text:
Big Al and Sons LLC
"I have found that a lot of landscaping companies have a hard time communicating with their customers. It's frustrating when some companies forward all their calls to answering services and then don't even call you back at all.
When Big Al arrived to give a quote, he had a great attitude and carefully listened to every detail or concern we had. He wasn't afraid to provide his own opinions and was also positive in completing the size of our proposed project.
His crew worked on our front lawn for almost a week and even the crew was very friendly. Now the grass is finally growing and we're happy with all the hard work they provided.
Good communication is key and they delivered top-notch customer service!"
Terry M.
Call or Message Us for a Free Quote!
North Stonington, CT 06359
email@bigalandsonc.com
© 2023 by Big Al and Sons LLC.


Some girls pay more attention to the jewelry they wear rather than footwear or other fashion accessories, therefore they save money in the entire month to spend all at once to shop for their favorite earrings, necklaces and rings. Summer earrings are actually different in their funky shades, shapes and sizes as per the demand of women around the globe.
Down here you can find a collection of 12 cute summer earrings of 2017 for girls & women, these summer accessories are super cute and are totally sophisticated to be worn at an evening get together, a night party or on a friend's birthday. Here we go!


Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) commonly called secondhand smoke, can harm a developing fetus and may account for complications during pregnancy and birth. It is now known that non-whites experience more adverse pregnancy effects than do whites from smoking and ETS exposure. In an article published in the March 2009 issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, researchers examined whether black, non-smoking women were able to avoid ETS exposure early in pregnancy and the social contextual factors that affected their success in avoiding secondhand smoke.
This study was conducted by investigators from The George Washington University Medical Center School of Public Health & Health Services, Children's National Medical Center, RTI International, and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Data were collected from 1044 women as part of a randomized, multiple-risk behavior intervention trial that addressed four risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes: cigarette smoking, ETS exposure, depression and intimate partner violence (IPV). In this study, the investigators analyzed data from 450 non-smokers who reported having partners, friends, household or family members who smoked. Demographic factors such as age, education, marital status and household income were collected, as was reproductive history information. Attitudes about being pregnant were assessed, as were mental health-related items such as depression symptoms and alcohol or illicit drug use. Interpersonal factors included having a current partner, the father's desire to have the baby and the incidence of IPV either before or during pregnancy.


text:
HomeLATEST NEWS
Getty Images Gallery partners with designer Jonathan Adler to present never-before-seen prints from Slim Aarons
Lilian Hanson, sunbathing by a pool at the B�rgenstock Resort in Canton Nidwalden, Switzerland, 1955. (Photo by Slim Aarons/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Getty Images Gallery, in association with Jonathan Adler, presents fifteen photographs by the uber-collectable chronicler of the golden age of wealth and beauty, Slim Aarons.
Available for the first time as fine art prints, focusing on the concept of leisure, this is also the first release to debut new black and white images. Starting with surprising scenes captured on a casual Central Park walkabout in 1947, and with locations ranging from Bermuda to Gstaad, the selections both honour and expand Slim�s legacy.
A family enjoying a picnic on the bank of the Whiting River near Campbell Falls, Massachusetts, USA, 1959. (Photo by Slim Aarons/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Over the course of a career lasting more than half a century, Slim Aarons portrayed high society, aristocracy, the celebrated and their milieu. In doing so, he captured a privileged world of leisure that occurred alongside � but quite separate from � the cultural and political backdrop of the second half of the twentieth century. The resulting photographs are a perfect complement to stylish interiors � from mid-century modern to high glamour.
Countess Peter Jean-Baptiste de Manio (left) and Mary-Beth Turner playing backgammon by a swimming pool in Palm Beach, Florida, 1959. (Photo by Slim Aarons/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Getty Images, as the sole owner of the Slim Aarons archive, have partnered with Jonathan Adler to bring these latest high-quality prints to discerning collectors in the US. The images have been scrupulously researched and chosen by Getty Images Gallery�s curator Shawn Waldron and Jonathan Adler, alongside the expert archivists at the Getty Images Archive. They were scanned, retouched and proofed to produce the highest quality prints, a painstaking process taking several months.
A group of boys competing in a marble championship in Central Park, New York City, 1947. (Photo by Slim Aarons/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Shawn stated, "For the 2019 edition � our third annual release of unseen works from Slim�s legendary archive � I focussed on surfacing images which represent his trademark sensibility but with a modern twist. These fifteen never-before-seen photographs range from the immediate post-war period through to the late 1960s and include scenes of sun, sand and snow. With a central theme of leisure running throughout, the selections include a few surprises, such as�Handball in Central Park,�alongside future bestsellers like�Palm Beach Idyll�and�Holiday Hair Check.�Slim collectors will find a lot to like in these new works."
A group of young men playing handball at a court in the 95th Street playground, Central Park, New York City, 1947. (Photo by Slim Aarons/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Jonathan Adler, commented, "Slim Aarons is my forever muse.� The more I dig in the archive, the more inspired I get.� I wish he were around now � I know he could bring my glamour game to 11."
A young woman waiting to go on a ski run in Stowe, Vermont, USA,1962. (Photo by Slim Aarons/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Slim Aarons� work epitomises mid-century glamour. Having started out as a combat photographer in World War II, he decided to �walk on the sunny side of the street� and enjoy life photographing the elegant and the beautiful. In California, Slim captured the Hollywood elite � Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh to name but a few. He was the inspiration for Jimmy Stewart�s character in Rear Window, with his home in New York becoming the model for the apartment in the film. Slim spent some years in Rome for Life magazine covering the Vatican, Cinecitt�, the Mafia and la dolce vita. Following that he settled with his wife, Lorita Dewart, in Katonah, New York, and worked for all the glossiest magazines of the day including Holiday, Town and Country and Harper�s Bazaar. He often travelled to attend parties in Beverly Hills or on Park Avenue, spending winters in Gstaad or Palm Beach, summers on the French or Italian Riviera or the Caribbean. Slim was very much at ease and on familiar terms with the world�s elite and he brought to his portraits a freshness that they appreciated. As a result, Slim was welcomed into the exclusive retreats of the world�s glitterati and his imagery has a degree of intimacy approaching that of family photos.
Shawn Waldron
Shawn Waldron�is a New York City-based photography curator. As Getty Images Curator of Print Sales and Exhibitions, Shawn is the lead curator for Getty Images Gallery, responsible for the offerings on�photo.com, Getty�s e-commerce wall d�cor site, and manager of the Slim Aarons Archive. From 2003 to 2016, Shawn was Archive Director at Cond� Nast. While there he revamped and modernised the company's archival program and was the founding curator of the Cond� Nast Gallery at 1WTC. He has written and lectured on photography for a number of publishers and institutions around the world.
Getty Images Gallery
Getty Images Gallery is a global resource for photography and offers a full suite of bespoke services including research, curation and framing. The Gallery showcases the wealth of talent in Getty Images� archival and contemporary libraries. It offers a broad range of works across many genres and specially curated online collections from the archive, the agency�s award-winning photojournalists and leading creative photographers.� These are available direct from the gallery as prints.
Black-and-white silver gelatin prints are produced and retouched by hand from vintage negatives and printed in-house by skilled darkroom technicians. Colour prints are produced in cooperation with leading London print labs.�Each print comes with a Certificate of Authenticity to certify it was printed from the original source.
The team has extensive experience in shaping collections to clients� briefs and for unique markets.�Getty Images Gallery is the perfect place for designers to find a rich resource of photographic prints to complement their interiors � from bespoke, limited edition prints for high-end domestic interiors to larger run commissions for hospitality clients. The selection can be tailored to suit the latest trends or specific themes.
www.gettyimagesgallery.com
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sensation will compete at the ISSMA State Show Choir Finals on Saturday, March 16th @ 12:30 pm.
They will perform at the Choral Finale Concert on May 21st @ 7 pm. Their final performance will be at the Show Choir Finale Concert on May 22nd @ 7 pm.
Sensation is an all female junior varsity show choir. They perform at all NHS Choral Department concerts and at the ISSMA Concert Choir competition.
Sensation competes at show choir competitions around the Indianapolis Area. In 2019 the group will compete in: The Fishers Silver Spotlight, The Franklin Community ShowFest, The Northridge High School Invitational and The Franklin Central Hoosier Show Choir Classic.
Sensation performs at the Fishers Silver Spotlight.
They were named the winners of the Small Female Show Choir Division at The Franklin Community ShowFest in February 2017. They received a Gold Rating at the ISSMA Contest for Concert Choirs in April of 2017.
Sensation placed 7th at the Unisex Show Choir 2018 ISSMA State Competition!
They placed above two varsity choirs! Way to go!


text:
Q: scikit learn use multinomial naive bayes for a trigram classifier? I have taken a look and try out the scikit-learn's tutorial on its Multinomial naive bayes classifier.
I want to use it to classify text documents, and the catch about the NB is that it treats its P(document|label) as a product of all its independent features (words). Right now, I need to try out doing 3 trigram classifier whereby the P(document|label) = P(wordX|wordX-1,wordX-2,label) * P(wordX-1|wordX-2,wordX-3, label).
Where scikit learn supports anything I can implement this language model and extend the NB classifier to perform classification based on this?

