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Caste, Democracy and Social Justice: ICES Conference in Late November 2016
Gananath
Tudor Kalinga Silva
This conference was held at the International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo on the 19/20th November 2016 with the participation of over 60 researchers from Sri Lanka and abroad. The objective of the conference was to review recent research on caste in Sri Lanka from the angle of democracy and social justice in line with the broader ICES interest in identity politics in Sri Lanka. The specific issues discussed included possible theoretical, conceptual and methodological issues relating to understanding caste and caste-like phenomenon in Sri Lanka, caste dynamics in Sinhala society, caste in historical context, caste issues in Northeast Sri Lanka, post-war transformation of caste, migration, caste and ethnicity, caste and religion and policy framework for addressing horizontal inequality and promoting social justice. The keynote speakers in the conference were Prof. Gananath Obeyesekere, Dr. Kumari Jayawardena, Dr. John Rogers (from the American Institute of Sri Lanka Studies) and Prof. K. Tudor Silva who also convened the conference on behalf of ICES.
A copy of the detailed conference program is attached for your information. Participants included senior researchers such as Dr. Nireka Weeratunga, Sunil Bastian, Dr. Darani Rajasingham-Senanayake, Tissa Jayatilake, Jock Stirrat, Dr. Selvy Tiruchandaran. It was encouraging to have many younger researchers from Sri Lanka and abroad, including a number of PhD students, actively participating in the conference.
It has to be noted here that this is the first public dialogue on caste in Sri Lanka – at least in recent years. It is our understanding that this conference brought out the significance of caste and identity dynamics in Sri Lanka as a research topic and also as a continuing challenge to promotion of democracy, social justice and social harmony in Sri Lanka. We plan to bring out a publication consisting of selected papers presented in the conference. Prof. K. Tudor Silva is contacting possible publishers in India and UK. It is also anticipated that as an outcome of the conference, the ICES will initiate a research program focusing on caste issues in post-war Sri Lanka and thereby facilitate a continuing dialogue relating to issues arising from the conference such as emerging caste issues in Northern Sri Lanka, caste and politics and the interactions between caste prejudices, ethnic identities and gender issues.
In their responses many of the participants appreciated the opportunity offered to discuss the hitherto unspoken subject of caste and requested the ICES to continue the dialogue on this and related topics in keeping with its mandate for research and dissemination of research results.
Keynote Speech by Gananath Obeyesekere:
CASTE CONFLICTS AND DISCOURSES DURING THE KANDYAN KINGDOM: EVIDENCE FROM THE MATALE DISTRICT[i]
ries of the nation to smaller entities: provinces, districts and villages that are described in a variety of texts, many of them still available in palm leaf manuscripts in the Peradeniya library, in the Kandy and Colombo archives, in the Hugh Nevill collection of the British Library and many other lesser known sources in British, US and European collections and among private collectors. Much of my own work in this paper is from texts known as vitti pot, books of events, many of them in palm leaf manuscripts (puskola pot). Within that larger category of vitti pot are what are known as kaḍaim pot or "boundary books" full of description of districts, towns and villages and homes of distinguished persons but, unhappily, remains as a neglected resource to this very day. My own recent work is on Sinhala puskola pot but I assume similar ones are also available in Tamil sources. Among these vitti pot are those that deal with the boundaries of the nation (as for example Sri Lanka dipe kadaim pota) and those of villages and districts such as those in the district of Matale. My plea is this: a different perspective on our history is available when we move from our classical histories formulated in such texts as the Mahavamsa, the various of versions of history in classical Sinhala (for example the Pujavaliya, Saddharmaratnvaliya) to lesser known Sinhala histories. We get a different perspective on history when we shift our focus to nearly forgotten places and study them, as for example Hanguranketa, the vast area of Bintanna-Alutnuvara (the second home of many Kandyan kings) and of course the district of Matale. Matale was a center of resistance in both Kandyan and British times and it is sad that such histories of resistance are mostly forgotten even by the current residents of Matale and many of us scholars. One of the most fascinating sites is Mundukondapola, a well-known fortress is the Kotte period but now forgotten although the place exists to this day. History to be remembered must be recreated in the popular imagination and when that fails it is left for a few us to resurrect the past from the dregs of history.
Let me give one example of the fate of Matale from colonial history. During the regime of Governor Torrington (1847-1850), there was a resistance in Matale against British rule that was brutally suppressed and the country laid waste by British soldiers with rape and murder as the order of the day. Torrington, was an influential British Viscount who was assisted in his destructive campaign by the well-known colonial scholar Emerson Tennent. We know that Torrington was recalled by Westminster but never punished for his crimes. History has turned out to be a peculiar business when we realize that an important area in the city of Colombo is named after Torrington, surely not on the basis of his work as governor but more likely on his aristocratic pedigree. The fashionable places names in Colombo 7 that continue to be named after him must at least be partly related to our own ignorance of the past or maybe because Torrington was a very distinguished of British aristocrat, and that is good enough for the colonial imagination and the post-colonial imagination of our new rulers and the ruling class of Colombo.
Matale became a separate political entity when the first consecrated king of Kandy, Vimaldharmasuriya married the Catholic queen Dona Catherina who bore him two sons and one daughter. When he died in 1604, his kinsman Senarat (1604-1635) also married Dona Catherina from whom she bore a son who later became Rajasinha II, perhaps the greatest of Kandyan kings. Even when these royal princes were minors, Senerat distributed his kingdom to the three heirs around 1621, the large district of Uva to the eldest Kumarasinha, the key kingdom of Kandy to his own biological son Rajasinha and the kingdom of Matale to Vijayapala, the second son of Vimaladharmasuriya. When Kumarasinha died Uva was appropriated by Rajasinha and Vijayapala had to be content with the district of Matale. Vijayapala was an extraordinary able ruler who as king of Matale reorganized the Matale district in his own terms. He recruited a Vädda chief (simply referred to as Bandara Vädda) and with his help enlarged and redrew the political boundaries of Matale sometime between 1635 and 1641 carving out a large area, of mostly forests and incorporated it into the kingdom of Matale, assisted by the Vädda chief. It was in his reign that the first boundary book of Matale written with the assistance of a local chief and the distinguished Vädda aristocrat (Bandara Vädda) mentioned earlier. But not for long because war broke out between the two brothers and Vijayapala had to flee to Goa and became a Catholic convert. The vitti pota I employ deals with Viyayapala's brief but important reign. I list below the Vädda chiefs in charge of the districts in Matale or in control of them (hirakaragena) or guarding the frontier during the first period of Vijayapala's reign when he was planning to oust the local Sinhala aristocrats whom he distrusted.
Kannila Vädda in control of (hira kara hitiya) at Kanangomuva [Matale South]
Herat Banda in control of Nikakotuva [current location unknown]
Maha Tampala Vädda at Palapatvala [Matale North]
Domba Vädda at Dombavela gama [Matale South].
Valli Vädda at Vallivela [location unknown]
Mahakavudalla Vädda at Kavudupalalla [Matale South, Asgiriya Pallesiya Pattu]
Naiyiran Vädda (some texts Nayida) at Narangamuva [either Matale East or South]
Imiya Vädda at Nalanda [well known village, Matale North]
Dippitiya Mahagē (a female) controlling an area of nine gavuvas ("leagues") in length and breadth in the district known as Nagapattalama [location unknown but not to be confused with the identical name in South India]
Makara Vädda and Konduruva employed in the watch of the boundary (kadaima). [The reference is to a mountain known as Konduruva in Matale East]
Mahakanda Vädda controlling Kandapalla [today's Kandapalla Korale. Matale North]
Hempiti Mahagē, a female, controlling Galevela [the well-known village in Matale North]
Baju Mahagē, a female, controlling the Udasiya Pattuva of Udugoda Korale [Hunnasgiriya range]
