Hello, and welcome back to Beyond NERVA! Today, we finish our look at electric propulsion systems by looking at electrostatic propulsion. This is easily the most common form of in-space electric propulsion system, and as we saw in our History of Electric Propulsion post, it's also the first that was developed.
I apologize about how long it's taken to get this blog post published. As I've mentioned before, electric propulsion is one of my weak subjects, so I've been very careful to try to ensure that the information that I'm giving is correct. Another complication came from the fact that I had no idea how complex and varied each type of drive system is. I have glossed over many details in this blog post on many of the systems, but I've also included an extensive list of documentation on all of the drive systems I discuss in the post at the end, so if you're curious about the details of these systems, please check out the published papers on them!
By far the most common type of electric propulsion today, and the type most likely to be called an "ion thruster," is electrostatic propulsion. The electrostatic effect was one of the first electrical effects ever formally described, and the first ever observed (lightning is an electrostatic phenomenon, after all). Electrostatics as a general field of study refers to the study of electric charges at rest (hence, "electro-static"). The electrostatic effect is the tendency of objects with a differential charge (one positive, one negative) to attract each other, and with the same charge to repel each other. This occurs when electrons are stripped or added to one material. Some of the earliest scientific experiments involving this effect involved bars of amber and wool – the amber would become negatively ionized, and the wool would be positively ionized, due to the interactions of the very fine hairs of the wool and the crystalline and elemental composition of the amber (for the nitpicky types, this is known as the triboelectric effect, but is still a manifestation of the electrostatic effect). Other experimenters during the 18th and 19th centuries used cat fur instead of wool, a much more mentally amusing way to build an electrostatic charge. However, we aren't going to be discussing using a rotating wheel of cats to produce an electric thruster (although, if someone feels like animating said concept, I'd love to see it).
There are a number of designs that use electrostatic effects to produce thrust. Some are very similar to some of the concepts that we discussed in the last post, like the RF ionized thruster (a major area of focus in Japan), the Electron Cyclotron Resonance thrusters (which use the same mechanisms as VASIMR's acceleration mechanism), and the largely-abandoned Cesium Contact thruster (which has a fair amount of similarities with a pulsed plasma or arcjet thruster). Others, such as the Field Emission Electrostatic Thruster (FEEP) and Ionic Liquid Ion Source thruster (also sometimes called an electrospray) thruster, have far fewer similarities. None of these, though, are nearly as common as the electron bombardment noble gas thruster types: the gridded ion (either electron bombardment, cyclotron resonance, or RF ionization) thruster and the Hall effect thruster (which also has two types: the thruster with anode layer and stationary plasma thruster). The gridded ion thruster, commonly just called an ion thruster, is the propulsion system of choice for interplanetary missions, because it has the highest specific impulse of any currently available propulsion system. Hall effect thrusters have lower specific impulse, but higher thrust, making them a popular choice for reaction control systems on commercial and military satellites.
Most electrostatic drives use an ionization chamber or zone, to strip off electrons from an easily-ionized material. These now-positively charged ions are then accelerated toward a negatively charged structure (or accelerated by an electromagnetic field, in some cases), which is then switched off after accelerating the ions, which then are spat out the back of the thruster. Because of the low density of these ion streams, and the lack of an expanding gas, a physical nozzle isn't used, because the characteristic bell-shaped de Laval nozzle of chemical or thermal engines is absolutely useless in this case. However, there are many ways that this ion stream can be ionized, and many ways that it can be accelerated, leading to a huge variety of design options within the area of electrostatic propulsion.
The first design for a practical electric propulsion system, patented by Robert Goddard in 1917, was an electrostatic device, and most designs, both in the US and the USSR, have used this concept. In the earliest days of electric propulsion design, each went a different way in the development of this drive concept: the US focused on the technically simpler, but materially more problematic, gridded ion thruster, while the Soviet Union worked to develop the more technically promising, but more difficult to engineer, Hall thruster. Variations of each have been produced over the years, and additional options have been explored as well. These systems have traveled to almost every body of in the Solar System, including Pluto and many of the asteroids in the Main Belt, and provide a lot of the station-keeping thrust for satellites in orbit around Earth. Let's go ahead and look at what the different types are, what their advantages and disadvantages are, and how they've been used in the past.
Propellants: Are the Current Propellant Choices Still Effective For High Powered Missions?
Tankage in and of itself is a simpler question than the question of the full propellant feed question, however it can offer some insights into the overall challenges in storing and using the various propellants. Xe, our baseline propellant, has a density as a liquid of 2.942 g/cm, Kr of 2.413, and Hg of 13.53. All other things aside, this indicates that the overall tankage mass requirements for the same mass of Hg are less than 1/10th that of Xe or Kr. However, additional complications arise when considering tank material differences. For instance, both Xe and Kr require cryogenic cooling (something we discussed in the LEU NTP series briefly, which you can read here [insert LEU NTP 3 link]. While the challenges of Xe and Kr cryogenics are less difficult than H2 cryogenics due to the higher atomic mass and lower chemical reactivity, many of the same considerations do still apply. Hg on the other hand, has to be kept in a stainless steel tank (by law), other common containers, such as glass, don't lend themselves to spacecraft tank construction. However, a stainless steel liner of a carbon composite tank is a lower-mass option.
Electrospray thrusters use electrically charged liquids as a propellant. They fall into three main categories: colloid thrusters, which accelerate charged droplets dissolved in a solvent such as glycerol or formamide; field emission electric propulsion (FEEP) thrusters, which use liquid metals to produce positively charged metal ions; and, finally, ionic liquid ion source (ILIS) thrusters, which use room temperature molten salts to produce a beam of salt ions.
All types of electrospray end up demonstrating a phenomenon known as a Taylor cone, which occurs in an electrically charged fluid when exposed to an electrical field. If the field is strong enough, the tip of the cone is extruded to the point that it breaks, and a spray of droplets from the liquid is emitted. This is now commonly used in many different industrial applications, and the advances in these fields have made the electrospray thruster more attractive, as have a focus on volume of propulsion systems. Additionally, the amount of thrust produced, and the thrust density, is directly proportional to the density of emitters in a given area. Recent developments in nanomaterials fabrication have made it possible to increase the thrust density of these designs significantly. However, the main lifetime limitation of this type of thruster is emitter wear, which is dependent on both mass flow rates and any chemical interactions between the emitters and the propellant.
The vast majority of these systems focus on cube-sat propulsion; but one company, Accion Systems, has developed a tileable system which could offer high-powered operation through the use of dozens of thrusters arrayed in a grid. Their largest thruster (which measures 35mm by 35 mm by 16 mm, including propellant) produces a total of 200,000 N of impulse, a thrust of 10 mN, at an isp of 1500 s. While their primary focus is on cubesats, the CEO, Natalya Bailey, has mentioned before that it would be possible to use many of their TILE drive systems in parallel for high-powered missions.
One of the biggest power demands of an electrostatic engine of almost any type is the ionization cost of the propellant. Depending on the mass flow and power, different systems are used to ionize the propellant, including electron beams, RF ionization, cyclotron resonance, and the Hall effect. What if we could get rid of that power cost, and instead use all of the energy accelerating the propellant? Especially in small spacecraft, this is very attractive, and it may be possible to scale this up significantly as well (to the limits of the electrical charge that is able to be placed on the screens themselves). Some fluids are ionic, meaning that they're positively charged, reasonably chemically stable, and easily storable. By replacing the uncharged propellant with one that carries an electric charge without the need for on-board ionization equipment, mass, volume, and power can be conserved. Not all electrospray thrusters use an ionic liquid, but ones that do offer considerable advantages in terms of energy efficiency, and possibly can offer greater overall thruster efficiency as well. I have yet to see a design for a gridded ion or Hall effect thruster that utilizes these types of propellants, but it may be possible to do so.
With that, we come to the end of our overview of electric thrusters. While there are some types of thruster that we did not discuss, they are unlikely to be able to be used in high powered systems such as would be found on an NEP spacecraft. When I began this series of blog posts, I knew that electric propulsion is a very broad topic, but the learning process during writing these three posts has been far more intense, and broad, than I was expecting. Electric propulsion has never been my strong suit, so I've been even more careful than usual to stick to the resources available to write these posts, and I've had a lot of help from some very talented people to get to this point.
I was initially planning on writing a post about the power conditioning units that are used to prepare the power provided by the power supply to these thrusters, but the more I researched, the less these systems made sense to me – something that I've been assured isn't uncommon – so I'm going to skip that for now.
Instead, the next post is going to look at the power conversion systems that nuclear electric spacecraft can use. Due to the unique combination of available temperature from a nuclear reactor, the high power levels available, and the unique properties of in-space propulsion, there are many options available that aren't generally considered for terrestrial power plants, and many designs that are used by terrestrial plants aren't available due to mass or volume requirements. I've already started writing the post, but if there's anything writing on NEP has taught me, it's that these posts take longer than I expect, so I'm not going to give a timeline on when that will be available – hopefully in the next 2-3 weeks, though.
After that, we'll look more in depth at thermal management and heat rejection systems for a wide range of temperatures, how they work, and the fundamental limitations that each type has. After another look at the core of an NEP spacecraft's reactor, we will then look at combining electric and thermal propulsion in a post on bimodal NTRs, before moving on to our next blog post series (probably on pulse propulsion, but we may return to NTRs briefly to look at liquid core NTRs and the LARS proposal).
I hope you enjoyed the post. Leave a comment below with any comments, questions, or corrections, and don't forget to check out our Facebook group, where I post work-in-progress visuals, papers I come across during research, and updates on the blog (and if you do, don't feel shy about posting yourself on astronuclear propulsion designs and news!).
This is the suitable blog for anyone who wants to seek out out about this topic. You notice so much its virtually exhausting to argue with you (not that I truly would want…HaHa). You definitely put a new spin on a topic thats been written about for years. Great stuff, just great!


