatics once the wave functions have been found by solving Schrödinger's equation. Because the valence electrons of CO form lone pairs, we do not expect that CO develops a strong electronic overlap with the W tip atom. In bulk W, the atoms form bonds to their next neighbors across the hexagons in Fig. 3G that point toward the corners of the cubic unit cells in the eight <111> directions. Even for W atoms at the surface, calculations show that the valence charge density has maxima in the <111> directions (16, 35, 36), so each W atom can be viewed as an electric multipole with a positively charged center and eight negative charges pointing in the <111> directions (fig. S8). Because the lone pairs in CO cannot form molecular orbitals with the W electrons, we modeled the interaction by an electrostatic dipole of the CO molecule interacting with the multipoles of the W atoms. If the CO dipole has a negative charge on the oxygen atom, attraction occurs along the <100> directions (fig. S8) and repulsion along the <111> directions. The exponential decay of this strongly directional force is also motivated by electrostatics. The electrostatic potential at the surface of a periodic array of charges with lattice constant a decays proportional to exp(−2πz/a) (37). The lattice constant of W is 273 pm, and the corresponding decay length is, at 273 pm/2π = 43 pm, very close to our fit parameter, λang = 40 pm.
The precise measurement of forces and currents between a metallic tip and CO/Cu(111) allows us to identify the tip. Initially, we assumed that tip 1 in Fig. 1A was covered by Cu because it has been prepared by poking into the Cu surface. To check this assumption, we prepared a Cu surface with a Cu adatom and picked up a CO molecule with the tip; if the short-range force depends only on the bonding partners, the force spectrum should be the same for a CO-terminated tip probing a Cu adatom as for a Cu-covered tip probing a CO molecule adsorbed on Cu. Experimentally, the attractive force between a CO-terminated tip and a Cu adatom was below 30 pN, only one-tenth of the attraction of tip 1 with CO. Our model potential VW-CO/Cu(111) explains the magnitudes of forces and the geometric details of the force with the same parameters as for tips 2 and 3 very well for a [001] orientation. Thus, we are confident that tips 1, 2, and 3 are all W front atom tips oriented in [001], [011], and [111] directions, respectively. Our model potential from Eq. 4 even provides a very good agreement with experimental images recorded with tips that are oriented at odd angles—that is, tips that are not aligned with high-symmetry crystal directions (as shown in fig. S9).
Tip 1 exerted an attractive force of 300 pN at a distance of 150 pm, and this tip worked reasonably well for atomic manipulation. Lateral forces are known to be relevant in atomic manipulation (7), and the lateral force field that was generated from tip 1 (fig. S4A) allowed reliable lateral dragging of adsorbed CO molecules (or other adatoms) across the surface. Tips 2 and 3 did not provide enough attractive force for reliable manipulation of CO and tended to push adsorbed CO away from the tip in a less-controlled fashion (fig. S4, A and B). Probing the tips with a CO molecule allowed us to assess the effectiveness of a given tip for atomic manipulation and provided immediate feedback about the success of a tip-poking event to form a suitable tip (see fig. S10 for a histogram of obtaining tips of type 1 to 3 by poking). We note that figures 1D and 3A in (7) showed a force profile with a slightly repulsive crescent around the wide attractive valley, similar to our tip 1.
Lastly, we discuss the origin of the difference of appearance in force data versus tunneling current data. Stoll (38) has discussed how the magnitude of the decay length of the tunneling current connects to spatial resolution and found that the smaller the spatial decay length, the greater the spatial resolution can become (fig. S11). The angular part of the interaction potential has a decay length of only about 40 pm, whereas the decay length of the tunneling current ranges from 53 to 60 pm. Probing the short-range interactions at very small distance also increased spatial resolution from molecular resolution in the attractive regime to atomic resolution in the repulsive regime when imaging pentacene by Gross et al. (39). A density-functional study (40) has found that the origin of the submolecular contrast is Pauli repulsion with a very small decay length.
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/336/6080/444/DC1
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S11
References (43, 44)
Movies S1 to S3
Received for publication 31 January 2012.
Accepted for publication 20 March 2012.
