Headaches can be dull and throbbing, sharp and pinpointed, and can last for a few minutes or a few days. There are three main types of headaches: tension, migraine and cluster headaches. Each may have its own causes and different symptoms. Migraine headaches differ from tension headaches in that the pain is usually restricted to one side of the head, and may be described as throbbing, moderate to severe pain.
Treat the headache as soon as possible with appropriate medication. The earlier the treatment is given, the better.
Some headache sufferers find that resting and sleeping can help with the pain.
To prevent the onset of a headache, identify your personal trigger which could be certain foods or environmental factors.
Headaches can happen to anyone, at any time, in any place. Thankfully, headaches are so common that for the most part they are nothing to worry about. In most cases, headache symptoms only last for a matter of minutes or hours.
But what if the pain doesn't go away? And what if there are additional symptoms or sickness? More importantly, how can you tell when a headache is serious enough to seek medical care?
There are definite warning signs that signal a headache may be serious. A sudden, severe headache or head pain that occurs after an injury can be a symptom of a more serious medical condition.
If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medication attention immediately.
Some headaches, such as tension headache, can be accompanied by a neck pain or a tightness in the neck. But a sudden, severe headache along with a very stiff neck and a fever and/or sensitivity to light could be a sign of a serious infection that requires medical attention.
Numbness or weakness with a headache, including slurred speech or difficulty walking could be symptomatic of a more serious condition. Speak with your doctor as soon as possible.
Double, blurred vision or partial loss of vision with a headache.
Confusion or loss of consciousness, when paired with a headache, are all warning signs of a serious illness or injury. These may occur with the onset of head pain or after experiencing a headache. Either way, you should seek immediate medical attention.
Any time a head injury results in a headache, consult a doctor right away.
Head pain following a head trauma could be a sign of damage that requires immediate medical treatment.
Stress affects us both mentally and physically. Studies show that people who are prone to stress as well as anxiety and depression are more likely to suffer from frequent headaches.


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The Future of Youth
Youth in East Africa: Infinite possibility or definite disaster?
Following a disputed election in 2007, Kenya experienced spontaneous violence in reaction to the election results mainly in opposition areas, organized attacks mainly in Rift Valley Province against certain ethnic groups that supported the incumbent, organised retaliatory attacks as well as opportunistic sexual and gender based violence. Findings of the Commission of Inquiry into the Post-Election Violence enumerated the growing population of poor, unemployed youth, educated and uneducated, who agree to join militias and organized gangs as part of the major root causes of the conflict. According to a youth advocacy organization, Youth Agenda, young were responsible for 7.32% of all incidents of pre-planned violence. 54.88% of those who executed the violence were youth.
It is this phenomenon and the fact that youth bulges (which are large youth cohorts relative to the adult population) are widely becoming recognized as a considerable resource for national development but also as a significant source of challenges that led Ms. Katindi, then working at the Institute of Economic Affairs-Kenya, to begin investigating youth trends in Kenya and their future implication.
This work brings out glaring concerns beyond education and unemployment - the most worrying trend being the risky sexual patterns, abuse of alcohol and drugs. However, general health and reproductive health challenges of young people do not feature in government's top policy and budget priorities.
A further investigation of the issue in the region led to the following conclusions about the future.
Demographically, nearly all of Sub-Saharan Africa has a child rich population, majority of who are below the age of 15. Two thirds or more are young people under the age of 30, and only three to six percent of the population is above age 60. However, in light of the widespread reductions in fertility and mortality rates, women are giving birth later, to fewer children and spacing them more. As a result, there are changes occurring that will alter the current population structure. In the next two decades, it is anticipated that the 0-14 age cohort will shrink while the 15-29 age cohort will bulge.
This shift presents various opportunities. In countries where most youth and young adults (defined here as those aged 15 to 29 years) have been well educated and where their energy and ingenuity are sought by employers, such a large proportion of young people is seen as an asset. In economies where their numbers, productivity, savings and taxes support smaller subpopulations of children and elderly, they provide a "demographic dividend" to economic growth. However, these large youth populations if relatively well educated but unemployed become a social challenge and a political hazard. Young men in particular are the main perpetrators of conflict as they are frustrated in their search for status and livelihood.
First, a large youthful population will inevitably increase the regional population due to the fact that 15 to 29 year old women are at the peak of their reproductive age. In Kenya, this group is currently responsible for 60% of the 1.5 million Kenyans born every year. Due to high teenage pregnancies, one out of every four children born was not planned for (36% of girls are mothers by age 19) and therefore the reproductive decisions that young people makes will determine their lifetime fertility rates and, subsequently, rate of population growth in the region. It is projected that the region's population will grow from 139 million to 237 million by 2030. 82 million will reside in Tanzania, 66 million in Kenya, 60 million in Uganda, 18 million in Rwanda and 11 million in Burundi.
Second, this population increase will inevitably increase the population density and without proper planning will result into overcrowding. A high population will also increase the demand for natural resources such as water and land thus aggravating food insecurity and increasing resource conflicts in the region. It also places a bigger demand on social amenities such as education, health care and sanitation infrastructure.
Third, most migrants go to cities as young adults to look for employment and other opportunities. A bulging youth will increase the rate of rural to urban migration in the region. If the development transformation necessary to support urban growth is not occurring at the same speed as the migration rate, the region will witness a faster increase of informal settlements and the challenges that come with slum dwellings.
Fourth, out of the current unemployed working age population, about 70% are under age 30. Female unemployment rate is much higher than that of their male counterparts in the region while unemployment among urban youths is much higher than that of their rural counterparts. Continued exclusion of youth from a productive role in the economy will inevitably exacerbate crime, drug abuse, vandalism and escalate the vicious cycle of poverty if no holistic approach is initiated to alter the situation. With a global financial crisis that only serves to exacerbate this already grim reality, the challenge for the region is to adequately address the increasing demand for employment in an environment where the number of youth joining the job market is faster than the jobs being created.
Fifth, researches conducted on population structures point to the fact that 80% of civil conflicts occurred in countries where 60% of the population or more were under the age of thirty. In another study, demographers argued that countries with more than 40 percent of young adults (aged 15 to 29 years) in the population of adults (aged 15 and older) were typically in the early or middle phases of the demographic transition. These countries are 2.3 times likely to experience an outbreak of civil conflict than countries with smaller proportions. East Africa's youth are currently about 51.63% of the total adult population. The risk of civil conflict is further aggravated when these large youth cohorts are relatively well educated but unemployed in areas that generally have low levels of development.
Source: http://209.68.15.158/Publications/Reports/The_Security_Demographic/Chapter_3_Stress_Factor_One_The_Youth_Bulge.pdf
Primary Gross Enrolment Rates in the region are currently at 123.6% while secondary schools Gross Enrolment Rates are at 29.6%. This figure though indicative of low transition rates from primary to secondary schools, also shows the mass production of young men and women who have acquired only minimal skills along the way and therefore cannot meaningfully participate in a work environment that requires high skilled individuals and is globalizing.
Sixth, studies also show that 90% of countries with very young population structures had autocratic or weakly democratic governments at the end of the 20th century. As a result, their young people tend to perpetuate cycles of political instability, ethnic wars, revolutions, and anti-regime activities. Low political will and inadequate resources to effectively integrate them into meaningfully participate in decision making also makes them feel excluded thus exhibiting open aggression and conflict through self organization or by being exploited and manipulated mostly by politicians.
Seventh, many of the countries with young and youthful populations also have among the world's weakest economies. They also have political and institutional constraints that discourage economic activities and private investments needed to generate jobs. Lack of jobs among young people escalates dependency. According to research these countries experienced an average annual economic growth rate of 3.6 percent. This growth can increase if young people are economically empowered to allow greater personal savings and investments. However, continued denial of economic opportunities to them will lead to a shrinking per capita income. Unemployment eventually leads to frustrations that trigger political instability, making it even more difficult for poor countries with large youth populations to generate economic growth and encourage the foreign and domestic investment needed to generate new jobs.
United Nations forecasts that the plight of young people is likely to be one of the main challenges of the century. Owing to the fact that Sub-Saharan Africa will experience a bulging youth population in the next two decades, understanding the region's population growth, structure and distribution will provide incites that help minimize the challenges of a growing youth population and maximize on the opportunities that youth bulges present.
Katindi Sivi Njonjo
Katindi Sivi Njonjo, a futurist with joy and passion for foresight
Designation: Programme Director (Kenya)
Organization:Society for International Development – East Africa
Read more about the author and her view on being a futurist.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Now that Sam and Marlo's baby girl has arrived, it's clear nothing could have prepared Andy for this moment. So when Juliet offers Andy an opportunity to leave town for 4 months on an undercover project, Andy starts to consider it. Meanwhile, Jarvis reveals the shocking news that 15 Division will be restructured following the corruption scandal.