Anyone who knows Ed Rochford knows that this accusation is baelnoy, never mind a slanderous bold-face lie. The Sheriff has far too much class for these types of antics and frankly, why would he engage in such activities and subject himself to this type of accusation when he is rightly favored? It just doesn't make sense for the Sheriff, but it does make sense for someone desparate enough to maufacture a publicity issue. The public will see right through it Passaic County type politics.


It's no secret, Hollywood is obsessed with youth, so much so, the city of Los Angeles is often at the forefront of cutting edge cosmetic trends. When your face is up on the big screen or splashed on the front covers of tabloid magazines free for everyone to critic, who can blame them?
Going under the knife for invasive plastic surgery is not uncommon, however, new statistics suggest the image-obsessed culture is switching face-lifts for a more 'natural' look.
According to a 2015 study conducted by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, there has been a 31 percent drop in the number of face-lift procedures performed in the western U.S. "Nobody wants a face-lift anymore; all of my patients are scared", says anti-ageing researcher and physician to many A-list celebrities Barbara Sturm.
Anti-wrinkle injections, dermal fillers and thread lifts are becoming the preferred option for those looking to rejuvenate their appearance. "Whether we like it or not, we're moving away from traditional face-lifts because of new technology", says New York plastic surgeon Z. Paul Lorenc. It appears the general anaesthesia, pain and discomfort, and the three-week recovery time that comes with a face-lift procedure is directing people to more non-invasive options.
Kanodia is well known amongst the Hollywood set for his artful approach to restoring youth in his clients. Opting for a "cocktail" three-pronged approach, Kanodia uses Anti-Wrinkle Injections and fillers to lift tissue and lasers to tighten muscles. "I'm very aggressive with restoring volume, lost fat and augmenting tissue to take skin to the contours of someone in their 30s," he says.
Lancer has also ditched the face-lift for his preferred "cocktail" of ultrasound treatment to lift and tighten, and a radio-frequency procedure. He performs this two to three times over a period of three months before using low volumes of fillers, Anti-Wrinkle Injections and absorbable thread cones, which help "support the tissue and help make the fillers and Anti-Wrinkle Injections more effective".
Silhouette Soft Face Lift has globally become a popularity alternative to the traditional face-lift for those looking for a non-surgical solution to rejuvenate their look. Using absorbable thread cones, patients can reduce the signs of ageing in a more natural way than what can be achieved by going under the knife.
With no incision required, the procedure only takes 30 minutes and there's next to no recovery time. The treatment can be used to define the natural contours of the face, tackle sagging jowls, give volume to the cheeks and open the eyes by lifting the brows.
The results of the mechanical lifting effect are immediate; however, the client's appearance continues to improve following the treatment. This is due to the natural stimulation of collagen production that occurs in the three months following the procedure. The appeal of the Silhouette Soft Face Lift for many is not only the minimal down time and no general anaesthetic but also the results of a lifted face with tighter, firmer skin.
For those wanting to totally avoid any incision, the latest face-lift procedure to be gaining the attention of the Hollywood community is the Ultraformer. Delivering focus ultrasound energy, this new technology can lift the skin and reduce wrinkles to create a more youthful appearance.
Stimulating the collagen production, the Ultraformer provides long lasting lifting effects without damaging the skin's surface and with minimal discomfort. The results of the non-invasive face-lift are immediate, which is a bonus for celebrities in the spotlight.
These new forms of face-lifts are producing the same natural results time and time again which can't be said for traditional face-lifts. The number of pulled and strangely altered faces around Hollywood are bound to be reduced thanks to these emerging technologies.


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INDIA FESTIVAL
Bracelets exchanged for brotherly protection in Hindu festival
efe-epaNew Delhi 7 Aug 2017
Indian students, wearing traditional attire, tie Rakhi or sacred thread on the wrists of Indian Border Security Force (BSF) soldiers during an event to celebrate the Raksha Bandhan festival, at the India-Pakistan border joint check post at international border Attari, about 30km from Amritsar, India, 07 August 2017. EPA/RAMINDER PAL SINGH
Indian students, wearing traditional attire, tie Rakhi or sacred thread on the wrists of their brothers during an event to celebrate the Raksha Bandhan festival, in Bangalore, India, 07 August 2017. EPA/JAGADEESH NV
Indian women tie Rakhi or sacred thread on the wrists of Indian Union Minister for Parliamentary Affair Ananth Kumar (C) during an event to celebrate the Raksha Bandhan festival, in Bangalore, India, 07 August 2017. EPA/JAGADEESH NV
Millions of bracelets changed hands on Monday in India during the Hindu festival of Rakhi.
Women tied bracelets adorned with colored stones, beads and pearls on the wrists of their brothers, brothers-in-law and male cousins in exchange for a promise of protection for eternity.
The origin of the festival, also known as Raksha Bandhan (the tie or knot of protection), goes back to the ancient Hindu text, the Mahabharata. It narrates how during a ceremony, the God Krishna cut his finger and Draupadi, the wife of five Hindu kings, tore off part of her silk sari and tied it on his finger to stop the bleeding.
Moved by her compassion, Krishna promised to protect her for ever.
Rita Syall, 45, met her five siblings at the family home in northern Delhi on Monday morning to tie rakhi to them, give them sweets and "pray to God for their long life," she told EFE.
In exchange, her brothers gave her gifts and money.
"It is a festival of love and bond between brothers and sisters (...) This festival is important because brothers promise to take care of their sisters," Syall said.
On Monday, the streets were full of men with a rakhi tied on their wrists.
"May Raksha Bandhan, symbolizing the virtues of love, affection & mutual trust, bring happiness & prosperity to all," Indian President Ram Nath Kovind wrote on his official Twitter account.
The preparation for the festival began several weeks ago, with thousands of stalls and shops stocking all kinds of bracelets and gifts to be exchanged.
On Sunday, hundreds of people flocked to the Dilli Haat artisan market in the capital, despite monsoon downpours, for last-minute purchases for the festival. Girls went to get delicate henna designs put on their hands for the occasion.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Жумберак () је планина у северозападној Хрватској и југоисточној Словенији. Највиши врх Жумберка је Света Гера на хрватској страни планине, висок 1181 -{m}-. Мада је Жумберак ниска планина, због околних предела равничарског типа чини се већи и виши него шта стварно јесте. Жумберак је под буковом шумом, а у нижим деловима под шумом букве и храста. Планина је слабо настањена. На хрватској страни се налазе велеград Загреб, Самобор и Карловац, а на словеначкој градови Ново Место, Брежице и Метлика. Иако територијално половина припада Хрватској, а половина Словенији, Словенци сматрају својим и део Жумберка око Свете Гере који се налази у Хрватској. Главни пут који пролази по Жумберку је хрватски државни пут -{D505}- који води од Самобора до Карловца, а пролази читавим хрватским делом Жумберка. Жумберак се у Хрватској такође назива "Алпска Хрватска". На Жумберку се налази неколико затворених рудника у којима су се вадили бакар, злато и гвожђе.

Срби у Жумберку

Жумберак су населили српски православни ускоци и избеглице из Сења, пореклом Срби из Босне, Старе Херцеговине и Србије, који су говорили штокавксим дијалектом и били под јуридиксциојом Српске православне цркве и Пећке патријаршије. У званичним документима католичке цркве и Хабзбуршког царства ови православни Срби називани су "Рашани или ускоци" по Рашкој, "Срби (Сервиани) или Рашани (Расциани)", "Власи или ускоци", "Власи или Рашани", само Власи, како су православне Србе називали Турци и "шизматици" по расколу цркава из 1054. године. У изворима, најчешће су називани "Власима или ускоцима", а ређе "Сервианима или Расцианима".

Турска војска је 1529. претрпела пораз приликом опсаде Беча. Хришћани из тадашње Турске понадали у бољу будућност. Преко аустријских обавештајаца и доушника ступили су народни прваци из околине Срба, Унца и Гламоча са аустријским војним властима и одлучили да пређу на аустријску страну. Око 50 ускочких породица је пребегло са територије турске државе 1530. године. Они су населили луку Купе, Жумберак (данас у Хрватској), Метлику, Черномељ (данас Словенија), Пољан и Лож, села и крајеве које су Турци прилично опустошили. Средином 1531. године стигла је још једна група од око 1000 ускока из долине Цетине.

Краљ Фердинанд је 5. јуна 1535. даровао ускоцима (око 7000) земљиште у Жумберку и на 20 година их ослободио било каквог пореза и рада, уз обавезу да се о свом трошку одазову на краљев позиву војску. То је уједно био и почетак Војне крајине на подручју данашње Хрватске.

До трећег насељавања Жумберка дошло је 1538. и четврто 1538. из околине Срба и Цетине.

