text:
Spend Thanksgiving in Plymouth
Global Immersions Recruiting - Wednesday, November 21, 2018
Plymouth, Massachusetts, a coastal town south of Boston, is an ideal location for a festive Thanksgiving outing. If you're familiar with the early history of America you may know that Plymouth, MA was the location of Plimoth Colony, the site of the first Thanksgiving between Pilgrims and the Native Americans that inhabited the land. Plymouth is an exciting location to learn about the history of Thanksgiving, listen to stories about life in Plimoth Colony, and experience the culture and traditions of the Wampanoag tribe. Here are some can't miss attractions for your trip to Plymouth this Thanksgiving break:
Plymouth Plantation
Immerse yourself in 1620s Massachusetts, at a site strategically chosen and developed to mirror the Pilgrims original settlement. At Plimoth Plantation you'll experience what life was like for the Pilgrims during their first years in Plimoth Colony. The Plantation is an authentic re-creation of the Pilgrims' homes, including those of well-known colony leaders such as the Reverend Brewster, Miles Standish, and Governor Bradford. Costumed historians portray actual members of Plimoth Colony and share their stories with guests. Visitors can also make their way to the Wampanoag settlement, for a more holistic picture of Massachusetts's famous history. Here, Native American interpreters teach guests about their ancestor's traditions and culture. This area contains the region's only three-fire wetu, a family house often referred to as a wigwam. Plimoth Plantation is open daily 9:00 am - 5:00 pm.
Plymouth Rock is another historical artifact on display in Plymouth. The rock sits close by to a full-scale replica of the Mayflower, which is typically parked on Plymouth's waterfront but has currently been moved to get repairs done. Plymouth Rock is the site where the Pilgrims disembarked from the Mayflower and first stepped onto land in Plymouth. Some stories say that each Pilgrim stepped on Plymouth Rock as they left the Mayflower. Today, visitors to Pilgrim Memorial State Park can view Plymouth rock where interpreters teach its history from May until Thanksgiving.
Pilgrim Hall Museum is the oldest continuously operating museum in the United States. At Pilgrim Hall museum visitors get a detailed look at the history of the Pilgrims and their settlement. The museum has artifacts gathered from Plimoth Colony, such as furniture, crafts, art, and other possessions. Like Plymouth Plantation, Plymouth Hall Museum also shows the history of the Wampanoag people, who lived in the area of Plimoth colony well before the Pilgrims arrived. Pilgrim Hall Museum is open daily from 9:30 am - 4:30 pm.
Jabez Howland House & Sparrow House
The Jabez Howland and Sparrow houses are two homes dating back to the time of the Pilgrims settlement. The Jabez Howland is the only existing house in Plymouth actually inhabited by Pilgrims. Jabez Howland and his family were Pilgrims that lived in the home until they sold the home in 1680. The home was then a private residence until 1912 when it was converted into a museum. The Richard Sparrow House was built by its namesake, Richard Sparrow, in 1640. Sparrow was an English surveyor that came to Plymouth in 1636, more than a decade after the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower. The home is the oldest surviving house in Plymouth. Visitors can tour the home daily between 10:00 am and 5:00 pm.
Once you've had your fill of history and museum tours, exploring downtown Plymouth is always a fun activity. Plymouth's quaint waterfront streets are lined with restaurants, candy stores, and souvenir shops. Try some classic New England fudge at Plimoth Candy Company or find a present to bring home at one of the many boutiques.
Global Immersions wishes all of our hosts and visitors a happy Thanksgiving! Whether this is your first, second, or third Thanksgiving in Boston, be sure to share all your holiday celebrations with us by using #HomestayBoston or tagging @globalimmersions!
Source: Planetware.com
Abroad experience North End Theater Thanksgiving Transportation Lunar New Year Football Fenway Dunkin Donuts Donut English Ride Sharing Boston Spring Boston Dunkin Mother's Day Ice Cream Memorial Day Party Running Homestay Services Patriots Boston Activities Walk Fourth of July World Series Baseball Tips for Hosts Cultural Events Community Super Bowl Holiday Food South End Father's Day Marathon Monday Host Tip homestay Travel NYE Boston Holidays Boston Food Red Sox Plymouth Lost In Translation Turkey Fireworks Local Ethnic Resources Heritage Explore Boston Food Christmas Veterans Day Americanisms Flags Foodie Run Veterans Boston Foodie Valentine's Day NYE Summer in Boston Parades culture Traditions New Years Eve Chinatown communication


Each retreatant has his own room with private bathroom, queen bed, dresser, recliner, and writing desk. The Adoration Chapel in the Retreat Center is open 24 hours a day as well as Sts. Isidore & Maria Chapel (the little white church on the hill nearby). An exercise room is available in the Retreat Center, and there is a walking/running path on the property. The daily schedule includes meals, Mass, and Holy Hour. The director will set a time for spiritual direction each day. The rest of the time is spent in individual prayer. The cost for meals and lodging is $95/day. The director's stipend is $300. Sales and tourism tax will be added to the total invoice.
More retreat dates will be available later in the year. When those dates are set, they will be posted on the website for Broom Tree Retreat Center, www.broom-tree.org. For more information, visit the website or feel free to call their Administrator at 605-263-1040 or send an e-mail to broomtree@sfcatholic.org.


Guido Morpurgo (Milan-Italy, 1964) studied at the Polytechnic University of Milan, where he graduated, earned his Ph.D in Architecture and Urban Design and currently teaches Architectural and Urban Composition as an Adjunct Professor. He is a registered architect, practising in Milan since 1991.
Since 1996 he works in partnership with archt. Ph.D Annalisa de Curtis with whom he founded the firm Morpurgo-de Curtis ArchitettiAssociati.
Guido Morpurgo began his career first in the studio of his father Prof. Giorgio Morpurgo, then as an individual architect. In this first phase of his activities he won awards such as Domus / InArch Award and the National Architecture Prize "Luigi Cosenza" with his first works in architecture and interior design.
for several years. The most relevant examples of this professional experience are the architectural and urban redevelopment of the district of the former British Concession in Waitanyuan and the new city of Pujiang. Guido Morpurgo has published articles and essays on architecture theory and design in Italy and abroad.


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Q: Wordpress plugin update/install failure I've been reading all sorts of information all over the web on this topic. I just installed Wordpress on my Fedora 22 box, x64. The installation went perfectly, I'm able to access the site, but cannot update plugins at all.
I've seen two different directions so far:
1) Set up the FTP server that it's asking for, and give it the proper login authentication details
I started to go in this direction, but really hit a brick wall when it wouldn't accept the proper credentials.
Then, in an old Stack Overflow post, I found
2) Add define('FS_METHOD', 'direct'); to wp-config.php
Both of these problems are around filesystem permissions problems. I've tried changing the owner of /var/www/html. During the setup (in which I followed the instructions here) the instructions said to set the ownership and group to apache:apache. It also says to change the SELinux policy for those directories. I have tried changing the ownership to a few different things, including my user, www-data, www_data, and all the other things people suggest around the web. However, nothing changed, until I added the above line to wp-config.php. It no longer asks for FTP credentials, but it still fails, and it's still almost certainly because of permissions.
Many articles said to change the ownership to whichever user was running the php or php-fpm processes -- but those are not running! Tried ps aux | grep php and also tried that with sudo, but the only result it shows is the grep process looking for php.
I'm at a bit of a roadblock here: should I backtrack, and try the FTP direction again, or is there another way to solve the permissions issue? I'm not even sure which folder it's trying to create when it updates or installs a plugin. I did a sudo find / -name wordpress to see if there were other folders outside /var/www/html, the only others that had the wordpress name in them were the mysql directories.
Also, I'm not sure if this is the right place for this post, but it seemed to be the most logical (as it related to a Wordpress/Apache server and not just Unix/Linux itself) but feel free to move it if I've placed it incorrectly.
Thanks for any help you can give.
EDIT:
Also tried adding this
define( 'FS_CHMOD_DIR', ( 0755 & ~ umask() ) );
define( 'FS_CHMOD_FILE', ( 0644 & ~ umask() ) );
to wp-config, as recommended on the WP website. Didn't work, and removed it, as also recommended.
Also tried changing define('FS_METHOD', 'ftpsockets'); and of course it is asking for my FTP creds again. I can access the FTP from my laptop, but when I try those same credentials from the WP interface, it says it can't connect. Tried changing hostname to localhost:22 (as it didn't automatically change to port 22 when I picked SFTP), tried regular FTP (which is also open, temporarily), tried the IP, haven't tried 10.0.0.1 or whatever the localhost IP is. Really banging my head against the proverbial wall.

A: It turned out to be an SELinux access problem. I somehow missed it because the SELinux Troubleshooter usually pops up a notification if it blocks something. I had to go in and check manually.
The problem occurred because this command in the tutorial wasn't right:
chcon -Rt httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html
It should be
chcon -Rt httpd_sys_rw_content_t /var/www/html
Changing that immediately resolved it! This was with
define('FS_METHOD', 'direct');
still in wp-config.php.
A huge thanks to s1lv3r, who helped me greatly through the troubleshooting process!

