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The Proposed Kent State Movie: Did Howard Means Plagiarize My Book on Kent State?
A year and half ago, when I let Howard Means off the hook for plagiarizing my book, (http://kentstatedevelopments.blogspot.com/), I was inexplicably thinking that he had to have copied my text word to word in order to be guilty of plagiarism. I do not know why I thought that. Perhaps I did not want to believe he was capable of theft . . . or maybe I did not want to make a big issue of it. We are, after all, competitors and anyone who knows anything about the cesspool that May 4 has become would understand that he did not hurt me as much as others have.
In any event, after I was reintroduced to the Chicago Manual of Style, it appears that I was wrong about Means. The Manual's guidelines suggest he did in fact steal from my work without crediting my original reporting.
Section 4.85 of the Manual, which defines what constitutes fair use and what constitutes plagiarism, states:
"With all reuse of others' materials, it is important to identify the original as the source. This not only bolsters the claim of fair use but also helps avoid any accusation of plagiarism. Nothing elaborate is required: a standard footnote will suffice."
Means used no such footnote in passing off my research as if it were his own. Last year, in my blog post of April 6, 2016, I noted that on page 43 of his book Means basically lifted from what I wrote about in the updated e-book edition of Four Dead in Ohio published a year earlier.
In my book (Kindle location 414-450), I cited my sources in reporting that two individuals had finally admitted to being involved in the destruction of the university ROTC building on May 2, 1970. two days before the killings. Before that, no one had ever admitted being responsible for the arson (although I did report in the original hardcover edition of my book (1990) that one of the individuals involved, the late George Walter Harrington, was prominently mentioned in memos sent to and from FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. If you will forgive my footnote fetish, I raised the question as to why Harrington was never indicted, especially since he admitted to the FBI that he played a key intermediary role in the initial attempts to burn ROTC down).
Instead of revealing how he came across this information, Means cited only "an anonymous source" in identifying the second arsonist, Thomas "Aquinas" Miller. I first reported about Miller, citing a report in an unrelated book (Fortney Road) which reported Miller's subsequent involvement in a cult.
Means' claim that he used "an anonymous source" does not withstand the smell test. Journalists typically grant anonymity when they have to protect whistleblowers who might be fired if their identifies were publicly revealed. Kent State, on the other hand, is strictly an historical event.
In this case, both of individuals involved in the arson (Harrington and Miller) have been dead for over 30 and 40 years. There was no compelling reason for anyone to ask for anonymity, or for Means to grant it. Given that I was the first to link Harrington to Miller and write about them together a year before the Means' came out, it strains credulity to believe that Means' "anonymous source" was anything other than my book.
The Chicago Manual makes it clear that an author (Means) cannot take "a free ride on the first author's labor." I also noted in my blog that Means' work as a whole was far less original than his book seemed to suggest. In the final analysis, he did not break any new ground but essentially seconded more than 20 conclusions I reached 26 years earlier.
And what could be more suspicious than the fact that Means pretended my exhaustive research did not exist? Means never once cited my book in his source notes and even excluded it in his selected bibliography. That bibliography, by the way, cites every other other essential book on May 4, 1970. As I wrote last year: "it was almost as if he did not want anyone to compare his book with mine." Means also wrote as if no previous May 4 author came before him.
I am sure Means will come up with some excuse, as if a 70-something-year-old author of over ten books did not know that plagiarism is the most serious journalistic sin a journalist or popular historian can commit.
This issue suddenly became important again after the announcement that producer/director Jay Roach intends to turn Means book, 67 Shots, into a motion picture using the same title as Means. The proposed movie is being packaged by Roach's production company. Other producers include Tina Fey and her composer husband, Jeff Richmond, a graduate of Kent State.
Two More Authors Say There Was Murder at Kent State
Kent State: Death and Dissent in the Long Sixties, Thomas Grace, University of Massachusetts Press, $90 hardcover/$19.95 paperback
Above the Shots: An Oral History of the Kent State Shootings, Craig S. Simpson and Gregory S. Wilson, Kent State University Press, $28.95
67 Shots: Kent State and The End of American Innocence, Howard Means, da Capo Press, $25.99
This spring three new books will revisit the May 4, 1970 shootings at Kent State. Two of these books were written mostly for academic audiences, while the third was written by a professional author.
The first study was written by Thomas Grace, a KSU alumnus who was severely wounded when an Ohio National Guard bullet shattered his left ankle, leaving him with a limp. Grace is now an adjunct professor of history at Erie Community College in College in Buffalo, NY, and the only one of the nine wounded survivors I have never met. I had plenty of opportunity, but had no desire to, after he told a friend "the only way you get justice is to pick up a gun."
It is not clear whether Grace still subscribes to that view, but his heart and mind still belong with sixties militants. His book is mostly an academic history of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and antiwar protest at Kent and throughout the United States, followed by a detailed recounting of the events of 1970, which culminated with the four unnecessary deaths on May 4, 1970. Grace devotes a good 200 pages to this pre-1970 history, but never adequately explains why he joined the SDS. Nor does he try to connect the dots between the behavior of former SDSers (which, as a group, had been officially banned from campus) and the May 2 destruction of the university's ROTC building and the killings on May 4.
In fact, Grace removes himself from the equation so completely that you forget he was an active participant in the protests. The Justice Department concluded that Grace, as well as Canfora, waved a flag and encouraged people to throw rocks at the Guardsmen. Grace was also close friends with Thomas "Aquinas" Miller who was involved in the arson of the ROTC building. Grace does not acknowledge what his friend did, and his portrayal of himself as an innocent bystander in all these events struck me as being disingenuous. As knowledgeable as Grace is about the events of May 4, he seems to holding back on everything he knows. His Kent State is definitely not a tell-all book. One is tempted to call it closer to what the Nixon administration used to call (during the Watergate cover-up) "a limited, modified hang-out."
The second book, the bizarrely titled Above the Shots: An Oral History of the Kent State Shootings, was co-written by Craig S. Simpson, a former archivist at Kent, and Gregory S. Wilson, a history professor at the nearby University of Akron. Although the title makes it sound like these scholars were in an invisible blimp watching the action below, Simpson explains in his introduction what he really meant: "We, as authors and historians, have sought to stay above the din and present a multitude of perspectives, respecting (if not always agreeing with) the views of the narrators."
The narrators in this case are mostly former students and faculty members who shared their recollections with Kent State's Oral History Project organized some 20 years after the fact. The majority of the statements were collected at least ten years after more than 8,000 pages of FBI reports and a 13,000 page trial transcript became available, making the oral history project redundant at best.
The book at least publishes excerpts from some of the better narratives, while intermittently lecturing on the theories of oral history. I would say that I am not a big fan of this Weenie School of History--where historians are too afraid to weigh in on any controversy--but my wife says I should always find something positive to say about other people's hard work. So I will say this: after four and a half decades and half a dozen books published by the Kent State Press, Kent State has finally found two scholars who will at least acknowledge there was a debate.
Mazel tuv, Kent State. 46 years later, you have taken another baby step!
At least Howard Means, the author of the third book, 67 Shots: Kent State and the End of American Innocence, was willing to wade into that debate. His book is the 36th on what is known by shorthand as May 4 (if you count all the children's books, novels, and subdisciplinary scholarly works.)
In telling the story Means, a professional author, relies extensively on the same oral histories as Simpson and Wilson. His book, however, is better written, and he does a better job distilling the collection's few nuggets and molding them in a mostly chronological narrative.
In an attempt to be fair, Means faithfully reports what all sides claimed. His book may not break any new ground, but the book's real significance is that Means is now the sixth of the eight major May 4 authors to agree that the shootings were deliberate. That in itself is a pretty damning statement against the Ohio National Guard.
Finally, there is one issue that casual readers probably would not pick up on, but which actually is emblematic of the often atrocious behavior quietly taking place behind the scenes. Personally, I found it annoying that even though my own book on the shootings (Four Dead in Ohio: Was There a Conspiracy at Kent State?) clearly influenced Means (Means seconded over 20 major conclusions I reached 26 years earlier), Means refused to mention me once. (For that matter, he refused to credit all the other authors for their original reporting and research.) Both casual readers and scholars who check his source notes might jump to the wrong conclusion that everything Means reports in his book originated from Means himself.