Унијаћење, покатоличавање и кроатизација Срба у Жумберку
Под притиском католичке цркве, а касније и аустријске државе српски православна епархија са седштем у Марчи постепено је превођена у унију, односно покатоличена је, што је коначно довршено у другој половини 18. века. Један део православних Срба је поунијаћен и остао је у унији у оквиру Гркокатоличке цркве у Жумберку, где се у Крижевцима, данас налази седиште грко-католика за цео простор Хрватске и Србије. Један део њих постепено је потпуно преведен у католичку цркву. Поред унијаћења и покатоличавања, обављена је и темељно похрваћивање српских ускока у Жумберку, тако да се тамо дана већина изјашњавају као Хрвати. Занимљиво је да се у суседној Словенији у Белој Крајини, подручју које се ослања на Жумберак, досељеници истог порекла и групе, већим делом изјашњавају као Срби.

Попис насељених српских ускока у Жумберку из 1551.
Врховни краљевски заповедник у Угарској, гроф Никола Салм поставио је 12. маја 1546. године жумберачког капетана Ивана Ленковића. Иван се заузимао за ускоке и за обнову града Жумберка.. Године 1951. начињен је попис Ускока под његовом командом. У попису су наведена имена и презимена ускока, подаци о њиховом статусу у крајишкој служби, број јединице којој припадају, плати, као и називи места у којима бораве. Овај попис спада међу најважније крајишке пописе из 16. века. Из списка се може приметити да је навећи број имена српског порекла, као и то да је највећи број с кореном "вук". Осим тога, попис показује да је романских утицаја било врло мало, али чак се и такви налазе у словенско-романској симбиози..

Референце

Лтература

Спољашње везе

 Doseljavanje Srba na područje Žumberka

Планине у Словенији
Планине у Хрватској
Жумберак

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Comforting a mourner after Shiva-May/Should one do so?
Home >Daily Halacha >Comforting a mourner after Shiva-May/Should one do so?
May one comfort a mourner after Shiva if one did not do so beforehand?[1]
Comforting an Avel for the passing of a parent: One who is in mourning for a parent may be comforted by others for the first 12 months. After 12 months, he is not to directly comforted for the loss. This means that the person comforting him is not to mention the name of the deceased to the mourner, but is to simply say "Tisnachem/Be comforted." [The custom today, however, is not to say even "Tisnachem."[2]]
Comforting an Avel for other relatives: One who is in mourning for other relatives may be comforted by others for the first 30 days. After 30 days he is not to directly comfort him for the loss. This means that he is not to mention the name of the deceased to the mourner, but is to simply say "be comforted." [The custom today however is not to say even "Tisnachem" after the Shloshim."[3]]
Comforting an Avel for the passing of his wife: One who is in mourning for his wife, and has since remarried, may not be comforted for her passing inside his home. Outside his home, if he is met outside, one may say "Be comforted" in a soft tone and with a heavy heart. If he did not remarry, he may be comforted [regularly] until three festivals pass from the time of burial. [After the passing of the three festivals, he is not to be comforted at all for the loss, as his pain has already dissipated.[4]]
[1] Michaber Y.D. 385:2; Tur 385; Rosh Moed Katan 3:38; Moed Katan 21b; Miseches Semachos 14; Omitted from Rif and Rambam; See Gesher Hachaim 1:212; Pnei Baruch 11:13; Nitei Gavriel Vol. 1 86:4; Vol. 2 11:1-3; See Hiskashrus him 468:14; 475:14
Is the Mitzvah of Niuchum Aveilim fulfilled after the Shiva? See Nitei Gavriel Vol. 2 11 footnote 1 that it is unclear if the intent of this Halacha is to say that one fulfills the Mitzvah of Nichum Aveilim even after Shloshim or 12 months, and if the comforting is an obligation or not.
The Nussach to say after Shiva-The Rebbes directive: In a letter written to a widow after the loss of her husband, having left her with four young orphans, the Rebbe mentions that the common Nussach of "Hamakom Yinacheim…Besoch Shaar Avlei Tziyon Veyerushalayim" is to only be recited during the actual Shiva and not afterwards, being that afterwards begins the period of comfort. [Igros Kodesh Vol. 31 p. 310] Vetzaruch Iyun as to how this fits in with the above law which permits comforting throughout the first year or at least for the first 30 days for other relatives. Indeed, the Rebbe Rayatz himself wrote a letter of comfort to the Rebbe after the passing of his father, and included within it the common Nussach of Nichum Aveilim "Hamakom Yinacheim…Besoch Shaar Avlei Tziyon Veyerushalayim" even though the letter was written after the Shiva. [See Menachem Tziyon 1:39]
[2] Aruch Hashulchan 385:3; However, see Nitei Gavriel ibid footnote 3 that seemingly the Aruch Hashulchan's ruling refers only to other relatives after Shloshim, while an Avel for a parent is comforted with Tisnachem after 12 months.
[3] Aruch Hashulchan 385:3


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author: sivel
categories:
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date: '2009-03-03'
description: Lightview JS Removed Due to Licensing
slug: lightview-js-removed
title: Lightview JS Removed Due to Licensing
type: post
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I was recently contacted by [Nick Stackenburg][1] in regards to my [Lightview JS][2] WordPress plugin. It seems as although the license stated that I was allowed to freely distribute the [Lightview][3] code, there was a per domain license involved as well. Since I am in conflict with his license I am removing the Lightview JS plugin completely from the [WordPress Plugin Repository][4] as all versions have contained the Lightview code.

For the users of my Lightview JS plugin I am recommending that you switch to either my [Shadowbox JS][5] plugin or to the [Lightview Plus][6] plugin written by [Thorsten Puzich][7]. Users switching to the Lightview Plus plugin should purchase the domain license from the [Lightview][3] project page.

 [1]: http://www.nickstakenburg.com/
 [2]: http://sivel.net/2008/03/lightview-js/
 [3]: http://www.nickstakenburg.com/projects/lightview/
 [4]: http://wordpress.org
 [5]: http://sivel.net/2008/02/shadowbox-js
 [6]: http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/lightview-plus/
 [7]: http://www.puzich.com/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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yash-raut-771434-unsplash
Photo by Yash Raut on Unsplash
Review: The Why, Not the How, of the Origin of Consciousness
Ventureyra's new book treats the origin of consciousness as a "first instantiation of a new law of nature"
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The origin of consciousness (specifically, human self-consciousness) has long been a difficult issue for the sciences. In his book On the Origin of Consciousness, Scott Ventureyra poses the phenomena as a FINDON — a "first instantiation of a new law of nature." That is, current cosmology indicates that there was a time in which consciousness did not exist. Now, however, consciousness is a given as a law of psychology. Therefore, at some point in the past, one or more new laws of nature arose involving consciousness.
This is not the only point in the history of the universe for a new law or laws to arise either. When the first life originated, the laws of biology began. Whether these laws are mere emergent properties of matter or not, the fact is that new, describable, collective patterns of behavior, i.e., new laws of nature, emerge throughout cosmological history.
The book takes the reader on a tour of different ways that these FINLONs have been seen and described through recent history, with a focus on the science/theology dialogue.
It is interesting that a book describing the origin of consciousness contains so much introductory material. In fact, the first half of the book could be considered an introduction to the science/theology dialogue on its own. I think the reason for its inclusion is simple — much of the modern academic politics has caused the science/theology dialogue to be eschewed in favor of a NOMA (non-overlapping magisteria)-like split between the two. At best, most commentators want theologians to merely agree with scientists, perhaps adding a theological gloss on top of what scientists have already discovered. The idea that theologians might have something constructive to offer scientists is generally regarded as anathema. Therefore, any attempt to integrate the fields must first spend a significant amount of time justifying itself.
Thus Ventureyra spends the first half of the book defending not only the science/theology dialogue but the idea that this dialogue can, in fact, be a two-way street, without violating the competencies of either partner. Ventureyra himself believes that the structure of the universe favors this kind of interaction. Borrowing from Dembski, he suggests that we live in an "informationally porous universe," whose nature allows for intervention without violating the integrity of the universe or its laws and physical framework.
On the origin of consciousness, Ventureyra notices that materialistic theories are not in any way advantaged. Saying that consciousness "somehow emerges" from matter is not a material explanation and therefore gains no advantage as a material description. This insight opens up the possibility that the origin of consciousness might have a non-material component. This component might be ever-present alongside or within matter (panpsychism) or it might be an infusion from an external source (classical theism, for example).
Instead of addressing "`how" consciousness arose in natural history, Ventureyra attempts to address "why." Ultimately, he grounds consciousness on two theological principles—the principle of divine simplicity (that God cannot be divided into parts) and the principle of synonymy (that humans are made in the image-likeness of God). These explain several of the facts of consciousness, including its unified experience, its recursive capability (the ability to be conscious of self), and its irreducible nature.
Ventureyra believes that these principles may lead in the future to a better understanding of the material processes in the history of evolution which facilitated the development of consciousness, which for Ventureyra is not a strictly physical process. That may be the case. However, I think a more likely scenario is that the restless quest for material explanations, far from a boon for science, has, in some fields, clouded our thinking and distracted us from the important questions.
For instance, imagine a situation where a book club is discussing the works of Stephen King. One commenter keeps on bringing up the fact that all of King's writing was done on a Mac. While this is indeed an interesting piece of trivia, its relevance to the deeper questions is, at best, a diversion. A continued insistence on its relevance would signify that the commentator has not adequately weighted the relevance of the information to the topic.
Knowledge is about fundamentals, not trivialities. If Ventureyra is right, then a focus on the fundamentals may mean that a search for the specific sequence of material events leading up to consciousness is as significant to the outcome as whether a work of literature was written using a PC or a Mac.
Note: This review of Scott D. G. Ventureyra, On the Origin of Consciousness (Wipf & Stock, 2018) was originally published in Communications of the Blyth Institute 1(2):83-84.
Also by Jonathan Bartlett: Prominent psychologist offers a non-reductive approach to consciousness in a journal article. A new edition of Communications of the Blyth Institute highlights mind, consciousness, and machine learning
In machine learning, the Solomonoff induction helps us decide how successful a generalization is
Also: Walter Bradley Center fellow Jonathan Bartlett discovers a longstanding flaw in an aspect of elementary calculus
Associate Fellow, Walter Bradley Center for Natural & Artificial Intelligence
Jonathan Bartlett is the Director of Technology at New Medio, where he focuses on technology strategy and implementation for several global organizations. He also offers his time as the Director of The Blyth Institute, focusing on the interplay between mathematics, philosophy, engineering, and science. Jonathan is the author of several textbooks and edited volumes which have been used by universities as diverse as Princeton and DeVry.
Successful Generalization Is a Key to Learning
When my younger children go to the movies, I always ask them what the movie was about when they get back. Invariably, rather than summarizing key facts about the movie, they start recounting every last detail. Sometimes, they include information about the people sitting near them, the food, …
Jordan Peterson to Found New Free Speech Platform
Psychologist Jordan Peterson, author of 12 Rules for Life (3 million copies sold), is one of the best-known public intellectuals. He is also embattled; a Cambridge Fellowship was rescinded because students and others were offended by his outspoken support for free speech. He is currently trying to …