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Acknowledgments: F.J.G. thanks A. Heinrich for an invitation to several research visits to the IBM Almaden Research Center, where the first experiments to the angular force dependence were conducted in parallel to the work published in (7, 28). We thank C. Lutz, A. Heinrich, M. Ternes, and J. Repp for helpful discussions and editorial suggestions; G. Binnig for suggesting the differential current analysis presented in Fig. 2, A, C, and E; T. Hofmann for assembling the sensor that was used in the experiment and for acquiring the tip symmetry histogram shown in fig. S10; and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for funding through Graduiertenkolleg 1570 and Sonderforschungsbereich 689.
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The Defining Moments of Tennis
The game has come a long way from the days of wood rackets, flannel pants and bustle skirts.
Tennis has come a long way from the days of wood rackets and players wearing cardigans, flannel pants, bustle skirts and skimmer hats.
Since the modern game began in 1859, tennis has had a storied past with key events to mark every one of its eras — from the long-ago dominance of Helen Wills Moody and Don Budge, to the pioneering feats of Arthur Ashe and Billie Jean King, to the modern saga of the Williams sisters.
The defining moments made tennis one of the world's great sports.
25. The Evolution of the Davis Cup
Date: Aug. 8-10, 1900
Bottom line: Known as the World Cup of tennis, the Davis Cup began in 1900 at Boston's Longwood Cricket Club, with the United States defeating Great Britain, 3-0.
Today, it is the world's largest annual international team competition, featuring 133 nations in 2019.
The United States has won a record 32 titles, followed by Australia with 28.
24. The First Non-Wood Racket
Dates: Aug 30-Sept. 10, 1967
Location: Forest Hills, New York
Bottom line: The biggest technological breakthrough in the sport came in 1967, when the Wilson T-2000 steel racket made its debut. To that point in the century-old sport, rackets had been made of only one substance: wood.
Though Billie Jean King and Clark Graebner debuted the silver racket at the 1967 U.S. National Championships, Jimmy Connors made the T-2000 famous in the years to come.
Wood rackets endured for another decade or so, but the revolution of the Wilson T-2000 ushered in an era of racket innovation that continues to this day.
23. The Day Chrissie Reclaimed Paris
Bottom line: By 1985, the Martina Navratilova-Chris Evert rivalry had become a one-sided affair, with Navratilova in the driver's seat.
When the two greats met on the clay of Roland Garros for the 1985 French Open championship, Navratilova had prevailed in 15 of their previous 16 meetings, and there was little reason to believe this day would be any different.
But Evert proved that her legendary career would not end with a whimper as she prevailed 6-3, 6-7, 7-5 on her favorite surface in perhaps the greatest match of their great rivalry.
22. Pete Sampras' Wimbledon Run
Bottom line: While Andre Agassi was turning heads in the early 1990s, his reserved American rival, Pete Sampras, was piling up Grand Slam titles.
The bookends of Sampras' incredible career were his U.S. Open championships 12 years apart, the first one coming as the youngest men's single champion in the tournament's history in 1990.
But Sampras' dominance on Wimbledon's Centre Court was the true story of his greatness, as he triumphed seven times in eight years from 1993 to 2000.
21. Navratilova Takes Women's Tennis to a New Level
Dates: Jan. 20-Dec. 6, 1984
Location: WTA tour
Bottom line: Wherever Martina Navratilova ranks among the all-time greats in women's tennis, one thing is undeniable about her legacy: She elevated the game with a level of athleticism and raw power that had never been seen before.
That dominance was best illustrated by an Open-record 74-match winning streak (including 13 straight tournaments) that encompassed almost all of 1984.
Navratilova's dominance in the early 1980s paved the way for the likes of Steffi Graf, Monica Seles and the Williams sisters to flex their own muscles and continue to take the game to new heights.
20. McEnroe Coins a Classic
Bottom line: It started with an uncharacteristically polite "excuse me" to the chair umpire from a befuddled John McEnroe during a first-round match at the 1981 Wimbledon.
But when the egregiousness of the blown line call became obvious, McEnroe unleashed the line that would be immortalized in tennis lore: "You cannot be serious!"
The tantrum took McEnroe's superbrat image to a whole new level, and the line lived on long after McEnroe's career on the court ended through comedy sketches, commercials and as the title of his autobiography.
19. The Greatest Day in Tennis History
Date: Sept. 8, 1984
Bottom line: Sept. 8, 1984, is considered the greatest day in the history of tennis, as "Super Saturday" at the U.S. Open featured three classic, back-to-back-to-back matches.
It started with Ivan Lendl prevailing over Pat Cash in a fifth-set tiebreaker in the first men's semifinal.
Then, Martina Navratilova and Chris Evert continued the greatest rivalry in tennis history, as Navratilova rallied after dropping the first set to prevail in the women's final, 4-6, 6-4, 6-4.
In the nightcap, John McEnroe and Jimmy Connors also went the distance in the second men's semifinal, with McEnroe surviving in another five-set thriller that ended at 11:14 p.m.
