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Žamberk (deutsch Senftenberg) ist eine Stadt in Tschechien in der Region Pardubický kraj. Sie liegt im Tal der Divoká Orlice am Fuß des Kapelský vrch und wird wegen ihrer Lage auch als das Tor zum Adlergebirge bezeichnet.

Geschichte
Senftenberg entstand vermutlich in der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts an einer wichtigen Handelsstraße von Mähren nach Glatz und wurde 1332 erstmals erwähnt. Aus nicht bekannten Gründen wurden die Besitzungen von Senftenberg geteilt. Eine Hälfte gehörte den Burgherren von Žampach, die andere den Burgherren von Litice. Zu den wechselnden Besitzern gehörten auch die böhmischen Könige Johann von Luxemburg (1339–1341) und Karl IV. (1355–1367 Žampacher Hälfte) sowie 1427–1471 Georg von Podiebrad. Dessen Sohn Heinrich d. Ä. verkaufte die verschuldete Herrschaft Litice, zu der eine Hälfte von Senftenberg gehörte, 1495 an Wilhelm II. von Pernstein. Der nächste Besitzer wurde 1555 der Wittelsbacher Ernst von Bayern, dem auch die benachbarte Grafschaft Glatz gehörte. Nach dessen Tod 1560 verkauften seine Erben 1563 die Herrschaft Litice an Nikolaus von Bubna (Mikuláš z Bubna a z Litic). Er erwarb 1575 auch die zur Herrschaft Žampach gehörende Hälfte von Senftenberg. Vor 1600 errichtete er in Senftenberg ein Renaissance-Schloss, das er zum Sitz der neu gebildeten Herrschaft Senftenberg bestimmte.

Im Dreißigjährigen Krieg wurde Senftenberg durch einen Brand zum großen Teil zerstört. 1643 brannten die Schweden auch das Schloss nieder. Franz Adam von Bubna (František Adam z Bubna a Litic) veranlasste den Wiederaufbau und verlieh der Stadt mehrere Privilegien und Erleichterungen. Auch in den Schlesischen Kriegen wurde Senftenberg mehrmals sowohl von den Preußen als auch den Habsburgern besetzt.

Gräfin Anna Karolina von Bubna verkaufte die verschuldete Herrschaft Senftenberg 1809 an Verian Alfred Windisch-Graetz, der das verkommene Schloss im Stil des Empire umbauen ließ.

1815 erwarb John Parish, der älteste Sohn des gleichnamigen Hamburger Kaufmanns John Parish Schloss und Herrschaft Senftenberg, die zu dieser Zeit aus 20 Dörfern mit insgesamt 15.000 Untergebenen bestand. Er war ein großer Förderer von Wissenschaft und Kunst und selbst an Mathematik und Astronomie interessiert. 1844 richtete er in Senftenberg eine Sternwarte ein, die er mit modernen Geräten ausstattete. Während seiner Herrschaft wurde 1848 die Untertätigkeit abgeschafft. 1858 gingen die Besitzungen an George Parish über, der die herrschaftlichen Güter und die Gutsbrauerei modernisierte. Dessen Nachfolger Oscar Parish gehörte ab 1895 dem böhmischen Landtag an. 1899 wurde er mit dem Zusatz von Senftenberg geadelt. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde die Familie Parish von Senftenberg enteignet. Nach der Samtenen Revolution erhielt sie das Schloss im Wege der Restitution zurück.

Die Stadt lag von 1868 bis 1918 im politischen Bezirk Senftenberg im Königreich Böhmen der Habsburgermonarchie. Seit 1918 gehört sie zur Tschechoslowakei.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

* Das Schloss Žamberk wurde vor 1600 durch die Herren von Bubna errichtet und mehrmals umgebaut.
 Die St.-Wenzels-Kirche wurde 1729–1738 im Barockstil erbaut.
 Das Gebäude des heutigen Stadtmuseums wurde ursprünglich als Catherine-Hospital durch John Parish 1845 errichtet.
 Marktplatz mit Rathaus, Mariensäule, Marktbrunnen und historischen Bauten.
 ehemalige Synagoge und jüdischer Friedhof
 Museum alter Maschinen, http://www.starestroje.eu/, untergebracht in einem historischen Industriekomplex

Persönlichkeiten

Im Ort geboren
 Josef Jan Šarapatka (1731–1820), Musiker und Komponist
 Eduard Albert (1841–1900), Universitätsprofessor und Chirurg, der seine Tätigkeit vor allem in Wien ausübte und mit dem Bau seiner Villa den Grundstein für das Lungensanatorium Albertinum legte
 Václav F. Kumpošt (1843–1874), Gründer der Zeitschrift Weltall (Vesmír)
 August Seydler (1849–1891), Physiker und Astronom
 František Albert (1856–1923), Arzt, Schriftsteller und Übersetzer
 Tereza Svatová (1858–1940), Schriftstellerin
 Jan Hejčl (1868–1935), Dekan der theologischen Universität in Olmütz, Forscher und Schriftsteller
 František Rous (1872–1936), Bildhauer
 Josef Ježek (1884–1969), Generalmajor der Gendarmerie, Politiker und Innenminister
 Josef Knop (1909–1966), General
 Eduard Landa (1926–2006), Maler
 Petr Eben (1929–2007), Komponist und Pädagoge

Im Ort wirkten
 Michael von Žamberk († 1504), Bischof der Unität der Böhmischen Brüder
 Theodor Brorsen (1819–1895), dänischer Astronom
 Oskar Parish von Senftenberg (1864–1925), Großgrundbesitzer auf Senftenberg
 Oldřich Marek (1911–1986), Pädagoge und Entomologe

Partnerstädte
  Fresagrandinaria, Italien
  Miharu, Japan
  Nowa Sól, Polen
  Püttlingen, Deutschland
  Rice Lake (Wisconsin), USA
  Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, Frankreich
  Senftenberg, Deutschland
  Senftenberg (Niederösterreich), Österreich
  Veszprém, Ungarn

Weblinks

 Website (CZ)

Einzelnachweise

Ersterwähnung 1332

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
QBI researchers advance autism diagnosis
QBI researchers at UQ have led a study that will help unravel the genetic mystery of autism and, for the first time, help diagnose children under two years of age with the disorder.
Study leader Associate Professor Charles Claudianos said genome sequence information from Australian families with autism was analysed using a computer model developed at QBI.
He said the model examined combinations of more than 4000 genes of each child and their parents, and identifies autism risk.
"More than 1000 genes have been linked to autism," Associate Professor Claudianos said.
"Importantly, there are many different combinations of these genes that can actually lead to the disorder and we have found that no two individuals with autism have the same causal genetic signatures."
A key discovery of the study showed parents with mild autism-like behaviours, such as social difficulties, carried autism-risk genes that may be passed on to their children.
Diagnosis of autism across the world is based solely on behavioural profiling of the child, teenager or adult, in a process that takes many months, involves many specialists and is expensive.
Associate Professor Claudianos said this process caused delays in diagnosis and often there was a misdiagnosis and the wrong or ineffective support was provided.
"The computer model is the first step in developing an understanding of the variety of genetic pathways that can lead to autism,'' he said.
"The software helps us make sense of the millions of pieces of information provided by the genes, and understand how these may lead to a person developing autism."
The study was supported by the Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism Spectrum Disorders (Autism CRC).
Autism CRC director Professor Andrew Whitehouse, from the University of Western Australia's Telethon Kids Institute, said the development had significant potential to advance clinical practice.
"The aim of the Autism CRC is to improve the life outcomes of people with autism, and one factor that underpins this is an early and accurate diagnosis," he said.
"We are working on earlier and more accurate diagnosis of autism in order to get the right interventions as early as possible.
"Using genetic information produced in this study and other CRC projects, combined with the behavioural information already used to diagnose autism, we will provide a comprehensive road map to accurately diagnose autism in children under two years of age - for the first time."
The full article was published in Translational Psychiatry.
Media: Mikaeli Costello, Queensland Brain Institute, 0401 580 685, mikaeli.costello@uq.edu.au
The Queensland Brain Institute (QBI) is a world-class research facility based at The University of Queensland's (UQ) St Lucia campus. Researchers at QBI make great contributions to the field by studying fundamental cellular and mechanistic processes, as well as disorders and diseases from early brain development through to later life. Our scientists work to understand complex functions such as cognition, ageing, neurological disease, mental illness, and learning and memory. www.qbi.uq.edu.au
QBI researcher is a Science Champion
Research lays foundations for brain damage study
Privacy & Terms of use | Feedback | Updated: 3 Jul 2014

