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Water, risk and governance at the Delta: a criminological exploration
Lieselot Bisschop & Karin van Wingerde
Recently, several local and regional newspapers in the Netherlands reported that over 30 Dutch municipalities require citizens to disconnect drainpipes from the sewer system and collect rainwater in separate barrels. This aims to prevent flood damage to homes and households to counter the increased chance of heavy rain fall and flooding due to climate change. With a very large part of the country at or below sea level, the Netherlands is long known for their water management skills. The Dutch built an extensive system of water defenses and Dutch experts consult on water governance projects throughout the world. Much of the urgency of contemporary risk assessment and water regulation in the Netherlands, however, goes back to one of the biggest natural disasters of the 20th century.
In 1953, a heavy storm caused the North Sea to rise to almost 5 meters above normal sea levels. Dykes appeared to be unable to resist the water, causing massive flooding of large parts of the country. This disaster cost the lives of 1,836 people and damaged infrastructure, killed livestock, and destroyed properties.
Picture 1: Nieuwe Tonge after the 1953 disaster (Goeree Overflakkee, Zuid- Holland) (Photo credit: Dutch National Archive)
Soon after the disaster, extensive construction projects including storm barriers, dams and sluices were developed to keep the country safe from the water. These Delta Works prevented future flooding, but also improved the agricultural fresh water supply, encouraged mobility between the peninsulas in Zeeland and the rest of the country, improved inland shipping, and encouraged the creation of nature reserves and recreational areas.
Also in other parts of the world, water plays a prominent role in governance. One of those places is the Southern part of the state of Louisiana (USA), which we were both lucky to visit earlier this year. For hundreds of years, the landscape of this state has been shaped by the Mississippi delta. Several heavy floods in the early 20th century led to a large scale flood control system that surrounded the river by levees, effectively diminishing the number of floods that occurred throughout the state of Louisiana. At the same time however, this flood control system changed the flow of the river, forever impacting the ecosystem of the wetlands that depended on regular flooding of the land. This endangered the livelihood of many crabbing and fishing dependent communities and increased subsidence in coastal Louisiana.
Picture 2: The Mississippi River, New Orleans (Photo credit: Karin van Wingerde)
Despite the leveed Mississippi, the Southern part of Louisiana is not yet free from floods. They are still very much at risk for hurricanes. One of the hurricanes that is still well remembered by both the inhabitants of Southern Louisiana and many people across the world is Katrina. In 2005, Katrina flooded the towns and villages throughout the bayou as well the city of New Orleans, resulting in over 1,200 deaths and over 100 million USD in damages, making it one of the deadliest and costliest hurricanes in US history. Due to breaches in New Orleans' hurricane surge protection about 80 percent of the city was flooded and remained so for weeks. The remnants of that are still visible today in the poorest parts of the city where several houses are still boarded up from Katrina damage.
Picture 3: Boarded-up house on Annette Street, New Orleans (Photo credit: Lieselot Bisschop)
The state and federal government's response to Katrina has been called a governance failure and one that disproportionately affected vulnerable populations. Critical criminologists defined it as a state crime because of the state's inaction towards victims (Faust & Kauzlarich 2008). This shows how even natural disasters can have criminological relevance.
Critical criminologists defined the government's response to Katrina as a state crime because of the state's inaction towards victims. This shows how even natural disasters can have criminological relevance.
Several government agencies share the responsibility for flood risk mitigation in the Mississippi delta. One of the big protection systems is the Morganza to the Gulf which is meant to reduce hurricane and storm damage risk for people, property and marshland ecosystems. This state and locally funded project is a 150 km system of levees, floodgates, pump stations, road gates, and a lock complex on the Houma Navigation Canal. This system is not without controversy because several at risk communities are left unprotected. With current rates of sea level rise and land erosion, the Gulf of Mexico is likely to rise approximately 1 m by 2100, flooding everything in Louisiana that is outside the levee protection system. Not only is that a threat to Louisiana's 2 million inhabitants, but it is also a threat to a transportation hub (the ports are vital for 31 states) and energy corridor (the state is home to half of the US oil refineries) which are vital to the US at large.