A: I've often faced this issue even with the correct file permissions. My solution that usually resolves this is by simply disabling all plugins/theme and only updating that one specific plugin.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Set off from York 11:40 BST on A59 then on to the A1 to scotch corner and a detour to Gainford to see my X Sgt Major Barrie and his Wife Maureen arrived at 13:10 BST the traffic was not to bad at all, his wife Maureen insisted I stayed and had a bite to eat and there was no getting out of it but was nice to see them.
Back on the road again and onto the A66 traffic again not to bad but the 40mph bits are a pain, the traffic in the Lakes was good to say it was a bank holiday weekend.
I did arrive later than planned, was going to do Low Fell LD-042 but by the time I'd have got the tent up and sorted out it would have been late so had to give it a miss (sorry Mick HJD).
So got sorted out tent up rucksack packed ready for Saturday morning by which time I was ready for a meal and a beer so off I went down to the riverside bar at the Scafell Hotel, had the trout then the Gammon stake and the sticky pudding washed down with a few beers, the riverside was not busy for a bank holiday so got the meal very quickly.
I was in the sack by 11:30pm not a lot on the campsite so it was quite.
Was up early had a coffee and drove into Keswick for a sausage and egg butty and a large tea from the wagon in the car park, then off I went to find the car park I did infact park where you said Tom (M1EYP) the one called Comb Bridge), I set off to look for the path to Grisdale Pike along Sanderson Gill this path brings you back on yourself anyway a local guy told me where it was as its not singed from the car park.
Well over the stile and on my way up in thick mist all the way up to the top, got set up, then sent a text to Mick HJD.
First contact was Geoff GM4WHA/P in Annan had 17 in all M1YAM/P on LD-010 - MI3LJQ/P Billy on EI/IS-003 Brandon Mountain - Martin on LD-004 2m FM + 70cm FM.
I packed up and headed down towards Grasmoor LD-009 the sun was just starting to burn off the mist and by the time I was down it was well and truly hot so off came the fleece.
I set off up in the hot sun got to the Carin it was busy so I setup in the small shelter over looking Buttermere and Crummock Water it was a fantastic view, first contact was 12;20 UTC M3TMX Jordan on my VX-7R took two more then setup the SOTA BEAM the next contact came from Billy MI3LJQ/P again at 13:45 UTC on EI/IS-003 18 contacts all told along with M1YAM/P on LD -007 and Fred GI4MWA/P on GI/MM-011 all so Harry GI0THZ/M the last call I took was at 14:23 UTC so packed up as I had to go back over Griedale Pike and by the time I'd got there the heat had took its toll so I made my way down to the car the legs had gone so did not do LD-033, will do that next time in the Lakes.
So back to the campsite showered changed a bite to eat and a few beers in the Riverside and I was refreshed.
I was in the sack again by 11pm but at 12pm the wind got up along with the rain and was like that till around 0430hrs hence late up to do LD-008.
The ascent up was very windy but kept the rain at bay, first contact was at 11:00 UTC Mick 2E0HJD/M only took eight contacts as after Jimmy M3EYP/P the weather change all of a sudden with hail snow and rain so had to pack it in I nearly lost the WASP so got off there ASP, sorry for the one's that never got the contact with me.
I know when I got back to the car the heater was on full blast for 30mins so's to get warm through then had the soup I'd put in the flask before setting off back to camp.
I had a hot shower changed into dry togs.
I'd like to say thanks to Mick 2E0HJD and G4BLH for spotting me and hope to meet up one day.
All so to all who called in over the weekend thank you.


I'm am thinking about getting a Krytac trident CRB. You can find them around the £300 mark. My question is, are there any better AEGs for the price with out of the box performance?
Ive got a CRB. Cant say Im blown away with the range but its a lovely well built rifle.
I think Ive had similar performamce from my G&G Top Tech rifles and I enjoy the blowback on them, which of course the CRB doesnt have.
Also the stock buffer battery space isnt quite big enough and you can get a lipo in there but its fiddly because the fuse gets in the way.
I like the dial up hop and Im using PTS EPM mags which I couldnt before.
The flash hider is plastic and had to go.
Oh and I like the keymod as its much easier and more comfortable to hold than RIS rails, although I do use a foregrip.
Here is a pic before I started using the PTS mags.
I have a PDW and an SPR, both have fantastic range and accuracy out the box, I've upgraded the SPR but the PDW is stock and I need a magnified scope to get the best out of it. The PDW can fit an 11.1v LiPo but is stupidly small space. The SPR has the same stock as the CRB and has loads of room for my 11.1v LiPo so am guessing Baz had a very large battery. He has a point re the plastic flash hider.... it is naff and had to go on both mine.
I fit a 1450 30C 11.1v Nuprol with 1 down one side and 2 legs down the other, don't use the buffer tube for it.
What upgrades have you run on your SPR? Is there much difference between the CRB and SPR internally?
Interesting. Got a link ? they must be shorter than my 7.4V one.
ETA - sorry Im being lazy. A quick google and your battery is over 10mm shorter than mine.
I probably need to get a shorter or split battery and then I can do the same as yours.
PDI 6.05 barrel, 30k Krytac motor, Prometheus flat hop, M125 spring, locked to semi. They are identical except for barrel length I believe as is the PDW.
Out of interest, what weight ammo are you using ?
I found the solution to my battery problem; I fitted a 7.4V 2200mAH brick LIPO in the vertical space at the end of the stock. Fits much easier and has a larger capacity.


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Q: Slick Slider - Display counter on multiple sliders I have multiple slick sliders on my front-page. Now I want to add a counter which shows the current slid and the max slide.
So for example slider with id 33 has 4 images so it should show 1 of 4 and when going to next slide it should show 2 of 4. It is already working but all the other slides on the front-page also go 1 up when I slide on a slider. It should only happen on the slider I did change.
Here is the code I am currently using:
$('.image-slider').each(function (key, item){
    var id = $(this).attr("id");

    var sliderId = '#' + id;
    var appendArrowsClassName = '#' + id + 'slider__arrows';

    var $status = $('.slider-paging');

    $(sliderId).on('init reInit afterChange', function(event, slick, currentSlide, nextSlide){
        //currentSlide is undefined on init -- set it to 0 in this case (currentSlide is 0 based)
        var i = (currentSlide ? currentSlide : 0) + 1;
        $status.text(i + '/' + slick.slideCount);
    });

    $(sliderId).slick({
        infinite: true,
        dots: false,
        appendArrows: (appendArrowsClassName),
        prevArrow: '

',
        nextArrow: '

'
    });
});

Thanks alot!

A: Try this:
-JS
var cnt = 1;
$(".slider").each(function () {
    $(this).attr('id', function (index) {
        return "sld-" + cnt;
    });
    cnt++;
});

$('.slider').each(function(key, item){
    var id = $(this).attr("id");
    var sliderId = '#' + id;

    if ($(sliderId).length) {

        var currentSlide;
        var slidesCount;
        var sliderCounter = document.createElement('div');
        sliderCounter.classList.add('slider-counter');

        var updateSliderCounter = function(slick, currentIndex) {
        currentSlide = slick.slickCurrentSlide() + 1;
        slidesCount = slick.slideCount;
        $(sliderCounter).text(currentSlide + '/' +slidesCount)
        };

        $(sliderId).on('init', function(event, slick) {
            $(sliderId).append(sliderCounter);
        updateSliderCounter(slick);
        });

        $(sliderId).on('afterChange', function(event, slick, currentSlide) {
        updateSliderCounter(slick, currentSlide);
        });

        $(sliderId).slick({
            slidesToShow: 1,
            dots: false,
            adaptiveHeight: true,
        });
    }
});

-html

-CSS
.slider-counter {
                    position: absolute;
                    font-size: 20px;
                    letter-spacing: 2px;
                    font-weight: 400;
                    top: 5px;
                    left: 45px;
                    z-index: 11;
                    pointer-events: none;
                }


text:
Васько — украинская и белорусская фамилия:

 Васько, Александр Фёдорович (1920—2004) — Герой Советского Союза.
 Васько, Геннадий Иванович (род. 1941) — советский и украинский оперный певец (тенор).
 Васько, Роман Владимирович (род. 1959) — советский и украинский учёный; профессор, доктор филологических наук.