Here's an example: on page 43 of his book, when discussing the arson of the university's ROTC building two days before the students were killed, Means reports that two previously unidentified individuals (the both now-deceased Thomas "Aquinas" Miller and George Walter Harrington, the brother of another of Grace's friends), were among those who helped set the university's ROTC building on fire. This information–-specifically, the identities of these two arsonists--did not originate from Means' research. It was actually lifted from the first chapter of the updated e-book version of my book, which was the first book on the killings to identify the arsonists. Despite this, and the almost identical conclusions we both reached--Means never once acknowledged the existence of my book. He even excluded Four Dead in Ohio from his bibliography, while mentioning virtually all the other essential May 4 books. It was almost as if he did not want to anyone to draw comparisons between his book and mine.
Just to be clear, Means does not actually plagiarize anyone; he simply makes all the previous chroniclers of the Kent State tragedy magically disappear.


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Is there really a generation gap?
Written by Allison Jenkins on 31 October 2017 .
The iPhone turned 10 back in June, and this fall Apple released its new iPhone X—supposedly packed full of futuristic features. Those events spawned a flurry of articles listing things that are becoming obsolete because of the smartphone. Landlines. Answering machines. Alarm clocks. Phone books. Camcorders. Point-and-shoot cameras. GPS navigation devices. Digital music players. Calculators. Road maps.
It's true. I use my iPhone for all those purposes and more. In fact, the alarm clock on my nightstand is still blinking from the last power outage. I haven't set it again because my phone's ringtone wakes me every morning. And my outdated Garmin is sitting forlornly somewhere in the garage. My Google Maps app gets me everywhere I need to go.
But I can also remember life before smartphones—and before cell phones at all. That's a mark of my generation, so-called "Gen X," identified as those born between 1965 and 1980. Researching this month's cover story on millennial farmers and attending my 25th high school reunion last month got me thinking about what defines my age group.
Those of us in our late 30s to early 50s are the "in-between" generation, bridging analog and digital. We made calls on rotary phones. Played records and cassette tapes. Watched over-the-air network television. Took photos with film. Used actual encyclopedias to do research. Plotted road trips with maps. Formatted term papers on typewriters. Wrote letters to faraway friends and family.
But we were also among the first to use cell phones and CDs and satellite TV and digital cameras and the internet and GPS and home computers and social media. I believe the knowledge of both worlds gives Gen Xers perspective that generations after us will never have. We appreciate the efficiencies and capabilities that technology has given us, but we also lament what we've lost in the process.
We are perpetually tethered to our mobile devices. People expect to reach us anytime, anywhere. We've become impatient because we're used to instant gratification. Want to know something? Google it. We're overwhelmed with information, TV channels and social media posts. No need to wait for the 6 o'clock news. We find out what's happening on Twitter 140 characters at a time.
Of course, these generational labels assume that people born within the same timeframe can be characterized as a group. I found those assumptions tested as I talked with the millennials featured in this issue. It made me wonder if there really is a generation gap. Yes, today's young farmers are driven and shaped by modern technology, which connects them to the world in ways past generations never dreamed of. They have unprecedented access to new ideas, solutions and opportunities, and they're bringing those innovations to the farm—and their parents and grandparents—at a rapid pace.
For example, the millennial farmers I interviewed don't know a world before biotech seed. They weren't even teenagers when Roundup Ready crops debuted in the 1990s. They may never have to plant, fertilize or spray without GPS guidance. They don't manually estimate crop yields or keep herd records on paper. If they need advice or supplies, their MFA representative is only a text away.
And yet, they are also tremendously traditional, proud to live by the values and work ethic that their families instilled in them. They've taken to heart the hard-learned lessons of their predecessors. None of the millennials I visited with felt "entitled" as their generation has been characterized. They weren't handed the family farm. They went out and built their operations from the ground up, carefully and cautiously, determined to succeed.
And what about the children these farmers are raising? Apparently post-millennial kids are labeled as "Linksters" or "Generation Z." They're the first generation to be linked into technology from Day 1. Linksters will grow up with social media, smartphones and apps. The challenge of this generation's parents is to ensure they also grow up with a sense of respect and responsibility.
So is there a generation gap? In agriculture, I'm not so sure. Sure, technology will continue to change the way these younger generations farm. They will see advances that I and my fellow Gen Xers—much less our parents and grandparents—never could have imagined. But the fundamentals of farming won't change. It's up to us make sure up-and-coming farmers and agricultural leaders understand where we've been in the past so they can make wise decisions about the future.
Created on 31 October 2017 .


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Team Colorado advances to Super 16 of The Tournament
The Buffs alumni looked great in their second round win.
By Sam Metivier Jul 16, 2017, 4:31pm MDT
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Team Colorado is moving on to the Super 16 of The Tournament (TBT). The Buffs alumni beat down the Broad Street Brawlers 111-95 in the second round of the 64-team, $2 million grand prize, winner-take-all tournament.
Team Colorado got off a slow start as they struggled mightily with turnovers and shot selection, evidence that they were physically tired from their first round game against Kimchi Express. After scraping their way to a narrow 51-49 halftime lead, Team Colorado started the second half exhibiting their superiority. Almost immediately after the break, Team Colorado went on a 10-0 and never looked back.
The stars for Team Colorado were once again Marcus Hall and Chris Copeland. When the Team Colorado offense struggled early, Hall was there to carry them with his playmaking and shot-creating. Hall wasn't as important in the second half, but he was still involved in everything and he still knocked down a few shots. He finished with 30 points, 5 assists and 5 rebounds.
Copeland shot poorly in the first half, but he caught fire after halftime. Where Hall carried the offense in the first half, Copeland was there in the second. He scored 31 points on 11 of 18 from the field, including a preposterous 8 of 12 from three. He also picked up 7 rebounds and was the lynchpin of the defense. If Copeland continues to play like this, he has an argument for being the best player in TBT.
The role players were also fantastic again today. Dominique Coleman and Shannin Sharpe won't create their own shots, but they're there to play hard, hit open shots, and do the little things to support the dynamic Hall-Copeland duo. Those two guys combined for 25 points, 11 assists, 8 rebounds and 5 steals, all while setting the tone for the game.
This team is already great and they're only getting better. The team will continue to build chemistry and they should be adding more talent to the roster. Josh Scott has been with the Portland Trail Blazers Summer League team, but he'll join Team Colorado shortly. Richard Roby, the all-time scoring co-leader at CU, is still playing in Venezuela, but he should join soon as well. Xavier Silas, a dominant TBT player the past three summers with City of Gods, could also be on the squad as soon as next round.
Next up for Team Colorado is 4th-seeded Armored Athlete, a team known for their great defense and never-say-die attitude. The Super 16 and Round of 8 will be next weekend in Brooklyn.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Genuine Made In Hawaii "Humuhumunukunukuapua'a" wall hanging sign. The sign is engraved, hand-stained, and hand painted here in Hawaii. This Humuhumunukunukuapuaa is a must for humu fans everywhere!
Took our youngest days to learn to say this popular state fish so we just had to surprise here with this sign for her bedroom and she loves it and runs around saying Humuhumunukunukuapuaa all the time now.


What is the deepest problem with humanity? Besides the mechanistic, scarcity "paradigm(s)" with which we are collectively operating from and, besides the political self interest, cover-ups, etc, I think that the main reason why even most of the ET beings (among an apparent substantial variety) don't seem too interested in unequivocal disclosure is that our human minds inevitably generate conflict due to more psychic attention given to physical-biologically defined primordial instincts. This doesn't mean that there's no solution besides genetic engineering or, perhaps, a higher dimension ascension-promoting vibration taking over the planet (as some channelers have allegedly transmitted from higher sources), for example. This situation doesn't mean that we can't rely up to a point on our own souls, our wills and The Universal Spiritual force to change ourselves. It means that the problem is really DEEP and usually unrecognized, even by most pro-disclosure activists and UFO researchers. It is our own human innate reactions (that may, for instance, manifest as not wanting to know about higher worlds, possibilities and "spiritual evolution" or as becoming simplistically over-enthusiastic if we are open to believe). BOTH are problems of the human mind and naturally arising sentiment attached to a physical-biologically programmed instinct. The physical world tells us that that most anything is not to be trusted and this generates a sense of fear and a need to be selfish or to defend from other genuinely selfish humans or those also acting from a self-defensive attitude.