A: CountVectorizer will extract trigrams for you (using ngram_range=(3, 3)). The text feature extraction documentation introduces this. Then, just use MultinomialNB exactly like before with the transformed feature matrix.
Note that this is actually modeling:
P(document | label) = P(wordX, wordX-1, wordX-2 | label) * P(wordX-1, wordX-2, wordX-3 | label) * ...
How different is that? Well, that first term can be written as
P(wordX, wordX-1, wordX-2 | label) = P(wordX | wordX-1, wordX-2, label) * P(wordX-1, wordX-2 | label)
Of course, all the other terms can be written that way too, so you end up with (dropping the subscripts and the conditioning on the label for brevity):
P(X | X-1, X-2) P(X-1 | X-2, X-3) ... P(3 | 2, 1) P(X-1, X-2) P(X-2, X-3) ... P(2, 1)
Now, P(X-1, X-2) can be written as P(X-1 | X-2) P(X-2). So if we do that for all those terms, we have
P(X | X-1, X-2) P(X-1 | X-2, X-3) ... P(3 | 2, 1) P(X-1 | X-2) P(X-2 | X-3) ... P(2 | 1) P(X-2) P(X-1) ... P(1)
So this is actually like using trigrams, bigrams, and unigrams (though not estimating the bigram/unigram terms directly).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Creator of popular Vegas ad seeks new deal
LAS VEGAS, Nevada -- Even the best ads can't transport a tangy shrimp cocktail or a happy crowd of tipsy pub revelers from Las Vegas to Ken Oakley's home in San Jose, Calif.
At least the frequent Las Vegas visitor gets to think about his favorite places when he sees the ubiquitous "What happens here, stays here" ads on television.
"The thing I like most about the ads is that it is like you are in on a secret," says Oakley, 37, who visits as often as six times a year with his wife. "It is adding to the mystique of the town."
Assigning cash value to the mystique is the challenge facing tourism boosters this week.
The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority is scheduled to consider another deal with R&R Partners, the agency that created the cheeky slogan in 2003.
"What happens here, stays here" is considered one of the best advertising tag lines in the nation in recent decades, up there with "Where's the beef" and "Just do it."
But keeping Las Vegas under such a bright spotlight comes at a cost, both fiscal and political.
In recent months the relationship between R&R and the authority has come under scrutiny, primarily from a conservative Las Vegas group with members who oppose the authority.
Supporters of the Las Vegas marketing machine describe the cost as the price of attracting folks like Oakley, who with his wife spends as much as $750 per day during a visit. It takes fewer than 41,000 visits by tourists like Oakley, whose three-day tab in Las Vegas can be $2,250, to equal what the authority will spend with R&R this year, about $91.2 million. That's less than 1 percent of the approximately 39 million people who visit Las Vegas annually.
Oakley, who likes to visit the Nine Fine Irishmen pub in New York-New York and get shrimp cocktails at the Golden Gate downtown, says the ads capture the mystique of those and other haunts.
"The little stuff that you do makes the biggest impact on your vacation," he says.
"It's hard to explain," he says. "Their ads help you to share with other people."
Critics say while the ads may be popular, the relationship between R&R and the authority is bloated.
They say resorts could pick up more of the burden of burnishing the Las Vegas brand without using a cut of the hotel room tax customers pay.
They point to vague billing statements plucked from thousands of pages of public records that represent the paper trail of R&R's relationship.
"If anyone gets upset because things are being transparent, maybe they have something to hide," said Las Vegas attorney Byron Mills, board member for Nevada Policy Research Institute, the think tank leading the critical charge against the authority and R&R.
BIG MONEY CONTRACT
The authority spent $88 million on the R&R Partners deal in the last fiscal year and plans to spend $91.2 million more this year. There is no specific dollar figure applied to the contract. Instead, the deal covers a scope of services and funding comes from the authority's marketing budget.
It's a lot of money for an authority suffering under the weight of recession.
In recent weeks the authority suspended an $890 million renovation of the Las Vegas Convention Center and revised projected annual room tax revenue from $243 million to $190 million, a decline of nearly 22 percent.
It also asked the Nevada Department of Transportation to postpone highway improvements along Interstate 15 between Blue Diamond Road and Tropicana Avenue, construction the authority is obligated by law to support.
The confluence of tough times with the sunset of one of the most lucrative promotional deals in the history of Las Vegas has prompted intensified scrutiny of the relationship between the authority and R&R Partners, a relationship that goes back 29 years.
They want an outside audit and open bidding for a new contract.
"The fundamental issue here is the people's right to know how the government is spending their money," says Andy Matthews, spokesman for the Nevada Policy Research Institute. "That issue is especially important today."
Late last year the institute detailed its allegations in a report by freelance investigative journalist John Dougherty with thousands of pages of supporting documents collected via public information requests to the authority.
The findings were myriad and complex, but the core implication was the authority spent nearly $400 million through R&R in the past five years and didn't do a good job tracking the dollars.
"The bottom line here is the (authority) could do a great service to the public by welcoming an independent financial operations audit," Matthews says.
Defenders of the R&R deal say it costs big bucks to do enough promotion to maintain occupancy rates around 90 percent in Las Vegas' approximately 140,000 hotel rooms.
In addition to creating television ads and buying airtime, the contract covers strategic marketing planning to public relations to sponsorships and promotion of special events. The services are on top of the estimated $33.7 million in-house sales and marketing operation at the authority.
Deal proponents resent the implication R&R Partners views the authority as a source of easy largess.
"We'll show you Tuesday what we earned, how it is earned," says Billy Vassiliadis, CEO and principal at R&R and a confidant to a generation of Nevada's most powerful Democratic politicians. "I've never taken anything in my life that I haven't earned."
SEEKING CLARITY, CREATING CONTROVERSY
Vassiliadis is upset the Nevada Policy Research Institute highlighted his personal ownership of a company called Airwave Productions.
The institute counts former Las Vegas Sands executive William Weidner, an outspoken conservative Republican and business opponent of the convention authority, on its board of directors.
Using public records from the authority, Nevada Policy Research Institute identified $4.1 million in advance payments from the authority to Airwave for ad production.
The institute contends the advance payments constitute loans from a public agency to a private company, a practice prohibited by Nevada law.
Vassiliadis calls the allegation absurd.
He says the payments were for costly work Airwave arranged through production companies. The companies require deposits for items such as cameras, mounts and other expensive production equipment.
Airwave doesn't have the budget to carry the deposits. So it makes arrangements for the work, alerts the authority to the amount required and collects a check to pass directly to the companies, Vassiliadis says.
"If there wasn't an Airwave there would be R&R production," he says. "The charges would be the same."
The institute also criticized the authority and R&R for a similar advance payments to Initiative Worldwide, a global company that buys advertising time on television and radio. Vassiliadis responded with the same reasoning.
He said R&R has a credit line of about $1.5 million, well below the cost to make a national media buy.
By receiving money upfront from the authority, R&R can pass it directly to Initiative for the buy and saves money for the authority because large, upfront payments can result in no-charge extras like premium time slots after football games.
"The authority gets anywhere from a 2 to 6 percent discount," he said.
Vassiliadis says it is wrong to characterize advance billing as loans because his companies don't hold the money. They arrange an ad buy or production and tell the authority the cost. Neither Airwave nor R&R benefits from holding the money because they don't hold it, he said.
"They send us the check, we send the check to the companies," Vassiliadis says. "We don't borrow money. That's absurd."
Vassiliadis says Nevada Policy Research Institute is twisting reality because the group has an anti-tax, anti-government bent and wants to weaken the publicly run authority.
"The coziness was asserted by a group of folks who have an ax to grind," Vassiliadis says. "That whole thing is at best inflammatory, at worst defamatory."
TOUCHING A NERVE
Although authority board members vigorously defend the work of R&R and oversight of the advertising contract, it's clear the accusations touched on sensitive issues.
Around the time the accusations were originally reported, Nevada Policy Research Institute board members said R&R's president of public affairs, Pete Ernaut, made angry phone calls decrying their work.
"I took away from it that he certainly wasn't happy we were doing it and we were taking food from his family's mouth," said Ranson Webster, a Nevada Policy Research Institute board member who says he spoke with Ernaut.
Webster, founder and managing member of Evergreen Capital in Reno, was one of just a few board members who would speak on the record about calls from R&R or its supporters.
He says the agency and the authority are so deeply entrenched in Las Vegas business and politics other board members fear a public dispute.
"We are dealing with a very powerful force in Las Vegas and they don't like it," Webster says.
Asked whether Ernaut was threatening in tone, Webster replied, "It was, I suppose, a veiled threat."
Ernaut admitted to heated conversations, but says he didn't make threats. He described a "spirited rebuttal" on behalf of his company.
"I certainly wasn't going to stand by and allow them to wrongly attack the integrity of my company or disparage the hard work of our employees with lies and misrepresentation," Ernaut says.
According to Ernaut, board members he spoke with "expressed complete dismay (the group) would sink to this level."
Not Webster.
"Absolutely not. I don't regret it. I think we are doing a public service," he says.
A NEW DEAL
The investigation by Nevada Policy Research Institute and funding strain of the recession will almost certainly hang over the authority Tuesday when it holds its monthly meeting.
Board members will hear a recommendation from authority staff about whether or not to extend the relationship with R&R. The last two deals with the advertising agency were five-year agreements.
There are signs the next agreement could have a shorter time frame.
"My personal feeling is that long contracts are probably not in everybody's best interest," Las Vegas Mayor Oscar Goodman said last month of the upcoming decision.
Goodman, who is also chairman of the authority board, supports the work of R&R but says more frequent reviews of the advertising pact could be in order. "If you give an extended contract, you have to have year-to-year renewals," Goodman said.
That doesn't mean R&R won't land a new deal.
Authority President and CEO Rossi Ralenkotter is a staunch defender of big marketing budgets. He's maintained the authority's marketing and ad budget of nearly $125 million in the current fiscal year despite cuts elsewhere in the organization.
"Our job is to fill rooms," Ralenkotter says. "I will continue to maintain our direction and our marketing direction to create demand."
Mark Gimein, a New York-based writer who covers business and marketing topics for the online magazine Slate, says there's no question Las Vegas has done well selling itself in recent years.
Gimein, who recently criticized big budget branding efforts by the likes of Ford and American Express, says Las Vegas is a brand success story.
"There are tons of other cities that at various times have tried to brand themselves," he says. "The fact is it really hasn't worked for anybody in the same way."