18. Federer's Remarkable Comeback
Dates: Jan. 2-Nov. 18, 2017
Location: ATP tour
Bottom line: By 2017, Roger Federer already had established himself as one of the the greatest male tennis players ever (if not the greatest). That year, the Swiss great also authored perhaps the greatest comeback story in the history of the sport.
Hobbled by injuries and slowed by age, Federer's Grand Slam days appeared to be over. But after dropping to No. 16 in the men's rankings in 2016, Federer stormed back to the top of the sport in 2017, winning the Australian Open and Wimbledon among his seven titles for the year and finishing the season with a 52-5 win-loss record.
17. Agassi Becomes a Tennis Rock Star
Bottom line: Andre Agassi wasn't even the greatest male tennis player of his era (that honor belongs to Pete Sampras), but when the Las Vegas sensation burst onto the scene in the early 1990s, he transformed the sport in ways that went far beyond excellence on the court.
In addition to his dominant baseline game, Agassi was equal parts showman and entertainer with his flowing hair, acid-watched, neon apparel and "image is everything" persona.
Besides style, Agassi had substance, winning eight Grand Slam titles and 60 total career singles events.
16. Murray Ends Britain's Wimbledon Drought
Bottom line: British tennis fans waited 77 years for a homegrown star to triumph again on Wimbledon's Centre Court.
In 2013, Andy Murray ended the wait with a straight-sets victory over Novak Djokovic, becoming the first Brit since Fred Perry in 1936 to hoist the championship trophy.
Murray took home another Wimbledon men's singles title in 2016.
15. Arthur Ashe's U.S. Open Victory
Location: Flushing Meadow, New York
Bottom line: With the world's top professionals and amateurs squaring off in the first U.S. Open, few expected a fifth-seeded amateur on leave from the Army to prevail in a field that featured such luminaries as Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall and John Newcombe.
But in a year when America was roiled by racial strife, it was perhaps fitting that Arthur Ashe became the first African-American man to win a Grand Slam tournament.
Ashe went on to become one of the most consequential and influential athletes of his era.
14. Margaret Smith Court's Championship Haul
Location: Around the world
Bottom line: Margaret Court is largely overshadowed in tennis history by Billie Jean King's pioneering feats (and the fact Court lost to Bobby Riggs before King's "Battle of the Sexes" triumph). But in terms of pure dominance, the Court's legacy of 64 major championships remains unmatched.
From 1960 to 1975, the Australian great won a record 24 Grand Slam singles titles, along with 21 major titles in mixed doubles and 19 in doubles.
In 1970, she became the second woman in history (and first during the Open Era) to win a calendar Grand Slam.
13. Gibson Breaks the Color Barrier
Date: Aug. 25, 1950
Bottom line: What Jackie Robinson was to baseball, Althea Gibson was to tennis.
In 1950, Gibson became the first African-American to compete at the U.S. National Championships. And like Jackson, Gibson did much more than simply break barriers; she excelled and dominated her sport like few before or since.
Gibson appeared in 19 major finals from 1956-58, winning 11 championships (five singles, five doubles, one mixed doubles). In 1956, she became the first African-American to win a Grand Slam title, capturing the French Championships.
12. Borg and McEnroe's Epic Wimbledon Duel
Bottom line: Wimbledon had been making tennis memories for over a century when Bjorn Borg and John McEnroe stepped onto Centre Court for the 1980 championship.
But the masterpiece the two legends produced on that Sunday afternoon was unlike anything that had come before.
The classic always will be remembered for McEnroe surviving an 18-16 fourth-set tiebreaker in which he saved five match points, before Borg prevailed 8-6 in the fifth for his record fifth consecutive crown.
11. The Stabbing of Monica Seles
Location: Hamburg, Germany
Bottom line: The history of women's tennis changed forever on this spring day, and it had nothing to do with anything that happened on the court between Monica Seles and Magdalena Maleeva.
A crazed fan of Seles' rival, Steffi Graf, plunged a knife into Seles' back between games. Seles, who was the top-ranked women's player in the world at the time, survived and recovered, but she was never the same.
Only 19 at the time, Seles already had won eight Grand Slam titles, with a match record of 55-1 in major tournaments. She might have gone on to become the greatest women's player of all time.
10. The First Women's Tennis Tour
Date: Sept. 23, 1970
Bottom line: Fed up with the sport's appalling pay disparity between men and women players, a group of nine female players led by Billie Jean King set out in 1970 to create their own women's tour.
Despite threats that they would be banned from playing in Grand Slam tournaments, the women persisted and created the Virginia Slims Tour. That led to the formation of the Women's Tennis Association in 1973, and the rest is history.