См. также

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
MTV Readies Five New Summer Series
By Linda Moss 18 May 1998
Continuing its aggressive program-development effort, MTV:
Music Television will debut five new original series this summer as part of its "10
Spot" block, which runs weeknights from 10 p.m. to 1 a.m., officials said last week.
"This is the third phase of the work that we're
doing," said Brian Graden, MTV's executive vice president of programming.
The five new shows are part of MTV's most sweeping
programming development to date -- an initiative that kicked off in January, when the
network announced that it had more than 20 pilots in development. In the second stage of
the effort, in April, MTV unveiled a new primetime music block, which included Artists
Cut, Say What? and Total Request.
As part of the summer slate, MTV's third phase of
changes, Celebrity Death Match will premiere May 14 at 7:30 p.m. and 10 p.m. The
weekly, clay-animated series will feature fantasy fights that pit clay versions of
celebrities against each other. MTV introduced Celebrity Death Match in January,
with a Super Bowl halftime special that showed celebrity slugfests such as Howard Stern
vs. Kathie Lee Gifford; Pamela Anderson Lee vs. RuPaul; and Hanson vs. The Spice Girls.
The special earned a hefty 4.6 Nielsen Media Research rating, MTV reported.
The second new show coming to MTV this summer is BIOrhythm,
which will be introduced June 23 at 10:30 p.m. Without narration, BIOrhythm will
offer biographies of musical artists that let the images and music speak for themselves.
Two initial episodes will feature Tupac Shakur and Kurt Cobain.
The third series, Fanatic, a daily interview show,
will debut June 29 at 11 p.m. During the show, fans will be yanked from their daily lives
to interview music stars.
MTV's Sifl & Olly, a half-hour, weekly
series featuring hip sock puppets, will go on air July 13 at 12:30 a.m. Finally, Super
Adventure Team will premiere in early August, and it is set to air at 10:30 p.m. The
half-hour weekly series is both a homage to and satire of the old-time Saturday-afternoon
series of the 1970s.
MTV is trying to be more experimental and daring with its
original shows for the 10 Spot, compared with its new primetime programming, according to
Graden.
"We will go farther afield with it," he said.
For example, while the new primetime shows are
music-video-oriented, the 10 Spot fare is just music-oriented, Graden said.
"It's not video-based."
A number of veteran shows will be returning to the 10 Spot
this summer, including Real World, Road Rules, Cartoon Sushi and Daria.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Le baguenaudier du Levant, aussi appelé baguenaudier d'Orient, - Colutea orientalis - est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Fabacées originaire du Proche-Orient.

Description
Colutea orientalis est un arbuste caduc de moins de deux mètres de haut.

Les feuilles sont imparipennées avec sept à neuf folioles, vert glauques, longues de cinq à six centimètres.

Les folioles sont orbiculaires, tronqués à l'apex, et ont de 11 à  de long sur 9 à 13 de large.

Les inflorescences sont des racèmes axillaires à fleurs très peu nombreuses - de deux à quatre -, jaunes au centre, l'étendard cernant environ à la moitié supérieure cette partie jaune d'un liseré rouge marqué, le reste ainsi que les autres pétales étant plutôt orangé - rouge, et pouvant atteindre . Le calice, à l'extérieur pubescent, présente des sépales dont les deux supérieurs sont triangulaires et les trois inférieurs linéaires un peu recourbés. La corolle est, comme pour la majorité des plantes de la famille, asymétrique : le pétale supérieur - l'étendard - est plus long que les ailes et la carène où les deux pétales sont fusionnés. Le style est arqué ascendant, plus long que les étamines qui l'enserrent.

L'ovaire est glabre : il s'agit d'une caractéristique de l'espèce. Comme le genre, l'ovaire contient de nombreux ovules.

Les fruits sont des gousses, indéhiscentes, enflées et vésiculeuses, bivalves supérieurement, très caractéristiques du genre. Elles portent plusieurs graines réniformes.

Distribution
Le baguenaudier du Levant est originaire du Proche-Orient.

Il y croît dans des endroits rocheux, sur sols calcaires, parmi les arbustes et buissons xérophiles ou semi-xérophiles.

Utilisations
La principale utilisation de cette espèce est ornementale.

De nombreux horticulteurs la distribuent en France mais elle demeure plus rare que le baguenaudier commun.

Historique et position taxinomique
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort publie, en 1703, dans l'additif à son Institutiones rei herbariae une première description du baguenaudier du Levant :
 Colutea orientalis, flore sanguinei coloris, lutea macula notato.

En 1768, Philip Miller nomme cette espèce Colutea orientalis à partir de la description de Tournefort

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck en 1783 reprend et complète la description très sommaire de Philip Miller. L'apport descriptif de Lamarck a été considéré comme une nouvelle description de l'espèce par les index (IPNI, Tropicos).

En 1967, Kasimierz Browicz la place dans la section Rostrata, sous-section Orientales.

Le baguenaudier du Levant compte cinq autres synonymes :
 Colutea aperta Moench
 Colutea cruenta Aiton
 Colutea purpurea Hort. ex Lavallee (1877)
 Colutea sanguinea Pall.
 Colutea versicolor Salisb.

Notes et références

 K. K. Shaparenko - Colutea in Flore d'URSS - Volume 11 - Sous la direction de Vladimir Leontjevich Komarov - Leningrad, 1945 -  à 319 de l'ouvrage original (238 à 239 de la traduction anglaise)

Liens externes

 ZipCodeZoo - Colutea orientalis
 Exemplaires de Colutea orientalis numérisés de l'herbier du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
 Tela botanica - Colutea orientalis

Fabaceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)


text:
People Are Taking A Stand After A Man Killed A Stranger Because Women Ignored Him
Women in South Korea are furious after law enforcement dismissed the idea that a 23-year-old woman was stabbed to death due to misogyny.
By Ryan Broderick and Jihye Lee
Ryan Broderick BuzzFeed News Reporter Jihye Lee BuzzFeed Contributor
Posted on June 1, 2016, at 5:32 a.m. ET
Two weeks ago, a 34-year-old man stabbed a 23-year-old woman to death at 1 a.m. in a restroom in Gangnam Station in Seoul, South Korea.
Footage provided by Seocho police
Local media reported that the unemployed man, named in the press by his last name, Kim, had a history of mental illness and that he was drawn to murdering her because he felt he was being ignored by women.
YTN NEWS / Via youtube.com
"I feel calm. I'd like to apologize to the family for the incident, because their daughter was sacrificed," Kim said in a press conference. "I didn't have any personal feelings about her nor held a grudge against her."
But investigators denied that misogyny was a factor in the murder and determined that the murder was "accidental" and not a hate crime against women.
"There is a need to distinguish between hate crimes and crimes driven by mental illness. The latest case falls in the latter category," local police said during a press conference. "Hate crime arises from prejudice on a certain group, while mental illness–driven crimes are usually committed due to symptoms such as delusional thoughts and auditory hallucination."
Investigators determined that the murder had nothing to do with a culture of misogyny, but actually Kim's untreated mental illness.
Online, law enforcement authorities' denial that misogyny could have been a factor in the murder led to outrage. Two South Korean women's groups set up a Twitter account called @0517am1, named after the date and time of the 23-year-old woman's murder.
Twitter: @0517am1
"People going to Gangnam Station today, for the victim, and also for this incident to not be just 'one of the rest,' please remember at exit number 10 of Gangnam Station the victim and express your condolences. Also, use hashtags to tweet it. #GangnamMurderMan #BathroomMurderer"
They urged Twitter users to cover the subway exit where the unnamed woman's murder took place in Post-it notes and chrysanthemum flowers — a symbol of mourning in South Korea.
Jung Yeon-je / AFP / Getty Images
At the height of the controversy, every single Korean trending topic was about the murder.
twitter.com / Via beyondhallyu.com
"#GangnamMurder, #ISurvived, #BathroomMan, #BathroomMurderer, #ThoseTimesWhenISaid, RIP, #GangnamStationMurder, Because she was a woman, Sexism, Self-defense"
Twitter: @IIDAHYEII
"#GangnamMurder"
South Korean celebrities like Jerry K., a rapper, have addressed the controversy, tweeting that reactions from law enforcement and mainstream media to the murder were terrifying.
Twitter: @JerrykMusic
"It's the fact that we're accepting him saying 'I killed her because women ignored me' as a reason for crime. It's the fact that this society thinks that it's OK, and accepts that you're allowed to say that you killed someone because you hate women. That's what's scary."
Images of the subway's entrance have trended on Instagram.
Instagram: @https://www.instagram.com/explore/locations/1038631699560456/
The attention around the murder and national debates about misogyny in Korean society kicked off a counterprotest from Korean men.
Twitter: @koreaspiritnana
"If we really want to protect women from rape and murder, we have to start by blocking the immigrant labor workers from coming in. You're calling men potential murderers, hating men, while thinking about the human rights for immigrants — is South Korea potentially a killing nation?"
When BuzzFeed News visited the Gangnam subway entrance last week, "Don't hate men" protests had broken out around the station.
Twitter: @Euclid_42
"I am the girl in the photo. I swore while passing by, and then I heard a mid-age man saying 'why does a girl swear like that?' And I wondered if they would say the same thing about a man swearing."
This tweet from a Korean man who was moved by the memorial went viral because it is rare for South Korean men on social media to agree with the largely female protesters.
Twitter: @iseoulyou
"I went solemnly, but felt different, and I felt like crying when I realized that I wasn't alone feeling this way. #ISurvived"
The Post-its and flowers started covering the sides of the station's entrance.
Facebook: gangnam10th
"I want to live in a place where I don't have to be careful for being a woman."
"I, too, am a girl in my twenties. It's not someone else's story and it breaks my heart."
In addition to the shrine growing against the subway entrance, a number of marches and protests have taken place in the city.
Ahn Young-joon / AP
On Facebook, a group of young women are using a page called Gangnam 10th to organize protests. One of the organizers of the group, Yoonha Park, is a 26-year-old from Seoul. She told BuzzFeed News the protests are no longer just about some random murder.
"There were many women standing up and saying that 'we were lucky to have survived,' as well as opening up about experiences of sexual abuse, harassment, discrimination based on gender, and other experiences where they were exposed and treated with violence for being a woman in the society," Park said.
Park said a group of women and her gathered by the subway station entrance with a small megaphone to talk about misogyny, which they see as the reason behind the city's latest stabbing.
Park, an organizer of the Gangnam 10th Facebook group, said she's hopeful about what this outpouring of anger will mean in the long term for South Korean women.
"We know this incident will not just remain as an incident, but serve as evidence that there is extreme misogyny existing in our society and rotting our society," she said.
Related: A Boyfriend Impersonated His Girlfriend For Two Weeks After He Murdered Her
Contact Ryan Broderick at ryan@buzzfeed.com.
Jihye Lee is a freelance journalist based in Seoul, South Korea.
Contact Jihye Lee at jihye4198@gmail.com.


