Eseyin, A. E., Steele, P. H., and Pittman Jr., C. U. (2015). "Current trends in the production and applications of torrefied wood/biomass - A review," BioRes. 10(4), 8812-8858.
Trends in the production and applications of torrefied wood/biomass are reviewed in this article. The thermochemical conversion of biomass is a promising technology because biomass is an environmentally friendly fuel that produces substantially lower CO2 emissions compared to fossil fuel. Torrefaction is the thermal treatment of biomass at temperatures from 200 to 300 ˚C in the absence of air or oxygen to liberate water and release volatile organic compounds, primarily through the decomposition of the hemicelluloses. Torrefied biomass has a higher heating value, is more hydrophobic, resists rotting, and has a prolonged storage time. The different torrefaction technologies and reactors are described. An overview of the applications of torrefied biomass, the economic status, and future prospects of torrefaction technology are presented and discussed. Currently, torrefaction demonstration plants have technical problems that have delayed their commercial operation. Torrefaction reactors still require optimization to economically meet end-use requirements and attain product standardization for the market. Several characteristics of torrefaction need to be demonstrated or scaled up for successful commercialization.
Biomass, which can be defined as lignocellulosic material from plants, has been recognized as the fourth largest energy source in the world; it is an important source for both renewable fuels and valuable chemicals (Saxena et al. 2008). A primary use of biomass is for power generation. It can be used directly as solid fuel or processed into gaseous or liquid fuels (Briens et al. 2008). There are many biochemical and thermochemical processes available to convert biomass to different fuels and chemicals.
Biomass is renewable, since new biomass can be grown to replace that used for energy. This growth removes CO2 from the atmosphere, neutralizing the CO2 emission generated when converting biomass to energy. However, several problems and challenges are unavoidably encountered during biomass utilization because of the diversity of its physical and chemical compositions, which depend on the origin of the raw material.
When biomass is used as feedstock for power generation, it often exhibits undesirable properties. Some types of biomass have high ash content, which leads to the agglomeration of the bed material inside the boiler as well as fouling the surface of heat transfer tubes in combustion chambers (Oehman et al. 2005; Pronobis 2006; Romeo and Gareta 2009). Raw biomass generally has low calorific value because of its high moisture and oxygen contents (Pimchuai et al. 2010; Chen and Kuo 2011).
Due to rigidity, mechanical strength, poor flow and fluidization properties, biomass requires high grinding energy. It is also difficult to feed into boilers (van der Stelt et al. 2011; Li et al. 2012; Ohliger et al. 2013). Other challenges to biomass use include the large land surface required to grow it (Higman and van der Burgt 2008) and high costs for collection and transportation (Biagini et al. 2005). After drying, biomass can regain moisture and may rot during storage (Bergman 2013). Biomass is hygroscopic and forms a considerable quantity of soot during combustion.
To enhance biomass utilization efficiency and limit the challenges mentioned above, a torrefaction pretreatment is beneficial (Mosier et al. 2005; Zwart et al. 2006; Acharjee et al. 2011; van der Stelt et al. 2011). Torrefaction technology and its applications have advanced significantly over the last decade (Stamm 1956; Kamdem et al. 2002; Tjeerdsma and Militz 2005; Stanzl-Tschegg et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2011; Phanphanich and Mani 2011; Agar and Wihersaari 2012a; Dhungana et al. 2012; Huang et al. 2012; Syu and Chiueh 2012; Makarov et al. 2013; Becer et al. 2013; Johnston 2013; Wilen et al. 2013; Doassans-Carrere et al. 2014; Halina et al. 2014). However, there are unresolved issues and an incomplete understanding of the scientific process of torrefaction.
This review discusses current trends in the production and applications of torrefied wood/biomass. First, the advantages of wet and dry torrefaction are discussed. Laboratory scale studies on torrefaction including mass and energy balances of wet lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction, torrefied wood/biomass gasification and characterization of torrefaction products as well as torrefaction kinetics are presented. An overview of current torrefaction technologies and reactors, advantages and disadvantages of these technologies then follow. In the fourth part of this review, applications of torrefied wood/biomass are described. These include: gasification, co-firing of torrefied biomass with coal, combined heat and power generation, standalone combustion, production of bio-based fuels and chemicals, heating blast furnaces and industrial applications. The final sections enumerate the economic status and future prospects of torrefaction technology.
The following excellent reviews on biomass torrefaction have been published: (Chew and Doshi 2011; van der Stelt et al. 2011; Koppejan et al. 2012; Batidzirai et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2015).
Torrefaction is the thermal treatment of wood/biomass in the low-temperature range to achieve biomass energy balance optimization, to promote grindability, and to reduce the hygroscopic nature of biomass. This in turn reduces its susceptibility to biological decay (Kamdem et al. 2000; Almeida et al. 2010; Acharjee et al. 2011). The effect that torrefaction has on reducing the grinding energy needed is a primary consideration in many energy-producing applications. These include the co-firing of lignocellulosic materials in pulverized coal-fired power plants and other industrial kilns (e.g. cement, coke and steel industry kilns) (Phanphanich and Mani 2011; Koppejan et al. 2012). In addition to these impacts, irreversible material property changes such as reduction of strength, toughness, and abrasion can occur (Stamm 1956; Kamdem et al. 2002; Tjeerdsma and Militz 2005; Stanzl-Tschegg et al. 2009).
Torrefaction research was performed in France in the 1930s. Then, in the 1980s, the results of torrefaction experiments using two temperatures and two tropical wood samples at 270 to 275 ºC were published (Bourgeois and Doat 1984). This research led to the building of a continuous wood torrefaction plant in 1987. Torrefaction technologies can be divided into either the wet or dry process.
Dry torrefaction is the thermal treatment of wood/biomass at temperatures of 200 to 300 ºC in the absence of air or oxygen. The process results in the liberation of water and volatile organic compounds. This primarily occurs through the de-volatilization of the hemicelluloses. Dehydration and decarboxylation reactions occur during torrefaction. Cellulose and lignin in woody biomass are decomposed at temperatures above 300 ºC (Chouchene et al. 2010). In spite of the fact that 30 wt.% of biomass can be lost during torrefaction, the torrefied product may retain up to 90% of the initial energy content (van der Stelt et al. 2011).
Dry torrefaction technology has been rapidly developed to the stage of market introduction and commercial operation. Several torrefaction installations have recently been built in Europe and North America. Market analyses have predicted that in 2020, torrefaction technology market will be about 130 million tons per year (Walton and Van Bommel 2010).
Once biomass has been torrefied, it has become a distinctly different material that has several advantages and disadvantages when compared to the original biomass. Figure 1 is an overview of an integrated torrefaction plant.
Torrefaction can be used as a pretreatment method prior to fast pyrolysis of biomass to bio-oil. This pretreatment improves the quality of pyrolysis oil by lowering its water content and the proportion of low molecular weight compounds (Meng et al. 2012; Zheng et al. 2012). Torrefaction in general, is an effective method for reducing the water, acid, and oxygen contents of bio-oil when derived from fast pyrolysis of torrefied biomass. Removing oxygen raises the heating value and pH of bio-oil. Torrefaction-aided fast pyrolysis is a stepwise biomass pyrolysis through which the major biomass constituents are more selectively decomposed into a variety of chemicals at each stage. Products from each stage can be less complex and more stable than the products from direct fast pyrolysis, where all biomass constituents are decomposed synchronously at the same temperature (Czernik and Bridgwater 2004; Mohan et al. 2006). Torrefaction is influenced by the biomass chemical properties, treatment temperature, reaction time, and the apparatus used (Prins et al. 2006a; Chen et al. 2011). Meanwhile, the effects of torrefaction severity on the structure of torrefied biomass, its corresponding fast pyrolysis behavior and pyrolysis mechanism are currently not well understood (Zheng et al. 2013).
Wet torrefaction (also referred to as hydrothermal pretreatment), is the treatment of biomass in hydrothermal media or hot water at temperatures between 180 and 260 ºC and pressures up to 4.6 MPa (Yan et al. 2009, 2010; Bach et al. 2013; Runge et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2012). Biomass is immersed in water at these conditions from 5 to 240 min (Lynam et al. 2011), resulting in the formation of solid fuel, aqueous compounds, and gases (Yan et al. 2009; Sasaki et al. 2003; Ando et al. 2000). The resulting solid product contains about 55 to 90% of the original mass and 80 to 95% of the fuel value of the original feedstock. Water soluble compounds, consisting primarily of monosaccharides, furfural derivatives, and organic acids, make up approximately 10% by mass of the by-products. Gaseous products make up the balance (Bobleter 1994; Petersen et al. 2009).
In wet torrefaction, the hemicellulose can be hydrolyzed and completely solubilized into the aqueous phase, while the lignin binding is disrupted. However, cellulose is almost entirely preserved in this solid product. Nonetheless, the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose is enhanced because the cellulose in wet torrefied biomass is now more readily accessible to enzymes. Wet torrefaction is therefore an effective pretreatment technology for enhancing subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose (Yu et al. 2011; Cybulska et al. 2012; Rohowsky et al. 2013). The term autohydrolysis is typically used in this context.
Wet-torrefied biomass has more fixed carbon (proximate analysis) and elemental carbon per unit of dry matter (ultimate analysis) than raw biomass. Thus, a higher weight fraction of biomass is transformed into a fuel with properties that resemble low-rank coal. With reduced equilibrium moisture content, the pretreated solid is more hydrophobic than the original biomass. Wet torrefied biomass can be easily stored to accommodate seasonal availability because it has far less propensity to absorb water, swell, or decompose. Wet-torrefied biomass is also very friable. Since it contains lignin, it can be pelletized for feeding to a thermochemical conversion process (Yan et al. 2009).
Wet torrefaction is similar to hydrothermal carbonization (Goto et al. 2004; Funke and Ziegler 2010; Parshetti et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2013; Hoekman et al. 2014), and it is sometimes discussed under the general term ''hydrothermal conversion'' (Knezevic et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2011; Kruse et al. 2013) or "hydrothermal treatment'' (Karagoez et al. 2004; Nonaka et al. 2011; Murakami et al. 2012). In spite of the fact that wet torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization have sometimes been used interchangeably, there is a significant difference between these terms. Wet torrefaction is primarily used for the production of upgraded solid fuels for energy applications only. In contrast, hydrothermal carbonization is applied to the production of charcoal that has much higher carbon content. This can be used not only as fuel but also as activated carbon, soil enhancers, or fertilizers, etc. Compared to dry torrefaction, (200 to 300 ºC) the reaction temperature used for wet torrefaction is lower (180 to 260 ºC). The pressure used is the saturated water vapor pressure, generated at the temperature applied.
There are differences in the chemical structures of dry and wet torrefied biomass. These differences often give rise to subsequent divergent pyrolysis behavior observed in these two types of pretreated biomass. After wet torrefaction, the wet hydrophobic solid product can be effectively dried mechanically and/or by natural dewatering. These options are attractive and significantly reduce the energy requirements for the post-drying step. Valuable organic compounds such as acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, levulinic acid, phenol, furfural, HMF, and sugars are found in the aqueous phase products of wet torrefaction, accounting for up to approximately 10 wt% of the feedstock (Yan et al. 2010; Hoekman et al. 2011). These water-soluble organic fractions might potentially be separated as valuable by-products to further improve wet torrefaction economics.
The significant reduction in ash content of fuel made by wet biomass torrefaction suggests that the procedure can be employed in the production of "cleaner" biomass solid fuels as well. Regression analyses and numerical prediction showed that wet torrefaction can produce solid fuel with greater heating value, higher energy yield, and better hydrophobicity at much lower processing temperatures and holding times than dry torrefaction (Bach et al. 2013). Wet torrefaction leads to easier pelletization than dry torrefaction because wet torrefied biomass does not require water addition to improve the pelletability and binding capacity (Reza et al. 2012).
The yields and solid fuel quality obtained from wet torrefaction have been reported to be better than those from dry torrefaction. At 200 °C, for example, wet torrefaction of loblolly pine can give mass and energy yields that are as high as 88.7% and 95% respectively, compared to 83.8% and 89.7% respectively, for dry torrefaction at 250 °C with the same holding time (Yan et al. 2009). In addition to the solid fuel, some water, CO2, small amounts of CO, H2, hydrocarbons, and dissolved organic and inorganic compounds are released from biomass during wet torrefaction (Erlach et al. 2012). Another advantage of wet torrefaction is its ability to dissolve and extract inorganic components from solid biomass fuels. In spite of the numerous advantages of wet over dry torrefaction, relatively few studies on wet torrefaction have been reported in the literature, compared to an increasing number of recent studies on dry torrefaction.
Oxidative torrefaction involves the torrefaction of biomass in an oxidative environment. In this process, there is a reduction in operating costs as well as N2 consumption by employing air as the carrier gas. Wang and co-workers (2013) investigated the oxidative torrefaction of biomass residues and densification of torrefied sawdust to pellets. The properties of torrefied sawdust and its pellets, including density, energy consumption for pelletization, higher heating value, and energy yield in oxidative environments were similar to those of the biomass torrefied in inert atmospheres. The use of oxygen-laden combustion flue gases as carrier gases in torrefaction was beneficial, avoiding the need for inert gasses application and additional thermal energy input.
Chen and co-workers (2013) determined the reaction characteristics of biomass torrefaction in inert and oxidative atmospheres at various superficial velocities. The reaction was controlled by heat and mass transfer in biomass torrefied in nitrogen. However, for that torrefied in air, surface oxidation was the dominant mechanism in the torrefaction process. The surface oxidation intensified the internal heat and mass transfer rates when temperature and superficial velocity were raised, resulting in a significant drop in solid and energy yields.
Many studies have examined wood/biomass torrefaction. Mass and energy balances are of significant importance for the economic design and optimization of torrefaction technology. A particularly interesting study was carried out on the wet torrefaction of loblolly pine in the temperature range of 200 to 260 ºC and at saturated vapor pressures of (225 to 680 psi) in a Parr reactor (Yan et al. 2010). Researchers reported that: a) gases accounted for 9 to 20% of the product and the quantity produced rose with increasing temperature, b) temperature also significantly affected mass yields and characteristics of the pretreated solid according to ultimate analyses and fuel-value measurements, c) organic acids were produced and accounted for 2 to 9% of the raw biomass, d) the quantity of precipitates dropped with increased temperature from 14% at 200 ºC to 9% at 260 ºC. The mass balances for wet torrefaction are shown in Table 2 for three temperatures.
a Reactants and products are given per the mass of dry wood. Uncertainty is shown in parentheses.
b Precipitate compositions in the aqueous product stream are summarized in Fig. 2. As the wet torrefaction temperature was raised, the overall quantity of monosaccharides found in the aqueous output stream decreased due to their conversion to 5- hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF).
Fig. 2. Composition of precipitates in the aqueous output stream from loblolly pine wet torrefaction at various temperatures. Each mass fraction is reported as a fraction of the dry biomass feed (Yan et al. 2010).
The enthalpy and heat of reaction of loblolly pine wet torrefaction were also determined. The heat of formation was accurately measured with a calorimetric bomb, while the heat of reaction was determined by the difference of the heats of formation of the products and reactants at each temperature (Yan et al. 2010). The magnitude of the heat of reaction was less than 2% of the heat of combustion for the untreated biomass. The reaction seemed to become less endothermic with an increase in temperature (Table 3).
Table 3. Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction in the Wet Torrefaction of Loblolly aPine (Yan et al. 2010).
a All data were obtained on the basis of 1 g of biomass feedstock. Uncertainty (not further specified in the source work) is shown in parentheses. The errors associated with each variable may play a significant role in determining whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic because the estimated heat of reaction is relatively small (0.25 kJ) compared to the energy in the reactants to the reaction temperatures. It is therefore necessary to conduct uncertainty analysis of the heat of reaction calculations.
An uncertainty analysis was also performed for the heat of reaction estimation. It showed that the effect of temperature on the heat of reaction was not significant (Fig. 3).
The effects of torrefaction on the chemical structures within torrefied wood derived from loblolly pine at different temperatures and times were examined (Ben and Ragauskas 2012). Solid-state cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS)13C, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and carbohydrate analysis were employed. The NMR results showed that the aryl-ether bonds in lignin were cleaved during torrefaction. The methyl carbons in hemicellulose acetyl groups were absent after torrefaction at 250 ºC for 4 h. The torrefied wood had a higher heating value (HHV) that was greater than the original wood feed. The HHV (20.16 MJ kg-1) of wood feed (dried at 75 ºC, 48 h) was far lower than that of the torrefied wood, which was increased by 60% (32.34 MJ kg-1) after torrefaction at 300 ºC for 4 h ( Table 4). This value is higher than for anthracite coal (31.84 MJ kg-1) and Pittsburgh seam coal (31.75 MJ kg-1), and much higher than Converse School-Sub C coal (21.67 MJ kg-1), German Braunkohle lignite (25.10 MJ kg-1), and Northumerland No. 81/2 Sem. Anth. Coal (24.73 MJ kg-1) (Channiwala and Parikh 2002).
With an increased wood torrefaction time from 0.25 to 8 h, at 250 ºC, the mass and energy yields decreased linearly from 94.97% to 64.36% and 99.79% to 79.12%, respectively (Ben and Ragauskas 2012). By contrast, the HHV increased from 21.22 to 24.78 MJ kg-1 (Table 4). The mass yields of torrefied wood samples decreased significantly upon raising the torrefaction temperature from 250 to 300 ºC. Less than 50 wt% of biomass remained after torrefaction at 300 ºC (Ben and Ragauskas 2012). This magnitude is similar to other literature reports (Deng et al. 2009; Pimchuai et al. 2010; Chen and Kuo 2011).
a Mass yield = mass of dried torrefied wood/mass of dried wood × 100%. b Energy densification ratio = HHV of dried torrefied wood/HHV of dried wood. c Energy yield = mass yield × energy densification ratio. d The original loblolly pine wood sample was dried at 75 oC for 48 h before analysis of higher heating value.
Torrefied wood/biomass gasification has been extensively studied, especially the resulting gas composition and heating values. Syngas composition can be influenced by several process parameters including feedstock composition, particle size, and gasification conditions: mainly temperature, steam to biomass ratio, pressure, and gasification reactor design (Gil et al. 1997; Kandiyoti et al. 2006; Higman and van der Burgt 2008; Pereira et al. 2012; El-Emam et al. 2012).
The influence of pressure and biomass feed composition on gasification product yields and composition during fluidized bed O2/steam gasification was investigated (Berrueco et al. 2014). Two different biomass feedstocks: GROT (forest residues) and VW (virgin wood) were gasified. Three different torrefaction levels were applied: raw biomass, lightly torrefied (LT), and significantly torrefied (ST). A laboratory scale pressurized fluidized bed reactor was used. The main observed trend for both biomass feedstocks was that gas yield increased with increased pressure and torrefaction levels. Tar yield increased with the experimental pressure, and this occurred with a decrease in char yield. Also, raising the pressure shifted the gas composition towards higher CH4 and CO2 contents, while H2 and CO levels decreased. VW-derived materials (VW-LT, VW-ST) yielded higher levels of H2and CO and lower levels of CH4 than the corresponding forest residue (grot) feeds. As pressure and torrefaction level increased (more severe conditions), the differences between VW and forest residues became less relevant.
The gasification of wood pellets in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor at various temperatures, pressures and steam to biomass ratios (S/B) was reported (Mayerhofer et al. 2012). High temperatures (750 to 840 ºC) promoted H2 formation, while CH4 and CO2content decreased. Additionally, higher S/B ratios shifted the gas composition to higher H2 and CO2 concentrations and lower CO and CH4 contents in the gas produced. An increase in gasification pressure led to higher CH4 content, due to the enhancement of methanation at high pressures. Raising pressure also resulted in a slight increase in H2 content and lower CO/CO2 ratios.
Torrefied wood and conventional wood gasification were compared (Prins et al. 2006a). Untorrefied willow was compared to torrefied willow at both 250 °C for 30 min and 300 °C for 10 min, respectively. These reaction times excluded the heating times required to go from 200 °C to the reaction temperature at 8.5 min and 17 min, respectively. Torrefaction raised the lower heating value (LHV) of willow from 17.6 to 19.4 and 21.0 MJ/kg, respectively (Table 5).
Air-blown gasification of these untorrefied and torrefied wood feeds were conducted both at 950 ºC in a circulating fluidized bed as well as at 1200 ºC during oxygen-blown gasification of torrefied wood in an entrained flow gasifier. Both gasification processes were run at atmospheric pressure. The overall exergetic efficiency of air-blown gasification of torrefied wood was lower than that of untorrefied wood because the volatiles produced in the torrefaction step were not utilized (Prins et al. 2006a).
The optimum gasification temperature of untorrefied wood is rather low (below 700 oC), and this feed is not an ideal fuel for gasifiers. Untorrefied wood becomes over-oxidized in gasifiers because of its high O/C ratio and moisture content. It also produces low optimum gasification yields, leading to thermodynamic losses. Considering gasification of wood at 950 ºC, there is a considerable amount of over-oxidation, which negatively influences the gasification efficiency. If wood is modified by torrefaction, its composition becomes more favorable so that it is over-oxidized less in the gasifier.
Figure 4 is a CHO illustration of untorrefied and torrefied wood produced at 250 and 300 ºC which was then gasified at 950 ºC (Prins et al. 2006a). The triangular CHO-diagram presents another reason for the increased gasification efficiency of torrefied wood. In this figure, the so-called carbon boundary line is shown at a temperature of 950 ºC. In order to avoid the formation of solid carbon, this line has to be crossed. Excess oxygen is added to achieve complete gasification on the carbon boundary line where a thermodynamic optimum exists. C, H, and O are present in all the gasified products where I, IIa, and IIb represent their mole percentages in gasified untorrefied wood as well as wood, torrefied at 250 and 300 ºC respectively.