King isn't done fighting for pay equality, either. "Everyone thinks women should be thrilled when we get crumbs, and I want women to have the cake, the icing and the cherry on top, too," the tennis legend said in 2016.
9. The Classic Down Under
Bottom Line: If the Roger Federer-Rafael Nadal 2008 Wimbledon final ranks as the greatest men's match ever, then the 2012 Australian Open final between Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal may be a close second.
The longest Grand Slam final ever at 5 hours and 53 minutes, this war of attrition (which included an exhausting 31-shot rally) ended with Djokovic prevailing 5-7, 6-4, 6-2, 6-7, 7-5 at 1:37 a.m.
8. Nadal's French Open Dominance
Dates: 2005-present
Bottom Line: Perhaps no player in the history of any sport has so dominated an event the way Rafael Nadal has dominated the French Open during his incredible career.
With a 93-2 career record on the clay of Roland Garros (through 2019), Nadal is the first player of the Open era, man or woman, to win the same Grand Slam 12 times. Nadal's only losses at Roland Garros came in 2009 to Robin Soderling and 2015 to Novak Djokovic.
7. The Greatest Sibling Rivalry in Sports
Dates: 1998 to present
Location: WTA tour, around the world
Bottom line: It's hard to dispute that Serena and Venus Williams have produced the greatest sibling rivalry in the history of sports. In fact, it's difficult to envision two family members who have dominated a sport so completely in the same era.
Both have been ranked No. 1 in the world at various points in their careers and have faced each other 30 times (with Serena leading 18-12), including meeting in four consecutive Grand Slam finals in 2002 and 2003.
They've also teamed up to win 22 titles together in doubles.
6. The Dawn of the Open Era
Location: Bournemouth, England
Bottom line: The most significant structural development in the history of the sport was the advent of the Open era in 1968, which allowed the sport's best amateurs and professionals to compete head to head in major tournaments.
Before that, the Grand Slams had only been "open" to amateurs, leaving some of the sport's greats unable to face off on its greatest stages.
It was like Olympic basketball before the "Dream Team" arrived in 1992. The British Hard Court Championships of April 1968 ushered in the golden era of tennis that continues to this day.
5. The 'Battle of the Sexes'
Bottom line: If ever there were a sporting event that transcended sports, it was the "Battle of the Sexes" match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs in 1973.
King's victory over the 55-year-old ex-tennis champion and "self-described hustler and male chauvinist" struck a major blow for gender equity during the height of the feminist movement.
The match at the Houston Astrodome was seen in prime time by an estimated 90 million television viewers.
4. Nadal, Federer and the Greatest Match Ever
Bottom line: It was only fitting that the two men widely regarded as the greatest male players in tennis history met each other in what is often regarded as the greatest match in the sport's history, played at its greatest tournament.
The 2008 Wimbledon final between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal topped even the Borg-McEnroe classic 28 years earlier in terms of sheer drama.
Nadal ended Federer's quest for a sixth consecutive Wimbledon crown in five scintillating sets played out over nearly seven hours because of rain delays.
3. The First Grand Slam
Bottom line: Don Budge made history in 1938 by winning the Australian, French, Wimbledon and United States singles championships to complete the sport's first calendar Grand Slam.
His dominance was on full display when he became the first man to sweep through Wimbledon without losing a set. He completed the Slam with a four-set victory over Gene Mako at the U.S. National Championships.
Rod Laver is the only man to repeat Budge's Grand Slam feat, accomplishing it in 1962 and 1969.
2. The Dominance of Helen Wills Moody
Dates: 1927-33
Bottom line: Perhaps no individual streak in the history of sports is as impressive — and untouchable — as what Helen Wills Moody accomplished from 1927-33.
During that six-year stretch, she won an incredible 180 consecutive matches without losing a set, including 14 of her then-record 19 major singles championships.
Wills often played against male opponents, finding that the stronger competition helped develop her game, and was the undisputed queen of the world's tennis court in her day.
1. The First Wimbledon
Bottom line: The Championships, Wimbledon (as it's officially known), is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and still the most distinguished. It is to tennis what the Masters is to golf.
It all began on July 9, 1877, with 21 amateurs competing at the All Croquet Lawn and Tennis Club for a 25 guinea trophy. W. Spencer Gore needed only 48 minutes to dispatch of William Marshall in the final, 6-1, 6-2, 6-4.
Grand Slam tennis was here to stay.