2 years in the making! Scrabble Corporate Edition, 2014-2016. 100 different tiles, with 100 different company logos or parts of logos. This is a French edition, with the same point system as in a regular game. Made in collaboration with Korova Designs and Félix L'Ébénix. Now part of Majudia Collection at Arsenal Montréal.
My biggest creative endeavour yet! 5 murals created in 2016 for ROOT Data Center, a local IT company. Thank you Sarah Landry, Myriam Laflamme, Zoe Gelfant and Emilie Pinard for your help with this project.


Warwickshire-based PR and marketing agency Cognition has launched a digital division.
Cognition Digital will aim to build online messaging and SMS into campaigns.
The arm is led by Clare Horbury, formerly head of McCann Interactive in Birmingham.
Existing clients include Bluespier International, which provides clinical information systems for hospitals, and business intelligence software company QlikTech.


text:
Mar 18, 2020 - Politics & Policy
White House proposes $1 trillion coronavirus stimulus package
Dan Primack, Jennifer A. Kingson
Photo: Brendan Smialowski/AFP via Getty Images
The White House is asking Congress for a $1 trillion coronavirus relief and economic stimulus plan that would include industry-specific bailouts and payments to individual taxpayers.
The big picture: This is more than the $900 billion that the U.S. government initially committed to bailouts in the 2008 financial crisis.
The proposal, penned by the Treasury Department, includes:
Payouts to individual Americans: $500 billion.
This would be done via two separate checks of equal amounts, one on April 6 and one on May 18.
The specific dollar amounts would be means-tested, meaning it would be based on income level and family size.
Each round of payments would be identical in amount, per the Treasury.
Airline industry bailout: $50 billion.
This would take the form of secured loans to passenger and cargo air carriers, with the Treasury to set interest rates and other terms.
Limits would be placed on executive pay increases until the loans were repaid.
Other affected industries bailout: $150 billion.
Secured loans or loan guarantees would be extended to "other critical sectors of the U.S. economy experiencing severe financial distress due to the COVID-19 outbreak."
Among the sectors raising their hands for bailouts, largely or wholly for the purpose of paying workers: Hotels ($150 billion requested), casinos, cruise line operators and shopping mall operators.
Small business interruption loans: $300 billion.
Employers with 500 employees or fewer would be eligible, and would have to keep paying all their workers for eight weeks from the date of the loan.
The government would guarantee 100% of six weeks of payroll, capped at $1,540 per week per employee, with the Treasury to set interest rates and other terms.
Historical comparison: The amount budgeted in 2008 for TARP — the Troubled Asset Relief Program — was $700 billion. The money was aimed at bailing out big banks and auto companies. The same year, the government designated $200 billion to rescue Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the giant mortgage enterprises.
In actuality, far less than the total $900 billion was spent.
By the time the programs were declared ended in 2014, the government had actually turned a profit on those bailouts.
According to ProPublica's Bailout Tracker, a total of $634 billion was spent on TARP and the Fannie and Freddie bailouts: "Money has been coming back in two ways: $390B of principal has been repaid, and the Treasury has collected revenue from its investments of $364B. ... In total, the government has realized a $121B profit as of January 31, 2020."
The bottom line: While there were big moral and ethical implications to the rescue of the banking and auto industries — which were seen as having largely caused their own problems — many of the companies that are currently foundering are blameless for their predicament.
This will make it easier for the public to support sweeping federal appropriations.
Public support will be public important if the coronavirus emergency drags on and forces even more federal expenditures and guarantees.
Read the proposal.


text:
\chapter{Magnetic Influence on Cyanide Reagents}
\label{chap:mag}

\begin{center}\begin{boldmath}

\input Magnetism/authorlist.tex

\end{boldmath}\end{center}

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:mag-intro}

Recently, F.  A. Mesmer \index{Mesmer}
has reported evidence of a profound influence of
magnets on a variety of aspects of human and animal physiology~\cite{Mesmer}.
Numerous authors have claimed to reproduce certain of the phenomena
reported by Mesmer~\cite{diCenzo,Muller}, but there is little understanding
of the precise mode of action of the magnetic influence.  In this
article, I will present evidence that mesmeric influence can disrupt the
lethal action of sodium cyanide (NaCN) when modulated by a sequence of
high-pitched tones.  After a description of the phenomenon, I will comment
on the implications for the nature of the magnetic coupling.

\section{Observations}
\label{sec:mag-obs}

My observations began when I was called on an emergency basis to aid two
Albanian noblemen, Guglielmo B. and Ferrando di N., who had
ingested the poison in an apparent attempt to commit suicide.  (The facts
of the case were rather mysterious, since these young men had been seen in the
harbor earlier in the day, affecting a carefree attitude.  However, this
need not concern us here.)  The standard remedy would have been to induce
vomiting; however, this would have offended the
sensibilities \index{sensibilities}  of two
noble ladies present, the daughters of the duke in whose household this
unfortunate incident took place.  Thus, I thought it wise to begin by
administering magneto-therapy using the devices that I had at hand.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.3\hsize]{Magnetism/magnet.pdf}
\caption{Plan of the magnet used in the Mesmeric studies.}
\label{fig:magnet}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The source of magnetic influence used in this therapy was the simple
iron pole magnet shown in Figure~\ref{fig:magnet}.  The device, roughly
the size of human palm, was held three fingers' length away from each
of the patients, while the blood cyanide level was monitored.  As this
operation proceeded in silence, only a very small effect on the poison was
observed.  In a moment, however, the sisters began to weep and ululate
in the most painful manner.  Under this blanket of sound, the effects of
the cyanide reaction were observed to be completely reversed.  Indeed,
even before the end of a single session of treatment, the Albanians were
seen to wake from their comas and offer thanks for their rescue.  Some
sample blood cyanide levels are reported in Table~\ref{tab:blood}.

\begin{table}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|ccc}
Patient &  Initial level($\mu$g/cc) &  w. Magnet &
w. Magnet and Sound \\ \hline
 Guglielmo B.  &   0.12     &     0.10      &     0.001  \\
 Ferrando di N. &  0.15     &     0.11      &  $< 0.0005$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Blood cyanide levels for the two patients.}
\label{tab:blood}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\section{Interpretation}
\label{sec:mag-interp}

A description of these observations, obviously based on second-hand reports,
has already been reported by L. da Ponte~\cite{daPonte}. \index{da Ponte}
 In his paper,
da Ponte attributes the mode of action of the magnetic force to direct
magnetic attraction.  This would be implausible with the relatively small
magnet used in this study; thus da Ponte was forced to propose an absurdly
large size for the  magnetic device.  His theory does not account for the
acoustic influence, which is known not to be present in magnetic action on
inanimate objects.  A second hypothesis would state that the acoustic
fields perturb the chemistry of the cyanide reactions, allowing the
reagents to couple magnetically.   As with the first hypothesis, we are
skeptical, since again this phenomenon has no inorganic counterpart.  Thus,
we are forced to conclude, with Mesmer, that magnetism couples directly to
the life force, which, as is well known, can be modulated by musical
influences.

In conclusion, we note that the unusual mode of action of magnetism is only
one of many which have been reported in the literature.  It is likely
that there are further unusual magnetic phenomena to be discovered.  All
studies to date have involved male patients.  But it is likely that the
prevailing belief that `women are all the same' would be overturned in a
similar investigation.

NOTE ADDED:  Some more contemporary references on this topic can be
found in \cite{Gansicke:2002zd,Barashenkov:2006ura,Ballarino:2010wva,Sheminova:2012cla}.

\bigskip  \bigskip \begin{center} \begin{large
I am grateful to Don Alfonso d'Alba for certain services essential to
this investigation.  This work was supported by the US Department of Energy
     under contract DE--AC02--76SF00515.

\chapter{Z Prime: A Story \\ \textsf{\large{A Boson, A Paper Detector, and a Future Accelerator}}}
\label{chap:Zprime}

\begin{center}\begin{boldmath}

\input Zprimesource/authorlist.tex

\end{boldmath}\end{center}

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:EF-intro}

This is an imaginary story that could come to pass involving a detector, a Boson, and good resolution.

Vector Bosons in addition to the $W^\pm$ and $Z^0$ have been a theme of particle searches for decades, being a common feature of many models aiming to describe nature beyond the Standard Model (SM).  A new heavy vector boson would likely be one of the first clearly visible signals for new physics to be detected by an experiment, when a new accelerator switches on and/or higher centre of mass energies achieved.  This is due to the resonant production and inherently higher cross-section than other SM background processes at a given polemass, as well as in most models there being a modest branching fraction to very clean decay modes such as leptonic channels.