text:
From the Base to the Face of the Democratic Party:
Kamala Harris, Black Women & Misogynoir in the 2020 Election
Barbara R. Arnwine is president & founder of the Transformative Justice Coalition, is internationally renowned for contributions on critical justice issues including the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1991 and the 2006 reauthorization of provisions of the Voting Rights Act. Currently, she also serves as Co-Chair and Facilitator of the National Commission for Voter Justice, the Millennial Votes Matters Convenings and the Voting Rights Alliance. She was the head of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law from February 1989 until June 2015 and holds the honorific title of President Emeritus. She also created the legendary Voting Rights "Map of Shame" in 2011, which exposed the new modern wave of voter suppression in the states. Her groundbreaking civil rights and human rights advocacy has been honored with many prestigious awards. She is the radio host of Igniting Change and is a regular presence in the national media, and is often quoted in the press.
Donna Brazile is a veteran Democratic political strategist, adjunct professor, author, syndicated columnist, television political commentator, Vice Chair of Voter Registration and Participation at the Democratic National Committee, and former interim National Chair of the Democratic National Committee as well as the former chair of the DNC's Voting Rights Institute. In August 2009, O, The Oprah Magazine chose Ms. Brazile as one of its 20 "remarkable visionaries" for the magazine's first-ever O Power List. In addition, she was named among the 100 Most Powerful Women by Washingtonian magazine, Top 50 Women in America by Essence magazine, and received the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's highest award for political achievement. She is currently on the board of the National Democratic Institute (NDI), the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, and the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.
State Attorney Kimberly M. Foxx is the first African American woman to lead the Cook County State's Attorney's Office – the second largest prosecutor's office in the country. Kim took office on December 1, 2016, with a vision for transforming the Cook County State's Attorney's Office into a fairer, more forward-thinking agency focused on rebuilding the public trust, promoting transparency, and being proactive in making all communities safe.
As Cook County State's Attorney, Kim has undertaken substantial criminal justice reforms focused on public safety and equity. Additionally, Kim is the first and only prosecutor in the country to make felony case-level data available to the public. The open data portal provides unprecedented access and transparency into the work of a prosecutor's office. Her goal is to make Cook County the most transparent prosecutor's office in the country. Kim served as an Assistant State's Attorney for 12 years and was also a guardian ad litem, where she worked as an attorney advocating for children navigating the child welfare system. Prior to being elected State's Attorney, Kim served as Chief of Staff for the Cook County Board President, where she was the lead architect of the county's criminal justice reform agenda to address racial disparities in the criminal and juvenile justice systems.
Congresswoman Maxine Waters is considered by many to be one of the most powerful women in American politics today. She has gained a reputation as a fearless and outspoken advocate for women, children, people of color and the poor.
Elected in November 2018 to her fifteenth term in the U.S. House of Representatives with more than 70 percent of the vote in the 43rd Congressional District of California, Congresswoman Waters represents a large part of South Los Angeles including the communities of Westchester, Playa Del Rey, and Watts and the unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County comprised of Lennox, West Athens, West Carson, Harbor Gateway and El Camino Village. The 43rd District also includes the diverse cities of Gardena, Hawthorne, Inglewood, Lawndale, Lomita and Torrance.
Congresswoman Waters made history as the first woman and first African American Chair of the House Financial Services Committee. An integral member of Congressional Democratic Leadership, Congresswoman Waters serves as a member of the Steering & Policy Committee and is the Co-Chair of the bipartisan Congressional Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. She is also a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, and member and past chair of the Congressional Black Caucus.
Kirsten West Savali is an executive producer at ESSENCE Magazine, most recently serving as the magazine's senior editor of News & Politics. As both a writer and cultural critic, her commentary explores the intersections of race, social justice, feminism, and politics. She is the recipient of the Vernon Jarrett Medal for Journalistic Excellence which honors exemplary reporting on Black life in America and an NABJ Award for Journalistic Excellence. She was also named to EBONY Magazine's 'Power 100' List, and was awarded a John Jay College of Criminal Justice/Harry Frank Guggenheim Fellowship for her work focusing on criminal justice.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<md-dialog aria-label="Set expiration date for API Key">
  <form name="formExpireSubscriptionProperty" ng-submit="dialogApiKeyExpirationController.save()" novalidate>
    <md-dialog-content layout-padding>