I'll say that mentally and technologically advanced (perhaps even Multiverse-shifting inter-dimensional) ETs won't risk altering us even further. They won't risk further stranging us from a possibility to reconnect with higher aspects of our natures. I think that "they" have observed us way past beyond our paradigms and those power groups concealing "the truth" from us. They know that the main issue is deeper than these secondary factors and than even what disclosure activists and most advanced integral and-or holistic thinkers normally muster about or suspect. We unavoidably create and re-create unnecessary divisions in many, many painful, life-limiting ways, at personal, local, nationwide, international and inter-species levels and, unless we know why, we'll continue to do so. We do it primarily because, upon being born, we greatly disconnect from a natural knowledge of higher worlds and of the ways they function.
Power and control groups restricting freedom and information out of selfishness, or fear or patriotism are an important effective factor but, ultimately, they also are products of the main problem. These groups are a natural outcome of our innate, earthly human nature, a nature stubbornly more influenced by a pre-verbal, instinctive sense of limitation than of abundance. This may be why during abductions, some varieties of ET elicit our more atavistic emotions and observe us 'eye to eye' closely. They may not only be trying to see or understand our crudest "human emotions" (due to their lack in this area). They may be trying to connect with our hidden, non-physical, higher instincts which still show through in spite of our blockages. This may be why even the apparently spiritual and respectful "space brother" types mostly give us advice, platitudes, warnings and generalities. Probable associations of ET groups and independent groups (either benevolent, needy, atrophied, curious, rogue, too exotic for us to understand and even –perhaps- unkind) may all know that without our pre-verbal connection with instincts related with non physical realities, they'll not be able to relate.
I think that we may need to learn how to connect with non-physical, non-biological, "higher" Subtle body-related instincts to supersede, include and transcend the mindsets and paradigms associated to the more elemental physical-biological instincts. We need to understand our lives in higher bodies and higher worlds. Who we are in relation to non-physical worlds should not be boring, uninteristing or fear-laden.
Without a pre-verbal and deeply felt connection with our higher body instincts we won't be able to take spiritual ethical teachings or the rational (nowadays "ecological") need to respect the natural world and all living beings seriously. We won't be able to "love" or respect our "neighbors" and we won't be able to know ourselves in them, as them.
Thinking other more inclusive, non-mechanistic paradigms may be useful but insufficient. Continuing to develop technological gadgets (however they will change how we physical and social patterns) is insufficient. We need to understand that the origin of the physical worlds and their value is in non-physical worlds and, eventually, in spiritual ones. We need to understand the "cosmic rules" already living in us. We also need to make otherworldly phenomena scientifically understandable to realize that we are part of a much grander Multi Realm Multiverse with multiple Physical and Subtle Realm worlds and interacting sub-worlds. This theoretical "making sense" may help us to become more comfortable with who we are as, up to a point, it would be associated with knowing ourselves and (as Socrates and Plato may have agreed) this is a liberating knowledge which leads to the Good and to genuine happiness.
Advice and holistic or integral paradigms are useful but, in themselves, are not enough without including in a deep, kind feeling (in a deep sense of reality) a recognition that the other worldly already exists in us. It must be a set of realities with which (at this stage in our collective development) we should no more feel distant and therefore in adoration or in rejection by also being so uncomfortable. Being comfortable with the other worldly is crucial; it is key to accepting ourselves, animals, plants, all sentients and, therefore, also thinking-feeling beings from other civilizations…accepting them as equals in spite of their degrees of advancement and intentions. Then respect will promote a sense of natural reciprocity (like in the Inca-Andean "Yanantin" practices) and of equality or brotherhood (like it should be in the Inca-Andean "Masintin" practices). Without accepting that our roots rest in higher worlds (from which even "advanced "ETs equally depend) we'll generate conflict with "them" as we already inescapably do on Planet Earth among us.
Once again, the issue of preparing for contact is deeper than normally thought (even by most forward thinking contactees, researchers and activists). This is so because it includes re-acquiring or, rather, reconnecting with other instincts that inform our minds and sentiments differently. These instincts tell us that reality at its core is quite different. It is not simply a matter of demanding justice to our authorities or of creating a better paradigm as both of these actions may motivate some progress but still generate more conflict. It is not simply a matter of re-acquiring a sense of spiritual sovereignty and that "we can create our own reality." It is not a matter of being a good Christian or Buddhist or Muslim or Indian or of surrendering to a "Higher Power", if we block out a natural sense of how this "Higher Power" has manifested higher worlds wihin a creative order calling upon us. Without deeply feeling the influence of other more inclusive, spiritually favorable instincts connected to higher non-physical realms, we won't be able to live up to the expectations and standards set by the most reasonable philosophy, however true it may be; we can't be sufficiently peaceful and kind to all sentients even if possessign a deeply religious, pious and, even, broadly compassionate sense; we can't genuinely live in a "Heaven on Earth" if we are sincere new agers. We won't be able to do it without unendingly finding or creating good or bogus reasons to have more conflicts in relation with each other.
The only solution I see is connecting with the normally unrecognized instincts associated with the subtler bodies, bodies which we already inhabit and which operate under different laws closer to the expression of universal principles. Otherwise, we'll just generate and regenerate all kinds of enmity, dichotomic divisions, conflict, pain, further cycles of cruelty and abuse and unfulfilled, unrealistic expectations. The instincts giving us our sense of what is real and what is not, of what matters and what doesn't, are more crucial. "They" won't contact us thoroughly, openly, unequivocally even if technology (like quantum computers and what not) blooms on Earth; "they" will contact us thoroughly when our minds, feelings and tendencies are "rewired" and re-informed by connecting to instincts that reflect the greater safety and less scarcity of higher worlds which are not subject to macro inertial, entropic physical laws. Then we'll know not just theoretically but in a deep, personal sense that the Physical Realm depends upon the higher Subtle, mental Realm and that physical laws are good but not absolutely binding. Then we'll know that there are in fact other genuinely applicable possibilities and we might be able to use emerging technologies connected with these higher realms without almost inevitably destroying ourselves, our planet or finding reasons to attack intelligent sentients from other worlds.


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We very much believe in changing the world. We also believe that delicious craft beer and conversation can be a vehicle of this change (better beer for the greater good).
The idea of Ex Novo began in a garage full of homebrew in NE Portland circa 2012. Beer has always done a great job of bringing people together and hatching great ideas, like the one to start a brewery that gives all its profits away. We wanted to form a brewery that respects the pedigree of brewing found in the NW and one that strives to do everything right: from crafting consistently enjoyable and unique beers, to great and unexpected food in a warm, inviting atmosphere. Portland deserves nothing less. We also believe in making things right, both in our city and around the globe. Our mission as a brewery is to donate 100% of our profits to those building a better world and bringing hope to places where it is scarce. Joel Gregory is the Founder and President and manages the new business along with enjoying being a father of two little girls. Ex Novo opened its doors in July of 2014 - thanks for your support!


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Q: Cannot open websites, some of Some websites cannot be shown on Ubuntu 16.04, how to fix it? Tried to clean dns as sudo /etc/init.d/dns-clean start.
Still nothing, some websites are, however, working - but some not.

A: Solved, simple - check first browser's settings, after use hideip-vpn add-ons it set automatically proxy as system sets. Put on "off" and it will work normal. settings-advanced-network-setting-proxy-non

A: Try switching to another DNS server, like Google Public DNS: 8.8.8.8 in Network settings.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Constitutional Carry Passes Senate Committee 3-2!
