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Journal of Environmental Protection > Vol.7 No.3, February 2016
The History of Hydrocarbon Analyses: Whence Has Forensic Geochemical Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting Come ()
Michael J. Wade1, Dennis Stainken2
1Wade Research, Inc., Marshfield, USA.
2Princeton-Somerset Group, Inc., Hillsborough, USA.
DOI: 10.4236/jep.2016.73026 PDF HTML XML 3,116 Downloads 3,841 Views Citations
The current techniques used in forensic geochemical hydrocarbon fingerprinting have their genesis along with the evolution of gas chromatography as it applies to hydrocarbon research. In the United States, a small group of government and academic chemists and marine scientists pioneered the use of gas chromatography in the identification of both natural and petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. Natural products were a primary focus until the research direction was altered somewhat by marine oil spills, accidents releasing crude oil and refined petroleum products to the world's coastal marine environment, giving rise to concerns regarding biogeochemical impacts. Application of oil spill research continued from that point so that the geochemical research begun in the late 1960s and early 1970s now forms a major component of investigations of petroleum releases both in the aquatic and terrestrial environments. As the capabilities for the identification of individual hydrocarbons in a variety of petroleum products improved with basic advances in chromatographic technology, new applied sciences in forensic geochemical hydrocarbon fingerprinting have emerged. While in the beginning the identification of bulk petroleum products received primary emphasis, current techniques are now capable of distinguishing among a variety of potential sources including those derived from natural processes, undetected individual releases, chronic releases and obvious catastrophic releases. However, a review of the techniques employed in the late 1960s and early 1970s will show that the basic approaches pioneered at that time are still in use today, albeit with a higher level, with concomitant advances in chromatographic technology as the questions grow in complexity.
Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting, Forensic Geochemistry, Gas Chromatography
Wade, M. and Stainken, D. (2016) The History of Hydrocarbon Analyses: Whence Has Forensic Geochemical Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting Come. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7, 303-311. doi: 10.4236/jep.2016.73026.
Received 18 January 2016; accepted 23 February 2016; published 26 February 2016
While it might be tempting to attribute the evolution of hydrocarbon analytical techniques that existed previously into today's modern petroleum spill fingerprinting approaches to the increase in environmental awareness born in the late 1960s brought on by the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962 [1] , to do so would pay short shrift to the powerful influence the research community holds on the subject. True, Silent Spring, which had been serialized in the New Yorker before being published as a standalone work by Houghton Mifflin, grabbed governmental attention and, ultimately, the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Already, in the 1960s there were established government, industry and academic research organizations pursuing research in hydrocarbons in natural systems. Further, the development of the world's petroleum exploration and production industry played a major role in such interests. So, multiple forces can be viewed as effective here.
During the 1960s there were a series of oceanic and inland oil spills and oil pollution incidents that were well publicized. One of the most famous was the Torrey Canyon. The Torrey Canyon spill in March 1967 stimulated research on the physical behavior of oil in seawater and use of dispersants [2] . An International Conference concerning water pollution by oil was held in Scotland in 1970, with the proceeding published in 1971 [3] . Ref. [4] discussed aspects of petroleum analysis and observed that throughout the response and subsequent evaluation of oil spills, the weathering of oil was recognized as causing considerable changes in its properties. There was a need for a rapid technique for determining the type of oil that could be used for comparative purposes and evaluating possible spill sources. Gas chromatography (GC) was recommended, citing a procedure outlined in [5] . A detailed examination of the sample could include gravity, wax content, asphaltenes, and normal paraffin distribution, vanadium, nickel and sulfur content. Analytical approaches also could include the use of chromatograms and infrared spectra using a "chemical library" of known oils. Other comparisons could include chromatographic (paper or thin layer) and UV spectroscopy. It was noted that no single technique or analytical scheme was applicable to all types of oil pollutants. For weathered oils in coastal and estuarine environments, GC techniques were recommended. In addition, tar balls and oil slicks from unknown sources and bilge washings, a common annoyance on beaches, had not been studied.
1.1. The Evolution of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research
In June 1948, the Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control was established within the U.S. Public Health Service (U.S. PHS) to administer the Water Pollution Control Act. In 1956, Congress passed the first Federal Water Pollution Act. The Act strengthened the U.S. PHS enforcement authority, increased water quality research, and initiated the wastewater construction grants program. In October 1965, the Water Quality Act of 1965 assigned its functions to the newly established Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. It was renamed the Federal Water Quality Administration by the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970. Increasing public concerns in the U.S. over environmental issues eventually culminated in the formation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on December 2, 1970.
The mission of the newly-established EPA was to: establish and enforce environmental protection standards; conduct environmental research; provide assistance to others in combating environmental pollution; assist the Council on Environmental Quality in developing and recommending to the President new policies for environmental protection. One of the primary goals of the EPA was to provide real enforcement against polluters. In creating the EPA, the U.S. Government aggregated multiple existing governmental agencies to make the new agency. The Department of the Interior contributed Federal Water Quality Administration. The EPA received selected pesticide research responsibilities from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, gained control over tolerance levels of pesticides from the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Agriculture gave up selected functions regarding pesticide registration. The EPA gained control of air pollution regulations from the National Air Pollution Control Administration. Additionally, the EPA received offices from the bureaus of Water Hygiene and Solid Waste Management. Responsibilities for radiation criteria and standards were transferred from the Atomic Energy Commission, along with parts of the Bureau of Radiological Health and the Federal Radiation Council were also transferred to the EPA.
Established research scientists and, in fact, entire laboratories, were transferred to the nascent environmental agency. During 1971, the Regional Offices and the EPA complex came into being. It was recognized from the beginning that there would be a strong need for research to identify problems, what should be controlled and how, establish standard and reliable analytical procedures, and establish an enforcement capability. Such recognition led to the creation of the Office of Research and Development with various locations across the country. EPA's research program was established using EPA laboratories as well as contract research to industry and academia.
1.2. Concomitant Research Evolution within Industry
The basis for separation sciences had evolved from work in the 1940s concerned with what at the time was termed partition chromatography [6] , the development of which was recognized in 1952 with the awarding of a joint Nobel Prize in Chemistry to A.J.P. Martin and R.L.M. Synge. Early research continued under their guidance in the 1950s with the development of chromatography using packed column separation evaluating liquid phases for separation of light hydrocarbons. In 1957, the first capillary column chromatogram ever was obtained as a photograph of an oscilloscope output (personal communication, Dr. H. McNair, 2015). In 1958, Professor Dr. A.I.M. Keulemans established the First Chair, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Eindhoven, Netherlands having worked previously at Royal Dutch Shell. In 1959, a new chromatographic laboratory in a Technical University was set up in Holland and guest professors included Nobel Laureate A.J.M. Martin, as well as Dr. Marcel Golay, D. Desty, Dr. R.P.W. Scott, Dr. James Lovelock and students H. McNair and C. Cramers. Work involved manufacturing and application of capillary column gas chromatography technology. In the early 1960s, high resolution gas chromatography in basic chemical research was well underway [7] .
In the petroleum industry, understanding the "fundamental nature of petroleum, its origin, and its behavior" [8] became critical parts of its resource development and economic exploitation. However, within the petroleum industry the development of company proprietary analytical techniques to facilitate the study of petroleum in the earth's crust did not extended to the environmental analytical techniques that gave rise to the hydrocarbon fingerprinting techniques used today. In fact, it is fair to say that today's forensic geochemical fingerprinting analytical methods evolved along a more tortuous route.
1.3. Advancement of Oil Pollution Research in Academic Institutions
By the 1960s and early 1970s there were established academic research programs at various marine educational institutions in the United States. Such institutions included Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), University of Rhode Island, Scripps Oceanographic Institute, Texas A&M University, University of Washington and others. Central to these programs were established chemists focusing on petroleum geochemistry, natural product chemistry, and the study of pollution sources to the coastal and world oceans. Academic programs at such institutions gave rise to scientists who successfully drove the evolution of petroleum research into what we see as today's forensic geochemical studies and hydrocarbon fingerprinting techniques.
1.4. Coalescence
At some point, therefore, industry, government and academic research interests were all poised to become important forces in the pursuit of research regarding the effects of petroleum releases into the environment. Coupled with and central to these sometimes synergistic and sometimes competing interests was the evolution of analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Moreover, the rise to prominence of computer technology cannot be overlooked. As analytical chemistry techniques evolved to produce more information and lower detection limits on an increasing number of individual hydrocarbon analytes, use of less costly, widely available computer power became essential to sorting out important subtleties in the chemical data.
Today, what finally is underway is nothing less than the evolution of a new aspect of forensics sciences applied to the study of the who, what, when, where and sometimes why of petroleum contamination events in the ecosystem, guided by what is now termed the forensic geochemist. Forensic geochemistry is evolving rapidly, driven by both emerging improvements in analytical chemistry as well as new and better understanding of how to process, analyze and in the end understand chemical data. But the ultimate end use of the forensic investigation's work product by definition has to be aimed at the legal arena, an area where formalized debate on pro and con issues presents new challenges to the scientist. It must be remembered that forensic uses of chemical data are fundamentally different than academic discussion of research results.
Therefore, it is worth noting and preserving the process of evolution that petroleum research has undergone. So, the purpose of this paper is to consolidate the issues and events that came to cause the evolution of forensic petroleum geochemistry, thereby preserving some of the prominent information going forward.
2. Evolution of Chemical Methods Applied to Petroleum Geochemistry
The field of gas chromatography as a science has to be viewed as a relative latecomer because infrared and ultraviolet techniques are older and more established in analytical chemistry. As governmental and academic institutions began to grapple with what analytical approaches to use in the analysis of petroleum in environmental samples, there were different proponents of potential candidate chemical methods.
2.1. The U.S. EPA Oil Spill Program
The U.S. EPA program was developed into several components. The FWQA and development of the NPDES permitting program needed continued analytical input to establish procedures for permitting municipal and industrial discharges. It was recognized that discharge effluents most definitely included oils. The continued spills of oils from accidents, disasters and intentional discharges, needed analytical procedures and control technology. This was part of the mission of the Oil & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch in Edison, NJ. Analytical research also continued for various national programs in Air, Water, and Wastes, in the Environmental and Support Laboratory (EMSL) in Cincinnati. During the 1970s, much of the analytical methods development for the NPDES program and Safe Drinking Water Program and others was conducted in and through EMSL Cincinnati, which culminated initially in the codification of analytical methods in CFR 136 for the NPDES program. In the NPDES program, GC/MS was elected as an analytical approach of choice for effluents because of its ability to identify and quantify the specific chemicals listed in the "Priority Pollutant" list. Because of the complex composition of oils, a GC chromatographic approach and chromatograms was eventually favored for fingerprinting for eventual enforcement purposes.
2.1.1. The Oil & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch (OHMSB)
The Oil & Hazardous Material Spills Branch (OHMSB) was established in 1971 at the former US Army Raritan Depot in Edison, NJ. The laboratory was built inside a former warehouse building, along with Regions 2's Laboratory and Regional Offices. OHMSB also maintained a large experimental oil spill tank at part of the Navy complex in Earle, NJ, and a smaller experimental spill tank at the rear of the warehouse. The Branch conducted an aggressive contract and in-house research program into means to prevent and treat releases of oils and hazardous materials. Indeed, it was at this EPA laboratory that initial forays into what would later be termed hydrocarbon fingerprinting began.
Shortly after establishing the program, the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1972 and the development and passage of the Clean Water Act of 1977 authorized the Federal Government to take emergency response action when oils and specially designated hazardous substances are discharged into navigable waters. Passage of RCRA in 1976 further addressed chemicals and hazardous wastes necessitating both analytical methods and control technology.