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Mike Grasso of 911
Interview - we talk to Rainbow Six technical consultant Mike Grasso
Interview by Gestalt Contributor
One of the aims of the latest installment in the Rainbow Six series has been to maintain the sense of realism, as lead designer Mike McCoy told us in our interview with him last week. It's not just a case of using the Unreal engine to produce more immersive environments, but also fine tuning the gameplay and making sure that the weaponry and the actions of both your own men and the enemy are believable.
As part of this effort, Ubi Soft Montreal have brought back Rainbow Six technical consultants 911. We caught up with one of the company's team of advisors, Mike Grasso, at a recent press event in exotic Slough.
Amazing, a Rainbow Six game where your cunning plan isn't foiled by a closed door.
While many developers talk about realism, Ubi Soft have gone straight to the source for Raven Shield. 911 was founded way back in 1984 by a group of law enforcement veterans who have worked in a wide range of roles for everyone from the LAPD to the US Navy SEALs. Since then they have provided weapons training, tactical advice and other services for dozens of movies and TV series.
"We've worked on several Schwarzenegger films and several Sean Connery films. We've done some genre films, some westerns; we did all the weapons for Unforgiven, American Outlaws (which recently came out), and Young Guns, if you remember that. We did some period pieces, like The Untouchables with Sean Connery. And we've got a couple of new films coming out later this year, one of them being National Security."
Mike himself has over two decades of law enforcement experience, "which really helps" in his work on Rainbow Six. When he's not working on videogames and flying around Europe talking to journalists, he serves as a senior tactical instructor for the LAPD, as well as moonlighting for a US Marshalls task force. "In 22 years I've worked everything from undercover narcotics to warrant entry teams to bicycle details to homicide investigator and crash officer. I have a very well rounded education when it comes to the street, but specialising in tactics."
Rainbow in action
LA Takedown
Although 911 have worked on everything from the cult Vietnam war series Tour Of Duty to blockbuster movies like The Rock and Total Recall, perhaps the single most impressive credit on their list is Michael Mann's heist thriller Heat. As anyone who's seen the movie knows, Heat includes one of the most spectacular gun battles ever committed to film, as Robert De Niro's team of criminals takes on Al Pacino and the LAPD, automatic weapons blazing in the streets of downtown Los Angeles. Mike isn't joking when he tells us that "it really shows what damage and devestation can occur".
As he had explained earlier in the day, the idea in this scene was to get the two sides to act differently, something which has carried over into their work on AI behaviour for Raven Shield. In Heat, the criminals may be skilled at what they do, but they have no weapons training. Because of this the police are smoother and more precise, firing off a few rounds and then ducking behind cover, while the criminals fire wildly in an attempt to cause panic to let them escape into the crowd, and make mistakes like standing out in the open reloading. "If all you did is watch films and play videogames and you don't have the training, when you come up against people who don't play videogames but do it for a living every day... that's an eye-opener for most people".
This was demonstrated in spectacular form when, just two years after the release of Heat, a real bank robbery went terribly wrong in another district of Los Angeles, leading to an eerily similar shoot-out between a pair of masked men with assault rifles and the LAPD. The first cops on the scene had only their sidearms to defend themselves with, and yet, although several police officers and civilians were wounded in the ensuing chaos, none were killed. The robbers were less lucky - both suspects were shot dead on the scene.
That'll be the bad guy then
Moral Connection
As Mike admitted, "life has a tendency to imitate art sometimes", but is there a wider link between violence in videogames or movies and real life? "I think that there probably is some kind of connection between the two", Mike told us. "[But] I think it's the moral connection that should be looked at more than anything else."
"That's why we bought into the Tom Clancy universe, because in [Rainbow Six] you only get to be the moral person. You can't be the bad guy. You're bound by a certain set of rules and you have to operate within them so that everybody goes home safe. There are other games out there that'll let you do everything and anything under the sun, and it actually gets boring playing those games. If you're limited to what you can do, you have to be really good at it."
It's no surprise then that the Rainbow Six games are the only ones that Mike plays regularly. "I've got a lot of things going on, I don't really have the time [to play games], and my wife would kill me! I do play Rainbow Six games, [but] I don't play them single player, I play multiplayer with a bunch of my friends. And now we're playing multiplayer with the programmers up in Montreal and having a grand time."
I've run out of witty captions, so just add your own.
Is This Real
Obviously 911 are doing more for their money than deathmatching with the developers, and this time round they've been more closely involved in the design process than in previous games in the series. "The first two Rainbow Six games we helped out and did some work on, and now that we've come back we've really come back in force. We've been here from the beginning of this third title, and we actually helped design most of the stuff that you can see."
"Ubi Soft has given us a lot of input. Basically they run things by us, we run things by them, and then we're allowed to pull things out if we bring a strong enough argument, and if there's a strong enough argument of why it needs to be in then we'll work it out. But they really want to go into a realistic mode, and that's why they've brought us in."
"The Tom Clancy franchise is such a grand franchise in itself, that when you go ahead and add more realism to it, it just gets better. You can play other games, but there's no basis in fact, and it's written by a bunch of people that have seen other games. It's different if you're playing a game where the programmers actually went to a school and practiced some of these things, so they got a feel for what it was really like."
So how is the latest game in the Rainbow Six series shaping up, and has the input of Mike Grasso and his colleagues at 911 made a difference? Have Mike McCoy and his team in Montreal managed to achieve their aim of producing a true Rainbow Six : Version Three, while making the game a little less intimidating for newcomers? Come back tomorrow, when we'll be bringing you a full hands-on preview of the game.
Nintendo GBA


Finally you will certainly want to think about the products that the lingerie is made out of and also the shades. There are several different products that you could buy ranging from cotton to silk and satin. You must decide on whichever materials you would feel most comfortable in.


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Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werd België bezet door Nazi-Duitsland. De bezetting begon met de inval op 10 mei 1940 en duurde tot de uiteindelijke bevrijding vanaf begin september 1944 tot aan het laatste deel op 1 oktober 1944. Later werd nog een deel opnieuw bezet tijdens het Ardennenoffensief.

De neutraliteit van België voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog

Op 7 september 1920 ondertekenden België en Frankrijk te Parijs een "Frans-Belgisch defensief militair akkoord". Toen men de Frans-Belgische bezettingstroepen uit het Rijnland terugtrok ging het Belgische ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken vanaf maart 1931 de verplichtingen van het defensieve militaire akkoord afzwakken. De economische crisis en de politieke onzekerheid in Europa breidde zich in de latere jaren verder uit en vooral Vlamingen bekeken dit akkoord steeds kritischer omdat men vreesde dat de Fransen België ongewild in een preventieve oorlog tegen Duitsland zou meesleuren.

Op 20 juli 1936 kondigde Paul-Henri Spaak, minister van Buitenlandse Zaken vanaf dan een "uitsluitend en fundamenteel Belgische" buitenlandse politiek aan. Deze nieuwe diplomatieke koers kreeg de steun van eerste minister Paul van Zeeland en koning Leopold III en zorgde voor de steun van een parlement met Vlaamse meerderheid te krijgen voor hogere defensie-uitgaven. Deze "onafhankelijkheidspolitiek" van een regering van nationale eenheid onder leiding van Van Zeeland kreeg een zeer grote meerderheid in het parlement.

Op 24 april 1937 stuurden Frankrijk en Groot-Brittannië een diplomatieke nota aan Paul-Henri Spaak. Daarin onthieven ze België van zijn verplichtingen maar hun belofte tot bijstand hernieuwden ze, "voor het geval dat"... Op die manier probeerden ze het beste te maken van de situatie. De Duitsers van hun kant, via minister Konstantin von Neurath, stuurden op 13 oktober 1937 een nota aan de Belgische ambassadeur in Berlijn waarin ze het grondgebied van België garandeerden. De voorwaarde was wel dat de Belgische regering geen nadelige maatregelen voor Duitsland zou treffen in geval van conflict met een derde mogendheid. In de context van die periode en de aard van het naziregime kon men voorspellen wat deze garantie waard was.

België realiseerde zich de toegenomen oorlogsdreiging en tussen 1934 en 1939 steeg de defensie-uitgave van 14,4% naar 24% van het totaal van de begroting.

Operatie Fall Gelb
Onaangekondigd viel het Duitse leger binnen op 10 mei 1940. Al tijdens de eerste uren werd de Belgische luchtmacht op de grond vernietigd na massale bombardementen, waarbij enkele duizenden doden vielen. Met vliegtuigen en tanks trokken de Duitsers door de Belgische en Franse Ardennen. Daarvoor werden fietsen massaal ingezet op een klein deel van het front. Het als oninneembaar geachte fort Eben-Emael bij Luik viel na één dag in Duitse handen. De bruggen bij Vroenhoven en Veldwezelt over het Albertkanaal vielen intact in Duitse handen. De Maas werd overschreden te Dinant, Monthermé en Sedan. De Franse stellingen werden opgerold en weldra stormden de Duitse tanks in de richting van Abbeville.

De doorbraak in het zuiden en de uitzichtloze situatie van het Nederlandse leger in het noorden na drie dagen (Nederland capituleerde op 14 mei) dwongen de legerleiding om de goede stellingen (zoals het Albertkanaal en de KW-linie) prijs te geven zonder of na weinig strijd, waardoor het moreel van de Belgische troepen werd geschaad. Toch werd nog gepoogd om op vier opeenvolgende linies (Scheldelinie, Terneuzen-Gent-Oudenaarde, Leielinie en de lijn Ieper-Roeselare) stand te houden tegen de overweldigende overmacht.

Ondanks het protest van koning Leopold III van België moest op bevel van de Franse opperbevelhebber generaal Maurice Gamelin de Scheldelinie (Antwerpen-Brussel- Kanaal Charleroi-Brussel tot de Franse grens) nog dezelfde dag verlaten worden. Het VIIe Franse Leger, dat intussen in Nederland door een Duitse pantserdivisie was teruggeslagen, trok zich samen met het Belgische leger terug en liet de vijand ongehinderd de Schelde oversteken. In de Franse pers kregen de Belgen de schuld van deze terugtrekking: uit egoïstisch belang ("om hun mooie huizen in Brussel te vrijwaren") zouden de Belgen het prijsgeven van deze linie van het geallieerd commando hebben afgedwongen en zo de geallieerde plannen in de war hebben gestuurd. Op de intergeallieerde conferentie van Ieper op 21 mei, werd erkend dat de Belgische troepen heldhaftige vertragingsmanoeuvres uitvoerden, zoals onder meer de Ardeense Jagers op de Dender (18 mei), het 4e Lansiers te Zwijndrecht (19 mei) en het 3e Jagers gesteund door het 10e Artillerie op de Schelde (20 mei). Alleen aan de Leie, een niet voorbereide stelling, werd zwaar slag geleverd tijdens de Leieslag, waarbij aan Belgische zijde circa 2500 doden vielen.

Vanaf 10 mei werden meer dan 300.000 jonge reserverekruten opgeroepen om zich naar de Westhoek en later naar Frankrijk te begeven. Deze zogenaamde CRAB's waren tussen de 16 en 35 jaar en kregen het bevel om zich naar Zuid-Frankrijk te laten evacueren. Naar schatting 150.000 kwamen daar terecht, maar toen had België reeds gecapituleerd. In augustus 1940 keerden de jongens terug naar België.

Einde Achttiendaagse Veldtocht

Ondertussen was het voor de Belgische koning en de legerleiding duidelijk geworden dat de strijd verloren was. Het Belgische leger kon alleen nog de aftocht van het Britse Expeditiekorps via Duinkerke dekken. De munitievoorraad was praktisch volledig opgebruikt. Koning Leopold III waarschuwde de geallieerde hoofdkwartieren dat het Belgische leger zonder geallieerde logistieke steun zou moeten capituleren. Er kwam echter geen hulp meer. De politici die de krijgsverrichtingen niet van nabij volgden, hoopten op een nieuw mirakel aan de Marne. Leopold III vreesde een definitieve Duitse overwinning en een daaruit voortvloeiend vredesverdrag ten koste van België. Hij besloot dan ook tegen het advies van zijn ministers in om zijn functie van opperbevelhebber (zie het toenmalige artikel 68 of het huidige artikel 167 van de Belgische Grondwet) te laten primeren op die van politiek staatshoofd en net zoals zijn vader, koning Albert I, bij zijn soldaten te blijven en hun lot te delen. Hij capituleerde samen met zijn troepen op 28 mei 1940. Deze beslissing werd zowel door de naar Parijs gevluchte Belgische premier Hubert Pierlot, de voltallige Belgische regering samen met 170 parlementsleden in Limoges (31 mei), als door de Franse premier Paul Reynaud zwaar bekritiseerd. Deze laatste beledigde de Belgische koning en ontnam hem bij decreet zijn Grootkruis van het Legioen van Eer.

Ongeveer 6000 Belgische soldaten en ongeveer evenveel burgers hadden het leven gelaten door de militaire operaties. De Britten waren ondertussen ingescheept vanuit Duinkerke, maar ook vanuit Oostende, Nieuwpoort en De Panne vertrok men richting de Engelse Kanaalkust. Het Franse leger staakte de strijd op 22 juni.

Van de in totaal 600.000 Belgische militairen werden er 225.000 naar Duitse krijgsgevangenkampen gebracht. Na enkele maanden werden de meeste Vlamingen vrijgelaten. Circa 70.000 (alle officieren die na enige tijd gegroepeerd werden te Prenzlau, beroepsonderofficieren en Waalse militairen) bleven tot het einde van de oorlog gevangen.