Minimutu Mahagē, female, controlling the Pallesiya Pattuva of the same district [a vast area of 56 villages in Matale East]
Devakirti Mahagē, also a female, controlling Melpitiya, [Matale North two miles from Nalanda.]
Five of the named Väddas are female chiefs in control of part of the king's frontier (but we lack information whether they were heads of matrilineal groupings). Herat Banda in this list has a typical Sinhala name, either a non-Vädda guarding the frontier or more likely a Vädda whose name has a been Sinhalized, a common enough phenomenon. What is remarkable about this first Matale boundary book is that outside the three prominent Sinhala aristocrats listed in or near Godapola (Matale), are the Väddas guarding the frontier. It is not that Matale lacked the traditional Kandyan aristocracy but from the king's viewpoint they cannot be trusted. Thus, says the text, although these aristocrats "are powerful it is not possible to (order them to) collect men and animals" for the wars envisaged by the king and his brother Rajasinha, especially to capture the Portuguese fort of Trincomalee, one of the stated objectives of Vijayapala and his brother. Once the king gets rid of the doubtful persons, he then employs several Kandyan chiefs to take their place and the Väddas go back to their traditional locations, either in the forests or in villages controlled by them. Much of the information on the district of Matale comes from the second "boundary book" (kadaim pota) on the Matale district composed in the long reign of Kirti Sri Rajasinha (1747-1782). In this text the king asks the conventional question raised by Vijayapala earlier, namely, "What kind of jāti live in this Mihitale (Matale)?" As before the king's primary informants are a Vädda chief of Opalgala assisted by a Sinhala official. We are given now a wonderful haul of over two hundred individuals as well as head of households in the Matale district, sometimes detailed information on a particular family but at other times only the name of the village, perhaps because the details were known to the two officials. Let me remind the reader that this is an important but unpublished text culled from our vitti pot and one that anticipates modern historiography in its concern with detailed empirical, even statistical, information. At this time, Muslims and so-called low castes such as lacquer workers and grass-cutters are all included and referred to as jāti (rather than kula), literally meaning "kind" but implying they are part of the Tri Sinhala, the three parts of the Sinhala "nation." Although their jāti ("caste" if you want to use the familiar Portuguese label casta) might be considered "low" they can be given high titles such as mudiyanse or muhandiram, ignoring our stereotypical notions of caste and ethnicity. (This incidentally is also true of low castes serving in the king's military who can be given high titles and land for bravery). Several castes in our list were listed as Oli, because they supposedly came from oli-rata, an alternative name for soli rata, the Chola country. Our text adopts a somewhat contemptuous attitude to these people. "A huge multitude of oli people have been shoved into the district of Dumbara." They are āgantuka or "outsiders" because their myths of origin state that they were brought here by king Gajabahu, a famously mythic king who brought them over from the Tamil country along with twelve thousand Sinhalas captured in a previous reign by the Tamil king. Although settled here, says our text, they are āgantuka or outsiders, presumably because they have been brought from the outside, namely, the Tamil country, within the living memory, imagined or real, of the authors of our text. It is interesting that their caste status in nowhere listed; it seems what is significant here is category, not genealogy in any conventional sense. Jāti makes sense but not caste as we now designate that indispensable term and are perforce compelled to use. As Edmund Leach has pointed out in an important essay, castes as jāti constitute an interdependent system and Kandyan society could not have functioned without a division of labor based on that principle of interdependence.
Let me now deal with some of the information provided to the king by his two main consultants, bearing in mind once again that one of them was a distinguished Vädda chief (a descendant of the Vädda consultant mentioned in the time of King Vijayapala). One of the conclusions that we can draw from our text is that the king alone can reduce, deprive or change a person's caste. This seems to have been a prerogative of kingship in Kandyan times. Our text has several example of the king "de-casting" a person owing to some fault. The important technical term is gattara, whereby owing to some offense the king can place a person and his family in a lower position from his original one and then given a new name commensurate with that degraded status. While this seems to be a terrible degradation our text provides no example of execution by the king although this must occur in respect of traitors, ignored in our text. Note that I use the term "de-casted" because no one can really be "out-casted" and indeed no such category is found in our text. There is no way to escape from jāti unless one becomes a renouncer, of which there were several types in the kingdom. Often enough our cases mention one of the reasons for "de-casting," namely owing to an intended or unintended pollution of the king consequent to the violation of court rules. Our text has only a few cases of de-casting simply because few would consciously dare to insult the king although we have several cases of unintended insult by persons unacquainted with the rules. Sometimes the reason for de-casting by the king is implicit and part of public knowledge of the time. Let me refer to the case of a Tamil who, because he had no determinate jāti had been placed in a gattara village, namely, a village that has already been designated as a de-casted village. (This is not an unusual case because until very recently there have been named castes labeled demala gattara.) Unfortunately, much of taken-for-granted public knowledge is missing in our account. Thus we do not know the reason why a whole village of Imbulpitiya, near today's town of Matale had been de-casted by the king. So is it with a village known as sudu-hakuru gama, "a village providing white jaggery, quite unlike the brown stuff you and I generally consume. White jaggery is well-known to specialists even today and involves a complicated process of purifying the brown. I assume that the jaggery was meant for the king and was improperly or badly made or polluted in some way. Offenses are sometimes unsaid because they were known to the public of our text.
Another instance from our text: A servant caste of the Malvatta monastery known as Malvatte Duraya ("servant belonging to the monastery") was found skinning a buffalo and placing it near in his bellows (for later practical use). This apparently was a heinous act and was seen by a henaya or washerman who while returning from the palace during that night after cleansing that place informed the king about it. The king appraised of the details interrogated Malvatte Duraya in detail and then gave the following order: "For the offence of keeping the buffalo skin on the bellows and for skinning the buffalo body they (his extended family) were ordered to bury cattle henceforth" and they are to be degraded and known as "geri padda," geri mas or beef being utterly reprehensible, and padda being a contemptuous term for that particular caste that would normally be addressed and referred to in more respectable terms. There is implicit knowledge underlying the reference here because it is the lowest of the low, the roḍiya or canḍāla who generally had to bury dead animals and this family is in effect de-casted in the most drastic fashion by being identified as someone akin to a canḍāla or actually de-casted as canḍāla.