Focusing on the analytical needs for petroleum analysis within the OHMSB programs, the following objectives needed to be addressed:
Ÿ The physical behavior of the oils when spilled into water, seawater, sediments, and soils.
Ÿ The effects of physical treatment of the oil by weathering or dispersants.
Ÿ The biodegradation of the oils and identification of degradation residues.
Ÿ The forensic issues of the oil: identifying whose oil was released and what fraction came from where.
Ÿ The analytical methods needed to address:
² what fraction of oil to analyze.
² a dependable and reproducible analytical method.
² establish reliable and reproducible QA practices around the method.
² the ease, practicality and rapidity of the method.
2.1.2. OHMSB Oil Analytical Outputs
During the period 1971-1978, the focus of analytical development was the evaluation of a means to quantify, and identify, oil pollution in water, primarily using IR techniques, gas chromatography, and fluorescence spectroscopy. During this period, the EPA Environmental & Support Laboratory in Cincinnati published a monthly "Analytical Control Newsletter" in which numerous analytical and quality control observations and findings of methods and method improvements by OHMSB staff could be found.
An earlier report of an oil tagging approach had been issued in 1970 [9] for identifying the source of oil pollution. The methods suggested included passive and active tagging. The passive tagging (trace metals, sulfur isotope ratios, paper chromatography) was not recommended because the tags could evaporate, dissolve or mingle with other contaminants.
Contract research was a means of further evaluating methodology. A report was published in 1973 evaluating oil pollution source identification [10] . This study developed a method for identification of sources of oil comparing stable chemical indices present in unweathered and weathered oil. The method used GC/MS for analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons and naphthenes; GC was used for n-paraffins, X-ray for total sulfur, and Kjeldahl total nitrogen. Several compound indices were found to be stable which could distinguish between oils with a high degree of statistical confidence. Another report [11] evaluated the use of carbon and sulfur isotope composition, sulfur, nitrogen, vanadium and nickel content of oil and use of GC for identification of crude oils.
A contract for development of GC to correlate and identify oils culminated in a publication "Correlation of oils and oil products by gas chromatography" by [12] . This publication presented the chromatograms of different oils for comparative purposes. It established a detailed method for fingerprinting weathered and unweathered oils and included an appendix containing chromatograms of 52 samples of crude and distillate oils. A routine method of sampling, sample extraction, analysis and interpretation was provided for monitoring, enforcement and damage assessment purposes. The method as published used a surface coated open tubular (SCOT column coated with OV-101). Use of capillary columns was addressed but in the end SCOT columns were chosen for use based on their ability to provide increased capacity and durability, with a flow resistance that was low and reproducible. In chromatogram interpretation, the unresolved area under the peaks was termed an "unresolved envelope" and a "background of unresolved substances", terms which did not gain wide acceptance in the chemical community. Instead, that feature of gas chromatograms became known as the "Unresolved Complex Mixture" or UCM, a term that was originated by [12] . It was UCM that came to be the default term in gas chromatography for decades thereafter [14] and is still widely used today. The analysis procedure and later variants were used in OHMSB analytical tasks. Within the OHMSB lab, a file of chromatograms of crude and distillate oils was maintained for identification purposes. It was noted there were many ways to alter oil chromatograms based on the types of oil, crude or distillate, manner of extraction and by which solvent, drying techniques, and GC instrumentation techniques such as column bleed, septum bleed, use of auto-attenuation, detector and detector maintenance, gain settings on the instrument, carrier gas flow, etc. Oil hydrocarbon analytical research in the OHMSB lab was also conducted using various support coatings and capillary columns such as 6' SS columns packed with 8% Dexsil on Chromosorb W [15] - [17] coupled with other techniques such as infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy and GC/MS.
2.1.3. Research within OHMSB
The OHMSB and chemists were involved in many inter- and intra-agency work groups in establishing and validating analytical methods for oils and oil products, national spill responses, and ASTM Committees. Research areas within OHMSB led to the publication of findings in the use of several analytical areas including fluorescence spectroscopy [18] - [20] , infrared spectrophotometry [21] - [23] and emulsion preparation, gas chromatography [24] - [26] and reviews of analytical procedures and techniques [27] .
2.1.4. The United States Coast Guard
The U.S. Coast Guard had been given responsibility for control and response to oil pollution incidents in coastal and inland waters and by 1977 had established a manual "Oil Spill Identification System." With budget shifts and national needs changing during this time frame, the mission of OHMSB was further focused on issues involving hazardous chemicals and wastes. This led to creation of the Environmental Response Team, field implementation of the technology that the OHMSB had developed, and a Mobil Analytical Lab. The U.S. EPA Region II's analytical laboratory capabilities were eventually transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard. The Oil Identification System (OIS) was established during the mid-1970s at the Coast Guard Research and Development Center, New London, Connecticut. In 1978, the Central Oil Identification Laboratory (COIL) was established to implement the OIS. In 1988, COIL was renamed the Marine Safety Laboratories (MSL), and in 1996 Marine Safety Laboratories became Marine Safety Laboratory. It remains today the central analytical facility for marine oil spills for the U.S. Coast Guard.
2.2. The Role of Marine Petroleum Transport Accidents
In the academic institutions, research on hydrocarbons in natural products was a primary focus until the research direction was altered somewhat by marine accidents releasing petroleum products to the United States coastal marine environment. Multiple researchers were engaged in this type of work. Initial concerns on oil pollution were generated by the Torrey Canyon incident, but it might be argued by some that no single marine pollution incident is more illustrative of this particular effect than what has come to be called the West Falmouth Oil Spill. In 1969, the barge Florida grounded near West Falmouth, Buzzards Bay MA, and released about 180,000 gal of No. 2 fuel oil. WHOI scientists in Falmouth, Massachusetts, which was located very near the spill site in Wild Harbor, completed benchmark studies on this release [28] [29] plus numerous others. Chemical analyses at that time most likely were performed using packed-column gas chromatography. While things have changed in the analytical laboratory since the late 1960s and early 1970s, over three decades later in the early 2000s, hydrocarbons that were characteristic of degraded No. 2 fuel oil could still be found in the Wild Harbor salt marsh sediments [30] .
Before and since the Florida oil spill, multiple major and minor oil spills occurred (see the summary [31] ). However, considering circumstances, spilling fuel oil proximal to the WHOI research laboratories probably was not the best idea one could have ever had; undoubtedly, it was not a deliberate decision to spill oil at West Falmouth. The proximity of the discharge to the WHOI offered unique opportunities for study and the advancement of petroleum forensics.
Certainly research continued without the "aid" of oil spills However, looking back, it seems that with each major petroleum spill there has been a jump in the technical responses to the geochemical demands being placed upon scientists by the petroleum industry, government agencies and attorneys. Perhaps one such event is the 1989 Alaskan Oil Spill. As the Exxon Valdez left Valdez, Alaska with a full load of North Slope Crude Oil (NSCO), through a variety of known and unknown circumstances, according to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, the ship ran aground on Bligh Reef at 12:04 am March 24, 1989. Subsequently, approximately 11 million gallons or 257,000 barrels of NSCO were released into Prince William Sound. Subsequent migration of the released crude oil impacted significant portions of Alaskan coastal waters. To say that a significant effort went into scientific studies on the oil spill would be to state the obvious [32] .
However, at the time, analytical methods were being developed which would take advantage of combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using capillary column chromatography. Shortly after the 1989 Alaskan Oil Spill occurred, investigators realized that the existing EPA analytical methods based upon fixed analyte lists, TPH measurements, or IR measurements would not begin to address the questions that were being and would also be asked in a legal setting. Consequently, they set about to redefine the available GC/MS analytical methods, focusing specifically on NSCO [33] . The analytical methods to be used were more or less set but analyte lists had to be expanded and refocused to a more petroleum product based list and the focus on crude oil became singular for research on this particular oil spill. Continued refinement of analytical approaches has continued as issues have been raised and addressed by investigators. Applications of the analytical methods employed to address legal issues from the 1989 Alaskan Oil Spill have proliferated to numerous laboratories throughout the world [34] - [36] .
As a consequence to the increased level of legal issues surrounding release of petroleum products to the environment [37] , new work was completed that centered on volatile gasoline range organics (GRO). Development of analytical approach to deal with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) focused on the five hydrocarbon classes found in gasoline: paraffins, isoparaffins, aromatics, naphthenics and olefins [38] . The analyses, which had been known in the petroleum industry as PONA or PIANO, were adapted to the U.S. EPA 8260 analytical method using combined capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the approach has proliferated to numerous laboratories throughout the world. The PIANO analytical approach continues to offer new opportunities for research on sourcing releases of GRO to the environment [39] .
On April 20, 2010, the largest oil spill in U.S. waters occurred in the Gulf of Mexico. The Deepwater Horizon Macondo oil well drilling platform exploded and sank with loss of life. For approximately three months, an unconfined release of crude oil continued, until it was capped in July 2010. Subsequently, the Deepwater Horizon event has been studied by existing techniques as well as newly developed two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC X GC). The technique exhibits numerous advantages including improved peak resolution, lower costs, faster data turnarounds, as well as enumeration of entire classes of hydrocarbons without overlap. GC X GC had already been applied to the tracking of petroleum weathering in yet another oil spill in Buzzards Bay, MA [40] . And while it cannot be said that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill brought out the development of comprehensive GC X GC for analyzing petroleum hydrocarbons in environmental samples [41] , it can certainly be said that the resulting research funding loosened by private industry and the U.S. Government spurred its proliferation. Again, driven by the demands of a marine oil spill, new applications of a higher-level geochemistry were brought out by forensics demands to yet more precise and focused analytical methods. Since the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, GC X GC has proliferated into a wider academic and governmental community. Continued expansion of GC X GC into the commercial laboratory business has started, but slowly, and is severely limited at this point in time. Complicating the matter is the continued development of GC X GC approaches, proving once again that nothing is static in the forensic geochemical arena [14] . It remains to be seen whether GC X GC, regardless of whatever approaches are taken to modify particular analytical methods, becomes the de facto analytical method for petroleum organics regardless of matrix. However, one thing is clear. Once the analytical genie has been let out of the research bottle, changes occur.
The evolution to the current state of the art on forensic geochemical hydrocarbon fingerprinting has not been a smooth progression or for that matter a planned program. It can be more accurately characterized as a demand and opportunity driven series of events. The analytical methods for petroleum hydrocarbon fingerprinting that are currently being used by academic, governmental, private industry and contract laboratories vary. Changes in the available analytical techniques will continue as well. Development of forensic hydrocarbon geochemical approaches cannot be attributed to any single event or group, but, in fact, reflect the best that science has to offer in the building of knowledge upon the groundbreaking work of others who have contributed to its inevitable progression.
This paper was initially presented at the 2015 International Network of Environmental Forensics (INEF) conference held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in August 2015. In a work such as this, there is some likelihood that one group or anther may have been unintentionally given short shrift or omitted. Such was not the intent of this work. The authors appreciate the multiple INEF meeting attendees who responded to our requests for any additional insights into development of gas chromatography in the forensic geochemical community that subsequently were used in this paper. It is through such assistance that we acknowledge our deep gratitude for the personal observations of Dr. Harold M. McNair, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for his insights into his work in the chemistry laboratory of Nobel Laureate A.J.P. Martin. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their time and efforts on our behalf.
*Corresponding author.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb01178.x
[38] Uhler, R.M., Healey, E.M., McCarthy, K.J., Uhler, A.D. and Stout, S.A. (2002) Molecular Fingerprinting of Gasoline by a Modified Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method. International Journal of the Environment, Analytical Chemistry, 83, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0306731031000104218
[39] Wade, M., Johnson, J. and Furrer, U.B. (2015) Modeling Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation. Part I. Gasoline Statistics and Pattern Assemblage. Proceedings of the National Environmental Monitoring Conference, Forensic Chemistry Session, Chicago, 13-17 July 2015, Unpublished.
[40] Nelson, R.K., Kile, B.M., Plata, D.L., Sylva, S.P., Xu, Li, Reddy, C.M., Gaines, R.B., Frysinger, G.S. and Reichenbach, S.E. (2006) Tracking the Weathering of an Oil Spill with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Environmental Forensics, 7, 33-44.
[41] Frysinger, G.S., Gaines, R.B. and Reddy, C.M. (2002) GC X GC: A New Analytical Tool for Environmental Forensics. Environmental Forensics, 3, 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713848318