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Man United Chief Woodward Insists Club Won't Seek Super League Revival In Heated Fans Forum
Following the Super League fallout, Manchester United chief Ed Woodward has attempted to re-assure disgruntled supporters.
Manchester United co-owner Joel Glazer apologised to supporters for their involvement in an open letter, though fan representatives rejected that apology in the first forum since the controversy. | File Photo
2021-04-30T18:16:44+05:30 Man United Chief Woodward Insists Club Won't Seek Super League Revival In Heated Fans Forum
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Published: 30 Apr 2021, Updated: 30 Apr 2021 6:22 pm
Manchester United's outgoing executive vice-chairman Ed Woodward has assured supporters the club will not seek a revival of the collapsed European Super League during a heated fans forum on Friday. (More Football News)
Earlier this month United were one of 12 founding clubs who announced the formation of a closed-shop competition that would have guaranteed them participation every year.
But less than 48 hours after the initial plans were confirmed, proposals collapsed as the six English clubs wilted under the pressure of supporters, ex-players and media, who widely decried the attempted breakaway from the Champions League.
United co-owner Joel Glazer apologised to supporters for their involvement in an open letter, though fan representatives rejected that apology in the first forum since the controversy.
In a letter of their own, the Manchester United Supporters' Trust (MUST) reiterated they have "zero trust" in Glazer and his brother Avram, and listed five demands that generally related to increasing what say the fans have in the running of the club.
While Woodward is not thought to have explicitly responded to each point in the letter, which is reported to have been read out to him, he did address some concerns and insisted United would not be looking revive the Super League, despite its chairman Florentino Perez's previous insistence the plans were not completely dead.
Woodward, whose end-of-year exit was announced amid the Super League backlash but apparently not in connection to it, said: "I know that you will feel angry and let down by the lack of consultation and by the way the proposal failed to recognise the vital principle of open competition.
"Proper discussion would have helped us avoid the mistake we made.
"While there would have been a substantial increase in solidarity payments from the leading clubs to the rest of the pyramid across Europe, we fully accept that there were fundamental elements which were badly misjudged.
"As Joel said last week, we failed to give enough weight to the essential principles and traditions of sporting merit which are so vital to football not just in domestic competition but in European competition since the mid-1950s.
"We want to restate our commitment to those traditions. I can assure you that we have learned our lesson from the events of the past week, and we do not seek any revival of the Super League plans.
"Manchester United is fortunate to be in a relatively stronger position than many clubs because of the resilience of our self-sustaining model.
"We have a disciplined, long-term approach which has allowed us to navigate the pandemic, while continuing to invest in the team, which we will continue to do this summer.
"We will now continue working with the rest of the football community to address the long-term challenges facing the game.
"But I can assure you that we will be doing that with great sensitivity to the opinions that you and other fans have expressed in recent days."
Atletico Madrid Coach Diego Simeone: Four-team La Liga Title Race Good For Spanish Football
Sedition Cases Against People Seeking Help Is Curtailment Of Freedom Of Speech: Former SC Judge
Stats Perform	Old Trafford, Manchester	Manchester United	European Super League	UEFA	Football	English Premier League (EPL)	Sports


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California: Unicode has announced a list of interesting new emoji which will make their debut on your devices in 2019. The list includes 59 new emoji with 171 variants for gender and skin tone, making the total count of 230.
The new emoji will start showing up on mobile devices later this year in September or October.


Since the downfall of the Soviet regime in 1991, successive Turkish governments have been trying to impress upon the ex-Soviet Turkish republics the necessity of adopting the Roman alphabet. As late as June 2007, for example, a delegation from the Republic of Kazakhstan visited the Turkish Language Institute (Türk Dil Kurumu) for consultations and received briefings on a number of topics, including the history of script change in Turkey, the economic costs and benefits of romanization, and the implications of script change for electronic media and information technologies. Indeed, Turkish policy makers are correct when they underline Turkey's role as a model in this regard. Adoption of a Roman-based alphabet in Turkey in 1928 is habitually cited as the textbook example of a successful and lasting case of romanization. The problem with the approach of the Turkish policy makers, on the other hand, is the somewhat naïve conviction that, with a good amount of fortitude, the Turkish success could be easily replicated elsewhere.
This approach is not new, nor is it particular to the Turkish officials. It had been voiced earlier, during attempts at romanizing the Chinese, Indian, and Japanese scripts in the interwar period and the immediate aftermath of World War II at the heyday of an international romanization movement. What is common in all of them is a tendency to strip the question of script from its historical, religious, and political context and to present it mainly as an issue of the expediency of a writing system. It is very telling that Western advocates of romanization were pointing at the Turkish example even then, as Turkish officials still do. The success of the Turkish experiment, though, obscured many other attempts at romanization that ended up as utter failures. If truth be told, the impact of the permanent adoption of the Roman alphabet by a handful of speech communities in the twentieth century is far outweighed by the resilience of non-Roman writing systems in spite of efforts to romanize them. It is impossible to overlook the fact that about half of the world's population today employ non-Roman alphabets or scripts: the Devanagari script in India, the han'gŭl in Korea, the kanji and kana in Japan, the hànzì in China, the Arabic alphabet in most of the Muslim world, the Greek alphabet in Greece, the Cyrillic in Russia, and the square letters in Israel, just to name a few, show the limits of the expansion of the Roman alphabet in contrast to high expectations in its favor at the beginning of the twentieth century. The image of a victorious Roman alphabet is then probably caused by the paucity of counterfactual data, which could have been gleaned from failed cases, and it also results from the lack of comparative works, especially those that compare a successful case with a fiasco.
What I intend to do in this article is precisely this. By focusing on the Hebrew and Turkish cases, I aim at constructing a theoretical framework for explaining success and failure of romanization. The two cases in question are selected on purpose: adoption of the Roman alphabet in Atatürk's Turkey is the emblematic example of romanization in the twentieth century. Quite the reverse, the feeble movement in the Yishuv—a term that describes the Jewish population and settlement in Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine before the establishment of the State of Israel—in the 1920s and 1930s for writing Hebrew in the Roman alphabet had so utterly failed to impress the Hebrew speakers at the time that there are very few today who even remember that such a bizarre attempt was ever made. Comparing these two cases will help us identify a number of independent variables that facilitate romanization or inhibit it….
The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed the implantation of the Roman alphabet in the Americas and pockets of European colonization in the Far East. The first real conquest of the Roman alphabet outside the boundaries of Western Christendom, however, was the romanization of the Romanian script in 1860, during an atmosphere of cultural revival and independence, which also signaled Romania's growing estrangement from the Slavic and the Orthodox world. A second, less known, case was the gradual adoption in Vietnam of Quoc-ngu, a Roman-based alphabet, which was officially endorsed in 1910 but whose spread to the masses took considerably more time and lasted until the 1950s. A more crucial and rather famous decision of romanization was made at the Baku Congress of Turkology in 1926, when representatives from the Muslim-Turkic and Tatar communities in the Soviet Union and from the Republic of Turkey discussed matters of orthography among other cultural problems. The resolution of the congress stressed the need for the creation of a common script based on the Roman alphabet for all Turco-Tataric nations. This particular wave of romanization started with the Yakuts and the Azeris in 1926, while the Uzbeks and the Crimean Tatars followed suit in 1928 and 1929 respectively. The Republic of Turkey, on the other hand, whose initial attitude toward romanization at the congress could best be described as lukewarm, jumped on the bandwagon in 1928 with huge publicity given to the event in world press.
If it is permissible to use Max Weber's notion of "charismatic authority" in a field that he did not intend it for, the Roman alphabet had in effect become a charismatic script by the 1920s and 1930s. It owed its charisma less to its Roman or Catholic background, and more to a rather secular association with the advent of modernity, Westernization, and, later, the ascendancy of English as the global lingua franca….
An argument in favor of romanization of the Hebrew script was first heard in 1898, but that preliminary shot by Isaak Rosenberg, a Hebrew teacher in Jerusalem, fell on deaf ears and did not make an impact at all. The person who actually catapulted the idea of romanization to short-lived fame and notoriety was Itamar Ben-Avi, the son of the "father of modern Hebrew," Eliezer Ben-Yehuda.
Hardly remembered today, Itamar Ben-Avi (1882–1943) was a celebrity in the Yishuv as well as the diaspora world from the first decade of the twentieth century to the 1940s. His father, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, the individual who probably contributed more than anybody else to the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, raised him as the first Jew in nearly two millennia whose mother tongue was Hebrew. Thanks to the publicity given to him since his childhood for this reason, Ben-Avi was a living specimen of the "new Jew," who could turn dreams into reality by strength of will. Upon completing his university studies in Berlin, Ben-Avi returned to Jerusalem, where he embarked on a journalistic career, first writing in his father's newspapers, then acting as the Jerusalem correspondent for British and French dailies, and eventually topping his career with the editorship of such important Yishuv newspapers as the Do'ar ha-yom and the Palestine Weekly. He was to put his oratorical skills in many languages into use following a request from the Jewish National Fund to go abroad on lecture tours for the Zionist cause, a job that further boosted his image abroad, where he rubbed shoulders with the VIPs of the diaspora Jewry.
Of all people, it was this man who proposed to write Hebrew with Roman characters, and put his name at risk and gambled with his financial resources to carry out his plans for romanization. After many adventures along those lines in his youth, Ben-Avi's first concrete action was to publish a biography of his father, titled Avi (My Father), in romanized Hebrew in 1927. That initial attempt drew the ire of the Jewish literati in the Yishuv, who nipped the project in the bud by their deadly silence. The following year, no doubt encouraged by the news coming from Turkey, he briefly experimented with offering a Hebrew supplement in Roman alphabet to the Palestine Weekly. The first issue of Ha-shavu'a ha-palestini [variously spelled (per fn. 42) ha Şavu'a ha Palestini, ha Şavuja ha Palestini, ha Shavuaj ha Palestini, ha Shavuaa ha Palestini, and ha Shavua ha Palestini], as the supplement was called, appeared on 14 December 1928 and continued until May 1929 in twenty issues altogether. Members of the Revisionist Zionist Organization in the Yishuv rallied round his cause, and the organization's legendary leader Vladimir Jabotinsky emerged as the second best-known advocate for the romanization of Hebrew script. Yet, the supplement failed to create a momentum, with about three hundred copies sold in the Yishuv and abroad, even though a few first issues were distributed gratis. Ben-Avi made a final, and more serious, attempt in 1933, this time by publishing an independent weekly journal in romanized Hebrew. The weekly Deror appeared from 17 November 1933 to 25 March 1934 in sixteen issues, and, if we trust Ben-Avi's somewhat inflated numbers, the journal's sales stabilized around 1,400 copies from the third issue onward, several hundred of those being subscriptions from abroad. Not surprisingly, the Deror met the same fate as its predecessor and had to be closed down at enormous cost to its owner. The damage done, however, was not just financial. Ben-Avi was compelled to admit defeat, facing the Yishuv's indifference, if not outright animosity, toward his romanization plan.