Duits bestuur

Ondanks aandringen van de SS van Heinrich Himmler voor een burgerlijk bestuur (Zivilverwaltung), bleef België, samen met Noord-Frankrijk tot 7 juni 1944 onder militair bestuur (Militärverwaltung): de mogelijkheid om alsnog vrede met het Verenigd Koninkrijk te kunnen sluiten en de aanwezigheid van de Belgische vorst in zijn thuisland, kunnen deze beslissing van Hitler hebben beïnvloed. De 62-jarige Pruisische generaal Freiherr Alexander von Falkenhausen werd als militair gouverneur (Militärbefehlshaber) aangewezen. Zijn taak was om de rust en orde in zijn gebied te bewaren, maar ook om het economisch en menselijk potentieel daarvan optimaal aan te wenden voor de Duitse oorlogvoering.
Daartoe vormde hij een Verwaltungsstab onder leiding van Eggert Reeder en een Kommandostab onder leiding van majoor Bodo von Harbou. De eerste was bevoegd voor de burgerlijke aspecten van het bestuur, de tweede voor de militaire.
Voor de uitvoering beschikte hij over de bezettingstroepen, de Feldgendarmerie en de Geheime Feldpolizei en kon ook een beroep doen op hulpeenheden zoals de Vlaamse Wacht, Garde Wallonne en Hilfsfeldgendarmerie.
Daarnaast opereerden ook nog de Abwehr en de SIPO-SD (Sicherheitspolizei - Sicherheitsdienst) in bezet gebied. De eerste hing af van het Oberkommando der Wehrmacht en de laatsten van het Reichssicherheitshauptamt van Himmler. De beruchte Gestapo was een onderafdeling van de SIPO-SD.
Een groot deel van de politionele taken gebeurde echter door de Belgische politie en rijkswacht, waar Von Falkenhausen de controle over had.

In 1941 richtte Gérard Romsée een hulp-politiedienst op voor de bescherming van landbouwvelden die toen te lijden hadden onder diefstal. De Boerenwacht was op gemeentelijk niveau georganiseerd maar kende weinig succes wegens de stempel van de collaboratie met de bezetter.

Aangezien de aanhang van de collaboratiebewegingen, zoals Rex en het Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond te klein was, konden de Duitsers in België geen Quisling-regering zoals in Noorwegen tot stand brengen. Ze besloten het praktisch bestuur van het land over te laten aan de twaalf secretarissen-generaal van de ministeries, die door de wet van 10 mei 1940 ruime bevoegdheden hadden gekregen en op post waren gebleven. Eind 1941 waren acht van de oorspronkelijke secretarissen-generaal door collaborateurs vervangen.

Dadelijk na de Achttiendaagse Veldtocht stond de uitgedunde administratie (velen waren gevlucht) voor de opdracht de dringende problemen van het land aan te pakken, onder meer inzake voedsel- en energievoorziening en inzake transport- en communicatielijnen: bruggen, kanalen, spoor- en autowegen en telefoonverbindingen waren immers vernield of buiten werking. Reeds vanaf 11 mei 1940 (en tot 31 december 1948) werd de voedselvoorziening gerantsoeneerd.

Direct na de inval werd er een oproep gedaan om in Duitsland te gaan werken. In België zaten 500.000 mensen zonder werk, terwijl er in Duitsland volop werk was in de oorlogsindustrie. Velen gingen noodgedwongen vrijwillig op de oproep in. Op 6 oktober 1942 werd er een verplichte tewerkstelling afgekondigd. Mannen tussen 18 en 50 jaar en vrouwen tussen 21 en 35 jaar konden opgevorderd worden. Dit leidde tot massaal protest en zorgde ervoor dat velen onderdoken om aan de opvordering te ontkomen.

Koning Leopold III werd als krijgsgevangene overgebracht naar zijn Kasteel van Laken. Desondanks poogde hij herhaalde malen zich met het bestuur van het land in te laten: zo verzette hij zich tegen de verplichte tewerkstelling in Duitsland en tegen de Jodenvervolging. Telkens werd hij hiervoor door Hitler terechtgewezen. Op 15 januari 1944 stelde de koning richtlijnen op over hoe het land aan het einde van de oorlog moest bestuurd worden voor het geval hijzelf niet bij de bevrijding aanwezig zou kunnen zijn. In dit "politieke testament" repte de koning met geen woord over het verzet en stelde hij dat politici, die sinds het uitbreken van de oorlog onverantwoorde uitspraken hadden gedaan, voortaan buiten het politieke leven moesten gehouden worden. Na de bevrijding weigerde de Belgische regering dit testament te publiceren.

Op 7 juni 1944, een dag na de landing in Normandië, werd koning Leopold III en daags daarop zijn familie uit het kasteel van Laken weggehaald en overgebracht naar het kasteel van Hirschstein aan de Elbe. Tezelfdertijd werd het militair bestuur over België door een burgerlijk bestuur vervangen onder leiding van gauleiter Grohé, bijgestaan door SS-generaal Richard Jungclaus. Beide maatregelen moesten de annexatie van België bij Duitsland voorbereiden. Op 7 maart 1945 werd de Belgische koninklijke familie door de SS naar het Oostenrijkse Strobl overgebracht, waar zij begin mei door de 7e Amerikaanse divisie van generaal Alexander Patch werden bevrijd.

Verzet

Aanvankelijk gedroegen de Duitsers zich correct. De Britse weerstand, de strijd in de Sovjet-Unie (vanaf 22 juni 1941), de intrede van de Verenigde Staten in de oorlog (7 december 1941), het toenemend voedseltekort, het ontberen van de vrijheid en de verplichte tewerkstelling in Duitsland vanaf 1942, deden het Belgisch verzet groeien en onvermijdelijk de Duitse repressie toenemen. De voornaamste acties van het verzet bestonden uit:
het doorspelen van inlichtingen ten behoeve van Groot-Brittannië (de voornaamste inlichtingennetten waren: "Cleveland" of "Clarence" van Walthère Dewé, "Zero" van Fernand Kerkhofs, "Luc" van Georges Leclercq, "Sabot" van P. Bouriez, "Mill" van Adrien Marquet)
het helpen vluchten van ca. 1600 neergeschoten Britse piloten en navigators
het doden van collaborateurs zodat de vijand als gevolg van die terreur steeds minder steun kreeg op een kleine kern na
het verzorgen van clandestiene pers (650 verschillende bladen met als orgelpunt de uitgave van een valse "Le Soir" op 9 november 1943) om het moreel van de bevolking hoog te houden
het saboteren van Duitse aanvoerlijnen (vooral door Groep G) voor en na de landing in Normandië
het onderbreken van telefoonverbindingen en elektriciteitstoevoer
het strijden tegen de Duitse achterhoede tijdens de bevrijding en het leiden van bijvoorbeeld Britse eenheden bij de verovering van de zo goed als volledig intacte haven van Antwerpen

Onder de vijftien gewapende verzetsgroepen waren de voornaamste: de Witte Brigade van Marcel Louette, het Front de l'Indépendence waarbij de communistische partij zich als groep aansloot en het Geheim Leger dat in juni 1940 door reservekolonel Robert Lentz en door commandant Charles Claser was opgericht. In totaal moesten 16.200 personen de talloze verzetsacties met hun leven bekopen.

In vergelijking met Nederland was het verzet in België tegen de extreemrechtse Nieuwe Orde krachtiger. Dat verzet leed in België zwaardere verliezen dan in Nederland, maar droeg bij tot de redding van meer dan de helft van de joden, tegenover 20% in Nederland. De verklaring zou kunnen liggen in het feit dat Nederland tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog ongemoeid werd gelaten, waardoor men geen ervaring had met verzet tegen een bezetter. Daarnaast hadden de Duitsers in Nederland een burgerlijk bestuur ingesteld in tegenstelling tot het militaire bestuur in België. In 2007 werd een rapport gepubliceerd waaruit blijkt dat collaborerende overheden vaak actief, soms zelfs proactief, hadden meegewerkt aan de Jodenvervolging.

Bombardementen
Een van de meest ingrijpende aspecten van de bezetting van het leven onder constante dreiging van geallieerde bombardementen. De eerste en meteen de bloedigste luchtaanval was die op Mortsel op 5 april 1943. Er vielen 936 doden bij het Amerikaanse bombardement op de Erlafabriek. In september volgden nog drie zware bombardementen: 4 september 1943 in Kortrijk met 56 doden, de dag erna te Ledeberg in Gent met 111 dodelijke slachtoffers en ten slotte op 7 september 1943 in Brussel waar 327 slachtoffers geteld werden. Vanaf maart 1944 begon een reeks van hevige bombardementen. Dit paste in het kader van de voorbereidingen op de landing in Normandië. Door verkeersknooppunten te vernietigen in Noord-Frankrijk en België hoopten ze de Duitse transportmogelijkheden te kraken. Op 26 maart werd Kortrijk opnieuw het slachtoffer van een bombardement. Er vielen maar liefst 252 doden. Op 10 april werd Merelbeke bij Gent gebombardeerd: 428 doden. Tot de bevrijding in september 1944 kwamen de Belgische steden regelmatig onder vuur. De periode van 10 tot 12 mei was het hevigst. In die drie dagen stierven meer dan 1500 mensen. Het bekendste bombardement in die periode was dat van Lokeren, waar op 11 mei 85 mensen, vooral vrouwen en kinderen, de dood vonden. Op diezelfde dag vielen er in Brussel 276 doden, in Luik 126 doden, in Leopoldsburg 84 doden, in Beverlo 70 doden en in Mechelen 46 doden. De dag ervoor waren ook Doornik (107 doden) en opnieuw Merelbeke (48 doden) getroffen. De drie bloedigste dagen eindigden met het bombardement op Leuven van 12 mei 1944, waarbij na een vurige nacht 246 doden werden geteld.

Na de landing in Normandië namen de bombardement op Belgische steden niet af. Integendeel, elke week was er wel ergens een hevige luchtaanval, met vooral burgerslachtoffers. Op 27 mei 1944 bombardeerden de geallieerden een Duits legerkamp in Leopoldsburg. Hoeveel Duitse soldaten er sneuvelden zullen we nooit weten. Onder de bevolking van de Kempense gemeente vielen 270 dodelijke slachtoffers. Op 20 juli 1944 dropten Amerikaanse vliegtuigen hun bommen op het station van Kortrijk en waren er naar schatting 172 doden.