text:
Q: Animate a tree (graph kind) in python where nodes change color based on events. Which python packages to use? I am trying to find an easy way to animate at tree where nodes are circles with text in them and edges are lines.
Once in a while an event occurs that changes the status of one of the nodes, and this should change the color of the node.
I have looked at networkx as in Animating Network Growth with NetworkX and Matplotlib but I am unsure if you can get a correct tree layout here, and that the animation is performant.
I do not have a lot of time so I would greatly appreciate suggestions for easy (hacky) ways of doing this.
The the best thing would be to have a function to call:
change_color(node)
that would update a Qt4 gui or something similar. It would be really good if I can use a graph/tree library so that I only have to specify the tree in a simple format and the library takes care of positioning nodes in the gui.


We're busy working on our 2013 Fantasy Football rankings. It's currently still a work in progress and will continually be evaluated and updated until Baltimore Ravens vs. Denver Broncos opening kickoff on September 5, 2013.
With Jeremy Maclin Out, Who Steps Up For The Eagles?
We are five Sundays away from the start of the NFL season. At this point in the season, I'm working on my 2013 fantasy football rankings, pinning down the right online sportsbook to use throughout the year like Bovada sportsbook, and following by beloved Eagles.
The Eagles always seem to have some huge offseason story. In 2009 it was Michael Vick's return to the NFL, then in 2010 it was Michael Vick taking the reigns as the starter, and 2011 was the year of "The Dream Team" which went terribly wrong. This year the Eagles are dealing with Riley Cooper's racial comment and trying to find a replacement for Jeremy Maclin, who they lost for the season with an ACL injury.
Although the loss of Jeremy Maclin is huge, I'm not too concerned with the loss. Now that the Eagles offensive line is back, if they can give Vick protection and get the running game going, Vick will be able to effectively spread the ball around. The Eagles were decimated with injuries along the offensive line last season. They lost Pro Bowl LT Jason Peters and C Jason Kelce very early in the season. With Jason Peters and Jason Kelce back along with first-round draft pick OL Lane Johnson, the Eagles can shift Todd Heremans back to guard and this offensive line starts looking like one of the best in the league.


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Aloha Surf Guide
The Official Surf Guide of Hawaii
Ocean Awareness
Surfers Giving Back
Fishing In Hawaii
Surfing Basics
Etiquette & Tips
Know the Waves
Catching the Wave
Surf Lingo
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Around Hawaii
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Vans Triple Crown of Surfing
Duke Kahanamoku – Father of Modern Surfing
By Taryn Wong Fowler –
Duke Paoa kahanamoku, a true waterman, surfer, canoe paddler, record breaking swimmer, "the King of Waikiki Beach," and the first truly famous beachboy" was born in 1890 and raised in Kalia, Waikiki. His father (Duke Halapu Kahanamoku) and his mother (Julia Pa'akonia Lonokahikina Paoa) were both from prominent Hawaiian families. As a keiki Duke grew up in a modest home on the beach where the Hilton Hawaiian Village now stands. Duke was the eldest of nine children with five brothers and three sisters. He spent his childhood playing the beach with his 31 Paoa cousins. Duke learned to swim as a toddler with his many cousins, the old way. "My father and uncle just threw me into the water from an outrigger canoe. I had to swim or else." Surfing was learned by trial and error and when Duke was a young boy only about a handful of individuals were riding surfboards. By age seven or eight years old, Duke was swimming, surfing, body surfing, and diving. As a teenager, Duke was in and out of schools and eventually dropped out of McKinley High to help the family pay bills.
In 1908, Hui Nalu or "Club of the Waves" a Waikiki beach club was formed, and Duke was the club's leader. He continued to spend every day at the beach swimming, surfing, and canoe paddling. Duke's life changed at age 21 when he broke the world's 100 yard freestyle record at the first Amateur Athletic Union-Hawaii sanctioned swim contest. A few months later in February 1912, Duke and three others participated in AAU National Swimming Championship, and Duke eventually secured himself a place on the Olympic Team. Duke eventually competed in several Olympic games until the age of 42 winning 6 total Olympic medals. Duke's competitive swimming career allowed him to travel across the world. He competed in more than 50 international races. During his travels he introduced surfing and Hawaii to the rest of the world. Duke was the first man to surf on both the East and West Coasts of the United States and to take surfing to Australia. During Duke's visits in 1914-15, he taught the Aussies how to shape surfboards and helped them choose and ride waves.
In 1922, Duke relocated to California and worked for Paramount Pictures and appeared in 28 Hollywood movies. Because of AAU rules he could not receive money for swimming and so to pay bills between movies he worked as a lifeguard and as a mechanic. He spent his weekends surfing. After living in California for several years, Duke returned to Oahu in 1929. In 1934, Duke ran for the City and County of Honolulu Sheriff's Office and won. He held the office for the next 26 years. Duke Kahanamoku was the greatest aquatic sportsmen the world has ever seen. Duke was the father of U.S. modern swimming and international surfing, a champion diver, bodysurfer, water polo player, surfboard polo player, fisherman, paddler, yachtsman, and sailor. He broke world swimming records, was the first Hawaiian to travel the world swimming and surfing, earned Olympic medals, and was the first person to be inducted into both the Swimming Hall of Fame and the Surfing Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame.
Dukes legacy lives on today… the last bloodline at Waikiki Beach.
Aloha Beach Services Beachboys (left to right): Fritz Belmoro, Shayne Robello, Didi Robello, Josh Silva and Ronny Faatua. Fritz is one of the best rippers on the South Shore.
Harry S. Robello, an original Waikiki Beach Boy, founded Aloha Beach Services in 1959. In 1962, Harry married Barbara Kahanamoku (Duke Kahanamoku's niece). In 1983, Harry and Barbara's eldest son, Harry D. Robello nicknamed Didi, took over the family business. Didi, a second generation Waikiki beachboy and a third generation Kahanamoku, states, "Waikiki is in our blood, it's not a part of our family, it is our family." Didi wants visitors who come to Hawaii to "Save the shopping for later and come to the beach first!" Today Aloha Beach Services still offers surfing lessons, Outrigger Canoe rides, and everything else you need for a true Waikiki beach experience, while carrying on the Waikiki Beach Boy aloha. They are located in the heart of Waikiki Beach between the Moana Surfrider Hotel and Duke's Restaurant and have been operating at the same location longer than any other beach service in Waikiki.
This entry was posted in Legends & Icons and tagged Beachboy, Duke Kahanamoku, Father of Modern Surfing, Olympcis, Surfing, Waikiki Beach on April 19, 2013 by admin.
← Eddie Aikau – Legend, Lifeguard, and Young Man Who Dared The Waikiki Beach Boys….A Look Back →


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text:
\section{Introduction}

\begin{figure*}
\centerline{\psfig{figure=fig.eps,height=8cm,width=16cm}}
\caption{
   Light-curves of six Swift GRB afterglows showing a chromatic X-ray break which is not seen in the optical
   at the same time.
   Optical data are shown with open symbols and are fit with a power-law decay (dotted lines).
   X-ray data are shown with filled symbols are fit with a broken power-law (solid lines).
   Optical measurements are from Data are from
   Wo\'zniak \etal (2005), GCNs 3120 (T. Yoshioka), 3124/3140 (D. Sharpov) (050319);
   De Pasquale \etal (2006), Watson \etal (2006), Rykoff \etal (2005) (050401);
   GCNs 3531 \& 3540 (J. Rhoads) (050607);
   Guetta \etal (2006) (050713A);
   GCNs 3739/3745 (K. McGowan), 3744 (E. Pavlenko), 3765 (V. Testa) (050802);
   GCNs 4012 (E. Rykoff), 4015 (P. Jakobsson), 4016 (E. Ofek), 4023 (D. Durig), 4026 (T. Henych),
   4041 (S. Hunsberger), 4046 (S. Covino), 4048 (M. Andreev), 4040 (J. Fynbo), 4095 (W. Li) (050922C).
  }
\end{figure*}