This story focuses on a possible new vector boson called the $Z^{\prime}$, which in its most basic incarnation, the Sequential Standard Model (SSM)~\cite{TheoryZp}, is depicted as a gauge boson with the same couplings as the SM $Z^0$ but a much higher polemass (on the order of TeV). A group theoretical realization of this model is to add an additional $U(1)^{\prime}$ symmetry to the existing SM structure ($SU(3)_C \times SU(2)_L \times U(1)_Y$). In nearly all models considered (but to varying degrees), this new boson interferes with its SM counterpart leading to an additional degree of deviation from the SM expectation in the mass spectrum preceeding the peak.  Depending on the properties of the new boson, another interesting effect would be in the angular distribution of events in the so-called Collin-Soper frame~\cite{CS}, which could aid a discovery search in certain scenarios, and importantly help distinguish between different signal models for new physics once a discovery is made.

The theoretically-motivated $E_6$ Grand Unified Theory (GUT) model~\cite{TheoryZp, TheoryE6_1, TheoryE6_2}, invokes two extra $U(1)^{\prime}$ symmetries that occur through the decomposition $E_6 \rightarrow SO(10) \times U(1)_{\psi} \rightarrow SU(5) \times U(1)_{\chi} \times U(1)_{\psi}$ (where $SU(5)$ is the gauge group containing the SM suggested by Georgi and Glashow in 1974~\cite{TheorySU5}).  The mixing of these extra $U(1)^{\prime}$ symmetries lead to a new gauge boson: $Z^{\prime}(\theta) = Z^{\prime}_{\psi} \cos\theta + Z^{\prime}_{\chi} \sin\theta$, where the mixing angle $\theta$ determines the coupling to fermions and results in various possible model variations with specific $Z^{\prime}$ states, such as $\theta = 0$ which implies one of the narrowest $E_6$ resonances, $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$.

Another well motivated and distinct model involving the $Z^{\prime}$ is the Left-Right Symmetric Model (LRM)~\cite{TheoryZp}. This model is derived from a decomposition of the $SO(10)$ GUT, where a right-handed gauge group is added to the electroweak sector of the SM, restoring parity at high energy by replacing $SU(2)_L$ with $SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$, and $U(1)_Y$ with $U(1)_{B-L}$.  In the same way that $SU(2)_L \times U(1)_Y$ generates the electroweak sector in the SM, $SU(2)_R \times U(1)_{B-L}$ then gives rise to $W^{\prime\pm}$ and $Z^{\prime}$ additional gauge bosons.

The scenario played out in this paper was to search for both a $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ and $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$ decaying to dileptons.  This imagining assumed that nature conspired for a $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ gauge boson to exist at a polemass of 3~TeV.

\section{The Simulation}

For all Snowmass studies the Delphes-3 fast simulation framework~\cite{Delphes} was used to bring into life a new apparatus called the Snowmass Detector. This future detector was designed to consist of the best and forseeably upgraded components of the current ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus)~\cite{ATLAS} and CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid)~\cite{CMS} detectors located at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.  The Delphes framework supports the simulation of pile-up events (PU), and parameterizes realistic detector performance and measurements based on full simulation.

Given a newly built Snowmass Detector, the Delphes framework is then capable of producing various accelerator experimental setups and data taking environments.  For this study Delphes was used to simulate proton-proton (pp) collisions at a theoretical future collider with a 14~TeV, and later 33~TeV, centre of mass energy (compared to the LHC's current $\sqrt{s}$ = 8~TeV and maximum 14~TeV capability).  The framework is also capable of simulating events with different pile-up scenarios, namely: 0, 50, and 140 PU.  For this search, each of the pile-up scenarios was investigated, but due to the very clean dilepton final state signature, it was determined that the pile-up scenario had a negligible effect on the result and thus all generated samples were run with PU = 0.

The backgrounds to this search were centrally produced~\cite{Backgrounds} for Snowmass studies, providing an adequate number of generated events to describe the SM processes decaying to dileptons at $\sqrt{s}$ = 14 (33)~TeV for integrated luminosities well over the studied scenarios of 300 and 3000~fb$^{-1}$, up to very high invariant masses. Therefore the SM dilepton background to a 3~TeV resonance is described in Monte Carlo (MC) with a good statistical precision.

\section{Event Selection}

The SM background composition relevant to this search consists of contributions from both reducible and irreducible processes.  Irreducible processes such as Drell-Yan ($q\bar{q} \rightarrow Z/\gamma^* \rightarrow \ell\bar{\ell}$) have many event kinematics which are indistinguishable from the signal process ($q\bar{q} \rightarrow Z^{\prime} \rightarrow \ell\bar{\ell}$), and thus relies on observables such as the differential cross-section of dilepton events ($d \sigma/d m_{\ell\ell}$), which should be steeply falling at high-mass for the SM, but sharply peak at the polemass of the signal process.  The Drell-Yan process represents by far the most dominant background in this search, however it is important to assess other possible sources of signal contamination due to SM processes. Reducible processes are those from the SM that mimic the search signature $\ell\bar{\ell}$ but are inherently different processes with either non-prompt/multiple leptons, or jets which fake a lepton. The reducible SM processes relevant to this search are: $t\bar{t}$, W+jets, multi-jets, and diboson processes such as WW, WZ, and ZZ.  An example of the signal selection contamination from these processes would be W+jets where the W decays leptonicly ($W^+ \rightarrow \ell^+\nu_{\ell}$) and the jet fakes an electron to a sufficient degree that is passes the event selection.  With the variables available in the Monte Carlo, a modest event selection was chosen to preferentially select the signal process and suppress reducible backgrounds.  The event selection criteria requires at least two leptons ($e^+e^-$ or $\mu^+\mu^-$) in the event, with each lepton having $p_T$ $>$ 25~GeV and $|\eta|$ $<$ 2.5.  If more than two pairs of same-flavour opposite-sign leptons pass this criteria, the highest $p_T$ pair is taken, and subjected to the final criterion that the dilepton invariant mass ($m_{\ell\ell}$) be greater than 80~GeV.  If these criteria are met then the event is kept in the analysis, otherwise it is rejected.

\section{The Discovery at the LHC with $\sqrt{s}$ = 14~TeV}

The classic search is to look for peaks in the invariant mass distribution of two oppositely charged, same flavour leptons. Electrons provide a clean, high-resolution observable with backgrounds from essentially all Drell-Yan sources. At masses beyond current limits, there is essentially no complication from pile-up, and resolutions are dominated by the constant term in the resolution function.

Muons are a less-well resolved signal, but an observation at a common invariant mass in both channels would be a striking signal and difficult to argue away on the basis of fluctuation. So while they may not contribute to precision width determination, they would be an essential confirmation, especially at the low integrated luminosities of an early running of the 14~TeV collider.

\subsection{Run 1 of the LHC}

The first 14~TeV run of the LHC started on January 1, 2015 and the Snowmass Detector accumulated an integrated luminosity of 100 fb$^{-1}$ over a period of two years, collecting with a steady rate throughout. By summer of the first year, physicists began to detect a marginal enhancement inconsistent with background in the 3~TeV region (see Figures~\ref{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_30fb} and \ref{Sig_ee_14TeV_30fb}) and continued to watch it as the run progressed.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_30fbback}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 30~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_30fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_Animation_SigLin30fb}
  \caption{Emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 30~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_ee_14TeV_30fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

The bump was noticeably growing as the summer of 2015 arrived and analyzers began to look seriously at the muon channel with eager anticipation. By this time, 50 fb$^{-1}$ was on disk and the situation had become exciting, classing the observation as evidence for new physics (see Figures~\ref{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_50fb}/\ref{Sig_ee_14TeV_50fb} for the electron channel, and Figures~\ref{SigPlusBkg_mm_14TeV_50fb}/\ref{Sig_mm_14TeV_50fb} for the muon channel).
\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_50fbback}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 50~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_50fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_Animation_SigLin50fb}
  \caption{Emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 50~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_ee_14TeV_50fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_50fbbackmm}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs after 50~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_mm_14TeV_50fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_Animation_SigLin50fbmm}
  \caption{Emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs  after 50~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_mm_14TeV_50fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

Obviously, all eyes were on the Snowmass Experiment as by the end of Run 2 (Figures~\ref{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_100fb} to \ref{Sig_mm_14TeV_100fb}), there were clear peaks in both channels and a discovery had been declared. But what kind of resonant-like new physics had been discovered in the dilepton final state? It was time to upgrade the detectors for the first high luminosity running, and the LHC ceased operations with the expectation that perhaps a few dozen $Z'$ candidates had been produced.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Delphes_SigPlusBkg_3TeV_5_100fbeeback}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 100~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_100fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Delphes_Sig_3TeV_5_Lin100fbee}
  \caption{Emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 100~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_ee_14TeV_100fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Delphes_SigPlusBkg_3TeV_5_100fbbackmm}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs after 100~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_mm_14TeV_100fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Delphes_Sig_3TeV_5_Lin100fbmm}
  \caption{Emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs  after 100~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_mm_14TeV_100fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Run 2 of the LHC}

Run 2 of the LHC started on January 1, 2019. The accelerator and detector were significantly upgraded and the run started smoothly, but at a higher rate of collisions.  By the end of Run 2, 300~fb$^{-1}$ had been collected by the Snowmass detector (Figures~\ref{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_300fb} to \ref{Sig_mm_14TeV_300fb}), tripling the Run 1 total dataset, which allowed physicists to start to try and determine the nature of the new resonance that had been discovered.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_Animation300fbbackee}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $e^+e^-$ pairs  after 300~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_Animation_SigLin300fbee}
  \caption{Emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 100~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_ee_14TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_300fbbackmm}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs after 300~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_mm_14TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Zprime3TeV_LR_300_Animation_SigLin300fbmm}
  \caption{Emerging signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs  after 100~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_mm_14TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