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Development platform for applications to handheld devices.
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Many of the development tools in linux can be used for helping the application creation process.


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Q: How to define an Anonymous type lambda parameter in Linq Expression I had found in a stackoverflow post how they created an anonymous object but I would like to create a Lambda expression which select only a field within an object to be able to Group by Id
currently the coude from here Linq: Group by multiple columns using Expression-tree syntax
creates a new type but I would like that it could be able to work on GroupBy linq method....
public static Type CreateNewType(List<PropertyInfo> props)
{
    AssemblyName asmName =  typeof(Program).Assembly.GetName();
    AssemblyBuilder dynamicAssembly = AssemblyBuilder
        .DefineDynamicAssembly(asmName, AssemblyBuilderAccess.Run);
    ModuleBuilder dynamicModule = dynamicAssembly.DefineDynamicModule("MyAsm");
    TypeBuilder dynamicAnonymousType = dynamicModule
        .DefineType("MyType", TypeAttributes.Public);

    foreach (var p in props)
    {
        dynamicAnonymousType.DefineField(p.Name, p.PropertyType, FieldAttributes.Public);
    }
    return dynamicAnonymousType.CreateType();
}

using this type using a single field(I only need the field rather the class... groups by an entity MyType which doesnt exist...it should group by either of the entities/fields in  my class