Expire API Key

        <md-datepicker ng-model="expiration.date" md-placeholder="Expiration date"
                       md-min-date="minDate" required></md-datepicker>

        <md-input-container>
          Hour
          <md-select ng-model="expiration.time.hours" required>
            <md-option ng-repeat="hour in hours" value="{{hour}}">
              {{hour}}
            </md-option>
          </md-select>
        </md-input-container>

        <md-input-container>
          Minute
          <md-select ng-model="expiration.time.minutes" required>
            <md-option ng-repeat="minute in minutes" value="{{minute}}">
              {{minute}}
            </md-option>
          </md-select>
        </md-input-container>

        <md-subheader class="md-warn" ng-bind="error"></md-subheader>

    </md-dialog-content>

    <md-dialog-actions layout="row">
      <md-button ng-click="dialogApiKeyExpirationController.hide()" class="md-primary">Cancel</md-button>
      <md-button type="submit" class="md-raised md-primary" ng-disabled="formExpireSubscriptionProperty.$invalid">Expire</md-button>
    </md-dialog-actions>
  </form>
</md-dialog>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
CBP officers fatally shoot U.S. citizen during shootout at U.S.-Mexico border
By Yucatan Times on June 4, 2019
Seven U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers got into a shootout with a U.S. citizen Monday night at the San Ysidro Port of Entry, killing the 23-year-old after he attempted to drive through the port without stopping and then opened fire on officers, authorities said.
It happened around 7:30 p.m. in a secondary inspection area at the San Ysidro border crossing, according to San Diego police and a Customs and Border Protection spokesperson.
According to a preliminary investigation, the alleged gunman was driving a white pickup and refused to stop for Customs and Border Protection officers at the port of entry driver checkpoint, San Diego police homicide Lt. Matt Dobbs said in a statement released early Tuesday.
The man steered the truck through the inspection area until he was forced to stop by a vehicle blocking his exit.
"The suspect began firing a gun out of his vehicle toward the officers, then exited his vehicle and continued firing at the officers," Dobbs said. "The officers returned fire, striking the suspect."
Seven of the federal officers engaged in the shootout, Dobbs said. None was injured by the gunfire.
The suspect died at the scene despite the life-saving medical efforts of federal officers, San Diego firefighters and medics, Dobbs said.
San Diego homicide detectives knew the identity the man who was killed — he was described as a 23-year-old white male U.S. citizen — but his name was not released pending family notifications, Dobbs said.
CLICK HERE FOR FULL ARTICLE ON SAN DIEGO UNION TRIBUNE
Border PatrolCaliforniaSan DiegoSouthern bordertijuanaUSA
Is AMLO promoting a global fight against social media 'censorship'?
According to the New York Post,.


text:
UN condemns Zimbabwe government as opposition leader seeks refuge
The UN Security Council condemned Zimbabwe's government on Monday, saying the political situation there has "made it impossible for a free and fair election to take place."
CBC News · Posted: Jun 23, 2008 6:27 AM ET | Last Updated: June 24, 2008
The United Nations Security Council issued a blunt condemnation of Zimbabwe's government on Monday, saying the political situation in the African country has "made it impossible for a free and fair election to take place."
The 15-member Security Council voted unanimously for the resolution which "condemns the campaign of violence against the political opposition ahead of the second round of presidential elections" this coming Friday.
Scores of opposition activists and other Zimbabweans have been killed.
The U.S., France and some other Western powers tried but failed to include language asserting that Zimbabwean opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai should be considered the legitimate president, until another fair election can be held.
Tsvangirai takes refuge in Dutch Embassy
Earlier in the day, Tsvangirai took refuge in the Dutch Embassy in Harare following a police raid Monday on his party's headquarters, according to a spokesman from the Dutch Foreign Ministry.
Police raided the headquarters of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) and took away dozens of supporters, a party spokesman said.
It was not clear how long Tsvangirai, who has been detained by authorities loyal to President Robert Mugabe numerous times in the past, intended to remain in the embassy building.
"He asked to come and stay because he was concerned about his safety," Dutch Foreign Ministry spokesman Rob Dekker said.
Zimbabwe's police commissioner denied reports that Tsvangirai's safety was in danger.
"Mr. Morgan Tsvangirai is under no threat at all from Zimbabweans and he should cast away these delusions," Augustin Chihuri told a news conference in Harare.
"Zimbabwe is a peaceful country and this will remain so," Chihuri said, adding that neither Tsvangirai nor his party had reported any threats to police, and that police were not seeking the politician.
International criticism of Mugabe and his ruling party has been mounting since the Sunday, when Tsvangirai pulled out of the run-off vote, citing violence and intimidation.
MDC spokesman Nelson Chamis said police took away 60 people in the raid on Monday, many of them women and children who had fled political violence and were seeking refuge at the party's office in the capital, Harare.
Rice urges UN to act
Zimbabwean officials said the election will go ahead as scheduled and questioned Tsvangirai's withdrawal, saying he has yet to submit formal notice.
Tsvangirai won the first round of the presidential election on March 29, but did not secure an outright majority.
Independent human rights groups say 85 people have died and tens of thousands have been forced from their homes ahead of the second round of presidential voting, with most of them opposition supporters.
The government has repeatedly said that the opposition is to blame for the violence.
Tsvangirai complained that he was treated like a "common criminal" during the campaign, with several attempts to tour the country stymied by police at roadblocks.
Tendai Biti, the opposition party's second in command, was arrested within minutes of his return from South Africa last week and is being held on treason charges.
Zimbabwe opposition leader withdraws from run-off election
IN DEPTH: Zimbabwe


