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Tag Archives: european parliament
As Gabriel steps aside, Schulz gives Germany's SPD best shot in a generation
Martin Schulz, formerly the European Parliament president, has returned to German domestic politics in recent weeks. (Facebook)
For the past two elections, Germany's center-left has tried to stymie chancellor Angela Merkel with two jowly, doughy figures compromised by high service in Merkel-led 'grand coalition' governments.
And for the past two elections, Germany's center-left Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD, Social Democratic Party) has won a smaller share of the vote than at any other time in postwar German history.
For months, it appeared that the Social Democrats were set to sleepwalk into making the same error in 2017.
With the federal election formally set for September 24, it seemed that the SPD would choose as its candidate for chancellor Sigmar Gabriel, the economy minister who serves as vice chancellor in the current Große Koalition and who has served as the party's official leader since 2009.
Though polls showed Merkel's center-right Christlich Demokratische Union (CDU, Christian Democratic Union), in power since 2005, losing some ground to the eurosceptic and anti-immigrant Alternative für Deutschland (AfD, Alternative for Germany), they still maintained a consistent lead of anywhere from 11% to 17% against the Social Democrats. With Gabriel at the helm, the SPD seemed content to lose another election to Merkel, perhaps willing to suffer as the junior partner in her fourth-term governing coalition or otherwise in complete opposition.
So it was a surprise to see Gabriel on Tuesday bow out of competition to lead his party into the 2017 elections and instead endorse Martin Schulz, who stepped down as the president of the European Parliament just weeks ago to return to German politics. Continue reading As Gabriel steps aside, Schulz gives Germany's SPD best shot in a generation →
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European Union, United States
Obama's error? Prioritizing TPP over TTIP
June 24, 2015 Kevin Lees	Leave a comment
I write tomorrow for The National Interest that the Obama administration made a deep strategic error in allowing the fight for trade promotion authority become dominated by the Trans Pacific Partnership when the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership would have been an easier sell.
Now, given the difficult fight to win fast-trade promotion authority, momentum may be shifting against both the TPP and the TTIP, especially in Europe, where leftists in the European Parliament are having second thoughts. The ramifications of the Obama administration's strategic choice will linger far into the next administration, whether Republican or Democratic.
I argue that TTIP would have been an easier (and better) trade deal for three reasons. Continue reading Obama's error? Prioritizing TPP over TTIP →
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The 13 key EU players in the proposed Juncker Commission
September 12, 2014 Kevin Lees	1 Comment
On Wednesday, the incoming president of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker (pictured above), released full details on the proposed commissioners within his Commission, which will serve as the chief executive and administrative body of the European Union between 2014 and 2019.
The most important feature of the proposed Juncker Commission is that he's introduced the greatest amount of hierarchy in an institution that used to be flat. It's not a secret that some portfolios have always been more desirable than others, especially as the Commission has expanded to include all 28 member-states. But Juncker has introduced a first vice president and five vice presidents, who will also serve alongside Italy's foreign minister Federica Mogherini, who was appointed two weeks ago to serve as Commission vice president and high representative for foreign affairs and security policy.
The delegation of so much power to five 'super-commissioners' with roving, supervisory briefs indicates that Juncker intends to be a much less hands-on Commission president that his predecessor, José Manuel Barroso. But it also reflects a Commission that, including Luxembourg's Juncker, contains five former prime ministers (Finland, Slovenia, Latvia and Estonia). It also contains four incumbents (Germany, Sweden, Bulgaria and Austria) who have served throughout the full second term of the Barroso Commission. That makes the Juncker Commission possibly the most distinguished in EU history.
Each commissioner must be approved by the European parliament and, while individual nominees have had troubles in the past, the parliament typically approves the vast majority of a Commission president's appointments, all of whom were nominated by their respective national governments.
With nine women, it's not as unbalanced as feared even a week or two ago, and with 14 members of the center-right European People's Party (EPP), eight members of the center-left Party of European Socialists (PES) and five members of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE), it generally reflects the results of the May 25 European parliamentary elections, though some social democrats and socialists are grumbling that the left doesn't have enough representation.
So what can we expect from this illustrious college of commissioners?
Here's a look at the 13 most important players in the proposed Commission (aside from Juncker and Mogherini, of course). Continue reading The 13 key EU players in the proposed Juncker Commission →
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European Union, Italy, Poland
Tusk, Mogherini appointed to top European offices. What next?
August 30, 2014 Kevin Lees	2 Comments
The European Council appointed Polish prime minister Donald Tusk as Council president and nominated Italian foreign minister Federica Mogherini as its new high representative for foreign affairs and security policy.
The appointments of both Mogherini and Tusk were widely expected in the days and hours leading up to today's EU summit.
Tusk (pictured above, left, with his predecessor, Herman Van Rompuy), age 57, was first elected prime minister in 2007 and reelected in 2011 as the leader of the center-right Platforma Obywatelska (PO, Civic Platform), each time defeating the more conservative, nationalist Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS, Law and Justice). Essentially a moderate liberal and European federalist, Tusk has governed Poland for seven of the 10 years during which it's been a member of the European Union. His elevation to the Council presidency marks the first time that a central or eastern European has held a top EU office, and it reflects Poland's growing clout as one of the engines of the European Union.
Mogherini (pictured above, right, with her predecessor, Baroness Catherine Ashton), age 41, only recently became Italy's foreign minister in February, when prime minister Matteo Renzi maneuvered his way into the premiership. Though some Baltic and eastern European leaders doubted her level of experience and questioned whether she might be too sympathetic to Russia, she's received strong marks in her six months as Italy's foreign minister, marking her as a rising star in the new generation of leaders in Renzi's center-left Partito Democratico (PD, Democratic Party).
RELATED: Who is Federica Mogherini?
Together with Jean-Claude Juncker, the former Luxembourg prime minister, who was nominated by the Council in June as the president of the European Commission, the EU's chief executive and regulatory body, Tusk and Mogherini will be responsible for setting EU policy through 2019.
The Council presidency was created by the Treaty of Lisbon, which came into effect only in 2009. Before Lisbon, the Council president was simply the leader of the country that held the six-month rotating Council presidency. Van Rompuy, a former Belgian prime minister, served as the inaugural Council president. Upon the Council's decision today, Tusk will begin his first term of 2.5 years in December, with the option for reappointment to a second term of 2.5 years.
The high representative role existed prior to the Lisbon Treaty, but it was greatly expanded when Ashton, a former Labour member of the House of Lords, was appointed to the role in 2009. Technically, Mogherini will serve as Italy's representative on the European Commission and, accordingly, her term will run for five years and is subject to the approval of the European parliament.
Given their different backgrounds, Tusk and Mogherini were viewed as a complementary team. Eastern and central Europeans are delighted to see Tusk, a relatively hawkish voice on Russia, elevated to the Council presidency. Meanwhile, Mogherini brings gender diversity to the Commission, and she will join Martin Schulz, a German social democrat, as the chief voice of the center-left at the top of the EU policymaking apparatus.
RELATED: Forecasting the EU power summit, part 1
Europe's next high representative
Europe's next council president
But what does it mean for the next five years of European policy? Continue reading Tusk, Mogherini appointed to top European offices. What next? →
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Despite Senate vote, Renzi's reform push stalling in Italy
August 14, 2014 Kevin Lees	Leave a comment
If Rome wasn't built in a day, it's certainly proving that it won't be reformed in a day, either.
Nearing a half-year in office, the most 'impressive' accomplishment of Italy's new prime minister Matteo Renzi is engineering the relatively anti-democratic putsch of his own party's prime minister, Enrico Letta in February.
Renzi, the 39-year-old former mayor of Florence, gave Letta just 10 months to enact urgent reforms before he executed his takeover of the Italian government. Six months into his own premiership, Renzi has greater support than Letta ever had to shake up Italy's ossified government. But Renzi nonetheless has surprisingly little to show for half a year in office, even as the country slipped this summer into, incredibly, a triple-dip recession.
When he ushered himself into power, Renzi came to the office with a wish list of reforms, all of which he promised would be delivered before the summer: a new election law, labor market reforms, tax reform and changes to Italy's sclerotic public administration.
Renzi isn't much closer to achieving any of those today than he was in the spring. He's lucky to have won a key vote last week in the upper house of the Italian parliament, the Senato (Senate), to reduce that chamber's powers, making it essentially an advisory body, giving Italy a unicameral parliamentary system in all but name. Renzi must still win a vote in the lower house, the Camera dei Deputati (Chamber of Deputies), where Renzi's Partido Democratico (PD, Democratic Party) controls an absolute majority, as well as another final vote in the Senate before the reforms are put before voters in a referendum next year. Continue reading Despite Senate vote, Renzi's reform push stalling in Italy →
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European Council proposes Juncker as Commission president
Bowing to pressure from European parliamentary leaders, the European Council has proposed as its candidate for the presidency of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker, the former prime minister of Luxembourg and former head of the Eurogroup, the informal gathering of the eurozone finance ministers.
That makes it virtually certain that the European Parliament will elect Juncker (pictured above) as the next Commission president, likely with the full support of the two major pan-European parties in the Parliament, Juncker's own center-right European People's Party (EPP) and the center-left, social democratic Party of European Socialists (PES). It also likely means that the PES candidate for the Commission presidency, Martin Schulz, will become the Commission vice president.
It's obviously a defeat for British prime minister David Cameron who, just last week, was still holding out hope that he could pull together a blocking minority to keep Juncker from receiving the Council's endorsement. But by the time the Council gathered to vote, only Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán joined Cameron in opposing Juncker. Not only did Cameron fail to win over allies, he failed to keep both Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte and Swedish prime minister Frederik Reinfeldt, neither of whom are enthusiastic about the prospects of a Juncker candidacy.
Contacted by a reporter for the Moscow-based RIA Novosti earlier today, I had a chance to put together some quick thoughts on what the Juncker decision means. Here are my real-time responses, which will double as my real-time analysis on where things go from here.
On how the choice reflects the European parliamentary elections on May 25:
The choice reflects the fact that Juncker was the candidate of the European People's Party, the pan-European group of center-right, Christian democratic parties, and the EPP won the greatest number of seats in the European parliamentary elections on May 25. The EPP nominated Juncker as its candidate for the European Commission presidency prior to the May 25 parliamentary elections, just as several other European parliamentary parties nominated their own candidates. The candidates — the German term 'Spitzenkandidaten' developed widespread use across Europe — campaigned throughout the spring, and they participated in a set of debates on the EU's future.
Under the Lisbon treaty, the European Council is supposed to 'propose' a candidate for Commission president, which will be 'elected' by the European Parliament, with the Council 'taking into account' the results of the parliamentary election. No one knows exactly what that means, but Juncker and the other parliamentary leaders believe firmly that the Council must propose Juncker as its candidate. In so doing today, the Council has set an important precedent for future parliamentary elections, though national leaders will be loathe to admit it.
Proponents of the Spitzenkandidaten system argue that Juncker represents the will of the European electorate, because he's the candidate of the party that won the most votes, but it's not so simple as that. There's no real indication that the majority of European voters were voting on the basis of this or that Commission presidential candidate. Voter turnout has dropped significantly since the first European elections in 1979, and voters often cast their ballots on the basis of national governments or other factors. To the extent there was a unifying theme to the elections, it was the rise of euroscepticism on both the far right and the far left, with the victories of groups like the United Kingdom Independence Party, France's Front national (National Front) and Denmark's Dansk Folkeparti (People's Party). Whatever 'mandate' you take away from the European elections, it's hard to argue there's a groundswell of genuine democratic support for Juncker. It was only last October that Juncker's own center-right Christian Social People's Party suffered so many losses in Luxembourg's national elections that he was forced out as prime minister after 18 years.
Continue reading European Council proposes Juncker as Commission president →
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Katainen hopes to trade Finland's premiership for EU presidency
Just three years after taking power as Finland's prime minister, Jykri Katainen is set to step down both as leader of Finland's center-right Kansallinen Kokoomus (National Coalition Party) and as prime minister later this month, following the Saturday leadership election of Alexander Stubb as the party's new leader.
Though Katainen (pictured above) is just 42 years old, he's been at the helm of the National Coalition Party for a decade. Katainen stunned Finland in April when he announced he was resigning, with an eye toward pursuing a top job in the European Union. At the time, everyone assumed he was angling to become Finland's next commissioner within the European Union, replacing Olli Rehn, the influential vice president of the Commission and, since 2010, the commissioner for economic and monetary affairs.
Rehn previously served from 2004 to 2010 as commissioner for enlargement, and he was recently elected to the European Parliament as a member of Finland's liberal Suomen Keskusta (Centre Party).
But as the wrangling continues among Europe's leaders over whether former Luxembourgish prime minister Jean-Claude Juncker should become the next president of the Commission, Katainen has tried to position himself as an attractive alternative.
RELATED: The mother-of-all-battles over European integration has begun
Juncker seems likely to command an absolute majority of the European Parliament, but there's no sure bet that he'll win the qualified majority within the European Council that he'll need to win the Commission presidency. Juncker, led the pan-European campaign of the European People's Party (EPP) in the May parliamentary elections, which won the largest number of seats in the 751-member legislature.
Enter Katainen, who's guided a tenuous six-party (now five-party) coalition in Finland for the past three years, pushing through tough budget cuts, like so many other European governments over the last half-decade, in the face of economic recession. Before his National Coalition Party won the April 2011 national elections, Katainen previously served as finance minister and deputy prime minister, so he would bring to the job — or to any other top EU position — the experiences from governing through the eurozone sovereign debt crisis. Continue reading Katainen hopes to trade Finland's premiership for EU presidency →
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A detailed look at the European parliamentary election results (part 3)
May 31, 2014 Kevin Lees	Leave a comment
Nearly a week after the European elections, the reverberations are still shaking the entire continent, on at least two levels — the consequences of the historic level of eurosceptic parties elected across Europe and in terms of the growing battle between the European Parliament and the European Council over electing the next European Commission president.
In the first part of a Suffragio series examining the results of the May 25 European parliamentary elections, I focused on the five most populous countries in the European Union: the United Kingdom and France, where eurosceptic parties won the greatest share of the vote; Germany, where chancellor Angela Merkel won another strong victory; Italy, where prime minister Matteo Renzi won a near-landslide mandate just three months into his premiership; and Spain, where both traditional parties lost support to a growing constellation of anti-austerity movements — so much so that Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, the leader of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Spain's traditional center-left party, resigned.
In the second part, I examined the results in nine more countries — Poland, Romania, The Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, the Czech Republic, Portugal, Hungary and Sweden.
In the third and final part, I examine the results in the remaining 14 countries of the European Union. Continue reading A detailed look at the European parliamentary election results (part 3) →