A: here I found that I can select a field from a lambda with the following code

        public Expression<Func<TSource,object>> DynamicPropertySelect<TSource>(ParameterExpression parameterExpression = null, params string[] properties)
        {
            var entityType = typeof(TSource);
            var props = properties.Select(x => entityType.GetProperty(x)).ToList();
            return Expression.Lambda<Func<TSource, object>>(Expression.Property(parameterExpression, props.First().Name), parameterExpression);
        }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Home / Compare Cell Phones / T-Mobile REVVL PLUS Price, Review, Deals, Cost, & Sales!
The T-Mobile REVVL PLUS is a T-Mobile exclusive budget phone packed with a number of premium features to support your needs.
It comes with a huge 6" IPS LCD with 1080 x 1920 resolution and pixel density of 367 PPI. In comparison, the ZTE Max XL has the same screen specs.
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This device has a rear-firing speaker that lays flat on its back. Sound quality is ok but is not as loud as you want them to be.
It has a rear-mounted fingerprint sensor located below the camera. Performance is decent and is often accurate.
This device runs on Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 8953 with eight cores clocked at 2000 MHz. The chip works well with the device, it is fast and is able to handle a number of applications with barely any lag except if you push it hard and you'll notice a considerable slowdown. While the ZTE Max XL has the lower Qualcomm MSM8940 Snapdragon 435 with eight cores also.
The Revvl Plus is powered by a 3380 mAh. Considering that this phone has a 6" display screen, the battery is really not that big. Talk time can last for up to 16.5 hours and 12 days for standby time. Lastly, it does not support wireless charging nor fast charge.
This device has a built-in FM Radio.
The Revvl Plus is a T-Mobile exclusive phone.
Has an HD display screen.
This phone has 2 GB RAM.