I'm a big fan of The Joe Rogan's Experience podcast and videos on YouTube. Recently I watched episode 1120 with Ben Greenfield. In the episode Joe and Ben talked about all sorts of interesting subjects to make a great show but what really caught my attention is when they started talking about hot to cook the best steak! It's absolutely one of mine favorite foods to cook and eat at home anytime. Joe started explaining how he cooks the perfect steak at home and instantly my mouth was watering and I wanted steak. That's where the idea for this video started and the mission began to make his words come to life in a quick video recipe so more people can give this a try at home. There's is a couple of tweaks I made is using a regular 22" charcoal barbecue over a pellet smoker and I couldn't find grass fed butter so normal butter will just have to do.
To sound fancy some might call this a reverse sear but this method of cooking has been done for ages. To get this steak cooked it's pretty easy. Heat the meat low and slow with a kiss of smoke on the BBQ to start at 225* to 250*F For a nice rich flavor I used hickory wood chips to add the smoke. Many other smoking woods will work good too such as oak, maple, alder and mesquite depending on your desired flavor profile. Smoke the steak at 225* to 250*F till the meat reaches a internal temperature of 120*F. Usually once the steak reaches close to 110*F it's a good time to get your hi heat source prepped and ready to sear the steak. When the steak hits 120*F for a internal meat temperature pill the steak off the barbecue and wrap tightly with aluminum foil and place in a insulated cooler to retain heat and continuing to raise the internal meat temperature. With the heat fired up place a cast iron pan over the heat and get it to a medium high heat. Add 1/4 cup of butter and sear the steak for 1:30 minutes per side to produce a beautiful sear on both sides. Remove the steak and wrap it again tightly in aluminum foil and place it back in the cooler to rest for 10 minutes and then it's ready to serve. Let me say that this is absolutely delicious and I hope more people give this a try.


text:
#ifndef __XMPP_SERVER_H__
#define __XMPP_SERVER_H__

#include <boost/asio/ip/tcp.hpp>
#include <boost/ptr_container/ptr_map.hpp>
#include <boost/scoped_ptr.hpp>
#include "base/lifetime.h"
#include "io/tcp_server.h"
#include "base/queue_task.h"
#include "xmpp/xmpp_session.h"
#include "xmpp/xmpp_config.h"
#include "xmpp/xmpp_channel_mux.h"

class TcpSession;
class XmppConnection;
class LifetimeActor;
class LifetimeManager;

// Class to represent Xmpp Server
class XmppServer : public TcpServer {
public:
    XmppServer(EventManager *evm, const std::string &server_addr);
    explicit XmppServer(EventManager *evm);
    virtual ~XmppServer();
    virtual bool IsPeerCloseGraceful();

    typedef boost::function<void(XmppChannelMux *, xmps::PeerState)> ConnectionEventCb;
    void RegisterConnectionEvent(xmps::PeerId, ConnectionEventCb);
    void UnRegisterConnectionEvent(xmps::PeerId);
    void NotifyConnectionEvent(XmppChannelMux *, xmps::PeerState);
    size_t ConnectionEventCount() const;

    void Shutdown();
    void SessionShutdown();

    LifetimeManager *lifetime_manager();
    LifetimeActor *deleter();

    virtual TcpSession *CreateSession();
    virtual bool Initialize(short port);
    virtual void Initialize(short port, bool logUVE);
    virtual XmppConnection *FindConnection(const std::string &peer_addr);
    virtual XmppConnection *FindConnectionbyHostName(const std::string hostname);
    virtual void RemoveConnection(XmppConnection *);
    virtual void InsertConnection(XmppConnection *);

    //Clear a connection
    void ClearConnection(XmppConnection *);
    void ClearAllConnections();

    const std::string &ServerAddr() const { return server_addr_; }
    size_t ConnectionsCount() { return connection_map_.size(); }
protected:
    virtual TcpSession *AllocSession(Socket *socket);
    virtual bool AcceptSession(TcpSession *session);

private:
    class DeleteActor;
    friend class XmppStateMachineTest;
    friend class DeleteActor;

    typedef boost::asio::ip::tcp::endpoint endpoint;
    typedef boost::ptr_map<endpoint, XmppConnection> XmppConnectionMap;
    typedef std::map<xmps::PeerId, ConnectionEventCb> ConnectionEventCbMap;

    typedef boost::ptr_container_detail::ref_pair<
                   boost::asio::ip::basic_endpoint<boost::asio::ip::tcp>,
                   XmppConnection *const> XmppConnectionPair;
    bool Compare(const std::string &peer_addr, const XmppConnectionPair &) const;
    XmppConnection *CreateConnection(XmppSession *session);

    XmppConnectionMap connection_map_;
    void *bgp_server_;

    boost::scoped_ptr<LifetimeManager> lifetime_manager_;
    boost::scoped_ptr<DeleteActor> deleter_;

    ConnectionEventCbMap connection_event_map_;
    std::string server_addr_; // xmpp server addr
    bool log_uve_;
    bool DequeueSession(XmppConnection *connection);
    WorkQueue<XmppConnection *> work_queue_;

    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(XmppServer);
};

#endif


text:
Kévin Estre (ur. 28 października 1988 roku w Lyonie) – francuski kierowca wyścigowy.

Kariera
Estre rozpoczął karierę w wyścigach samochodowych w 2006 roku w Formule Renault Campus France, gdzie zdobył tytuł mistrzowski. W późniejszych latach starował głównie w seriach Porsche. W latach 2008-2011 pnął się w górę w klasyfikacji generalnej Francuskiego Pucharu Porsche Carrera. Rozpoczynał od piątej i czwartej pozycji, a później poprzez tytuł wicemistrzowski doszedł do tytułu mistrzowskiego. W Niemieckim Pucharze Porsche Carrera zajął w latach 2011-2012 odpowiednio 6 i 4 lokatę w klasyfikacji generalnej.

W 2010 roku Francuz rozpoczął starty w Porsche Supercup, Gdy w pierwszym sezonie startów był siódmy, w 2012 roku walczył do końca o tytuł mistrza serii, ostatecznie plasując się na drugim miejscu. W 2013 roku startował z ekipą Attempto Racing. Tym razem jednak musiał zadowolić się czwartą pozycją. Za to zdobył tytuł mistrzowski w Niemieckim Pucharze Porsche Carrera. W sezonie 2014 wystąpił w trzech wyścigach rozgrywanych w Wielkiej Brytanii, Niemiec i Włoszech, co zaowocowało zajęciem 17. miejsca w klasyfikacji generalnej z 21 punktami.

Statystyki

† – Estre nie był zaliczany do klasyfikacji.

Bibliografia

Urodzeni w 1988
Ludzie urodzeni w Lyonie
Francuscy kierowcy Porsche Supercup
Francuscy kierowcy Francuskiej Formuły Renault Campus
Francuscy kierowcy Francuskiej Formuły Renault 2.0
Francuscy kierowcy ADAC GT Masters
Francuscy kierowcy NASCAR
Francuscy kierowcy American Le Mans Series
Francuscy kierowcy International GT Open
Francuscy kierowcy Blancpain Endurance Series
Francuscy kierowcy 24h Le Mans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There are a few key qualities travelers look for in an airline when booking travel plans. Dependability is among the most important of them second only, of course, to safety. Every frequent flyer knows there's nothing worse than being stranded in an airport with no clue when, if ever, your plane is getting off the ground. So, it'd behoove you to know which airlines are the most punctual.
FlightGlobal released its 10th annual study of the most on-time airlines in the world this week, giving Delta the top spot for a second year in a row with an 86% punctuality rating. Last year, the airline was the first US-based airline to win the distinction. They've increased their timeliness 0.19% since then, which may not seem like much, but every second counts when it comes to air travel.
Not far behind Delta was Qatar Airways with an impressive 85.88% on-time percentage. The airline was also named the world's most on-time global airline network, factoring in flights by the airline and its affiliates and partners. In third with 85.04% was KLM Royal Dutch Airlines.
The data was collected by analyzing more than 120,000 operated flights per day. Real-time flight status, departure and arrival data from more than 600 global sources was also taken into consideration.
What exactly constitutes timeliness as far as FlightGlobal is concerned? While many travelers might disagree, the site considers a flight on time if the plane arrives at its assigned gate within 15 minutes of the scheduled arrival time. Perhaps because any longer than that, and passengers start to get restless and downright irate.
Seriously, just take a gander through your go-to airline's Twitter mentions one day. You'll see.


Watch online video Aladdin 4th April 2019 Today Episode 165 SAB TV full hd video episode. Indian Channel SABLive serial Aladdin episode 165 by SAB TV today episode. Watch Aladdin 4th April 2019 episode online.


text:
A classe Pauropoda pertence à superclasse Myriapoda, formando o grupo Progoneata (grupo cuja característica que os definem é o fato de serem progoneados, ou seja, apresentam a abertura genital deslocada para a parte anterior do tronco) com Symphyla e Diplopoda e o clado Diagnatha com Diplopoda. A palavra Pauropoda vem da junção dos elementos gregos pauros (=pequenos) e  pod, de podos (=pés), portanto, Pauropoda seria o animal com ''patas pequenas''. São animais terrestres, noturnos, cegos, alguns são corredores ágeis de curta distância.

Apresentam uma cor esbranquiçada ou amarelada, mais escura em algumas espécies. Esses animais são encontrados em todos os continentes, exceto na Antártica. O corpo consiste em cabeça com um par de maxilas e um de mandíbulas (animais dignatos), dois pares de antenas e pseudóculos, com função de sensibilidade à umidade. O tronco é segmentado com 9 a 11 pares de pernas em adultos e pigídio com placa anal. O comprimento do corpo varia entre 0,4 e 2 mm. As aberturas genitais estão entre o segundo par de pernas da área ventral. O pigídio anal consiste em duas partes, uma tergo-dorsal e outra externa-ventral, e a placa anal está localizada sob a parte dorsal do pigídio. O tronco tem tergitos com cinco pares de cerdas longas e tácteis.

Os paurópodos, como os Symphyla, procuram lugares úmidos, vivem em fendas do solo e até mesmo lugares com lixo descartado pelos humanos. Os Pauropoda se alimentam de fungos e substâncias resultantes da decomposição de plantas e animais. A ordem Pauropoda é formada por duas subordens: Hexamerocerata e Tetramerocerata. O primeiro com uma família e um gênero e o segundo com 11 famílias e 45 gêneros.

Evolução, sistemática e filogenia

O grupo Pauropoda é pouco estudado atualmente. Existem 700 espécies descritas em todo o mundo agrupadas em duas ordens: Hexamerocerata e Tetramerocerata, que diferenciam-se primariamente pelo número de segmentos que formam suas antes - a primeira tem antenas formadas por 6 segmentos, e a segunda, por 4 segmentos.

Os Hexamerocerata apresentam seu tronco composto por 12 segmentos, com 12 tergitos e 11 pares de patas. Seu corpo é geralmente branco e sua estrutura proporcionalmente longa e larga. A única família dessa ordem, Millotauropodiae, possui apenas um gênero com poucas espécies.