One of the most common house maintenance is roofing in Sydney and it also one of the biggest market in the building industry. There are many forms of roof materials used but one of the most talked about is the curved roof installed in the Sydney Cricket Ground. The pavilion was recently redeveloped with a budget of about $197.5 million. The roof was made possible by the Free Form product, a standing roof profile, which is manufactured by Fielders Steel Roofing.
The new curved roof was designed in order to cover about 85 per cent of the renovated seating areas. The curved roof was made possible by the FreeForm profile provided by Fielders. The roof is also perfectly in sync with the canopy which has an outline that follows that of a helmet. All of these resulted in a striking effect that adds to the world class standard of the facility in terms of sports and recreation.
The MA Noble as well as the Donald Bradman stand located inside the Sydney Cricket Ground or SCG has undergone remodeling and it was completed back in July of 2014. The redevelopment was done in order to add to the previous seating number. Now, there are 13,360 more seats than before in the ground area.
AW Edwards Pty Ltd together with Cox Architects was the one who made a contract with Fielders to supply the roofing for the large canopy found in the new pavilion. The design brief was quite complex because the roof of the pavilion has a curved shape that is not standard. In the end, they chose to use the standing seam profile under the FreeForm technology to be used on the roof. The roof was installed after creating a convex in both directions starting at 120 meters from the centre, the curve then foes up to 55 meters on both sides. Due to the flexibility of the FreeForm system, they were able to recreated the natural curves in order to follow the helmet style of the canopy's outline.
Thought this material might not be used in regular roofing in Sydney, this is a great step towards innovation and may be used as a solution in future projects.


text:
Return to Brookings Institution Press
Inside the Fukushima Nuclear Crisis
By Yoichi Funabashi September 24, 2019
Select edition Hardcover - 39.99
For orders outside the US
Purchase by Mail, Fax, or Phone
The human drama, and long-term lessons, of the Fukushima nuclear disaster
The Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011 presented an enormous challenge even to Japan, one of the world's most advanced and organized countries. Failures at all levels—of both the government and the private sector—worsened the human and economic impact of the disaster and ensured that the consequences would continue for many years to come.
Based on interviews with more than 300 government officials, power plant operators, and military personnel during the years since the disaster, Meltdown is a meticulous recounting and analysis of the human stories behind the response to the Fukushima disaster.
While the people battling to deal with the crisis at the site of the power plant were risking their lives, the government at the highest levels in Tokyo was in disarray and the utility company that operated the plants seemed focused more on power struggles with the government than on dealing with the crisis. The author, one of Japan's most eminent journalists, provides an unrivaled chronological account of the immediate two weeks of human struggle to contain man-made technology that was overwhelmed by nature.
Yoichi Funabashi gives insights into why Japan's decisionmaking process failed almost as dramatically as had the Fukushima nuclear reactors, which went into meltdown following a major tsunami. Funabashi uses the Fukushima experience to draw lessons on leadership, governance, disaster resilience, and crisis management—lessons that have universal application and pertinence for an increasingly technology-driven and interconnected global society.
Brookings Institution Press, September 24, 2019
Yoichi Funabashi
Yoichi Funabashi is chief diplomatic correspondent and columnist at the Asahi Shimbun in Tokyo. He is the editor of Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific (United States Institute of Peace Press, 2003), the author of Alliance Adrift (Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1998), and a coauthor of China-Japan-U.S. Relations: Meeting New Challenges (Japan Center for International Exchange, 2002).
Are the kids alright? Saving and wealth accumulation among the millennial generation
William G. Gale
College sports joins the marketplace, with limits
Robert E. Litan
New insights on how innovation districts are challenging economic and social divides
Julie Wagner
Consumerism isn't a sellout – if capitalism works for all
Richard V. Reeves
Syrian refugees in Turkey need better access to formal jobs
Kemal Kirişci and Gokce Uysal Kolasin
Charts of the Week: National security
Fred Dews


small jaw rock crusher per capacity... Small Hammer Crusher Small Jaw Crusher Diesel ... A portable rock crusher with a capacity of 150 tons per hour or more.
... significant scale hammer crusher could incredibly effectively be up to 1000 ton/h- Though subtle hammer crusher is 40 tons per hour. ... jaw crusher ton per hour.
used machinery crusher 3 tons per hour 200 mesh ... While small scale hammer crusher is only 40 tons per hour. ... The fineness can be upto 200 mesh.


text:
Madagascar: Take decisive steps to end torture and killings by security forces
GENEVA, Switzerland, June 26, 2019,-/African Media Agency (AMA)/-Malagasy authorities must take decisive steps to end the entrenched culture of impunity for killings, torture and other ill-treatment perpetrated by the country's security forces, Amnesty International said today to mark the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture.
Acts of torture and other ill-treatment perpetrated by the police and the military forces are a common occurrence, with many of these violations happening in the context of the fight against alleged cattle rustlers.
"In the past few years, we have seen a spike in cases of torture against cattle rustlers, and sometimes gruesome killings. However these acts have gone unpunished, fuelling impunity," said Deprose Muchena, Amnesty International's Regional Director for Southern Africa.
"Malagasy authorities must promptly tackle the impunity for torture and other cases of ill-treatment. This begins with carrying out effective investigations into all known or reported cases and immediately removing suspected perpetrators from any official functions pending the outcome of the investigations. Suspected perpetrators must be brought to justice in fair trials."
"Victims and their families must have access to effective remedies and justice."
During searches for suspected cattle rustlers, Malagasy security forces have often raided and looted villages, burned down houses, and tortured or killed villagers. In January 2019, Amnesty International verified harrowing images of eight men in Betroka, Southern Madagascar, whose bodies were bullet-riddled after they were shot by police during a raid. They were accused of trying to steal from a shop.
Other recent cases include three men accused of stealing firearms, who were found dead, with their bodies tied up in the Onive river in Ampitatafika town on 31 May. They had been arrested by the military on 20 May and scars on their bodies indicated they had been subjected to beatings before they died.
In April, a 19-year old student was found dead after spending a night in police custody in Maroantsetra. He had been arrested the previous day on suspicion of robbery. According to a doctor's report, the student was beaten to death.
"Malagasy authorities must immediately put measures in place to ensure that anyone suspected of any crime is protected from all forms of torture and other ill-treatment during their arrest and when they are in custody," said Deprose Muchena.
"This includes ensuring that they have full access to legal representation. Any information extracted through torture should not be admitted as evidence against suspects."
In February 2017, police officers burnt down five villages in Antsakabary, norther Madagascar, and committed acts of torture and other ill-treatment on villagers after two police officers who had come to arrest people accused of stealing a duck were killed by a mob.
An elderly woman died from burns during the attack after she was unable to escape. More than two years later, no one has been held to account for the violations.
In a 2018 report, Amnesty International found that detention conditions in Malagasy prisons also constitute torture, with severe overcrowding and a failure to separate pre-trial detainees from convicted criminals. There is also a lack of food and healthcare.
While the organization welcomes the government's new dietary plan for detainees, it is calling on the authorities to tackle overcrowding in prisons by reducing the use of pre-trial detention and ensuring that prison conditions are in line with international standards.
Distributed by African Media Agency (AMA) on behalf of Amnesty International.


#Caltrain Social News: July 29, 2016 – Peninsula Moves!
Hope you guys enjoyed the game.
We really regret that, too.
This week's #CaltrainIG captures a rider waiting in the shade and comes from @mpmartin. Thanks for the shot!
This week we played Hashtag Wars, where riders riff on a subject using Caltrain. This week's hashtag was #CaltrainInThe80s, and we got some good submissions.
@Caltrain @GoCaltrain #CaltrainInThe80s Who's The CBOSS?


Debra Karrat, founder of Yellow Bloom, specializes in marketing strategy, branding, advertising, promotion, package design and copywriting. Debra has over 23 years of extensive marketing and branding experience in both product and service industries, with a degree from Bucknell University. She has a comprehensive background in consumer product goods (CPG), with previous positions as Director of Marketing for Wella Personal Care of N.A., hair care and skincare manager for L'Oreal, USA and lead manager of the marketing department for Tumi, USA. For the past 13 years, Debra has been an independent marketing consultant working with multiple local and national clients. She also has been involved in numerous international product lines working with clients from Israel, Germany and France.
Debra is also the founder of a unique fitness and nutrition business/blog, Heels To Laces, that facilitates information about the latest news in health, fitness, nutrition and trends while creating balance in life. She is a certified fitness instructor through AFAA, certified in Tabata and has a certificate in Advanced Sports Nutrition.