\begin{table*}
 \caption{X-ray and optical properties for the afterglows of Figure 1}
\begin{tabular}{cccccccccccc}
 \hline
   GRB   & $\alpha_{x1}$ & $t_b$ & $\alpha_{x2}$ & $\beta_x$     & Refs. &  $\alpha_o$   & $t_o/t_b$ &       s       &  e  &  b  &  i   \\
         &     (i)       &  (ii) &     (iii)     &     (iv)      &       &     (v)       &    (vi)   &     (vii)     &(vii)& (ix)& (x)  \\
 \hline
  050319 & $0.54\pm0.04$ &  7.5  & $1.14\pm0.20$ & $0.75\pm0.05$ &  (1)  & $0.71\pm0.02$ & 0.006--10 & $2.28\pm0.04$ & 3.8 & 5.4 & -3.6 \\
  050401 & $0.65\pm0.02$ &  1.2  & $1.39\pm0.05$ & $1.00\pm0.13$ & (2,3) & $0.80\pm0.03$ & 0.01--250 & $2.17\pm0.08$ & 5.6 & 5.5 & -1.7 \\
  050607 & $0.61\pm0.11$ &  3.3  & $1.12\pm0.07$ & $1.15\pm0.11$ &  (4)  & $0.41\pm0.10$ & 0.05--7   & $1.87\pm0.08$ & 3.6 & 4.5 &  0.0 \\
  050713A& $1.02\pm0.07$ &  4.4  & $1.45\pm0.06$ & $1.07\pm0.04$ &  (5)  & $0.68\pm0.05$ & 0.008--4  & $2.06\pm0.04$ & 1.9 & 5.8 & -1.4 \\
  050802 & $0.64\pm0.10$ &  1.7  & $1.66\pm0.06$ & $0.91\pm0.19$ &  (6)  & $0.82\pm0.03$ & 0.06--20  & $2.24\pm0.13$ & 7.2 & 7.6 & -4.1 \\
  050922C& $0.80\pm0.10$ &  0.3  & $1.19\pm0.02$ & $1.10\pm0.09$ &  (6)  & $0.71\pm0.05$ & 0.1--10   & $2.06\pm0.06$ & 2.4 & 4.2 & -0.3 \\
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{minipage}{180mm}
 (i) pre-break X-ray decay index; (ii) epoch of X-ray light-curve break, in hours; (iii) post-break X-ray decay index;
 (iv) slope of X-ray spectrum; (v) optical decay index (same before and after $t_b$); (vi) time-range of optical power-law decay relative
 to the X-ray break epoch; (vii)--(x) parameters for the medium structure (equation \ref{n}) and evolution of blast-wave energy \&
 microphysical parameters (equation \ref{expo}).
 References for (i)--(iv): (1) Cusumano \etal (2006), (2) Watson \etal (2006), (3) De Pasquale \etal (2006), (4) Nousek \etal (2006),
  (5) Morris \etal (2006), (6) O'Brien \etal (2006).
\end{minipage}
\end{table*}

 The standard blast-wave model for GRB afterglows (\eg M\'esz\'aros \& Rees 1997), where the afterglow
emission arises from the external shock which dissipates GRB ejecta kinetic energy, energizes the
circumburst medium, accelerates relativistic electrons and generates magnetic fields, producing
synchrotron emission, has been largely confirmed by the numerous X-ray, optical, and radio afterglows
discovered so far. Their light-curves exhibited a power-law decay, as expected from the power-law
decay of the shock Lorentz factor with observer time and the power-law distribution with energy of
shock-accelerated electrons (together, these two properties lead to synchrotron spectrum characteristics
with a power-law temporal evolution). In general, the optical and X-ray light-curve decay indices were
found consistent with the slope of the afterglow spectrum (\eg Wijers, Rees \& M\'esz\'aros 1997).

 Further testing of the standard blast-wave model can be done by comparing the light-curve decays at
different wavelengths. For instance, the light-curve breaks (\ie steepening of power-law decay) arising
from the dynamics or the collimation of the GRB outflow (Rhoads 1999) should be achromatic, occurring
simultaneously at all frequencies. The lack of a sufficiently extended X-ray monitoring of pre-Swift
afterglows prevented us to test if the breaks observed in the optical light-curves of many GRB afterglows
were achromatic, with the possible exceptions of GRBs 010222 and 030329. For the former, a single 10 day
X-ray measurement (in't Zand \etal 2001) indicates the existence of a break in the X-ray light-curve
at $\simg 2$ days, which could have been simultaneous with the gradual optical break. For the latter,
a break in the X-ray light-curve at 0.5 day (Tiengo \etal 2003) is accompanied by a steepening of the
optical light-curve decay (Lipkin \etal 2004), however the variability of the optical emission makes
a jet-break identification difficult.

 In the last year, the Swift satellite has monitored the X-ray emission of dozens of afterglows, and
has shown that, after a rather shallow decay, the X-ray light-curves exhibit a steepening at about
1--4 hours after the burst. Because of their dimness, only a small fraction of these afterglows were followed
in the optical. The only cases so far for an X-ray light-curve break possibly accompanied by an optical
steepening are the GRB afterglows 050525A (Blustin \etal 2006) and 050801 (Rykoff \etal 2006).
The X-ray light-curve of the former appears more complex than just a broken power, with an uncertain
break time, while the optical emission shows a brightening (Klotz \etal 2005) around the epoch of the
X-ray break. The optical and X-ray breaks of the latter occur much earlier than for other afterglows,
at only 4--5 minutes after the burst.

 Surprisingly, as shown in Figure 1, the optical light-curves of other GRB afterglows do not exhibit a
steepening at the epoch of the X-ray break. Summarizing their temporal properties, the X-ray light-curves
decays steepen from $F_x \propto t^{-0.8\pm0.2}$ to $F_x \propto t^{-1.4\pm0.2}$ at $t_b = 1-4$ hours,
however the optical light-curves, which start 1--2 decades before $t_b$, maintain a $F_o \propto
t^{-0.6\pm0.2}$ decay after $t_b$. The evidence for the X-ray break chromaticity is weak for GRBs 050607
and 050713A (lower panel of Figure 1), for which there is only one post-break optical measurement
(possibly contaminated by the host galaxy emission) but is rather compelling for GRBs 050401, 050802
and 050922C (upper panel of Figure 1). In particular, no optical light-curve break is seen for the GRB
afterglow 050401 for 2.5 decades in time after $t_b$ (Watson \etal 2006). Only the optical emission of
the GRB afterglow 0509022C exhibits a steepening, but at $10\,t_b$.

 The purpose of this article is to investigate the conditions required for the external shock to produce
such a chromatic X-ray light-curve break. The afterglow emission is described by
\begin{equation}
 F_\nu (t) \propto \nu^{-\beta} t^{-\alpha}
\end{equation}
as expected in the standard blast-wave model for GRB afterglows (\eg Paczy\'nski \& Rhoads 1993,
M\'esz\'aros \& Rees 1997, Sari, Narayan \& Piran 1998), with "o" and "x" for the subscript "$\nu$"
designating optical and X-ray quantities, respectively. Additionally, the pre- and post-break X-ray
light-curve decay indices are denoted by $\alpha_{x1}$ and $\alpha_{x2}$.

\section{Model interpretation}

 The lack of an optical light-curve break contemporaneous with that seen in the X-ray shows that
the X-ray light-curve breaks do not arise from the outflow collimation (a jet) or angular structure
(where the ejecta kinetic energy is a function of direction). For this reason, we consider only
the case of an uniform outflow which is sufficiently relativistic that its boundaries are not yet
visible to the observer.

\subsection{Cooling frequency crossing the X-ray}

 The possibility that the X-ray light-curve break is caused by the passage of a spectral break through
the X-rays is largely excluded by the lack of a significant spectral evolution (Cusumano \etal 2006,
De Pasquale \etal 2006, Nousek \etal 2006, Morris \etal 2006), a fact also pointed out by Fan \& Piran
(2006) for the X-ray afterglows 050319 and 050401. In contrast, if the cooling break frequency, $\nu_c$,
(which is the frequency at which radiate the electrons whose cooling timescale is equal to the dynamical
timescale) had crossed the X-ray band, then the X-ray continuum should have softened by $\Delta \beta_x =
0.5$ for a homogeneous circumburst medium (for which $\nu_c \propto t^{-1/2}$) or hardened by $\Delta
\beta_x = -0.5$ for a wind-like medium (for which $\nu_c \propto t^{1/2}$).

 Should the above spectral evolution be measured across $t_b$ in other X-ray afterglows, the passage of
$\nu_c$ through X-ray domain would lead to a break of the X-ray light-curve with the following properties:
\begin{equation}
 ({\rm homogeneous\; medium})\quad  \alpha_{x1} = \alpha_o \;, \alpha_{x2} = \alpha_o + 1/4
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
 ({\rm wind\; medium})\quad  \alpha_{x1} = \alpha_o - 1/4 \;, \alpha_{x2} = \alpha_o
\end{equation}
if the electron radiative cooling is synchrotron-dominated (\ie Compton parameter $Y<1$). In this case,
the magnitude of the X-ray light-curve break is $\Delta \alpha_x \equiv \alpha_{x2} - \alpha_{x1} = 1/4$,
\ie smaller than that observed for most (if not all) Swift afterglows.

 If inverse-Compton scattering dominated the electron cooling ($Y>1$) then, for a homogeneous medium,
the cooling frequency would decrease more slowly or can even increase, which leads to an even smaller
X-ray break magnitude: $\Delta \alpha_x < 1/4$ (Panaitescu \& Kumar 2001).
A stronger X-ray break is produced by a wind-like medium, where an inverse-Compton dominated electron
cooling accelerates the increase in time of $\nu_c$, leading to $1/4 < \Delta \alpha_x \leq 5/4$
(Panaitescu \& Kumar 2001). However, in this case, the optical and post-break X-ray decay indices should
be equal ($\alpha_{x2} = \alpha_o$), in contradiction with what is observed for all afterglows in Table 1.