Os Tetramerocerata, por sua vez, tem seu tronco formado por 4 segmentos, 6 tergitos e de 8 a 10 pares de patas. Seus representantes são geralmente pequenos, de coloração branca ou amarronzada. Muitas de suas espécies apresentam 9 pares de patas na fase adulta. As 8 famílias contidas nessa ordem são:  Amphipauropodidae, Brachypauropodidae, Diplopauropodidae, Eurypauropodidae, Hansenauropodidae, Pauropodidae, Polypauropodidae e Sphaeropauropodidae. A maioria dos gêneros e espécies encontrados pertencem à família Pauropodidae.

Embora não se tenham registros fósseis de Pauropoda anteriores à época do âmbar no Báltico, considera-se que seja um grupo antigo intrinsecamente relacionado aos Diplopoda pelas seguintes evidências: ambos os grupos apresentam 3 peças bucais, suas aberturas genitais encontram-se na parte anterior do corpo e há presença de fase de pupa ao fim do desenvolvimento embrionário. Portanto, é provável que ambos compartilhem um ancestral comum, tratando-se de grupos-irmãos.

Diversidade e distribuição
Os representantes da subordem Hexamerocerata são encontrados nas regiões tropicais, enquanto que os de Tetramerocerata têm distribuição mais ampla, sendo encontrados por quase todo o mundo. É possível que a fauna mundial total de representantes dos Pauropoda apresente em torno de 5000 espécies, sendo que apenas a fauna australiana é pode apresentar, pelo menos, 1000 espécies.

Morfologia

Externa

Os Pauropoda possuem cabeça pequena, em formato triangular, contendo duas antenas birremes. Com exceção da família Eurypauropodidae, a cabeça desses animais é livre, coberta apenas pelo primeiro tergito. Sua superfície é coberta por uma cutícula geralmente lisa, apresentando cerdas de formas e tamanhos variáveis. Lateralmente à cabeça situam-se os pseudóculos, com função exclusivamente sensorial, uma vez que os Pauropoda são cegos.

Sua boca é composta por um par de mandíbulas endognatas, formando uma peça única não segmentada, e um par de maxilas, ambos os conjuntos sem muita força. As antenas dos pauropoda são formadas por 4 (em Tetramerocerata) ou 6 (em Hexamerocerata) segmentos. Posteriormente à cabeça encontra-se uma zona indiferenciada dorsalmente do restante do corpo, chamada collum, onde na sua região ventral encontra-se um par de patas vestigiais, formadas por 1 a 3 segmentos.

O tronco, na maioria dos Pauropoda, é fusiforme ou alargado, podendo ser arredondado nas regiões anterior e posterior. Possui 12 segmentos na região dorsal, seguido por um segmento anal ápodo. O número de tergitos varia entre 6, 9 ou 10 para os Tetramerocerata, e 12 para os Hexamerocerata. Em alguns indivíduos, como os da família Sphaeropauropodidae, o primeiro tergito pode se apresentar amplo e convexo, dando ao animal a possibilidade de contrair o corpo para formar uma esfera. Os segmentos que compõem o corpo desses animais agrupam-se de dois em dois a partir do terceiro, formando um diplotergito.

Em Brachyopauropodidae, seus tergitos são bem delimitados e divididos em pequenos escleritos de cutícula grossa. Já em Eurypauropodidae, Sphaeropauropodidae, Antichtopauropodidae e Eirmopauropodidae, a cutícula é áspera e fortemente esclerotizada.

Quanto às patas, os ovos de pauropoda geralmente eclode em larvas com três pares de patas que, no decorrer da anamorfose, definem o número de apêndices que o adulto terá, de acordo com seu grupo, que varia de 8 a 11. As patas apresentam uma inserção lateral, que permite que sejam maiores quando comparadas às que apresentam inserção ventral. Isso faz com que os pauropoda sejam extremamente ágeis.

Interna

Sistema nervoso
O sistema nervoso dos Pauropoda é composto por cérebro e "cadeia nervosa ventral". O cérebro é composto por três pares de gânglios bem diferenciados: o protocérebro, deutocérebro e tritocérebro - esse último é conectado ao gânglio frontal da cadeia simpática. Já a cadeia ventral apresenta-se como um cordão compacto e par. Há ainda um gânglio subesofágico, formado pela união de outros dois pares de gânglios: mandibular e maxilar. No collum encontra-se um único gânglio e cada par de patas possui um par de gânglios correspondente. Não são observadas fusões de pares de gânglios sucessivos, exceto ao final do cordão.

Os pauropoda possuem pêlos sensoriais muito longos, denominados tricobótrios, que se inserem-se lateralmente nos tergitos. Os tricobótrios são os órgãos mecanorreceptores dos pauropoda; apresentam inervação múltipla, o que permite ter sensibilidade direcional e detectar suaves movimentos do ar de, pelo menos, oito direções distintas. Consistem de um bulbo basal que serve como sistema amortecedor. A maioria dos tricobótrios são simples e muito similares entre si, mais ou menos pubescentes.

Nesses animais não são encontrados órgãos fotorreceptores, e a cutícula porosa que recobre os órgãos temporais não é, em nenhuma instância, indício de função olfatória em seu sentido mais amplo.

Sistema esquelético
A estrutura do corpo dos pauropoda, tanto no âmbito muscular quanto no tegumento frágil que o reveste,  está relacionada com a habilidade de se encurtar e alongar, conforme a existência de um alto grau de contração. Além disso, há também a contração que possibilita ao corpo se dobrar, no plano horizontal, promovendo rápida locomoção.

Sistema digestório
O tubo digestivo, de forma primariamente reta, tem início já na boca. Na maioria das espécies, as peças bucais são pouco desenvolvidas. O desenvolvimento só é maior nos Hexamerocerata, com fortes e afiadas mandíbulas que assemelham-se às dos diplopoda. Na cavidade bucal desembocam um par de glândulas salivares. A boca é delimitada anteriormente pelo clipeo-labro ou epifaringe e posteriormente pelas maxilas. Posteriormente, o intestino continua por um tubo reto que percorre praticamente toda a extensão do corpo. O intestino não é muscular e termina no décimo segmento em um reto curto, cuja abertura se situa imediatamente antes da placa anal.

Sistema respiratório
Na maioria dos Pauropoda a troca gasosa se estabelece unicamente através do tegumento fino. Nos Hexamerocerata existem traqueias cujas aberturas se situam na base das patas.

Sistema excretor
Possuem Túbulos de Malpighi grossos, situados em ambos os lados do intestino médio e que desembocam na união deste com o reto. As fezes parecem gotículas em forma líquida, mas se desconhece a taxa de velocidade de produção fecal.

A presença de cristais no epitélio do intestino médio e sua secreção no lúmen indica que aquele pode ser o principal órgão excretor dos pauropoda. Não se conhece a presença de órgãos osmorreguladores especiais.

Sistema reprodutor
Há separação de sexos e são progoneados.Os orifícios genitais se abrem, em ambos os sexos, no segundo par de patas. Já  os quatro testículos testículos são dorsais em relação ao intestino (uma exceção dentre os progoneados). O ovário é ventral em relação ao intestino, como no demais progoneados.

A abertura genital da fêmea, a vulva, é pouco aparente, enquanto o macho apresenta um par de pênis formados por uma região basal  e outra distal, cuja extremidade apresenta uma cerda dura, longa e forte. A forma dos pênis é específica. Não se conhece dimorfismo sexual, ainda que em algumas espécies de Decapauropus tenha se encontrado pequenas diferenças na forma da placa anal e nas cerdas do pigídio.

Reprodução e desenvolvimento embrionário

Em algumas espécies de Pauropodidae, é rara a presença de machos, sugerindo a ocorrência de partenogênese. Parece que esta forma de reprodução é adequada em determinadas zonas em que há dificuldade reprodutiva ou colonização com indivíduos bissexuais. Observou-se ocorrência de tal método no norte da Europa e norte da África.

Quanto à postura, os ovos são depositados isoladamente ou em grupos no solo ou substrato em que vive o animal. São geralmente esféricos, esbranquiçados e de diâmetro entre 0,05 e 0,15mm. Quanto ao desenvolvimento pós-embrionário, os pauropoda apresentam anamorfose. A duração do período pós-embrionário é desconhecida. Na família Pauropodidae, ao fim de duas semanas após a postura, a membrana externa do ovo se rompe e o embrião passa para a fase de pupa; esta fase é estática e dura poucos dias. Seguem-se então quatro estágios larvais. Ao longo desses estágios adicionam-se segmentos e tricobótrios; durante o primeiro estágio, o corpo é composto por apenas sete segmentos e dois pares de tricobótrios.

Comportamento

Alimentação
Verhoeff (1934) encontrou uma espécie de pauropoda se alimentando de dípteros mortos flutuando em uma poça. Harrison (1914) não teve dúvidas de que pauropoda se alimentavam de húmus ao observá-los "vasculhando" em partículas de de solo em que não se distinguia nenhuma partícula de alimento. O autor viu Panropus carolinensis se alimentando do micélio de fungos crescendo em folhas em decomposição.

Limpeza
Outro tipo de comportamento observados entre os Pauropodidae estudados foi o de limpeza de suas antenas e pés. Harrison descreveu vividamente o processo: "Eles gastam grande parte de seu tempo limpando seus apêndices, começando por suas antenas, que são puxadas para baixo pelo movimento vigoroso do primeiro par de patas correspondente e passadas rapidamente para a boca. Prosseguem então para cada par de patas, com o membro sendo sistematicamente lavado da coxa até o tarso.  Essa atitude, de limpar toda a extensão dos membros, é curiosamente coincidente ao processo assumido por gatos domésticos." (JULY, 1944).

Observação
Outro hábito característico comumente observado entre Pauropus carolinensis é aquele em que o animal suporta seu peso corpóreo nos três ou quatro pares de patas posteriores, com a cabeça e porção anterior do corpo elevados para observação. Esse comportamento é de grande ajuda para coletores, uma vez que animais nessa posição elevada são mais detectáveis que os demais presentes na superfície da água.

Locomoção
Os movimentos rítmicos das antenas de pauropoda atraem imediatamente a atenção do observador. Quando o animal está em movimento, as antenas movimentam-se simultaneamente de um lado a outro. Quando em repouso, casa antena começa a trabalhar alternadamente, e no lugar do movimento de lado a outro, uma em seguida da outra lança-se para a frente. Enquanto o animal parece estar se alimentando, as antenas não apresentam movimento.

Podem se deslizar por espaços estreitos e irregulares; os Pauropoda adultos também podem correr rapidamente em corridas curtas com seu corpo rígido; só os indivíduos adultos utilizam um padrão lento de locomoção. Quando se deslocam lentamente o corpo permanece macio e pode dobrar-se em forma de U em todas as direções, pelo menos na maioria das espécies fracamente esclerotizadas.