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Netflix is now available on Virgin Media Horizon TV
John Reilly December 12, 2016
Virgin Media Ireland have just announced that, starting today, Virgin Media Horizon TV users will be able to use their Netflix subscription right inside the Virgin Media TV service at no additional cost.
You can access the new app/channel by going to channel 300 or 999.
This is a nice addition to the rest of Virgin Media Ireland's offerings such as the newly launched Replay TV fuctionality which lets you go back and watch TV Programmes that you missed on a number of channels that have been broadcast in the last 7 days, including programmes that have just started which we find really handy.
Here's the full press release below:
Virgin Media launches Netflix on Horizon TV
From today, you can use your Netflix subscription on your Virgin Media TV service
Enjoy Netflix seamlessly on Virgin Media Horizon TV including shows like Marvel, Luke Cage, Stranger Things, Black Mirror and House of Cards and more
Dublin, Ireland – December 12th, 2016: From today, Virgin Media customers will be able to watch all their favourite Netflix shows seamlessly on the TV using their Netflix subscription on Virgin Media's Horizon TV service.
The Netflix app is now ready to roll on Virgin Media's Horizon TV service at the flick of a button on channels 999 and 300.
Other than your standard monthly Netflix subscription fee, there's no extra cost. Non Netflix customers will also be able to sign up to the Virgin Media service through the app.
Paul Farrell, Vice President at Virgin Media said, "This brings your Netflix streaming subscription straight onto your TV. With thousands of films, box sets and TV shows to watch instantly, it's one of the best ways to enjoy all your favourites. You've got all your Netflix exclusives like Marvel, Luke Cage, Stranger Things, Black Mirror and House of Cards – and that's just for starters. Netflix is even better when you can watch it seamlessly on Virgin Media's Horizon TV service or you can watch it on any device anytime, anywhere you can get online."
"We're thrilled to bring Netflix straight to our customers and right on time for Christmas. Netflix has consistently ranked Virgin Media as the Number 1 network to watch Netflix on in Ireland. Our customers recognise that great entertainment needs the fastest broadband and we're constantly improving the connected entertainment experience for them in their homes."
Throughout Christmas all the Netflix favourites will be available for our customers to stream on our Horizon TV service at a the touch of a button.
Ireland will be the first country to introduce Netflix to customers as part of Liberty Global's new partnership with Netflix which will lead to the roll out of the app to customers in more than 30 countries around the world.
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About John Reilly
John is Founder and Editor-in-Chief of TheEffect.Net. His favourite gaming series is Uncharted and his favourite film is Interstellar. He is also known to quote 'Father Ted' and Keith Lemon more than is normal. John@theeffect.net
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This is a principal question and it determines my whole life. After all, I don't want to go on living in this "interest club"; I am here in order to attain something. I'm here all the time, and put a lot of money and energy into it, although I could succeed in many other areas. In fact, there are many very talented people here who can have everything the world can offer, but they have given up the rewards of this world, and sit in the lessons motionless. Is that right? Is this the way one should live his life?
So, we have to ask this question about love persistently: "When will it finally surface?" "When will the need of loving the other as myself grab me by the throat?" Why do I need to analyze the current situation as to how much I love myself now and how I relate to others?
After all, I see myself as part of the nation of Israel, which means those who want to reach Yashar-El (straight to the Creator), to be similar to Him by actions of bestowal. This is the only way we can reach adhesion with Him, which is the purpose of creation. What can I give Him? The only chance I have to learn the attribute of bestowal from Him is to be like Him in my attitude to others. I have to discover that He loves everyone and bestows upon them. Then by operating in the same way towards others, I become like Him, I am in adhesion with Him, and I evince Him in my action that realizes the love of others.
This means that each and every one in Israel would take it upon himself to care and work for each member of the nation, and to satisfy all their every needs, no less than the measure imprinted in him to care for his own needs.
Question: What is the "nation of Israel"?
Answer: These are people who have to reach adhesion with the Creator. Practically, I identify them by their ability to act mutually, to make mutual efforts. With whom can I stand before Mount Sinai? With all due respect, it isn't with members of parliament and not with my neighbors, but with people who understand me and who are ready to step forward with me on the path of mutual concessions and mutual connection in order to discover the upper force in it and to bring Him contentment. They are my "nation" for the time being.
Later this concept will expand and envelop the whole world.


Thanksgiving in Hawaii dinner scene.
Vacationing during the holidays can often leave families uncertain of how to celebrate them. For those spending Thanksgiving in Hawaii, we have compiled a list of different events and dinners on each island.
From the glittering North Shore to Waikiki, Oahu has plenty of Thanksgiving Day activities and outings. Start the day off with a Turkey Trot in Honolulu. Here, attendees can run 10 miles and burns calories in advance of Thanksgiving dinner. Another way to kick off the holidays is to join thousands at the Thanksgiving Weekend Holiday Parade.
One option is pick up your own pre-made Thanksgiving meal. Places offering them include: Hawaii Prince Hotel, Hyatt Regency Waikiki Hotel, Pacific Beach Hotel or Diamond Head Market and Grill. Prices for take-out orders usually cost anywhere from $80 to $150 serving around 4 to 6 people. This can be a great way to enjoy a family-style meal in the privacy of a home, condo or hotel.
Many restaurants in Waikiki will have a special Thanksgiving menu during this time. Some restaurants even cook the turkey in an imu, a traditional Hawaiian smoke pit. They will also make stuffing, desserts and side dishes with a distinct Hawaiian flare.
Those in Waikiki can attend the gingerbread village unveiling at the Sheraton Princess Kaiulani. You can see the Waikiki Holiday Parade on the Friday after Thanksgiving. Here, there are crafts, foods and festivities to enjoy. Families can also go the Royal Hawaiian Center's celebration featuring hula dancing, Hawaiian music and Christmas tree lighting.
Ever thought about celebrating Thanksgiving in Hawaii on the ocean? If so, you should begin your holiday weekend with a cruise. On the Pacific Whale Foundation Thanksgiving Cruise, you can feast on classic dishes, while enjoying entertainment at sea.
Aside from the many restaurants offering Thanksgiving menus, many can enjoy a feast at the major hotels. Popular Thanksgiving buffets and dinners can be found at the Grand Wailea Hotel. The Sheraton Maui in Lahaina also offers an excellent Thanksgiving Day meal.
Similar to their Oahu and Maui counterparts, the Grand Hyatt Kauai and Sheraton Kauai offer Thanksgiving Day dinners. They come with favorite dishes like roast turkey and stuffing, baked ham, mashed potatoes, appetizers and dessert. Many hotels also offer a choice of fish as well as buffets with sushi stations.
Recently, the Kauai Community College hosted a Turkey Roast by using authentic underground imu ovens. Here, guests could order Thanksgiving turkeys cooked the Hawaiian way. For details on restaurants with Thanksgiving Day menus, contact your hotel concierge.
On such a vast island as this, there are innumerable opportunities where you can enjoy a Thanksgiving feast. Those renting condos can order take-out Thanksgiving meals and serve them in the comfort of their rooms. For guests who'll dine at hotel restaurants, the choices are endless. A favorite option is the Hilton Waikoloa Village in the Water's Edge Ballroom. Here, you can find a multitude of holiday dishes and live entertainment. Tickets range from $31 for children and $79 for adults.
But there are many other restaurant options. The Mauna Lani Fairmont Orchard provides a decadent Thanksgiving Day buffet at $79 for adults and $39 for children. The Merriman's in Waimea serves Thanksgiving dinners with Hawaiian dishes and desserts from $69 for adults and $30 for children. The Waikoloa Beach Marriot Resort & Spa features Chef Jayson Kanekoa's ornate Thanksgiving meals. Here, he complements his meals with other delectable Hawaii-themed dishes. Example include lilikoi marshmallow covered yams, and macadamia nut and sage stuffing. Tickets are $30 for children and $69 for adults.


text:
04.4 Poster
An ideal nanogranular sample is an ensemble of independent nanosized magnetic (M) particles dispersed in a non magnetic (NM) matrix. The magnetic particles can be seen as large magnetic moments; in case their dynamics is affected just by thermal energy contributions, the whole system is referred to as a superparamagnet (SP) [1]. Real systems, due to growth conditions, often differ from this picture and interparticle magnetic interactions, e.g. dipolar or exchange ones, are one of the main sources of deviation from the ideal SP behaviour. If M and NM metallic species are used, the samples display a spin-dependent electronic resistivity that remarkably decreases if an external magnetic field, H, is applied, i.e. they show the so called giant magnetoresistance (GMR) [1]. GMR is ascribable to the magnetic ordering effect induced by H, so the higher the degree of disorder at zero field the larger the GMR effect. Interactions induce correlations among the magnetic moments, in particular when H is small, viz. an higher degree of order. As a consequence, the overall resistivity change is reduced. It's therefore important to study interactions effects when H ≈ 0. In this work, we have studied dc-cosputtered nanogranular FexAg100-x thin films with a volume Fe concentration, x, varying from 10 up to 30 as measured by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry. At room temperature, for x < 20 a SP behaviour is observed. A recently devel-oped model [2], based on the simultaneous investigation of magnetic and GMR data, has pointed out that magnetic interactions affect samples dynamics for all concentrations. The correlation length, λ, is always larger than particles average distance and increases with tem-perature and x [2]. These systems are therefore suitable to study interparticle interactions and their effect on low-field magnetic configuration. The investigation was performed with sus-ceptibility measurements in field-cooled (FC) and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) configuration, re-laxation and Mössbauer measurements; X-Ray diffraction data were collected, as well. When x < 18, FC and ZFC data display the typical lambda shape but, for temperatures lower than the blocking temperature, FC signal displays an unexpected maximum at about 40 K. This effect is less and less pronounced as x increases and it vanishes starting from x = 18. The comparison between ZFC/FC curves and magnetic relaxation data confirms that interparticle interactions have a remarkable influence on low-field dynamics and this finding is supported by low-temperature Mössbauer measurements. However, the kind of interactions seems to change with x. Indeed, for low Fe concentration the samples possibly behave like a cluster-glass system, where frustrated interactions produce the FC maximum. Whilst approaching x ≈ 18, the interactions turn to dipolar and for higher concentrations the samples approach a re-entrant ferromagnetic behaviour. Eventually, X-Ray diffraction data suggest that the whole transition is related to the effects induced on samples structure/morphology by the change in iron concentration. [1] A. E. Berkowitz et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 3745 [2] P. Allia, M. Coisson, F. Spizzo, P. Tiberto, and F. Vinai, Phys. Rev. B 73 (2006) 054409
Concentration dependence of interclusters interaction role in sputtered Fe-Ag nanogranular samples
SPIZZO, Federico;G. Battaglin;RONCONI, Franco;SACERDOTI, Michele;TAMISARI, Melissa
giant magnetoresistance; nanogranular system


Capture baby's first year with the Baby Bump Collection Calendar Inserts by BoBunny.
These inserts coordinate with the BoBunny Misc Me Collection 8" x 9" Life Journal 3-Ring Binder Albums and tabbed dividers (all sold separately). Included are 44 calendar and weekly pages.