Cost-benefit analyses however determined that the costs would be too great to include these communities, especially in face of the likelihood of about half of Southern Louisiana disappearing into the sea in the next 50 years. This is precisely why water risk governance is a relevant criminological issue and why it is increasingly becoming part of the criminological research agenda (Brisman, McClanahan & South 2016): the impacts of climate change – sea level rise being one of them – can lead to unequally distributed risk and harm, mostly affecting vulnerable populations (McGarrell & Gibbs 2014).
This is precisely why water risk governance is a relevant criminological issue and why it is increasingly becoming part of the criminological research agenda: the impacts of climate change – sea level rise being one of them – can lead to unequally distributed risk and harm, mostly affecting vulnerable populations
The Netherlands is considered an example country for flood risk mitigation and adaptation. A lot depends, however, on the amount of money that can be invested and on how much risk the governance system is willing to assume. When the estimated sea level rise or storm level surge is 1 meter, the Netherlands is likely to construct a levee that can handle three times that. Budgetary restraints in Southern Louisiana are likely to limit that to the minimum. The result of the risk assessment might be the same, but it does not necessarily imply a similar governance decision. The causes of and responsibilities for environmental harm – whether man-made or natural – are therefore a relevant criminological issue as are the differential impacts of (water risk) governance policies.
on November 2 2021
'Hij bepaalt nog steeds hoe ik moet leven. Met angst'
In deze blog wordt beschreven waarom kwalitatief onderzoek nodig is naar de ervaring van slachtoffers van ex-partnergeweld van leven met de continue dreiging van toekomstig contact met de ex-partner en hoe strafrechtelijke verboden kunnen bijdragen aan het verbeteren van veiligheidsgevoelens en kwaliteit van leven in bredere zin.
by Irma Cleven
on June 1 2021
Critici coronabeleid staan niet alleen
Kritische berichten over de coronamaatregelen in groepschats of via andere media zijn geen zeldenheid. Met het gevolg van polarisatie in onze samenleving. In deze bijdrage laat Fiore Geelhoed zien hoe er ondanks polarisatie tussen groepen ook interessante parallellen zichtbaar worden. Parallellen die de huidige discussie minder 'uniek' maken dan de betrokkenen lijken te geloven.
by Fiore Geelhoed
on May 18 2021


So you have actually created a fantastic idea and a vision to create a nonprofit organization. But where do you start? Below we've given your plan to obtain a new nonprofit off the ground with sustainability constantly in mind how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
The procedure of forming as well as integrating a nonprofit is similar to a firm, besides a couple of distinctions. how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama A nonprofit could not be developed from any one of the complying with entities: Sole Proprietorship, Limited Obligation Company or a Company "C" or "S".
A nonprofit, like a firm, is a lawful entity separate from the creator( s); it can make it through the life of its owner( s) and also can exist considerably. Unlike a firm that is had how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama by its shareholders, a nonprofit does not have investors as well as is not had by anyone, but is handled by the board of directors. The other unique difference in between a company as well as a nonprofit is exactly how the income is exhausted. Now, let's take you via the process.
Tip One: Employee a Board of Directors. A board needs to include varied depiction from the following: money, legal, somebody who represents or is thought about a specialist when it come to your mission, someone that represents the people you exist to serve, neighborhood company exec( s) – how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama specifically from a firm that has the tendency to money companies like your own, community/professional volunteer( s) – individuals with a network of wide range, and another nonprofit executive. Make certain that you work description in position which clearly suggests board participant expectations, consisting of all details pertaining to your nonprofit. Expectations how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama must include administration, financial support, and also hands-on leadership. You do not want a board of supervisors that really feels "just showing up" fulfills their task. Finally, you never stop trying to find great board members. Your board needs to have a set tenure to ensure there is always room for fresh faces, suggestions, as well as links.
Step 2: Development Meeting. The development meeting is a conference of the first board of supervisors to vote on including and seeking the tax obligation exception standing in addition to to establish the function of the nonprofit. During this conference and also all succeeding board conferences, make sure to take meeting minutes to reveal a consentaneous arrangement by the board prior to progressing how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
Step 3: Calling Your Nonprofit. Name option is very important because it identifies your purpose as well as creates your identification as well as identity and also brand. Select your organization name like you select your youngster's name-repeat it commonly, pretend to answer the phone utilizing the name to hear if it has a nice ring to it. You can select almost how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama any kind of name you want for your organization as long as it is not already being used. You could inspect name accessibility on your state's regulating website to see if it is offered prior to you submit it. Generally, this is the assistant of state's workplace.