Cuidado parental
Observou-se cuidado parental por parte da fêmea. Ela guarda seus ovos até eclodirem; após, os filhotes cuidam de si.

Habitat
Registros indicam que os esconderijos favoritos dos pauropoda encontram-se sob rochas, musgo, lodo e acúmulos de matéria orgânica em decomposição em áreas arborizadas onde há umidade suficiente.

Os Pauropoda, assim como os sínfilos (outro grupo de miriápodes de pequeno tamanho), vivem no solo e são encontrados ocupando os mesmos substratos que outros organismos edáficos (Collembola, Diplura, Acari, Protura, etc.), ainda que sua presença seja muito desigual e as populações sejam escassas. A maioria das espécies são muito sensíveis ao ar seco e preferem ambientes úmidos. Porém, a resistência às temperaturas tanto altas como baixas é notável. Algumas espécies podem resistir às baixas temperaturas dos invernos da Sibéria, Alasca  ou Nepal. No hemisfério sul foram coletados em zonas tão quentes como no Sahara argelino.

As espécies que apresentam uma cutícula mais espessa resistem melhor e também as que possuem a capacidade de recolher o corpo formando uma esfera; assim, foram coletadas duas espécies de Decapauropus no deserto de Negev em Israel. Umas espécies dependem mais que outras da temperatura, mas o que parece estar claro é que, em geral, é mais determinante a umidade do solo do que a temperatura na distribuição vertical destes miriápodes. Seu pequeno tamanho permite que penetrem nas camadas mais profundas, chegando a serem coletados de 1,5 a 3,1 m.

Interações ecológicas

Os paurópodes apresentam algumas interações como, por exemplo  com a soja onde participam da microfauna composta por outros artrópodes como tardígrados e centopeias, que desempenha papéis importantes na reciclagem dos compostos orgânicos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de cultivares.

Miriápodes


text:
Robin and Steve on Stranger Things Is the Queer-Straight Friendship We Need Right Now
Gabe Bergado
You Can Now Own a Tote Bag with Maggie Rogers's Face on It
It's Official: Halle Bailey Will Be Ariel in the Live-Action Little Mermaid
Billie Eilish Took an Ikea Bag and Made it Fashion
The Most Iconic New York City Movie Heroines Ever
These five Big Apple-based characters inspire us in every way.
Elizabeth Kiefer
We already pulled together our favorite small and silver screen moments that feature the streets and skyline of NYC as their backdrop. And while, absolutely, these movies made us fall in love with the city, we've also come to associate particular heroines with the warm fuzzies we have for the Big Apple. From Diane Keaton in Annie Hall to Piper Perabo in Coyote Ugly, these strong female characters drew us toward the city with their spunk and energy—click through to learn a little more about all the NYC screen heroines who made our list!
Did we miss one of your favorite NYC-based movie heroines? Give her a shoutout in the comments below!
Diane Keaton as Annie Hall in Annie Hall
There's something about watching Annie Hall become herself over the course of this movie that we find inspiring (seriously, if you're ever having a mini identity crisis, she is the character who will assure you that everything is going to turn out okay). Diane Keaton is so effortlessly charming in this movie—and easy on the eyes too boot—but it's how she eventually finds her personal independence that makes her heroic in our eyes.
Anne Hathaway as Andy Sachs in The Devil Wears Prada
We cannot believe this movie is almost 10-years-old (and you better believe we'll be throwing it an anniversary party in the next couple of years). This is one we watched over and over again, not just because it was so amazing to see Meryl Streep as scary as she's ever been, but because it was so easy to identify with Hathaway as she struggled to figure out what it meant to be a young woman living and working in New York. We were so proud of her when (spoiler alert!) she said no to compromising herself at the end of the movie and flew back from Paris to pursue her actual dreams. From then on, Andy Sachs was a good reminder to stick to our guns.
Idina Menzel as Maureen Johnson in RENT
If you haven't watched this movie, you definitely should. It's a new classic New York period piece (that period being relatively recent history), and gives a lot of context to the city's class struggles. We loved the Broadway show, but the movie gave it a run for its money—especially when Idina Menzel stepped onscreen. Beyond her powerhouse voice and serious acting chops, she inspired us to stand up for what we believe in and demand to be accepted for exactly who we are. She's headstrong and dedicated, and we just adore her.
Gwyneth Paltrow as Margot Tenenbaum in The Royal Tenenbaums
Girlfriend is maddeningly dysfunctional, but she's also a super talented playwright with some serious fashion sense (our "too-much-eyeliner" days were actually inspired by this character). We also like that, underneath the demure 'tude, she's actually a little bit of a wild child (sort of like early days Gwyneth herself!).
Piper Perabo as Violet Sanford in Coyote Ugly
This might be our very favorite of the bunch. Coyote Ugly is still a bar in the East Village, and once upon a time we stepped inside to compare it to the movie version (yep, it was pretty rough). When Violet heads to pursue her dreams in the big city, she gets a little distracted along the way, and it takes a serious reality check for her to return to her songstress roots. But she never gives up, and when she stumbles she always picks herself back up again.
Keywordsnew york cityannie hallthe devil wears pradarentthe royal tenenbaumscoyote uglynew york
Here Are All Of The Sunglasses You'll Need This Summer
Asia Milia Ware
Dear Virgo, It's Hard to Kiss and Tell When It's Your BFF You're Smooching
Lisa Stardust
Young People in 5 Cities Told Us What Pride Means to Them


Yesterday we had some abnormally gorgeous weather for this time of year. Since it was such a nice day, we decided to go and pick out our christmas tree. We went to this little tree farm not far from the house, because you are allowed to search through the mini forest and cut down the tree of your choice. I'm all about new experiences and making new traditions, so with saw (and camara) in hand we (T, her Mom and I) went trekking through the thicket of trees.
And guess what….It was definitely not as simple as I thought it was going to be! There were hundreds of trees to pick from! And that was only the one section that contained only one species, there were at least three or four other sections of trees! Yowza!
It took us forever to find a tree that we all liked. If it was a good height, it wasn't a good shape. If it was a good shape, it wasn't a good height. Who knew picking a tree could be so challenging. After an hour or so of searching, we finally found one that was good enough to take home (or maybe it wasn't, we were just so tired of walking up and down the steep hill that it looked real good to us). T cut it down and lugged it back to the building where it was measured (7 feet at $6 a foot! Yikes!), bundled, and tied to the top of the truck. Regardless of the price, it was a fun experience.
The tree we finally decided on.
I love it. Make sure you post photos of him all decorated.


text:
Q: vCenter Server: This host currently has no management network redundancy Background
I'm on a new VMWare install consisting of:

*

*1 vCenter Server (containing inventory service, SSO, vCenter server, and web client server)

*2 ESX Servers configured in a HA group

Problem
When a I view the summary for any one of my servers, I receive a notice: "This host currently has no management network redundancy".
This is expected in our scenario and we're okay with it.
Attempted Solutions
As I understand from this article and this discussion, the proper way to remove the error message is to ignore it via setting the "das.ignoreRedundantNetWarning" propery to "true".
I took the following steps:

*

*Logged into vCenter

*Right-clicked on my HA cluster and chose "Edit Settings..."

*Clicked "vSphere HA" section

*Clicked "Advanced Options..."

*Added the "das.ignoreRedundantNetWarning" option with a value of "true".

Question
How do I get this error to go away, and are there any reasons why adding this option may not have worked?
References

*

*Network redundancy message when configuring VMware High Availability in vCenter Server [VMWare KnowledgeBase]

*How remove a notice " has no management network redundant" [VMWare Community]

A: Found it! One additional step is necessary -- the servers must be reconfigured for HA to remove the error message.
To do this, for each serer:

*

*In vSphere Client, click on the server

*Click the Summary tab

*In the "Commands" section, click "Reconfigure for vSphere HA".

After this, the error disappears.
Newbie Note: I wasn't aware of this because initially, after updating any setting within the HA cluster, VMWare showed task, "Reconfigure Cluster", as complete. I mistook this message at first glance to mean that I didn't need to manually reconfigure the host.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Our next featured Song Parody of the Week is something of an internet phenomenon, and was produced by The Hillywood Show three months ago around the time Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 was released.
The parody, a clever remake of Rebecca Black's smash YouTube hit "Friday," roughly follows the plot of the first Deathly Hallows movie, but casts each scene in a rather humorous light.
If you'd like to check them out, The Hillywood Show is known for making parodies for several big fandoms including Vampire Diaries, Lady Gaga, and Twilight.
Next story MuggleCast #240: Join The Weasleys now available!


Distortions vector pack. contains 10 distorted versions of the same image. While I do not require you to credit me when you use these, I would like it if you comment and provide a link to the work you used it in.


This is a placeholder page for Mich Head, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Mich Head.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Mich Head. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Mich Head. We created this page automatically in hopes Mich Head would find it. If you are not Mich Head, but are an alumni of Burnet High School, register on this site for free now.


Pastor Chris Durso from Queens New york spoke at the rendezvous conference on Misfits…where the wild things are. So struck a chord in my heart. I am the misfit that nobody would have imagined would be doing what I am doing today.
Rich Wilkerson Jr. spoke on the "F" word (fear) and said…a dream – if you can calculate it and work it out in your head, then it's not a God given dream! Run towards the uncomfortable and see your best days on the other side of fear not comfort!
Carl Lentz spoke on "that girl is poison" In our attempt to win the world we cannot become the world we are trying to win" …now that will preach! He said "do everything in your power to protect what God has given you!
"be a sower not a savior" sow seeds because you cant save anyone!
"live everything you preach before you preach it…basically don't expect people to invite people to your youth ministry if you don't!
When it comes to loyalty with your pastor shut your mouth and serve Him! Growth is found in serving loyaly! When your pastor is trying to stab you or throw a spear at you then come talk to me…David would not say a word against saul even when he was being hunted like a dog! Be Loyal!
God crossed the cosmos in order to get in a conversation with you! He is the initiator and we are the responders…Christianity is a response…I did not find God he found me! If you have a problem living for Jesus, then you probably have not been initiated properly!
Christianity is not a dogma or a creed it's a person JESUS!
IF the Cross does not move you, then those you lead will not be moved!
This week God has spoke to me in more than one way very clear…at times very loud! You are where you are simply because I put you there! You are who you are because I brought you there! You are about to be what you are about to be because I will lead you there!
It doesn't take a punch in the face to get someone's attention! I am stepping into a new season and so looking forward to all that destiny will bring. 3 short months into this season and God is messing me up and setting me up to see what I have been praying for, for so long! I love what I get to do!
Looking back I am just a misfit that God got a hold of!