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The mother-of-all-battles over European integration has begun
Three days after the European elections, the reverberations are still shaking the entire continent, with leaders at the national and European level firing the first shots in what promises to be an epic battle over European integration — and that will determine who really calls the shots in the European Union.
Last night, at an informal meeting of the European Council, the leaders of all 28 member-states of the European Union met to discuss how to approach the election of the next president of the European Commission, the powerful regulatory and executive arm of the European Union. The term of current president José Manuel Barroso, who has served in the role since 2004, will end within six months.
RELATED: In depth — European parliamentary elections
RELATED: The European parliamentary elections are real four contests
They poured cold water on the notion that they would automatically propose former Luxembourg prime minister Jean-Claude Juncker as Commission president. Since Sunday, Juncker has stridently made his case that as the Commission presidential candidate (the 'Spitzenkandiat') of the European People's Party (EPP), which won the greatest number of seats in Sunday's EU-wide elections, he should have the first right to attempt to assemble a parliamentary majority. That's a position that, ironically, even the center-left Party of European Socialists (PES), the second-largest bloc in the European Parliament has endorsed:
Commenting on the leaders' decision, outgoing Socialist group leader Hannes Swoboda tweeted that it's "absurd that Juncker has our backing to start negotiations but is blocked in the Council by his own EPP family!"
It's already starting to appear that, behind the scenes, the EPP, which won around 214 seats, and the PES, which won around 191 seats, are coming closer to forming a 'grand coalition' to back Juncker's candidacy in a bid to assert the precedent that the Parliament should be the institution to determine the Commission presidency, not the Council. Both Juncker and the PES Spitzenkandidat, German social democrat Martin Schulz, have argued repeatedly that the Parliament should reject any Commission president that wasn't among the original Spitzenkandidaten.
But it's not so simple. The Commission president must win not only a parliamentary majority. He or she must also win a qualified majority among the heads of government and state that comprise the Council, and enthusiasm among those leaders seems to be flagging for Juncker.
RELATED: Here come the Spitzenkandidaten! But does anybody care?
The key player, German chancellor Angela Merkel (pictured above), seemed testy in two press conferences since the election when asked about the looming showdown. As the leader of one of the top parties in the EPP, she officially supports Juncker, but her comments should hardly give Juncker comfort:
She also thanked Juncker for the "good campaign" he ran for the European People's Party, but seemed slightly irritated by the avalanche of questions as to whether she backs Juncker to become the next EU commission president.
"I don't decide who gets the post. Juncker is our candidate, the EPP candidate, and we will put his name forward in the discussions. It's always been said that it's up to the strongest group to put forward the candidate, but just being the strongest group is not enough, a majority is required," she said.
Among national leaders, even among EPP stalwarts, Juncker's candidacy is being met with skepticism. Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán and Swedish prime minister Fredrik Reinfeldt oppose Juncker outright. So does British prime minister David Cameron, whose position remains influential, even though the Conservative Party left the EPP in 2009. Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte, who is also close to Merkel, though he's a member of the liberal bloc in the European Parliament, has also expressed private reservations about Juncker, and the media has openly discussed the idea that the Council could recruit Christine Lagarde, the former French finance minister and the current managing director of the International Monetary Fund, as its candidate instead. Intriguingly, Cameron has suggested that he might favor Danish social democratic prime minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt as Commission president.
Continue reading The mother-of-all-battles over European integration has begun →
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Why Clegg should step down as LibDem leader
Though he may well survive his party's horrendous defeat in Sunday's European elections, Nick Clegg's decision to cling to the leadership of the Liberal Democrat will almost certainly doom it to equally damaging losses in the May 2015 British general election.
Appearing weary in a television interview after his party lost 10 of its previous 11 seats in the European Parliament, Clegg (pictured above) defied calls yesterday from both inside and outside his party to step down as leader.
It's axiomatic that junior coalition partners tend to suffer in elections. The Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP, Free Democratic Party), which joined German chancellor Angela Merkel in government between 2009 and 2013, lost all of its seats in the Bundestag, the lower house of the German parliament, for the first time since World War II in last September's federal elections. It, too, suffered on Sunday, losing all but three of its previous 12 MEPs in Sunday's election as well.
In Ireland, the center-left Labour Party, the junior partner in a government led by center-right Fine Gael, lost all three of its MEPs and won just 5.3% of the vote. Its seven-year leader, Eamon Gilmore, who has served as Ireland's Tánaiste, its deputy prime minister, and foreign affairs minister, since 2011, resigned on Monday, taking responsibility for Labour's horrendous showing.
Gilmore's example makes Clegg's position even more awkward.
Paddy Ashdown, a member of the House of Lords, and the party's leader between 1988 and 1999, defended Clegg, as did former leader Sir Menzies Campbell. But private polls, leaked to the press, show that Clegg's Liberal Democrats are headed for an equally jarring defeat in 12 months, and that Clegg himself could even lose his seat.
Clegg is widely viewed as having lost a series of debates with the leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party, Nigel Farage, who led UKIP to a stunning victory on Sunday, winning 27.5% of the vote and 24 seats in the European Parliament:
Farage credited his victory, in part, to the debates with Clegg, though he crowed on Monday that Clegg's position as leader is untenable, and that he would be 'surprised' if Clegg leads the LibDems into the next election.
To Clegg's credit, neither Conservative prime minister David Cameron nor Labour leader Ed Miliband were willing to debate Farage by strongly defending European integration and the continued British role in the European Union. Former Labour prime minister Tony Blair noted Clegg's integrity yesterday for doing so, while accurately highlighting the more fundamental problem for the LibDems heading into election season:
Blair praised the way in which Nick Clegg had shown leadership in confronting the anti-EU mood in the country. "To be fair to Nick Clegg – I don't want to damage him by saying this – over the past few years he has shown a quite a lot of leadership and courage as a leader.
"The problem for the Lib Dems is nothing to do with Europe. The problem they have is very simple: they fought the 2010 election on a platform quite significantly to the left of the Labour party and ended up in a Conservative government with a platform that is significantly to the right of Labour.
Partly in response to UKIP's rise, David Cameron agreed last year that, if reelected, he will hold a referendum on British EU membership in 2017. Continue reading Why Clegg should step down as LibDem leader →
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May 27, 2014 Kevin Lees	2 Comments
Across Europe on Monday, officials, voters and everyone else were trying to sort through the consequences of yesterday's voting, across all 28 member-states, to elect the 751 members of the European Parliament.
Late Sunday, I began analyzing the results on a state-by-state basis — you can read my take here on what the European election results mean in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Spain.
This post picks up where that left off, however, with a look at some of the results in Europe's mid-sized member-states.
RELATED: A detailed look at the European parliamentary election results (part 1)
With the count now almost complete, here's where the Europe-wide parties stand:
The European People's Party (EPP), which has been the largest group in the European Parliament since 1999, will continue to be the largest group, but with fewer seats (215) than after any election since 1994.
The second-largest group, the Party of European Socialists (PES) has 188 seats, a slight gain, but not the breakout performance for which it was hoping.
The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats of Europe (ALDE) will remain the third-largest group, notwithstanding the collapse of two of its constituent parties, the Liberal Democrats in the United Kingdom and the Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP, Free Democratic Party) in Germany.
The European Greens have won 53 seats, just two less than before the elections. The Party of the European Left, which had hoped to make strong gains on the strength of its anti-austerity message, gained nine seats to 44.
The Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), a slightly eurosceptic group of conservative parties, including the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom, holds steady at 46 seats — that's a slight loss of around eight seats. The Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy (MELD) gained six.
The real increase was among the 'non-inscrits,' the unaffiliated MEPs, which will rise from around 30 to 104. The bulk of those MEPs include the newly elected eurosceptics that have made such a big splash in the past 24 hours, including Marine Le Pen's Front national (FN, National Front) in France.
But, in addition to being a pan-European contest with wide-ranging themes that resonate throughout the European Union, the elections are also 28 national contests, and they've already claimed resignations of two center-left leaders — Eamon Gilmore, of Ireland's Labour Party, and Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party).
Here's a look at how the European elections are affecting nine more mid-sized counties across the European Union: Poland, Romania, The Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, the Czech Republic, Portugal, Hungary and Sweden.
Continue reading A detailed look at the European parliamentary election results (part 2) →
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The US perspective on the European parliamentary elections
I sat down with Brian Beary from Europolitics late Sunday night to discuss the results of the European parliamentary elections, with a particular focus on the US perspective.
The link is here (unfortunately, subscription only), but here's one excerpt:
Is there a US equivalent to the Eurosceptics that did so well in the European elections?
In a formal sense, it is a peculiarly European thing. There are no parties in the US that are saying 'we need to pull out of the United States'. The one thing they do share is that politicians in the US, for at least two generations now, in every election run against Washington. And in Europe, whether it is the hard Euroscepticism of groups like UKIP or Front National, or the soft Euroscepticism of certain members of the British Labour Party, or Silvio Berlusconi, there is an anti-Brussels-ness that reminds me of the way US politicians campaign against Washington.
Though many commentators and academics like to refer to the European Union today as a kind of 'United States of Europe,' especially during the EU's ill-fated constitutional debate in 2004 and 2005, I argued that the European Union today more closely resembles the confederation of US states that existed under the 1781 Articles of Confederation.
Most US headlines in the lead-up to the European elections have concerned Ukraine and the ongoing security crisis and showdown with Russia that's caused a regeneration of interest in transatlantic security, NATO's role and additional follow-on issues, such as the potential US export of liquified natural gas to Europe. In the aftermath of the European elections, US headlines are focusing on the rise of eurosceptic parties like Nigel Farage's UK Independence Party and Marine Le Pen's Front national in France.
In both cases, that's understandable — and both topics are incredibly important. The real issues where the European Parliament will have the most impact in the next fiver years, however, are somewhat less sexy, but they should be on the radar of US policymakers and investors in the years ahead: Continue reading The US perspective on the European parliamentary elections →
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With Spanish left reeling, Rubalcaba steps down as PSOE leader
The European parliamentary elections have claimed their first national leader in Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, the general secretary of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Spain's traditional center-left party.
In Sunday's elections, Spanish voters elected 54 members of the European Parliament. The ruling Partido Popular (the PP, or the People's Party) of prime minister Mariano Rajoy won the largest share of the vote, around 26%, and the largest number of seats, 16.
The PSOE placed second with just 23% and 14 seats — that's a loss of nine seats in the European Parliament.
Rubalcaba, taking the blame for his party's losses, announced he would step down from the leadership, calling a meeting on July 19-20 to select a new general secretary of Spain's largest center-left party:
"We have not managed to regain the trust of the citizens," Mr Rubalcaba told a press conference in Madrid on Monday, adding that he would not stand for re-election at an extraordinary party conference in July. "We have to take political responsibility for the bad results, and this decision is absolutely mine," he added.
There's no guarantee that the next PSOE leader will be able to unite the Spanish left, which has fractured in the face of the economic crisis in the past five years.
The PSOE's performance was hardly much worse than Rajoy's party, which lost eight seats. Taken together, the two major Spanish parties won around 49% of the vote. That's down from nearly 84% in the 2008 Spanish general election, 80% in the previous 2009 European elections and 73% in the 2011 general election.
So while the greater pressure fell on Rubalcaba and the PSOE, the results are hardly heartening for Rajoy. Continue reading With Spanish left reeling, Rubalcaba steps down as PSOE leader →
artur masbasque countrychaconCiUconvergence and unionERCeuropean parliamentIUizquierda unidamadinapablo iglesiaspatxi lopezpeople's partypodemosPPPSOErajoyrepublican left of catalunyarubalcabaspanish socialist workers' partysusana diazunited leftZapatero
Belgium, Colombia, Egypt, European Union, Lithuania, Ukraine
The six world elections taking place this weekend — and why they matter
I can't remember a time when there have been so many crucial world elections taking place at such a frenetic pace.
The spring voting blitz began with a five-day period in early April that saw Afghanistan's presidential election, Indonesia's legislative elections, the beginning of India's nine-phase, five-week parliamentary elections, Costa Rica's presidential runoff and Québec's provincial elections.
Since then, India's finished its voting and elected a new government led by Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi. Macedonia, Algeria, Iraq, Panama, South Africa, and Malawi have held elections, too, over the past seven weeks.
It all comes to a climax with five elections today — and another election that will take place over two days of voting on Monday and Tuesday.
Here's a short look at each election — and why it matters to global policy. Continue reading The six world elections taking place this weekend — and why they matter →
bart de weverbelgiumcolombiadi rupoegyptel-sisieuropean parliamentEuropean UnionFARCflandersgrybauskaitelithuaniamorsimubarakN-VANATOporoshenkorussiasabahisantostymoshenkouribewalloniayanukovychzuluaga
European Union, Germany, Greece
An interview with Greek-German MEP Jorgo Chatzimarkakis
If there's anyone in European politics who straddles the line between the two cultural realities of Europe today, it's Jorgo Chatzimarkakis.
Born in 1966 to Greek migrants in the Ruhr Valley, in what was then West Germany, Chatzimarkakis has served for the past 10 years as a member of the European Parliament from Germany's liberal Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP, Free Democratic Party).
Over the course of the past five years, that's put Chatzimarkakis in one of the most unique roles of any European policymaker. As a German MEP, he belonged to a party that was one of the most outspoken critics of using German funds for what seemed, at the heart of the eurozone's sovereign debt crisis, like an endless number of bailouts for troubled European economies, including Greece's.
But as an MEP of Greek descent, Chatzimarkakis also understood the emotional and social toll of the economic crisis from the other perspective, in light of the pain Greece continues to suffer due to the bailout — often referred to in Greece simply as the 'memorandum,' in reference to the Memorandum of Understanding that sets out the terms of the Greek bailout with the 'troika' of the European Central Bank, the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund.
RELATED: In-Depth: European parliamentary elections
Though the bailout program has kept Greece inside the eurozone, it's come at a huge cost. The conditions Greece accepted in exchange for the loan program required tough budget cuts, tax increases, and reduced state salaries and pensions, exacerbating an economic downturn that, for Greece, has now developed into a full-blown depression. Unemployment is still nearly 27%, youth unemployment is even higher, and the Greek economy has contracted for six consecutive years:
Cuts to education, health care and other programs have strained the Greek social fabric, civil strife and strikes are seemingly endless, and politician violence has increased. The neo-fascist Golden Dawn (Χρυσή Αυγή) is now the third-largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, despite the efforts of the current national government to prosecute many of its leaders. Though Greece's economy may expand this year, for the first time since 2007, it's clear that the effects of the downturn will reverberate for years to come.
In the 2014 European elections, Chatzimarkakis is running for the European Parliament in Greece, having formed a new political party, the Hellenic European Citizens (Έλληνες Ευρωπαίοι Πολίτες). Continue reading An interview with Greek-German MEP Jorgo Chatzimarkakis →
bailoutchatzimarkakisdata privacydraghiECBeuropean parliamentEuropean UnioneurozoneFDPfree democratsgermanygolden dawngreecehellenic european citizensmemorandummerkelnew democracyparty of the european leftsamarissyrizatsipras