Edmund Yiu and I had a discussion a while back in Google Docs about a position that interested him. I'm lazy but occasionally creative, so I finally realized I could just post a link to the Google Doc, and then you guys can read the discussion-article in Google Docs.
By the way, Google Docs can be an awesome resource for co-writing things, or turning live discussions into articles straightaway, and that kind of thing, and it's easy to insert pictures.


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Chili's Menu Gets 40% Smaller: What Items Were Cut?
Karl Utermohlen
InvestorPlace September 8, 2017
Chili's — owned by Brinker International, Inc. (NYSE:EAT) — announced that it is reducing the size of its menu by 40%.
Source: Flickr | Flickr | Flickr
The restaurant chain had been having problems in the kitchen as its staff was being spread too thin attempting to prepare too many menu items, some of which were underperforming. The menu previously had 125 items, and this figure will now be cut down to 75.
Streamlining the menu will allow Chili's to get customers' food out to them swifter at a time when sit-down restaurants have been losing foot traffic to fast-casual chains. "Guests have also told us they know that today no restaurant can be everything to everyone," Kelli Valade, president of Chili's, said Friday.
InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips
The move will allow the company to turn its focus to its core items by improving them and increasing the portion size. These core products include Chili's burgers, ribs and fajitas, according to Valade.
Consumers will be able to try out the new menu at Chili's locations around the nation on Sept. 18. "We grew our menu a bit, and we weren't being the best versions of ourselves," Valade added. "We are getting back to our roots."
It is unclear whether or not there will be price changes to these core food items. Such a move would help the company bring back customers and improve sales.
EAT shares grew 2.3% on the news Friday.
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The post Chili's Menu Gets 40% Smaller: What Items Were Cut? appeared first on InvestorPlace.
Have Insiders Been Selling Brinker International, Inc. (NYSE:EAT) Shares This Year?
Chewy reports sales in line with expectations


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Our worldwide spending includes contributions to non-profit organizations; we also invest in social projects through various joint-venture arrangements, production-sharing agreements and projects operated by others.
We believe that well-designed contributions programs contribute to society by raising the standard of living and the stability of the communities in which we live and do business.
volunteer hours donated to almost 5,000 charitable organizations in 34 countries in 2014.


text:
Q: PHP: Most efficient way to get the number of files within a directory Consider these two folder structures:
Foo/
    Folder1/
        File1.txt
    Folder2/
    Folder3/
    File2.txt

Bar/
    Folder1/
        Folder2/
    Folder3/
    Folder4/

I'd like to know the most efficient way in PHP to tell me that the "Foo" folder has two files in it and that the "Bar" folder has zero files in it. Notice that it's recursive. Even though the "File1.txt" file is not immediately inside the "Foo" folder, I still want it to count. Also, I don't care what the names of the files are. I just want the total number of files.
Any help would be appreciated. Thanks!

A: Use RecursiveDirectoryIterator. Here is the documentation.
$rdi = new RecursiveIteratorIterator(new RecursiveDirectoryIterator('/home/thrustmaster/Temp', FilesystemIterator::SKIP_DOTS), RecursiveIteratorIterator::LEAVES_ONLY);

foreach ($rdi as $file)
    echo "$file\n";
print iterator_count($rdi);

A: You need a recursive function to loop through the directory structure. That's all you can really do to count the number of files without going with object orientated solution.
This function will recursively count the number of files in a directory and it's sub-directories.
function countDir($dir, $i = 0) {
    if ($handle = opendir($dir.'/')) {
        while (false !== ($file = readdir($handle))) {

            // Check for hidden files the array[0] on a
            // string returns the first character
            if ($file[0] != '.') {
                if (is_dir($dir.'/'.$file)) {
                    $i += countDir($dir.$file, $i);
                } else {
                    $i++;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return $i;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


AICS Institute was established in the year 2003 Registered by govt. of NCT New Delhi with a view to promote the hidden genius in the field of IT/BPO in the nook and corner of the country. AICS Institute is one of the premier Institutes in the field of networking training programs in INDIA . AICS Institute is a popular Computer HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, NETWORKING, Printer Repairing, Mobile Repairing Institute, Laptop Repairing Institute in Delhi India and also offers Certification courses from other Leading vendors like MICROSOFT, NOVELL and Checkpoint etc. In a short span of just about 4 years we have created a niche for ourselves and have become a favorite's destination of IT students, who are looking for a premium Training Institute or other popular certification courses in India . Our advanced training practices focus on quality at every stage of training process. It ensured our status as not only a premium Computer hardware & Networking training Institute in Delhi India apart from the best training Institutes in Delhi India for other certification Courses, such as Microsoft certification courses etc.


text:
The criteria for receiving an honor/star consist of the following:
1. Professional achievement;
2. Longevity of five years or more;
3. Contributions to the community; and
4. The guarantee that the celebrity will attend the dedication ceremony if selected. Posthumous awards require a two-year waiting period. Once selected, the recipient has up to 2 years to schedule their ceremony or the nomination expires and must be re-submitted. Q: How many honorees are there per year?
A: In Detroit, an average of twenty stars is selected each year. The initial launch will have one hundred-twenty (120) honorees in 2013.
Q: Where is the Walk to Fame to be located?
A: The Walk to Fame, conceptually, will be concentrated downtown, near waterfront camp Martius: Woodward Corridor, Grand Boulevard, Washington Boulevard, Music Hall, Opera House, Fox Theater, Paradise Valley, Chene Park, and some scattered city areas around historical monuments throughout Detroit.
Q: What known cities have a Walk to Fame?
A: San Francisco, California; Hollywood, California; Anaheim, California; Richmond, Indiana; Atlanta, Georgia; Kansas City, Missouri; Las Vegas, Nevada; Lansing, Michigan; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Nashville, Tennessee; St. Louis, Missouri.
Q: How is the Walk to Fame funded in those known cities?
A: In Hollywood, the instituted fee for the nominating party and star recipient fund the Walk to Fame and the Chamber of Commerce delegates the monies. In the remaining cities, Walks of Fame are heavily funded by private sector sponsors and in some cases city taxes. The Michigan Walk to Fame in Lansing is funded by private donations, which are tax deductible.
Q: How many persons are on staff for the Walk to Fame in those cities?
A: The number of persons on staff for the Walk to Fame varies greatly among the cities. The Chamber of Commerce, which has nine staff members and thirty-one directors who participate in the Walk's administration run the Hollywood Walk to Fame. Five persons make up the selection committee. In St. Louis, Missouri, about six persons are on staff for the Walk and one hundred and twenty make up the selection committee.
Q: How will the Detroit Walk to Fame be funded?
A. It will be funded through technology, applications, private sponsors and grants. The Walk to Fame is administered by a private nonprofit organization headed by Don Davis and O'Neil Swanson. The organization consists of three directors and an advisory board of twelve persons/institutions recruited from the State of Michigan.
Q: Are the induction ceremonies for the honorees open to the public?
A: Yes, the public may attend the induction ceremony of honorees. 4 The Walk to Fame will be administered as a private non-profit organization, mainly funded by its projects; the Walk to Fame will have three appointed directors at minimum and its drafted bylaws will outline the existence and responsibilities of the corporate officers and directors, the size of the board of directors and the manner and term of their election, how and when board meetings will be held, who may call meetings, how the board of directors will function, and how grant monies will be distributed.
The advisory board shall have three Commissioners from the City of Detroit Entertainment Commissions and directors will be comprised locally; individuals will be recruited from areas such as the Charles Wright Museums, Detroit Historical Museum, the Detroit Economic Growth Corporation and various businesses. The Walk to Fame administration board will keep a Records Book that tracks all records of account and minutes of the proceedings. The Detroit Walk to Fame will aid Detroit's revival by drawing positive attention to the City and encouraging future investments. The Walk to Fame will directly serve Detroit by recognizing persons of distinction in the arts, entertainment, and notable exceptional achievers using technology. The Walk to Fame will help improve the City's infrastructure by providing enhanced walkways and creating a tourist attraction that will bring constructive and positive publicity and capital to the City.


text:
Ericsson takes MediaFirst middleware to Amlogic STB chipset
| 22 March 2018
Intending to allow TV operators to take customers to new levels of personalised consumer satisfaction, Ericsson Media Solutions has made its MediaFirst middleware available via Amlogic's chipsets.
Amlogic is a leading provider of System-On-Chip (SOC) for video streaming and smart home devices. Supported by its central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU), the integration of Amlogic's S905X chipset solution is claimed to enable consumers to speedily access content, including that compatible with high dynamic range (HDR), across MediaFirst set-top boxes (STBs). Operators are also said to be able to provide increased choice of content, as well as boosting engagement and personalisation experiences for customers.
Commenting on the partnership, James Xie, VP, corporate business strategy, Amlogic, said: "The S905X chipset is ideally designed to meet operators' requirements and to enable a high-quality user experience with MediaFirst. MediaFirst takes full advantage of our SOC capabilities to deliver a seamless TV experience to operators at price points not possible using current solutions."
Added Marc Stauffacher, head of solution area TV platforms, Ericsson Media Solutions: "Amlogic chipsets deliver an excellent user experience across all MediaFirst use cases, including pay-TV in-home and OTT services. By pre-integrating the MediaFirst TV Platform client with Amlogic we are adding more choice and value to Ericsson Media Solutions' holistic MediaFirst ecosystem, enabling our global partner operators to rapidly go to market."