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Home » Dating » Dating apps and the death of romance – what's a Catholic to do?
Dating apps and the death of romance – what's a Catholic to do?
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10 Things to Know about Mormon Missionaries
Missionary priest kidnapped in Nigeria
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Take the Saints Trivia Quiz now! Patrick of Ireland is one of the world's most popular saints. He was born in Roman Britain and when he was fourteen or so, he was captured by Irish pirates during a raiding party and taken to Ireland as a slave to herd and tend sheep. In The Confession, he wrote: I prayed in the woods and on the mountain, even before dawn. I felt no hurt from the snow or ice or rain. There he found some sailors who took him back to Britain and was reunited with his family. Take this quick St. A few years after returning home, Patrick saw a vision he described in his memoir:
The crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ occurred in the spring of 32 AD. Paul is led blind to Damascus Acts 9: After the visit by Ananias, Paul then goes to Arabia and returns to Damascus where he spends 3 years Galatians 1:
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Until the Ascension of Christ Bethsaida St. Peter's true and original name was Simon, sometimes occurring in the form Symeon. He was the son of Jona Johannes and was born in Bethsaida John 1: The Apostle Andrew was his brother, and the Apostle Philip came from the same town. Capharnaum Simon settled in Capharnaum , where he was living with his mother-in-law in his own house Matthew 8: Dindorf, II, , had children.
The same writer relates the tradition that Peter's wife suffered martyrdom ibid. Simon pursued in Capharnaum the profitable occupation of fisherman in Lake Genesareth , possessing his own boat Luke 5: Peter meets Our Lord Like so many of his Jewish contemporaries, he was attracted by the Baptist's preaching of penance and was, with his brother Andrew , among John's associates in Bethania on the eastern bank of the Jordan. When, after the High Council had sent envoys for the second time to the Baptist , the latter pointed to Jesus who was passing, saying, "Behold the Lamb of God ", Andrew and another disciple followed the Saviour to his residence and remained with Him one day.
Later, meeting his brother Simon, Andrew said "We have found the Messias ", and brought him to Jesus , who, looking upon him, said: Already, at this first meeting, the Saviour foretold the change of Simon's name to Cephas Kephas; Aramaic Kipha, rock , which is translated Petros Latin, Petrus a proof that Christ had already special views with regard to Simon. Later, probably at the time of his definitive call to the Apostolate with the eleven other Apostles , Jesus actually gave Simon the name of Cephas Petrus , after which he was usually called Peter, especially by Christ on the solemn occasion after Peter's profession of faith Matthew
Maurizio Pallu had been a missionary in Nigeria for three years. According to the Italian bishops' publication, Avvenire, the kidnappers may be local criminals whose aim would be to obtain a ransom in exchange for the priest. While the Islamist terror group Boko Haram is active in Nigeria's northern region, the priest was kidnapped from the south.
Authorities are investigating the incident. Maurizio Pallu, and is praying for him.
Bishop of Paris, and in Italy, nothing is definitely known of the time or place, or of his early feast is kept on 9 October. He is usually represented with his head in his hands because, according to the legend, after his execution the corpse rose again and .
Some Mormon missionaries ride bikes, some walk, and some even drive cars. But all of them wear black name tags with their names and the actual name of the Mormon Church, which is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Typically, missionaries work in pairs, called companionships. Sometimes there are more than two missionaries in a companionship but never fewer. Companionships exist so missionaries can look out for each other.
After all, most missionaries are working in places far from home. Most missionaries are between 18 and 25 years of age. Both men and women can serve missions, although companionships are exclusively male or female. Only unmarried members of the Church serve missions. One big exception to this: Missionaries do receive some training. For example, some learn different languages. Missionaries also receive instruction on effective communication so they can be better teachers and, more important, better listeners.
The first church was done in wood in a Baroque style. In , however, this historic church was removed to Meiji Mura in Inuyama , Aichi Prefecture and a new church built with modern materials, designed by the Swiss missionary, Friar Freuler, took its place. The new cathedral is 43m long,
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Website missionary dating catholic Missionary dating catholic website A receipt must accompany all returns and exchanges. It is the best relationship I ve ever known and I am happy every day I finally gave it a chance. Get 10 Off your next shop when you spend 75 Read more. I wish I knew how to write one of these blogs and fully explain who I am and what i m looking for. Missionary dating catholic website The problem is not the act of casual sex it s the sexism in how people tend to practice it.
After being married, it s so easy to idealize the person you re dating and have fantasies of cuddling with a hot coffee next weekend while watching your kiddo play soccer while laughing on the single teen chatrooms together I kid you not, I did after a first date with someone I barely knew. This is an absolute double standard, borderline personality disorder dating, a system set up to meet all the needs and then some of the man, and to have the woman battle their own jealousy and unmet needs on their own time.
In other words, it is an intense workout that changes every day. But, it is much more than that One young man, who is a seminarian currently and a former student at one of the campus ministries I worked at asked me the following question: This is the noise that under girds the Catholic Church in our culture right now. We certainly have problems. But the problems are merely symptoms of a much deeper issue.
Sources. BIRKS Studies of the Life and character of St. Peter (LONDON, ), TAYLOR, Peter the Apostle, new ed. by BURNET AND ISBISTER (London, ); BARNES, St. Peter in Rome and his Tomb on the Vatican Hill (London, ): LIGHTFOOT, Apostolic Fathers, 2nd ed., pt. 1, VII.(London, ), sq., St. Peter in Rome; FOUARD Les origines de l'Église: St. Pierre et Les premières .
Before acting, the cardinal reflected on the long history within the Church of the Holy Spirit giving life to religious communities able to meet these these challenges. The piece was titled simply: During this time, they lived temporarily with the Parish Visitors of Mary Immaculate in the Bronx, praying, fasting, attending Eucharistic adoration, and discerning their vocations. Josamarie, SV, was one of these first women to join the Sisters of Life.
Today, the order is thriving, with more than Sisters, whose average age is mid s. Mary Elizabeth joined the Sisters of Life in after graduating from the Franciscan University of Steubenville, having heard the cardinal talk on campus during her junior year. Already involved in pro-life activism, Sr. In each of their convents, the Sisters participate in Mass and spend a Holy Hour in Eucharistic adoration daily. In addition, the sisters gather together to pray the Liturgy of the Hours throughout the day.
Wallace Members of the Church are somewhat distinctive in their dating and courtship practices, but they are also influenced by broader cultural patterns. In some cultures, parents still closely supervise courtship and arrange children's marriages, but youth worldwide have increasing choices in dating and mate selection. For most young people in the United States outside the Church, dating begins at an early age about age thirteen during the s ; it has no set pattern of progression, and is often informal and unsupervised.
These contemporary dating patterns form a social context that influences somewhat the majority of LDS youth.
St. Patrick of Ireland is one of the world's most popular saints. He was born in Roman Britain and when he was fourteen or so, he was captured by Irish pirates during a raiding party and taken to Ireland as a slave to herd and tend sheep.
Casualty of a Girl Waiting for a Missionary: My Perspective on Dating There is a missionary related issue that is unique to Mormon culture that has been bugging me for thirty years. It is Mormon young women who wait for missionaries. Everyone laughs about it and thinks it is kind of a harmless ritual. Anyone who has ever served a mission knows just how weird sisters and elders are that have a special someone waiting for them back home. It is probably the biggest distraction and psychological problem that a missionary faces as they waste hundreds if not thousands of hours obsessing about hearing from them.
I have known elders that spent every waking minute in the company of another elder doing nothing but talking about this girl and how beautiful she is and how when he goes home he is marrying her. They would read to you every letter even when you would tell them to shut up and knock it off. Even today I read blogs of groups of young women who are waiting for their special someone. I looked forwarded to the elder getting a Dear John so he could get back to missionary work.
I only know of one or two cases where the girl actually married them.
Above, they came out to support Walk for Life through center city Philadelphia last fall. It takes idealism, it takes faith and it takes the work of the Holy Spirit. One local emerging group of young Catholics determined to make a difference in the world and their own lives is called the Culture Project.
The missionary position or man-on-top position is a sex position in which generally a woman lies on her back and a man lies on top of her while they face each other and engage in vaginal intercourse. The position may also be used for other sexual activity, such as anal sex. It is commonly associated with heterosexual sexual activity, but is also used by same-sex couples.
This is a common question Christian college students and others ask when trying to discern their call in life in the midst of their current situation. Dating can be a big issue with many Christians, because of the culture and expectations that go along with it. There are a lot of things we have to cover before we can really get to the most pertinent question. So, let us get started: What we call dating and how we date currently in our society is a very new and novel way of going about forming relationships.
There are both good and bad elements that go into it. Remember that throughout most of history and most cultures marriage was not discerned through a dating process. So, we have had arranged marriages, courtships, and other ways of planning marriage. But, for the most part, dating exclusively is novel. Discernment is figuring out what God wants of you. To do this, you MUST pray. He can call you with or without the experience of dating.
Books and eBooks by the Director A Mormon and a Catholic Dating In the following e-mail exchange, the e-mailer's comments are in black and enclosed in "greater than" and "lesser than" signs. My comments are in red. At first it seemed too different, not like me at all. I am a Catholic and became more spiritual these past few years. My parents aren't that religious at all, but they come to church every Sunday because of me.
A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development. The word "mission" originates from when the Jesuits sent members abroad, derived from the Latin missionem (nom. missio), meaning "act of sending" or mittere, meaning "to send".
Blog If there is one phrase which can get the Catholic social media arguments going, it is "a personal relationship with Jesus". One one side there are folks that argue it is a phrase stolen from Evangelical Protestants and is empty of meaning, because it is relativistic. They might also charge that it shuns the communal aspect of Christianity.
On the other side, some Catholics use it freely, because they believe it identifies a missing piece of Catholicism, which we haven't emphasized enough, through several generations. I think that both sides have a point. We can't have a personal relationship with Jesus on our own terms – it has to be on the terms of Jesus. Thus, the Cathechism says, "By faith, man completely submits his intellect and his will to God.
With his whole being man gives his assent to God the revealer. Sacred Scripture calls this human response to God, the author of revelation, "the obedience of faith". So, we should not fear being relativistic, when we submit.
10 QUESTIONS ABOUT MORMON MISSIONARIES – ANSWERED!
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text:
We need strategic collaboration to scale investments in zero-emission transport
Author: Thomas Deloison, Director Mobility, WBCSD
Type: Insight
The global transport community is convening in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, during the 27th Conference of the Parties (COP27) to lead progress in transport decarbonization. This year, stakeholders across sectors have an impetus to find solutions for a just and inclusive global transition toward zero-emission transport under the leadership of the Egyptian presidency Low Carbon Transport for Urban Sustainability (LOTUS) initiative.
While many initiatives for accelerating transport decarbonization globally exist, a siloed approach often prevents the creation of synergies that can help reach the scale and risk profiles to mobilize investments for large-scale transformative zero-emission transport plans.
To solve this issue, sustainability organizations must join forces to aggregate and design projects that will help institutional investors and sovereign funds to increase and accelerate investments in sustainable transport.
Today, five leading organizations and the High-Level Climate Champions took a step in the right direction. Together they announced the "Collective for Clean Transport Finance," a strategic collaboration - whose membership will continue expanding over the coming year - aimed at scaling the demand and shifting the risk profile of zero-emission transport projects.
The task ahead of us will be challenging. Among all sectors, transport has the highest reliance on fossil fuels and accounts for 24% of global emissions. But this new trend of strategic collaboration between zero-emission transport initiatives provides the ground for an accelerated transition.
Building on existing success
Much remarkable work is already happening in the transport sector. Initiatives like the GEF-funded Global E-Mobility Program or the work done by ZEV-TC provide a practical canvas for a global transition to zero-emission vehicles.
In parallel, The Global Facility for Decarbonizing Transport, hosted by the World Bank, offers innovative mechanisms to reduce risks in zero-emission transport investments.
The Sustainable Mobility Finance Initiative of The Nand & Jeet Khemka Foundation works to connect institutional investors with large-scale transformative projects, particularly in transport.
The Smart Freight Centre is catalyzing necessary momentum on medium and heavy-duty vehicle decarbonization with the Sustainable Freight Buyers Alliance, funded by the We Mean Business Coalition.
Members of the WBCSD Transport Decarbonization project are participating in several of these initiatives, advocating for solutions to the replicability and investment challenges of the transition to zero-emission transport.
How to increase impact together
While each of the initiatives above are achieving positive impacts in specific transport segments and geographies, fragmentation among organizations in the field stands in the way of adopting a truly global approach.
The new Collective will pave the way forward by initiating "lighthouse projects" that will introduce integrated frameworks that enable the scaling of investments in transport segments such as e-buses and e-Bus rapid transit, road freight, and two- and three-wheelers.
In practice, the Collective will develop strategic collaboration between governments, businesses and investors to aggregate the demand needed to create scale in zero-emission transport projects, change the risk profile of potential large-scale projects through financial engineering, and provide technical assistance to design large-scale implementable projects.
The announcement of the new Collective coincides with the creation of the Blended Finance Alliance, to be announced at the G20 in Bali, Indonesia, demonstrating the momentum for international coordination and providing a focal point for transport for the Blended Finance Alliance.
This allows for optimism about the road ahead for the transport sector. By mobilizing their respective strengths through the Collective for Clean Transport Finance, the participating organizations can create synergies toward a shared goal of bringing initial results of the lighthouse projects to COP28 in time for the global stock-take.
To learn more about the Collective for Clean Transport Finance, you can read the concept note at this link and send further inquiries to Thomas Deloison, Director Mobility deloison@wbcsd.org
Tags: Transport & Mobility
New guidance developed by 30+ global companies to support GHG emissions data sharing across the logistics value chain
New initiative to accelerate transition to zero-emission transport in emerging and developing economies
WBCSD members demonstrate that data sharing is crucial for transport decarbonization
Six new companies joined the H2Zero pledges to accelerate the use of decarbonized hydrogen
Global rollout of electric vehicles will depend on countries creating right framework for investment – new report says
Thomas Deloison, Director, Mobility at WBCSD, Mariia Skupova, Consultant, Sustainability Strategy at Accenture and Molly Blatchly-Lewis, Europe Lead – Cities, Transport & Infrastructure at Accenture | 19 Sep 2022
Accelerating electric infrastructure: an integrated approach to decarbonization is key