Welcome to IndiaMART! With our large pool of easy-to-access Q&As and tutorial videos, find instant solution to all your queries about business on IndiaMART. Whether you are a buyer looking for the right product or a seller wanting to grow your business with us, you'll find help just a few clicks away.


text:
E-mail: jceg@annexpublishing.org
Editorial Board Member - JCEG
Nicholas Tsinoremas
Dr. Tsinoremas is an international leader in computational genomics and bioinformatics with over 20 years of academic and industrial experience. He currently holds faculty appointments in the Departments of Medicine, Computer Science, and Health Informatics at the University of Miami. In addition to the faculty appointments, he is the Founding Director of the Center for Computational Science, which was established to facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations requiring computation. He received his B.A. in Chemistry from the University of Athens, Greece, and his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the University of Leeds, UK.
Dr. Tsinoremas served as Senior Director of Informatics at The Scripps Research Institute- Florida. In the past, he was Director of Computational Genomics and Genomic Discovery at Rosetta/Merck where he directed the project that combined informatics and computational approaches with gene expression profiling and genetics to discover, prioritize, and define drug target genes. Prior to working for Merck/Rosetta, Tsinoremas was the Vice-President of Genomics at DoubleTwist Inc., where he determined the scientific direction of DoubleTwist¹s bioinformatics applications and databases.
Dr. Nicholas Tsinoremas's research interests include Computational science and informatics.
Other Editorial Board Members - JCEG
Wai Yee Chan
Professor of Biomedical Sciences and Director
Hassen Chaabani
Department of Human Genetics & Biological Anthropology
University of Monastir
Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
Department of Life Science
Juro Gregan
Comenius University in Bratislava
Stefan Hiendleder
JS Davies Fellow Epigenetics and Genetics
Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide
Saima Riazuddin
Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery
Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah
Beni-Suef University
Zubair M Ahmed
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery
Eric Huang
Division of Dermatology
Mohamed A Sabry
Biochemistry Department
Arabian Gulf University


text:
Floods happen, and seeing them, in reality, will be no surprise, especially during the wet season.
On the other hand, dreaming of floods can raise the hairs on your neck. Nobody wants to experience this disaster in real life because floods destroy lives and properties.
However, does seeing a flood in the dream indeed spell doom?
When you dream of seeing a flood, it's essential to understand that it's subject to different interpretations. Still, it doesn't mean you'll experience a real-life flood. So don't fret; keep reading as we demystify this fascinating dream.
What Does Dreaming of Flood Mean?
If you dreamt of seeing water or a flood in the dream, it would be hard to get such an image off your head. You don't need to suppress the thought because there's a meaning behind this dream.
To understand the meaning of a flood dream, one has to look at the elements involved.
Usually, when a flood occurs in reality, it results from a rise in water level. The translation of this dream can mean that you're suppressing your feelings. When you do this, there's a possibility that sooner or later, all those emotions will come flooding out.
Dreaming about a flood could also mean that someone or something is agonizing you. It could be that you need to face the problem before it overwhelms you.
Other interpretations of dreams may indicate a change in events or even new beginnings. It could be a message that you need to make essential changes in your life.
For this reason, we've decided to look at flood dream meaning from every possible angle so that you can find the connection to yours.
Flood Dream Interpretations: Spiritual, Cultural, and Religious Meaning
Life has four essential elements: water, earth, fire, and air.
Water signifies rebirth, and the flood relates to emotions. To have a clear picture of what your dream is telling you, we'll look at it from a spiritual, cultural, and religious angle.
Spiritual Meaning of Flood in a Dream
Water is one of the most powerful elements spiritually. It's seen as a part of transporting souls to the other side.
In dreams, however, water has a transforming power. It's perceived as a symbol of rebirth, rejuvenation, and life-bringer.
When water becomes excessive, it has an entirely different meaning. The flood depicts the state of the dreamer's emotions. It may be a sign that you're keeping your emotions at bay.
It may also be that the result of your actions will bring about an uproar of emotions. If you've been keeping these emotions, the dream is a warning to confront them.
Moreover, this dream could mean you no longer have the will or power to control the things in your life. You might feel constrained due to responsibility or a position you currently hold. This implies that your ideas, feelings, and aspirations are fighting hard to break free.
Meaning of Flood Dreams in Different Cultures
People have been dreaming of floods for centuries. As a result, many cultures have their interpretation of these dreams.
Some see it as a sign of destruction, loss, or a bad omen. Others, on the other hand, see flood dreams as bringing new life.
Let's examine what each culture says about these dreams:
The Chinese, for instance, believe in the Gun-Yu, a great flood that occurred around 2200 BCE. They believe that dreaming of a flood is a sign of life after a difficult time.
The Chinese also interpret this type of dream as a sign of the beginning of a troublesome era.
The ancient Chinese believed flood dreams to have an impact on medicine. They saw it as an early sign of kidney, liver, and gallbladder illnesses.
The Hindus see the flood as a sign of impending disaster and tragedy. They believed such dreams warned of adverse effects like misfortune, failure, and destruction.
The presence of a flood in a person's dream means that negative energies surround them. The Hindus say it reminds people to purge themselves of negative thoughts and undergo cleansing.
The dreamer was expected to face the problems in his life with intuition, intelligence, and purity.
Religious Meaning of Flood Dreams
There have also been religious interpretations given to flood dreams, as we'll observe below:
Those with Abrahamic beliefs see the flood as a sign that enemies surround a person. They believe that it indicates that the dreamer is vulnerable to attack from the enemy.
It could mean they could fall prey to vices like diseases, devastation, pain, and other negative attacks. The interpretation could also be that your past behavior will bring inevitable repercussions.
In Islam, dreams of a flood imply a negative sign. They believe it signifies an impending danger and possibly barriers around the dreamer.
Biblical Meaning
The Bible interpretation connects to the story of Noah and the great flood.
Noah saved all the animals known to humanity to help preserve life — the flood was the beginning of new life on earth.
Flood dreams for Christians could mean an escape. It could imply that the dreamer is avoiding his problems instead of facing them.
It has also been interpreted as a spiritual attack from the enemy, resulting in warfare. The Bible believers interpret this dream to mean that the spirit of God will fight against the enemy.
Common Scenarios of Flood Dreams and Their Interpretation
1. Dreaming of A Flash Flood
If you dream of a sudden flood, it could signify deep feelings.
If you're in a relationship, it's possible you might be feeling overwhelmed by your partner. You may feel like your partner is becoming too demanding, which is taking a toll on you.
It's also possible that the flood indicates that your relationship may be rocky. It could mean a one-sided relationship and that you care more than your partner.
2. Dreaming of Being Trapped in Flood
If your dream entials being trapped in a flood, it could mean you're no longer in control of your emotions. You may have suppressed your emotions for so long, and now it's impossible to control those deep feelings.
3. Dreaming of Being Carried Away by A Flood
If you dream of being washed away by the current, you're in an impossible situation. You're likely in a problem that you can't escape. You can't run away, so it's time you decide to face the situation head-on.
Also Read: Dreams About Escaping or Running Away Meaning
4. Dreaming of A Flood with Clean Water
If you dream that the flood has clean water, it means you're going through a cleansing.
This dream possibly means you need to start looking deeper into your life. You should endeavor to make good life choices and form good habits. This cleansing may relate to your career, health, and finances.
Dreaming of a clean water flood may signify a significant change in your life. This dream could also mean you're hoping your problems disappear.
Alternatively, it could be that things would eventually go well for you. Hence, this dream has a positive meaning and will significantly impact your waking life.
5. Dreaming of A Flood with Dirty Water
If your dream about a flood entails one with dirty water, it has an entirely different meaning. This should be cause for concern because dirty water means something impure.
This dream tells you that something in your life is contaminated. This contamination could manifest as a disease or something terrible.
Seeing mud or dirt in a flood isn't a good sign. You need to re-examine your life and look into your relationships. Make sure to remove the things or people causing these negative energies around you.
6. Dreaming of A Flood with Turbid Water
If you dream that the water in question is turbid, you must undergo cleansing. This time, it may signify a sort of spiritual cleaning which will positively affect your life.
7. Dreaming of Seeing a Flood from A Distance
If you're standing at a far distance from the flood or a high place, it's a reflection of your emotions.
This dream could be saying that you're rejecting a part of yourself. That is, you're not ready to let out your ideas.
You shouldn't suppress your feelings or reject them. This dream tells you to accept yourself and identify why you chose to deny those feelings.
8. Dreaming of Heavy Rain Causing a Flood
If you dream of heavy rain and a flood following it, it can mean several things.
It could be that you believe in God to help you cleanse your life. The rainwater from the sky represents the divine powers.
It could also mean that God is protecting you.
Moreover, dreaming of a flood caused by heavy rain could imply that you'll receive abundant blessings.
This dream could mean happier moments and a fulfilled life. It could also be an indication of troublesome times.
9. Dreaming of A Flooded Swimming Pool
Dreaming of a flooded swimming pool doesn't mean your pool is about to get flooded — if you have one. It could be that your emotions have reached their peak.
If you've kept your feelings to yourself for so long, they'll eventually break free. The dream could also mean that you need to relax and enjoy yourself if you've been stressed out.
10. Dreaming of A Flooded House
When you dream of your house flooding, don't fret. However, it should be a cause for concern.
This dream could imply that your feelings are out of control. Note which part of the house flooded — is it the living room, bedroom, or upper rooms? All these show how you feel.
It could also be that you're trying to vent but are suppressing it. Summarily, a dream of a flooded house represents how you feel in different aspects of your life.
11. Dreaming of A Flood Outside a House
Unlike the dream where inside a house is flooded, this flood is outside the house. Your dream is pointing out the changes that are happening around you. It could be scary and overwhelming at the same time.
Dreaming of a flood outside your house may be an expression of how you feel at the moment. Depending on what decisions you're about to make, you may be struggling with lifestyle changes.
This dream also can indicate problems in your waking life. It may be that you're feeling anxious and overwhelmed with your emotional problems.
12. Dreaming About Escaping a Flood
If you find yourself trying to find a way out of a flood in your dreams, it's certainly a good dream. This dream means you're trying to accept your feelings and emotions. It is a sign that you're making an attempt to deal with your emotional problems.
Escaping a flood in the dream is a sign that you should not relent in your efforts. It denotes that even if you've been hurt in the past, you should let it go.
You need to forgive those who hurt you and get rid of all those negative emotions. Ultimately, this dream means you are embracing freedom and surviving.
13. Dreaming of Flooded Streets
Seeing yourself in a dream where the streets are flooded can spell trouble. It could be that you're going to either cry or feel pain, with nobody to help you.
The dream indicates suffering, helplessness or resolve. It may be that you have given hope on a solution instead of finding a way out.
Shower Dream Meaning and Interpretations
Dream About Tsunami: What Does It Mean?
Dream of Earthquake Meaning
End of The World Dream Meaning
Tornado Meaning in Dreams
Flood Dream: FAQs
Does a Flood Dream Mean I'll Experience a Flood in Real Life?
Dreaming of a flood means a lot of things. However, it doesn't mean that a flood is coming.
There are many interpretations of flood dreams. To the dreamer, you need to connect your dream as it represents your waking life.
A flood dream could indicate that you're overwhelmed by your emotions and feelings. It could also signify a change, rebirth, or rejuvenation.
Why Am I Dreaming of A Flood?
Dreaming of a flood could be a message or warning. It's crucial you understand what your dreams are telling you.
They connect to your waking life and can help you find solutions to the problems you're going through. A flood dream isn't necessarily a bad dream; it could be a change in the right direction for you.
Dreaming of a flood isn't a bad omen, as some people think. It could be that you're feeling pain or some other emotions that you've tucked in. Seeing a flood means it's time to take bold steps to express your feelings freely; hence, there's no need to hide or fear, as this will only deter your healing process.
As we've already established, flood dreams could mean several things. Understanding what it means in your life is crucial to deciphering the dream's meaning. On the other hand, ignoring it won't make the dream go away.
You can instead take a bold step to face the issues before you. It may just be a new beginning or chapter for you — a chance to start afresh and make good decisions in your life.
We hope we've helped you connect the dots. When you're dreaming of a flood, don't view it literally. It relates to all your emotions; even if it's a swimming pool, an ocean, or a flooding dam, it may relate to how you feel in your waking life. If you're emotionally free or imprisoned, your dream reveals your waking thoughts and emotions.
Dirty Water Dream Meaning and Interpretation
What Does Dreaming of Demons Mean?
Dream About Getting Shot Meaning: 16 Scenarios
Dreaming of Dead Relatives Meaning