text:
St. Mary Help of ChristiansBig Cat RescueDrug Policy Alliance
Boulder Jewish News
www.boulderjewishnews.org
givvers: jason + 1 other
One-stop online for news and information about Jewish life, arts and culture, events and learning in the Boulder, Colorado area.
Boulder Jewish News is a 501(c)3 organization.
education, teen, community, jewish, news, colorado, boulder, holidays, rabbi
Weekly Edition: January 27th, 2023
Shabbat shalom! Check out your weekly summary of posts from the Boulder Jewish News.
International March of Living Calls for Preservation of Children's Shoes at Auschwitz
Marking the 78th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, and International Holocaust Memorial Day, the International March of the Living has issued an urgent call to secure the funds to preserve some 8,000 shoes belonging to children, most of them Jewish, who were in vast majority murdered in the German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz.
Online Holocaust Denial Suppressed in English, Rife in Arabic
As International Holocaust Remembrance Day forces Jews to ask themselves how safe they feel, new data from CyberWell has revealed social media companies' underinvestment in monitoring antisemitism in Arabic.
Column: 'Dream Job' In Rural Michigan Becomes Nightmare for Jewish Educator
After nine days as dean of students at a middle school, Michael Woodberg resigned. The offense? Being Jewish.
Mar-A-Lago Is Not on The Way to Auschwitz
A new record may have just been set—for the most Hitler analogies in a 24-hour period.
FFRF Accuses Coach Deion Sanders of Imposing Religion at JSU and Now at CU
Sports legend Deion Sanders is misusing his new position as the University of Colorado football coach to foist Christianity on the program, asserts the Freedom From Religion Foundation.
"Unorthodox" Meets "Broad City" in New Israeli TV Show
The show takes a very American Jewish kind of TV comedy that's popular and puts it in an Israeli context. It has a "Broad City" vibe but has similarities to "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel" as well.
Front Range Downloadable Library Exceeds One Million Ebook and Audiobook Checkouts in 2022
Front Range Downloadable Library (which includes Boulder Public Library) announced that it reached a record-breaking one million digital book checkouts in 2022.
Anyone can add a recipient to Givv. Just click 'Submit a Recipient' above.


The Reeds explore the sand dunes at Silver Lake and the Ludington State Park.
The Reeds capture beatiful owls, the sand dunes and outstanding Michigan sunsets.
Todd and Brad start their day with a visit to Emerson Lake in the freezing rain. Then, they make new friends at the Pere Marquette River--a fisherman and his dog. The snow makes for a blustery day but adds a magical feeling to the video and photos.
En route from Fremont to Walkerville, the Reeds capture beautiful country settings along the way.
Sunshine in January gave Todd an opportunity to shoot sunrise reflections on melting ice and get out to enjoy the cool breeze off Lake Michigan.


text:
Social Responsibility in the Global Wine Industry Part II: Workers and Community
Our Work & Capabilities
HOW TO BE SUSTAINABLE
info@sustainablebizintl.com
Strategies for Sustainable Development
and Conservation of Future Resources
Jun 29, 2016 | Posted by	Sandra Taylor |
Environmental stewardship has received much attention in the wine industry, but firms must also address social sustainability to be considered sustainable enterprises. This means growing wine grapes and making wine in ways that are environmentally sound, socially equitable, and economically viable. On the production side it is (or should be) about commitment to communities and commitment to workers ? taking care to provide workers a healthy environment in which to work in the vineyard and in the winery. Employee-related issues include workplace opportunity, human resource policies, quality of life, governance, democratic processes, worker development, gender diversity, bonus-pay systems, seasonal worker housing and health insurance.
Additional societal concerns include local purchases, local hiring, supporting local community events, product impacts on society, treatment of the under-privileged, and being a good citizen in the community.
Following are best practices by wineries, prominent charities and good works in various regions.
Talley Vineyard's Fund for Vineyard and Farm Workers, California
Californias Talley Vineyards established an endowment in 2004, the Fund for Vineyard and Farm Workers, with the goal of amassing a $1M fund, the interest of which will fund (in perpetuity) grants to nonprofit organizations that assist San Luis Obispo County agricultural workers and their families. Their Mano Tinta series is specially designated for the fund, and local grape growers and winemakers are invited to produce their own specially designated wine as cause marketing for the endowments sake. Mano Tinta, Red Hand, is a wine dedicated to the pride and commitment of farm workers to their craft. All of the grapes, materials and services used to make this wine are donated and all profits from the sales of Mano Tinta benefit the Fund.
The recipients of these funds are nonprofits dedicated to local charity work including education, reading programs, literacy, after school programs and housing for migrant and seasonal labor. https://www.talleyvineyards.com/
RdV Vineyards, Virginia
RdV Vineyards in Delaplane, Virginia, has put the state of Virginia on the global wine map, according to wine critic Jancis Robinson. Founder and General Manager Rutger de Vink is a former US Marine who has produced a high quality Bordeaux style blend. Rutgers philosophy guides RdV's labor and community practices. From the beginning he was very adamant about having no seasonal workers/labor. RdV has a full-time vineyard team that works year round. Another aspect of RdV's social responsibility is being a part of the community and the winery's charitable commitments to Hope for the Warriors and Navy Seals. As a result, a lot of individuals coming back from combat spend a lot of time at the winery, including helping out with harvest. RdV did a special bottling in 2010 called Exurgo and all of the proceeds from this wine went to Hope for the Warriors. http://www.rdvvineyards.com/
Domaine Chandon, Argentina
Domaine Chandon in Argentina has collaborated with its neighbors on a program for children of harvest workers called "Education in Harvest." The harvest workers had been accustomed to taking their children to the vineyard at harvest time, which exposed them to a variety of risks and accidents. Since 2006, Bodegas Chandon has been going beyond the legal framework related to child labor and has implemented a recreational education program for children of pickers at harvest time. This happens during the month of February, when the children are not attending school. Up to 100 children between the ages of 1 and 15 are moved from their rural homes to the nursery garden and sports center of Tupungato, where they participate in sports and recreational activities. They also receive breakfast, lunch and medical checks.
The program's positive impact led other companies to join, including Bodega Catena Zapata, Canale Group (Alco) Shirley Hinojosa, and Don Antonio Vineyards. This program strengthens the employment relationship and the parents can work in a concentrated way, knowing that their children are cared for and safe; and so the workers return to Chandon each year. http://www.chandon.com/
Backsberg Estate, South Africa
In 1998 South Africa's Backsberg Estate Cellars introduced a special wine series titled Freedom Road. A cause-marketing initiative, Freedom Road aimed to raise funds for housing construction projects so that laborers of Backsberg would own their own property without being encumbered by significant debt and lessening reliance on employer housing that is common in South Africa. The South African government was a key player in this effort, providing housing subsidies for first-time homeowners. The workers themselves were responsible for maintaining their 14 hectares of land and the buildings. Backsberg created and marketed Freedom Road, financing the initiative for its laborers. The collaborative nature of the effort is evident, but the winery itself was the facilitator of the process, making it all possible. http://backsberg.co.za/
Murphy Goode, Alexander Valley, California
Through the sales of their Operation Homefront Red, Murphy Goode Winery, a Sonoma County Winery, supports Operation Homefront, an organization that provides emergency and financial assistance to the families of service members and wounded warriors. http://murphygoodewinery.com/wine/homefront-red
Ehler's Estate, Napa Valley, California
In 1985, French entrepreneur and philanthropist Jean Leducq began acquiring small parcels of vineyard land in Napa Valley's acclaimed St. Helena appellation parcels that would eventually become Ehler's Estate. In 2002, Jean Leducq passed away from heart disease, leaving the winery in trust to the nonprofit Leducq Foundation that he and his wife had founded in 1996. One hundred percent of the profits from the sale of Ehler's Estate wines are returned to the Leducq Foundation, which awards over $30 million annually to directly support international cardiovascular research. Additionally, they produce a Cabernet Sauvignon with the name "One Twenty Over Eighty" a nod to the ideal blood pressure (120/80) and to the heritage and main philanthropic cause of the estate. http://www.ehlersestate.com/
Staglin Family Vineyards, Napa Valley, California
Staglin Family Vineyards in the Rutherford area of Napa Valley created the Salus wine label to support the International Mental Health Research Organization (IMHRO). IMHRO funds research to find better treatments and cures for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. "Great wines for great causes" has been the winery's motto. The Staglin Family has donated and raised more than $800 million to support charities, including their main cause, the Music Festival for Brain Health, which brings together generous chefs, wineries, top-billed musicians and scientists to raise significant funds and awareness for the cause of brain health. http://www.staglinfamily.com
Ken Wright Cellars, Oregon
Salud!, a program sponsored by winemaker Ken Wright, is a joint venture between the Oregon wine industry and Tuality Hospital, and provides healthcare for the seasonal workers and their families who are so integral to the industry. An annual event in November benefitting Salud! showcases the Valley's top 42 Pinot Noir producers who auction just five cases of wine from the best barrel in their cellar. With over $6 million raised to date, Salud! has had a profoundly positive health impact on thousands of seasonal workers and their families. http://www.kenwrightcellars.com/history.shtml
At the regional level, organizations are engaging with social responsibility in a number of exciting ways. Bonded by their geography, participating vineyards and wineries are joining together for greater social involvement, too.
Napa Valley Farmworker Foundation
The mission of the Napa Valley Farmworker Foundation is to support and promote Napa Valley's vineyard workers through education and professional development (ranging from safety in the vineyard to English language) totaling over 215 hours to more than 2,800 farmworkers in 2014.
The foundation offers other valuable community resources. Napa growers assess themselves in order to fund farmworker-housing centers, where individuals benefit from lodging, meals, laundry, and recreational amenities.
In terms of pay and benefits, entry-level Napa Valley farmworkers are usually hired for a minimum wage of $12/hour, substantially more than the national average, not just for agriculture, but the entire private sector. Experienced Napa Valley farmworkers and those with certificates and additional training can be paid as much as $40/hour. Year-round employment is a regular occurrence, as vineyards often need upkeep year round. The 2011 Napa Valley Wages & Benefits Survey shows that 91% of supervisors and 69% of vineyard workers are offered medical insurance plans (compared to 52% nationwide in the private sector) and 55% are offered 401k plans in Napa.https://www.napagrowers.org/in-the-vineyard/farmworker-education-fund/fund-overview/
Napa Auction
Since its first year in 1981, the annual Napa Auction has raised and donated $120M on behalf of philanthropic causes in its local community. Organized by Napa Valley Vintners, the auction in 2013 alone generated $18.7M with 49 lots donated by Napa's wineries. These donations go to a variety of local charities and initiatives with a wide array of purposes: to healthcare providers and access; education; mental and emotional health and wellness; family services and geriatric care. http://auctionnapavalley.org/
Sonoma County Grape Growers Foundation
Sonoma County grape growers have stepped up their commitment to improve the social plight of their workforce by contributing nearly $100,000 towards construction of a farmworker-housing complex. The Foundation raised the money from donations from companies such as Balleto Vineyards and Winery, Rodney Strong Wine Estates, the Rubin Family of Wines, Sangiacomo Vineyards, Vino Farms and Jackson Family Wines.
Rents in the apartment complex will be capped at 30 percent of families' incomes. Farmworkers normally spend about half of their estimated $18,000 to $22,000 annual income on housing.http://www.sonomawinegrape.org/
Must! Charities
Must! Charities in San Luis Obispo's North County of California work to empower local health, education, and social service organizations to make significant changes in the lives of children in the area. Given the proximity to the Paso Robles and Santa Lucia Highlands AVAs, many of those in need are children of seasonal workers. Must! works with organizations like The Boys and Girls Club to ensure that these children have a safe place to go after school and have mentors in the community to lean on, and with The Food Bank Coalition's Children's Program to take meals to every eligible child in the north county. http://www.mustcharities.org/
(Photo credit: Wine Insitute)
Tags: Alexander ValleyCharitable ContributionsCorporate SustainabilityFarm WorkersNapa ValleySocial JusticeSonoma CountySustainability in the Wine IndustrySustainable Viticulture
Contact Us Today to Schedule a Consultation! Contact
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Sustainable Business International, LLC
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text:
Liana Chaib takes office as Minister of the TST
The Superior Labor Court (TST) swore in today (16) the judge Liana Chaib as Minister of the Court. The minister was nominated for the position by President Jair Bolsonaro in the vacancy opened by the retirement of Minister Renato de Lacerda Paiva.
The inauguration ceremony was accompanied by the President of the Federal Supreme Court (STF), Minister Rosa Weber, by the Deputy Attorney General of the Republic, Lindôra Araújo, parliamentarians from Piauí and other authorities.
For protocol reasons, the minister did not speak at the ceremony. On behalf of the TST, the president of the court, Minister Lelio Bentes, highlighted that the Court will now have seven ministers in its composition.
"The female presence in the labor magistracy meets the strategic objectives of the Judiciary by implementing the judgment protocol with a gender perspective of the National Council of Justice (CNJ)," he said.
The new minister was born in Teresina and entered the labor magistracy as a substitute judge in 1990. She was also promoted, by merit, to the position of judge of the Regional Labor Court (TRT) of the 22nd Region, where she held the position of president. Liana holds a doctorate in constitutional law.
"I am proud to have been part of the biggest fight for freedom and democracy."
embed note December 29, 2022, 0:14 AM December 29, 2022,
Bahia announces reinforcement package for the 2023 season
Brazilian teams continue to strengthen for next season. One of
Silvestre Dongond reveals why he retires from the stage
Political prisoner denounces interruption of medical treatment in Guantanamo prison
Havana Cuba. – From the Guantanamo Provincial Prisonin the easternmost
Summaries for workplace or sexual harassment: Comptroller determines that audios and screenshots of social networks can be used as evidence
Tupac Amaru will camp from Tuesday in Plaza de Mayo
Latest from Brasil
Brazilian teams continue to strengthen for next season. One of the most active at the moment
Central Government ends November with a primary deficit of R$ 14.7 billion
After two consecutive months of positive results, public accounts closed in the red again. According to
Brazil should end the year with a surplus of 0.4% of GDP
Brazil should end the year with a primary surplus equivalent to 0.4% of the Gross Domestic
Sixty-five foreign delegations confirmed their presence at the inauguration
The inauguration of the president-elect, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, on January 1, 2023, in Brasília,
Haddad announces two women to compose the team at the Farm
The future Minister of Finance, Fernando Haddad, announced today (28) two more names that will compose