If the product ranges shown on this site are a bit overwhelming you might find a smaller condensed range on the Hobby and Engineering website. See if Hobby & Engineering have smaller hobby ranges of Sheet - Aluminium - T1100.
If the product ranges shown on this site are a bit overwhelming you might find a smaller condensed range on the Hobby and Engineering website. See if Hobby & Engineering have smaller hobby ranges of Sheet - Aluminium - T7075.
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If the product ranges shown on this site are a bit overwhelming you might find a smaller condensed range on the Hobby and Engineering website. See if Hobby & Engineering have smaller hobby ranges of Sheet - Carbon Fibre.
Tolerances available on request. SAE 52100 Chrome Steel. Hardness: Rockwell C: 60-70. Specific Gravity: 7.833.
Extreme hardness and wear resistance.
Tolerances available on request. Precision Grade: Grade 25. Hardness: Rockwell A: 91.5 (Approx 77 Rockwell C). Extreme hardness and wear resistance. Specific Gravity: 14.95.
Worms and Gears must be chosen from the same pitch and series to match. DP is Diametrical Pitch.
14.5o Pressure Angle - 4.77o Lead Angle - 1 Lead. A single start worm and gear will provide a ratio equivalent to the number of teeth on the gear. A double start worm and gear will provide a ratio of half the number of teeth on the gear.
14.5o Pressure Angle - 4.08o Lead Angle - 1 Lead. A single start worm and gear will provide a ratio equivalent to the number of teeth on the gear. A double start worm and gear will provide a ratio of half the number of teeth on the gear.
14.5o Pressure Angle - 1.78o Lead Angle - 1 Lead. Includes anti-backlash series. A single start worm and gear will provide a ratio equivalent to the number of teeth on the gear. A double start worm and gear will provide a ratio of half the number of teeth on the gear.
14.5o Pressure Angle - 3.35o Lead Angle - 1 Lead. Includes anti-backlash series. A single start worm and gear will provide a ratio equivalent to the number of teeth on the gear. A double start worm and gear will provide a ratio of half the number of teeth on the gear.
If the product ranges shown on this site are a bit overwhelming you might find a smaller condensed range on the Hobby and Engineering website. See if Hobby & Engineering have smaller hobby ranges of Balls - Stainless Steel - 316 Grade.
If the product ranges shown on this site are a bit overwhelming you might find a smaller condensed range on the Hobby and Engineering website. See if Hobby & Engineering have smaller hobby ranges of Balls - Stainless Steel - 440C Grade.