Yesterday marked yet another historic day for gun owners in Wisconsin, and it was all made possible by great grassroots activists like you!
We have a long way to go, and we need your immediate help — more on that in a minute.
It was a day that gun owners in Wisconsin had been fighting for since the hearing for Constitutional Carry that took place on May 31st, 2017.
From that day until now, you guys contacted the committee members and pushed them to hold a hearing on this bill.
Your efforts were relentless, and they paid off!
The committee heard your voices loud and clear and finally scheduled a public vote on this monumental piece of pro-gun legislation.
But it didn't come easy, or without opposition.
Moms Demand Action and Wisconsin Anti-Violence Effort have been pushing hard to kill this bill.
With the full backing of Michael Bloomberg and his deeply lined pockets, they put everything they had into stopping the committee from a holding a vote.
But you can be sure that they aren't going to give up now.
Quite the contrary. They are going to be fighting as hard as ever to prevent a full vote in the Senate.
We saw their resolve yesterday.
As we sat in the Capitol listening to the debate from the Senators on this bill, we noticed that one whole side of the room was filled with anti-gunners.
We were outnumbered at least 5 to 1!
And they used their large crowd to mock, whine, groan, and speak out during the legislative process.
This committee hearing was not supposed to have any input from the public, and that rule was quickly ignored by the anti-gun crowd.
Did they even see the irony of their own actions yesterday?
If the anti-gun crowd can't respect the procedures of the legislative process, do they really expect criminals to follow the concealed carry laws?
You see, we know this is exactly why Constitutional Carry is so important!
It puts law-abiding citizens back in control of their Constitutionally protected 2nd Amendment right, and it puts law-abiding citizens on equal ground with the criminals who already ignore the law!
No longer would we need permission for a right.
No longer would we be adding our name to a government database.
No longer would we be required to jump through hoops to protect our families.
We would be joining a growing list of states that are moving to restore the 2nd Amendment.
Currently, 13 states enjoy the right of Constitutional Carry and many others, like Wisconsin, are pushing it forward.
In fact, for Wisconsinites, yesterday was the first ever vote on Constitutional Carry!
There was a lot that happened yesterday in the hearing, and you can watch our full summary on what took place by clicking here.
At the end of the day, gun owners scored a major victory with a committee vote that will send the bill on to the full Senate for consideration.
And that's why we need your immediate help!
>>> First, we need you to contact your Senator right away by email, phone, and social media and tell them to vote for Constitutional Carry, Senate Bill 169, with no weakening amendments!
You can type your address into the link here if you don't know who your Senator is.
>>> Second, please consider a generous donation to the Wisconsin Firearms Coalition of $100, $50, or even just $25 today to help us mobilize more gun owners before the Senate votes on this bill.
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Keten A, Beskardes V, Kumbasli M, Makineci E, Zengin H, Özdemir E, Yilmaz E, Yilmaz HC, Caliskan S, Anderson JT (2014). Arthropod diversity in pure oak forests of coppice origin in northern Thrace (Turkey). iForest 8: 615-623.
Abstract: Oak (Quercus spp.) forests are among the most important forest types in Turkey. In the past, oak forests were managed through coppice clear-cutting, but in recent decades they have mostly been converted to high forest. This study was aimed at explaining how arthropod diversity is affected during conversion from coppice to high oak forest and during the early stages of coppice succession. We tested the hypothesis that arthropod richness, abundance and diversity in coppice oak sites varied according to stand age and a number of other forest characteristics. Arthropod communities were sampled in 50 plots using four different methods: pitfall traps, sweep nets, sticky cards and cloth shaking. A total of 13 084 individuals were collected and classified into 193 Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTUs), with the most RTUs and the greatest number of specimens captured by sweep netting. We identified 17 taxa within RTU's with more than 1% of the captured arthropods, which constituted 75% of the total specimens. The number of RTUs varied significantly according to trap type. Arthropod richness and Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H′) increased with elevation and precipitation. In young (1-40 yrs-old) and middle-aged (41-80 yrs) stands, arthropod biodiversity was not significantly affected by stand type, but slightly increased with diameter at breast height and tree height. Forest characteristics, such as the litter layer, understory and crown diameter, weakly influenced arthropod richness and abundance. Cluster analysis revealed that stand types and trap types differed taxonomically. Principal component analysis showed that stand types were clearly separated by the stand parameters measured. Insect families (Formicidae, Thripidae, Lygaeidae, Dolichopodidae, Luaxanidae, Cicadellidae and Ichneumonidae) could potentially be used as indicators of coppice oak conditions. As the coppice oak changes to mature forest, further studies are needed to better assess the relation between arthropods, forest types and structural characteristics of stands.
Turkey is one of the world's richest countries in terms of the variety of oak species and their extent. Oak forests cover vast areas in Northern Thrace (European Part of Turkey): 656 004 ha, or 27.7% of the entire land area, of which oak forests make up 71.7% of forest lands (). In the past, most oak forests were managed as coppice via clear cuttings on 20-year rotations. However, the intensive use of the forest led to its long-term degradation. Therefore, Turkish General Directorate of Forestry abandoned such practice in the last decade, and now promotes conversion to high forest and natural regeneration from seeds.
Arthropods are often used as ecological indicators of ecosystem integrity (, , , , ). They play essential roles in ecosystems such as pollination, seed dispersal, nutrient cycling, and they serve as predators of pests and prey for valued vertebrates (, ). Arthropods also have short generation times and respond quickly to ecological changes (). Habitat structure influences arthropod diversity and abundance (). In general, systems that are more diverse, permanent, isolated and managed with low intensity are associated with high arthropod community diversity (). Increasing plant diversity has been suggested as a means of increasing insect diversity () and thus lowering insect herbivore damage through decreased host plant density, increased interspecific competition among pest and non-pest species and improved natural enemy communities ().
Arthropod species richness generally increases with stand age (, ), and richness and density of herbivorous insects are influenced by forest age (). However, there is limited knowledge about arthropod diversity during the conversion of coppices to high oak forests and the early stages of succession of coppice oak forests in Turkey. In the present study, we hypothesized that arthropod richness, abundance and diversity at coppice oak sites increased with stand age. The objectives of our study were to: (1) identify differences in forest characteristics among forest stand types; (2) characterize differences in arthropod richness, diversity, and abundance among forest stand types, and (3) relate invertebrate taxa to method of capture and to forest stand characteristics.
This study was carried out in pure oak stands growing at five different sites (Catalca, Demirkoy, Igneada, Kirklareli and Vize) in the Northern Thrace, Turkey (Fig. 1). Sites were coppice-originated forests, but currently are being converted to high forest. Climate (precipitation, temperature and water deficit) and elevation varied among areas (Tab. 1). Common oak species are Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.), Hungarian oak (Q. frainetto Ten.) and Turkey oak (Q. cerris L. - ). The previous history of rotations and the clear-cut schedules were unfortunately unknown for coppices at the study sites.
Fig. 1 - Map of Northern Thrace (Turkey) with the location of sampling sites (circles). (C): Catalca; (D): Demirkoy; (I): Igneada; (K): Kirklareli; (V): Vize.
Tab. 1 - Main characteristics of the oak sampling sites (source: ).
Stand formations at each study plot were identified through forest management plans and field studies. Stands were classified by mean diameter at breast height (DBH) as: "a" 0-8 cm; "b" 9-20 cm; and "c" 21-36 cm; or as degraded stands ("Dg") with a canopy closure of less than 10%, following categories used by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs of the Republic of Turkey. Stand ages were determined according to Leatherberry et al. ().