Step Four: Integrate. The incorporation procedure is similar to that of a corporation. The Articles of Unification are ready as well as filed with the state's governing body; once more, normally the Secretary of State's workplace. Some states have example posts which you could obtain and also make use of in drafting your posts, however, fulfilling the state's minimum filing need does not always suggest you meet the IRS's demands. how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama Make sure you appropriately and meticulously draft posts of unification that fulfill the demands of the Internal Revenue Service if you prepare to obtain government tax exception; which you will. There is a filing charge connected with this process paid to the state. The charge for the state is generally around $100; the filing charge for your tax-exempt condition is around $850.
Step Five: The Laws. You are called for to prepare bylaws for your nonprofit. Bylaws are the regulations utilized by the board to regulate your nonprofit. Most states do not need a duplicate of the laws to be submitted with the state. No matter filing requirements, it is a state legislation calls for that a bundled entity have created laws. The Internal Revenue Service will certainly need a duplicate of the bylaws to be filed with your application for tax-exemption.
Tip 6: Obtain your Federal Company Recognition Number (EIN). Once you've completed your paperwork, you will certainly have to request a Company Recognition Number (EIN) also known as a federal tax obligation ID from the IRS. You can do this swiftly and also easily online. Remember to publish out a copy for your long-term records. You will likewise require a copy to send to the IRS with your tax exception application. To obtain your EIN visit the IRS's web site. It is important to keep in mind that just holding an EIN number does not mean you are authorized as a 501( c) 3 by your state or the IRS. You could increase cash for your company before approval. how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama However, be mindful that generally, approving organizations need an authorized 501( c) 3 as well as will request for a copy of your accepted standing letter.
Tip 7: Application for tax exception to the Internal Revenue Service. After you have included your nonprofit and acquired your EIN, after that you could start your tax obligation exemption application to the IRS utilizing Internal Revenue Service Form 1023. The type could be obtained at the Internal Revenue Service internet site. This is an extensive application. You must carefully read the guidelines, learn more about the legislations of compliance, finish the application, and collect & construct the attachments. Hiring a professional in order to help you is extremely advised. If you are trying to do this on your own, the Internal Revenue Service approximates a few hundred hrs are necessary to complete this application. After your preliminary evaluation, complete the application to the 'letter' of their guideline. If your application is unclear or missing essential details, it will certainly be returned to you for more information. If it does not fit within the tax obligation exception policies, it will certainly be refuted. As discussed over, there is a cost related to this application; approximately $850. The fee modifications periodically, so make certain to examine the filing cost before you send the application. The IRS is presently taking between 6-8 months to appoint the application to an exempt company expert. If your application is authorized, you will certainly obtain a "Letter of Resolution" that categorizes your organization as tax excluded. The nice aspect of this long procedure is that the date of your exemption is retroactive to the date that the Internal Revenue Service first obtained your application. This means that if you did receive a donation needing 501( c) 3 status prior to your authorization, you will eventually remain in compliance with the financing company as well as the Internal Revenue Service. Yet, it is not advised to raise funds externally till you get your Letter of Determination.
State Tax Exemption. Many states acknowledge and also accept the federal tax exemption "Letter of Determination." However, there is a handful of states that have extra state demands to be earnings tax excluded for state objectives. You will need to consult your state's governing body to see if there are added state needs.
Continuous Compliance. After you are formally included as a nonprofit organization, there are a handful of things that you should do to preserve conformity with state and government demands. Some states require a yearly record. Many states need an annual corporate renewal, as well as some states do not call for state revenue taxes to be submitted unless the nonprofit receives a certain limit earnings. As you can see, each state runs differently. The key is to keep on your own notified as well as updated with the requirements of your certain state. On the government side, Internal Revenue Service Form 990 or a variant of Type 990 is required to be submitted every year. This is the yearly income tax return kind for nonprofit organizations despite income. Presently, the law specifies that if you fail to submit Type 990 for 3 successive years, the IRS will automatically withdraw your nonprofit condition. If this takes place, after that the nonprofit could no more obtain tax-deductible contributions. Additionally, you will certainly have to reapply for tax exception once more. You have actually made the effort to construct your nonprofit, so make the effort to care for it and also continue to be compliant.