Below steps shows you how to install Rootkit Hunter in linux – Rkhunter or Rootkit Hunter is a scanning tool that scans back doors, local exploits and also for root kits in your server.
If you are running a dedicated server and seems server's time is delayed or is ahead of the actual time, we can use NTP to solve it.
How to Configure Wireless Card Broadcom BCM4312 in Fedora?
How to Install Windows Font in Linux?
How to Reset User Password in Linux?
How to Use Masquerade functionality of Sendmail in Linux?
How to Activate Fedora Linux Root User Login?


text:
Q: How can I change the ripple color for a QML Button when it is pressed? I tried:
Button {
  // ...
  Material.highlightedRippleColor: "red"
  // ...
}

Invalid property assignment: "highlightedRippleColor" is a read-only property

I can create my own custom implementation of Button, but was hoping this was not necessary.
I am using QtQuick 2.12.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
import { fromJS } from 'immutable'

import * as gamesActions from './gamesActions'

const INITAL_STATE = fromJS({
  games: {},
  fetchingGames: false
})

export default (state = INITAL_STATE, action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case gamesActions.REQUEST_GAMES:
      return state.setIn(['fetchingGames'], true)
    case gamesActions.RECEIVE_GAMES:
      return state.setIn(['games'], fromJS(action.gameObj)).set('fetchingGames', false)
    default:
      return state
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Whether it's wedding venues or birthday party venues, The Tamarind Tree believes in pampering you with the most exclusive personalised services for your event.
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text:
package io.netty.handler.codec.http2;

import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufUtil;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.buffer.UnpooledByteBufAllocator;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelDuplexHandler;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelPromise;
import io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.UnsupportedMessageTypeException;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpMethod;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponseStatus;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpScheme;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2Exception.StreamException;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2Stream.State;
import io.netty.util.AbstractReferenceCounted;
import io.netty.util.AsciiString;
import io.netty.util.ReferenceCountUtil;
import io.netty.util.ReferenceCounted;
import io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Queue;

import static io.netty.util.ReferenceCountUtil.releaseLater;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;

/**
 * Unit tests for {@link Http2FrameCodec}.
 */
public class Http2FrameCodecTest {

    // For verifying outbound frames
    private Http2FrameWriter frameWriter;
    private Http2FrameCodec framingCodec;
    private EmbeddedChannel channel;
    // For injecting inbound frames
    private Http2FrameListener frameListener;
    private ChannelHandlerContext http2HandlerCtx;
    private LastInboundHandler inboundHandler;

    private Http2Headers request = new DefaultHttp2Headers()
            .method(HttpMethod.GET.asciiName()).scheme(HttpScheme.HTTPS.name())
            .authority(new AsciiString("example.org")).path(new AsciiString("/foo"));
    private Http2Headers response = new DefaultHttp2Headers()
            .status(HttpResponseStatus.OK.codeAsText());