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PALACE IN THE CENTER! HOSTEL with turn of the century charm! Eclectic palace, the stained glass windows and other works of art nonetheless keep secrets of long past times offering peace and calm within the center of the city! Vaci Street with range of restaurants and shopping venues is just on the corner. Danube promenade, Elizabeth and Chain Bridge, Parlament, Basilica, well-known Gellert and Rudas spa are inside a few mins walk.
The hostel is loocated right in the centre of downtown but on a noiseless steet. The rooms and bathroom were extremely clean which was suprising becuase the entrance hall location is extremely old and not so clean. There was not much of a have a look at time which makes items easier.
The building is just amazing. Along with the locaton inside the centre also! The next time, we come to Budpest, we wish to stay at the same hostel!
The building is just amazing. And the locaton in the center also! The next time, we come to Budpest, we need to stay at the same hostel!
* Palace Tokolyanum rated 4.4 out of 5 based on 5 customer reviews. Hostel reviews with a star rating are sourced from HostelBookers.
If you find Palace Tokolyanum with the same booking conditions at a lower rate somewhere else on the internet after you have booked, we will refund you the total difference.


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Jeopardy!'s Ken Jennings Reflects on His Touching Final Conversation With Alex Trebek
January 6, 2021 Azlyrics Leave a comment
Watch: Ken Jennings Recalls Final Conversation With Alex Trebek
What is pressure?
That's what Ken Jennings was feeling when tasked with taking over Jeopardy! hosting duties temporarily following the death of the show's longtime host, Alex Trebek. The beloved 80 year old passed away on Nov. 8 after battling stage four pancreatic cancer.
After Trebek's final shows, taped before his death, air this week, Jennings—famously a Jeopardy! champion himself—is slated to take over as interim host, followed by other guest hosts from within the show family.
"I don't think I've been more nervous in my life," Jennings told E!'s Scott Tweedie. "The Chase is a cakewalk compared to having to host Jeopardy! just because it's nerve-wracking to know the legacy and the size of the shoes you're filling."
Just two months after Trebek's passing, his absence in the world is strongly felt. "Just to be frank," he continued, "nobody wants me there. I don't want me there. We all want to see Alex there for 100 years in a perfect world and, you know, I really just wanted to do the best I could so as not to let him down and Jeopardy! viewers down, so I felt a lot of pressure."
photosAlex Trebek: A Life in Pictures
Fortunately, Jennings was able to have one last conversation with the game show great shortly before his death. "I actually talked to him on the phone the same weekend he passed," he recalled to Tweedie. "We had talked about the possibility of me guest hosting for him at some point and he was so sweet. He was thanking me very genuinely for helping out and I was like, 'Alex, you gave us 37 years.We should be thanking you. It's the least I could do.'"
Eric McCandless/ABC via Getty ImagesTrending Stories1ExclusiveWhy Kim Kardashian Hasn't Officially Filed for Divorce From Kanye West2JoJo Siwa Responds to Controversial "JoJo's Juice" Board Game3Tanya Roberts' Partner Reveals Her Cause of Death After Final Hours
As for how Trebek might have scored Jennings' performance, the latter does not expect to be at the top of the class just yet.
"Alex took his job very seriously and I don't believe he would be grading me on a curve," Jennings quipped. "I think he would have some serious words on stuff I needed to work on—hopefully a C+."
The Chase premieres January 7th on ABC.
ABCAlex TrebekKen JenningsScott Tweedie
The View's Joy Behar Tells Meghan McCain She "Did Not" Miss Her While on Maternity Leave
Where Kanye West Stands With Kim Kardashian's Family as Marital Turmoil Continues
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Benjamin R. Sumbera, age 70, of Grand Prairie, Texas, passed away Tuesday, December 25, 2018. Rosary was at 1:00 p.m. Wednesday, January 2, 2019 at St.
Reuel C. "R.C." Gauger, age 87, died December 22, 2018 at Grace Care Center in Olney, Texas. Funeral services were held at 11:00 a.m. on Thursday, December 27, 2018 at St.
Charlotte (Garner) McLaughlin, 80, of Olney, formerly of Petersburg passed away on October 6, 2018. Funeral services will be held 2:00 P.M.


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There's an artist (or group of artists) named Bored that have decided to transform Chicago into a famous table game: the Monopoly. This operation is a reation to express publicly dissatisfaction about the lack of street art around Chicago. The person (or group) has chosen to remain anonymous but expressed via email: "the goal of this entire project has been to present something different than a stencil painted on the ground or a poster pasted to a wall. Something 3-dimensional that can be picked up, beaten down, kicked, yanked, grabbed, and broken. And if someone ever put forth the effort to remove it, like a weed it will always grow back. And if left alone it will evolve into something different." So take a walk and play your town!