Belgische regering en strijdkrachten in Groot-Brittannië

Druppelsgewijs kwamen gevluchte Belgische regeringsleden in Groot-Brittannië aan. De Belgische regering te Londen had het erg moeilijk internationale erkenning af te dwingen. Eens te meer zorgden de inkomsten uit Congo voor de nodige onafhankelijkheid. Vooral de katholieke minister Albert de Vleeschauwer gaf aanvankelijk gestalte aan de wil tot het verder voortzetten van de strijd. Enkele andere ministers volgden zijn voorbeeld: Camille Gutt, Hubert Pierlot en Paul-Henri Spaak. Met deze vier ministers werd op 31 oktober 1940 een regering in ballingschap gevormd. Aangezien de koning als krijgsgevangene zijn functies niet meer kon uitoefenen, trok ze in december 1940 de volledige wetgevende en uitvoerende macht naar zich toe. Later werd deze ploeg nog aangevuld met de katholieken Antoine Delfosse en August de Schryver en met de socialist August Balthazar. Buiten medeweten van de Belgische regering in Londen, sloot de Belgische Union Minière een akkoord met de Amerikanen af voor de levering van uranium uit de Congolese provincie Katanga. Met deze grondstoffen werden de Amerikaanse kernbommen vervaardigd.

De oude generaal Victor van Strydonck de Burkel organiseerde reeds in oktober 1940 de eerste Belgische troepen in Groot-Brittannië. Enkele Belgische piloten namen deel aan de Slag om Engeland. Later vormden ze twee eigen smaldelen: het 349ste en het 350ste. Ongeveer 600 Belgen behoorden tot het varend personeel. De Belgische handelsvloot, twee korvetten (Godetia en Buttercup genaamd) en enkele mijnenvegers toonden de Belgische vlag op zee. Hieruit zal in februari 1946 de Belgische zeemacht herrijzen, die in 1927, na het Locarnopact, was afgeschaft. Ongeveer 1800 manschappen maakten deel uit van de Belgische 1e Infanteriebrigade (populair Brigade Piron) bevolen door kolonel Jean-Baptiste Piron. Er werd ook nog een kleine commando-eenheid (die zich in Italië, Joegoslavië en Walcheren zullen onderscheiden) gevormd alsook een para-eenheid, die later deel uitmaakte van de SAS-brigade (Special Air Service), terwijl circa 500 Belgen als agenten van SOE (Special Operations Executive) en SIS (Secret Intelligence Service) gedropt werden. Ongeveer 2500 van de 10.000 Belgen bij de Belgische troepen of vloot in Groot-Brittannië sneuvelden.

Tot de Belgische strijdkrachten in Groot-Brittannië behoorden ook zo'n 370 Luxemburgers. De meesten dienden onder een valse Fransklinkende naam. Voor de Duitsers waren zij als "Volksduitsers" immers deserteurs. Na de inlijving van het Luxemburgse leger (Compagnie des Volontaires) in het Duitse leger werden in 1942 12.000 Luxemburgers verplicht dienst te nemen. Circa 340 van hen sneuvelden in Joegoslavië en aan het oostfront.

Bevrijding

In juli 1944 stelde de Duitse bezetter nog het Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich in, maar het mocht weinig baten. Tussen 2 en 12 september werd België grotendeels bevrijd, vooral door Canadezen, Polen, Britten en Amerikanen. Op 4 september 1944 trok de Groepering Bevrijding samen met de Britten in een overwinningsparade door de Belgische hoofdstad. Er werd nog een week lang slag geleverd in onder meer de Strijd om Hechtel. Intussen poogde Hitler het tij alsnog in zijn voordeel te doen keren door de massale inzet van zogeheten "Vergeldings-" of V-wapens (V1 en V2) vanaf juli 1944. In België werden deze vooral tegen de haven van Antwerpen, maar ook tegen Luik ingezet.

Onder meer door de mislukking van Operatie Market Garden viel de geallieerde opmars in het najaar van 1944 stil. Gebruikmakende van het slechte weer, dat in december 1944 de geallieerde luchtmacht aan de grond hield, poogde Hitler in een gigantisch tegenoffensief met circa 30 divisies doorheen de Belgische Ardennen, de sleutelhaven van Antwerpen te heroveren en de geallieerden terug in zee te drijven. Vanuit de startlijn Monschau-Echternach slaagden de Duitsers erin de frontlijn tot op ongeveer 5 km van Dinant te trekken. Voor de inwoners van deze regio herbegon de nachtmerrie, vooral omdat in het kielzog van de Duitse troepen ook Gestapo-eenheden waren gevolgd die zich opnieuw aan gruweldaden te buiten gingen (onder meer te Bande, ten zuidoosten van Marche-en-Famenne). Maar de Amerikaanse troepen in Sankt Vith en vooral in en rond Bastenaken (Bastogne) onder leiding van brigadegeneraal Anthony McAuliffe boden hardnekkig weerstand en weigerden zich over te geven. Door tegenaanvallen vanuit het zuiden en het noorden, en door de mogelijkheid om opnieuw de luchtmacht in te zetten, was de Duitse saillant tegen eind januari 1945 verdwenen en België werd definitief en volledig bevrijd.

Van op afstand bleef het land echter tot aan de Duitse capitulatie op 7 mei 1945 onder vuur liggen van de Duitse raketwapens V-1 en V-2.

Belgisch-Congo
De gouverneur-generaal van Belgisch-Congo twijfelde aanvankelijk na de achttiendaagse veldtocht of de kolonie de kant van de koning dan wel de kant van de regering in ballingschap diende te kiezen. Uiteindelijk koos de kolonie de kant van de geallieerden. De Force Publique vocht zo mee met de geallieerden in de Abyssinische veldtocht waarbij de Force Publique bij de verovering van Saio een van zijn grootste militaire overwinningen boekte.

Repressie
De militaire rechtspraak speelde nadien een belangrijke rol bij de repressie. 242 personen werden ter dood veroordeeld en terechtgesteld wegens collaboratie. Ongeveer 10.000 Vlamingen en ongeveer evenveel Walen hadden gestreden aan het oostfront met de nazi's, vooral in SS Standarte Westland, 27 SS PS Gren Div Langemark en 28 SS PS Gren Div Wallonie (waarvan de meeste officieren onder de Waalse gevangenen in Prenzlau waren gerekruteerd).

Zie ook
 Achttiendaagse Veldtocht
 Belgisch verzet in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
 Bloedbad van Vinkt
 Slag om Leuven (1940)
 Holocaust in België
 Bombardement op Mortsel
 CRAB's

Literatuur
 Gewillig België: Overheid en Jodenvervolging in België tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog - rapport van het Studie- en Documentatiecentrum Oorlog en Hedendaagse Maatschappij SOMA
 Robert CAPELLE, Dix-huit ans au sevice du roi Leopold, Parijs, Fayard, 1970.
 Els DE BENS, De Belgische dagbladpers onder Duitse censuur (1940-1944), Antwerpen, 1973.
 Herman BALTHAZAR, België onder Duitse bezetting 1940-1944, in: Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden, Haarlem, Van Dishoek, 1982.
 H. BERNARD, Het Geheim Leger, 1940-1944, Gent, 1986.
 Jan VELAERS & Herman VAN GOETHEM, Leopold III. De Koning, het Land, de Oorlog, Tielt, Lannoo, 1994.
 Jean VANWELKENHUYZEN, 1940, plein feu sur un désastre, Brussel, 1995.
 Luis Angel BERNARDO Y GARCIA, Little Belgium. Een project over de Belgische aanwezigheid in Groot-Brittannië tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog, in: Soma Berichten, nr. 29, 1997.
 LEOPOLD III, Kroongetuige. Over de grote gebeurtenissen tijdens mijn koningschap, Tielt, Lannoo, 2001.
 Marc VAN DEN WIJNGAERT e.a., Een koningsdrama. De biografie van Leopold III, Antwerpen, Manteau, 2001.
 Herman VAN DER WEE en Monique VERBREYT, Oorlog en monetaire politiek: de Nationale Bank van België, de emissiebank te Brussel en de Belgische regering (1939-1945), 2005 (Eng. vert.: A Small Nation in the Turmoil of the Second World War, 2009. )
 Rik VAN CAUWELAERT, ANN PEUTEMAN, Misjoe VERLEYEN (red.), Lies WILLAERT (fotografie), Stad in oorlog. Zeven steden, zeven verhalen, Knack, 2011:
 Hedwig DAQUIN & Andries VAN DEN ABEELE, Brugge Eric VAN DE CASTEELE & Marcel STORME, Gent Misjoe VERLEYEN & Louis DE CLERCK, Leuven Chantal KESTELOOT & Greta BOON, Brussel Lieven SAERENS, Dirk MARTIN & Lode WILS, Antwerpen Jos BOUVEROUX & Sieske VLIEXS, Hasselt Karel CAMBIEN & Pol T. DESCAMPS, Kortrijk Pieter SERRIEN, Tranen over Mortsel, Antwerpen, Manteau, 2013.
 Pieter SERRIEN, Zo was onze oorlog, Antwerpen, Manteau, 2014.
 Misjoe VERLEYEN en Marc DE MEYER, Mei 1940, Antwerpen, Manteau, 2014.
 Karel STROBBE, Hans BOERS en Pieter SERRIEN, Van onze jongens geen nieuws, Antwerpen, Manteau, 2015.
 Dimitri RODEN, Ondankbaar België. De Duitse repressie in de Tweede Wereldoorlog'', 2018. ISBN 9462987777