    @Before
    public void setUp() throws Exception {
        frameWriter = spy(new VerifiableHttp2FrameWriter());
        framingCodec = new Http2FrameCodec(true, frameWriter);
        frameListener = ((DefaultHttp2ConnectionDecoder) framingCodec.connectionHandler().decoder())
                .internalFrameListener();
        inboundHandler = new LastInboundHandler();

        channel = new EmbeddedChannel();
        channel.connect(new InetSocketAddress(0));
        channel.pipeline().addLast(framingCodec);
        channel.pipeline().addLast(inboundHandler);
        http2HandlerCtx = channel.pipeline().context(framingCodec.connectionHandler());

        // Handshake
        verify(frameWriter).writeSettings(eq(http2HandlerCtx),
                                          anyHttp2Settings(), anyChannelPromise());
        verifyNoMoreInteractions(frameWriter);
        channel.writeInbound(Http2CodecUtil.connectionPrefaceBuf());
        frameListener.onSettingsRead(http2HandlerCtx, new Http2Settings());
        verify(frameWriter).writeSettingsAck(eq(http2HandlerCtx), anyChannelPromise());
        frameListener.onSettingsAckRead(http2HandlerCtx);
    }

    @After
    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
        inboundHandler.finishAndReleaseAll();
        channel.finishAndReleaseAll();
    }

    @Test
    public void connectionHandlerShouldBeAddedBeforeFramingHandler() {
        Iterator<Entry<String, ChannelHandler>> iter = channel.pipeline().iterator();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            ChannelHandler handler = iter.next().getValue();
            if (handler instanceof Http2ConnectionHandler) {
                break;
            }
        }
        assertTrue(iter.hasNext());
        assertThat(iter.next().getValue(), instanceOf(Http2FrameCodec.class));
    }

    @Test
    public void headerRequestHeaderResponse() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 1, request, 31, true);

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(1);
        assertNotNull(stream);
        assertEquals(State.HALF_CLOSED_REMOTE, stream.state());

        assertEquals(new DefaultHttp2HeadersFrame(request, true, 31).setStreamId(stream.id()),
                     inboundHandler.readInbound());
        assertNull(inboundHandler.readInbound());

        inboundHandler.writeOutbound(new DefaultHttp2HeadersFrame(response, true, 27).setStreamId(stream.id()));
        verify(frameWriter).writeHeaders(
                eq(http2HandlerCtx), eq(1), eq(response), anyInt(), anyShort(), anyBoolean(),
                eq(27), eq(true), anyChannelPromise());
        verify(frameWriter, never()).writeRstStream(
                any(ChannelHandlerContext.class), anyInt(), anyLong(), anyChannelPromise());

        assertEquals(State.CLOSED, stream.state());
        assertTrue(channel.isActive());
    }

    @Test
    public void entityRequestEntityResponse() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 1, request, 0, false);

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(1);
        assertNotNull(stream);
        assertEquals(State.OPEN, stream.state());

        assertEquals(new DefaultHttp2HeadersFrame(request, false).setStreamId(stream.id()),
                     inboundHandler.readInbound());
        assertNull(inboundHandler.readInbound());

        ByteBuf hello = bb("hello");
        frameListener.onDataRead(http2HandlerCtx, 1, hello, 31, true);
        // Release hello to emulate ByteToMessageDecoder
        hello.release();
        Http2DataFrame inboundData = inboundHandler.readInbound();
        assertEquals(releaseLater(new DefaultHttp2DataFrame(bb("hello"), true, 31).setStreamId(stream.id())),
                     releaseLater(inboundData));
        assertEquals(1, inboundData.refCnt());
        assertNull(inboundHandler.readInbound());

        inboundHandler.writeOutbound(new DefaultHttp2HeadersFrame(response, false).setStreamId(stream.id()));
        verify(frameWriter).writeHeaders(eq(http2HandlerCtx), eq(1), eq(response), anyInt(),
                                         anyShort(), anyBoolean(), eq(0), eq(false), anyChannelPromise());

        inboundHandler.writeOutbound(releaseLater(new DefaultHttp2DataFrame(bb("world"), true, 27)
                                                          .setStreamId(stream.id())));
        ArgumentCaptor<ByteBuf> outboundData = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ByteBuf.class);
        verify(frameWriter).writeData(eq(http2HandlerCtx), eq(1), outboundData.capture(), eq(27),
                                      eq(true), anyChannelPromise());
        assertEquals(releaseLater(bb("world")), outboundData.getValue());
        assertEquals(1, outboundData.getValue().refCnt());
        verify(frameWriter, never()).writeRstStream(
                any(ChannelHandlerContext.class), anyInt(), anyLong(), anyChannelPromise());
        assertTrue(channel.isActive());
    }

    @Test
    public void sendRstStream() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, request, 31, true);

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(3);
        assertNotNull(stream);
        assertEquals(State.HALF_CLOSED_REMOTE, stream.state());

        inboundHandler.writeOutbound(new DefaultHttp2ResetFrame(314 /* non-standard error */).setStreamId(stream.id()));
        verify(frameWriter).writeRstStream(
                eq(http2HandlerCtx), eq(3), eq(314L), anyChannelPromise());
        assertEquals(State.CLOSED, stream.state());
        assertTrue(channel.isActive());
    }

    @Test
    public void receiveRstStream() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, request, 31, false);

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(3);
        assertNotNull(stream);
        assertEquals(State.OPEN, stream.state());

        Http2StreamActiveEvent activeEvent = inboundHandler.readInboundMessagesAndEvents();
        assertNotNull(activeEvent);
        assertEquals(stream.id(), activeEvent.streamId());

        Http2HeadersFrame expectedHeaders = new DefaultHttp2HeadersFrame(request, false, 31).setStreamId(stream.id());
        Http2HeadersFrame actualHeaders = inboundHandler.readInboundMessagesAndEvents();
        assertEquals(expectedHeaders, actualHeaders);

        frameListener.onRstStreamRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, Http2Error.NO_ERROR.code());

        Http2ResetFrame expectedRst = new DefaultHttp2ResetFrame(Http2Error.NO_ERROR).setStreamId(stream.id());
        Http2ResetFrame actualRst = inboundHandler.readInboundMessagesAndEvents();
        assertEquals(expectedRst, actualRst);

        Http2StreamClosedEvent closedEvent = inboundHandler.readInboundMessagesAndEvents();
        assertNotNull(closedEvent);
        assertEquals(stream.id(), closedEvent.streamId());

        assertNull(inboundHandler.readInboundMessagesAndEvents());
    }

    @Test
    public void sendGoAway() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, request, 31, false);

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(3);
        assertNotNull(stream);
        assertEquals(State.OPEN, stream.state());

        ByteBuf debugData = bb("debug");
        Http2GoAwayFrame goAwayFrame = new DefaultHttp2GoAwayFrame(Http2Error.NO_ERROR.code(), debugData.slice());
        goAwayFrame.setExtraStreamIds(2);

        inboundHandler.writeOutbound(releaseLater(goAwayFrame));
        verify(frameWriter).writeGoAway(
                eq(http2HandlerCtx), eq(7), eq(Http2Error.NO_ERROR.code()), eq(debugData), anyChannelPromise());
        assertEquals(1, debugData.refCnt());
        assertEquals(State.OPEN, stream.state());
        assertTrue(channel.isActive());
    }

    @Test
    public void receiveGoaway() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onGoAwayRead(http2HandlerCtx, 2, Http2Error.NO_ERROR.code(), bb("foo"));

        Http2GoAwayFrame expectedFrame = new DefaultHttp2GoAwayFrame(2, Http2Error.NO_ERROR.code(), bb("foo"));
        Http2GoAwayFrame actualFrame = inboundHandler.readInbound();

        assertEquals(releaseLater(expectedFrame), releaseLater(actualFrame));
        assertNull(inboundHandler.readInbound());
    }

    @Test
    public void unknownFrameTypeShouldThrowAndBeReleased() throws Exception {
        class UnknownHttp2Frame extends AbstractReferenceCounted implements Http2Frame {
            @Override
            public String name() {
                return "UNKNOWN";
            }

            @Override
            protected void deallocate() {
            }

            @Override
            public ReferenceCounted touch(Object hint) {
                return this;
            }
        }

        UnknownHttp2Frame frame = new UnknownHttp2Frame();
        assertEquals(1, frame.refCnt());

        ChannelFuture f = channel.write(frame);
        f.await();
        assertTrue(f.isDone());
        assertFalse(f.isSuccess());
        assertThat(f.cause(), instanceOf(UnsupportedMessageTypeException.class));
        assertEquals(0, frame.refCnt());
    }

    @Test
    public void incomingStreamActiveShouldFireUserEvent() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, request, 31, false);

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(3);
        assertNotNull(stream);

        Http2HeadersFrame frame = inboundHandler.readInbound();
        assertNotNull(frame);

        Http2StreamActiveEvent streamActiveEvent = inboundHandler.readUserEvent();
        assertEquals(stream.id(), streamActiveEvent.streamId());

        assertNull(inboundHandler.readInbound());
        assertNull(inboundHandler.readUserEvent());
    }