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From its design MetalRustGuard was set out to be effective against rust and corrosion, but more importantly, we wanted to attack the problem with the planet in mind. So many chemicals used as RP's are so harmful to the environment and to the surrounding areas they are used in. We take pride that our product is used with only non-toxic, environmentally friendly ingredients. We guarantee up to a 4 year shelf life for indoor storage and up to 2 years with outdoor storage. MetalRustGuard is a strong barrier protectant against corrosive elements and a product that can be applied to metal material with your bare hands, without any fear of chemical reaction or harm done to humans or the area it is used in. Buried underground, or used in metal manufacturing plants across the country, you can be sure that MetalRustGuard saves you money every time and Mother Earth as well.
We think VCI (Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors) works. We think they are feasible to mitigate and fight corrosion in your efforts to drive quality in your operation. We just happen to think our stuff works better, and we have the proof! Over 188 hours of Salt Spray testing proves that MetalRustGuard was THE CHOICE to prevent metal rust and corrosion. Even being submerged in phosphoric and hydrochloric acid, MetalRustGuard still stood up to the challenge. So if your company is using any VCI material now, whether it be VCI Poly, VCI bags, VCI emitters or desiccant packets, and you are looking to save up to 35% with a more environmentally friendly appeal, look no further than MetalRustGuard. Proudly manufactured in Los Angeles, California. We take pride in creating a new innovative approach towards rust and corrosion inhibiting. Remember, it's US or RUST!
The natural occurrence of rust on steel and other metal components, doesn't take a long time to happen. And this time of year, where most places around the US get extremely humid, it will take even less time. Rust forms after metal is exposed to oxygen and moisture in the air. In just 3 days, most pieces begin to corrode and would have to be re-worked and rust removed before they can be used. So how much is rust costing your company? How much labor are you spending on this natural occurrence that DOES NOT go away by well wishing? Well, we have a solution, and even if you are already using something now, we got a feeling that if you are here on our website, you are looking for another one. That solution is MetalRustGuard, the safe, non-toxic rust eliminator that stops rust in your operation immediately! So get in touch with us today, request a free sample and knock out your rust problem for good. Remember with MetalRustGuard- It's Us or Rust!
August 24th 2014- It seems easy, but does it really work?
We understand the doubt that sometimes come with understanding something new. When the internet started did we ever think that we would be able to stream movies or order products online from the other side of the US to be shipped in two days. (Amazon Prime is a game changer) But while doubt is normal to be expected, the results that come from change should not. With innovation comes new ideas and for packaging this is very true. Change is constantly taking place in the world of packaging. At MetalRustGuard we welcome the doubters, we welcome the challenge to win your business because we are confident in the results. We want to be the reason your company can increase productivity and eliminate re-works in your metal manufacturing. We want to be the product you put your confidence in to ensure your company's brand on shipping overseas and around the world RUST FREE! We feel here at MetalRustGuard, that we are making the BEST RUST PREVENTATIVE. It's a bold statement to make, but the testing has been done and the results are in. MetalRustGuard can withstand nature's abuse, whether it be humidity and crashing waves of salt water, or a large volume of parts being shipped around the world, we promise to provide corrosion free metal every time. With MetalRustGuard- It's Us or Rust!
Good isn't good if better is expected. That simple sentence quoted from the great broadcast legend Vin Scully, certainly applies to the business world. In the business world better is ALWAYS expected and a company must be quick to adapt and find solutions quickly, or in the world of countless contacts and relentless competition, be replaced. With MetalRustGuard, you can rest assured that you will always be getting something better. MetalRustGuard is that something better that your business has been missing when it comes to rust prevention. It is that innovative approach, that safe for the environment appeal your customers demand and all the effectiveness you will need. So if your VCI (Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor) is just giving you good, find something better with MetalRustGuard. The non-toxic, safe to be applied by hand, fool proof method to solving your rust and corrosion problem for good. With MetalRustGuard- It's us or Rust!
October 13th 2014- The proof is in the pudding and we are cooking a fresh batch now!
A busy schedule for us here at MetalRustGuard and we are hoping you can join us soon! We have the world largest metal machining show in the US, the FabTech show in Atlanta November 11th-13th. We will also be exhibiting at the World Ag Expo in Tulare, CA February 10th-12th 2015. Over 100k attendees expected to attends this marvelous show. We are also excited to announce that we will be at the Corrosion 2015 Expo and Conference in Dallas, TX March 15th-19th. We hope to see you at one of these exciting events. Don't miss us! Stop by and let us know how we are doing. We always love hearing from the people!
We make a lot of claims on our website. We do it because we know the corrosion inhibiting market well. And we also know how well MetalRustGuard works in comparison to those products. Some have been around since the 1920's and still use the same formula and still pose the same challenges to manufacturers. Whether the challenge be tough to clean off, toxic and materials containing VOC's, or just out and out ineffective to the conditions you are shipping or storing your metal in. With MetalRustGuard we know this is a new way to inhibit corrosion for aluminum, steel and other machinery equipment, but we encourage you to contact us today for a free sample or pick up a roll here at http://ow.ly/DKdXS and see how MetalRustGuard can turn the tide against your battle with corrosion. Remember with MetalRustGuard- It's Us or Rust!
November 18th 2014- How many products do you use invented in WW1?
WWI happened almost 100 years ago and while somethings invented then have been innovated now, one thing that was revolutionized during that period has NOT been changed and that is cosmoline. Cosmoline, you know that stuff that your grandfather used on his old hunting rifles that always had a better story behind the damage it did, than the actual truth. But since the 1920's very little has changed about the manufacturing of cosmoline and with it, the list of cons continue to add up as your company has grown. It has been the stuff you always chose because at the time it was the best rust and corrosion inhibitor. But time has changed since the 1920's and so has your operation, and with that change comes new products and new ideas and with that in mind comes MetalRustGuard. With all the effectiveness of corrosion prevention of cosmoline or oil inhibitors without the gunky removal of that nasty stuff. MetalRustGuard is the solution for quick application and easy removal all done in a non-toxic packaging material that doesn't harm the user applying the material or the environment it is placed in. So if you are stuck using inhibitors from the 1920's, fast forward 100 years and improve efficiency in your manufacturing process today with MetalRustGuard. Remember with MetalRustGuard- It's Us or Rust!
Answer: There are two reasons why MetalRustGuard (MRG) is effective. First, the base material (Non Woven Polypropylene) is hydrophobic in it's nature. Even without the wax impregnation, water is sheeted and dispersed. What this does is prevent water vapor transmission through the material. The wax and oil impregnation (Food Grade waxes and oils) prevents atmospheric condensation changes on the outside from contaminating the metal on the inside. This means it is also effective in high humidity conditions and marine environment conditions.
September 21st 2016- New Distribution Partners!
MetalRustGuard has been working hard to bring the best value to our customers around the world. We are now proud to announce a new partnership with Boride Engineered Abrasives and Falcon Tool. Based out of Traverse City, Michigan, both companies bring excellent support throughout the United States and online ordering is available through these companies today! Check out our Where To Purchase MetalRustGuard page for more information.


You will earn 1,464 Reward Points. Earn 1 reward point for every 1 dollar spent.
The top-of-the-line Grindmaster-Cecilware E49-3 Crathco Classic Bubblers Mini Quad" Premix Cold Beverage Dispenser allows guests to select and pour their preferred beverage. This beverage dispenser is 25.50 inches tall, 20.50 inches wide, and 15 inches deep.
Large capacity drip pan holds more.
Four generous, yet compact, 2.4 gallon (9 L) easy-clean bowls.
Pre-mix dispenser in compact size saves valuable counter space.
Agitators are included with each unit for fresh juices, coffees, or teas.
Dispense 4 flavors in less than 21 inches (53 cm) with 8 inch (20 cm) cup height.
Two-piece stainless steel dripless pouring valves are sanitary and easy to use and maintain.
Unique evaporator and high efficiency pump cools faster and more efficiently for quick start-up.
So far so good, fairly easy to assemble and works well.


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2016 Subaru WRX – Look Beyond The Sedan Build And Love It
Aaron Turpen
The 2016 Subaru WRX is the latest in a line of new, but already legendary sports cars. Just the name, World Rallycross (WRX), says it all for this car. An all-new redesign for the 2015 model year had many enthusiasts unhappy though, as the five-door station wagon-style build of the previous generation gave way to a sedan-only styling. If you look beyond this change, however, you'll see that the WRX is still a rally car to love.
We spent a week with the 2015 Subaru WRX STi model last year and had a great time in the beastly little dirt thrower. Now, we've driven the more "everyman" 2016 WRX and can say that we still love this car. Losing the hatchback meant some of the versatility is gone, but gained is a larger cabin, better chassis, and a much more upscale build than the car had before. At its heart, the Subaru WRX has always been a sports car that can double as a daily driver without much complaint and it's still that. Only it's better at it.
The stiff, sport-tuned ride of this version of the Impreza sedan is still there, but now a nicer interior experience means better everyday comfort and fewer "don't grab that, it might break!" assumptions. The interior of the 2016 WRX gets a huge boost in quality from the previous generations, yet it's still simple and straight-forward like it's always been. Sure, when compared to others in the segment, maybe the WRX still isn't as "premium" as expected, even if that's in the sub-trim's name.. But when you buy this car, you aren't buying the interior. You're buying the powertrain and chassis. We will say, though, that you're getting more with the interior than you did before.
We liked the added shoulder room, better knee room, and upgraded materials quality. Seating is still firm, but comfortable, and the back seat is still kid-friendly and adult "when you have to" – which is true of any car in this segment. The trunk is generous too. We especially liked the upgraded driver's seat, better steering wheel, and much better visibility for the driver thanks to new pillar designs.
As we said, though, with the 2016 Subaru WRX, it's all about the goods under the hood. The new chassis is 40% firmer than it was before and a retuned suspension means much better handling. It was already great before, but add in the updated torque vectoring in the all-wheel drive system, and you have a car that can out-corner almost anything you name.
The engine is also new. It's a turbocharged 2.0-liter BOXER four that outputs 268 horsepower (5,600 rpm) and 258 pound-feet of torque (2,000-5,200 rpm). A new continuously variable transmission (CVT) is available for the WRX as well, but most of us are gonna want the six-speed manual. That's how we drove it and it's a great setup, though we noted a very stiff clutch in this car. Our average 0-60 mph times with this getup were 5.7 seconds. Professionals on a track should be able to get much closer to 5. If you're nice, though, you can still eke out 24 mpg combined (per the EPA) when you're using the WRX as a daily driver. We got pretty close to that. Once. Most of the time we couldn't help but hoon and rally. It is what it is. By the way, the CVT option drops fuel economy by 3 points, so the only reason to get it is convenience.
For the money, it's hard to find complaint about the 2016 Subaru WRX. The STi model is great for any who want the 2.5L with turbocharging and some added differential control, but for those who want a fun rally car that's more everyday, the WRX is the way to go.
Our Premium model was well-enough outfitted to keep us happy and rang in at just under $33,000 delivered. We recommend the $2,100 Harman/Kardon upgrade if you can afford it. Of course, WRX World Rally Blue is almost mandatory with this car. As is access to a lot of dirt. Use the handbrake liberally.
Related Topics:2016 Subaru WRXSubaru
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Aaron Turpen is a freelance automotive journalist and writer living in Wyoming, USA. You can find him at AaronOnAutos.com and CarNewsCafe.com.
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Beach City Bugle: Fan Theory: Pink Diamond's Emergence & The Beginning of Era 2!?
Fan Theory: Pink Diamond's Emergence & The Beginning of Era 2!?
Could a small Diamond be the result of a lack of resources? And could she have been created in order to lead a new era of gems?