Once we move from the king to the views of ordinary people we get a different picture of public relationships. This included Muslims who we know were favored by the Kandyan monarch but apparently not in Matale. Note that there are no references to Muslims in the previous text composed in the reign of Vijayapala. Absence of reference in that text does not mean that there were no Muslims in the Matale district at that time but theirs was at best a minor presence. By the time of Kirti Sri Rajasinha we know that there were many Muslim physicians in the court and one of them Gopala Mudali, a Muslim with the Hindu name of Krishna (Gopala) was a favorite of the king. It was Gopala who informed the king of a planned assassination by a few of his chiefs in Saka 1682 or CE 1760.[i] There were large Muslim communities in the Kandyan provinces, many given to cross cousin marriage modeled on Sinhala norms. Such a strategy of kinship favored intermarriage between Muslims and Sinhalas. However, parallel cousin marriage adopted in parts of the Middle East was tantamount to incest. The relation between Muslims and Kandyans in Matale seem much more ambiguous, if we can rely on our text. Muslim traders and merchants certainly existed but were numerically insignificant at that time. Nevertheless, some distinguished Muslims were given high caste names such as mudiyanse or mudali. These were probably high caste titles endowed by the king from his royal court: hence the title marakkala mudiyanse ("Muslim lord" to loosely translate this term). Given the peripatetic nature of Muslim communities, it is possible that wealthy and respected Muslims came from the area of the king's court but rarely traveled to the Matale district where they were less welcome. Nevertheless, there is reference to a distinguished Muslim who had eloped with a Sinhala lady and then returned to his Buddhist kinfolk carrying a load of gifts and provisions hoping no doubt to be reconciled with them. But it did him no good because on hearing of this seemingly unseemly visitation the Sinhalas fled to the forest! It is likely that while interethnic marriages did occur they were rare in the Matale district at this time, quite unlike the situation elsewhere in the Kandyan kingdom. By contrast marriages between members of the same caste, even with low status men were acceptable and our text has a case where a such male is employed by the father-in-law in agricultural work. We know from other sources that this is common enough practice and known as binna marriage in contrast with diga where equivalence in marital status is enjoined as the ideal.
Inter-caste marriages did occur but there seems little public outrage quite unlike the situation in respect of the king where such persons could be degraded by being shoved into gattara villages. There are at least two cases in Matale relating to the lowest of the low, namely roḍiya. In one instance a daughter of a gamarāla of the highest (goyigama) caste had eloped with a rodiya male. In this case, and similar ones, there is no punishment recorded, perhaps because such actions would have to be referred to this king via a high official. It would therefore seem that in such cases it was perhaps best to ignore the ignominy. Moreover, at that time (as is the case even today) rodiyas were considered to be practitioners of black magic, a source of power to a caste considered to be the lowest of the low in the official hierarchy. What emerges from our Matale data is that a high caste woman could marry a rodiya but she had to live with her husband's kinfolk in a rodiya village. Our data also refers to a rodiya woman names Subhanimittā, literally meaning "auspicious prophecies." It seems that this low caste woman was given to uttering prophecies to high caste clients, something I was familiar from my own research notes taken many years ago from a man married to a rodiya woman and engaged in black magic in the city of Colombo! He claimed to have obtained his considerable and very impressive magical powers from his rodiya kinfolk.
By contrast, the Vädda presence was important in this text as with the previous one. We have reference to a Vädda of high status given extensive lands by the king for his service in warfare. In another scenario the king is given gifts of rare rice from a Vädda chief in Laggala and the king reciprocates with gifts of land. The sense of loyalty of the Väddas to the king can be recorded as far back as the reign of Parakramabahu 1 (1153-1186) who employed Väddas in his wars against his Ruhuna enemies. Parakramabahu gave these Väddas black clothes to distinguish them from their Sinhala counterparts and no doubt to scare the hell out of the latter. We know that loyalty of the Väddas to the king continued until the 1817-1818 rebellion against the British under their chief Kivulegedera Mohottala of Valapane. Eventually this resulted in the decimation of the Vädda communities by the British forces when they reestablished their control. The sad relics of this past is reflected in the loss of population and the general malaise of the Väddas driven to seek refuge in forests and caves and recorded by later ethnographers, unfortunately as being their normal condition. We are indebted to Paul E Pieris for a detailed discussion of the Vädda role in the rebellion, but little or no reference to their decimation during the British conquest of the Kandyan provinces is available in orthodox histories written by later colonial writers such as the Seligmanns in 1911 as well as Sri Lankan scholars.
Let me conclude this brief discussion with reference to members of the highest caste in the Indian set-up, namely the Brahmins mentioned in our text (kaḍaim pota). According to our text, one of the nation's leading families, the Ratvattes, originally came from Maddadesa (Madya Pradesh) in India and some accounts of say that they brought with them the Bodhi tree under which the Buddha achieved his "awakening." Because this latter claim is made by other castes and ethnic groups we cannot attribute any historical veracity to this myth of origins. Nevertheless, the accounts of Brahmins settling down in Sri Lanka ought to be taken seriously. Thus we are told that several Brahmans have settled down in the Matale district, as for example, Sri Vishnu Brahmana Rala in Aluvihara, Sri Rama Brahmana Rala in Ratvatta, Sri Danta in Moneruvila (Matale north), Vädande Brahmana Rala, also in Matale North and the only non-Vishnu Brahman, a Shaivite named Madiva Viramahesvaraya in Madipola. We have to take these statements of Brahmins settling in Matale seriously because of the public knowledge of what occurred in history of that time and the presence of some of their descendants in our own times. One important figure is Brahmana Ranmenika Ratvatte, the daughter of Kopuru Brahmana Rala originally from Maddadesa (Madya Pradesh). Many other Brahmanas are listed as settling down in Matale, including an interesting figure Hirigot Brahmana ("gōtra of the sun") resident at Kappetipola, the home of the famous resistance fighter of the 1818 war, Kappetipola of Monaravila. I cannot get into the details of this fascinating movement of Brahmins in this paper except to assert that they have dropped their Brahmanic names and become part of the radala or aristocratic segment of the large broad-based caste, the farmer or goyigama. This capacity to absorb the two classic varnas of the Indian scheme has been going on for a long historical period such that the highest varna in the Indian scheme of things, that of the Brahmins continue to exist as a sub-caste of goyigama which is also the sub-caste or varna of the Kandyan kings. Remember once again that the category sub-caste is our convenient invention and does not exist in empirical reality anywhere in the Matale district or for that matter anywhere in the Kandyan kingdom. (For further details read my paper "The coming of Brahmin migrations: The Sudra fate of an Indian elite in Sri Lanka," a paper published by the Faculty of Social Sciences, South Asian University, Delhi.)
[i] I must remind the reader that if these caste names might sound offensive some in this audience but I think we can take for granted that we are dealing with times past and not the present and indeed I assume with others here that we can take for granted our notion of species equivalence, just as the Buddha surmised ages ago. The present paper is based on an earlier study written in honor of my friend Professor K.D. Paranavitana in much more detail and will be published soon with the title Historical Revaluations: the boundary books of the Matale district. I have used that material in this essay.
[ii] I have an unpublished paper on the monk conspiracy to assassinate the king that I will be happy to send to those interested.
Venue: ICES, Colombo …………Agenda
Date November 19th, 2016
Time Activity/Presenter Topic
08:30-09:00 Registration
09:00-09-15 Mario Gomez, ICES Welcome Address
09:15-9:30 Kalinga Tudor Silva, ICES Objectives of the Conference
09:30–10:30 Keynote Speeches Chair: Deneshan Casie Chetty, ICES
Gananath Obeyesekere, Princeton University Caste Conflicts and Discourses during the Kandyan Kingdom: Evidence from the Matale District
John Rogers, AISLS The Colonial Roots of Public Silences about Caste in Sri Lanka
10-30-11:00 Tea
11:00-12:30 Technical Session 1: Theoretical and Conceptual Issues Chair: Tissa Jayatilake, US-Sri Lanka Fulbright Commission
Jude Fernando, Clark University Kinship and Morality
Deborah Windslow, NSF Contexts of Caste
Nalini Hennayake, University of Peradeniya Spatialization of Caste Discrimination
Anton Piyaratnna, OUSL Caste as a Way of Transcending Ethno-national Barriers to Construct Community: A Case Study on the Eastern Coast of Sri Lanka.
12:30:13:30 Lunch
13:30-15:00 Technical Session 2: Caste Dynamics in Sinhala Society Chair: Premakumara de Silva, University of Colombo
H.M.D.R. Herath, University of Peradeniya Social Changes in a Multi-Caste Kandyan Village
Eva Ambos, University of Peradeniya Dancing at the Edge? Ritual, Heritage and Caste in Sri Lanka
Prasanna de Zoysa, University of Colombo
Caste, Social Exclusion and the State
Unnathi S. Samaraweera, University of Colombo Casteless or Recasting with Class? Caste Ideologies among Contemporary University Undergraduates in Sri Lanka