    @Test
    public void goAwayLastStreamIdOverflowed() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 5, request, 31, false);

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(5);
        assertNotNull(stream);
        assertEquals(State.OPEN, stream.state());

        ByteBuf debugData = bb("debug");
        Http2GoAwayFrame goAwayFrame = new DefaultHttp2GoAwayFrame(Http2Error.NO_ERROR.code(), debugData.slice());
        goAwayFrame.setExtraStreamIds(Integer.MAX_VALUE);

        inboundHandler.writeOutbound(releaseLater(goAwayFrame));
        // When the last stream id computation overflows, the last stream id should just be set to 2^31 - 1.
        verify(frameWriter).writeGoAway(eq(http2HandlerCtx), eq(Integer.MAX_VALUE), eq(Http2Error.NO_ERROR.code()),
                                        eq(debugData), anyChannelPromise());
        assertEquals(1, debugData.refCnt());
        assertEquals(State.OPEN, stream.state());
        assertTrue(channel.isActive());
    }

    @Test
    public void outgoingStreamActiveShouldFireUserEvent() throws Exception {
        Http2ConnectionEncoder encoder = framingCodec.connectionHandler().encoder();

        encoder.writeHeaders(http2HandlerCtx, 2, request, 31, false, channel.newPromise());

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(2);
        assertNotNull(stream);
        assertEquals(State.OPEN, stream.state());

        Http2StreamActiveEvent streamActiveEvent = inboundHandler.readUserEvent();
        assertEquals(stream.id(), streamActiveEvent.streamId());

        assertNull(inboundHandler.readInbound());
        assertNull(inboundHandler.readUserEvent());
    }

    @Test
    public void streamClosedShouldFireUserEvent() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, request, 31, false);

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(3);
        assertNotNull(stream);

        frameListener.onRstStreamRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, Http2Error.INTERNAL_ERROR.code());

        assertThat(inboundHandler.readInbound(), instanceOf(Http2HeadersFrame.class));
        assertThat(inboundHandler.readInbound(), instanceOf(Http2ResetFrame.class));

        assertEquals(State.CLOSED, stream.state());

        Http2StreamActiveEvent activeEvent = inboundHandler.readUserEvent();
        assertEquals(stream.id(), activeEvent.streamId());

        Http2StreamClosedEvent closedEvent = inboundHandler.readUserEvent();
        assertEquals(stream.id(), closedEvent.streamId());

        assertNull(inboundHandler.readInbound());
        assertNull(inboundHandler.readUserEvent());
    }

    @Test
    public void streamErrorShouldFireUserEvent() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, request, 31, false);

        Http2Stream stream = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection().stream(3);
        assertNotNull(stream);

        Http2StreamActiveEvent activeEvent = inboundHandler.readInboundMessagesAndEvents();
        assertNotNull(activeEvent);
        assertEquals(stream.id(), activeEvent.streamId());

        StreamException streamEx = new StreamException(3, Http2Error.INTERNAL_ERROR, "foo");
        framingCodec.connectionHandler().onError(http2HandlerCtx, streamEx);

        Http2HeadersFrame headersFrame = inboundHandler.readInboundMessagesAndEvents();
        assertNotNull(headersFrame);

        try {
            inboundHandler.checkException();
            fail("stream exception expected");
        } catch (StreamException e) {
            assertEquals(streamEx, e);
        }

        Http2StreamClosedEvent closedEvent = inboundHandler.readInboundMessagesAndEvents();
        assertNotNull(closedEvent);
        assertEquals(stream.id(), closedEvent.streamId());

        assertNull(inboundHandler.readInboundMessagesAndEvents());
    }

    @Test
    public void windowUpdateFrameDecrementsConsumedBytes() throws Exception {
        frameListener.onHeadersRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, request, 31, false);

        Http2Connection connection = framingCodec.connectionHandler().connection();
        Http2Stream stream = connection.stream(3);
        assertNotNull(stream);

        ByteBuf data = Unpooled.buffer(100).writeZero(100);
        frameListener.onDataRead(http2HandlerCtx, 3, releaseLater(data), 0, true);

        int before = connection.local().flowController().unconsumedBytes(stream);
        channel.writeOutbound(new DefaultHttp2WindowUpdateFrame(100).setStreamId(stream.id()));
        int after = connection.local().flowController().unconsumedBytes(stream);
        assertEquals(100, before - after);
    }

    private static ChannelPromise anyChannelPromise() {
        return any(ChannelPromise.class);
    }

    private static Http2Settings anyHttp2Settings() {
        return any(Http2Settings.class);
    }

    private static ByteBuf bb(String s) {
        return ByteBufUtil.writeUtf8(UnpooledByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT, s);
    }

    static final class LastInboundHandler extends ChannelDuplexHandler {
        private final Queue<Object> inboundMessages = new ArrayDeque<Object>();
        private final Queue<Object> userEvents = new ArrayDeque<Object>();
        private final Queue<Object> inboundMessagesAndUserEvents = new ArrayDeque<Object>();
        private Throwable lastException;
        private ChannelHandlerContext ctx;

        @Override
        public void handlerAdded(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
            this.ctx = ctx;
        }

        @Override
        public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
            inboundMessages.add(msg);
            inboundMessagesAndUserEvents.add(msg);
        }

        @Override
        public void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) throws Exception {
            userEvents.add(evt);
            inboundMessagesAndUserEvents.add(evt);
        }

        @Override
        public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
            if (lastException != null) {
                cause.printStackTrace();
            } else {
                lastException = cause;
            }
        }

        public void checkException() throws Exception {
            if (lastException == null) {
                return;
            }
            Throwable t = lastException;
            lastException = null;
            PlatformDependent.throwException(t);
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public <T> T readInbound() {
            T message = (T) inboundMessages.poll();
            if (message == inboundMessagesAndUserEvents.peek()) {
                inboundMessagesAndUserEvents.poll();
            }
            return message;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public <T> T readUserEvent() {
            T message = (T) userEvents.poll();
            if (message == inboundMessagesAndUserEvents.peek()) {
                inboundMessagesAndUserEvents.poll();
            }
            return message;
        }

        /**
         * Useful to test order of events and messages.
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public <T> T readInboundMessagesAndEvents() {
            T message = (T) inboundMessagesAndUserEvents.poll();

            if (message == inboundMessages.peek()) {
                inboundMessages.poll();
            } else if (message == userEvents.peek()) {
                userEvents.poll();
            }

            return message;
        }

        public void writeOutbound(Object... msgs) throws Exception {
            for (Object msg : msgs) {
                ctx.write(msg);
            }
            ctx.flush();
            EmbeddedChannel ch = (EmbeddedChannel) ctx.channel();
            ch.runPendingTasks();
            ch.checkException();
            checkException();
        }

        public void finishAndReleaseAll() throws Exception {
            checkException();
            Object o;
            while ((o = readInboundMessagesAndEvents()) != null) {
                ReferenceCountUtil.release(o);
            }
        }
    }

    public static class VerifiableHttp2FrameWriter extends DefaultHttp2FrameWriter {
        @Override
        public ChannelFuture writeData(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int streamId, ByteBuf data,
                                       int padding, boolean endStream, ChannelPromise promise) {
            // duplicate 'data' to prevent readerIndex from being changed, to ease verification
            return super.writeData(ctx, streamId, data.duplicate(), padding, endStream, promise);
        }
    }
}