The energy and mass resolution of the Snowmass Detector was well understood, comparing experiences the physcists had with that of past experiments such as ATLAS.  However, with the Run 2 dataset a precise width measurement of the new resonance remained difficult (Figures~\ref{Resolution_ee_14TeV_300fb} and \ref{Resolution_mm_14TeV_300fb}).  There were also attempts to measure the forward-backward asymmetry ($A_{FB}$) of events in the Run 2 dataset at high-mass using the electron channel, to help differentiate between the various new physics models that predicted a $Z^{\prime}$ like resonance decaying to leptons.  The number of observed events in the current dataset meant that this was also difficult (Figure~\ref{Afb_ee_14TeV_300fb}).  Analysers attempted to interpret their $A_{FB}$ results using non-linear binning (Figure~\ref{Afb_ee_14TeV_300fb_Bin}) with the aim of achieving statistically significant model discrimination. Yet only the most widely varying models were able to be discriminated between when compared to the observed data. It was estimated that around an order of magnitude more data would be needed to start to make strong statements about the physics model that nature had presented the physicists with.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/eeresolutioneepsi}
  \caption{True and Snowmass Detector invariant mass comparison for for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $e^+e^-$ pairs.}
  \label{Resolution_ee_14TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/mmresolutionpsi}
  \caption{True and Snowmass Detector invariant mass comparison for for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs.}
  \label{Resolution_mm_14TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/ZPrime_Comp_M3000_14TeV_300fb}
  \caption{$A_{FB}$ of $e^+e^-$ pairs for the expected SM background (Black), as well as two signal scenarios for a 3~TeV resonance: $E_6$ model $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$ (Blue), and LR model $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ (Red). The solid lines show the ideal distributions, and colored data points show a single pseudo experiment after 300~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Afb_ee_14TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/ZPrime_Comp_M3000_14TeV_300fb_NonLin}
  \caption{$A_{FB}$ of $e^+e^-$ pairs for the expected SM background (Black), as well as two signal scenarios for a 3~TeV resonance: $E_6$ model $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$ (Blue), and LR model $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ (Red). The solid lines show the ideal distributions, and colored data points show a single pseudo experiment after 300~fb$^{-1}$. Here the tail statistics are combined into fewer bins.}
  \label{Afb_ee_14TeV_300fb_Bin}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Run 3 of the LHC}

Run 3 began on January 1, 2022 with the expectation of accumulating 3~ab$^{-1}$ over the next three years. The machine ran well and the Snowmass detector was able to contend with the pileup. After the run was ended, analysers now had the order of magnitude more data that they had estimated they needed to make statistically significant measurements of $A_{FB}$.  While the linear binning of this variable still proved difficult for model discrimination in all but the peak region, the non-linear binning of results confirmed over a good range, early hints of a LR model $Z^{\prime}$.  Invariant mass distributions are shown for both channels in Figures~\ref{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_3000fb} to \ref{Sig_mm_14TeV_3000fb}, and $A_{FB}$ distribution shown for the electron channel in Figures~\ref{Afb_ee_14TeV_3000fb} and \ref{Afb_ee_14TeV_3000fb_Bin}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Delphes_SigPlusBkg_3TeV_113000fbbackee}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the emerged signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Delphes_Sig_3TeV_11_Lin3000fbee}
  \caption{Emerged signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_ee_14TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Delphes_SigPlusBkg_3TeV_113000fbbackmm}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the emerged signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_mm_14TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Delphes_Sig_3TeV_11_Lin3000fbmm}
  \caption{Emerged signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_mm_14TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/ZPrime_Comp_M3000_14TeV_3000fb}
  \caption{$A_{FB}$ of $e^+e^-$ pairs for the expected SM background (Black), as well as two signal scenarios for a 3~TeV resonance: $E_6$ model $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$ (Blue), and LR model $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ (Red). The solid lines show the ideal distributions, and colored data points show a single pseudo experiment after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Afb_ee_14TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/ZPrime_Comp_M3000_14TeV_3000fb_NonLin}
  \caption{$A_{FB}$ of $e^+e^-$ pairs for the expected SM background (Black), as well as two signal scenarios for a 3~TeV resonance: $E_6$ model $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$ (Blue), and LR model $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ (Red). The solid lines show the ideal distributions, and colored data points show a single pseudo experiment after 3000~fb$^{-1}$. Here the tail statistics are combined into fewer bins.}
  \label{Afb_ee_14TeV_3000fb_Bin}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\subsection{The $\sqrt{s}$ = 14~TeV Experiment Aftermath}

With a total LHC dataset of 3~ab$^{-1}$ collected at $\sqrt{s}$ = 14~TeV, the discovery and initial measurements of a new $Z^{\prime}$ gauge boson at 3~TeV polemass had been made.  Should nature have presented a lighter $Z^{\prime}$, more events would have likely been produced and recorded, leading to better measurements.  Should nature have presented a heavier $Z^{\prime}$, most models would predict fewer events and thus model discrimination might not have been possible with this experiment, this story is just one scenario.  To imagine the range of possibilities, Figures~\ref{Limits_14TeV_300fb} and \ref{Limits_14TeV_3000fb} present the ability of the Snowmass experiment to exclude a $Z^{\prime}$ under different model assumptions, at $\sqrt{s}$ = 14~TeV and 300/3000~fb$^{-1}$ of collected data respectively.  The exclusion limits presented here are shown for the electron channel, but the muon channel would also give similar results, and the combination of channels giving marginally further reach still.  The resulting upper cross-section exclusion limits set at 95\% confidence level (CL) using a Bayesian statistical approach~\cite{BAT} with a flat positive prior for the signal cross-section time branching ratio ($\sigma$B) to leptons, is converted into a lower mass limit using the theoretical dependence of the signal cross-sections versus polemass, and presented in Table 1-1.

To reach further into the unknown, either increasing the production cross-section of any already newly discovered physics (such as a 3~TeV $Z^{\prime}$) to allow precision measurements, and/or push higher in our sensitivity to new physics at yet greater energetic regimes, the physicists appreciated a new (or greatly upgraded) accelerator would have to be built.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/14TeV_Limit_xsec_zprime_ee_300}
  \caption{Upper cross-section limits for the process $q\bar{q} \rightarrow Z^{\prime} \rightarrow e^+e^-$, set at 95\% CL using a Bayesian statistical interpretation given 300~fb$^{-1}$ of data collected at $\sqrt{s}$ = 14~TeV.  Various signal scenarios are overlayed, with mass exclusion limits extracted at the intersection of the theory-expected lines.}
  \label{Limits_14TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/14TeV_Limit_xsec_zprime_ee_3000}
  \caption{Upper cross-section limits for the process $q\bar{q} \rightarrow Z^{\prime} \rightarrow e^+e^-$, set at 95\% CL using a Bayesian statistical interpretation given 3000~fb$^{-1}$ of data collected at $\sqrt{s}$ = 14~TeV.  Various signal scenarios are overlayed, with mass exclusion limits extracted at the intersection of the theory-expected lines.}
  \label{Limits_14TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[htp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
$\int\cal{L}$.dt (at $\sqrt{s}$ = 14~TeV) & $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$ [TeV] & $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ [TeV] & $Z^{\prime}_{SSM}$ [TeV] \\
\hline
300~fb$^{-1}$ & 5.01 & 5.62 & 6.44 \\
3000~fb$^{-1}$ & 6.29 & 7.52 & $\sim$8.50 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Numbers_Limits_14TeV}
\caption{Lower mass limits at 95\% CL for various $Z^{\prime}$ models given 300~fb$^{-1}$ and 3000~fb$^{-1}$ of collected data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 14~TeV, assuming no signal excess was observed.}
\end{table}

\section{The Discovery at a Future $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV Experiment}

The end of the LHC Run 3 with its 14~TeV centre of mass energy and 3000~fb$^-1$ of collected data had come about in the year 2025.  Yet as far back at 2019, the Governments of the World had called upon the expertise of Engineers and Physicists to design and build a new machine that would probe further than the currently used accelerator.  One such possible proposal that could come to fruition was the High-Energy, High-Luminosity, Large Hadron Collider (HE-HL-LHC).  This machine would double the previous centre of mass energy to $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV and aim to collect first 300~fb$^{-1}$ and then up to 3000~fb$^{-1}$ over two physics data taking Runs.  This machine would push the search reach for new physics to tens of TeV, truly surpassing anything before it and allowing any already newly discovered physics to bathe in increased production cross-sections and vast quantities of collected data that would allow some precision measurements, even though this was at a synchrotron machine.