text:
Q: Why is the cost function of this TensorFlow deep network producing NaNs? I have a small amount of data with 8 features and 5 values to predict by regression. Example data is shown at the end of the question.
When I run the training of the deep network, after about 400 iterations, I get NaN values in weights and the cost function results in NaN values too, meaning the training isn't working. Why is this? I am quite new to TensorFlow and I feel there is something obvious I'm missing, likely in the cost calculation:
#!/usr/bin/env python

"""
usage:
    program [options]

options:
    -h, --help  display help message
    --version   display version and exit
"""

import docopt
import subprocess

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

def main(options):

    # configuration
    number_classes = 5
    epochs         = 10000001
    learning_rate  = 0.1
    logs_path      = "/tmp/run"

    tf.reset_default_graph()

    # TensorBoard
    subprocess.Popen(["killall tensorboard"],            shell = True)
    subprocess.Popen(["rm -rf /tmp/run"],                shell = True)
    subprocess.Popen(["tensorboard --logdir=/tmp/run"],  shell = True)
    subprocess.Popen(["xdg-open http://127.0.1.1:6006"], shell = True)

    data = np.loadtxt(
        "data.csv",
        skiprows  = 1,
        delimiter = ",",
        dtype     = np.float32
    )

    x_data = data[:, 0:- number_classes]
    y_data = data[:, number_classes + 3:]

    with tf.name_scope("input"):
        X          = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, x_data.shape[1]])
        Y          = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, y_data.shape[1]])
    tf.summary.histogram("input", X)

    with tf.name_scope("architecture"):
        W1         = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([x_data.shape[1], 50]),  name = "weight1")
        b1         = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([50]),                   name = "bias1"  )
        layer1     = tf.sigmoid(tf.matmul(X, W1) + b1)

        W2         = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([50, 50]),               name = "weight2")
        b2         = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([50]),                   name = "bias2"  )
        layer2     = tf.sigmoid(tf.matmul(layer1, W2) + b2)

        W3         = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([50, 50]),               name = "weight3")
        b3         = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([50]),                   name = "bias3"  )
        layer3     = tf.sigmoid(tf.matmul(layer2, W3) + b3)

        W4         = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([50, y_data.shape[1]]),  name = "weight4")
        b4         = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([y_data.shape[1]]),      name = "bias4"  )
        hypothesis = tf.sigmoid(tf.matmul(layer3, W4) + b4)
    #tf.summary.histogram("W1", W1)
    #tf.summary.histogram("b1", b1)
    #tf.summary.histogram("layer1", layer1)
    #tf.summary.histogram("W2", W2)
    #tf.summary.histogram("b2", b2)
    #tf.summary.histogram("layer2", layer2)
    #tf.summary.histogram("W3", W3)
    #tf.summary.histogram("b3", b3)
    #tf.summary.histogram("layer3", layer3)
    #tf.summary.histogram("W4", W4)
    #tf.summary.histogram("b4", b4)
    #tf.summary.histogram("hypothesis", hypothesis)

    with tf.name_scope("cost"):
        cost       = -tf.reduce_mean(Y * tf.log(hypothesis) + (1 - Y) * tf.log(1 - hypothesis))
        train      = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate = learning_rate).minimize(cost)
    tf.summary.scalar("cost", cost)

    with tf.name_scope("accuracy"):
        # accuracy computation: true if hypothesis > 0.5 else false
        predicted  = tf.cast(hypothesis > 0.5, dtype = tf.float32)
        accuracy   = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(tf.equal(predicted, Y), dtype = tf.float32))
    tf.summary.scalar("accuracy", accuracy)

    summary_operation = tf.summary.merge_all()

    with tf.Session() as sess:

        sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())

        writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(logs_path)

        for step in range(epochs):

            _, summary = sess.run([train, summary_operation], feed_dict = {X: x_data, Y: y_data})

            writer.add_summary(summary, step)

            if step % 2000 == 0:
                print("\nstep: {step}\ncost: {cost}".format(
                    step = step,
                    cost = sess.run(cost, feed_dict = {X: x_data, Y: y_data})
                ))

        print("\naccuracy report:")
        h, c, a = sess.run([hypothesis, predicted, accuracy], feed_dict = {X: x_data, Y: y_data})
        print("\nhypothesis:\n\n{hypothesis}\n\ncorrect (Y):\n\n{correct}\n\naccuracy: {accuracy}".format(
            hypothesis = h,
            correct    = c,
            accuracy   = a
        ))

    subprocess.Popen(["killall tensorboard"],            shell = True)

if __name__ == "__main__":

    options = docopt.docopt(__doc__)
    if options["--version"]:
        print(version)
        exit()
    main(options)