text:
Susan Morrow receives a book manuscript from her ex-husband – a man she left 20 years earlier – asking for her opinion of his writing. As she reads, she is drawn into the fictional life of Tony Hastings, a mathematics professor whose family vacation turns violent.
Actors: Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Amy Adams, Armie Hammer, Ellie Bamber, Isla Fisher, Jake Gyllenhaal, Michael Shannon
Keywords:Nocturnal Animals
Saving Flora
Flora is a circus elephant who can no longer perform her tricks. The night before she's scheduled to be euthanized, the circus owner's 14-year old daughter, Dawn, sneaks Flora from…
Genre: Adventure, Drama, Family
On 15 January 2009, the world witnessed the 'Miracle on the Hudson' when Captain 'Sully' Sullenberger glided his disabled plane onto the frigid waters of the Hudson River, saving the…
Red Dog: True Blue
Explores the early events leading up to Red Dog's discovery on the road to Dampier, and his ultimate rise from ordinary dog to Australian legend.
Billy "The Great" Hope, the reigning junior middleweight boxing champion, has an impressive career, a loving wife and daughter, and a lavish lifestyle. However, when tragedy strikes, Billy hits rock…
Three teenagers are confined to an isolated country estate that could very well be on another planet. The trio spend their days listening to endless homemade tapes that teach them…
A River Runs Through is a cinematographically stunning true story of Norman Maclean. The story follows Norman and his brother Paul through the experiences of life and growing up, and…
It's 1982, and Taeko is 27 years old, unmarried, and has lived her whole life in Tokyo. She decides to visit her family in the countryside, and as the train…
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When a willful young man tries to venture beyond his sequestered Pennsylvania hamlet, his actions set off a chain of chilling incidents that will alter the community forever.
The lifelong friendship between Rafe McCawley and Danny Walker is put to the ultimate test when the two ace fighter pilots become entangled in a love triangle with beautiful Naval…
Genre: Drama, History, Romance, War
A revealing drama that focuses on the 16th President's tumultuous final months in office. In a nation divided by war and the strong winds of change, Lincoln pursues a course…
Country: India, USA
Concerned about his wife Gayatri's menstrual hygiene, Lakshmikant Chauhan urges her to ditch the cloth and opt for sanitary napkins. Gayatri is reluctant to go for disposable pads as they…
Fifteen-year-old Charlotte Flax is tired of her wacky mom moving their family to a different town any time she feels it is necessary. When they move to a small Massachusetts…
Trailer: Nocturnal Animals


As employers, if you feel that an employee's comment on social media, such as Facebook or Twitter is damaging to your business's reputation, it is wise to seek legal counsel before firing the employee. Employers can end up in a wrongful termination lawsuit if they do not carefully walk the line where social media is involved. They also may be subject to publicity backlash.
Like most states, New York is an "employment-at-will" state. Under the NY Labor Code this means an employer can at any time and for any reason terminate the employment of a worker unless a law (for example discrimination laws) or agreement (union labor contract) provides otherwise.
A Forbes Magazine article points out that employers can issue policies that prohibit employees from revealing trade secrets, criticizing customers or creating a hostile work environment through social media posts about the company. Doing so is within their legal rights and protects the company.
However, if an employee has a grievance against the company that is discussed with other company employees online, National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) advisories and rulings protect employees under these circumstances — even when they're not union members. Such communication is protected when it aims to improve working conditions.
To Terminate or Not to Terminate an Employee?
Another important factor to consider is whether terminating an employee will result in public backlash that is more damaging than keeping the worker employed.
Uber terminated a driver who had tweeted a link to an article that claimed driving for Uber was not much safer than driving a taxi. The pubic backlashed negatively on social media against Uber when the employee was terminated. Uber ended up reinstating the driver.
Receiving sound legal advice is often the best way to become informed so you can make the right decision.
Stephen Hans & Associates is an employment litigation firm that has assisted small and medium sized businesses with employment law for more than 20 years.
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text:
Send the message to the ends of the Earth
Christian News • Christian Living • Theology • Reviews
Caner Out, Age 2 Immigration Proven, yet Supporters Claim Exoneration
by Jason Smathers on July 15, 2010
Liberty University removed Dr. Caner from his position as dean and president of Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary after an investigation into allegations that he had fabricated part of his testimony. Liberty has refused to comment on the situation since a short June 25th six sentence statement where they revealed "Dr. Caner has made factual statements that are self-contradictory" and announced he will no longer serve as dean but will remain on faculty as a professor.
Liberty University does not go into detail on which statements they found to be self contradictory. Legal documentation obtained by Witnesses Unto Me establishes a biographical sketch of Dr. Ergun Caner. On September 13th, 1969, Ergun Caner arrived in New York as a two year old with his family, according to immigration paperwork obtained by Witnesses Unto Me. Acar Caner immigrated as Acar Martin Caner, then later changed his name to Acar Mehmet Caner. Assuming the integrity of Ergun Caner's mother's uncontested affidavit, in 1975 the Caner family had resided in Ohio for six years, meaning after arrival in New York, the Caners promptly moved to Ohio. Dr. Caner was ordered by the court to remain in Franklin County Ohio from August 22, 1975 to February 4, 1976 and his passport was held by an attorney to prevent a parent from disregarding the court's order. Also beginning on August 22, 1975, Dr. Caner's Swedish mother was awarded custody of him and his two brothers. The prohibition on international travel was finalized on April 14, 1978 when the court ruled: "In no event and under no circumstances shall either party hereto cause or allow any of the minor children of the parties to leave or be taken from the Continental Borders of the United States of America." This term remained in effect until Dr. Caner became of age. Caner's mother fought in court to prevent the children from being raised in the Islamic faith, but in the end the court ruled that each parent could provide religious training according to their own convictions. The expected result of this ruling is the limitation of Islamic training to alternating weekends and five weeks per year.
In light of the biographical sketch based on legal documentation, many statements made by Dr. Ergun Caner cannot be accurate. Some examples of the statements made by Dr. Caner, which are believed to be the "factual statements that are self-contradictory" which Liberty University refers to:
Coming to America in 1978
Learning about America by watching television in Turkey
Moving to America at age 13
Living in Turkey along the Iraqi border for "most of my life"
Always living in majority Muslim countries before coming to America
Being disowned and becoming a "church orphan" after converting to Christianity
Being born in Istanbul, Turkey
Ergun Caner is also Adjunct Professor of Islamic Studies at Veritas Evangelical Seminary where Norman Geisler is the Provost. Norman Geisler has become a vocal supporter of Ergun Caner, explaining away many of his inaccurate autobiographical statements. Geisler has recruited supportive comments from other Christians including two Veritas Evangelical Seminary faculty members, Dr. Caner's brother, Emir, and the man largely responsible for Caner's fame, Dr. Paige Patterson. The blog SBC Today has claimed the Liberty university statement exonerated Dr. Caner. SBC Today became the brunt of many jokes, even comparing the author to "Bagdad Bob" whom declared Iraqi Victory against the Americans while bombs are exploding in the background. In a move that shocked many, Geisler has taken the same position, declaring Caner to be exonerated in spite of the volumes of evidence that has been made available in the news media including both blogs and traditional media.
Tagged as: ergun caner, liberty university, sbc
Lumpkins Pronounces the End of Liberty University, Spouts Sodomy and Truett-McConnell Allegiance From Atop Liberty Mountain « WTIA…
A Year After Being Sued for Posting Videos Showing Ergun Caner's Lies, a Blogger is Vindicated in Court
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Kateb Yacine (; 2 August 1929 or 6 August 1929 – 28 October 1989) was an Algerian writer notable for his novels and plays, both in French and Algerian Arabic, and his advocacy of the Berber cause.

Biography
Kateb Yacine was officially born on 6 August 1929 in Constantine, though it is likely that his birth occurred four days earlier. Although his birth name is Yacine Kateb, he once said that he was so used to hearing his teachers calling out names with the last name first that he adopted Kateb Yacine as a pen name.

He was born into a scholarly maraboutic Chaoui Berber family from the modern Sedrata, in wilaya of Souk Ahras (in the Aurès region). His maternal grandfather was the 'bach adel', or deputy judge of the qadi in Condé Smendou (Zirout Youcef). His father was a lawyer, and the family followed him through his various assignments in different parts of the country. Young Kateb (which means 'writer'), attended the Sedrata Quran school in 1937, then in 1938 the French school in Lafayette (Bougaa) in Little Kabylie, where the family had moved. In 1941 he enrolled in the colonial 'collège' (secondary school) of Setif as a boarder.

Kateb Yacine was in his third year of collège when the demonstrations of 8 May 1945 occurred. He participated in these demonstrations that ended with the massacre of between six and eight (according to nationalists forty-five) thousand Algerians by the French army and police in the Sétif and Guelma massacre. Three days later he was placed under arrest and imprisoned for two months. From that point on he became a partisan for the nationalist cause. Expelled from secondary school, watching his mother's psychological health decline, passing through a period of dejection and immersed in the writings of Lautréamont and Baudelaire, his father sent him to the high school in Bône (Annaba). There he met 'Nedjma' ('the star'), an 'already married cousin' with whom he lived for 'maybe eight months', as he later acknowledged.

While living with Nedjma he published his first collection of poetry in 1946. He had already become 'politicized' and started giving lectures under the auspices of the Algerian People's Party, 'the great nationalist party of the masses'. Yacine went to Paris in 1947, "into the lion's den" as he put it.

In May 1947 he joined the Algerian Communist Party and gave a lecture in the 'Salle des Sociétés savantes' on emir Abd al-Qadir. During a second visit to France the following year he published 'Nedjma ou le Poème du Couteau' (a hint of what was to follow) in the revue 'Le Mercure de France'. He was a journalist at the daily 'Alger Républicain' between 1949 and 1951.