\subsection{Run 1 of the Future Collider}

After the initial startup of the new accelerator in January 2026, at an astounding $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV, the physicists and engineers quickly got used to their new experiment.  The Snowmass detector had been so expertly designed that a freshly built new version of the original was employed to collect data at this new experiment.  After three years of data taking with few problems or setbacks, the experiment had collected 300~fb$^{-1}$ of data, and many new stories in particle physics had unfolded.  Many physicists had continued to study one of the first newly discovered particles beyond the SM to be found at the previous experiment, namely the particle now relatively confidently called the Left-Right Symmetric Model (LRM) $Z^{\prime}$ gauge boson.  With 300~fb$^{-1}$ at $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV, the experimenters were now already looking at a modestly increased number of confirmed $Z^{\prime}$ events, over the LHC Run 3 (Figures~\ref{SigPlusBkg_ee_33TeV_300fb} to \ref{Sig_mm_33TeV_300fb}), and reconfirming measurements they had made previously such as $A_{FB}$ with slightly increased precision (Figure~\ref{Afb_ee_33TeV_300fb}), some even combining the old and new datasets to get the most out of the data in hand.  They eagerly awaited the beginning of Run 2 in 2030 to push far beyond the experiences gained to date.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/Delphes_SigPlusBkg_33TeV_7ee}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the clear signal for a LR $Z^{prime}$ at 3~TeV for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 300~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_ee_33TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/Delphes_Sig_33TeV_7ee_Lin300}
  \caption{Fully emerged signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 300~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_ee_33TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/Delphes_SigPlusBkg_33TeV_7mm}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the clear signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs after 300~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_mm_33TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/Delphes_Sig_33TeV_7mm_Lin300}
  \caption{Fully emerged signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs after 300~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_mm_33TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/ZPrime_Comp_M3000_33TeV_300fb}
  \caption{$A_{FB}$ of $e^+e^-$ pairs for the expected SM background (Black), as well as two signal scenarios for a 3~TeV resonance: $E_6$ model $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$ (Blue), and LR model $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ (Red). The solid lines show the ideal distributions, and colored data points show a single pseudo experiment after 300~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Afb_ee_33TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}%
\end{figure}

\subsection{Run 2 of the Future Collider}

The beginning of Run 2 started in January of 2030 as expected without any delays.  Again, the data taking went smoothly, and other parallel stories of new physics continued to unfold as theorists struggled to simultaneously weave the numerous discoveries together into a new and over-arching tapestry explaining the fundamental laws of the Universe.  For the $Z^{\prime}$ story, tertiary measurements of SM couplings in specific decay channels and even the possible observation of exotic decays, were helping other stories understand their signal better as data was being recorded.  As run two ended in 2034, pile-up had continued to be a battle, but continually worked on and understood to bring an impressive dataset of 3000~fb$^{-1}$ at $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV to the physics groups for analysis.  With this dataset the $Z^{\prime}$ analysis had been able to increase the number of recorded $Z^{\prime}$ events by an order of magnitude, bringing unprecendented levels of precision to measurements of width, mass, couplings, and even $A_{FB}$ (see complimentary white paper for in depth analysis~\cite{LianTao}).  The physicists remembered how far they had come from the first days of the LHC at $\sqrt{s}$ = 14~TeV, seeing a few events out at high-mass (Figure~\ref{SigPlusBkg_ee_14TeV_30fb}) and wondering if it would just turn out to be a fluctuation of the Standard Model.  Now the picture was very different, physicist's and indeed the World's understanding of the fundamental properties of the Universe had leaped almost unimaginably, and in the $Z^{\prime}$ analysis they were now presented with a magnificent and clear signal shape (Figures~\ref{SigPlusBkg_ee_33TeV_3000fb} to \ref{Sig_mm_33TeV_3000fb}), and $A_{FB}$ measurement that put the discovery of a LRM model $Z^{\prime}$ beyond all doubt (Figure~\ref{Afb_ee_33TeV_3000fb}). This new particle was one that they were almost getting used to, but which still excited even the newest Graduate students because of its implications and the theory paradigm shifts that had occurred over the last 15 years because of it.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/Delphes_SigPlusBkg_33TeV_11ee}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the clear signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_ee_33TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/Delphes_Sig_33TeV_11ee_Lin}
  \caption{Fully emerged signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $e^+e^-$ pairs after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_ee_33TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/Delphes_SigPlusBkg_33TeV_11mm}
  \caption{Dilepton backgrounds and the clear signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{SigPlusBkg_mm_33TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/Delphes_Sig_33TeV_11mm_Lin}
  \caption{Fully emerged signal for a LR $Z^{\prime}$ at 3~TeV, background subtracted for $\mu^+\mu^-$ pairs after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Sig_mm_33TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/ZPrime_Comp_M3000_33TeV_3000fb}
  \caption{$A_{FB}$ of $e^+e^-$ pairs for the expected SM background (Black), as well as two signal scenarios for a 3~TeV resonance: $E_6$ model $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$ (Blue), and LR model $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ (Red). The solid lines show the ideal distributions, and colored data points show a single pseudo experiment after 3000~fb$^{-1}$.}
  \label{Afb_ee_33TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}%
\end{figure}

\subsection{The $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV Experiment Aftermath}

The achievement of Engineers and Physicists alike was astounding, a new machine had been built to go up to energies of $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV, and over 3000~fb$^-1$ of data had been collected from pp collisions over the years.  The journey was hard at times, and required continual maintenance and understanding of both the accelerator and the Snowmass detector, due to the incredibly harsh environment both were being subjected to, and the level of precision required for the physics analyses to thrive.
Again we break the fourth wall and note that the story played out here would be altered depending on what nature has in store, but that this story represents one credible path given the current exclusion limits set by LHC experiments at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8~TeV with 20~fb$^{-1}$ of data recorded in pp collisions.  To get an idea of the reach for new physics this imaginery machine would bring to the field, upper cross-section exclusion limits are set at 95\% CL for different $Z^{\prime}$ models, under the assumption of no observed excess.  These results are obtained using a Bayesian statistical interpretation with a flat positive prior for the signal $\sigma$B to leptons and presented in Figures~\ref{Limits_33TeV_300fb} and \ref{Limits_33TeV_3000fb} for 300/3000~fb$^{-1}$ respectively at $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV.  The extracted lower mass limits for the various models are correspondingly shown in Table 1-2.
Whatever path of discovery for experimental particle physics lies ahead in the future, one thing is for certain: Every time a new frontier in the field is passed, new insights into nature are gained.  If and when a new particle is discovered, beyond our currently held description of nature, our understanding of the Universe will leap. This story has detailed from initial hints to final detailed analyses, how the particle physics community would set about investigating and understanding such a newly uncovered aspect of nature, which would likely be one of the first observable indications of new physics at a future machine.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/33TeV_Limit_xsec_zprime_ee_300}
  \caption{Upper cross-section limits for the process $q\bar{q} \rightarrow Z^{\prime} \rightarrow e^+e^-$, set at 95\% CL using a Bayesian statistical interpretation given 300~fb$^{-1}$ of data collected at $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV.  Various signal scenarios are overlayed, with mass exclusion limits extracted at the intersection of the theory-expected lines.}
  \label{Limits_33TeV_300fb}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Zprimesource/Snowmass_Plots_Final/33TeV_Limit_xsec_zprime_ee_3000}
  \caption{Upper cross-section limits for the process $q\bar{q} \rightarrow Z^{\prime} \rightarrow e^+e^-$, set at 95\% CL using a Bayesian statistical interpretation given 3000~fb$^{-1}$ of data collected at $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV.  Various signal scenarios are overlayed, with mass exclusion limits extracted at the intersection of the theory-expected lines.}
  \label{Limits_33TeV_3000fb}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[htp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
$\int\cal{L}$.dt (at $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV) & $Z^{\prime}_{\psi}$ [TeV] & $Z^{\prime}_{LR}$ [TeV] & $Z^{\prime}_{SSM}$ [TeV] \\
\hline
300~fb$^{-1}$ & 9.39 & 10.37 & 11.57 \\
3000~fb$^{-1}$ & 12.01 & 13.70 & 16.26 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Numbers_Limits_33TeV}
\caption{Lower mass limits at 95\% CL for various $Z^{\prime}$ models given 300~fb$^{-1}$ and 3000~fb$^{-1}$ of collected data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 33~TeV, assuming no signal excess was observed.}
\end{table}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Sigrid Stray (née Kluge; 29 May 1893 – 3 July 1978) was a Norwegian barrister and proponent for women's rights.

Personal life
She was born in Sandnes as a daughter of merchant Reier Kluge (1859–1921) and Anna Gausel (1863–1939). In March 1921 she married lawyer and politician Christian Stray, settling in Arendal. They were parents of Signe and Anne Lise Stray and in-laws of Rolv Ryssdal.

Career
Stray became Norway's second female barrister (after Elise Sem), and was a partner in a law firm with her husband. She also chaired the Norwegian National Women's Council from 1938, was ousted by the Nazi authorities in 1941 following the protest of the 43 and also imprisoned in Arkivet in 1944, but returned as chair from 1945 to 1946.

After a period as acting presiding judge in 1945–46, she conducted the defense for her pre-war client Knut Hamsun during the legal purge after World War II. She served as the first female chancellor of the Order of St. Olav, from 1956 to 1967.

See also

 List of Arkivet prisoners

References

Norwegian women's rights activists
20th-century Norwegian judges
1893 births
1978 deaths
Norwegian feminists
Norwegian resistance members
Nazi concentration camp survivors
Personnel of the legal purge in Norway
Norwegian women judges
People from Sandnes
People from Arendal
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Stray family
20th-century women lawyers
20th-century women judges

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We are delighted to share that we were recently featured as a success story on I Do PR's blog! We shared some of our secrets on marketing, growing your brand, and the key to media attention .
Catch up on the full feature here and be sure to pick up a copy of Marry the Media for tons of advice on how to market your brand!
Brilliant Feature: Kelly and Zack on Bridal Musings!
We're so excited to see Kelly and Zack's beautiful rainy day wedding featured on Bridal Musings today! You can view the entire feature here.
Thank you Ryan Brenizer Photography for the pretty photos and Gardenia Organic for the stunning flowers!