text:
305-596-BEES (2337)
tbmiami@tbgyms.com
TB Miami
TB Jupiter
Teen / Adult
Private / Semi-Private
Morning / Home School
USAG Levels
Elite / TOPS
XCEL Team
Winter Break Camp
No School / Day Camp
HomeJupiterAbout Us
Although new to the Jupiter location, Tumblebees Gymnastics has 30+ year history in Miami-Dade County and has a goal to accomplish the same in Palm Beach County. Tumblebees has grown to become one of the largest and most successful gymnastics schools in South Florida. Through the years, the Tumblebees organization has owned and managed eight fully-equipped gymnastics centers and up to 50 different satellite programs, organized countless summer camps, holiday and seasonal shows, managed and directed over a dozen Sanctioned USAG & AAU Competitions, including the nationally known Jr. Orange Bowl Invite, and provided instruction to nearly 20,000 boys and girls in the South Florida. As a contributor back to the community, Tumblebees has been an active supporter of the Special Olympics organization, both as a certified training facility and a competitive host club. On September 11, 1993, Tumblebees received a proclamation from Miami-Dade County for "Tumblebees Gymnastics Day", because of its contribution to the health and fitness of the area's children and young adults. Our goal is to accomplish the same for our new program in Palm Beach County.
1001 Jupiter Park Drive #102 Jupiter, Florida 33458
(Jupiter Park Commerce Center)
Maria Torres
Co-Owner & Gym Manager
Maria began her gymnastics journey as a mother to three gymnasts at Tumblebees Miami. She started working at Tumblebees in Miami and learned a lot on how to manage the office and run the program. In 2014, Maria and her husband Luis decided to move their family to Jupiter where she placed her kids in a local gym. Hoping to bring Tumblebees with them, her and her husband teamed up with the owners of Tumblebees Miami and bought the gym their daughters were currently training at. This was the start of Tumblebees Jupiter. Maria is passionate about the sport because she has seen what a great influence it has been on her three daughters lives. She has first-hand experience on being a mom to gymnasts within our program and not just working it. She can offer valid advice on what to expect and is a friendly face to turn to with any questions or concerns you may have. Maria is always happy to help.
Co-Owner, Gym Handyman & Safety Patrol
Luis, married to Maria, is the man behind the scenes that keeps our gym in peak shape. He makes sure everything is repaired and in tip top condition. When you do not see him at the gym, Luis is offering his service to the public as a Battalion Chief for Miami-Dade County Fire Rescue. He offers his knowledge to our coaching staff when it comes to safety protocols and emergency response procedures. His passion for the sport of gymnastics came from three of his four daughters who were gymnasts in the Tumblebees program. He believes gymnastics has influenced his girls in a positive way and strives to give this same opportunity to other families that come through our doors.
Desiree Bruch
Competitive Team Head Coach
Desiree pursued fitness as a child in gymnastics, cheerleading & track. She was a gymnast for 9 years & competed thru level 9 before going on to competitive All Star Cheerleading for 5 years. Through her gymnastics career, Desiree brought home several State & Regional Championship wins. As an All Star cheerleader, she received 5 college scholarship offers & cheered for a Semi-Pro Football Team for 1 year.
Desiree began her coaching career in 1998. Impressively, at a young age of 18, Desiree took on the role of Gym Manager/Head Coach of the gym she was coaching at. As a hobby, Desiree competed in Fitness Competitions in the Figure Division where she won 1st place in her class and 1st place overall in 8 out of 8 figure competitions. She went on to win Ms. Arkansas Figure & won her pro card in Figure. She has a beautiful 12 year old daughter that is the absolute most important part of her life.
Desiree takes great pride in her job as a coach, teaching young athletes to chase their dreams and helping gymnasts to set and accomplish their goals. Under her coaching and direction, Desiree has led several athletes and teams through State and Regional wins for both, individual and team titles. She loves developing champions but even more importantly developing her students into great human beings.
Francisco Rodriguez- Arce
Men's Competitive Team Coach
Born & raised in Columbia, Francisco was a gymnast from age 7 to 26. He was part of the Junior & Senior National Team. He was a champion on his favorite event, Rings. In 2003 he was on the National Team to compete in the World Championship in Anaheim, CA but was unable to compete due to injury. Francisco has been coaching since 2007 & had one of students on the Future Stars National Team in 2016. He was the Pommel Horse Florida and Region 8 Apparatus Leader. Francisco has been judging men's gymnastics since the age of 19. He's been an International Judge for 3 Cycles & has judged the Centro American Games in 2006, World Cup Championship in 2014, Senior South American Championship in 2015, Pacific Rim Championship in 2018, and African Games in 2019. Francisco has also been judging the Costa Rica National Games since 2016 & was most recently invited to judge the United Kingdom Senior National Championships. He is currently the Vice Chairman of the Fl. Judges Association. Tumblebees is lucky to have such an experienced judging eye on our Boys' team.
William Veloz Osario
Recreational & Competitive Team Coach
William was a gymnast for 7 years and practiced BMX for another 7 year after. He participated in the World Championship in 1996 and the World Cup in 1998. William was a Venezuelan National Judge for Trampoline Gymnastics for 3 Olympic cycles & held the prestigious title of National Trampoline Director for 3 years. He has over 24 years of coaching experience which began in 1996 as a Women's Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) trainer till 2006. He then became a trampoline trainer in 2007, until he decided to return back to training WAG competitive athletes. William's accomplishments as a coach includes podium finishes at the National WGA Championships, trampoline coach of National Men's Trampoline Gymnastics Team, participating in the World Championship in Denmark 2015, and the qualification of Pan American Games in Toronto, Canada 2014, South American Championship 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, & Pan American & Trampoline Championships, 2013, 2014,2016. His level of experience in the sport of gymnastics is extensive & we are lucky to have him as part of our Tumblebees coaching staff.
Sevastian Petrossian
Preschool & Recreational Coach
Born in Moscow, Russia, Sevastian moved to the States at the age of 5. He's always had a passion for Gymnastics and Acrobatics and has taught himself to flip since 6 years of age. His passion extended past gymnastics and Sevastian trained Brazilian martial art of Capoeira for a few years. He has a 1st degree black Belt in Taekwondo and a black belt in Judo and has won multiple Gold Medals for both at State Championships. Sevastian is a professional parkour and stuntman and enjoys breakdancing and street performing. He has over 10 years experience coaching athletes of all ages, from children to adults and we are lucky to have him as part of our Tumblebees Coaching Staff & Family
Kara Stepanenko
Preschool & Recreational Camp Instructor
Kara started taking gymnastics classes when she was 4 years old. By the age of 6 she was recruited to be part of the competitive team where her passion for the sport only grew stronger. In 2014, Kara was the AAU National Champion on both Vault & Floor. In 2017 she was the USAG Balance Beam State Champion. She is a 3 time USA Gymnastics Regional Qualifier. Kara was honored as Tumblebee's Gymnast of the Year in 2018, which is an honor given to exceptional athletes with great dedication, work ethics, respect & discipline. As an alternative for gymnastics, Kara also enjoys Track and Field and was a regional champion for long jumps. She is a very bright young adult that seems to succeed at everything she goes after. She loves working with kids and has a passion for gymnastics, the sport she feels has had the biggest impact on her life.
Amy Davis
Amy Davis is a Tumblebees Coach that works with recreational, pre-team, and team girls to become the best gymnast they can be! Amy believes with the right amount of passion, discipline and strength, any gymnast can succeed and accomplish their goals. She started coaching for TumbleBees this fall, and has coaching experience in her home state of Michigan, as well as 12+ years experience as a competitive gymnast!
Amy is certified by USAG as a Professional Coach and also certified by NASM as a CPT. She has a Journalism Degree with a Digital Marketing Minor from Michigan State and moved to South Florida after graduating. Fun fact, Amy has an identical twin sister that competed at every single meet with her, side-by-side, from Level 1 to college gymnastics! The Davis twins scored identical scores MANY times, and even, unfortunately, suffered from the same identical career ending injury.
Jennifer Karborani DPT, COMT
Co-Owner & Business Managing Partner
Jennifer began her tenure at TumbleBees as an assistant coach in 2000 but it wasn't long before she built up a competitive team and became Head Coach, Team Manager and then an Owner. As a child, she was introduced to gymnastics at the age of 7 and continued as a competitive gymnast under the USA Gymnastics league until 1999. In 2002, she was the All-American cheer champion, and Co-Captain of the FIU Cheerleading Squad in 2006. Jennifer graduated in 2010 with her Doctoral degree in Physical Therapy and enjoys treating orthopedic injuries as a Physical Therapist for Select Medical. In 2011, she partnered up with Andi and became Co-Owner of TumbleBees Gymnastics Miami! She is a qualified USA Gymnastics Judge since 2011 and Safety Certified under the USA Gymnastics league. In 2012 she introduced TOPs to TumbleBees and has qualified several athletes to the USA Gymnastics TOPs A & B camps, Diamond Team and Development Invite Camps. She now holds the title of State Manager for TOPs in Florida.
In 2016 she expanded her love for gymnastics into the Palm Beach County area where she opened her second gym, Tumblebees Gymnastics Jupiter. Although you don't see her often in the Jupiter location, Jennifer works remotely alongside her partners Maria, Luis and Andi to make sure the Jupiter Beehive organization and operations are always running smooth.
Andi Winston
Andi is the founding owner of Tumblebees since 1986. She works from behind the scenes as the administrative business manager helping to make sure our gym operations run smoothly. She partnered with Jenny in 2011 and together they expanded our facility to the grand 10+k square foot gym we have now. In 2016 they teamed up to open their second location in Jupiter, Florida. Andi always had a dream of running a gym where Olympic level athletes can strive to Bee the Best They Can Be. She is proud to have accomplished that goal and looks forward to watching several more children within South Florida flourish through our program over the next decade.
Cecilia Oneid
Preschool, Recreational & Camp Coach
Cecilia Oneid started her career in ballet and gymnastics at the young age of 3. In second grade she started to focus on only gymnastics and quickly moved on to pre-team and then team. In 2014 she received the AAU Gold Rush Award for highest all around and in 2016, she placed 2nd at Nationals for Vault.
Cecilia joined the Tumblebees team of coaches in May of 2019. She believes that gymnastics at a young age begins with joyful and exciting activities, which in turn encourages strong motor skill development. She is currently a high school medical student who one day hopes to apply what she learns toward helping others in their health and safety.
Chad Hawthorne
Biography coming soon.
Maddie Sparks
KinderGym Coach & Front Desk Assistant
Maddie graduated from Northwood University with a BBA in Sports Management. She has a CDA accreditation as a Child Development Associate Director. Maddie joined our Tumblebees Coaching Team in April of 2019. She has a passion for working with children and feels honored to be able to play an important role in their physical and emotional development.
Maddie played as a member on two different softball teams from 2005-2009. In 2008 she received the All Florida Sun Honors as a softball catcher. Maddie has two daughters on our competitive team and has truly fallen in love with the sport of gymnastics.
Miriam Marrero
Preschool, Recreational & Pre-Team Coach
Miriam comes to Tumblebees with an extensive coaching and training history in Gymnastics. Miriam was a National Judge of Rhythmic Gymnastics for the XXI & XXII Olympic Cycle. She was a Rhythmic Gymnastics Coach from 2005-2011 and a Physical Education teacher from 2006-2011. She participated as a trainer for the 13-14 year old selection in the Pan Americano Junior Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships in 2007. She also participated as a coach in the National Gymnastics Championship in 2008. Miriam was awarded with the Coach of the Year recognition for her outstanding work in the sports and recreational department in 2015.
Miriam has a passion for teaching and developing fundamental abilities & moto skill development with the sport of gymnastics to contribute to overall physical and cognitive development for children. She believes being an educator and coach is a true blessing.
Min Renda
Min was born South Korea & Immigrated to Philadelphia in 1979. In 1980 she started gymnastics & with her level of talent it wasn't long till she was asked to join team. She trained for 7 years and competed in USGF competition for 5 years.
Min have been a personal trainer over 20 years. She started coaching gymnastics in Pennsylvania before relocating to South Florida in 1997 to pursue her passion of Fitness & Personal Training. She earned a IFBB Pro card in 1997, later becoming a FITNESS model for fitness magazine, Muscle & Fitness, Muscle Mag, and Flex & Oxygen. She also signed multiple contracts with supplement companies. She traveled all over the USA as a guest speaker promoting Natural Healthy Lifestyle!
Min's love and talent for the world of fitness proves to be genetic as she has two of her kids on our competitive team here at Tumblebees. We are lucky to have the Renda family with us!
Kim Stiefel
Preschool, Recreational & Development Team Coach
Coach Kim has been coaching and judging competitive gymnastics since 1987. She was a former collegiate level gymnast and a member of the USA Gymnastics community since 1978. She is a National Instructor for USA Gymnastics and has been training coaches and members of the gymnastics community at Regional and National Congress for over 20 years.
Kim's certifications include the National Judging Association of Women's Gymnastics, National Instructor for Hand son Training, National Instructor for Kinder Accreditation for Teachers, and National Instructor for Movement Education and Lesson Plan Development. She has a BA in Physical Education and holds dual teaching certificates in Physical Education and Special Education, Kim lives in Jupiter with her husband and two children and teaches 5th grade at Allamanda Elemantary School in Palm Beach Gardens.
Copyright © TumbleBees Gymnastics. All Rights Reserved.