After his father's death in 1950 Yacine worked as a longshoreman in Algiers. He returned to Paris where he would stay until 1959. During this period in Paris he worked with Malek Haddad, developed a relationship with M'hamed Issiakhem, and in 1954, spoke extensively with Bertold Brecht. In 1954, the revue Esprit published Yacine's play 'Le cadavre encerclé', which was staged by Jean-Marie Serreau but was banned in France.

'Nedjma' was published in 1956 (and Kateb would not forget the editor's comment: "This is too complicated. In Algeria you've got such pretty sheep, why don't you talk about your sheep?"). During the Algerian War of Independence, Yacine was forced to travel abroad for a long time due to the harassment he faced from the DST. He lived in numerous places, subsisting as a guest writer or working various odd jobs in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia and the USSR.

After a stay in Cairo, Yacine returned again to Algeria in 1962, shortly after the independence celebrations. He resumed writing for 'Alger Républicain' but traveled frequently between 1963 and 1967 to Moscow, France and Germany. 'La Femme sauvage', which he had written between 1954 and 1959, was performed in Paris in 1963. 'Les Ancêtres redoublent de férocité' was staged in 1967. 'La Poudre d'intelligence' was also staged in Paris in 1967 and an Algerian Arabic version in Algiers in 1969. In 1964 Yacine published six essays on 'our brothers the Indians' in 'Alger Républicain' and recounted his meeting with Jean-Paul Sartre while his mother was being committed to the psychiatric hospital in Blida ('La Rose de Blida', in 'Révolution Africaine', July 1965). He left for Vietnam in 1967, completely abandoning the novel and wrote 'L'Homme aux sandales de caoutchouc', a play celebrating Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese struggle against imperialism, that was published, performed and translated into Arabic in 1970.

The same year Yacine returned to make a more permanent home in Algeria. During this period he had a significant change in philosophy: he refused to continue writing in French, and instead began working on popular theatre, epics and satires, performed in dialectal Arabic. Beginning this work with the theatre company 'Théatre de la Mer' from Bab El Oued in 1971, sponsored by the Ministère du Travail et des Affaires Sociales, Kateb traveled all over Algeria for five years, putting on plays for an audience of workers, farmers and students.

Between 1972 and 1975 Kateb went with on tour performing the plays 'Mohamed prends ta valise' and 'La Guerre de deux mille ans' to France and to the German Democratic Republic. The Algerian government in Sidi-Bel-Abbes more or less sentenced him to direct the city's regional theatre as a kind of exile. Having been forbidden to appear on television, Yacine staged his plays in schools or businesses. He was often criticized for his emphasis on Berber tradition and the 'Tamazight' language, as well as for his liberal positions on issues of gender equality such as his position against women being required to wear a headscarf.

In 1986 Kateb Yacine circulated an excerpt of a play about Nelson Mandela, and in 1987 he received the Grand prix national des Lettres in France.

In 1988 the Avignon Festival staged 'Le Bourgeois sans culotte ou le spectre du parc Monceau', a play about Robespierre that Yacine wrote at the request of the Arras Cultural Center for the bicentennial commemoration of the French Revolution. Yacine settled in Verscheny in Drôme, traveled often to the United States and continued to make frequent trips to Algeria. At his death he left an unfinished work on the Algerian riots of October 1988. In 2003 his works were admitted to the Comédie-Française.

Taught in the language of the colonizer, Kateb Yacine considered the French language the Algerians' spoil of the war for independence. He declared in 1966 that "La Francophonie is a neocolonial political machine, which only perpetuates our alienation, but the usage of the French language does not mean that one is an agent of a foreign power, and I write in French to tell the French that I am not French". Trilingual, Kateb Yacine also wrote and supervised the translation of his texts into the Berber language. His work manifests his multicultural country's search for identity and the aspirations of its people.

Kateb Yacine is the father of three children, Hans, Nadia and Amazigh Kateb, singer for the band Gnawa Diffusion.

Bibliography

Books by Kateb

 Soliloques, poems, Bône, Ancienne imprimerie Thomas, 1946. Reprint (with an introduction by Kateb Yacine), Algeria, Bouchène, 1991, 64 pages.
 Abdelkader et l'indépendance algérienne, Algeria, En Nahda, 1948, 47 pages.
 Nedjma, novel, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1956, 256 pages. (English translation by Richard Howard, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991,  and  [paperback])
 Le Cercle des représailles, play, Paris, Editions du Euil, 1959, 169 pages [contains Le Cadavre encerclé, La Poudre d'intelligence, Les Ancêtres redoublent de férocité, and Le Vautour, introduction by Edouard Glissant: Le Chant profond de Kateb Yacine].
 Le Polygone étoilé, novel, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1966, 182 pages.
 Les Ancêtres redoublent de férocité, [with a new ending], Paris, collection TNP, 1967.
 L'Homme aux sandales de caoutchouc, tribute to Vietnam and leader Ho Chi Minh, play, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1970, 288 pages.
 Boucherie de l'espérance, plays, [four plays, including  Mohammed prends ta valise, 1971, and Le Bourgeois sans culotte], Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1999, 570 pages.
 L'Œuvre en fragments, Inédits littéraires et textes retrouvés, rassemblés et présentés by Jacqueline Arnaud, Paris, Sindbad 1986, 448 pages ().
 Le Poète comme un boxeur, interviews 1958-1989, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1994.
 Minuit passé de douze heures, journalism, 1947-1989, textes réunis par Amazigh Kateb, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1999, 360 pages.
 Parce que c'est une femme, introduction by Zebeïda Chergui, play, [including an interview with Kateb Yacine by El Hanar Benali, 1972, La Kahina ou Dilhya; Saout Ennissa, 1972; La Voix des femmes et Louise Michel et la Nouvelle Calédonie], Paris, Editions des Femmes, 2004, 174 pages.

Introductions and prefaces
 Les Fruits de la colère, introduction to Aît Djaffar, Complainte de la petite Yasmina
 Les mille et une nuit de la révolution, introduction to Abdelhamid Benzine, La Plaine et la montagne
 Les Ancêtres redoublent de férocité, introduction to Tassadit Yacine, "Lounis Aït Menguellet songs, in Berber and French, Paris, La Découverte, 1989; Alger Bouchène/Awal, 1990 [ Kateb Yacine's final work, written for Tassadit Yacine on 29 September 1989, one month before he died].
Kateb Yacine is the father of three, children hans.nadia and amazihgh kateb, singer for the band cnawa diffusion

On Kateb Yacine
 Hommage à Kateb Yacine [with a detailed bibliography by Jacqueline Arnaud], Kalim n° 7, Algeria, Office des Publications Universitaires, 1987, 264 pages.
 Ghania Khelifi, Kateb Yacine, Eclats et poèmes, [chronology and many documents], Algeria, Enag Editions, 1990, 136 pages.
 Kateb Yacine, Eclats de mémoire, documents réunis par Olivier Corpet, Albert Dichy et Mireille Djaider, Editions de l'IMEC, 1994, 80 pages ().

References

External links

 Blog about Kateb Yacine (pt)
 Images de Kateb Yacine, excerpts, articles from the Algerian press
 Bibliographie par Charles Bonn (L'Harmattan, 1997), presentation de Kateb Yacine par Mireille Djaïder.