For faunal studies, we selected a total of 50 plots distributed across different elevations (10-800 m), slopes (0-90 %) and locations (Fig. 1, Tab. 1). Sampling was conducted in four different stand types ("a", "b", "c" and "Dg") at each of the five sampling sites. In each stand, sampling was replicated three times except for degraded stands ("Dg"), which only had one replicate. Each plot was 100 × 100 m, with plot coordinates and elevation determined by GPS. Tree species, number of tree per hectare and percentage of snags were determined by counting trees from a 20 × 20 m centrally-located sub-plot. We measured DBH, tree height and crown diameter of trees. DBH was measured using tree calipers and tree height with an altimeter. Crown diameter was measured using the diametric projection of the tree crown on the litter by a measuring tape. Litter mass, which consisted of shed vegetation parts, and understory mass, which was comprised of herbaceous plants, were also recorded. Five samples were collected from the understory and litter in each plot. Understory samples were taken by cutting above-ground parts of all herbaceous mass in a 1 m2 area, while samples of the litter were taken from a 0.25 m2 (50 × 50 cm) area by collecting all litter over mineral soil. In the laboratory, understory and litter samples were dried at 70 °C for > 24 h to a constant mass and weighed ().
Arthropods were sampled in July 2009 at each of the 50 plots using four different trapping methods: pitfall traps (), sweep netting (), sticky cards () and cloth shaking (). Each 100 × 100 m plot was divided into 16 subplots (25 × 25 m) and enumerated for allocation of sampling points. For pitfall traps, four holes, 15 cm in diameter and 15 cm in depth, were made in the ground. Pitfall traps (plastic cups) were placed and checked 24 h later for soil-dwelling arthropods. Traps were set at equal distances along the diagonal at subplots numerated as 1, 6, 11 and 16 in each sample plots and filled to a depth of 2 cm with ethylene glycol as a preservative. Three of the 200 cups were damaged by wild boar (Sus scrofa). Twenty sweeps with a sweep net were collected from two randomly chosen subplots; these samples were used to evaluate the diversity and number of arthropods present in ground vegetation. Yellow sticky cards, 15 × 30 cm, were hung on a randomly selected tree in subplots 7 and 10, placed at approximately mid-canopy height for canopy arthropods and removed 24 h later. Cloth-shaking sampling was used to sample arthropods in the oak canopies. A tree in each of two randomly selected subplots was shaken three times over a piece of cloth (3 × 3 m), using the branches rather than the stem for trees thicker than 5 cm DBH. Arthropods falling on the cloth were collected and preserved.
We determined the number of trees per hectare, average DBH, height and crown diameter in the sampling plots. To test for differences between forest variables, including litter mass (kg ha-1), understory mass (kg ha-1), tree density (no ha-1), percentage of snags at sampling sites (Catalca, Demirkoy, Igneada, Kirklareli, Vize), and stand types ("a", "b", "c" and "Dg"), we used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Collected arthropods were counted and categorized into Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTUs), based on easily recognized features which can be used for rapid assessment of biodiversity (). We calculated diversity index (Shannon-Wiener H′) based on RTUs. ANOVA was used to compare the number of RTUs, H′ and number of specimens on sampling sites to stand types. Because of the high degree of variation in arthropod densities, significance was set at α = 0.10. Separate regressions were performed to examine the relationship between percentage of snags and total arthropods, the litter mass and soil-dwelling arthropods, and between understory mass and arthropods present in the understory. We determined taxa within RTUs that comprised more than 1% of the total, which in turn constituted 75% of all specimens. Each group of RTU specimens were compared between stand types and trapping method. We also made use of Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to describe the best model determined by the smallest AICc value () with H′ and DBH, height and crown diameter related to stand type. Cluster analysis and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was used to categorize sampling plot and trap types by RTU, using Ward's linkage and Bray-Curtis distance metrics. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to differentiate stand types based on all parameters measured in the study. To determine the degree of importance for each parameter in the ordination model, a Pearson's (r) correlation analysis was conducted between variables. All tests were carried out using the software package RGui version 3.0.2 ().
Three oak species (Sessile oak, Hungarian oak and Turkey oak) were present in the sampling plots. Sessile oak was the most common species at all sites except at Igneada, where Hungarian oak was the most prevalent species. Although Sessile oak was dominant in Demirkoy and Catalca, the other oak species also were prevalent in Vize and Kirklareli. Additional forest tree species were ash (Fraxinus excelsior L., F. ornus L.), Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), maple (Acer campestre L., A. platanoides L.), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L., C. orientalis Mill.). Fruit-bearing shrubs were also recorded, such as rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L., S. domestica L., S. torminalis L.), common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacg.), wild plum (Prunus avium L., P. divaricate Ledep., P. spinosa L.), dogwood (Cornus mas L.), wild apple (Malus sp.) and medlar (Mespilus germanica L.). The average age of trees in the stand type "a" was 13 ± 5 years, 63 ± 8 in type "b" and 76 ± 15 in type "c". Stand type "a" was categorized as "young" (1-40 years old), while "b" and "c" as "middle-aged" (41-80 years old).
The understory mass and the percentage of snags were significanty different among sampling sites (F[4, 45] = 3.54, P = 0.014 and F[4, 45] = 2.83, P = 0.036, respecively), while no differences were detected in litter mass among sites (F[4, 45] = 0.14, P = 0.967). The understory and snags were most abundant in Demirkoy (Fig. 2a). Differences among stand types were significant for understory (F[3, 46] = 4.95, P = 0.005) and litter (F[3, 46] = 52.82, P <0.001), but not for snags (F[3, 46] = 1.01, P = 0.398). Litter mass was highest in "c" stands, and the understory mass was greatest in "Dg" stands (Fig. 2b). Number of trees per hectare was significantly different (F[3, 46] = 5.135, P = 0.004) among stand types. The standard deviation was high in young stands, and decreased with age. DBH (F[3, 46] = 198, P <0.001), height (F[3, 46] = 92.2, P <0.001) and crown diameter (F[3, 46] = 40.9, P <0.001) increased with age (Fig. 3a, Fig. 3b).
Fig. 2 - (A) Mean understory mass and percentage of snags at the five sampling sites analyzed. (C: Catalca; D: Demirkoy; I: Igneada; K: Kirklareli; V: Vize). (B) Mean understory mass and litter mass in the 4 stand types analyzed. ("a": mean DBH 0-8 cm; "b": 9-20 cm; "c": 21-36 cm; "Dg": degraded stands with a canopy closure < 10%). Error bars represent the standard deviation. Different letters among bars indicate significant differences after ANOVA (p<0.05).
Fig. 3 - Mean structural characteristics of the four stand type classes analyzed. (A) Mean number of trees per hectare (Trees) and diameter at breast height (DBH). (B) Tree height and crown diameter. ("a"): mean DBH 0-8 cm; ("b"): mean DBH 9-20 cm; ("c"): mean DBH 21-36 cm; ("Dg"): degraded stands with a canopy closure < 10%. Error bars represent the standard deviation. Different letters among bars indicate significant differences after ANOVA (p<0.05).
In total, arthropod sampling caught 13 084 individuals of 193 RTUs from the four combined sampling methods (Tab. 2). The number of RTUs (F[3, 493] = 73.31, P <0.001) and the number of specimens (F[3, 493] = 531.8, P <0.001) varied according to trapping methods. Most taxa were captured with sweepnets, and most specimens with sticky traps (Fig. 4a). The ANOVA revealed a significant influence of the sampling site on the number of RTUs (F[4, 45] = 10.56, P <0.001) and H′ (F[4, 45] = 2.60, P = 0.048), but not on the number of specimens (F[4, 45] = 1.51, P = 0.214). H′ was higher in Demirkoy and Igneada and more taxa were counted in Demirkoy (Fig. 4b). Based on the results of multiple regression analyses, elevation (E) and precipitation (Pr) significantly affected the number of RTUs (y = 28.65 + 0.019 E + 0.002 Pr, R2 = 0.41, P <0.001), the number of specimens (y = 187.62 + 0.224 E - 0.028 Pr, R2 = 0.14, P = 0.036) and H′ (y = 0.819 + 0.00014 E + 0.00035 Pr, R2 = 0.18, P < 0.001).
Tab. 2 - The number of arthropod Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTU's) and individuals (in parentheses) collected by the different sampling methods.