T.M. Wijekoon Banda, Ruhuna University Caste as a Driver of Upward Social Mobility in Rodi Communities in Kurunagala District
15:00-15:15 Tea
15:15-16:30 Technical Session 3: Caste in a Historical Perspective Chair: Sunil Bastian
Philip Friedrich, University of Pennsylvania Locating the History of Caste in Medieval Sri Lanka
Prasanna de Zoysa, University of Colombo Colonialism and Modernization of Caste
Mark Balmforth, Columbia University Creating a Slave Caste
Lal Madawattegedera, OUSL Caste as a Lived Experience in a Sample of Folklore
16:30-18:00 Technical Session 4: Caste Issues in Northeast Sri Lanka Chair: Selvy Tiruchandran, WERCSL
Nishkala Suntharalingam, Clark University Caste or Race: Jaffna 1844 to 1971
K. Niroshanidevi, EUSL Parai Drumming for Social Justice: Experience of Feminist Drummers in Eastern Sri Lanka
Aftab Lall, CEPA Caste and Access to Education in Jaffna Town
Upul Sanjeewa Wijepala and T.M Wijekoon Banda ,
Ruhuna University
Drumless Drummers: A Study on Occupational Mobility among the Paraiyar Caste Community in Eastern Sri Lanka
18:30-20:30 Puṅgudutīvu: A Disintegrating Island (A Film by P. Thanges)
Screening of an ethnographic film depicting the intersection of land and caste issues in post-war Jaffna and a conversation with the film maker
20:30 Conference Dinner , ICES
09:00-10:00 Keynote Speeches Chair: Nireka Weeratunga, ICES
Kalinga Tudor Silva, University of Peradeniya From Beggar to Businessmen: Globalization, Path Dependence and the Emergence of Rodiyas as a New Entrepreneurial Group in Rural Sri Lanka
Kumari Jayawardena, SSA Caste in Sri Lanka and the Left Intervention: the Story of Kamala Ratnavale
10:15-12:30 Technical Session 5: Migration, Caste and Ethnicity Chair: H.M.D.R. Herath, University of Peradeniya
Nireka Weeratunga, Mohamed Faslan, Nirmi Vitarana ICES Identities in migration: The relationship between caste and ethnicity in post-war Sri Lanka
S. Chandrabose, OUSL Repatriation of Plantation Workers and Its Impact on Caste Composition and cultural Life in the Plantations in Sri Lanka
Asha L. Abeyasekera, University of Colombo
The privilege of 'good' birth: the persistence of caste as difference when talking about kinship and marriage in contemporary Sri Lanka
Damaris Lüthi, University of Berne Caste among Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in Switzerland
13:30-15:00 Technical Session 6: Post-war Transformations of Caste Chair: K.T. Silva, University of Peradeniya
P. Thanges, University of East London Inter-caste Marriage in Conflict Settings: War, Migration and Social Conditions in Cross-caste Kinship Formations in Jaffna
Prashanth Kuganathan, Columbia University Untouchable Segregation and Sinhalization: Resistance and Reproduction of Caste in Post War Tamil Communities
Francesca Bremner, Columbia University Under Fire: The Transformation of Caste
Ajith Balasuriya, University of Colombo Caste and Post-conflict Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka?: Revisiting the Conventional Reading of the LTTE Agenda
15:15-16:30 Technical Session 7: Caste and Religion Chair: Jock Stirrat, University of Sussex
Lasni Jayasuriya, University of Peradeniya Caste in Popular Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Dominic Esler, University College London Caste and Catholicism in Northern Province
A. Rameez, SEUSL Caste and Islamic Revival
16:30-18:00 Technical Session 8: Policy Framework for Addressing Caste Inequality and Promotion of Social Justice in Sri Lanka Chair: Mario Gomez, ICES
Deepika Udagama, University of Peradeniya
Udan Fernando, CEPA
Devanesan Nesiah, CPA
P.P. Sivapragasam, HDO
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Transcript — July 14, 2022
Event by Eliot A. Cohen , Dr. Dafna H. Rand , Ambassador Todd D. Robinson , Jessica Lewis , and Kathryn Insley — July 13, 2022
Chicago Rules of War
CSIS's Dr. Eliot Cohen joins the podcast to discuss why he thinks the U.S. and the West need a tougher, Al Capone-style "Chicago Rules" approach to the war in Ukraine.
Podcast Episode by H. Andrew Schwartz and Eliot A. Cohen — July 7, 2022
Russia Processing Reality
CSIS's Eliot Cohen joins the podcast to evaluate the latest developments in Ukraine as well as U.S. support for Kyiv.
Podcast Episode by H. Andrew Schwartz and Eliot A. Cohen — June 23, 2022
Assessing Russia's War in Ukraine
CSIS hosted a discussion on Russia's military efforts, Ukraine's military resistance, and opportunities for the United States and its allies and partners to assist Ukraine.
Event by Eliot A. Cohen , Emily Harding , Seth G. Jones , and Michael Vickers — June 16, 2022
Transformational War
CSIS's Eliot Cohen joins the podcast to talk about how the war between Russia and Ukraine is transforming both nations and the future of Europe.
Podcast Episode by H. Andrew Schwartz and Eliot A. Cohen — May 17, 2022
War's Decisive Moment
CSIS Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy Dr. Eliot Cohen joins the podcast to discuss what he views as the war in Ukraine's "decisive moment," and what the U.S. and its allies should do to further help the Ukrainian effort.
Podcast Episode by H. Andrew Schwartz and Eliot A. Cohen — April 13, 2022
Enraged Putin
CSIS's Dr. Eliot Cohen and Dr. Seth Jones join the podcast to assess the state of Russia's war on Ukraine, what Vladimir Putin could do next, and how the United States may respond.
Podcast Episode by H. Andrew Schwartz , Eliot A. Cohen , and Seth G. Jones — March 18, 2022
Russia's Lasting Damage
Eliot Cohen joins the podcast to discuss the strength of the Western response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the heroism of Volodymyr Zelensky and the Ukrainian people, Putin's strategic failure, early surprises in the war, and what steps the Biden administration should take going forward to address the conflict.
Podcast Episode by H. Andrew Schwartz and Eliot A. Cohen — March 2, 2022
Assessing the Russian Military Campaign in Ukraine
Please join the CSIS International Security Program for an update on Russian military operations in Ukraine and a discussion on the challenges and opportunities for the United States and its partners as they seek to assist Ukraine and deter Russian advances.
Event by Eliot A. Cohen , Emily Harding , Seth G. Jones , and Michael Vickers — March 1, 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Since I was slotted to close at the restaurant on St. Patrick's Day, I had generally removed any notion of celebrating the holiday from my mind. Well, as fate would have it, I was called off at the last moment and immediately proceeded to celebrate the festivities in the accepted style.
Several emerald hued beverages later, I woke up with a vile constitution and a fairly strong will to get this challenge underway. This is the equivalent, I would suppose, of taking a week off of watersports after being involved in a jet ski accident; I felt that I might have to go a week without drinking whether I liked it or not, if I ever again hoped to restore my good temperament.
We've probably all been there at some point, the morning where you swear not to touch a drop of alcohol until Nixon's ghost returns to seek vengeance on us all. Well I might not be able to guarantee my eternal sobriety, but it felt good to know that I wouldn't feel another hangover for at least a week.
I've been looking to the wisdom of others to get through this challenge, and have been particularly trying to follow the advice of Ralph Waldo Emerson: "As a cure for worrying, work is better than whiskey." Despite having more spare time to get work done, however, I've had a bit harder of a time with this than I had expected.
I had hardly realized before this challenge, but every time I sit down to write in the evenings, it's over the company of a beer or two, usually a Flat 12 Half-cycle IPA, a hometown favorite of mine. Even though it's only one drink, it seems to loosen me up just enough to write without too much inhibition, and stop me from meticulously editing until I actually have something down to work with.
As many studies have shown, drinking alcohol before bed does not contribute to a good night's sleep, reducing REM sleep and causing you to feel exhausted upon waking. Even still, it does make it a bit easier to fall asleep in the first place, even after having one drink each night.
I went to see a friend's band play last night, and while I was fine in the first set, drinking cranberry & soda's, by the second and third set I just started to get tired and my ears started ringing. I'm generally always the one wanting to stay out as late as possible, but I had no interest in being out past even eleven o'clock.
Short of these few challenges, however, I've found these past days to actually be refreshing and renewing. I'm already feeling better physically and clearer mentally, and can't wait to see how I feel early next week. That said, the big challenge will be this weekend when I try and go out to the same haunts with the same company, without indulging in the swill myself. Should be interesting, to say the least. Wish me luck.