text:
Buxton hotels near Pavilion Gardens
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Best Buxton hotels near Pavilion Gardens
Hawthorn Farm Guest House
With a stay at Hawthorn Farm Guest House in Buxton, you'll be within a 5-minute drive of Peak District National Park and Peak Practice Golf Driving Range. Free self parking is available onsite.
Biggin Hall Hotel
Located in Buxton, Biggin Hall Hotel is in a national park, within a 10-minute drive of Dovedale National Nature Reserve and Tissington Hall. Featured amenities include laundry facilities and a library. Free self parking is available onsite.
The Queens Head Hotel
With a stay at The Queens Head Hotel in Buxton, you'll be within a 5-minute drive of Peak District National Park and Buxton Museum and Art Gallery. The front desk is staffed during limited hours.
Staden Grange
With a stay at Staden Grange in Buxton, you'll be in the historical district, within a 10-minute drive of Peak District National Park and Buxton Museum and Art Gallery. The front desk is staffed during limited hours.
The Manifold Inn
Located in Buxton, The Manifold Inn is in a national park, within a 15-minute drive of Dovedale National Nature Reserve and Tissington Hall. Free self parking is available onsite.
Best Western Plus Buxton Lee Wood Hotel
The Best Western Plus Buxton Lee Wood Hotel is one of the most perfectly positioned hotels in Buxton, right in the heart of the Peak District National Park. Three quarters of Buxton are surrounded by the Peaks, so you'll be well in range of many short and cheerful strolls, or strenuous walks for the experienced hiker. Though the hotel is the perfect base for a walking holiday, it's an equally appealing spot for those wishing to explore the historic attractions of Buxton Spa itself. Buxton Opera House is a particularly attractive sight to put on the to-do list. It was built by Matcham in 1903 and is a worthy focal point for a Buxton-based theatre break. The Pavilion gardens are also close by - only an 8-minute walk from the hotel - and make for the most idyllic setting on a sunny afternoon. As a guest at the family-run Best Western Plus Buxton Lee Wood Hotel, you'll be within touching distance of the Derbyshire Dales, a stone's throw from Castleton and its fabulous caves, and even closer to the award-winning Elements restaurant – found within the hotel itself! If you're feeling famished, a three course a la carte feast will be waiting for you, or you can enjoy something a little lighter in the Elements Bar and Lounge. A full range of beauty treatments and a state of the art fitness suite will also be available to you, to leave you looking and feeling your very best. We really can guarantee maximum relaxation in this Best Western hotel near the Peak District.
The Westminster Hotel
This comfortable hotel is located in Buxton. Those wishing to escape the hustle and bustle of daily routine will find peace and tranquillity at this property. Pets are not allowed at this hotel.
Old Hall Hotel
When you stay at Old Hall Hotel in Buxton, you'll be next to a golf course, just steps from Buxton Opera House and 3 minutes by foot from Pavilion Gardens. Featured amenities include complimentary newspapers in the lobby, dry cleaning/laundry services, and a 24-hour front desk. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Overall 7.7 Good
Portland Hotel
With a stay at Portland Hotel in Buxton, you'll be within a 5-minute drive of Peak District National Park and Pavilion Gardens. The front desk is staffed during limited hours. Free self parking is available onsite.
Pros: The room decor was brilliant and everything was really clean including the bathroom, they even gave us some fresh milk for tea in the fridge and the staff were really nice and helpful.
Cons: No hot water for the shower which unfortunatley ruined the whole experience for us, plus on the sunday morning when we wanted to go nice and early there were no staff members around to ask for help.
Rockingham Lodge
With a stay at Rockingham Lodge in Buxton, you'll be within a 10-minute drive of Peak District National Park and Derbyshire Dales National Nature Reserve. Free self parking is available onsite.
Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese Inn
Alison Park Hotel
A family-run, Edwardian building in Buxton, Alison Park is situated in its own mature gardens, a 5-minute walk from the Pavilion Gardens. It offers individually designed bedrooms and a restaurant.The bedrooms at the Alison Park Hotel are light and airy and all feature a TV. They also include hairdryers, tea/coffee making facilities and some have views across the gardens.Classic British food is served in the restaurant whilst al fresco dining is available on the patio. Hearty cooked breakfasts can be taken in the conservatory.Afternoon tea is served in the cosy lounge, which has a selection of comfortable sofas and chairs. Free Wi-Fi is available in public areas of the hotel.Buxton town centre and the Buxton Opera House are just 5 minutes' walk away. Free parking is available at the Alison Park Hotel.
Buckingham Hotel
Opposite the Pavilion Gardens, Buckingham Hotel is just a 5-minute walk from Buxton town centre. The hotel offers traditional rooms with free Wi-Fi and a bar where can enjoy cask ales, wines and six draught lagers. The bedrooms are individually decorated, and each has a private bathroom with a hairdryer. All rooms feature a TV and tea/coffee facilities, and some have a luxury stand-alone bath. The Buckingham is just a 5-minute walk from Buxton Opera House. There is free on-site parking, and the popular walks of the beautiful Peak District National Park are within a 15-minute drive.
Palace Hotel - The Hotel Collection
With a stay at Britannia Palace Hotel Buxton & Spa in Buxton, you'll be in the historical district, within a 5-minute drive of Peak District National Park and Buxton Opera House. Featured amenities include a business center, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and dry cleaning/laundry services. Planning an event in Buxton? This hotel has facilities measuring 172 square feet (16 square meters), including conference space. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Pros: It was friendly service, a very nice room and delicious breakfast! I would definitely stay again.
Cons: nothing
Where to stay in Buxton?
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Travelers who like staying close to Pavilion Gardens recommend Rockingham Lodge and Best Western Plus Buxton Lee Wood Hotel.
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CAPE CORAL, FL, April 29, 2013, Sheri A. Bullock, Kindergarten Teacher at Cape Elementary School, has been recognized by Elite American Educators for dedication, achievements, and leadership in primary education.
Ms. Bullock, a teacher with more than three decades of professional experience under her belt, feels that she has been able to help children to learn and grow over the course of an illustrious career due to a genuine and innate love of her profession. Other important attributes for her success as an educator have been extreme patience, her being a good listener and remaining laid-back and flexible, and her passion for never giving up and determination to help her students to achieve their goals. Ms. Bullock became involved in her profession because she always wanted to be a teacher, work with children, make learning fun and witness the 'a-ha' moment.
Ms. Bullock's favorite quotes are "Do a job, big or small. Do it right or not at all," and "That's a good mistake." She advises others entering into the profession to roll with the changes, not take everything so seriously, relax, be open to change, and have fun. She enjoys working with children and seeing what each child brings, for they are all special and unique. Ever the creative individual, Ms. Bullock enjoys collecting Swarovski crystals and nurturing her creative spirit when she is not helping her students to achieve continued growth. She would like to dedicate this recognition to her family: Carlos, Lindsey and Garrett.
Sheri A. Bullock was originally selected for inclusion in EliteAMERICAN Educators in April 2013. We are proud to be featuring Ms. Bullock again in EliteAMERICAN Educators for 2014-15.


Not long ago I spent the day with my dear friend Elizabeth, of Just Following Jesus In My Real Life. We spent several hours thrifting and took time for a delightful lunch together. Time with Elizabeth is like a breath of fresh air – a pick-me-up for my soul. We have such a good time together and I always come home with new finds and some real treasures. A few days before our thrifting adventure I found a blog I hadn't seen before. As I browsed and read that blog I was drawn to a plate rack on her wall and I thought I would like to find one for my wall. Would you believe I found one during my day with Elizabeth? I was totally enchanted with it – it was just right. Without hesitation I put it in my basket. It was half price that day! Two dollars and fifty cents. It didn't take me long to hang it on my wall when I got home. Over the next few weeks I played with several possible arrangements of plates I already owned but none of them were quite what I envisioned. A few days ago I stopped at a favorite Goodwill on my way home from an appointment and there they were. Plates that were just right for my plate rack and they were half price that day! Two dollars and fifty cents for four. Just what I needed, plus one more. As soon as I put them on the plate rack, I smiled. They were just right – and they made my heart sing! (There's no way to get a great photo on this corner of my living room that is filled with shadows – we have too much light coming from all directions. Not a problem. I like light!) Back to my day with Elizabeth. . .
At the next stop she found a cup and saucer rack that matched my new plate rack. Just what I needed. And the best news? Half price. One dollar and fifty cents. I knew it would be perfect on the only wall in my dining room – above the picture that my sweetheart gave me several years ago. (oops – the picture is tilted a bit!) Isn't it perfect there? You can see here what was above the big picture before I got the cup rack. They were moved to a little wall in my kitchen. I tried several different combinations of cups and saucers and I didn't come up with just the right thing. I stood on the other side of the room one day and studied it, trying to decide what I wanted to do. All of a sudden, I knew! I had the perfect plan. My dear, little mother's tea set was what I needed! She had given it to me some time ago and she was keeping it stored safe and sound until I decided where I wanted to use it. I knew now it was time to claim her gift! And she was very pleased! The cups and saucers you see are the Royal Albert 'Tea Rose' pattern. This is a set of six cups and saucers and one luncheon plate. My father was a minister and for many years he travelled throughout the United States and Canada, preaching in different churches and Bible camps. My dear mother travelled with him. Before I was married a dear Canadian friend gave her the first cup and saucer that was the beginning of this set. She received one or two more as gifts and then purchased the remaining pieces whenever she returned to Canada. I would love to add more pieces to the set. I'll be watching for good deals online and in my thrifting and antiquing trips. These cups and saucers are part of my history – old treasures that mean much to me. They won't always hang on the wall. From time to time they will come down and be used to serve tea to my friends. Maybe you could join me for tea one of these days. I'd love to share it with you and let you enjoy my new finds and old treasures. There is a sad ending to this story: in the unpacking of the tea set I discovered one carefully wrapped saucer had not survived the storage. My dear, little mother had carefully wrapped each piece well and placed them in a heavy-duty box that was stored on an out-of-the way shelf that didn't get much 'traffic'. What happened may never be known. I'm hoping to find a lone saucer to replace it sometime. In my thrifting stops I often find beautiful, single, orphan saucers that have been separated from their lovely cups. I've seen this one in the past when I didn't think I needed it – now I'll wait until I find one again! In the meantime I'll enjoy what I have and I'll always treasure the dear ones who shared themselves with me and made this all possible.
I planned to share some new-to-me finds today but I must postpone that plan. One of the finds has an issue – a slight off-balance issue. I need my sweetheart to help me fix it, straighten it on the wall, before I share it with you tomorrow. Otherwise, it will look pretty strange.
A little 'housekeeping' – blog business – is in order. I was recently asked if I had experienced a career change recently. A blog friend observed that something was different – and she noticed that my chaplain badge was no longer displayed on the sidebar of my blog. She was right. In the rush of the holidays and the beginning of a new year I didn't announce that I retired from my chaplain ministry at the end of December. The time had come for me to be more available to help my dear, little mother and to be more involved in the lives of my grown children and my grandchildren. Little did I know that things would change so rapidly for my dear, little mother and I am so glad I have the freedom to be available for her as she needs me.
I've been waiting for the day that I could tell you. My sweetheart is going to retire! His last day at work will be October fifth! Seventy days from today! He announced it at work yesterday – and we are excited. Plans have been discussed, decisions made, paperwork completed and the time will be here before we know it. Life will change for us and we are ready. We have dreams and hopes and plans. We're passionate about some things we want to do. We are about to embark on the next stage of our lives. We believe this time of our lives will be an encore – we've lived a good, full life so far and we've been blessed beyond imagination. Now, the best is yet to come! We really believe that God has saved the best for last! And we are ready. Very ready. There will be adventures and challenges and adjustments. We're not afraid – we're eager to begin this part of the journey. We've waited a long time for this. Now we wait patiently to see what lies ahead. We wait with anticipation. And excitement. And wonder because, even though we don't know what the future holds, we know the One Who holds our future.
Summer is moving along so fast and it may seem that I've disappeared! Most days find me moving quickly from one thing – often from one place – to another. I decided to slow down a bit and catch you up on some of my doings.
One of the members of our family seems to enjoy afternoon naps outside. Miss Savannah takes several daily naps somewhere in the back yard. Sometimes in the sun. Often in the shade of the afternoon. Her favorite spot seems to be in the middle of the lawn right where she can listen for and watch the birds moving in our neighbor's trees. She comes alive when a squirrel or two runs along our fence from one place to another. No matter where I am in the house I can always tell the squirrels are out and about and Miss Savannah is somewhere close. They chitter and chatter and scold her at the top of their little voices.
My dear, little mother has improved. It's a blessing; however, she still needs to take life pretty slow and get a lot of rest. While she hasn't been able to return to most of her usual duties she enjoys being in her home and is glad she can fix her own meals again. Unless she has an invitation to my home. Then, she jumps at the chance to let someone else do the cooking and squeeze in a good visit at the same time! Sometimes we take a meal to her house and enjoy dinner there with her. She has some new medications that are helping her heart work a bit more efficiently. While she is improved, life has changed for her. And for me. I'm so thankful I can be here for her through these days. She is a dear – and I am SO blessed that she is still here!
Last Sunday afternoon I enjoyed a special bloggers lunch at the home of my dear blog friend, Marilyn of Delights Of The Heart. Again, I didn't have my camera! (Note to self: You need to work on that bad habit. There's a pattern developing here!) Please stop by Marilyn's blog (here) to see her beautiful greenhouse where we had lunch and to read about our time together. Marilyn's husband built the greenhouse, using recycled windows and materials. Two summers ago she and I had afternoon tea in the greenhouse. You can see more of her beautiful home and yard here. There was a special tea ceremony in her yard later last Sunday afternoon. I was not able to stay for tea time but I enjoyed lunch time with blog friends I've 'met' online and some who were new to me. I love the way the blog world brings people together who might never have a chance to meet.
Things have been very busy – sometimes crazy – here at our house over the past few months. We have some big changes coming soon. We are waiting for the arrival of our sweet, little granddaughter in about a month. We can't wait to meet her and spend time with her. And love her a lot (and spoil her just a bit)!
I've been tweaking and rearranging things in my home. I'm trying to simplify our home a bit and give it a different 'feel'. Some of the changes are still in process but I'll show you what I've been doing soon. Tomorrow I will share some recent finds and treasures that have found their way to special places in our home. And I'll share some big news I've been waiting to share!