Fig. 4 - Relationships between species characteristics, trap types and sampling sites. (A) Mean number of Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTUs) and mean number of specimens collected by different trap types (Pt: Pitfall trap, Sw: Sweepnet, St: Sticky trap, Sc: Shaking). (B) Mean number of RTUs and Shannon-Wiener index (H′) across sampling sites (C: Catalca, D: Demirkoy, I: Igneada, K: Kirklareli, V: Vize). Error bars represent the standard deviation. Different letters among bars indicate significant differences after ANOVA (p<0.05).
In the pitfall samples, the number of RTUs (y = 36.82 + 0.228x, R2 = 0.074, P <0.001) and the number of specimens (y = 2.325 + 0.006 x, R2 = 0.055, P <0.001) was positively influenced by the percentage of snags (Fig. 5a, Fig. 5b). There was a weak positive relation between the litter layer mass and the number of RTUs (y = 6.658 + 8.10-5 x, R2 = 0.012, P <0.001), and a weak negative relation between litter layer mass and the number of specimens (y = 1.886 - 3.10-5 x, R2 = 0.078, P<0.001 - Fig. 5c, Fig. 5d). Also, in the sweep net samples, there was no clear relationship between understory mass and the number of RTUs (y = 21.683 - 0.0014 x, R2 = 0.026, P <0.001), or with understory mass and number of specimens (y = 1.902 - 3·10-5 x, R2 = 0.006, P <0.001 - Fig. 5e, Fig. 5f).
Fig. 5 - Results of the regression analysis between arthropod diversity and stand structural characteristics. (A): Number of Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTU) vs. percentage of snags; (B): number of specimens (log) vs. percentage of snags; (C): number of RTU (based on pitfall trapping only) vs. litter mass; (D) number of specimens (log) from pitfall trapping only vs. litter mass; (E): number of RTU (based on sweepnet sampling only) vs. understory mass; (F); number of specimens (log) from sweepnet sampling only vs. understory mass.
Stand types did not significantly differ in their diversity indices (F[3, 46] = 0.42, P = 0.743), the number of RTUs (F[3, 46] = 0.446, P = 0.722) or in the number of specimens (F[3, 46] = 0.580, P = 0.631). The relationship between DBH and RTU richness was weak, but positive (y = 37.75 + 0.016 x, R2 = 0.003, P <0.001), while that between DBH and the number of specimens was weakly negative (y = 263.23 - 1.16 x, R2 = 0.005, P <0.001). The best predictive models for the Shannon-Wiener index was determined based on the smallest AICc values. For AICc <2, these were H′ = 1.0987 + 0.0054·height and H′ = 1.1096 + 0.001·DBH (Tab. 3). The relation between arthropod H′ and tree DBH and height was weak (Fig. 6a, Fig. 6b). Also, the composite model for Shannon-Wiener index was H′ = 1.10793 + 0.0018·DBH + 0.0051 ·height - 0.0067·crown diameter. In the model, tree height (t49 = 22.92, P <0.001), DBH (t49 = 25.06, P <0.001) and the composite model (t49 = 19.46, P <0.001) were significant for H′.
Tab. 3 - AICc statistics of the 7 regression models for the prediction of Shannon-Wiener index (H′) of arthropod diversity using diameter at breast height (DBH), height and crown diameter of trees as predictors (n=50). Models are sorted from the lowest to the highest ΔAICc value. The total number of estimable parameters (K) and Akaike weights (wi) are reported.
Fig. 6 - Variation of the Shannon-wiener index (H′) with (A) mean tree height and (B) mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of the sampled stands.
Overall, seventeen taxa within RTUs were found to comprise more than 1% of the captured arthropods, corresponding to 75% of the total specimens. Each of the 17 taxa varied significantly based on trap type (P < 0.01 - Tab. 4). There was a mid-level positive relation between DBHs and number of specimens of Cicadellidae and Ichneumonidae (R = 0.42), and a mid-level negative relation between DBHs and number of specimens of Lygaeidae (R = -0.32) and Thripidae (R = -0.38). Significant differences among stand types were found for Dolichopodidae (F[3, 46] = 2.495, P = 0.072), Lygaeidae (F[3, 46] = 2.459, P = 0.075), Cicadellidae (F[3, 46] = 3.358, P = 0.027), Formicidae (F[3, 46] = 2.713, P = 0.056), Ichneumonidae (F[3, 46] = 5.051, P = 0.004) and Thripidae (F[3, 46] = 2.452, P = 0.076 - Tab. 4).
Tab. 4 - Number and percentage of specimens (with abundance > 1%) classified in each Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTU) using the four sampling methods described (pitfall traps, sweepnet, sticky traps, shaking), and their average (± standard error) across the four stand type classes considered. ("a"): mean DBH 0-8 cm; ("b"): mean DBH 9-20 cm; ("c"): mean DBH 21-36 cm; ("Dg"): degraded stands with a canopy closure < 10%. All taxa varied significantly among trap types (P <0.01). (R): Correlation coefficient with the average diameter at breast height (DBH) of plots and the number of specimens. (P): p-value after ANOVA between stand types and the number of specimens. (*): p<0.1; (**): p<0.05).
Cluster analysis of stand types based on RTUs formed three large clusters, showing that both sampling sites and stand types were significantly dissimilar (R = 0.15, P = 0.038 and R = 0.255, P = 0.001, respectively - Fig. 7), as well as trap types (R = 0.823, P <0.001 - Fig. 8). Results of the PCA based on 19 parameters (total number of RTU and total number of specimens across all trap types; number of RTUs and number of specimens within each trap type: pitfall trap, sweepnet, sticky trap and cloth shaking; H′; elevation; number of trees per ha; DBH; height; crown diameter; percentage of snags; litter mass; understory mass) showed a fairly good discrimination of stand types along the first two axes (Fig. 9), with significant differences among stand type classes (F[3, 44] = 4.43, P <0.001). The first principal component (PC1) accounted for approximately 27% of the total variation, and showed a high correlation with total number of RTUs (r = 0.73), RTUs richness in sticky trap sampling (r = 0.73), and elevation (r = 0.69). PC2 explained 21% of the total variation, and showed the highest correlations with DBH (r = 0.79), tree height (r = 0.72) and RTU in sweep net sampling (r = 0.71 - Fig. 9).
Fig. 7 - Cluster analysis of stand types based on the similarity of Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTU) using Ward's linkage and Bray-Curtis distance metrics. The first letter of labels refers to sampling sites (C: Catalca; D: Demirkoy; I: Igneada; K: Kirklareli; V: Vize), the second letter refers to stand types ("a": mean DBH 0-8 cm; "b": mean DBH 9-20 cm; "c": mean DBH 21-36 cm; "Dg": degraded stands with a canopy closure < 10%).
Fig. 8 - Cluster analysis of different sampling methods adopted at the different stand types and sampling sites, based on the similarityy of Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTU) using Ward's linkage and Bray-Curtis distance metrics. The dendrogram indicate a greater separation between soil-dwelling arthropod composition and canopy or sub-canopy arthropod composition than between canopy and sub-canopy arthropod communities. The first letter of labels refers to sampling sites (C: Catalca; D: Demirkoy; I: Igneada; K: Kirklareli; V: Vize), the second letter refers to stand types ("a": mean DBH 0-8 cm; "b": mean DBH 9-20 cm; "c": mean DBH 21-36 cm; "Dg": degraded stands with a canopy closure < 10%), while the last letter(s) refers to the sampling method (P: Pitfall trap; Sw: Sweepnet; SS: Sticky trap and Shaking).
Fig. 9 - Results of the PC analysis of stand types ("a": mean DBH 0-8 cm; "b": 9-20 cm; "c": 21-36 cm; "Dg": degraded stands with canopy closure < 10%) based on the following variables: total number of RTU and total number of specimens across all trap types, number of RTUs and number of specimens within each trap type (pitfall trap, sweepnet, sticky trap and cloth shaking), H′, elevation, number of trees, DBH, height, crown diameter, number of snags, litter mass and understory mass.