On this dreary Saturday morning it is clear that the earth has shifted into the season of Autumn. As the rain taps out a wake-up call on the roof, I wonder if we will see the usual splendor that accompanies October. Some say because of the hot, wet summer we had, the trees will not provide us with that gift this year. I always hold out hope though, and it will last in me for a few more days. For now, I am relaxed into morning by a prayer of John Philip Newell that expands the rhythms of time and the seasons into a God-like view.
Today we have a strange confluence of Church events. This morning we celebrate the Fourth Sunday of Advent when we normally prepare to wait a little longer for the celebration of the Incarnation. We have, however, by liturgical rules and the calendar, run out of days before December 24th – Christmas Eve – which ushers in what is never a moveable feast: Christmas Day! So perhaps we are brought up short in our spiritual preparation and need to step back to assess our readiness.
For me, this is a moment of "Stop the world; I want to get off!" as I can already hear the preparations in full swing downstairs. As I look at lectionary readings for the Fourth Sunday of Advent, I hear again and again the promise of God's faithfulness and know that these reminders will remain and even be strengthened during the Christmas season when the appearance of the Christ as a tiny child is the evidence. I need now to find moments of inner stillness in this day of heightened expectation, to stop and breathe into the great mystery of love that is unfolding in the silence.
How can my longing for Christ to be born into my heart affect my awareness of responsibility for change in my life and/or in the lives of others?
Might I more easily or frequently pay attention to God in stillness? Where might I find more silence in my life?
These are the two sides of what Thomas Merton spoke of long ago in his book, Contemplation in a World of Action, and might prove helpful for us as we journey through this season of Advent toward a new arising of Christ consciousness in our world and in our own hearts.
When I was leaving the kitchen with my coffee this morning, one of my housemates asked, "What today's blog topic?" My answer was as simple as it was true: "I won't know till I get back upstairs." So up I came. I sipped my coffee. I looked out the window. I wondered about a lighthearted line or two from the Sufi poet Hafiz. I read Alan Cohen's entry for this date…Nothing felt right.
What finally came was a distinction that I have been experimenting with for awhile now: the similarity but difference between the concepts of silence and stillness. The dictionary makes quick work of the definitions. Silence is the absence of sound. Stillness is the same but more; stillness is defined as the absence of movement and sound. I think of hearing people when I was a child telling their children to "keep still." I thought they wanted them to stop talking. I wonder if they knew they were telling them to stop squirming. As I think back, I recall how strange a directive that would have been in our family. My parents never told us to keep still. I guess we were a rather placid trio, not too fidgety.
My purpose now in bringing up the topic is the benefit of adding stillness to my practice of silent prayer. Although it's more about the mind than the body, I realize that quieting my body is much easier than stilling my mind but if I do bring my body into total stillness, my mind seems more able – or at least willing – to let go of the torrent of thoughts as well.
Jane: I am holding hope and stillness along with sadness.
Bob: Business as usual is over. Time to dig deep and find ways to connect our lives more fully with what is broken in the world. Time for risk-taking in our own lives.
Lisa: …time to be still, quiet and receive…time to re-member.
Reading today's assigned Scripture texts for liturgy made me wish everyone – from the famous to the infamous – would pay attention to the messages. First we have Paul pleading with the Philippians to be united and then in what we actually call the psalm response the psalmist takes a humble tone that might actually turn things around if all were to act out of it. I imagine it as a conversation between God and us today. See if that makes sense and what might be the result if everyone took it to heart.