Do you have an interest in being a "reader" at Sunday Mass? Do you have the talent to read aloud? Have you done any public speaking? If you feel you have the talents to participate in this important ministry, take the time to speak with one of our lectors after mass on February 24th or 25. They will be able to answer many of your questions. You are also welcome to contact our Lector Coordinator Tom O'Neill. He can be reached at 805-300-4250 and he will answer all of your questions.
Lectors are ministers of the Word. The church requires they be properly trained (training provided), have a skill in public reading, knowledge of the principles of Liturgy and an understanding and love of the scriptures. Lectors are fully initiated, practicing Catholics, whose lives witness to the Word which they proclaim.


Happy Valentine's Day. This holiday, which initially honored religious martyrs, is now a celebration of love, so whether you're planning a romantic dinner for two, having drinks with friends, baking a heart-shaped pizza for your kids, or just planning to cuddle your pup -- we wish you a sweet day.
Let's not forget that this is also President's Day Weekend, which means the 51st annual Coconut Grove Arts Festival and Miami International Boat Show are in town.
Much to do. Let's get started, shall we?
The big day is today and, unless you've made some insane no-holidays pact with your significant other, you'd best be making plans for this evening. Luckily, there are many ways to celebrate and Short Order's got you covered.
The 51st annual Coconut Grove Arts Festival is this weekend, with a mile-long stretch of some of the finest artists in the world displaying their works at Peacock Park and along Bayshore Drive. Each year, thousands of people come to buy or just browse the hundreds of exhibitors. Of course, there's artistry in food, and the festival celebrates that at its culinary pavilion, where some of Miami's best chefs demonstrate their skills for you. Hourly demonstrations run from 11 a.m. - 4 p.m. all weekend long, and participating chefs include Giorgio Rapicavoli (Eating House); Chef Irie (Irie Spice, Inc.); Letty Alvarez (LA Sweets); Oscar del Rivero (Talavera Restaurant, Jaguar Ceviche, and Peacock Garden Cafe); Ramesh Kaduru (Ritz Carlton Coconut Grove) and others. For a full demonstration schedule, click here. The festival is open daily from 10 a.m.- 6 p.m. and admission is $15 per day; Residents of zip code 33133 pay only $5; children under 12 are free.