I have been writing articles and doing survival courses for years, and while it is much easier to show the importance of basics in real courses, it is a bit harder to do that in my articles. That's because we as humans tend to look for flashy things. We love quick and interesting facts that will occupy our attention. But you must also prepare for the basics so that you can perform those things during the confusion, panic, and mayhem of SHTF. You must observe your surroundings before anything terrible happens.
Basics are simply that: basic – and because that we often overlook it, or forget it.
For example, an article with news about the latest development in tensions between the US and Iran with all the flaming rhetoric will catch more attention than an article about how to grow tomatoes.
We look for flashy stuff, but the majority of us need to go back to the basics (or at least to refresh them).
Every now and then, I like to remind people about that.
Lists about what to do and what not to do in the form of "10 things to do" or "10 things not to do" or "10 things to have" are not my favorite, because some people tend to think those "10 things" are definitive lists that solve all problems.
But, as we write, it is easy to put it in that way as a concept. You as a reader must understand it is a list that continues, and as long as you understand that you need to constantly refresh your basics.
Big world events usually will happen no matter what you do or think about it. You need to operate in your "small circle" where you actually can change things for real.
You cannot know for sure how your surroundings will change around you when the SHTF, but you can have a pretty educated guess. You just need to be observant.
Observe the people around you, it can be worth a lot to you one day when the SHTF because you might already have information that tells you who your neighbors really are and what they have.
Think a bit outside of the box (like you should always do). Consider how observing things about the people that are close to you could have big significance for you once the SHTF.
Who of your neighbors will be dangerous when SHTF?
How many of them have weapons in their homes?
How many have resources or skills that may be useful (or maybe dangerous) to you?
Do they have addiction problems or "interesting" habits?
Thinking out the box does not mean that you are going to sneak in other folks homes or ask them openly about these things. It means that by observing their activities you'll try to figure out their settings.
In real life, it does not have to be anything sophisticated. For example, if your neighbor has a "Molon Labe" sticker on his bumper it can be used in your planning for the when SHTF.
Think in terms how all of that might be used in your favor or against you once the SHTF.
Resources are everywhere around us today, They are just not ours because we have easier and more practical (or more legal) ways to get resources today. Perhaps you are not noticing those other resources.
Try to think here, too, out of the box and spot those "other" resources today that are gonna be important when SHTF.
Gas tanks in gas stations, water pools or rivers, fruit trees, firewood, plants…and, yes, even shops that are close to you with all the stuff inside.
You may think that something is illegal today, but in terms of very serious SHTF legal and illegal gets very blurred.
When SHTF, those who take longer to adapt to the new rules usually have weakest results.
In a real-life example from my own experience, by the time I realized that the S had hit the fan so hard and seriously, it was too late. I finally realized it was perfectly fine to go to shops or malls and take food (just take it) in order not to be hungry in the middle of a civil war, but by then other people already took most of it.
My period of adapting was a bit too long there.
Now, of course, use common sense. Maybe you are not gonna be in that kind of SHTF. If there is still law some things are simply illegal, but the concept is the same. Look for the change of rules and adapt to it.
"Interesting spots" are something that people who have not gone through a collapse sometimes have problems understanding.
Basically, no matter how well prepared you are you need to stop and think about how new settings are gonna look around you once the SHTF, and how all that is going to change your plans.
To be literal, no matter how many or how good bug-out vehicles you have, or backup means of transport, bikes, airplanes or whatever, if you have river in your surroundings, you'll need to be ready to swim across that river, even if it is not on your first choice of route to your BOL for example.
That river is an interesting (or problematic) spot, and since an SHTF scenario by its definition, is something unexpected, it is a situation where you will need to adapt and probably change plans. You will simply need to acknowledge those "interesting spots" and be prepared for whatever comes.
Another example, if in your surroundings you have a prison, it may look today just like that – a prison, a building with a high fence and guards, nothing really particulary important there. But once the SHTF, I see there are a whole bunch of dangerous people who might be free and out on the street.
Or, if you have an army base or police station near you, during an SHTF time, it is place of huge violent events, and so on and so on.
It does not have to be anything big. It can be simply a bridge near you. Today, it is a bridge, tomorrow when SHTF it is a checkpoint maybe – a huge danger and obstacle for you.
Think about the interesting spots around you.
I have been in situations where I would be awoken in pitch darkness, and I would be forced to eliminate a threat or move away from it in split second.
It is something that rarely can be done in a concious way. It needs time, practice, and the right dose of adrenaline.
You need to practice. Your most important decisions of life and death can happen in split seconds, and only practice will condition you in the direction of perfection.
It is nothing new. It has been used for ages in different kinds of training.
You do not have necessarily practice being awoken in the middle of the night and shooting the right person.
Start with "small" things. For example, practice how fast you can wake in the middle of the night by an alarm. Then, without eletricity in your home, gather all the important items and leave home.
Then check what you forgot. How much time did you need for that? Then work in the direction of perfection.
Later you can throw in some kind of "complication" – for example, you woke up, gathered important items, left the house, and tried to spot the intruder (your friend) inside the house, yard, or similar.
Just throw in more and more obstacles and complications. By doing that you will spot a lot of flaws in your planning, and that is exactly the point of practicing.
Everything is different when you throw in speed and adrenaline, and you can practice that too.
Maybe you will realize that all your planning was good, but everything failed simply because your flashlight was not right at the reach of your hand when you woke up, or you do not know where your glasses are, or you cannot find your shoes in pitch dark because a small dose of adrenaline sent you the wrong way.
You may have a perfectly good rifle or gun, or a good bug out bag, or bug out vehicle, but everything may go to s..t because you simply failed to have clear plan with your family members of what to do (or what not to do, where to gather in house, or hide, or use signs or…) if something happened in the middle of night in pitch dark and confusion.
Do not forget, an SHTF event by its core definition is something unexpected. So you need to practice operating in that condition, in confusion, panic, mayhem.
You need to condition yourself to it.


We purchased our sofas from Browns and they were delivered just last week. We are so pleased with them and even more impressed with the great service we have received. From the time we made our first enquiry right the way through to delivery at home. The care taken with delivery and installing in our lounge was much appreciated. Both Steve and David were absolutely wonderful and we will definitely buy from them again. We have recommended them to our family and friends already. Thank you so much to all the team.
Truly one of the softest, most comfortable Electric 'Lift & Rise' Recliners Sherborne has ever produced.
Generously proportioned, with soft, inviting back design, wonderfully soft arms and ultra comfortable 'chaise' seating.


Find the Best Communities within 20 miles of Palm Desert, CA.
There are 16 assisted living facilities in Palm Desert, CA and 25 assisted living facilities nearby.
From our pool and spa to rose garden and barbecue area, Atria Palm Desert is packed with luxurious details that make living here feel like you're on a resort vacation.
Victoria Falls Home Care II located in Palm Desert, provides seniors with a selection of amenities to encourage an enjoyable senior living experience.
Just 15 minutes east of Palm Springs across from the Palm Desert Shopping Center, Atria Hacienda provides a robust calendar of activities in our elegant senior living community.
Atria Hacienda's staff is concerned with the happiness and we'll being of it'so residents. My Mom now has some good friends that the staff thought were a good fit for her and they were.
Atria is wonderful, but the distance my father had to walk from his room to the dining room was impossible. However, it was a nice community.


text:
Алекса́ндр Но́сов:
 Носов, Александр Алексеевич (род. 1971) — депутат Государственной думы РФ VII созыва.
 Носов, Александр Андреевич (1920—1991) — подполковник авиации, Герой Советского Союза.
 Носов, Александр Иванович (1913—1960) — инженер-полковник, Герой Социалистического Труда.
 Носов, Александр Михайлович (1924—1943) — гвардии младший сержант, Герой Советского Союза.
 Носов, Александр Романович (род. 1995) — российский футболист.


text:
The Federal University of Minas Gerais, in a partnership with Hanban Institute and the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, hosts the Confucius Institute of UFMG since 2013. The IC-UFMG is financed by Hanban/Confucius Institute Headquarters, and develops a wide range of activities which aims at promoting Chinese language and culture, such as:
Chinese language teaching
Chinese language teacher training
Chinese language proficiency exams (HSK) application
Chair of the Confucius Institute Board
Professor Sandra Goulart Almeida – President of the Federal University of Minas Gerais
Vice Chair of the Confucius Institute Board
Vice President for International Relations, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Professor Aziz Tuffi Saliba – Dean of International Affairs of the Federal University of Minas Gerais
Professor Bárbara Malveira Orfanó – Professor at the Faculty of Letters of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Director of IC-UFMG
Professor Yao Linshuang – Professor at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Chinese Director of IC-UFMG
Professor Graciela Inés Ravetti de Gómez – Director of the Faculty of Letters of the Federal University of Minas Gerais
E-mail: icufmg@dri.ufmg.br
For more information about the Confucius Institute of UFMG, click here.