 Therefore, the passage of the cooling frequency through the X-ray as a reason for the X-ray light-curve
breaks shown in Figure 1 is incompatible not only with the lack of a X-ray spectral evolution but also
with the measured optical and X-ray decay indices.

\subsection{Synchrotron emission in the X-ray}

 In a model where both the optical and X-ray emissions arise from the same afterglow synchrotron component,
the optical and X-ray light-curves can have different behaviours if the cooling frequency lies between the
optical and X-ray. Then one can determine its evolution from the optical and X-ray decay indices.
In the external shock model, the optical and X-ray afterglow fluxes are related by
\begin{equation}
  F_x = F_o \left( \frac{\nu_o}{\nu_c} \right)^{\beta_o}
            \left( \frac{\nu_c}{\nu_x} \right)^{\beta_x} \;.
\label{fxfo}
\end{equation}
It follows that $\nu_c$ must have the following evolution
\begin{equation}
 \frac{d\ln \nu_c}{d\ln t} = \frac{\alpha_o - \alpha_x}{\beta_x -\beta_o}  =
            2 (\alpha_o - \alpha_x)
\label{nub}
\end{equation}
where $\beta_x = \beta_o + 1/2$ (for $\nu_o < \nu_c < \nu_x$) was used.

 For the afterglows of Table 1, $\alpha_{x2} -\alpha_o \in (0.4,0.9)$, implying a post-break decrease of the
cooling frequency, $\nu_c \propto t^{-1.3\pm0.5}$, which is much faster than that expected in the standard
forward shock model. In this model, for constant microphysical parameters and no energy injection in the
blast-wave, the steepest decrease is obtained for a homogeneous medium and synchrotron-dominated electron
cooling: $\nu_c \propto t^{-1/2}$. Energy injection in the forward shock by means of some GRB ejecta
catching-up with it leads to a faster decrease of $\nu_c$ but cannot by itself produce a chromatic X-ray
light-curve break because it alters the afterglow flux below the cooling frequency as well. Instead, the
fast decrease of $\nu_c$ suggests that the fraction of the post-shock energy in magnetic fields, $\epsilon_B$,
is evolving. Because the afterglow emission also depends on the fraction $\epsilon_i$ of the post-shock
energy that is imparted to electrons, we also allow it to be time-dependent.

 Given that the afterglow light-curves are power-laws in observer time, evolution of the microphysical
parameters and blast-wave kinetic energy $E$ (allowing for energy injection) must also be power-laws in $t$.
The latter implies that the blast-wave Lorentz factor $\Gamma$ is also a power-law in time, hence $E$,
$\epsilon_B$, and $\epsilon_i$ must evolve as power-laws of $\Gamma$:
\begin{equation}
 E (> \Gamma) \propto \Gamma^{-e} \;,\;\;  \epsilon_B \propto \Gamma^{-b} \;,\;\; \epsilon_i \propto \Gamma^{-i}
\label{expo}
\end{equation}
where $E(>\Gamma)$ denotes the energy of all ejecta with Lorentz factor larger than a given $\Gamma$ which
have caught-up with the forward shock. For a decelerating blast-wave, the increase of its kinetic energy
is equivalent to $e > 0$. We also allow for a power-law stratification of the ambient medium,
\begin{equation}
 n(r) \propto r^{-s}  \quad (s < 3)
\label{n}
\end{equation}
to be determined from the optical and X-ray afterglow properties.
The condition $s < 3$ ensures that the blast-wave is decelerated, for any $e > 0$.

 The synchrotron optical ($\nu_o < \nu_c$) and X-ray ($\nu_c < \nu_x$) light-curves can be inferred from
the decay indices given in Panaitescu \& Kumar (2004) by using
\begin{equation}
 \frac{d\ln \Gamma}{d\ln t} = - \frac{3-s}{e+8-2s}
\label{G}
\end{equation}
which follows from assuming an adiabatic blast-wave, $\Gamma^2 M \propto E$, where $M \propto r^{3-s}$ is the
mass of the swept-up medium, and from the relation between the blast-wave radius and photon arrival time,
$R \propto \Gamma^2 t$. The results are
\begin{equation}
 \alpha_o = \frac{s}{8-2s} + \frac{3p-3}{4} - \frac{3-s}{e+8-2s} \times
\label{aosy}
\end{equation}
\begin{displaymath}
    \quad \quad \quad \left[ \left( \frac{p+3}{4} - \frac{s}{8-2s} \right) e + (p-1)i + \frac{p+1}{4}b \right]
\end{displaymath}
\begin{equation}
 \alpha_x = \frac{3p-2}{4} - \frac{3-s}{e+8-2s} \left[ \frac{p+2}{4} e + (p-1)i + \frac{p-2}{4}b \right]
\label{axsy}
\end{equation}
where $p = 2 \beta_x$ is the exponent of the power-law electron distribution with energy in the forward shock:
\begin{equation}
 \frac{dN}{d\gamma} (\gamma > \gamma_i) \propto \gamma^{-p}
\end{equation}
$\gamma_i$ being the typical (comoving) Lorentz factor of the shock-accelerated electrons.

 We do not consider a scenario where the evolutions of the microphysical parameters change at $t_b$ to yield
an X-ray light-curve break because such a scenario is very contrived: those changes in the evolution of
$\epsilon_i$ and $\epsilon_B$ would have to "conspire" to leave the optical power-law light-curve unaffected.
A more natural scenario is that where the evolution of the microphysical parameters with the blast-wave Lorentz
factor is steady (\ie constant $i$ and $b$ in equation \ref{expo}) and the X-ray light-curve break is caused
by a change in the evolution of $\Gamma$. The latter could be due to $i)$ the blast-wave encountering the
termination shock of the burst progenitor's wind or $ii)$ cessation of energy injection into the blast-wave.

 In the former scenario, the termination shock marks the transition between the freely expanding wind of a
massive star and the homogenized shocked wind. Substituting $s=2$ at $t < t_b$ and $s=0$ at $t > t_b$ in
equation (\ref{axsy}), one can find the parameter $e$ for the energy injection. However, for all the afterglows
listed in Table 1, we obtain an unphysical result: $e < 0$, therefore this scenario does not work.

 In the second scenario, the cessation of energy injection implies a lower cut-off to the Lorentz factor
of the incoming ejecta. From equation (\ref{aosy}) it can be shown that the condition that the optical decay
index remains unchanged when $e(t<t_b) >0$ switches to $e(t>t_b)=0$ leads to
\begin{equation}
  (p-1)i + \frac{p+1}{4}b = 2(p+3) - \frac{s}{2} (p+5) \;.
\label{pibs}
\end{equation}
There is no obvious reason for the evolution of the microphysical parameters with the blast-wave Lorentz factor
to "know" about the structure of the ambient medium, hence this scenario remains contrived. The above condition
also shows why the standard forward shock model with energy injection cannot explain the chromaticity of the
X-ray light-curve break: for $i=b=0$ (\ie constant microphysical parameters), the resulting medium structural
parameter, $s = 4(p+3)/(p+5)$, leads to an optical decay index $\alpha_o = 2\beta_x$ which, for the X-ray
spectral slopes given in Table 1, is much steeper than observed.

 Substituting equation (\ref{pibs}) in (\ref{aosy}), the optical decay index requires a circumburst
medium with
\begin{equation}
   s = 4\; \frac{\alpha_o+3}{p+5} \;.
\label{s}
\label{sbx}
\end{equation}
As shown in Table 1, the optical decay index $\alpha_o$ and X-ray spectral slope $\beta_x$ of the six afterglows
with chromatic X-ray breaks require a circumburst medium with a wind-like stratification. For $s\simeq 2$ and
$p = 2\beta_x \simeq 2.0$, equation (\ref{pibs}), which is the condition for the lack of an optical break,
becomes
\begin{equation}
 \frac{1}{3}\, i + \frac{1}{4}\, b = 1 \;.
\label{ib}
\end{equation}
The energy injection parameter $e$ is determined by the steepening of the X-ray light-curve decay.
From equation (\ref{axsy}), we obtain
\begin{equation}
  e = \frac{(8-2s) (\alpha_{x2} - \alpha_{x1})}{\alpha_{x1} + 2 - 0.25\, s (p+2)} \;.
\label{e}
\end{equation}
Finally, the parameters $i$ and $b$ can be determined from the decays of the optical and post-break X-ray
light-curves.
Transforming to observer time with the aid of equation (\ref{G}), the average evolutions given in Table 1 are
\begin{equation}
 t < t_b \;:\;  \Gamma \propto t^{-0.12\pm0.04} \;,\;
             \epsilon_B \propto t^{0.6\pm0.2}   \;,\; \epsilon_i \propto t^{-0.2\pm0.1}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
 t > t_b \;:\;  \Gamma \propto t^{-0.24\pm0.02} \;,\;
             \epsilon_B \propto t^{1.3\pm0.2}   \;,\; \epsilon_i \propto t^{-0.4\pm0.4}
\end{equation}
and $E \propto t^{0.4\pm0.1}$ before the X-ray break epoch.