Arthropod richness, diversity and composition were influenced by climate and elevation in Thrace. Indeed, species richness, number of specimens and biodiversity increased with elevation and precipitation. The observed increase in diversity with elevation may be due, in part, to the local covariation of such factors, as reported for many temperate and arid habitats (). Abundance of most arthropod taxa increased with elevation (). Some insect species increased their frequency with elevation up to 600-800 m, and then decreased in southwestern USA (). In tropical forest, insect species richness, number of individuals and diversity increased up to 1000 m, and then declined ().
Our results did not confirm that arthropod richness and biodiversity were specifically affected by stand types in young and middle-aged forests, but arthropod diversity, richness and the number of specimens did increase slightly with DBH. In oak forest, herbivore species richness and density correlated positively with forest age (). In this study, DBH, height and crown diameter did impact on biodiversity, although crown diameter had the least influence.
Some arthropods are often used as bioindicators (, , ). For example, Formicidae have been used as bioindicators of ecological degradation, concomitant with decreasing litter and canopy (), such as in our study. Using more than one taxon as an indicator of environmental conditions or biodiversity can be problematic, since a taxonomic group may behave differently from other groups (). However, several authors recommended the use of multiple taxonomic indicators as each species group is related with different habitat characteristics (). Our results showed that the density of Formicidae, Thripidae, Lygaeidae, Dolichopodidae and Luaxanidae declined, while the density of Cicadellidae and Ichneumonidae increased with forest age. Dolek et al. () also found that Formicidae species decreased from pasture coppice oak to high forest in Germany. Although Araneae are often used as indicators (, ), we found their abundance only slightly increasing with age. Analogously, Barsoum et al. () found that Araneae and Carabidae diversity showed no differences between monoculture pine and monoculture oak stands, as well as Spitzer et al. (), who investigated the effects of stand openness on carabids, arachnids and myriapods-isopods in lowland deciduous woodland. In a boreal forest context, Niemela et al. () found that populations of Araneae, Formicidae and Carabidae showed an increasing trend only after the first 20 years. Collembola have been reported as more abundant in coppices than in other forest types (); however, their abundance was not clearly delineated among coppice oak stand types in our study.
Although Sessile oak, Hungarian oak, Turkey oak, Pedunculate oak and Aleppo oak are fairly common oak species in Thrace (, ), the latter two species were absent at our study sites. This could be due to the overall rarity of Aleppo oak on one side, and on the other side to the absence in the studied areas of floodplain forests, which have a high abundance of Pedunculate oak (). Forest structure, tree species, climate, elevation and parent material influence understory and density of oak species (). Litter increased with understory and stand age (). Relationships between the arthropod community and understory in our study were inconclusive. Although the relationship between coarse woody debris and arthropod communities varies (, ), it is known that both woody debris and deadwood abundance can increase arthropod diversity (). Coarse woody debris not only increases arthropod species numbers, but also functional diversity (). The removal and addition of litter had no influence on arthropod diversity and taxonomic richness in lowland rainforests (). In general, arthropod diversity increases with vegetation height, complexity () and plant species richness (, ).
Cluster analysis suggested that the RTUs composition of degraded forests differed from other stand types, except at Kirklareli, but young and middle-aged forests were not clearly separated by differences in arthropod taxonomy. In cluster analysis, trap types were separated from each other, except for the sweep net trap in the "c" stand type in Catalca (CcSw). Arthropod taxonomic composition was similar between canopy (sticky traps and cloth shaking) and sub-canopy (sweepnet) locations, because of their similar ecology, whereas composition of soil-dwelling arthropods (pitfalls) differed more than canopy and sub-canopy communities. A separation between stand types was demonstrated by PCA based on 19 different parameters, with degraded forest and young forests exhibiting similar characteristics. Effects of site history on insect communities may continue for more than 20 years post-harvest ().
The results of the present study show that arthropod richness, diversity and composition in Thrace were not significantly distinguished in young and middle-aged forest stand types in coppice oak forests, although biodiversity, richness and number of specimens did slightly increase with DBH and tree height. As the coppice oak changes to mature forest, similar studies are needed to better assess the relation between arthropods and forest type and characteristics.
Several insect families could potentially be used as indicators for coppice oak conditions due to their decreasing (Formicidae, Thripidae, Lygaeidae, Dolichopodidae and Luaxanidae) or increasing (Cicadellidae and Ichneumonidae) abundance with forest age. However, in our study Araneae, which are often used as indicators, were not useful to this purpose. Arthropod taxonomic composition of degraded forests was clearly separated from the other stand types.
This study is part of the project "Determination of Health Condition, Biomass, Carbon Sequestration and Faunistic Characteristics on Conversion of Coppice Oak Ecosystems in Northern Thrace", supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Project no. TOVAG-107O750 (Coordinator: E. Makineci).
The Istanbul Regional Forestry Directorate for their assistance and support in the field is acknowledged. We thank Dr. George M. Merovich (Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, USA) for advice on statistical analyses.
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Tab. 1 - Main characteristics of the oak sampling sites (source: Makineci et al. 2011).


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Trenitalia signs Umbria operating contract
ITALY: Umbria's regional government has agreed a contract for Trenitalia to continue to operate local passenger services until 2032.
The deal signed in Perugia on July 27 includes investment of more than €236m in improvements to service quality and the replacement of around 80% of the rolling stock used in the region.
This includes the purchase of 12 new trainsets for €192m with the region providing a contribution of €8·5m, plus €44m for modernisation, maintenance and technology upgrades including the provision of real-time passenger information by smartphone.
Trenitalia and Campania region sign operating agreement
ITALY: National operator Trenitalia has signed a 2019-33 service contract with the Campania region which includes plans to invest €680m to improve services.
Valle d'Aosta operating contract awarded
ITALY: The Valle d'Aosta Autonomous Region has selected incumbent Trenitalia as the winner of the next contract to operate its regional passenger services between Aosta, Ivrea and Torino.
Trenitalia awards €1·6bn regional DMU framework contract
ITALY: Trenitalia has awarded Hitachi Rail Italy a framework contract for the supply of up to 135 regional diesel multiple-units.


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Home » Military Personnel » New Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Honea Assumes Office
New Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Honea Assumes Office
By: Heather Mongilio
September 12, 2022 2:18 PM • Updated: September 13, 2022 6:53 AM
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) James Honea delivers remarks during the MCPON Change of Office ceremony held at Mahan Hall, United States Naval Academy, on Sept. 8, 2022. US Navy Photo
James Honea became the latest master chief petty officer of the Navy during a change of office ceremony held at the Naval Academy last week.
Honea, who has served in the Navy since 1987, previously served as the senior enlisted sailor at U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. He takes over the MCPON role from Russell Smith, who is retiring after more than 30 years in the sea service. Honea will be the 16th MCPON.
The MCPON works as an advisor on enlisted personnel to the chief of naval operations and the chief of naval personnel. As MCPON, Honea said that his top priorities would be quality of life, warfighting competency and professional and character development, according to a news release from the Navy.
"When I was selected for MCPON, I thought heavily on what my tenure means and what I could bring to you all," Honea said in the release. "I'm glad I chose to be challenged by this adventure and I'm proud of what it has brought me. I thank you all for accepting the same challenge and being on this journey with me. I have always been proud to be your shipmate, and I'm privileged to be your MCPON."
Former MCPON Russell Smith on Sept. 9, 2022. US Navy Photo
During Smith's tenure, which began in August 2018, he focused on improvements for the Navy's sexual assault prevention and response (SAPR) programs and for access to mental health care. He also started the Laying the Keel program, which provided updated leadership development, and the Sailor of the Year program.
Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Michael Gilday, who presided over the ceremony, spoke about Smith's commitment to the Navy, especially within the role of MCPON.
"Your tireless efforts to provide sailors with mental, morale, and spiritual support has helped make our fleet more resilient and much more effective," Gilday said in the release. "Your leadership ensured that our most important resource, our people, are ready to serve and defend the Nation we love. Having conducted more than 200 fleet visits all over the world, your outreach and willingness to be there for Sailors and their families is what truly made your service so remarkable."