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María Rafols Bruna (5 November 1781 – 30 August 1853) was a Spanish Roman Catholic nun, mystic and the co-founder of the Congregation of the Sisters of Charity of Saint Anne that she established alongside the Catholic priest Juan Bonal Cortada. María Rafols dedicated her entire life to the care of the ill working in hospitals in Zaragoza and during times of war risked her life to aid others. Internal complications and a range of outside interferences saw María Rafols be appointed to and resign from various leadership positions and she was captured – though later released – during the Carlist War.

María Rafols was considered a saint after her death which led to the commencement of her canonization cause under Pope Pius XI on 6 August 1931 while being titled as Venerable under Pope John Paul II in 1991 who also beatified her on 16 October 1994 at Saint Peter's Square.

Life
María Rafols Bruna was born in Barcelona on 5 November 1781 as the sixth of ten children to the middle-class Cristóbal Rafols Cunillera and Margarita Bruna Brugol. Her father found work as a miller.

In May 1873 she and her relations relocated to La Bleda where – on 27 May 1785 – she received the sacrament of Confirmation from the Carmelite Bishop of Barcelona Gabino Valladares. Bruna completed her education at a boarding school in Barcelona. In 1792 she moved once again to the town of Santa Margherita where her little brother Juan died in 1793 – five siblings of hers died sometime in their childhoods – while two uncles died sometime between 1793 and 1794. Her father died on 10 July 1794.

María Rafols later joined a group of twelve women placed under the direction of Juan Bonal Cortada who administered in a small Zaragoza hospital and arrived there in December 1804 to the hospital of Nuestra Señora de Gracia. The group dedicated itself to children who were abandoned as well as the disabled and those with mental conditions. She helped Cortada mold that small group into a religious order that she helped him to co-found on 28 December 1804. In 1806 she became the Mother Superior – a position that often put her into conflict with the hospital workers.

During the Napoleonic Wars she worked in the bombed ruins in order to save children and to tend to ill people. On 4 August 1808 the hospital the sisters were working in was bombed so the group had to take refuge elsewhere. The French withdrew on 14 August 1808 but later began another siege on 10 December 1808. Bruna even ventured into the French camp after the second bombing hit in order to plead with General Jean Lannes for his help in tending to the ill and the wounded. Bruna resigned as president of the hospital's board on 12 November 1811 and then made a trip to Orcajo in Daroca. She became superior once more on 10 August 1812 after a new constitution for the order came into effect though she was later forced to resign after internal difficulties. She was later appointed once again as superior and held that from 1826 until 1829.

María Rafols – alongside other women - made her vows into their order on 16 July 1825.

The outbreak of the Carlist War saw her arrested on 11 May 1834 on the charge of acting against Queen Isabel II of Spain and was imprisoned and exiled in Huesca. But after a period of imprisonment – where she met Dominican friars – she was later released on 11 May 1835. María Rafols was later allowed to return to Zaragoza in 1841 after being confined in exile in her hometown since her release and in 1845 asked to retire though continued to still pursue the order's work.

The religious order received papal approval from Pope Leo XIII on 14 January 1898 after providing the congregation with the decree of praise on 13 April 1889. The religious order's constitutions received initial approval in 1883 and then went on to receive the full papal approval of Pope Pius X on 11 March 1904.

Beatification
The beatification process commenced in Zaragoza in an informative process that Archbishop Rigoberto Doménech Valls inaugurated on 1 July 1926 and later closed on 28 January 1927 after the process finished its business. Theologians then collated her writings in order to examine whether or not such spiritual writings were orthodox in nature – the theologians issued their approval to them on 30 March 1931. The apostolic process would span from 30 May 1932 until its closure on 21 May 1934. The Congregation of Rites later validated these previous processes on 25 June 1940.

The formal introduction to the cause came on 6 August 1931 under Pope Pius XI after María Rafols was titled as a Servant of God.

In 1944 the cause was suspended under Pope Pius XII for unknown reasons though Pope John Paul II authorized the cause's resumption in 1980. The postulation was then able to submit the Positio to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in 1989 for their assessment and led to the approval of the cause from a team of theologians on 9 November 1990. The C.C.S. then met and approved the dossier's contents on 6 July 1991. John Paul II proclaimed her to be Venerable on 6 July 1991 after confirming that María Rafols had led a life of heroic virtue.

The miracle required for beatification was investigated in the diocese of its origin and received C.C.S. validation in Rome on 3 December 1992. A medical board approved the healing to be a miracle on 12 February 1993 while theologians likewise came to the same conclusion on 23 April 1993. The cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. followed suit on 22 June 1993 and passed it to the pope on 6 July 1993 for his final approval. John Paul II beatified Mother María Rafols in Saint Peter's Square on 16 October 1994.

References

External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN

1781 births
1853 deaths
18th-century venerated Christians
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Spanish nuns
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Founders of Catholic religious communities
People from Barcelona
Spanish beatified people
Spanish Christian mystics
Venerated Catholics
People from Vilafranca del Penedès

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History of the Avro Lancaster
From failure to success. The four-engine Avro type 683 Lancaster was developed from the disappointing twin-engine Manchester, which suffered from engine fires caused by its unreliable Rolls Royce Vulture engine-installation.
However, the basic Manchester airframe was of sound design. A logical solution was to increase the wingspan and replace the two Vultures with four Merlin engines. The engine-installation originally developed by Rolls-Royce for the Beaufighter II, was quickly adapted and fitted in graceful underslung nacelles. The prototype BT308 made its first flight on January 9th, 1941 and it soon proved to be an excellent aircraft with good handling and high load capability. Initially designated Manchester III, it was soon renamed Lancaster. The general outline of the Lancaster remained the same throughout production, apart from the MK II which used Bristol Hercules radial engines, in case a shortage of the Merlin should arise. The Mk I and III were similar, differing only in the type of Merlin engine fitted. In the case of the Mk III, the Packard built Merlin 28 was utilised. The Lancaster began to equip bomber squadrons in early 1942, where it quickly became the backbone of RAF Bomber Command.
The type was used in many famous raids, such as on the M.A.N. factory in Augsburg, the spectacular Dambusters Raid on the Ruhr Valley dams, and sinking the "Tirpitz" to name but a few. It became famous for its use in high accuracy bombing operations by 617 squadron. Its 33-foot-long bomb bay enabled it to carry high loads as well as the spinning "Upkeep" mine used to break the Ruhr dams. Specially adapted aircraft could carry the massive 12.000 lb. "Tallboy" and 22.000 lb. "Grand Slam" earthquake bombs. At the end of the war it was also used for food dropping sorties for the starving Dutch population and transporting the many prisoners of war back home from Germany. Postwar Lancasters were used for testing jet engines and in-flight refueling system. As a bomber it was gradually replaced, but it found a useful role in Coastal Command until the last one was withdrawn in October 1956. The RCAF and French l'Aéronavale, however, continued to use the Lancaster until the mid-sixties. A total of 7,377 Lancasters were built in the UK and Canada
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