text:
Supreme Court in landmark ruling, issues ultimatum to Tomana
Prosecutor-General, Johannes Tomana, was today given a five day period by the Supreme Court within which he is supposed to issue a certificate that would allow for the private prosecution of Telecel shareholder, Jane Mutasa.
Prosecutor-General, Johannes Tomana
The development marks a landmark ruling that would allow for private prosecution in the country.
Mutasa, was arrested sometime in 2010 together with Telecel's Commercial Director, Naguib Omar, on allegations of swindling the firm of more than $1,7 million in airtime cards.
However, Tomana had contended there was lack of evidence against Mutasa and therefore, prosecution could not go ahead.
Last year, the High Court threw out Telecel's application for a certificate of private prosecution saying a private company could not carry out its own prosecution.
The development prompted the mobile phone company to make another appeal with the Supreme Court.
Today the appeal was heard before Justices, Bharat Patel, Vernanda Ziyambi and Paddington Garwe. Telecel's lawyer, Isiah Mureriwa, of Scanlen and Holderness confirmed the development to The Zimbabwean.
"The ruling was in three parts. Firstly, it means that a private company can now institute private prosecution under Zimbabwean law. Secondly, the Prosecutor General's office is supposed to issue a certificate of private prosecution and also pay the costs. It was a ruling that was unanimously agreed to by all the judges," said Mureriwa.
A private prosecution is started by a private individual or entity that is not acting on behalf of the police or any other prosecuting authority.
It is also referred to as a safeguard against the failure or refusal by the authorities to prosecute offenders. This implies that the Prosecutor General's office might have unacceptably failed to deal with the Telecel case.
Bingo wokwa Gutu 29/01/2014 | 8:39
Unonzi ani, tomama? No wonder why.
">Agen Bola | 14/01/2015 | 3:28
Couldn't be written any better. Reading this post reminds me of my old room mate! He always kept talking about this. I will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thanks for sharing!


On the hilly route around the Monsanto Park in Lisbon, Bladzun produced a magnificent time trial. He finished the 38,7 km. long route about 2 minutes slowlier than the winner, Jan Ullrich. The CSC Tiscali rider was 25 seconds away from 7th place.
"I'm proud. Today, I was up against all the big names in their best form. I'm very satisfied. This is what I came for", an emotional Michael Blaudzun said after having rested a bit in the Danish camp. Three weeks ago, Blaudzun also came in 10th in the GP des Nations, but the competition was significantly stronger today.
Brian Holm, leader of the Danish World Championship elite team, was also satisfied. "It was a brilliant performance by Michael. It´s a great start for the professional riders. This takes some of the pressure away from the team".


text:
Times co-founder, Louvenia Johnson, inducted into Milwaukee Press Club Hall of Fame
The Milwaukee Press Club held its 34th Annual Media Hall of Fame dinner on Friday, October 25, 2013 at the Potawatomi Casino Ballroom. This event honored individuals who have made great contributions to print and broadcast journalism. Mrs. Louvenia Johnson (inset), co-founder of the Milwaukee Times Weekly Newspaper was inducted at the event. Johnson established a journalism program for high school students and scholarship foundation with her Social Security check. To this day, the scholarship has awarded over $500,000 to Milwaukee youth. Mrs. Johnson passed away in February 2008 at the age of 96. Pictured above are aspiring journalism students: Colton Dunham, Amber Ridgeway, Ciera Sutton, Nathan Conyers (co-founder of the Milwaukee Times), Raina Johnson and Lauren Miller.
The question is often asked, what can one person do to change their community?
Well, Mrs. Louvenia Johnson answered that question very well by her many acts of generosity to individuals and organizations. And on Friday, October 25, 2013, the Milwaukee Press Club inducted Mrs. Johnson posthumously into the Milwaukee Press Club Hall of Fame.
In 1981, Johnson co-founded The Christian Times Newspaper, along with Nathan Conyers and Luther Golden. The Christian Times was envisioned to be a publication that served the faith-based community, because there was no other news voice for the faith community in the city of Milwaukee. The publication broadened its focus and later in that same year began to incorporate more community news and the name was changed to The Milwaukee Times and thus launched a weekly publication.
Johnson served as office and personnel manager. She visited advertisers, answered the phone, communicated with churches, assisted with the delivery of the paper and took the paper to the printer. She was a joy to work with and never missed a day coming to the office; her infectious energy was kept alive by her love of Christ and her favorite snacks, a Pepsi Cola with a bag of pork skins.
Johnson was known as a real visionary leader and pioneer in the news business. Her vision and passion for the news ran across Wisconsin in various communities: Milwaukee, Beloit, Racine and Madison.
Let's get it right
"We'll see them in court:" Sheriff Clarke defiant after county board authorizes $35,000 to sue him f...
Nothing hindered Margaret Brown from working and getting an education
MMABSE 2014 Teacher of the Year Gala
Granville B.I.D. hosts '2020 Harvest Fest'


2D|3D Multi Object Behavior library focused on hybrid system interactions with custom Visualization, Data, and performance features.
There are currently 5 types of objects you can inherit from or implement their default attributes.
Object – Abstract class from which other objects can inherit from. Both Creepers & Seekers extend this class. This class also has the instances of the controller and vizualization classes required to run these objects. This class declares the basic abstract methods which must be implemented by any class which derrives from it.
Creeper – Creeper Objects are the main implementation of the abstract Objects. They are able to implement any type of behavior and are meant as a do all type of object.
Seekers – Seeker Objects are the technically also main implementation of the abstract Objects, like Creeper Objects, they poses the same capabilities. They are able to implement any type of behavior but are meant to be used as Objects which "Seek" other objects. They should be used in conjunction with behaviors.trailFollowing Methods. I have not restricted their behavior implementations at this stage but might do so in the future to make certain behaviors more Object type specific.
The Culebra objects have been set up to take advantage of Polymorphism, which is the ability for an object of one type to be treated as though it were another type. In Java, inheritance provides us one kind of polymorphism. An object of a subclass can be treated as though it were an object of its parent class, or any of its ancestor classes. Any Java object that can pass more than one IS-A test is considered to be polymorphic.
Culebra's Abstract Object ,Controller & Viz Classes are strongly associated and form a Composition. The composition or HAS-A relationship means an instance of one class "has a" reference to an instance of another class or another instance of same class. So our Culebra Object "has a" reference to the Controller and Viz classes which are key.
Creepers & Seekers have a IS-A relationship to the culebra Object Abstract Class. IS-A relationships are totally based on inheritance.
BabySeekers & BabyCreepers have a IS-A relationship with Creeper & Seeker Objects respectively.
Controller Class – this is the class which acts as controller for all behaviors classes. This class also builds on behaviors, using image drivers and other features which are not in the stock behavior classes. The Abstract Object class mentioned below contains and instance of this class (controller contains instance of all behaviors), and since all other objects derrive from this class the controller is there to provide a global controlling mechanism. See Class Diagram for more details.
Flocking Behavior – Flockers Behavior Type Class Implements Flock Behavior Interface.
Wandering Behavior – Wanderer Behavior Type Class Implements Wander Behavior Interface, the base Wander behavior is from Craig Reynolds and Daniel Shiffman.
Noise Behavior – Improved Perlin Noise Behavior Type Class Implements Noise Behavior Interface.
Tracking Behavior – Path, Shape and multiShape Tracker Behavior Type Class Implements Tracking Behavior Interface.
BabyMakers Behavior – Objects can spawn children under the right conditions. Objects can have type specific behaviors. For example, if you are a "Parent" object or object of type Creeper or Seeker or you derrive from these classes then you can create children, however if you are of type BabyX then you no longer have the capability to spawn children.
Mesh Crawler – Mesh Crawler Behavior Class.
Forces – Attract, Repel and other force methods inside the controller class.
Obviously thanks to Craig Reynolds for all of his work on boids behavior.
Big thanks to Daniel Shiffman, his work has been very inspirational and referenced in this library.