Example data (data.csv) is as follows:
i1,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8,o1,o2,o3,o4,o5
-1,-0.5352926315,-0.4935420352,-1,-0.4944026038,-0.253963208,-1,-0.8880478088,0.8546009151,0.4774468085,-0.062295082,-0.6523892052,-0.4402645721
-0.5522903811,-0.7816838836,-0.7696659213,-0.2629286881,-0.3547593658,-1,0.089373879,-0.4944223108,-0.8190137265,-0.1268085106,-0.3398907104,-0.760336717,-0.6254650682
-0.0890453721,-0.7323068451,-0.7808130027,1,-1,0.1459624163,-0.0262982891,1,0.4112862227,0.8110638298,0.5038251366,0.6484278287,0.8983050847
-0.4235644283,1,1,-0.7711244178,1,0.577533724,0.3119722709,-0.9884462151,-1,-1,-1,-0.9767269126,-1
0.8491470054,-0.2859093477,-0.3093481961,0.3165184782,-0.1465875018,-0.2885239412,-0.5480321625,-0.7645418327,0.649211998,0.130212766,-0.0754098361,-0.7865808368,-0.6494419181
1,-0.2139813608,-0.2666844664,0.8739490716,-0.85062216,1,0.4008423513,-0.1756972112,0.6807320793,0.050212766,1,1,1
-0.2383303085,-1,-1,0.0974414807,-0.824866335,-0.7023770251,-0.1418898495,-0.2003984064,0.8403660397,0.1234042553,0.2480874317,-0.3265659817,-0.2029764365
-0.4014083485,0.050288274,0.0192515213,0.3188169116,-0.3785831324,0.7963543885,-0.7363722467,-1,0.3523131673,1,0.1781420765,-1,-0.9859446052
0.2686170599,-0.1839134298,-0.2154657411,0.3874070042,-0.7997421445,0.9813940655,1,0.1442231076,1,0.8144680851,0.3333333333,0.1562267888,0.2740801984
0.8191506352,-0.6580510916,-0.6434992046,-0.3727696123,-0.7772633879,-0.056711512,0.2537734518,0.9589641434,0.6573462125,-0.3446808511,-0.0207650273,0.1606833375,0.2740801984

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Writer, Joanna Goddard, interviewed our favorite lady in green, fabric designer Elizabeth Sweetheart for New York Magazine. Check out some excerpts from the the article below and the full article HERE.
This wonderful woman came into the New Museum again, wearing one of her original hand knit, high fashion sweaters. She is influenced by contemporary design and makes each sweater purely out of cashmere.
Back in February I met an incredible woman Ljubica and her daughter Ivana. Lubi's striking features and great style were enhanced by her wonderful personality. Ivana has sent me some more great shots of her mother, a style icon in her own right.