This proposal is in the Project Proposal Phase (as defined in the Eclipse Development Process document) and is written to declare its intent and scope. This proposal is written to solicit additional participation and input from the Eclipse community. You are invited to comment on and/or join the project. Please send all feedback to the http://www.eclipse.org/newsportal/thread.php?group=eclipse.technology.riena newsgroup.
The Eclipse RCP forms a solid and sound basis for building rich client applications. This has been proven by the number of applications built on the Eclipse platform.
As this platform matures, it continues to attract interest from the enterprise world. The typical scenario for enterprise applications involves a multi-tier system architecture with a strong emphasis on a sophisticated UI and robust back end for business processing, data storage and system integration.
Eclipse RCP based on Equinox and other Eclipse technologies provide most of the components required to develop enterprise applications e.g. user interface, data binding, extension configuration, software update, authentication/authorization, reports, persistence. In the scope of a multi-tier enterprise application these components are either located on client or server or on both, therefore additional support is needed.
The Riena platform will be the foundation for building multi-tier enterprise client/server applications. As such Riena will broaden the usage of the service oriented architecture of OSGi/Equinox by providing access to local and remote services in a transparent way. Using this uniform programming model, the components of Riena and the business components of the enterprise application can be developed regardless of their target location. Components are later easily placed on client or server depending on the business requirements.
Components from existing Eclipse projects will be adapted to support the distributed aspect of enterprise applications. Furthermore new components will be provided to support the special needs of building and running large enterprise applications.
As an example the Riena user interface components will support a business process oriented user interface visualization and navigation metaphor which can be used as alternative to the default workbench layout.
So Riena will provide a homogeneous platform for enterprise business applications from the user interface to backend integration, all based on the proven Equinox/Eclipse Platform.
Riena contains a set of features and components that are required to create an enterprise application from the front-end of the UI to the backend server. Some of these components listed here are created within this projects, others are existing Eclipse components adapted for the use within Riena.
The Eclipse OSGi framework (Equinox) can run not only in a standalone client but also on the server side. Developing integrated rich enterprise applications in a homogeneous and consistent way not only requires components to be run either on the client or server side, it also requires a robust and flexible communication support between the application tiers. All of this is based on the standard Equinox Platform, so that the application developers don�t have to worry about the technical issues.
The Riena remote service support will make OSGI Services remotely accessible. It will be possible to access remote OSGi Services as if they exist locally. It will also support OSGi's Declarative Services and Dependency Injection for these Remote OSGi Services.
Eclipse already contains a multipurpose communication framework called ECF. It can be used for chat, VoIP, application- and data sharing and many of other purposes inside the IDE and in equinox-based applications on client and server. It also contains a remote services concept that supports OSGi Services.
Riena�s own remote service implementation is only focused and optimized for web service communication based on the equinox platform.
Both, ECF and Riena remote services are able to fulfill the requirements of enterprise applications.
Typical RCP applications are based on the workbench metaphor used heavily in the Eclipse IDE. The workbench metaphor is very flexible and generic, which supports the developers in the development stage. However, enterprise applications very often need a different business process oriented UI metaphor in order to support end users more effectively.
Riena will provide a UI metaphor that supporting the interaction of typical business process oriented applications. The navigation and visualization should help the user to focus on the current process and task, but also allow him to work simultaneously on a different process.
Riena�s approach will be based as much as possible on already existing RCP constructs (e.g. Layout Managers, views, Extension Points) and use existing Eclipse technologies (e.g. SWT, JFaces, Data-Binding).
Some of the components needed for an enterprise application already exist within the Eclipse platform. Those components need to be identified and adapted. Extending these components should only be done through their provided extension mechanisms. New requirements or necessary changes need to be discussed with the components owner. Other components that do not yet exist need to be created either as part of Riena or in related projects.
Enterprise applications share many components and resources between client and server. This requires that server and client application versions are kept in sync. Additionally software updates are not triggered by the end user in enterprise applications but are governed by the backend-system based on profiles, roles and permissions.
This requires a different software update (provisioning) system than for example an IDE which is used by a developer. Frequent and mandatory updates require a higher level of optimization regarding how software components are updated on the client to reduce bandwidth and time. Deltas, binary patches between two software versions, support this by keeping update packages small even when enterprise applications become large and complex. As a side effect it also improves performance in mobile scenarios with low bandwidth like GPRS or ISDN connections.
The ongoing provisioning work in the Equinox incubator and the Maya project already target most of these requirements. The Riena project will offer contributions for features needed for distributed enterprise applications.
Enterprise applications access business logic and data remotely. Authentication and Authorization provides information about the currently active user and its individual access rights available to every component and presentation part concerned, independent whether that component resides on the client or on the server.
The Equinox Security effort in the incubator is a very good candidate to be used by Riena. Riena will adapt Equinox Security within its enterprise application platform to fulfill these aspects.
Single-Sign-On is an optional feature which is not part of this Authentication/Authorization. Single-Sign-On can be used to share identities between different enterprise applications or other systems on the server. The Eclipse Higgins project addresses Single-Sign-On and could be adapted within Riena.
Reporting in an environment where components are located on client and server offers a whole new set of functionality. Similar to the business application, the reporting components are also distributed between client and server. The server might only do the selection, sorting and grouping, while the client might render the output in tables or graphics. It might also resort, filter or regroup data. It is also easy for clients to download data only as it is needed and save bandwidth. Shifting of functionality between client and server is easily possible since they share the same platform. In addition to the typical output rendering for HTML and PDF, Riena will provide an output rendering based on SWT/Swing.
Eclipse BIRT provides a very powerful report engine. Riena will adapt the BIRT report engine fulfill these aspects in the future. However, this will not be in focus for release 1.0.
Persistence is a complex topic in every enterprise application. It becomes more complex in the context of distributed component architectures. A client is no exception to this rule. Furthermore in an enterprise application a large number of clients need to access persistent data using different connection settings in terms of speed and reliability. This ranges from LAN over DSL, ISDN to mobile connection. Additional effort is required to minimize the amount of data from persistent objects that is transferred between client and server.
To achieve this Riena has to address and use features like optimistic locking, object identity, object versioning and data compression for remote services.
However Riena has no intention of reinventing existing persistence functionality as it exists in EclipseLink, Hibernate or other frameworks. Riena will add the missing bits and it will combine the persistence component with the object transaction component to optimize the exchange of large business objects between client and server.
Enterprise applications share some of their business objects on client and on server. This compounding of business objects can become quite large and are often exchanged over remote services between client and server. Object transaction is a mechanism describing how changes in business objects can be captured and transferred without always transferring the entire compounded objects.
A typical use case is a customer object (and its relations) that is loaded into the client application where only one or two properties are changed before the customer record is stored again. With object transaction only the changed properties are sent back to the server which then stores it in the database and can send further modification back to the client.
A second very typical use case is the use within the UI, where a number of properties of a set of business objects are changed and have to be rolled back if the user presses cancel. The object transaction can roll back all changes in the object to the time before the object transacted was started.
To allow users of enterprise applications individual processing of their data, it is important to integrate the functionality to export data to a spreadsheet or word processor. However, the integration is not restricted to exporting the data but also the control of those external applications, e.g. form letter processing. Other possible standard applications that can be integrated are PDF Viewers or Mail Applications. In some cases content that needs to be integrated is available as a web page. In that case a Web Browser needs to be included and controlled within the client.
In enterprise applications system, tracking and collecting application state information becomes critical. Beyond the scope of collecting information about any kind of error conditions in the server environment, error conditions that occur on the client are more complicated to collect.
The Riena platform will support the consolidation of log events from the many clients into a central location on the server, the ability to trigger alarms for error conditions and correlate events and errors on clients with log entries on the server.
Riena has no primary focus to supply tooling to build enterprise applications (this may change in the future).
Riena is a new technology that promises to seamlessly bring together the Eclipse client and server side. As such, supporting and soliciting feedback from a large user community of developers is critical to creating a scalable platform and sophisticated UIs.