Next month look for a step by step procedure to increase those very first bucks for your recently integrated nonprofit.
ML Wagner Fundraising Team is a tiny firm based in Minneapolis, Minnesota focused on assisting you increase cash without investing it. We are committed to training and also training those that have lately integrated non profits to create a facilities to increase loan as well as continue to be lasting over the long run. Whether your mission is to assist preserve the environment for future generations or to make sure that the generation of kids right here, today, have the best chances available to them, we could help. With nearly twenty years of experience in all elements of fundraising, communications and also task monitoring, we are specialists in raising cash with little cost connected– as it should be how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
You prepare to start a nonprofit and also make a positive impact worldwide as well as now you should recognize the most effective means to go about developing your organization. There is a whole lot that goes into a nonprofit, yet not so much that the majority of anyone could do it. There are, however, crucial actions to take as you start. Adhere to along listed below and I will assist you get going in the appropriate direction with 7 vital suggestions. These tips, when utilized right, will help develop success in your nonprofit.
Produce The Nonprofit Entity how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
Producing the actual lawful organization can be accomplished in numerous different means. The initial and also most known means is by producing an independent 501( c)( 3) with the IRS. This could be a prolonged process and consists of incorporating a company in the state that you want to do business, and also filing for tax-exempt status through the IRS utilizing kind 1024.
The second, fastest growing means to develop a nonprofit organization is via financial sponsorship. This is where a currently existing 501( c)( 3) company accepts your nonprofit job within its business structure. This permits an organization to carry out nonprofit projects without the demand for setting up an independent 501( c)( 3) via the Internal Revenue Service. Establishing a fiscal sponsorship can be very quick, easy, and affordable. One of the most fundamental part of establishing a financial sponsorship is finding a sponsor that is trustworthy as well as long-lasting in the nonprofit field. If the sponsor is not solid, they can negatively influence your nonprofit task. Discover a third party that is skilled as well as experienced concerning fiscal enrollers to obtain referrals from.
When starting a nonprofit it is important to thoroughly look into the cause you will certainly be assisting. This will aid you comprehend just what organizations are already out there doing comparable work. This will assist your company in establishing areas that still require aid and organizations you could function alongside of in far better completing the job. Consistent research study will certainly assist your organization stay focused on its objective.
When doing nonprofit work filing for tax-exempt condition is essential. Lots of nonprofits skip this step because it could be pricey, only to need to come back to the step years in the future. By having tax-exempt standing, your nonprofit can provide contributors tax-deductible receipts for their donations. Tax-exempt standing is needed when obtaining contributions from the majority of companies when seeking give cash. Do not place on your own in a bind without tax-exempt standing. You do not intend to be scrambling to obtain tax-exempt standing with a big donation pending.
Develop An Excellent Fundraising Strategy how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
Fundraising is the lifeblood of a nonprofit organization. Hardly any can be achieved without funds to invest. Creating an excellent fund raising plan and also continued monetary stability is crucial to the success of your nonprofit. Discover great details on the best ways to money raising as well as put the strategy at work from the very beginning. It is not required to hire a fundraiser or grant writer however rather consider as well as buy resources that aid you learn to do these jobs yourself. No person is going to care as much about the economic security of your organization as you.
Developing a calculated strategy on exactly how your nonprofit will run, accomplish its objective, hire staff, as well as expand will be required. Without a strategic strategy in place it will certainly be extremely tough to make sure your nonprofit achieves success. Strategic strategies are blueprints that you can reference back to continually, making sure your nonprofit is on track for success. Locate a good source or guidebook that describes ways to assemble a good tactical plan for your nonprofit.
With any luck your nonprofit will continue to run successfully for your life time and beyond. While developing the nonprofit, keep this long-range vision in mind. There is wisdom in developing a strong structure initially instead of carelessly tossing your organization together. Take into consideration taking 6 months to a year in the beginning to establish stable fund raising, how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama terrific programs, as well as great techniques. For instance, use the first year to fund raising and raise awareness of your nonprofit to ensure that you can you're your budget. After that with secure financing you can start paying salaries, workplace expenses, and fund programs with less stress and anxiety. Once your programs start, it will be more difficult to concentrate 100% of your efforts on fundraising.