Moving past the scattered jargon is one of the first steps to integrating corporate performance.
Progressive companies and organizations are trying to recognize and reward sustainable behavior. One of the most effective ways to do this is through integrated performance. That is, assessing impacts and dependencies on nature and society to use the information in business and investor decision-making.
Even though the problems we're facing are complex, we cannot be paralyzed by the complexity. We need input and insights from a range of experts and practitioners — from corporate sustainability and EHS professionals to finical accountants, management accountants, enterprise risk managers, academics, conservation organizations and more.
I'm an ecologist by training and entered the sustainability world through environmental management and business. Although people with a similar background may be comfortable with technical discussions around, for example, how to define "natural capital," I can understand why someone from a different background could get completely lost in the flurry of jargon.
For example, could the average person articulate the difference among ESG, natural, social and human capital, multi-capital, integrated capital, pre-financial, extra-financial, non-financial or environmental and social issues? Probably not.
Jargon makes newcomers think they need to start their education or assessment from scratch (they don't).
One senior financial accountant from a major company recently told me: "Why would you ever want to use the term non-financial? It just sounds irrelevant, like the stuff you don't really care about and shove to the side."
Surely, this isn't the impression we want to give.
It's even starting to confuse experts when, in truth, we're all talking about the same thing.
Under section three of this paper are some tips about how to align and simplify, making sure that your language is appropriate for your audience.
I have yet to come across a company who'd say that they've cracked the methodology for measuring and valuing all forms of capital. Usually, people take pride in their companies' efforts to do so, but there's also modesty that comes from the fact that all organizations are still experimenting.
Some are further along on their journey and can lead by example. Take, for instance, Kering's EP&L, BASF's Value-to-Society, Nestlé's Social Impact Valuation (PDF), AkzoNobel's 4D P&L, Novartis financial, environmental and social impact (PDF), Solvay's Extra-financial statements, Natura's EP&L and upcoming SP&L, and most recently Philips EP&L.
Some leading cement companies — LafargeHolcim (PDF), Argos Cementos and CEMEX — also have used similar approaches to develop integrated financial-like statements that all use KPMG's True Value approach. This is an exciting development. Will we start to see sector-led methodologies, where companies who have the most material impacts in common align on how to proceed?
What about those companies who are experimenting internally but not sharing externally yet?
Companies with useful approaches should share as soon as they are ready. There's a great collection business examples on natural as well as social and human capital that are always expanding (see the Natural Capital Coalition's Hub, for example).
We will only progress on practical, consistent and comparable approaches to integrated performance if we share what business is actually doing.
Kudos to those who publicly shared their methodologies back in 2015 (PDF) of which PwC with its 400-plus page methodology for valuing corporate environmental impacts used with clients — it's time for others to join in.
Although what's out there isn't perfect, the Natural Capital Protocol (2016) is a great step forward. It was developed by WBCSD with input from many organizations and experts, on behalf of the Natural Capital Coalition.
In other words, it was a joint effort that went through a public consultation and is regarded as a generally accepted framework for business to measure and value natural capital.
Transforming the financial system to reward the most sustainable companies all starts with measuring and valuing impacts and dependencies.
We're working to do the same with social and human capital.
WBCSD is also behind the draft Social & Human Capital Protocol and has established a new Social & Human Capital Coalition to drive convergence on how companies can assess their relationships with people and communities.
Whatever work a company is undertaking — an assessment, sector-specific guidance, a new metric or methodology on a specific issue — it's best to connect it to these generally accepted references to encourage coherence, buy-in and uptake.
One effective way of doing this is to join and participate in the Natural Capital Coalition and the Social & Human Capital Coalition.
In 2016, a handful of leading companies as part of the informal Impact Valuation Roundtable (IVR) used their own valuation methodologies on a common hypothetical example and got completely different results. Why? Because the methodologies and data each company used were completely different.
Worldwide, organizations need to work together to converge on standard approaches to avoid this issue.
WBCSD is working with MIT SHIFT, a user-friendly library of sustainability resources, to create a "TripAdvisor for Tools" by transferring resources from the Natural Capital Protocol Toolkit and later on from the Social & Human Capital to the SHIFT platform. The idea is to reduce the number of platforms companies need to reference so that they easily can find the tools they need.
Based on an analysis of practical applications of the tools, our overall ambition is to identify the tools that could become standardized approaches and accelerate progress to more comparable results.
Recently, the head of Socially Responsible Investing at an asset management company asked groups of investors to put their hands up if they think a carbon price will be included in investment decisions next year. "Maybe one or two people put their hand up," he said. "Then I asked whether it will happen in 5, 10 or 20 years' time. More and more hands go up."
The future of financial accounting will change. We need to anticipate and influence what it looks like.
First, how can ESG impacts be considered alongside financial performance? Given the current rules around financial accounting, you can't just add — for example — a carbon price to a financial statement. But could you include it in a long-term, new forward-looking financial statement, as proposed by the Reporting 3.0? Or could there be an additional "integrated performance measure" related to ESG that complements existing financial performance measures?
Second, can you add up E + S + G = total ESG performance? If you do, you might miss important trade-offs and risks. But by doing so, you also can get a sense of the overall relative value of the company to society. Just watch out when you interpret what the results actually mean, especially regarding a potential "net (positive) impact."
Transforming the financial system to reward the most sustainable companies all starts with measuring and valuing impacts and dependencies. This information then can feed into risk management, broader decision-making, capital allocations, retirement plans, budgeting, management accounting, strategy, investor relations and overall corporate finance.
We're deep in the R&D experimental phase to figure out how to achieve integrated performance management. We should expect it to be messy. We should expect it to be challenging, and to challenge our assumptions, knowledge and expectations. But people have the power to come up with tremendous innovative ways to progress, and I'm looking forward to seeing how we converge, collaborate and together change the rules of the game to reward more sustainable companies.


On a calm, clear night in Paia, Mary and Michael joined together on the golden shore for the most romantic moment of their lives. This adventure loving couple set out upon a new journey, starting with an intimate Maui Elopement. After exploring on Kauai, our new friends from Rhode Island came to our fair island where they enjoyed the beach and the Road to Hana, and of course their wedding. With the support of their friends and family back home, they truly relaxed and just focused on one another during this special time. In a show of love courtesy of their family and dogs, we surprised them with a cake and toast on the beach as well. This perfect pair was so sweet to work with and so romantic with each other. Mary and Michael, it was our absolute pleasure getting to meet you both and be a part of this magical moment. We wish you all the best and hope our paths cross again one day. Until then, Congratulations and Warm Aloha!!!
Check out Jodi & Peter's Maui wedding!