text:
Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal
Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal is the third game in the Ratchet and Clank series. It is also the first to include online play.
PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 PlayStation Network (PS3) PlayStation Vita PlayStation Network (Vita)
Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal (otherwise known as Ratchet & Clank 3 in Europe and Japan) is the third game in Insomniac Games platforming series of games, Ratchet & Clank. It was initially released on November 3rd 2004 in North America and has since been remastered as part of the Ratchet & Clank Collection which saw the first three games in the franchise being remastered in HD.
The game retains the gameplay structure of the previous entries in the series as Ratchet and Clank face off against the evil Dr. Nefarious as he attempts to destroy all forms of organic life.
The story begins with Ratchet and Clank living peacefully on planet Endako after saving the galaxy in Ratchet and Clank: Going Commando. They are interrupted by news that Ratchet's home planet is being attacked by an alien race called the Thyrranoids. Ratchet and Clank set off to save Ratchet's home planet, Veldin.
When the two characters arrive it's soon revealed that Dr. Nefarious is behind the attack. He has recruited the Thyrranoids to take over the galaxy. Ratchet and Clank then set of to defeat Dr. Nefarious and save another galaxy, but this time to save all organic life-forms from being changed into robots.
Dr. Nefarious is an evil mastermind who is now a robot after being almost killed by Captain Qwark a long time ago. He is joined by his companion, Lawrence, who frequently has to slap Dr. Nefarious out of malfunctioning.
Dr. Nefarious plans to take over the galaxy by destroying all organic life using his super weapon which turns living things into robots and Ratchet sets off to stop him. To do this they have to find Captain Qwark, who has gone missing, in hopes to get his assistance. And so begins the massive adventure of Ratchet and Clank: Up Your Arsenal.
The gameplay in R&C:UYA is reminiscent of the last game in the series, but adds a few new control setups. The basic gameplay remains the same but is refined in this game along with new weapons, armor, and new spaceship designs. A new feature in Up Your Arsenal is the existence of a home base, which was a first for the series. This Starship Phoenix served as a hub to receive new missions, upgrade their armor, buy new weapons, go through VR missions, and do some other activities.
You also have your own living quarters in this ship, containing a fictional gaming console on which you could play a minigame to progress the story. This mini game is the "Captain Qwark vid-comic" series in which the player plays as Captain Qwark back in his glory days when he first defeated the games main bad guy, Dr. Nefarious.
The game itself is a side-scrolling shooter. You have to jump over obstacles, collect stuff, defeat random enemies and kill a boss at the end of every level to unlock the next mission in the story of the main game. There are also hidden collectibles in the levels and you also unlock skill points for getting through the levels really fast.
The game has a 2.5d look where a 2d game is rendered in 3d and also matches the real games graphical style and even has some of the same levels. Each episode is introduced by a cartoony cutscene which also hints at the stories being a bit modified to make Qwark seem more heroic than he really is.
Annihilation Nation
The Annihilation Nation is a TV show that is popular in the Solana galaxy. It's a show where gladiators fight for money and prizes. Ratchet enters this tournament to win a Thyrra-guise, a device that makes the wearer look and talk like a Thyrranoid. Unlike Dreadzone, Annihilation nation is legal. This is also where the duo meets Courtney Gears for the first time.
After he beats the first challenge, being the first one ever to do so he is invited to take on further challenges for cash and prizes. The fights are a great way to win money and level up your weapons.
There are 2 main types of challenges:
Arena battles where waves of enemies come at you and you just have to survive. In the first challenge, you have to fight 3 waves but it gets significantly tougher. One wave can also be a boss.
There are two bosses, Gary and Helen (Two gladiators who fight you as a tag team) and Scorpio, a robotic scorpion equipped with razor sharp blades and flamethrowers.
In the last fight, The Qwarktastic Challenge, you have to fight through 99 rounds of enemies and both of the bosses.
The other type of challenge is the gauntlet where you have to fight your way through a course and survive. These types of challenges are alot tougher than the arena challenges because not only you need to focus on obliterating your way out of a fight, but you also need to concentrate on completing the course which in most cases tests your reflexes.
There are many aspects in Up Your Arsenal that increase its replay value. There are Titanium Bolts that can be found on each planet that give you access to fun cheats. There are also skill points to be earned on each planet for doing various tasks that you can use to get different skins for Ratchet, such as a snowman skin.
You can also get Trophies. You can get them for a large variety of different things starting from just finding them to winning all of the arena challenges. If you get all of them you unlock the Insomniac museum, a collection of things that didn't make it into the full game and the area where they are displayed is modeled after the Insomniac games offices. All of your trophies are displayed in the Trophy room of the Starship phoenix.
The game was the first game in the Ratchet & Clank franchise to feature multiplayer which could be played either online or locally. The original PlayStation 2 online service was terminated on June 2012 although the HD re-release on the PlayStation 3 featured an online version of the multiplayer as part of the HD remastering. The PlayStation Vita re-release did not however feature any multiplayer functionality due to all of the games on the collection disabling the Vita's network features to free up system resources.
Features include: various changeable skins, buddy lists, clan support with private clan games, leaderboards, and voice chat for all eight players. The gametypes are all standard shooter modes with a Ratchet and Clank twist added.
Up Your Arsenal
Siege mode is the game's assault the base mode, revolving around capturing and maintaining nodes, which players can spawn at. Capturing nodes lowers the defense of the base. Once the outside defenses are defeated, players enter the base and destroy the core to win.
Capture the flag and Deathmatch in Ratchet and Clank: Up Your Arsenal saw little changes to their core ideas; in CTF, the flag could be used by it's carrier as a weapon. Deathmatch could range from teams of four on four to free-for-all.
Weapons in the online mode could be upgraded after three consecutive kills, giving them a faster rate of fire, more ammo capacity, and/or more damage. Defeating an enemy caused them to drop a weapon pack containing all the weapons they posessed upon death, allowing upgraded weapons to be passed to other players.
Ratchet and Clank Up your Arsenal and Ratchet: Deadlocked's online were based off of Unreal Tournament 2004's onslaught mode, which puts an emphasis on teamwork and overall is extremely rewarding and well balanced multiplayer experience.
Jak II
Haven: Call of the King
Vexx
Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves
Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus
Sly 2: Band of Thieves
Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage
Metal Arms: Glitch in the System
Rocket: Robot on Wheels
Gex 3: Deep Cover Gecko
Looney Tunes: Back in Action
Toy Story 2: Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue!
Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty
Kao the Kangaroo Round 2
Tokobot Plus: Mysteries of the Karakuri
Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier
Psychonauts
Ape Escape 3
Ruff Trigger: The Vanocore Conspiracy
Buzz Monkey Software, LLC
PlayStation Network (Vita)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A 14-YEAR-OLD schoolboy has been hospitalised in the US after inhaling alcohol with a vaping device during class.
Emergency services were called to River Ridge High School in Patch Grove, Wisconsin at around 8.45am yesterday to assist a pupil suffering unknown medical conditions.
The boy had to be airlifted to hospital after using an electronic cigarette to inhale an unnamed beverage, reports The New York Post.
He was in a serious condition at the time.
The teen is being treated by doctors for symptoms associated with alcohol poisoning.
The Grant County Sheriff's Office said it is investigating.


text:
Home/Latest/Biden discusses COVID-19, terrorism, climate change and global economy with Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India
Biden discusses COVID-19, terrorism, climate change and global economy with Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India
Simon Ateba Follow on Twitter Send an email February 8, 2021
President Joseph R. Biden
U.S. President Joseph R. Biden Jr. on Monday discussed a range of issues, including terrorism, the COVID-19 pandemic, the climate crisis and the global economy with Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India.
The White House said President Biden committed that the United States and India will work closely together "to win the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, renew their partnership on climate change, rebuild the global economy in a way that benefits the people of both countries, and stand together against the scourge of global terrorism."
The leaders, the readout of their conversation added, also agreed to continuing close cooperation to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific, including support for freedom of navigation, territorial integrity, and a stronger regional architecture through the Quad.
According to the White House, Mr. Biden "underscored his desire to defend democratic institutions and norms around the world and noted that a shared commitment to democratic values is the bedrock for the U.S.-India relationship."
"They further resolved that the rule of law and the democratic process must be upheld in Burma. The leaders agreed to stay in close touch on a range of global challenges and look forward to what the United States and India will achieve together for their people and for their nations," added the White House.
WHO bans staff who sexually exploited and abused women during Ebola outbreak response in DR Congo
READ – Full remarks by WHO Director-General at on report of Independent Commission on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in D.C. Congo


I abolutely love this! I think we all fail more than we succeed..God's plan to keep us needing His grace and mercy. You have not lost your touch..the writing is just beautiful.
Really appreciated your first paragraph -- just what I needed to read this morning!


What can Caprica Consulting do for you ?
Where can lean thinking be applied?
what is lean all about ?
Once you know what your customer wants, we study your existing systems to see what you actually do. All the things you do that do not contribute to our customer's definition of value are wasteful; once identified, most can be reduced or eliminated.
Any organization can learn to identify and eliminate waste, but a lean organization engages everyone in a culture of continuous improvement that is always seeking and driving out waste. Using the tools is easy; sustained improvement through culture change is a long, challenging, and very rewarding process.