Get the clean look of creamy off white with a pleasing brown trim when you chose our Imperial Metal Garage Off White Brown 12x20 Kit by DuraMax. Made from hot dipped galvanized steel, this super strong structure is going to be the answer to your garage dreams. At twelve feet by twenty feet, you'll not only be able to house our vehicle, but you'll also have quite a bit of room to store all those other items that have been left out in the elements and taking up space on the side of your house. The ninety nine inch wide roll up door and easy access entry ramp make it easy to load up your vehicle or your tractor, or anything else you want to park inside. The awesomely strong roof on this unit laughs at winter weather and is rated to hold up to twenty pounds per square foot of snow. The handy locking side door provides another easy access point when you just need to grab something quick and go back out again. Ideal for people who live in warmer climates, the pleasing off white color will help reflect heat and provide a cooler temperature inside. This fantastic unit is just perfect for those people who, either have an older home that didn't come with a garage or are building their home in a remote area and realize the expense of a traditional garage is just really out of their reach. Adding a standard garage structure can be cost prohibitive for many people and it often ends up needing so much maintenance that the prospect becomes even more unachievable. That's why the twelve foot by twenty foot Imperial metal garage by DuraMax in a very attractive off white with brown trim is such a wonderfully affordable option for so many people.


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BEST OF WIO: Sarah Sherman
Sarah Sherman: From New Faces to SNL (Recorded August 2022)Sarah Sherman a.k.a. Sarah Squirm is the first and only Working It Out guest to show up wearing a t-shirt of the band Cannibal Corpse. The breakout SNL star sits down with Mike and the two comics cover everything from Kaufman-seque performance art to Sarah's Weekend Update segments where she mercilessly roasts Colin Jost. Plus, jokes and stories about infrared saunas, getting chased by tweakers in the desert, fish eating fish, and a one-time only duet of Fran Drescher impressions.Please consider donating to Food Bank For NYC
90. Marc Forster: A Man Called Marc
For Mike, filmmaker Marc Forster is a rare example of making a new friend as an adult. Mike and Marc met on the new film A Man Called Otto starring Tom Hanks, in which Mike plays the antagonist. Since then, they've become good friends. Now Marc sits down with Mike to discuss his journey from Germany to Switzerland to NYU film school. Marc explains how he built a filmography so varied that it includes the zombie apocalypse blockbuster World War Z as well as the Winnie the Pooh story Christopher Robin. Plus, Marc's advice to aspiring filmmakers, why his family calls each other "shnufi," and why the buddy system is important in creative pursuits.Please consider donating to Smiling Gecko
BEST OF WIO: Zarna Garg
Zarna Garg: Humor is a Strategy (Recorded June 2022)Comedian Zarna Garg immigrated to the U.S. from India at age 16 and started performing stand-up comedy in her forties. As Zarna's daughter Zoya explained in her New York Times-published college essay, it was not an easy path. Zarna sits down with Mike to discuss how humor has always been a strategy in her life, from escaping an impending arranged marriage to navigating life in a new country. Plus stories and jokes about upgrading her husband, trashing her mother-in-law on stage, and why Zarna approaches stand-up comedy like hosting a dinner party.Please consider donating to The Comedy Cures Foundation
89. Chris Redd: How to Express Your Mind on Stage
Mike and Chris Redd first met when they appeared in the movie Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping. Since then they've become friends in the world of stand-up comedy. Today they break down how to express ADHD, depression, and anxiety through comedy and how Chris arrived at the material for his new HBO special "Why Am I Like This?" Chris and Mike also discuss the relationship between hip-hop and comedy, the mechanics of crowd work, and why there's a playlist for everything.Please consider donating to the NAACP Legal Defense Fund
Jimmy Fallon: Dip It in Ranch
(Recorded August 2022) Mike literally picks up Jimmy Fallon in his car and drives him to the studio for this joke-filled and joyful episode of Working It Out. The two friends share stories about everything from camping out with their daughters to impressions of Rodney Dangerfield to Jimmy's early days of standup when he shaved his face on stage. Plus, Jimmy explains why he couldn't stop laughing in the legendary Cowbell sketch on SNL with Will Ferrell and how watching comedy when he was injured in the hospital led him to a revelation about the healing power of laughter.Please consider donating to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
88. Seth Barrish: Mike and Seth's 15 Year Phone Call
2022-12-1957:12 1
Mike welcomes to the podcast his longtime creative collaborator, the director and actor Seth Barrish. Seth directed all five of Mike's solo shows but that's just one part of his varied career. Seth discusses his early days as a pianist at The Comedy Store, working with actors like Anne Hathaway, and what it's like being a "that guy!" actor himself, including two different roles on two different seasons of The Sopranos. Seth and Mike go deep on acting process, how to deal with rage-aholics, and Seth's near-death experience in Africa.Please consider donating to City Harvest
Abbi Jacobson: The Broad City Makeout Party
(Recorded November 2020) Mike is joined by the co-creator and co-star of the comedy classic "Broad City." They discuss the show's origins, why we should all hope to "fail flamboyantly," and why you might quit your job after getting an email from Amy Poehler. Along the way they work out material about why Mike hates magic and Abbi's crippling fear of running into her ex-girlfriend underwater. On one episode of Broad City Mike and Abbi made out literally. Today on "Working It Out" they make out…with jokes.Please consider donating to Girls Write Now
87. Atsuko Okatsuka: I'm Here to Make Friends
When Atsuko Okatsuka first appeared on Working It Out in 2021, she and Mike were both still developing their new shows. Now Mike's The Old Man and the Pool is on Broadway and Atsuko's The Intruder is an HBO comedy special. So Atsuko returns for a third chat with Mike to discuss the development of those shows. Plus jokes and stories about food conspiracies, making friends as an adult, and how to stop an awkward conversation.Please consider donating to Downtown Women's Center
Sterlin Harjo: Comedy From Tragedy and Reservation Dogs
(Recorded September 2021) Filmmaker Sterlin Harjo co-created the smash comedy hit Reservation Dogs for FX about four Indigenous teenagers growing up on a reservation in Oklahoma. Sterlin tells Mike about the time he accidentally taped over someone's wedding video while applying to the Sundance Film Lab. He also discusses Native representation in film & how Reservation Dogs may represent some sense of hope. Many laughs. Many challenging topics. A little backstrap.
86. Wendy MacNaughton: Putting On Your Art Eyes
Wendy MacNaughton is an acclaimed visual artist whose work you've probably seen and/or love. Between illustrating the bestselling cookbook Salt Fat Acid Heat, drawing for the New York Times, and teaching "Draw Together" online art classes for kids, she somehow found the time to design the artwork for Mike's show The Old Man and the Pool, as well as co-design the cover art for The New One book. Mike talks with Wendy about the process of finding one's artistic voice, turning her car into a mobile art studio, and the relationship between writing jokes and drawing pictures.Please consider donating to Girls Garage
Drew Barrymore: Do What You Love
(Recorded May 2022) Mike's first-ever major movie role was in Going the Distance, starring Drew Barrymore. Now, 12 years later, Drew takes Mike through her journey from starring in E.T., to hosting SNL at age 7, to producing and starring in some of the most iconic films of the last 30 years. Drew breaks down her approach to comedy, and discusses how hosting her own talk show has allowed her to reclaim the narrative of her own life. Plus, jokes about New York City breakups, and what to do when your soul can't catch up with your body.Please consider donating to World Central Kitchen
Ben Stiller: Get Some Sleep
(Recorded June 2022) Ben Stiller joins Mike to talk about everything from leaving the SNL cast within weeks of joining to early nerve-racking test screenings for his film "Zoolander." They also break apart Ben's genre-bending hit series "Severance" on AppleTV+. Ben aces the slow round with stories about growing up the child of two comedy greats, not making the high school basketball team, and the magical feeling of being backstage at "The $10,000 Pyramid."Please consider donating to the UN Refugee Agency.
85. Iliza Shlesinger: When You're Hot Forever
Iliza Shlesinger is one of the most prolific comedians on the planet, with six specials including her latest, Hot Forever, and a new comedic memoir, All Things Aside. Mike and Iliza bond over their hard-to-pronounce last names, Iliza explains why she doesn't like being described as "brash," and we learn why Iliza was born to work out jokes.Please consider donating to Team Rubicon
84. Chloe Fineman: The SNL Star Who Can Literally Do Anything
Chloe Fineman's first TV appearance was doing bird calls on Letterman. Now she plays a multitude of beloved characters on SNL and a role in Noah Baumbach's forthcoming film White Noise. Mike and Chloe discuss how she got noticed with her celebrity impressions on Instagram and what happens when you talk smack about Chloe's dog. Plus, jokes and stories about anesthesia freakouts and celebrity orgasms.Please consider donating to Best Buddies International
83. Chris Gethard: Don't Think Twice About Being Naked
2022-10-1701:02:56 2
Mike has seen Chris Gethard naked. So has the cast and crew of Mike's film Don't Think Twice. Chris shares his memories of being nude on set, as well as why he was reluctant to return to the world of improv for the movie. The two longtime friends tell stories about touring together and brainstorming their respective projects simultaneously: Don't Think Twice and Chris's solo HBO special Career Suicide.Please consider donating to the Natural Resources Defense Council
Hasan Minhaj: Sometimes Living Through History... Sucks
(Recorded July 2020) Mike just announced that his show The Old Man and the Pool is coming to Broadway. Tickets at birbigs.com. Today we're re-airing one of our favorites. Mike and Hasan are friends who share a love for the interweaving of jokes and stories. Hasan teases possible stories for his current national tour and next special. The conversation goes from macro to micro to personal to global.Please consider donating to NRDC and Campaign Zero
82. Sam Morril: What Did You Do? My Act.
Sam Morril tells well-crafted jokes but sometimes they make people angry. Sam is known for dealing with provocative subject matter but he doesn't consider himself a provocative comedian. He and Mike dissect the difference. Then, on the heels of Sam's new hit Netflix special "Same Time Tomorrow," the two comics pollinate the seeds of new jokes about mink coats, resistance coffee shops, disappointing your religious relatives, and why Elon Musk has eight kids.Please consider donating to City Harvest
Jimmy Carr: Life is Better With Laughter
(Recorded October 2021) Legendary British comedian Jimmy Carr begins his conversation with Mike by saying, "I wrote a book in lock-down because it was that or a podcast and I figured a book would be more dignified." This begins an hour-long chat between friends that jumps from jokes to roasts to a genuine and vulnerable discussion of how laughter has the power to heal us.Please consider donating to St. Mary's Centre Community Trust
81. J. Hope Stein: Jokes and Poems
Mike welcomes his wife, the poet J. Hope Stein, a.k.a. Jen, a.k.a. Clo, on the release day of her new book of poems "Little Astronaut." Mo and Clo have a deeply candid chat about poetry, creativity, and what it's like when two artists are married to each other. The couple offer a sampling of their live "Jokes and Poems" show, discuss why Jen kept her poetry secret for years, and Jen gives tips for dating a comedian. (Spoiler: don't.) Plus, Jen's side of Mike's "Who did?" story, and the truth about Mike's household chores record.Please consider donating to Everytown
Mo Amer: The Creative Savings Account
(Recorded January 2022) Mo Amer started doing stand-up when he was 14, and now he's being introduced by The Rock in his latest Netflix special, Mohammed in Texas. Mike talks with Mo about that journey, growing up Palestinian in Houston and later performing in college lunchrooms. They discuss why immigrants love Nescafe, the lengths to which Mo will go to get access to a bidet, and why it's important for writers to store ideas in a "creative savings account."Please consider donating to Relief Gang
Ryan-Allen McKinney
so excited you had a DC show but it is the one week I am out of town. Bummer. not going to be able to see this show live.
Michael McConnell
get bill burr, Matt stone, trey parker on your podcast
Nov 3rd
Meidi
Yes, my celebrity crush is here! True story, my six year old son once saw Stephen Colbert on TV and said "Mom, that's the guy you said you're going to marry if dad dies!" 😂 To be clear, I have no memory of saying that, but I'm not calling my son a liar.
Steve Glickman
Gaffigan can't seem to finish a sentence, his thoughts ping pong all over the place, almost incoherent. Couldn't finish it.
Rebecca Watkins
If the figurine was glass, it was not a Hummel. Hummels are ceramic and produced in Germany, not China.
Randall Park is very talented and I love seeing everything he's been in! He's hilarious in his appearances in the Marvel universe and I hope that his character is given more screen time in future projects!
Erik Hansen
This episode was the BEST! I've been listening to a ton of various stand-up on Pandora, and have gotten to hear a lot of Jim Gaffiigan's bits. Really fascinating to hear the depth of his thoughts on the history and evolution of stand-up as an artform.
I read Hoot with my kids this summer and then we watched the movie together. I was delighted to see Brie Larsen in it! My son said "Captain Marvel saved the owls!"
Aug 2nd
Shane Lee
Jesus christ. you think this dude is gay? his voice is like nails on a fucking chalk board. hard no.
please note this is a re-release, not a new episode
Nellie Fly
my fave Massholes💕🔥
Oct 6th
this podcast helps me take my mind off things
Does it feel like he rushed through this episode? of course the black female comedian gets the shortest episode.
very interesting to hear great comedians discuss their different processes and give each other feedback.
Sondy M
I was absolutely thrilled to learn Mike Birbiglia is doing a podcast. As a long time fan who's driven for hours to see him live, I could not be happier about having Mike and his witty friends keeping me company at work. I've listened to every episode (twice for Ira Glass) and am anxiously awaiting the next installment. Thanks for all you do, Mike, and thanks to you and your wife for your wonderful book The New One.
loving Mike Birbiglia's new podcast
Jul 3rd
Josh Forsythe
This has quickly become one of my favorite podcasts- love the creative process discussions, and it's FUNNY.
Jul 1st
Connie Bossenmeyer
I Love this podcast. Mike is so genuine and his guests are fun to listen to. I listened to every one of them, back to back....can't wait for the next episode! Keep working it out Mike! Really good!!