The doors of the Sydney Film Festival will open from 6 - 17 June in cinemas across Sydney CBD and the greater Sydney.
In celebration of this iconic annual Sydney event, Film Studies Honours students caught up with the ultimate film guru, Sydney Film Festival director, Nashen Moodley.
Nashen lives and breathes cinema - his impressive career in the industry has seen him work on film festivals across the world including South Africa, Dubai, India, Asia, South Korea, Mexico, and for the British Film Institute in London.
But how many movies has Nashen seen and what is his all-time favourite? Our students found out. Here's what he had to say.
1. How do you begin planning the festival?
We have a broad structure for the festival. Some things don't change very often, such as the Official Competition, feature film, and documentary sections. We start by thinking: what country do we focus on? Who should be the subject of the retrospective? Or, do we want to add a new program? For instance, the Art + Film program is something we've wanted to explore for some time.
Then we start watching films. No, before we start watching films, there is also the structure of the festival in a physical sense. The festival will comprise of close to four hundred sessions, beginning at the State Theatre. So we have to consider, do we need a new venue that is more accessible, or better for families? That is how we made the decision to move the Screenability and family films programs to the Entertainment Quarter. You have this massive matrix of places where you need to book films. You get a sense of how many films you need, then you start selecting films.
2. We know you travel around the world to scout films for the festival. What is the scouting process like, and how many films does a festival director watch in a year?
The scouting process is done by myself and my colleague, Jenny Neighbour, travelling to many festivals. I start in August with Venice and Toronto, and then Korea, Japan, and India. At the start of the year I go to Sundance, Rotterdam, Berlin, and then to Paris for private screenings. That is the travelling component. We're also sent hundreds and hundreds of films. Thousands, actually, through various sources: submissions, sales agents, Australian distributors, contacts we have with filmmakers and producers. We have long relationships with many of them, and we make the selection that way.
In terms of the count, I once counted eight hundred films, and I thought that was way too many and it sounded really sad [laughs]. I watch fewer films now. At the time when I watched around eight hundred films a year I was also watching lots of short films, and now I don't watch as many short films, but still I see several hundred films a year.
3. What is the process for the selection of films?
We have many curators we work with. We work with David Stratton on the retrospective, and for Freak Me Out we have Richard Kuipers, but primarily the selection is made by my colleague Jenny Neighbour, who programs the documentaries, and I program the feature films. We have an independent committee who chooses the short films for the Dendy Awards. All these things are very clearly timelined. We've got to hit certain milestones in terms of our selection, because when there is such a big selection, you can't say, right, these are the three hundred films I want, and then they magically appear. It's a lot of negotiation. Some are easy to secure: the biggest films, the best known films. The very newest films are the most difficult to secure.
4. Do you have autonomy over the film selection for the festival, or do you have certain interests you have to negotiate?
We really have complete autonomy over the selection. There are no impositions, but there is a desire to have a diverse program. We want to show films from all over the world. We want to say we have films from at least fifty countries, and this year we have sixty-five. That is something we really want to do, but that also influences our decisions. We'll say, ok, we don't need ten films from this country, we need something from somewhere else, or from this region. But we have great autonomy in the selection, and you're right to ask because that is not to be taken for granted. I think film festivals are very much effected by issues of funding and censorship.


text:
The Met Gala & Camp: Queer History
Op-Ed: The Liberating Power of a Conversation
A Woman of Many Firsts: Tammy Baldwin
Happy Pride? Supreme Court Could Reverse Marriage Equality
2020 Democratic Presidential Candidates' Histories and Stances on LGBTQ+ Rights
The History of Pride and Why We Don't Need 'Straight Pride'
Ally Godsil
As I browsed the Met Gala outfits when I woke up this morning, I was left both impressed and confused. The outfits were as good as they always are — some unusual, some beautiful. However, I couldn't quite get my head around the theme i.e. "Camp: Notes on Fashion". I had literally no idea what it meant, but only when I began to understand its meaning did I fully appreciate the outfits and their societal implications.
When I think of camp I think of the wilderness, cargo pants and dirt. When I looked at the Met Gala outfits they did not resemble anything close to this connotation. However, further research brought me to the actual meaning. Camp is eccentric and it is different — most importantly, it is really hard to define. This year's Gala theme was based on Susan Sontag's seminal 1964 essay Notes on "Camp", which posited different ways in which the concept could be construed.
Looking at the attendees with new eyes, some seemed to hit the theme spot on while others completely missed the mark. The Jenner sisters, Harry Styles and Janelle Monae completely embodied "camp" while others such as Jennifer Lopez, Riley Keough and Tom Ford dressed as if they didn't know there was a theme at all. And what an important theme to miss! The most interesting aspects of "camp" are its social history and its roots in queer culture.
Photo courtesy of Twitter
As Lena Waithe and Kerby Jean put so plainly on the back of their pinstriped suits "black drag queens invented camp". Camp has its origins in 17th century France with Louis XIV and his brother Philipe, Duke of Orleans. Louis XIV popularized high heels and invented ballet. He is responsible for France being the fashion, art and culture hub that it is today. His brother Philipe dressed very feminine and was very interested in women's roles. He was believed to be a gay man, starting the long history of queer identity in camp fashion.
Many of the men walking the red carpet followed closely in Philipe's footsteps. Men including before mentioned Harry Styles, Ezra Miller, Jared Leto and Micheal Urie broke gender roles by sporting dresses and effeminate clothing. They seemed to be the only men who followed the theme, which called for a break out of masculine norms. At an event which most men are underdressed at, it was a pleasant surprise to see men push the envelope of fashion.
The great thing is that no one was surprised by the way these men dressed and they received major positive feedback. This normalization of gender role breaking dress is a huge push forward for the LGBT community, as men who dress in this style are often looked down upon.
However, camp isn't just about feminine or exuberant dressing. At the very root, it is a way for LGBT individuals to communicate with one another. Drag is a direct expression of camp sensibilities. Drag is about exaggeration (over-the-top looks and makeup), artifice (impersonation), and theatricality. Ru Paul was also in attendance at the Met Gala, dressed in a vibrant pink suit in customary camp fashion.
Photo courtesy of w magazine
It is apparent that the 2019 Met Gala has made history. Putting queer fashion in the spot light for the first time. LGBT culture and fashion is often overlooked unfairly, even though it has shaped the past, present and future. Right know we are witnessing a change for the future of LGBT individuals, a push for more acceptance and normalization, and finally getting the credit the community deserves.
Photo courtesy of Vanity Fair
Stop Discriminating Against Aro/Ace and Demi People
The History of The Word 'Queer'
Written By Ally Godsil
Hey! My name is Ally and I am a 16 year old artist and writer. I love cats, books, and murder mystery tv shows.


Blog: Posts for the month of February 2015 – Trac Hacks - Plugins Macros etc.
trac-hacks.org has the foremost aims of facilitating collaboration among the community of Trac plugin developers and easing the process of locating plugins for Trac. As GitHub has become more popular for hosting open source projects a greater number of plugins for Trac can be found on that site. Some of those plugins also have a page on trac-hacks.org, but many do not1.
In order to make it easier to locate Trac plugins on GitHub, a trac-hacks organization has been created. Several users have already moved their plugins to the organization and invites are being sent to authors of original plugins hosted on GitHub.
Users that move their repositories to the trac-hacks.org organization retain full administrative control over their repositories. Besides greater visibility to your project, the primary advantage to moving your project to the organization is that the trac-hacks administrators team can help your project find a new maintainer if you should choose to no longer continue developing the project.
All interested GitHub users may join the organization, regardless of whether you are currently developing a plugin. You can request to join the one of the organization teams from the Teams page, or send a request to th-users@….
If there's something trac-hacks.org can do better, please let the community know by commenting here, or in the discussion on the trac-dev mailing list.
1. If you've not yet created a page on trac-hacks.org for your plugin hosted on GitHub, you can do so now through the NewHack page. The external tag should be added to plugins hosted outside of trac-hacks.


text:
HomeCricketAustralia beat India in fifth T20 thanks to Graham's hat-trick, Gardner's all-round...
Australia beat India in fifth T20 thanks to Graham's hat-trick, Gardner's all-round performance
Graham took four wickets for eight runs in two overs. He dismissed Devika Vaidya and Radha Yadav on the last two balls of the 13th over and completed the hat-trick by taking the wicket of Renuka Singh on the first ball of the last over.
Heather Graham became the second female cricketer from her country to take a hat-trick in T20 cricket, on whose brilliant performance Australia defeated India in the fifth and final match on Tuesday to clinch the series 4. Won by 1. With the help of unbeaten half-centuries from Ashley Gardner and Grace Harris, Australia scored 196 runs for four wickets. In response, the Indian team was dismissed for 142 runs. Graham took four wickets for eight runs in two overs. He dismissed Devika Vaidya and Radha Yadav on the last two balls of the 13th over and completed the hat-trick by taking the wicket of Renuka Singh on the first ball of the last over.
He took the wicket of Deepti Sharma on the last ball of the same over. Deepti scored the highest 53 runs for India and played 34 balls. The first female cricketer to take a hat-trick in T20 cricket for Australia is fast bowler Megan Schutt, who did this feat in 2018. The Indian innings started aggressively as Smriti Mandhana (4) hit her very first ball for a four but lost her wicket two balls later. Harleen Deol, who came at number three, tried to bat aggressively but was run out.
Shefali Verma also lost her wicket after scoring 13 runs. The match was out of India's way until skipper Harmanpreet Kaur was dismissed cheaply. Earlier, Indian bowlers took early wickets but after that they did not get success. Harris and Gardner put on an unbeaten 129 off 62 balls to take Australia to their highest score of the series. Gardner scored 66 runs in 32 balls with the help of 11 fours and a six, while Harris scored 64 runs in 35 balls which included six fours and four sixes. Earlier, India won the toss and decided to bowl.
Openers Beth Mooney (two) and Phoebe Litchfield (11) were dismissed cheaply. Captain Tahlia McGrath (26 runs in 26 balls) and Ellyse Perry (18 runs in 14 balls) shared a 38-run partnership for the third wicket. Shafali Verma broke the dangerous partnership when McGrath missed in an attempt to play forward and Richa Ghosh made a smart stumping. An over later, Perry was caught by Harleen Deol off Devika Vaidya in an attempt to play a big shot.
After this, Gardner and Harris did not give any chance to the Indian bowlers. He scored runs in the way he wanted. Harris completed his half-century by hitting Renuka Singh for a six in the 18th over. One ball after this, Gardner completed his fifty in 25 balls. The Indian bowlers could not maintain the initial rhythm and the poor fielding did the right thing.
Ashleigh Gardner said it took some time to adjust to the noise of the crowd
T20 Cricket: After the defeat against Australia, captain Harmanpreet said that the team learned a lot from this defeat.