PETA presented one of its videos, aimed at the manufacturers of the different goods, using animals for testing their products. This sounds very nice, as they found those who are guilty, and their main call is to ignore, to boycott those producers, looking for alternatives, and all the animals would be saved that way. The layout of the video is constructed in the manner that first reminds us who we are dealing with – Johnson& Johnson, P&G, Clorox and Unilever. The authors used pictures of the animals that underwent the laboratory experiments, first-time product trials etc. to show the results of these experiments and the sufferings of the animals.
There are a few questions that arise after watching this video. PETA spends a lot of efforts to fight the companies, mentioned above. Analyzing this particular video, we find indisputable proof of their faulty activity, wrong attitude to the animals. In other words, pictures tell us their own story. However, close reading of the lines in the last seconds of the video makes us think of another aspect of this argument. All the companies, mentioned in the video, have a long history, millions of customers who trust the quality of their products and strong image that cannot be easily ruined with a few commercials of unethical treatment of animals. PETA is a huge organization, claiming to protect animal rights, this is a well-known fact. Considering the video that is discussed, we can argue if it was not created with a bit different purpose, e. g. ordered by the competitor-companies of those, mentioned in the video. PETA video creators address those who watch it, calling to quit purchasing the products of the famous companies and switch to different ones. This appears to be a primary message of the entire video. Except for the mention of the approximate number of animals, used in the experiments, the message to the audience appears to be a bit hidden, but quite obvious – buying products, manufactured by these companies is not good; people should start looking for something else. Besides, authors of the video tell us purchasing from the company leads to greater spending on mass killing of the animals, although there is no evidence provided to prove this fact. PETA argues about the facts that have no proven grounds, using the attack methods.
This video brings compassion to the animals that were used for the experiments; however, these events already took place, and there is not too much that could be done about it. PETA focuses on showing people the sufferings of the animals, while throwing in some really nice and glossy pictures of make-up, cleaning goods etc. They cannot win this argument and attract people who would support them by expressing their negative towards the possible supporters and followers. New strategy needs to be used in order not only to draw people's attention to the problem, but to make them want to change something. Images of suffering animals only make us want to forget them faster, not to deal with saving those animals from sufferings. A good idea that could have been used in a video argument like this is a set of pictures of nice kittens, puppies, young rabbits, who are absolutely unprotected but also unharmed. People tend to protect something nice they have more than they are willing to do something about the past. A woman who would see this video with rabbit suffering from tests of her daily make-up would not be likely to start using something else as alternative – her skin cream was not made of a poor creature, simply tested on one of them for her safety. The same woman who would see a white, innocent rabbit and get a warning he would be mistreated or even killed during the experiment would go to the store and find an alternative to her current skin care product, as she would feel compassion to the living being and wish to save it.


text:
Q: c# How do you cast lists in .net 2.0? I am using Unity 5.5.0f3 which uses .Net 2.0
I want to cast a list like this but cannot in this version of .Net
Is there an 'old school' or 'long hand' way of doing it?
Please tell me that I don't have to create my own extension method involving loops......

A: You can! If you mean Enumerable.Cast when you say cast then it is available in .NET 3.5 and Unity supports that. With the example code from MS doc, I was able to compile it.
You just need to include using System.Linq in order to use it. When in doubt, ,you can search for other Unity Mono Compatibly functions here.
using System.Linq
...
void Start()
{
    System.Collections.ArrayList fruits = new System.Collections.ArrayList();
    fruits.Add("apple");
    fruits.Add("mango");

    IEnumerable<string> query =
        fruits.Cast<string>().Select(fruit => fruit);

    foreach (string fruit in query)
    {
        Debug.Log(fruit);
    }
}


text:
Q: How to intitlialize an array partially to some default value? I have an array (say for ex., unsigned int arr[1000]).
I want to intilialize the elements of an array like this ..
arr = {4, 10, 34, 45, 6, 67, UINT_MAX, UINT_MAX .. 994 times}

That is until I assign some value, I want default value in the array to be UINT_MAX.
Is there any way to do this ?
Of course for loop is always there, but apart from that any other way.

A: Please use a 2 stage approach. First, use an intializer list and then fill the rest with std::fill
#include <limits>
#include <algorithm>

constexpr size_t ArraySize = 1000U;

int main() {
    int arr[ArraySize] = { 4,10,34,45,6,67 };

    std::fill(arr + 6U, arr + ArraySize, std::numeric_limits<int>::max());

    return 0;
}

A: Use std::fill:
unsigned int array[5];
std::fill(array, array + 5, UINT_MAX);

or std::fill_n:
unsigned int array[5];
int count = 5; //           -   number of elements to modify
auto value = UINT_MAX; //   -   the value to be assigned
std::fill_n(array, count, value);

Alternatively, consider using std::array instead. It is a thin wrapper over C-style arrays with some extras like iterators and size() functions. Also, it doesn't decay to a pointer automatically.
Expanding on @Evg's comment below, a more idiomatic, generic, safe and reliable way would be to use the functionality provided by the library:
unsigned int array[5];
// number of elements to modify
int count = std::size(array); // C++17

// the value to be assigned
auto value = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();

std::fill_n(std::begin(array), count, value);

//OR with std::fill
std::fill(std::begin(array), std::end(array), value);

The advantages of the above approach are obvious:

*

*You can just switch the container from a C-style array to a std::vector or std::array and you wouldn't have to change any other parts in the code above.

*If you change the size of the array, the code will automatically adapt

*Less chances for human error

A: The following allows you to do what you want to do with any type, size and default value:
template<typename T, size_t Size, size_t N, size_t... In, size_t... Isize>
constexpr std::array<T, Size> make_array_impl(const T(&user_supplied)[N], T default_value, std::index_sequence<In...>, std::index_sequence<Isize...>)
{
    return {user_supplied[In]..., (Isize, default_value)...};
}

template<typename T, size_t Size, size_t N>
constexpr std::array<T, Size> make_array(const T(&user_supplied)[N], T default_value)
{
    static_assert(N <= Size, "bla bla bla");
    return make_array_impl<T, Size> (user_supplied, default_value, std::make_index_sequence<N>{}, std::make_index_sequence<Size - N>{});
}

You can use it like this:
int main()
{
    auto arr = make_array<unsigned int, 1000>({4, 10, 34, 45, 6, 67}, UINT_MAX); // expands to arr = {4, 10, 34, 45, 6, 67, UINT_MAX... 994 times}
}

Try it on godbolt


text:
−7 (minus sju) är det negativa heltal som följer −8 och följs av −6.

Inom matematiken
Talet −7 definieras som den additiva inversen till 7, det vill säga det tal vars summa med 7 är lika med 0.

Se även
 7 (tal)
 Lista över tal

Negativa tal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Beth Moore went on a bit of a Twitter tear this morning, citing 1 Corinthians 12 as the basis for her commentary.
If you have spent more than a couple of weeks at church chances are you have heard a message regarding the spiritual gifts God gives to believers and how we should use them.
Most of the time when the excerpt is discussed, people talk about how using your spiritual gift in a positive way will also have a positive impact on the church body.
Beth Moore, as fiery as ever, took to Twitter this morning to talk about the opposite side of 1 Corinthians 12. She argued that although your spiritual gift can help the body function, using them wrong can cause the body to be disjointed.
Moore has never shied away from talking about controversial topics, or calling out groups of believers that she thinks are not acting in accordance to God's word, and today's thread was not an exception.
She points out that often times people think that because they are different from one another, they have a different Spirit within them. They forget that the Spirit of God is the same spirit that resides in all believers.
Essentially she points out that believers pick and choose what gifts they think are good and which ones are bad.
Why does she think that her post will not change minds?
Moore tends to wade in water that everyone else fears to enter into. This is a problem that can be seen throughout culture, as a common theme of picking and choosing what scripture to follow.
We'll still do what we've been doing: just defending our position/sticking with our team. But it's wrong. Variety's a gift meant to be treasured. Appreciated. We get to be very different, bring very different elements to the Body & still be in the same Name & of the same Spirit.
So how can we change and work towards appreciating variety?
1. We might like them.
2. We might glimpse Christ in them.
3. We might have to face we were wrong.
In an age where political ideology separates and dis-unifies many within the church, the idea of working to build real relationships with people we differ with is a hard bit to swallow. But as Moore reminds us, we must remember that different beliefs or opinions are not what holds us together, but our faith in God.
I think 1 of the most powerful evidences of Christ on social media these days is the simple admission of having been wrong. I always do a double take. It always carries weight with me. I was wrong about so many people. "I don't like you if you're unlike me." Ain't no way to live.
It's easy to only befriend those that we find common ground with. But God doesn't call us to simply love those that we love.
It doesn't say love people that are easy to love. It says to love your enemies. Those are the hard to love or those that have wronged you.
It's what sets Christians apart from the world, being able to love all people, instead of just the ones that are agreeable.
What we're saying is, "I don't like Christ's methods. He was wrong about this." We are His Body. He, our Head. He can do what the heck He wants with His own Body. And what He wants is a glorious, gorgeous, divine blend of variety & sameness. When we're Jesus we can do it our way.
Moore concluded her twitter thread in a rather funny way, apologizing for hitting a negative tone so early in the morning.
Dang. The tone of that thread was negative. Who needs that on a Monday morning?? Sorry, y'all! Here is what I really want to say: I'm ecstatic that we who make up the Body of Christ may not be the same kind of different as one another but we a different kind of the same.
As Moore encourages, use your spiritual gifts to unify the body. Don't waste time tearing the body apart because a different person is different from you. The differences are what make us who we are and who God designed us to be!


text:
3017 Petrovič este un asteroid din centura principală, descoperit pe 25 octombrie 1981, de Antonín Mrkos.

Legături externe

 3017 Petrovič în JPL Small-Body Database
 3017 Petrovič în baza de date a Minor Planet Center
 Diagrama orbitei asteroidului 3017 Petrovič (JPL)

Centura de asteroizi
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1981