Diverse Namibia is an active, exciting adventure, exploring key areas of this vast country—its dunes, desert, plains and iconic wildlife, complete with exclusive accommodation in private reserves and concessions and private access to Sossusvlei. Take in the soaring red dunes of Sossusvlei, the lifefilled blue Atlantic Ocean, the desert and denizens of Damaraland and the plains game and predators of Etosha National Park. The exploration is interspersed with activities, such as scenic walks and visiting the spectacular, ancient rock engravings at Twyfelfontein, along with optional hot air ballooning and horseriding — all together, a true Namibian adventure!


Haneul Kim was born in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. It was only natural to have interests in Beverages because his father was running a beverage distribution company. He studied in food service management at Kyunghee University. He met Professor Dr. Jae Youn Ko, and learned about wine, water and tea.
In 2013, Kim realized that great potential and possibility of water market in future during the vacation in France and Canada. After traveling around the world, he focused on studying water. Kim studied to receive certification as a Water Sommelier from KISA(Korea International Sommelier Association) and worked as a teaching assistant at the same time.
Kim began his career as a water sommelier at Water Bar, Shinsegae Department store in Gangnam, Seoul. While he was working at the water bar, he won the water sommelier competition in 2014 and was designated as a national water sommelier of Korea. After becoming a national water sommelier, he has appeared on numerous magazines and national media outlets including Singles, Korea Times, The Celebrity, BI Magazine, RemeDe, Modu, TV and Radio. Since 2016 he has been writing a weekly column at Sommelier Times and he is currently a jury at Korea Bottled Water Tasting Award. With his knowledge of water he educates people on water and mentors teenagers to let them know more about a job as a water sommelier. And he is a main news reader on a Sommelier news program in Sommelier TV.