As of November 3, 2008, API International is now managing the BMW Group Product Ordering System.
Please visit http://store.apinet.com or call API International at 800-527-4872 for more information.
Central Letter Shop is a partner company of CCG Marketing Solutions.


text:
Former Citigroup chairman Richard Parsons named interim CEO of Clippers
By Kurt HelinMay 9, 2014, 3:49 PM EDT
The long-range future of the Clippers is murky — the other owners are starting the process to force a sale of the team, while both Donald and Shelly Sterling separately plan to fight that plan — but the short term picture got a little more clear.
Richard Parsons, the former Citigroup chairman and Time Warner CEO, has been appointed the interim CEO of the Los Angeles Clippers, the league has announced.
"I believe the hiring of Dick Parsons will bring extraordinary leadership and immediate stability to the Clippers organization," NBA Commissioner Adam Silver said in a released statement. "Dick's credentials as a proven chief executive speak for themselves and I am extremely grateful he accepted this responsibility."
"Like most Americans, I have been deeply troubled by the pain the Clippers' team, fans and partners have endured," said Parsons in a statement released through the league. "A lifelong fan of the NBA, I am firmly committed to the values and principles it is defending, and I completely support Adam's leadership in navigating the challenges facing the team and the league. The Clippers are a resilient organization with a brilliant coach and equally talented and dedicated athletes and staff who have demonstrated great strength of character during a time of adversity. I am honored to be asked to work with them, build on their values and accomplishments, and help them open a new, inspiring era for their team."
After racist remarks by Sterling were released on a recording the Clippers faced serious ramifications — multiple sponsors (some of the NBA's biggest) pulled their association with the Clippers, plus the players were threatening to boycott a playoff game (not just the Clippers but also the Golden State Warriors).
In a decision that was a combination of justified moral outrage and smart business move, Silver responded by banning Donald Sterling for life, fining him $2.5 million and starting the process with the other league owners to force a sale of the team. The league also forced long-time Sterling associate and team president Andy Roeser to step aside.
Parsons, an African-American, steps into that vacuum and will oversee the operation (primarily the business side; he is not going to be making basketball decisions –that power remains with Doc Rivers mostly). Parsons is currently a senior advisor at Providence Equity Partners, sits on the board of directors for the Commission on Presidential Debates, and has served as a member of President Barack Obama's economic advisory team.
He will stay in this position until the ownership situation is settled, something likely headed to the courts after the owners vote out Donald Sterling. Complicating matters, Donald owns the team 50-50 in a trust with his wife Shelly. Also, Donald is currently battling cancer, according to reports. Shelly is apparently good with this hire.
Shelly Sterling says that Parsons "is an ideal choice to run the franchise until the ownership issues are clarified."
— Ramona Shelburne (@ramonashelburne) May 9, 2014


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Renjo La Pass is one of the most challenging routes in the Khumbu (Everest) region. It goes through Lukla-Namche Bazaar- Thamo (3,700 m) and Thame (3900 m) are Sherpa villages, over Ranjo-La Pass and to Gokyo Ri via Gokyo. From Gokyo you cross Nagozumda Glacier to Cho-La Pass.
The lore of the Himalayas looms largest around the great 8,000-meter peak massifs of Cho Oyo, Everest, Lhotse, and Makalu.The remote valleys beneath these peaks are threaded by ancient trails. Some like the well-traveled path to Everest Base camp are well known among Western trekkers and mountaineers.
Others including the trail through Nangpa La between Namche Bazar and Tibet are known to Tibetan monks and traders, but have long been forbidden to Westerners. This exploratory trip is our attempt to offer fresh insight, little trod trails and new visual perspectives on this area of greatest Himalayan peaks. This trek also traces important history of the Sherpa people. They settled the region in the late 1400s or early 1500s, arriving from the eastern Tibetan province of Salmo Gang. Sherpas appears to have left their homeland and crossed the Nangpa-La pass (18,749') in to Nepal.
The economy of the Sherpa Community has traditionally been agriculture, livestock herding and trading between Nepal and Tibet. With the coming of the Mountaineering Expedition since 1950s, the region has attracted large number of tourist as climbers and adventure trekkers. People from Tibet walk all the way down to Namche to sell their home made stuffs and salt to trade. The most wonderful experience would be to explore this area during the end of monsoon season when flowers pop out in Nangpala, giving the trekkers the illusion that they are walking on textured carpet.
The strong fragrances of flowers refresh the mind and feels heavenly to camp there and have a very sweet sleep at night. The caravan-style business, it`s remoteness, the biggest glaciers in the whole of the Khumbu region and spectacular views of Mt. Everest and Mt. Cho Oyo are the spectacular features in this trek.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment~\cite{a}) is a general-purpose heavy-ion experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The experiment was designed to study ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions in order to detect and characterize a new state of matter: the Quark$-$Gluon Plasma (QGP).

The measurement of heavy-flavored hadrons (containing a quark charm or beauty) and quarkonia (bound state $c\overline{c}$ and $b\overline{b}$) is fundamental in this study, since the probes provide information on the interaction of heavy quarks with the medium and on the status of confinement in the QGP.
Heavy flavors and quarkonia are measured in their muonic decay channels with the ALICE Muon Spectrometer, which consists of a complex arrangement of absorbers, a large dipole magnet, and twelve stations of tracking and triggering chambers.

The Muon Trigger system of the experiment is currently made up of 72 bakelite Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs~\cite{b}) with a 2 mm single-gap. The RPCs are arranged in four detection planes and equipped with front-end electronics~\cite{g} with a low threshold value (7 mV) and without amplification. The RPCs are currently operated in maxi-avalanche mode with a gas mixture of 89.7\% $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$, 10\% $iC_{4}H_{10}$ and 0.3\% $SF_{6}$, showing a good performance in the LHC environment~\cite{c}. Water vapor is added to the gas mixture in order to maintain the relative humidity equal to about 45\% and avoid any changes in the resistivity of the bakelite RPC electrodes.

The current gas mixture is not environmental friendly because of the presence of greenhouse gases; they are classified according to their Global Warming Potential (GWP), which is a relative measurement of how much heat is trapped into the atmosphere with respect to the same mass of $CO_{2}$. Indeed the $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$ has a GWP equal to 1430, whereas the GWP of $SF_{6}$ is 22200. Since January 2015, a new European Union (EU) regulation~\cite{d} has limited the total emissions of fluorinated gases or even banned their use when less harmful alternative are already available. The EU regulation might have a significant effect on future availability of these gases and their prices could rise. In addition, the use of $10\% \ iC_{4}H_{10}$ makes the current ALICE mixture flammable.
The gas volume for the Muon Trigger is quite small (about $0.3 \  m^{3}$), nevertheless an alternative gas mixture is welcome.

R\&D studies on non-flammable mixtures without greenhouse gases have been performed for possible future upgrades in view of the forthcoming ALICE runs at the LHC. The ongoing experimental approaches are focused on the reduction of the total GWP and the removal of flammable components in the current gas mixture.

\section{RPC operation with non-flammable and environmental friendly gases
}
The GWP of the current mixture is equal to 1350: 95\% of this is due to the presence of $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$. The hydrofluoroolefins may be appropriate candidates to replace $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$, thanks to their very low GWPs. Among the available hydrofluorooolefins the tetrafluoropropane ($C_{3}H_{2}F_{4}$), which can be found with the trade-name $HFO1234ze$ ($HFOze$), may represent a valid alternative to the $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$: its chemical structure suggests a good capability to absorb photons, due to the presence of a double bond in the chain of carbon atoms, and its GWP is lower than 1. In addition, $HFOze$ is not flammable at room temperature and recent studies~\cite{e} suggest a strong electron attachment.

The direct replacement of $HFOze$ with $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$ would need an increase of the electric field, leading to operating voltages larger than 14 kV, which is not advisable for the electrical stability of our system. Therefore several tests with the addition of different gases have been performed in order to operate at lower values of the electric field and identify some promising $HFO$-based mixtures for the requirements of the Muon Identifier in the forthcoming High-Luminosity runs. The addition of $CO_{2}$ is the most promising so far, therefore only results on $HFO$-based mixtures with $CO_{2}$ will be shown in this work.

\subsection{Characterization of eco-friendly gas mixtures for RPC operation}
\subsubsection{Experimental set-up}
\label{sec:exp}
A dedicated experimental set-up, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:1}, has been used to carry out R\&D studies on various gas mixtures flushing two small-size ($50 \cdot 50 \ cm^{2}$, $2 \ mm$ gas gap) RPCs, exposed to the cosmic-ray flux. The muon trigger is provided by the coincidence of four scintillators, coupled with photomultipliers. High voltages (HV) are applied to the detectors with temperature and pressure correction. The gas mixture for the performance measurements is dry and, consequently, the resistivity of the bakelite electrodes is kept optimal by flowing the RPCs with a wet mixture every 10/15 days. Signals, induced on the about 2 cm wide read-out strips, are acquired by an oscilloscope (LeCroy WaveSurfer 510) with a bandwidth equal to 1 GHz and sampling rate at 10 GS/s. The signal waveforms are divided into three different time windows for the analysis: in the first one with 100 ns width the voltage baseline is determined, in the second one (100 ns) the amplitude and the charge of the signals are measured and finally in the last one (200 ns) the possible presence of after-pulses is checked.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth,clip]{figure1.png}
\caption{\label{fig:1} Experimental set-up for R\&D studies on eco-friendly gas mixtures.}
\end{figure}

The detector is considered as efficient to the passage of a particle if the corresponding signal has an amplitude larger than 3 mV and a charge larger than 0.3 pC. If the measured charge is larger than 3 pC, the signal is considered as a streamer in this work.

\subsubsection{Characterization of $HFO$-based mixtures with addition of $CO_{2}$
}
Before starting studies on detector performance with $HFO$-based mixture, RPCs have been characterized with the most common gas mixtures at the LHC for this type of detector. Fig.~\ref{fig:2} shows the efficiency curve and the streamer probability with the current ALICE and ATLAS$-$CMS gas mixtures.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth,clip]{figure2.png}
\caption{\label{fig:2} Efficiency curve and streamer probability for current and ATLAS$-$CMS gas mixtures.}
\end{figure}

In the next step, the fraction of $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$ (89.7\%) that is currently present in the gas mixture was replaced with 44.5\% $CO_{2}$ and 45.2\% $HFOze$. The efficiency curve is shifted to higher values by 1500 V in comparison to the detector efficiency with the present gas mixture and the streamer probability is increased, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:3}. The addition of $SF_{6}$ reduces the streamer probability: in particular, a value lower than 5\% is observed at an efficiency equal to 90\% when the mixture includes 1\% $SF_{6}$, even if the working point is shifted by another 500 V.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth,clip]{figure3.png}
\caption{\label{fig:3} Efficiency and streamer probability for HFO-based gas mixtures with 0.3\% and 1.0\% $SF_{6}$.}
\end{figure}

The ratio between $CO_{2}$ and $HFOze$ proves to be fundamental in reducing the operating voltage. Fig.~\ref{fig:4} shows the effect of partially replacing $HFOze$ by $CO_{2}$: the working point is progressively shifted to lower values, even if the streamer probability becomes higher. Moreover, an instability of the electric current at the working voltage was observed when a gas mixture with 55.5\% $CO_{2}$ is used in the detector. Further investigations are needed to understand the reasons for such a behavior.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth,clip]{figure4.png}
\caption{\label{fig:4} Efficiency and streamer probability for gas mixtures with different ratios between $CO_{2}$ and $HFOze$.}
\end{figure}

The results obtained with the gas mixtures with 44.5\% and 50\% $CO_{2}$, shown respectively in blue and red in Fig.~\ref{fig:4} are promising and their total GWPs (equal to 223) are almost six times lower than the presently used mixture (equal to 1350). On the other hand, the working point remains high and the contamination of streamers at the operating voltage may be excessive. However the new front-end electronics~\cite{f} for the forthcoming upgrade in view of Run 3 provides an amplification stage which allows one to achieve the maximum detector efficiency at lower values of electric field, in which streamers have smaller chances to develop.