1929 births
1989 deaths
Algerian atheists
20th-century Algerian writers
Berber Algerians
Berber writers
Chaoui people
People from Constantine, Algeria
Burials in Algeria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Like others, when you searched for Wedding Photographers Buffalo NY, you ended up with pages and pages of them. Seems like now a days anyone with a camera is a photographer. All of them will say they are Buffalo's Best Photographer or Buffalo's Premier Wedding Photographer. Well, people say the proof is in the pudding.
I can show you fantastic wedding pictures from real weddings and event photography shoots I have done along with affordable wedding packages to meet all of your needs but there is something to be said about word of mouth. Here are some links to real reviews from customers we have helped to capture their special day.
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text:
Businessman's problem: Workers can't keep up with the machines
cmonforton | February 6, 2015
The story was about US immigration policy, but my-oh-my what it said about working conditions in poultry processing plants. NPR's Jim Zarroli reported from Georgia on the impact on businesses of the state's 2011 law targeting undocumented immigrants. The president of Fieldale Farms, a poultry processing company, indicated he used to rely heavily on workers from Latin America and admitted that the documents of some may have been forged. But under the new law, undocumented workers are avoiding jobs in Georgia, and this is causing a problem for Fieldale Farms and other employers in the state.…
Worker safety provisions in Senate immigration reform bill
cmonforton | April 17, 2013
A comprehensive, bi-partisan immigration reform bill was filed today by the "gang of eight" U.S. Senators. We've written previously about the abuses endured by many workers under the existing guest worker programs (here, here, here, here) and I am particularly curious to see the remedies proposed in the bill. It will take me a few weeks to digest the 844-page bill, but I took a quick peek for provisions related to labor' rights and workplace safety. Here is some of what I read: (1) The bill would create a new visa program (a W-visa) for low-skilled immigrant workers. (See Subtitle G at…
All-time high migrant death rate along US-Mexico border: prevention in immigration reform?
Policy cmonforton | March 28, 2013
According to data from U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), 477 individuals died along the U.S.-Mexico border in 2012 during their attempt to enter the U.S. That's an all-time high rate of 13.3 deaths per 10,000 CBP apprehensions. It compares to a rate of 8 deaths per 10,000 in 2010, and 4 per 10,000 in 2005. The data was assembled by the National Foundation for American Policy (NFAP) in the policy brief "How many more deaths? The moral case for a temporary worker program." At a time when fewer migrants are attempting to enter the U.S. illegally, the author attributes the escalating…
Florida farmworkers' wages: Pick 32 pounds of tomatoes, earn 50 cents, and Senators admit they know it
Leonel Perez put a human face on contingent workers in the U.S., during an interview with HuffPost Live's Jacob Soboroff. Perez is an immigrant farm worker from Imokolee, Florida. He explains the piece rate for picking tomatoes in the fields is about 50 cents for 32 pounds, a rate that hasn't changed in over 50 years. It's a poverty wage for an individual supporting himself, and worse yet for a farm worker who's trying to support a family. The HuffPost interview also features University of Maryland law professor Rena Steinzor. She's president of the not-for-profit Center for Progressive…


Add a teaspoon of Cranberry Chewy Treats to each meal for a healthy treat.
Cranberry Treats are exceptionally good for your pet's health as they prevent bacteria from adhering to the walls of the urinary tract and help prevent infections. Add 1 or 2 teaspoons to every meal to make it healthy and delicious.


text:
Q: Is any method in crystal report to display total price in french word ToWord function in (Crystal Report) Show Total with English word
I want to show price like exemple
120 euro => cent vingt euro
not like in english
and thanks all

A: One option is to create the ToFrenchWords() logic in a Crystal formula or in a UFL (User Function Library). A list of 3rd-party UFLs is available here. But I'm not aware of such a function in those UFLs.
Another option is to use a general-purpose translate function from a UFL as shown in the image below. This is using one of the UFLs in the list mentioned above.


text:
package com.taohj.fms.service;

import java.util.List;

import com.taohj.fms.model.UserRole;

public interface UserRoleService extends IService<UserRole> {

	/**
	 * 根据用户名获取用户角色.
	 *
	 * @param username
	 *            用户名
	 * @return 用户角色
	 */
	List<UserRole> selectRoleByUsername(final String username);

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Krow's c-blog
The Ramblings of a Mad Man From Outer Space
Chronotorious explored; pictures and a mini review
Welcome, welcome! After hearing that the Chronotorious album by The Bad Dudes was receiving a limited run of 1,000 copies made, I rushed to make a purchase. I had such confidence in the people behind this project that I didn't even bother checking out the samples before I made my purchase. Was that confidence well placed? Is Chronotorious worth it? Read on soldier; I'll tell you all about it.
Before I tell you though, why don't we have a picture fapfest?
Here we have the shiny cover of the Chronotorious album, featuring artwork by the very talented Brianne Drouhard.
Here we have the back of the Chronotorious case. It features the full track listing with the original songs from Chrono Trigger in brackets next to the new mixes.
Is that a Nu? I think it is! Written underneath our lazy friend are the words, "All life begins and ends with Nu." I'm giddy that they managed to sneak in one of my favorite, cryptic quotes.
Wait, there's more? Upon unfolding the insert, we're treated to even more artwork by Ms. Drouhard. This one sees the ensemble dancing Charlie Brown style around a campfire, bringing to mind the famous scene where the group questions the nature of the rift in time. Notice that Magus is scowling. He's always so grumpy!
To the left of the campfire dance party, we have an introduction to the adventure we went on all those years ago.
"It all began aeons ago, when man's ancestors picked up a shard of strange red rock.
It's power, which was beyond human comprehension, cultivated dreams in turn, love and hate were born.
Only time will see how it all ends."
Up next we have the CD itself. It shows off the party in its entirety, each doing a pose befitting their character and storylines. It makes me happy just looking at it!
Not only has everything we've looked at so far been amazing, but there's even more to gaze upon! Here we have the pack in poster, drawn by Steph Laberis. It's a depiction of Zeal, and it's going up on my wall immediately.
Here's a zoomed in shot of Chrono, Marle, Lucca, and the Nu.
Ah, what do we have here? There's more to this poster than meets the eye. Here we have a description of each song by the artist who wrote it, as well as a cute rendition of Gato. As you can see in the zoomed in view of Gato, the girls go wild for him.
Finally, here's a picture of my shaggy head holding Chronotorious up for the camera. Why? Because.
If you'd like to read the descriptions on the poster, check out the gallery for the larger sized versions of all of these pictures and even more tasty shots.
Now that we've got that out of the way, let's get into the meat of it. Chronotorious features sixteen different tracks by various members of The Bad Dudes, each with his or her own style and flair. If you're a fan of diversity in music, Chronotorious has it in spades. I'm going to list out each of the tracks below, along with my thoughts and impressions on my favorites. It almost feels wrong talking about music this good, as I'm no musician, so take everything I say with a grain of salt.
1. CHRONOTORIOUS - The album starts off with this electronic/funk arrange of Chrono Trigger, the original games main theme. It features an eclectic mix of various instruments, including the piano and an electric guitar. It's good stuff.
2. Castle Rock - A remix of the theme that played within Guardia Castle. More than any of the other tracks on this album, this song scream Chrono Trigger. It's a nice song to kickback to.
6. B.A.M.F. - An arrange of the battle theme that plays when you confront Magus, this may be my favorite arrange on the album. Composed by Dhsu and Mustin, the track switches between a more electronic/funk sound and the tones of a piano. My opinion may be biased by my love of Magus a character, but that love tells me they couldn't have captured him any better than this.
14.Forest Steppin' - A remix of the theme that plays in Guardia Forest, this is the other contender for my favorite on the album. I can't quite put to words just why I love it so much, other than to tell you that I do.
Should you purchase Chronotorious? Yes, you most definitely should. For a mere $12 you'll be getting some of the best Chrono Trigger mixes out there, high quality art work, five bonus songs, and you'll be supporting some of the best video game musicians in the business. Without a doubt, this is a must own for any Chrono Trigger fan.
#Community #Retro
Krow 1
About Krowone of us since 6:05 PM on 08.15.2008
Favorite games:
Gradius III
The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker
Mega Man series
Mega Man Legends
Mega Man Legends 2
Mega Man X series
No More Heroes
No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle
Paper Mario: The Thousand Year Door
Phantasy Star IV
Pikmin II
Pokemon Gold
R-Type III
Shadow Hearts: Covenant
An assortment of other games I'm forgetting
I'm an aspiring writer, musician, and artist. That doesn't necessarily mean I'm very talented in any of those fields, but that won't stop me from throwing the titles around. I'm presently a high school graduate who has no idea what he wants to do with his life.
Contact me. I'm bored.
AIM: clumsybigfoot
Gtalk: [email protected]
(Last Updated Saturday October 2nd, 2010)
Xbox LIVE: Clumsybigfoot
PSN ID: Clumzibigfoot
Steam ID: clumzibigfoot
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text:
var flickr = require('..')(function auth() { /* noop */ });
var assert = require('assert');

describe('flickr.places.resolvePlaceId', function () {

	it('requires "place_id"', function () {

		assert.throws(function () {
			flickr.places.resolvePlaceId({});
		}, function (err) {
			return err.message === 'Missing required argument "place_id"';
		});

	});

	it('returns a Request instance', function () {
		var req = flickr.places.resolvePlaceId({
			place_id: '_'
		});

		assert.equal(req.method, 'GET');
		assert.equal(req.url, 'https://api.flickr.com/services/rest');
		assert.equal(req.params.format, 'json');
		assert.equal(req.params.nojsoncallback, '1');
		assert.equal(req.params.method, 'flickr.places.resolvePlaceId');
		assert.equal(req.header['Content-Type'], 'text/plain');
		assert.equal(req.params.place_id, '_');
	});

});