Abstract: In wireless sensor networks, the vast majority of wide-scale traffic consists of only a few bytes, including all network and application layer IDs. Therefore, MAC addresses, which are vital in a shared medium, present major overhead, particularly because they are traditionally chosen network-wide unique. To tackle this overhead, we propose a dynamic MAC addressing scheme based on a distributed algorithm. The assigned addresses are reused spatially and represented by variable length codewords. Our scheme scales very well with the network size, rendering it well suited for sensor networks with thousands or millions of nodes.


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Q: Sybase - Remote stored proc timeout and/or network connection dropped We've been trying to figure out a way to run a very long running (3-4 hours) stored procedure remotely using either Sybase's isql client or Java.  The stored procedure starts fine and even runs and returns some print output.  But then hits this very large select * into #tmp .... statement that takes over 3 hours to run.  But somewhere after about 2 hours, the network connection is dropped...most likely due to in-activity as no print output comes back from the stored procedure and the isql client is not sending any requests.
Background : When we run this stored procedure remotely from a Linux batch server using the isql command line client, it starts, but then because of the length of time (3-4 hours), something in our network layers simply drops the connection and the Sybase server never responds back to the client.  Same issue when we try and run the stored procedure using a GUI client like DBVisualizer on our laptops...remote execution starts, runs, but never responds.  Basically, any attempt to run the stored procedure remotely fails.
Non-network : However, when we run the stored procedure ON the actual Sybase Unix server (I.e. the Sybase database and the isql client are on the same Unix server) using the isql client it DOES finish.  So, when running the stored procedure in a "local" non-remote situation it finishes fine.
Conclusion : That something in the network layers simply drops the connection because of in-activity.
That said, We have tried the following without success :

*

*a.) Changed the Linux tcp_keepalive to 4 hours on the batch server.

*b.) Changed the Unix/AIX tcp_keepidle to 4 hours on the Sybase server.

*c.) Wrote a custom Java multi-thread process that created 2 threaded SQL calls, one for the Stored Procedure, one for a simple "keep-alive" select.  But once the stored proc starts running it locks/blocks out the other thread.  This appears to be a sympthom of the Sybase JDBC Drivers, they simply do NOT allow 2 SQL statements to run in parallel... Concurrent use of same JDBC connection by multiple threads and Is asynchronous jdbc call possible?.