\subsection{Inverse-Compton emission in the X-ray}

 If the circumburst medium is sufficiently dense then inverse-Compton (iC) emission can outshine synchrotron
in the X-rays. Alternatively, the synchrotron spectrum could have a cut-off below the X-ray, as the shock-accelerated
electrons may not acquire sufficient energy (Li \& Waxman 2006). We consider here the case where the optical
afterglow is synchrotron emission and the X-ray afterglow arises from inverse-Compton scattering.

 The iC continuum has spectral breaks at the frequencies $\gamma_i^2 \nu_i$ and $\gamma_c^2 \nu_c$, where
$\nu_i$ is the frequency at which the $\gamma_i$-electrons radiate and $\gamma_c$ is the Lorentz factor
of the electrons which cool radiatively on a timescale equal to the dynamical timescale (\ie they radiate
at the cooling frequency $\nu_c$). In the standard model for the forward shock emission (\eg Sari \etal 1998,
Panaitescu \& Kumar 2001), it can be shown that the decay indices of the iC light-curves are:
\begin{equation}
 \alpha_x = \frac{(18-5s)p+c_1(s)}{16-4s} - \frac{3-s}{e+8-2s} \times
\label{ax}
\end{equation}
\begin{displaymath}
 \quad \quad \quad  \left[ \frac{(6-s)p+c_2(s)}{16-4s}\, e + c_3(p)\, i + c_4(p)\, b \right]
\end{displaymath}
where
\begin{equation}
 c_1 = 11s - 22 ,\; c_2 = 14 - 9s ,\; c_3 = 2p-2 ,\; c_4 = \frac{p+1}{4}
\end{equation}
for $\gamma_i^2 \nu_i < \nu_x < \gamma_c^2 \nu_c$ (in which case $p = 2\beta_x+1$) and
\begin{equation}
 c_1 = 6s - 20 ,\; c_2 = 4 - 2s ,\; c_3 = 2p-2 ,\; c_4 = \frac{p-6}{4}
\end{equation}
for $\nu_x > \max\{\gamma_i^2 \nu_i, \gamma_c^2 \nu_c\}$ (in which case $p = 2\beta_x$).
Synchrotron-dominated electron cooling ($Y < 1$) was assumed for the latter expressions of $c_3$ and $c_4$;
if iC dominates ($Y > 1$) then $c_3 = (2p-3)$ and $c_4 = (p-2)b/4$.

 Aside from the above two possible locations of the X-ray domain relative to the iC spectral breaks, the cooling
frequency could be either above or below the optical range (the optical light-curve decay index being given
by equations \ref{aosy} and \ref{axsy}, respectively), which yields four possible combinations to be considered.
Just as for the case where the X-ray afterglow were attributed to synchrotron emission, we obtain an unphysical
solution ($e < 0$) if the X-ray light-curve break is attributed to the blast-wave encountering the wind termination
shock. For the scenario where this break arises from cessation of energy injection, $e > 0$ solutions
exist only for $\nu > \max\{\gamma_i^2 \nu_i, \gamma_c^2 \nu_c\}$ and, for three afterglows, only if the cooling
frequency is higher than optical frequencies (in this case, the lack of an optical light-curve break leads to
equation \ref{pibs}).
The magnitude of the X-ray light-curve break determines the energy injection parameter $e$ and the
result is the same as when the X-ray afterglow was assumed to be synchrotron emission (equation \ref{e}).
However, the evolution of the microphysical parameters with the blast-wave Lorentz are weaker now because the
decay indices of the iC light-curves have a stronger dependence on $\epsilon_i$ and $\epsilon_B$.

\section{Discussion}

 The lack of an optical light-curve break contemporaneous with the steepening of the power-law decay observed
at $1--4$ hours in the X-ray light-curves of several Swift afterglows (Figure 1) is a puzzling new feature.
It does not originate from the outflow collimation (such breaks should be chromatic) nor from the passage of
a spectral break through the X-ray (such light-curve breaks should be accompanied by a spectral evolution).
If the optical and X-ray afterglows are the same synchrotron forward-shock emission then the only possibility
left is that the chromatic X-ray light-curve breaks are caused by the evolution of a spectral break $\nu_b$
located between the optical and X-ray. That evolution could be determined from the optical and X-ray decay
indices and spectral slopes (equation \ref{nub}). However, the optical intrinsic spectral slope may be difficult
to measure because of dust extinction in the host galaxy, as is the case of GRB 050401 (Watson \etal 2006).

 For the GRB afterglow 050401, whose optical emission has been monitored well after the X-ray light-curve
break, the required post-break evolution of $\nu_b$ is barely compatible with the lack of a break in the
optical light-curve until 10 days: in the most favourable situation, where $\nu_b$ was just above the XRT's
0.3 keV threshold at $t_b = 1.2$ hours, the $\nu_b (t>t_b) \propto t^{-1.25}$ required by the post-break
X-ray decay implies that this spectral break should cross the R-band at 8 days.
Over the four decades in time during which the optical afterglow of GRB 050401 exhibits an unbroken
power-law decay, the energy of the electrons radiating in the optical increases by a factor 30, for a
homogeneous circumburst medium (100 for a wind-like medium). Moreover, over four decades in time, the ratio
of the energy of the optical-emitting electrons to that of the peak of the electron distribution increases
by a factor $10^3$. These facts suggest that the spectral break at $\nu_b$ is not associated with a break in
the distribution with energy of the shock-accelerated electrons, as in this case it would be difficult to
understand why $\nu_b$ remains above the optical over a $10^4$-fold increase in time.

 If the spectral break $\nu_b$ is the cooling frequency ($\nu_c$) then its evolution required by the decay
indices listed in Table 1 is $\nu_c (t>t_b) \propto t^{-0.8}$ or faster, exceeding the fastest decay expected
for the cooling frequency in the standard blast-wave model: $\nu_c \propto t^{-1/2}$, for a homogeneous
circumburst medium (for a wind-like medium, $\nu_c$ should increase at least as fast as $t^{1/2}$). This
shows that evolving microphysical parameters for the electron energy and magnetic field are required to
explain the chromatic X-ray light-curve breaks. This feature of the forward shock model was not previously
required by the analysis of the broadband emission of pre-Swift afterglows.

 Attributing the X-ray light-curve break to a sudden change in the evolution of the microphysical parameters
seems ad-hoc and contrived because their evolution would have to be such that a break in the optical light-curve
is not produced. A less contrived scenario is that the microphysical parameters have a steady evolution with
the blast-wave Lorentz factor and that the X-ray light-curve break arises from cessation of energy injection
in the forward shock (as previously proposed by Nousek \etal 2006, Panaitescu \etal 2006, Zhang \etal 2006).
Then the lack of an optical light-curve break simultaneous with that seen in the X-rays requires that the
evolution of the microphysical parameters satisfies equation (\ref{ib}), whether the X-ray emission is
synchrotron or inverse-Compton.

 In this scenario, to accommodate the optical and X-ray properties of the six GRB afterglows considered here
requires that the stratification of the circumburst medium (Table 1) is that of a stellar wind, $n \propto r^{-2}$,
as expected from a massive star progenitor for long GRBs (\eg Woosley 1993).
However, such an ambient medium was not found to be consistent in all cases with the jet-break observed in
optical light-curves. For instance, the sharp optical breaks of GRB afterglows 990510,
000301C and 011211 are better modelled with a homogeneous external medium, whether the break is attributed to
seeing the jet boundary or the bright core of a structured outflow seen off-axis (Panaitescu 2005). In a
wind-like medium, the slower deceleration of the blast-wave leads to a more gradual steepening of the
power-law decay of the afterglow emission (Kumar \& Panaitescu 2000), as was observed in many, but not all,
pre-Swift afterglows with optical light-curve breaks. The identification of one or the other kind of circumburst
medium may have to do with the location of the termination shock of the stellar free wind.
For the innermost locations of this shock (at less than $10^{18}$ cm), the boundary of a narrow jet may become
visible after the jet has crossed the shock and entered the quasi-homogeneous shell of shocked wind, while for
outer locations the jet-break occurs in the free wind region. The lack of a jet-break signature in the six Swift
afterglows analyzed here can be explained if their outflows are not tightly collimated. Furthermore, as discussed
above, the chromaticity of their X-ray light-curve breaks indicates that the afterglow emission occurred in the
freely expanding stellar wind.

 A difficulty with the above model is that there is no evident reason for which evolution of the microphysical
parameters should satisfy equation (\ref{ib}). In the absence of a physical reason for this, an alternative
conclusion would be that, at least in some afterglows, the optical and X-ray emissions arise from different
outflows. However, such a conclusion is not supported by pre-Swift afterglow observations. For example,
the optical and X-ray emissions of the twelve afterglows modelled numerically by Panaitescu (2005) can be
explained with a single outflow. The optical and X-ray continua shown in figures 10 and 11 of Nardini \etal
(2006) also suggest that, in many cases, they could be the same afterglow spectral component, although
such a test is complicated by the likely presence of the cooling break between the optical and X-ray
and by the possible dimming and reddening of the optical emission by dust in the host galaxy.