Assisting others must be fun. Beginning and also running a successful nonprofit can be enjoyable. If at any factor you discover you have lost the "fun factor," collect yourself and find out ways to put the fun back into your efforts. If enjoyable and enjoyment is not a consistent component of your nonprofit efforts, it will be tough to proceed. Make sure those you assist, those that volunteer, and on your own are having a blast and also your nonprofit undertaking will certainly always live.
Nonprofits offer crucial services and support many essential missions both in your area and around the world. But it could be challenging to produce and also develop a nonprofit that will serve its goal as well as make a distinction. There are numerous distinctions in between a for profit firm and also a nonprofit. The good news is, Nolo, a firm that makes the regulation obtainable to anybody, has an excellent guide to assist you start or to assist you proceed along if you are started yet having difficulty constructing it to where you desire it to go. how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama The Fourth Version of "Starting & Building a Nonprofit A Practical Overview" by Peri H. Pakroo, J.D., is an essential overview of assist you get your nonprofit working as well as, most significantly, maintain it going.
Like many Nolo books, it is organized in an easy manner to enable the reader to get the most information in an useful manner. The short intro provides some nonprofit fundamentals and a couple of words on running a nonprofit.
After the introduction, there are chapters that concentrate on naming and also structuring your nonprofit, establishing your tactical plan, developing your initial budget, your board of directors, your workforce of personnel as well as volunteers, fundraising, danger administration and insurance, comprehending agreements and arrangements, marketing your nonprofit, publishing informative products, spreading the word online concerning your nonprofit, handling your funds, as well as getting expert aid.
These chapters offer good general details. They supply the basics. Nonetheless, you will wish to discover more about some of these topics. Take fundraising as an example. This is a very important area for nonprofits, and Nolo in fact has a number of other books that focus simply on this subject. So while the chapter in this publication offers some basic advice, you might wish to advance your reading in this field with added resources. I likewise value the chapter on getting specialist assistance, since while this book is good with general information, there are some locations where you actually ought to look for the suggestions of an expert and working with lawyers and accountants will be necessary for the nonprofit that wishes to do well.
The book includes a CD-Rom which contains a number of types as well as lists to aid you with your organization. These kinds as well as lists support the different phases in guide. There are also hard copies in the back of the book.
This is a simple book to check out with a great deal of excellent information to assist you with beginning a nonprofit or if you are operating at developing a nonprofit, to create a reliable organization that will certainly make a difference. It is not the only reference you will need, and also in fact guide recommends various other Nolo titles in order to help with forming a nonprofit corporation as well as fundraising. I do suggest this publication as a starting how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama area to anyone working with a nonprofit, especially board of supervisors, executive directors, or a person wanting to know exactly what it takes to start one. As well as it is a good reference for an Executive Director or Board participant to review and also have on the rack.
Solution yourself Why, why you wished to a non profit company. If you got a clear, vibrant answer, you finished initial step.
Find your What, a casue to deal with your non earnings, either education, environmental, Social cause any thing you thing will certainly be your non earnings USP and also has need to work. If you got a clear, bold solution, you finished 2nd action.
Just how are you mosting likely to survive/sustain your non profits company, just how are you discovered gas its funding. Are you having various other person earnings source? How are you mosting likely to manange resources( staff/volunteers)? If you obtained a clear, strong solution, you completed third action.
As you particularly state that you are taking into consideration a philanthropic organization/NGO, legally there is no commitment to register your company unless & up until they want to raise funds, claim tax obligation exemption for their benefactors & in this case every company is legitimately called for to record a depend on deed/ Memorandum of Understandings that contain the name and also address of the company & its goal as well as goals, regulating body members & their details, management laws and also procedures, human resource and staffing details, regulations and regulations by which it will certainly be operational.Before you really register you company, you require your regulating body who will be accountable for all the company choices, strategy/ mode of operation & all financial management/plans of the organization.