\subsection{Characterization of gas mixtures without flammable components}
The current mixture has a high concentration of $iC_{4}H_{10}$, which makes it flammable. Non-flammable components would be advisable to make the operation of detectors simpler and safer. R\&D studies to avoid the use of flammable components in the gas mixtures are ongoing and especially the replacement of $iC_{4}H_{10}$ with $CO_{2}$ in $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$-based mixtures has been investigated.
\\
The experimental set-up is the same as the one presented in the  section~\ref{sec:exp} with only two changes:
\begin{itemize}
\item the data acquisition has been performed with the standard ALICE front-end electronics, which has a voltage threshold equal to 7 mV without amplification;
\item the gas mixture bubbles in water at 10 $^\circ$C before flowing into the detector, whereas the only replacement in the composition is the use of $CO_{2}$ instead of $iC_{4}H_{10}$.
\end{itemize}

After the characterization of the RPCs with the current gas mixture, several mixtures have been tested with different ratio of $CO_{2}$ and $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$. The resulting efficiency curves and cluster sizes are shown in the left and right side of Fig.~\ref{fig:5}, respectively.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth,clip]{figure5.png}
\caption{\label{fig:5} Efficiency (left) and cluster size (right) for different concentrations of $CO_{2}$ in $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$-based mixtures. The error bars for the values of cluster size are hidden by the markers.}
\end{figure}

$C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$-based mixtures with an addition of $CO_{2}$ instead of $iC_{4}H_{10}$ result in a cluster size at working point generally larger than the one obtained with the present mixture. The cluster size as well as the number of after-pulses observed with the oscilloscope progressively increase with the $CO_{2}$ content. In addition, some stability problems of RPCs have been observed after about two months of the operation.
Figure~\ref{fig:6} shows the shift of the efficiency curve and the huge increase in current by a factor of about 15 in a short period of operation. This issue on the operation stability is under further investigation; possible reasons might be the gas quality, the environmental conditions, the humidity in the mixture, chemical reactions between $CO_{2}$ and the inner surface of the detectors or among the components of the gas mixture, etc.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth,clip]{figure6.png}
\caption{\label{fig:6} Efficiency (left) and current absorbed by the RPC detector (right) as a function of the applied voltage measured in April and June 2017. The error bars for the measured currents are hidden by the markers.}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
R\&D studies on gas mixtures for RPC detectors are ongoing in order to identify and characterize a non-flammable gas mixture without greenhouse gases or at least with a low GWP.
$HFOze$ is a possible candidate to substitute the $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$, thanks to its very low GWP. In addition the partial or total replacement of $iC_{4}H_{10}$ with a non-flammable gas would be advisable for security reasons.

Several tests on $HFO$-based mixtures with the addition of various gases are ongoing in order to operate at lower values of electric field. Encouraging results with the addition of $CO_{2}$ have been obtained, but cluster size and time resolution of the detectors are not still measured with the upgraded electronics for the forthcoming data taking period (Run 3). Furthermore long time stability tests are required to check the rate capability, the effects of background radiation, the performance and possible aging effects.

Finally R\&D studies to select only non-flammable components in the gas mixtures are ongoing. The replacement of $iC_{4}H_{10}$ with $CO_{2}$ in $C_{2}H_{2}F_{4}$-based mixtures is not promising because $CO_{2}$ leads to large cluster sizes at the working point. In addition some issues on the operation stability of RPCs with $CO_{2}$ have been observed after two months of operation with cosmic-ray flux. Therefore further tests are fundamental to check the compatibility of $CO_{2}$ in the gas mixture for RPCs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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World Destruction LP out now!
Dreadsquad & Blackout JA – World Destruction LP
Artist: Dreadsquad & Blackout JA
Title: World Destruction
Genre: Reggae, Dub, Raggamuffin, Rub a Dub, Bass, EDM, World Music
Artwork: Marek Bogdański, Anna Jędrzejak
A wonderful thing when 2 people come together from different corners of the world and unite through music, sharing their experiences and building blocks to support shared ideas. This is exactly what happened with Dreadsquad and Blackout JA when, at Uprising Festival, Slovakia, the pair met, bonded and decided to spend a week writing and recording to produce what is now the main body of 'World Destruction'.
The result, as Dreadsquad feels, 'is at the same time very diverse and cohesive' and this is down to a number of things; namely the production techniques used, the style of Blackouts vocals and the natural way that all of the songs came together to reflect the current atmosphere of the world.
Subject matters of the songs move through corruption, poverty, mind control, war on drugs, police brutality and the destruction of the world we are living in but they also highlight positivity and solutions spreading love and giving people hope.
The 2 singles being lifted from the album, 'Last Tune' and 'A Girl Like You', will be put to good use on both the radio and dance floor, then the album as a whole takes in many different genres; Roots Reggae, Digital / Raggamuffin, UK Steppas, Rub a Dub with influences of World Music and EDM.
"Last Tune" is the first single from the forthcoming Dreadsquad album with Blackout JA – 'World Destruction'. The track started life in San Francisco as a collaboration with Kush Arora then later Bristolian brass section Smerins Anti-Social Club added the next layer and finally Blackout came with the finishing move. Last Tune was ready to finish the dance.
This is Heavy UK Steppers style – designed for take the remaining crowd in the dance all the way through to when the lights go up. This is raw energy through and through and as Blackout shouts to the people to get even more energy it perfectly illustrates the relationship between the party and the selector.
You can get it in our STORE on 7″ vinyl
Second single taken from the album is "A girl Like You". The original track written and performed by Edwin Collins is a classic piece of music that throughout his childhood had influenced Dreadsquad without him even realising it and then when in his later years he heard it played in a taxi he knew right away that he had to make a Reggae version of it. It's this relationship with the song that makes this cover authentic.
The lyrics are strong and unique whilst the melody is infectious, and the way that Blackout delivers the song with his rough, raspy tone gives a whole new angle for everyone who hears it to enjoy. It's the first time that Blackout has recorded a cover and it's one of two love songs that feature on their album 'World Destruction'.
Dreadsquad and Blackout JA will be performing their album 'World Destruction' across Europe throughout 2016
World Destruction by Dreadsquad & Blackout JA
Marek Bogdanski Posted in BLOG	album, blckout ja, lp, world destruction	Leave a comment


Another way to protect an area containing good surfing waves is with a surfing reserve. If implemented in a similar way to a bird sanctuary or other type of nature reserve, the surfing reserve could make sure that, at least, certain 'iconic' surfing waves are protected forever. The concept was first introduced in Australia way back in 1973.
Even though declaring a spot a surfing reserve in theory won't stop somebody coming along and destroying a wave if they really wanted to, the high-profile recognition of a spot will make a lot more people sit up and take notice if something negative starts to happen.
In the UK, surfing reserves could be integrated into sustainable development practices managed alongside the environmental, societal and economic fabric of local communities.
World Surfing Reserves, a programme of Save The Waves, proactively identifies, designates and preserves outstanding waves, surf zones and surrounding environments around the world. The programme serves as a global model for preserving wave breaks and their surrounding areas by recognizing and protecting the key environmental, cultural, economic and community attributes of surfing areas.
A good example of protecting a key surfing area is the Surfrider Foundation's Save Trestles campaign, where surfers of all walks of life came together to fight a toll road that threatens the pristine natural watershed (catchment) of San Mateo Creek that geologically creates the perfect reef breaks of Trestles.
In October 2013, Surfers Against Sewage campaigners were accompanied by double Brit Award winner Ben Howard to deliver the the Protect Our Waves petition to No 10 Downing Street, representing the call of 55,000 surfers for better protection of UK surfing habitats.
The Protect Our Waves petition received tens of thousands of signatures of support, highlighting the importance of UK surfing resources to coastal communities nationwide. The petition called for better protection for the coastal environment and those that use it. The focus of the petition is a call for amendments to legislation to better control sewage pollution, marine litter and damaging coastal developments & industry.
The petition enabled the formation of the Protect Our Waves All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG), bringing together Members of Parliament representing the majority of the UK's key coastal communities, to address the most urgent environmental issues highlighted by the Protect Our Waves petition – marine litter, water quality and coastal development.
Laws are needed to specifically protect surfing waves. In the UK, developers already have to go through an expensive and time-consuming process to get planning permission, and this includes conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
If there were proper laws stating that surfing waves cannot be interfered with or destroyed, it would be in the developers' own interest to avoid putting their concrete in the wrong place. At the moment, no law exists in the UK to protect surf spots, but it does in one country: Peru. Peru has a history of surfing culture that goes back almost as far as Hawaii, and surfing is seen as a respectable and worthwhile pastime, unlike in many parts of Europe or indeed much of the rest of the world.


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Atlanta Campaign Map
May-September 1864
First Battle in Campaign
General William T. Sherman
Atlanta Campaign Additional Reading
Georgia State Battle Map
Alphabetic Battle List
American Civil War Timeline
Sherman's March: The First Full-Length Narrative of General William T. Sherman's Devastating March through Georgia and the Carolinas
Beginning with the fall of Atlanta, the unrelenting aggressive slash and burn total warfare of General Sherman's Union troops, and then the final march into Raleigh
The Railroads of the Confederacy
The story of the first use of railroads on a major scale in a major war. A complex and fascinating tale, with the railroads of the American South playing the part of tragic hero in the Civil War: at first vigorous though immature; then overloaded, driven unmercifully, starved for iron; and eventually worn out
The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman
Utilizing regimental histories, historian Hirshon offers a sympathetic yet excellent biography of one of the more noted Civil War generals, best remembered for burning Atlanta, cutting a swath of destruction across Georgia, then creating total destruction in South Carolina, including the burning of Columbia. Hirshon gives us an insight into how Sherman's own troops felt about him and his relationships with fellow generals, especially Grant.
Sherman Invades Georgia: Planning the North Georgia Campaign Using a Modern Perspective
Sherman Invades Georgia takes advantage of modern planning techniques to fully examine what went into the Georgia campaign. Unlike other studies, though, this one puts the reader squarely into the mind of General Sherman on the eve of his most famous military undertaking—limiting the information to that possessed by Sherman at the time, as documented in his correspondence during the campaign and not in his after-the-fact reports and autobiography.
Southern Storm
Sherman's March to the Sea
The destruction spanned more than sixty miles in width and virtually cut the South in two, disabling the flow of supplies to the Confederate army. He led more than 60,000 Union troops to blaze a path from Atlanta to Savannah, ordering his men to burn crops, kill livestock, and decimate everything that fed the Rebel war machine
Sherman's Mississippi Campaign
Sherman set out from Vicksburg on February 3, 1864, with an army of some 25,000 infantry and a battalion of cavalry. An opportunity to observe how this large-scale raid presaged Shermans Atlanta and Carolina campaigns, revealing the transformation of Shermans strategic thinking
The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns
This book contains an examination of the army that General William Tecumseh Sherman led through Georgia and the Carolinas, in late 1864 and early 1865. Instead of being just another narrative of the March to the Sea and Carolina campaigns, however, Glatthaar's book is a look at the individuals that composed the army.
Sherman's Horsemen: Union Cavalry Operations in the Atlanta Campaign
A comprehensive study of the role of the cavalry in Sherman's coordinated assault on Atlanta in 1864, involving three federal armies that swept in from the west through Alabama and Georgia
Civil War Virginia Battle Appomattox Court House American Civil War
Georgia Civil War Battle Rocky Face Ridge American Civil War
Georgia State Flag Civil War Map of Battles History
Civil War Map of State Battle Locations American