 Further work, both theoretical and observational, is needed to verify if afterglows such as those discussed
here are indeed weakly collimated outflows interacting with a wind environment and leading to shocks with
evolving microphysical parameters or if the optical and X-ray afterglow emissions are produced by different
regions of the GRB outflow.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
 A.P.'s research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY99-07949.
 D.B. and J.N. acknowledge support by NASA contract NAS5-00136.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Woman Sentenced to Life in Prison in Bizarre Long Beach Kidnapping Plot That Left 3-Week-Old Infant Dead
Posted 3:53 PM, January 5, 2018, by Erika Martin
A 50-year-old woman was sentenced to 25 years to life in state prison after pleading no contest to charges stemming from an elaborate scheme that left a baby girl in Long Beach dead and some of her family members badly injured, prosecutors said Friday.
Eliza Delacruz is seen in a family photo released by authorities on Jan. 3, 2015.
Giseleangelique Rene D'Milian had been charged with one count of first-degree murder in the death of Eliza De La Cruz and two counts of attempted murder of the child's father and uncle, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office said in a news release.
D'Milian had allegedly told her boyfriend who was out of the country she was pregnant when she wasn't, then hatched a plan to kidnap two children to fool into believing she had given birth to twins while he was away, investigators previously told KTLA.
Both she and 32-year-old Anthony Ray McCall were charged with murdering 3-week-old Eliza after she was abducted from her northern Long Beach home on Jan. 3, 2015.
Surveillance Video, Sketches Released in Search for Killers of Long Beach Baby Eliza Delacruz
Her body was found the next day in a dumpster at a strip mall in San Diego County's Imperial Beach. Investigators never disclosed why they believe Eliza ended up dead amid the kidnapping plot.
Surveillance video obtained by Long Beach police allegedly shows someone following the baby and her family on Jan. 3 ahead of the violent kidnapping.
Long Beach police on March 18, 2015, released sketches of a woman and man believed to be involved in the kidnapping and murder of 3-week-old Eliza Delacruz.
D'Milian enlisted McCall, an Oceanside resident, to storm the family's home, officials said. Upon entering, McCall allegedly shot Eliza's father and uncle who were attempting to flee with her.
Five weeks after that incident, McCall is accused of using a baseball bat to beat a young mother whom D'Milian knew in an attempt to abduct the woman's 4-month-old son.
Grandmother 'Grateful' Investigators Made Arrests in Alleged, Bizarre Kidnapping Plot Related to Long Beach Infant's Death
McCall fled the room, however, after hotel employees responded, and the baby was unharmed.
McCall is accused of seven counts in connection with the kidnapping plot: one count each of murder and kidnapping, four counts of attempted murder and one count of attempted kidnapping. His trial is expected to begin on Feb. 13.
A third person, 46-year-old Todd Damon Boudreaux, was also charged in the case and in October 2016 pleaded guilty to being an accessory after the fact. Boudreaux is expected to be sentenced on Jan. 10.
Topics: eliza delacruz, Long Beach, Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office
KTLA 5 News on Instagram
SoCal Man, Daughter Charged With Kidnapping, Raping Las Vegas Woman They Abandoned in Mojave Desert: DA
Man Who Murdered Stepmom in 1986 Is Charged in Stabbing, Strangling Death of Retired El Sereno Doctor
Woman Who Fatally Hit Pedestrian While Texting, Driving in Westlake Pleads No Contest
Man Charged With Murder in Suspected DUI Crash That Killed Family of 3 on Halloween Night in Long Beach
Ex-East L.A. High School Teacher Sentenced to 2 Years for Sexual Assault of Teenage Student
20-Year-Old Pleads Not Guilty in Suspected DUI Crash That Killed Family of 3 on Halloween Night in Long Beach
Police: Long Beach Clerk Who Sold Alcohol to Underage Driver Accused of Killing Family of 3 Is Arrested
Driver Sentenced for 2016 Hit-and-Run Death of Motorcyclist in Pasadena
Former Employee Facing Nearly 4 Years in Prison for Threatening Mass Shooting at Long Beach Hotel: DA
Man Accused of Intentionally Running Over Woman in Long Beach Is Charged With Murder
Bell Gardens Man Sentenced For Beating Wife to Death in Front of Their Child
Teacher Charged in Hit-and-Run That Severely Injured Bicyclist in Silver Lake
Man Convicted in Willowbrook Street-Racing Crash That Left Woman Dead, Her Brother Injured


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text:
Second World War (1939 – 1945)
World Wars Commemoration #CanadaRemembers
Second World War 75th Tribute
Canada remembers D-Day and the Battle of Normandy
Timeline: Canada in the Second World War
Atlantic begins.
Canada officially enters the Second World War
Canadians take part in
Raid on Dieppe
Canadians come ashore in Sicily
Allies come ashore in Normandy on D-Day
Canadians complete Liberation of the Netherlands
V-E Day: Official end of the Second World War in Europe.
V-J Day: Official end of the Second World War
Canada's role in the Second World War
Our country's great efforts in the Second World War involved virtually the whole country whether by serving in the military or by serving on the home front in industry or agriculture. More than one million Canadians and Newfoundlanders served in the military—more than 45,000 gave their lives and another 55,000 were wounded. While the great powers made more significant contributions to the war effort; for a country of only 11 million people Canada's contribution was remarkable. At war's end, Canada had become a significant military power with one of the largest navies in the world, the fourth largest air force and an army of six divisions. Canada had grown significantly through the ordeal of war and assumed new responsibilities as a leading member of the world community.
Timeline - Canada and its military
Battle of the Atlantic Battle of the Scheldt Bomber Command D-Day and the Battle of Normandy Dieppe Raid Italian Campaign Liberation of Belgium Liberation of the Netherlands South-east Asia
Medals and Memorials
Books of Remembrance Canadian Virtual War Memorial Medals and Decorations Second World War Memorials Victoria Cross Recipients
The Honorable Daniel J. MacDonald
Back to "Civvy" Street British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Canada and the Second World War Canadian War Brides Chronology of the Second World War Fact Sheet - Prisoners of War Fact Sheet - Science and Technology in the Second World War La force francophone Uncommon Courage
The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Canada's Industries Gear up for War Canadian Production of War Materials Canadian Youth Growing up in Wartime Civilian Support to the Armed Forces
Service Files of the Second World War - War Dead, 1939-1947
Through a Lens: Dieppe in Photographs and Film
Faces of the Second World War
Canada and the Second World War
Democracy at War: Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War
Canadian Wartime Propaganda: Second World War
Art and War: The Second World War
The Canadian Army, 1939-1945: An Official Historical Summary
War & Conflict: Second World War
Sacrifice, Achievement and Legacy - Trailer
Soldiers on a boat
Something was brewing, we knew there was something brewing but we did not know where. The announcement came over the loudspeaker system.
Veteran talking
"All hands to main deck for briefing." The most solemn time of my life was right there and you know it.
Soldiers on boats
He says, "Our destination is Dieppe. There are a lot of embankments, and so there'll be a lot of climbing. It's not going to be a picnic. But," he says,
"The worst part I have to tell you is that only one out of every four of you people will come back alive."
In this comprehensive video, learn about how Canadians rallied at home and overseas, in the face of the biggest threat the country ever faced. Through archival Second World War footage and Veteran interviews discover the contributions Canadians made in Hong Kong, Dieppe, Italy, Normandy, Holland and in the Far East, as well as in the skies and at sea around the globe.


This entry was posted on Thursday, April 14th, 2011 at 2:14 am	and posted in Uncategorized.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
« Why is every corner drugstore offering cheap flu shots?


Reach out to media two weeks before your event via email. Follow up by email and phone if you don't receive an initial response.
Ask a school staff member or volunteer to take photos to share online or send to press.
Write about the Hour of Code on your website's homepage and in your school newspaper. Post your event details, and pictures of student activities.
Plan an assembly to kick off the Hour of Code.
Organize group activities (like a demonstration of an 'unplugged' programming activity), or show off student-created and led activities.
Computers are everywhere, changing every industry on the planet, but fewer than half of all schools teach computer science. Girls and minorities are severely underrepresented in computer science classes, and in the tech industry. Good news is, we're on our way to change this.


In a galling mix-up for the proud residents of the German capital, Berliners will have to use a phone book for the next year that appears to belong the city's southern rival Munich.
Some 700,000 new Berlin phone books are now available at local post offices, but the image on the cover is a young man with his laptop in front of Munich's city hall, instead of Berlin's famous red brick city hall, known as the Rotes Rathaus.
TVG Verlag worked together with Deutsche Telekom Medien GmbH to produce telephone books for Berlin, Munich and Hamburg. Wenz told the paper that TVG Verlag discovered their error only after the books had gone to print.
"We apologize to all Berliners who are disturbed by this," Wenz told the paper.
The Berlin phone book comes in two volumes, but only the L-Z book bears an image from the wrong city. The A-K volume features a photo of Berlin's main train station.
"Sometimes you can't see the forest for the trees," Wenz told Der Tagesspiegel.
"We concentrated so hard on preventing mistakes on the inside of the books," he said, explaining that up to 30 percent of the information had to be updated.
"But no numbers from Bavaria slipped in there," he joked.