Article Keywords: Adm. Mike Gilday, Chief of Naval Personnel, Fleet Master Chief Russell Smith, James Honea, Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON)
Categories: Military Personnel, News & Analysis
About Heather Mongilio
Heather Mongilio is a reporter with USNI News. She has a master's degree in science journalism and has covered local courts, crime, health, military affairs and the Naval Academy. Follow @hmongilio
View all posts by Heather Mongilio →
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Where is Heritage Flex Academy located?
Heritage Flex Academy is located near the East Valley Community Center and adjacent to Heritage Junior High. Our physical address is 2269 East Valley Parkway in Escondido, CA 92027.
Classes begin at 8:30 AM and end at 3:15 PM, Tuesday through Friday. Tutorial (grades 4 and up) is from 3:15 to 3:45 PM, Tuesday through Friday.
Exploration Mondays are reserved for our enrichment programs, which include mini-courses in subjects such as Latin, music, leadership, yearbook, and physical education.
Heritage Flex Academy opened its doors in August 2016, however, our parent organization American Heritage Charter Schools has been operating in Escondido since the fall of 1996.
Heritage Flex Academy serves about 250 students in grades K-8.
Is transportation to and from school provided?
No. Parents are responsible for arranging transportation to and from school.
No. Heritage Flex Academy does not offer food services. Students need to bring a lunch, snack and water bottle from home. Microwaves are available for the upper grades to use.
Which curriculum does Heritage Flex Academy use?
Heritage Flex Academy uses a variety of books and materials, from kindergarten through eighth grade, to deliver a curriculum that is grounded in the classical trivium. We use Memoria Press (Public and Charter Schools Division) to teach students to read. Saxon Math is taught at every grade level. Great Books literature is taught in grades 6, 7, and 8.
We offer a challenging curriculum in our Flex Hybrid Learning option, but it is not our intention to overload students with excessive homework. The Flex Hybrid Learning option allows our students, who are involved with other interests and activities outside of school, time to enjoy these activities. We also understand the importance of family and leisure activities. Parents are expected to teach and support their children on home learning days.
What co-curricular activities does Heritage Flex Academy offer?
Our students participate in a variety of co-curricular activities such as robotics, leadership, class field trips, and junior high social gatherings.
Can Heritage Flex Academy students attend Escondido Charter High School?
Heritage Flex Academy students are eligible to attend Escondido Charter High School's in the Flex Learning option without entering the lottery. If your student prefers the Traditional Learning option (five days on campus) at Escondido Charter High School, they will need to enter the lottery.
Charter schools are public, nonsectarian schools created through a contract or "charter" between the operators and a sponsoring school board. The California Charter School law gives charter schools freedom from many state rules and regulations in exchange for greater accountability for results. The charter defines the mission and methods of a charter school. The chartering authority (a district school board) holds the school accountable to its charter. As public schools, they are open to all children, do not charge tuition, and do not have special entrance requirements.
Absolutely! We embrace parent engagement. In fact, our school was founded by a group of like-minded parents, educators, and school leaders. Parent volunteers are essential to the success of both the students and the school. We have many opportunities for parents to help the school throughout the school year.
Applicants are selected based on a lottery system. The application period opens in October for the following school year. Applications received by the the closing date in March are included in the lottery. Parents are notified in writing in March or early April of their student's enrollment, or waiting list status, for the following school year. Applications received after the lottery closing date are processed in the order in which they are received. Please check the Admissions page for more information.
No. A new waiting list is created every year.
Yes. Children of school employees and Board members, siblings of current Heritage Flex Academy students, and residents in the Escondido Union School District attendance boundaries have enrollment priority.
Do you offer campus tours or parent informational meetings?
Yes. All prospective Heritage Flex Academy families are encouraged to attend one of the campus tours held in November through March of each year. There will be time for questions and answers following the tour. To schedule a campus tour click here. Please check the school calendar for dates and times of lottery and parent orientation. .
How do I obtain more information about Heritage Flex Academy or the American Heritage Charter Schools?
Please contact our Enrollment Coordinator, Olivia Relatores at (760) 466-1166, for more information about enrollment at Heritage Flex Academy. To explore our sister schools, please visit the "Schools and Popular LInks" tab in the upper left hand corner of this website.


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Tag: Novalis LifeSciences
REPORT HIGHLIGHT
Mindset Ventures, an International early-stage Venture Capital Fund, has announced the launch of its Fund III aimed at $50M. Mindset has local presence in Sao Paulo, San Francisco and Tel-Aviv, around 40 companies in its portfolio and has also recently announced its first exit.
Read more: https://www.prweb.com/releases/mindset_ventures_announces_its_first_exit_and_the_launch_of_its_third_fund/prweb16515401.htm
THE CAPITAL REPORT
Las Vegas, NV-based Universal Labs Opportunity Fund has launched to invest in the development of natural medicines for the prevention and treatment of cancer
Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., a Tokyo, Japan-based specialty pharma company with a focus on oncology, is to invest up to US$30m in Remiges Biopharma Fund II, LP, a biopharma venture capital fund formed by Remiges Ventures
Presight Capital, the international venture arm of Christian Angermayer's Apeiron Investment Group, closed its first fund, at $80m
Varsity Healthcare Partners, a Los Angeles, California and Stamford, Connecticut-based lower middle-market private equity firm focused on healthcare services, closed Varsity Healthcare Partners III, at $417m
Algo Capital, the financial institution focused on accelerating access, adoption and liquidity of the Algorand blockchain, closed its Algo VC Fund, at $200m
CrowdStrike, Inc. (Nasdaq: CRWD), a Sunnyvale, Calif.-based cloud-delivered endpoint protection provider, launched a $20m early stage investment fund
Fearless Fund has launched a $5M venture capital fund fueling women Of color owned businesses
Paragon Biosciences, LLC, a Chicago, IL-based life science firm that invests in, builds, and advises bioscience companies, has formed Paragon Health Capital
Novalis LifeSciences, a Hampton, N.H.-based investment and advisory firm for the Life Science industry, raised $85M in capital for its first fund
Mindset Ventures, a Sao Paulo, San Francisco and Tel-Aviv-based early-stage venture capital firm, is announcing the launch of its third fund with a target of $50M
Author obrhc1Posted on August 30, 2019 November 4, 2019 Categories RHC ReportTags Algo Capital, Daniel Ibri, Fearless Fund, Mindset Ventures, Novalis LifeSciences, Paragon Biosciences, Presight Capital, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co, Universal Labs Opportunity Fund, Varsity Healthcare PartnersLeave a comment on The Capital Report v19.34
Argonaut Private Equity closed Argonaut Private Equity Fund IV, at $400m
TULSA, Okla.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Argonaut Private Equity, a Tulsa-based private equity fund, announced its investment in Mammoth Carbon Products, a Houston-based pipeline distribution company. Mammoth is an industry leader in carbon steel pipe distribution and services for the energy infrastructure markets.
Read more: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190228005836/en/Argonaut-Private-Equity-Partners-Mammoth-Carbon-Products
Novalis LifeSciences, a Hampton, N.H.-based investment and advisory firm for the Life Science industry, raised $85M in the capital for its first fund
Sunstone Management, a diversified capital management and investment firm based in Long Beach, Calif., has launched a new fund to facilitate the growth of startups participating in the Long Beach Accelerator program
NYC-based early stage venture capital Swell Partners has launched a new $3.3m sector-agnostic, human-centric fund
Lux Capital, a venture capital firm based in New York City and Silicon Valley investing in counter-conventional, seed and early stage science and technology ventures, raised over $1 billion for two new funds
Oakley Capital, a Western Europe-focused private equity firm, recently closed its latest fund, at €1.46bn
Argonaut Private Equity, a Tulsa, Oklahoma-based private equity firm, closed Argonaut Private Equity Fund IV, at $400m
Author obrhc1Posted on August 23, 2019 November 4, 2019 Categories RHC ReportTags Argonaut Private Equity Fund, Argonaut Private Equity Fund IV, Fearless Fund, Novalis LifeSciences, Paragon Biosciences, Sunstone ManagementLeave a comment on The Capital Report v19.33