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Audi Unveils New R18, Announces No Extra Cars for Le Mans
Audi's futuristic racer gets even more futuristic, but with Volkswagen scaling back its racing budget, neither Audi nor their cousins at Porsche will bring an extra car to the 24 hour classic.
By Fred Smith
It goes without saying that, in a year in which Audi's R18s did not win the 24 Hours of Le Mans, 2015 was a disappointment for the manufacturer's motor racing outlets. Two wins in the WEC and a runner-up finish in both that championship as well as the DTM manufacturer's championship were nice consolation prizes, but ultimately, the marque is in racing to win the biggest endurance race on earth.
The new R18, then, has a lot to live up to.
This is the third generation of the R18, a name and general design that has lived a much longer life than the group's previous R10 and R15 racers, which survived just four and two years respectively. Audi's closed cockpit racers have had E-Tron hybrid assistance technology for years, but this latest generation moves from a flywheel system to a more traditional lithium ion battery charging system, allowing them to move into the 6 Megajoule power outlet subcategory of LMP1. Though this is still far less than Toyota and Porsche's 8MJ racers, it should be enough to greatly increase the competitiveness of a program that had previously competed in the 4MJ subclass.
Though the shift in battery systems and the radical visual redesign are surely a surprise, the biggest news out of Audi's announcement today surrounds the marque's traditional extra car for Le Mans. A joint decision by fellow Volkswagen Auto Group brand Porsche has lead to a cancellation of that car for both teams, which in addition to unchanged driving lineups in the team's full season World Endurance Championship entries mean that reigning race winners Nick Tandy, Earl Bamber and Nico Hulkenburg (who was already eliminated from any hope of competing in the race by an adjusted F1 schedule) will in all likelihood be unable to defend their win.
Audi would also announced unchanged lineups in the DTM, where Jamie Green took them to a runner-up finish in the driver's championship last season. The manufacturer hasn't won the driver's championship in Germany's top regional championship since 2013, when former LMP1 ace Mike Rockenfeller took the win.
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The Old Testament mentions nine different people named Jeremiah. The man God used to author this book was a priest and one of Israel's greatest prophets. Because of several biographical narratives in the book of Jeremiah, more is known about Jeremiah than any other prophet.
The Hebrew name Jeremiah apparently means "Exalted of the Eternal" or "Appointed by the Eternal." It may relate to the fact that the prophet was one of only a few people whom the Bible reveals to have been sanctified by God before birth for a special purpose—the others being John the Baptist, Jesus Christ and the apostle Paul (Luke 1:13-14; Isaiah 49:1, 5; Galatians 1:15). Jeremiah 1:5 may mean that, like John and Jesus, Jeremiah was chosen even before his conception for his commission.
Jeremiah's father Hilkiah (1:1) was apparently not the high priest Hilkiah of 2 Kings 22:8. The priests who lived at the priest-city of Anathoth (about 3 miles northeast of Jerusalem) were of the house of Ithamar (compare 1 Kings 2:26) while the high priests, since Zadok, were of the line of Eleazar.
Jeremiah's ministry began in the 13th year of Josiah (Jeremiah 1:2)—ca. 627 or 626 B.C.—when Zephaniah is also believed to have preached. The book bearing Jeremiah's name relates his words and works during the reigns of the last five kings of Judah—a span of about 40 years—and on into the first years of Judah's Babylonian captivity (verses 1-3). Josiah was a righteous ruler who was apparently close to Jeremiah—the king's great reformation coming five years after Jeremiah's preaching began. Upon Josiah's death, Jeremiah lamented for him (2 Chronicles 35:25). But the mostly superficial benefits of Josiah's reforms were soon replaced by moral and spiritual decay. Following him were four wicked rulers—Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and, finally, Zedekiah, whose reign was ended by Babylon's invasion of Judah.
"According to the traditional date, the time of [Jeremiah's] call (year 13 of Josiah's reign—Jeremiah 1:2) coincided approximately with the death of the last great Assyrian ruler, Ashurbanipal, an event which signaled the disintegration of the Assyrian empire under whose yoke Judah had served for nearly a century. Against the waning power and influence of the Assyrians, Judah asserted its independence under Josiah" (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia,"Jeremiah, Book of"). This was no doubt assisted by the arrival of the Scythians, which soon followed. But following their eventual withdrawal, Judah found itself in a vulnerable position between two powers contending for dominance—Egypt and the Neo-Babylonian Empire—and the latter would emerge supreme.
Jeremiah was appointed "a prophet to the nations" (verse 5)—to "all the kingdoms of the world" (25:26). And chapters 46-51 are directed to various gentile nations. However, "nations" would seem to refer primarily to the people of Judah and Israel. His preaching was, of course, in large measure directed to the people of Judah where he lived. But Jeremiah also prophesied to the house of Israel—which God had punished and sent into captivity nearly a century before he began preaching. Obviously, then, God's message is for Israel of the end time. Jeremiah wrote of a time of national trouble that is yet ahead for the modern descendants of the lost 10 tribes of Israel. A number of passages in Jeremiah clearly refer to events that will occur just before and after Christ's return at the end of this age.
One of the greatest values of this book is its universal application in understanding the righteous nature of God and the rebellious nature of man, desperately in need of transformation. According to The Expositor's Bible Commentary, "Jeremiah preached more about repentance than any other prophet" (introductory notes on Jeremiah). For a time, Jeremiah's message was for the people of his day to repent or else be taken captive by Babylon. Yet, because the response was resentment rather than repentance, God revealed to Jeremiah that Jerusalem's fall and the people's captivity had become the inevitable punishment. Following that revelation, Jeremiah continued to exhort the people to repent, but he also preached that God's will was for them to submit to Babylon—with assurance that, if they did, they would receive mercy. However the populace, especially the authorities, viewed this message as pessimistic, heretical, unpatriotic and even treasonous. As a result, Jeremiah repeatedly suffered rejection, hostility, ridicule, persecution, and threats against his life. For a while he was actually imprisoned.
Besides this book that bears his name, Jeremiah is also credited with writing the book of Lamentations—a term that has become almost synonymous with the prophet. Indeed, much of the book of Jeremiah can be described as a lament about the people's lack of obedience to God and the tragic fate awaiting them. Based on the prophet, the English language contains the word "jeremiad," defined as "an elaborate and prolonged lamentation or a tale of woe" (American Heritage Dictionary, 1969). That should not be surprising. The Jeremiah of popular imagination is a stern and gloomy doomsayer. But that is an extreme and unfair characterization of the prophet. His messages, which were critical of the people's conduct and warned of punishment, were not his own inventions. Rather, he was conveying God's messages. Moreover, these messages included the wonderful promise of mercy and deliverance if the people would repent. And Jeremiah 1:10 clearly reveals that his commission was to include positive and negative—constructive and destructive—elements. His book also contains joyous prophecies of the coming Messiah, a new covenant and a blissful new age to come.
Part of the unfair portrayal of Jeremiah's personality is the picture of a chronically depressed person. Yet while he did suffer frequent melancholy, this was a reflection of the great stress and sacrifices of his life, not of inherent weakness. A prophet's lonely life of being the bearer of bad news was a heavy and depressing burden to bear, especially for one so deeply concerned and tenderhearted as Jeremiah. He felt anger and disgust at the apostasy and idolatry of the people, but he grieved as well, knowing the ominous fate awaiting his beloved countrymen. Added to that, he felt perplexed and humiliated when many years were passing and his prophecies were not materializing.
Jeremiah is sometimes called the "weeping prophet" (see 9:1, 10; 13:17; 48:32), but mourning for others over their wickedness and future suffering is a spiritual strength, not a weakness (Ezekiel 9:4; 21:6; Amos 6:6; Matthew 5:4). Other strengths of Jeremiah were his faith in God, devotion to prayer, faithfulness in fulfilling his calling, and unflinching courage in the face of hostility and danger. Jeremiah's life has parallels with the life of Christ, who was a "Man of sorrows and acquainted with grief" (Isaiah 53:3; Matthew 16:14).
Eventually, Jeremiah will see his prophecies of the immediate future come to pass. Following the righteous reign of Josiah, a period of national decline will end with Judah's fall to the Babylonians. But the prophet's work does not end with that calamity, as we will see.
Of all the prophetic books, Jeremiah is the longest. It "is longer than Isaiah or Ezekiel, and the Minor Prophets combined are about a third shorter. The claim has been made that it is the longest book in the Bible" (Expositor's). It is also the most complex of the prophetic books. It is not arranged chronologically or topically. That may partly be because Jeremiah was mainly a preacher rather than a writer, who later dictated events and messages after the fact. (Jeremiah dictated much of the book to his secretary Baruch.) As it is, "the organization of the oracles, prose sermons, and other material is based on content, audience, and connective links" (Nelson Study Bible, introductory notes on Jeremiah). The Bible Reading Program will not cover the chapters in the biblical order, but will rather put the sections in the apparent chronological order to follow the story flow of Jeremiah's life—placing his messages in that context.
When God called and commissioned Jeremiah, he was modest and reluctant, citing his youth as a handicap to speaking from experience and with authority. The Bible Reader's Companion states, "He was called by God as a na'ar (1:6), a youth some 16 to 18 years old" (note on verse 6). However, youthfulness is relative and his age was not important, since his safety and success was dependent on God, not on himself (verses 7-8, 17-19). Indeed, this would have provided evidence of God's direction and inspiration—as well as serving as a point of shame for the nation's elders who had been failing in their responsibilities. The king on the throne now was young too—and he would lead the nation in wonderful reforms.
Jeremiah's young age at his calling should also serve as an inspiration for any young person reading God's Word who understands the truth and is stirred with a strong conviction to act on what he or she knows. God calls and works with young people too.
In verse 10 God gives Jeremiah a mysterious commission: "See, today I appoint you over nations and over kingdoms, to pluck up and to pull down, to destroy and to overthrow, to build and to plant" (New Revised Standard Version). "The words root out, pull down, destroy, throw down, build, and plant are repeated at key points in the Book of Jeremiah to reaffirm Jeremiah's call (18:7; 24:6; 31:28; 42:10; 45:4)" (Nelson Study Bible, note on verse 10). Based on Jeremiah's life hereafter, it is easy to ascertain what God meant by plucking up, pulling down, destroying and overthrowing. This great prophet repeatedly warned the Jews to repent of their disobedience—but they scorned him. So God used him to pronounce judgment on the nation: the people and the kings of David's line would be overthrown in the Babylonian conquest and uprooted—to Babylon.
But the latter part of the prophet's commission yet remained: "to build and to plant." What did this involve? From Jeremiah 45:4 we can see that building and planting in this context originally entailed God's planting His people in the land and building a kingdom of them there—now to be pulled up and destroyed. So the commission would seem to involve planting people in another place in order to establish a kingdom elsewhere. We will examine this question further toward the end of the book.
God here gives the sign of an almond tree, "which blossoms when other trees are still dormant…. as a harbinger of spring, as though it 'watched over' the beginning of the season. In a similar fashion, God was 'watching over' His word, ready to bring judgment on Israel" (note on 1:11-12). Jeremiah also saw a boiling pot tilted southward, "indicating the direction in which the pot's contents would be spilled. The calamity suggested by this vision was an enemy attack on Judah and Jerusalem from the north. In 20:4, Jeremiah finally identifies this enemy as Babylon. Babylon was itself east of Jerusalem, but the road went around the desert and approached from the north" (note on verses 13-14). Interestingly, the enemy to the northeast when Jeremiah started prophesying was still Assyria. But that would soon change. Indeed, the book of Jeremiah refers to Babylon 164 times, more references than in all the rest of the Bible. Jeremiah foretold that Babylon, the destroyer of Judah, would herself be destroyed by the Medes and Persians, never to rise again. Some of the prophecies in this regard are dual, referring also to the rise and fall of the end-time political, economic and religious system called Babylon—located to the northwest of Judah (thus still north)—while some prophecies refer exclusively to the end time.
Preaching God's message brought Jeremiah a great deal of suffering, but God emphatically charged him, "Do not be afraid of their [intimidating] faces" (1:8, 17)—as He, the Almighty Deliverer, would provide impregnable defense (1:18-19). We too can take encouragement from these words as we carry out the commission God has given His Church to preach His true gospel to the end of the age (see Matthew 28:19-20).


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Media Races To Make San Bernardino Shooting About Planned Parenthood [VIDEO]
Blake Neff Reporter
December 02, 2015 5:11 PM ET
Just minutes after reports emerged of a shooting in San Bernardino, Calif., members of the media quickly began to draw a dubious connection between the shooting and Planned Parenthood, even though the nearest clinic is about a mile away and there is no evidence it is involved.
In fact, Wednesday's shooting took place at the Inland Regional Center, a facility that mainly provides services for the disabled. The three shooters remain at large and their motives are unknown.
Despite the general lack of information, members of the media and general public quickly moved to note that a Planned Parenthood exists in the general area of the shooting, thereby implying the shooting could be a copycat attack on Planned Parenthood similar to the one carried out last week in Colorado.
CNN, for instance, quickly speculated on the air that Planned Parenthood might be the target, even after acknowledging the shooting didn't happen there.
CNN trying to politicize the shooting. Reporter: Not at a Planned Parenthood facility. "Is there one nearby?" pic.twitter.com/KMThbrloXi
— Hair (@SHannitysHair) December 2, 2015
"San Bernardino's Planned Parenthood is about one mile south of the 1300 block of South Waterman," mentions Marketwatch, for no clear reason. Raw Story similarly makes a throwaway mention to Planned Parenthood's proximity. RT's write-up mentions in its first paragraph the shooting's location is "around the corner" from a Planned Parenthood.
Alan Colmes, a former Fox News contributor and host of the Alan Colmes Show on radio, saw fit to make an entire blog post about the Planned Parenthood's proximity to the shooting, even though he explicitly notes the shooting didn't happen there.
Dozens of random Twitter users and minor news sources ran with the narrative, suggesting the shooting could be a copycat attack despite the lack of any real evidence:
#BREAKING: Shooting in San Bernadino is at or Near a Planned Parenthood Clinic – https://t.co/7Q8uBPMi0D pic.twitter.com/kcpA1mRlT2
— Breaking911 (@Breaking911) December 2, 2015
Thought: Did #SanBernardino shooters mean to hit Planned Parenthood but hit IRC instead? I'm told it's closeby.
— Kyle Jorrey (@KyleBJorrey) December 2, 2015
While several descriptions make it sound like the shooting location is reasonably close to a Planned Parenthood, in fact this isn't the case at all. A quick look at a map reveals that Planned Parenthood is about a mile away, with a river, golf course, and dozens of buildings in the way:
The purple dot is where the shooting took place. The red dot is #plannedparenthood. Let's shut up & wait for facts. pic.twitter.com/3iTau7ySUJ
— Savannah (@thesavvy) December 2, 2015
Other users quickly expressed dissatisfaction with the media for its early framing of the incident:
.@FoxBusiness is getting as bad as other #MSM. Mass shooting in San Bernardino, and they report it's "NEAR" a #plannedparenthood. Really???
— Chris Marsh (@ChrisMarsh4) December 2, 2015
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Blake Neff