My question is, is there any other options I've over-looked?  We've been told by our Database admins that the Sybase engine has no limitations or timeouts set, but is there anyway to confirm this?  We are currently checking our firewalls, but i'm skeptical that a firewall maintains a "session"...although I'm not a firewall expert.  Again, is there anyway to test a firewall timeout?
tia, adym
UPDATE : 09/11/2017 -
I set the DEFAULT_QUERY_TIMEOUT to 8 hours (I think).  From what I read, you provide this in seconds.  But this made no difference.
        Properties props = new Properties();
        props.put   ( "user",                   getJDBCUsername()               );
        props.put   ( "password",               getJDBCPassword(isEncrypted())  );
        props.put   ( "DEFAULT_QUERY_TIMEOUT",  28800                           );
        this.connection = DriverManager.getConnection ( getJDBCUrl (),  props );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Fuel your fire for knowledge.
Fuel your fire for knowledge by continuing to learn the latest in employee benefits. Once you've earned your CEBS designation, validate your ongoing industry commitment. CEBS compliance sets you apart as a committed, knowledgeable professional dedicated to lifelong learning. The program is beneficial for all CEBS designees from recent graduates to longtime designation holders at every level of their career. Stay CEBS compliant by earning a minimum of 30 hours of credit for each two-year period. Earn the required credit hours, and you will be listed and recognized on a publicly available and searchable listing of all graduates whose CEBS compliance is current.
Visit www.cebs.org/compliance for more information on eligible activities, reporting guidelines and policies.
Demonstrate your commitment to continued education with the ISCEBS Fellowship program. The Fellowship course/exam delivers current education on the most critical and emerging issues in employee benefits. The academic staff at Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (US) and Dalhousie University (Canada) selects the best and most relevant readings, compiling them into topics that represent the challenges you face.
Many CEBS registrants use CEBS courses to meet licensing and other continuing professional education requirements. Credit hours and filing procedures vary by discipline and from state to state. If you plan to use a CEBS course for continuing education credit, please contact the International Foundation for instructions and filing information.
Interested in purchasing CEBS and ISCEBS recognition items for yourself or as a gift?
View available items and complete the order form.
Check out the CEBS custom certificate frames and order one to display your accomplishment.
Many CEBS registrants use CEBS courses to meet licensing and other continuing professional education requirements. Credit hours and filing procedures vary by discipline and from province to province. If you plan to use a CEBS course for continuing education credit, please contact the International Foundation for instructions and filing information.
The International Foundation, along with the International Society of Certified Employee Benefit Specialists (ISCEBS), offer a full portfolio of educational opportunities, many qualifying for CEBS Compliance and continuing education credit.
Covering topics from onboarding to advanced-level compliance issues, each course provides the latest need-to-know information.
Get strategies from leading experts in the industry by accessing both live and recorded webcasts.
Earn a certificate that can help with your professional growth. Select from many different programs offered.
What are the must-read books in the industry? Look no further than here.


In the RGB color model, hex triplet #03151d has decimal index of: 202013, is composed of 1.2% red, 8.2% green and 11.4% blue. #03151d in CMYK color model, is composed of 89.7% cyan, 27.6% magenta, 0% yellow and 88.6% black.
#000033 is the closest web-safe color to #03151d.
Sample HTML/CSS paragraph codes using #03151d color.


If you have read any of my articles in the past, you are sure to already know that I am a huge advocate of variety when it comes to designing individual workouts and overall training programs. If my 28 years of experience as a competitive bodybuilder and coach have taught me anything, it is that the human body is a profoundly adaptable machine— and because of this, we must continually present new challenges by switching up the stimuli we thrust upon it (that is, exercises, angles, tempos, and techniques).
While there are many effective ways to tweak your workouts with the goal of pushing past plateaus or staving off stagnation, the one we shall focus on in this article is introducing a few novel movements. Of course, each of the exercises I will present are nothing more than variations of the basic curl, but by simply changing the arc of pull, the angle of the torso, and the positioning of the elbows and shoulders, we can attack a unique set of motor unit pools (and muscle fibers). This, along with giving the central nervous system something new to deal with, can help take your biceps development—and arm measurements—to an entirely new level!


How well your bird places in a show depends on its condition, its disposition, how closely it conforms to the standard description for its breed and variety, and how it compares with other birds in its class at the show.
Select your birds early. Don't pull them out of a pen the day before the show. (I believe preparing a bird for exhibition starts when they hatch from the egg). Always have backup birds just in-case the birds you have selected can't be exhibited on the day.
Allow sufficient time for preparation and training. Birds should be trained and prepared to display their best qualities.
Birds unaccustomed to a cage do not 'show' to their best advantage unless trained beforehand.
Getting birds accustomed to a cage is a simple process if started early. Start about 2-3 weeks before the show. Place each bird in a cage similar to ones used at poultry shows. A large fowl should be used to a show pen of 24" X 24". Handle each bird 2 or 3 times a day in a manner similar to that used in judging. Always feed the bird after training with something they like. Start by putting the feed at the front of the cage, then try hand feeding, by holding the food on the bars of the cage. In time the bird will move forward to the front of the cage when someone walks up to the cage. This is good when they are being judge; there is nothing worse than a bird frightened in the corner at the back of the cage.
Approach the cage slowly, open the door quietly and prepare to remove the bird, headfirst. Manoeuvre the bird until it stands with its head to your right or left. Then reach into the cage across the back of the bird with your right hand, firmly but gently grasp the most distant wing at the shoulder. Keep the wing folded and close to the bird's body.
Rotate the bird in the cage so that its head is pointing towards you and open the door.
Slide your free hand, palm upwards, underneath the bird's breast. Simultaneously, grasp the bird's right leg (just above the hock joint) between your thumb and index finger while clasping the left leg between the second and third fingers. This places your index and second fingers between the bird's legs. The breast bone should be resting upon the palm of your hand.
Bring the bird out of the cage head first, keeping its head towards you.
After holding the bird for a while, open the wings to examine various parts of the body just as you would if you were judging the bird yourself.
Always return the bird to the cage head first and lower it gently to the cage floor.
When accustomed to this confinement and handling, the bird will respond by presenting a good appearance to the judge.
Many entries of good merit are never seriously considered by the judge because they have not been trained.
Frightened birds tend to stand in a crouched rather than normal position, thus their true type is not revealed to the judge.
Birds unaccustomed to handling may struggle when examined.
Any of these things will give the judge unfavourable impressions.
Therefore, it is recommended that you train your birds to become used to a show pen.


Several owners have recently inquired about reports of dogs testing positive for Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) in the Brooklyn area. Canine Influenza is a flu virus that is highly contagious with clinical signs similar to the upper respiratory signs of canine infectious tracheobronchitis ("Kennel Cough"). Infected dogs may develop a persistent cough, sneezing, nasal discharge, fever, lethargy and reduced appetite. Some dogs may show no signs of infection but may have a subclinical infection and still shed the virus.
Dogs generally recover in 2-3 weeks, though secondary bacterial infections may require antibiotic therapy, and sicker dogs may need hospitalization with additional supportive care.
Transmission of CIV occurs from dog to dog and poses a higher risk in areas where dogs congregate, such as kennels, shelters, doggie day care, and dog runs. The onset of clinical signs occur 2-3 days after infection, with a peak in viral shedding in 3-4 days post-exposure. Dogs that have been infected with CIV should be isolated from other dogs for at least 3 weeks to prevent the continuing spread of the virus.
The virus in not transmissible to humans, but cats, ferrets and possibly guinea pigs, may become infected.
Two strains of Canine influenza have been identified, H3N2 and H3N8, and over the years there have been periodic outbreaks of both strains in various parts of the United States. The strain most recently identified in Brooklyn is the H3N2 virus. Luckily, a vaccine is available that inoculates against both strains of CIV and is available at Williamsburg Vet Clinic. If your dog is at higher risk of becoming infected with CIV, we recommend making an appointment to get your dog vaccinated.
Please call us (718-302-1485) if you suspect your dog has CIV or if you have any further questions or concerns.


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