1 Heat 2 tablespoons of the oil in a large saucepan over medium-high heat and add the minced ginger, garlic and chili peppers. Stir until golden, about 1 minute. Add the coriander, cumin, garam masala and chili powder.
Mix in the cooked chickpeas, salt and water, and cook, stirring as needed until tender and almost dry, about 5 minutes. Reduce the heat to medium, and cook another 5 minutes to blend the ~avors. Transfer to a serving dish and keep warm.
2 Heat the remaining 1 tablespoon of oil in a small saucepan over medium-high heat and add the cumin seeds; they should sizzle upon contact with the hot oil. Quickly add the ginger matchsticks, and then add the onion and tomatoes and cook until golden. Stir about 1 minute and add to the chickpeas.
3 Garnish with the fresh coriander and serve hot.


Just How Truthful Has Howard Kurtz Been About His Business Interests?
Howard Kurtz, the one-time CNN and Daily Beast media critic who left both for Fox News last year, apparently lied about his financial ties to an unsuccessful news website he contributed to, called the Daily Download, Gawker reports. Kurtz repeatedly denied he had any association with the website beyond contributing as a freelancer, but Gawker's J.K. Trotter found documents indicating he donated $50,000 to the site, and may have been paid more than $100,000. That involvement is pretty tame as far as the online-media business goes, but as Trotter points out, lying about it is not.


"Leeds Castle has been a Norman stronghold; the private property of six of England's medieval queens; a palace used by Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon; a Jacobean country house; a Georgian mansion; an elegant early 20th century retreat for the influential and famous; and in the 21st century, it has become one of the most visited historic buildings in Britain.
Leeds Castle is the only place along with Rye that I have not visited using public transports, I need to thank a friend of mine who brought Eleonora and myself here during a perfect sunny and quite warm day.
When you arrive here a fantastic Castle welcomes you and is like in the tales, the castle is awesome, with an astonish park, big rooms and an incredible maze.
Believe me or not but within the castle rooms, what makes Eleonora crazy was the Dog Collar Museum, this funny but at the same time fascinating collection of canine neckwear is spanning five centuries.
There are over 130 rare and valuable collars. The earliest in the collection, dates back to the late 15th century and is a Spanish iron herd mastiff's collar, which would have been worn for protection against wolves and bears roaming Europe at the time.
After this interesting experience before lunch we had the chance to see a falconry demonstrations that really likes children.
At this point we had some relax, for lunch we a had a pic nic in one of the three beautiful gardens that enclosed the castle, the "Lady Baillie Mediterranean Garden Terrace" this is a Mediterranean style garden, where you can relax and enjoy superb views across the Great Water.
If you like gardens and as you probably know Kent is known as the Garden of England don't miss the Culpeper Garden that was originally the site of the Castle's kitchen garden, and now has been transformed into a large cottage garden. With its informal layout and low box hedges as a border this very English garden features Roses, Lupins, Poppies, with exotic blooms mixed in to create a profusion of colour and scent.
Another unique and fancy thing that will make your children happy is to go through the massive maze.
The Maze consists of 2,400 yew trees and when viewed from the centre, part of its plan mirrors a queen's crown. It is set in a square, and yet, when seen from the mound or the air, the pattern is circular, this is unique to Leeds Castle and adds to the difficulty in solving it, by the way outside this incredible maze is overseen by a grassy bank from where fellow travellers can shout encouragement or misdirections.
Once you've reached the middle of the Maze, return to civilisation through an underworld grotto, complete with macabre forms and mythical beasts created from shells, minerals and wood.
Punting on the Moat Enjoy a leisurely punt on the moat in the shadow of Leeds Castle. Sit back, relax and float gently through the ancient arches in an elegant wooden punt. Visitors will be able to see views of the Castle from an inspiring perspective with a guided tour from Puntagenet.
Elsie the Castle Train Children and adults alike will enjoy riding on Elsie the Castle Train from the main entrance up to the Castle.
Black Swan Ferry The Black Swan Ferry Boat takes passengers across the Great Water from the castle drive to the maze and play areas.
Leeds Castle Golf Cours The maturity of the Kent parkland surrounding Leeds Castle provides both challenging and spectacular holes from start to finish. Intervals of ten minutes between tee-off times mean that the course is rarely congested.
And after some sports you can enjoy the Castle View restaurant opened at lunch and dinner time.
Finally if you like why not enjoy the experience to sleep here at the Leeds Castle there are different type of accommodations for more information just visit the leeds-castle.com/ website.


We would like to give a special thank you to Pace Performance for their sponsorship of the 2016 Funny Car Nationals and for helping to bring it to a top-notch facility like Quaker City Motorsports Park. It's no small feat to pull everything together for event of this size and with the help of Jerry Streb of Pace Performance every step of the way the event was a success again in 2016. We hope to continue our relationship with Pace Performance and the Funny Car Nationals for years to come.
So please be sure to consider the fine folks at Pace Performance (http://www.paceperformance.com/) for your next purchase of engines or automotive parts and accessories!