Application for Enrollment: Your Application needs to be submitted to official of jurisdiction in the area where the count on intend to operate or in the region where it is to be registered.Application form duly sent with complete information of controling body members (minimum 2 participants are needed as in controling body (in your case trustee participants) & registered count on's workplace address with an enrollment fee & court cost which could vary as per state/region where the trust fund is signing up itself.Application needs to be singed prior to the registrar and official authorities of charity commissioner with an approval letter by the controling body when all legal paperworks are cost is paid by the participants.
Note: Though there could be mild difference in the enrollment process/fees/documents needed as rules and also acts are different in each state while taking into consideration trust enrollment in India.Make sure to be prepared with below some points before you legally register your organization to maintain in long term.
You can make use of numerous sources at start I would certainly suggest you to have mouth promoting your NGO with the aid of your pals, household, loved ones etc and their circle, when you start obtaining good quantity of donation/funding, you can utilize some to promote your organization.The fundamental one is to have your own website as well as advertise your NGO with your work description, there are multiple choices offered to assist you acquire great site visitors numbers to your website.You can have funded Facebook posts where you can post your NGO's images, blog posts, as well as endorsements of volunteer or beneficiary of your NGO which subsequently will get more focus of people.You can prepare for some occasions in public locations like railway terminal, bus-stop, shopping centers, gardens, healthcare facilities where a short appealing video, drama, flash-mob dancing from your volunteer will certainly function to collect individuals attraction and afterwards you could promote your NGO to them, which consequently could assist you gain some financing as well, so aim to prepare as long as public activities as you can.Keep your web site/ Social existence up-to-date & keep it s material updating regularly that will certainly additionally aid you to improve your on the internet visibility.
Numerous public minded entrepreneurs might take into consideration starting a nonprofit company for the betterment of their community. However, the majority of business people correspond running a nonprofit with volunteer work. You could be a private with the independent spirit and also organisation acumen necessary to begin a successful nonprofit; you might likewise be wondering if you can make a suitable living doing so. While there are limitations on if the organization itself can show an earnings, there are lots of possibilities for you to directly generate income with a nonprofit organization.
1. Research and also make an application for government, structure as well as company gives that allow a part of the approved funds to be designated toward management expenses. Within the classification of management expenses lies the income and benefits package of the Chief Executive Officer, supervisor or whatever title you decide to lead your nonprofit organization under how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
2. Hold charity events for your cause( s) that are organized to assign a portion of the funds increased to functional expenditures– the price of putting on the fundraising event– and also administrative expenses. Lots of people who take part in fundraising comprehend that there are prices associated with the task; these will certainly also consist of the costs related to your income and those of the organizational leadership.
3. Budget plan your salary, benefits and also bonus offer bundles symmetrical to the amount of profits your company will certainly generate throughout the year. Since your management initiatives will directly impact the quantity of funds raised throughout the years, you could develop a compensation package that will effectively pay you inning accordance with exactly how efficient your efforts are.
4. Produce profits for your company via easy resources, including rents, royalties, investments, or rate of interest settlements. If your company is a 501( c) 3– a tax-exempt company– you will certainly need to recognize any type of federal government restrictions on this kind of profits. Nevertheless, any additional funding for the organization can include in the complete amount of your individual revenue once you have actually attended to the goal of the nonprofit.
5. It is feasible to acquire personal worth running a nonprofit without getting any kind of cash money. For example, numerous nonprofits have the ability to supply lorries, owned by the company, for the individual use of the business leadership. In addition, gas cards, meal gratuities, and traveling costs are all areas where the nonprofit can conserve you cash by selecting up the bill as well as raising your disposable earnings therefore how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
So you have actually generated a wonderful suggestion as well as a vision to form a nonprofit company. However where do you start? Here we've supplied your road map to obtain a brand-new nonprofit off the ground with sustainability always in mind how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
The process of creating as well as integrating a nonprofit resembles a company, except for a few differences. how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama A nonprofit can not be developed from any of the adhering to entities: Sole Proprietorship, Limited Obligation Firm or a Corporation "C" or "S".
A nonprofit, like a corporation, is a lawful entity separate from the owner( s); it can endure the life of its owner( s) and also could exist considerably. Unlike a company that is owned how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama by its investors, a nonprofit does not have shareholders and is not owned by anyone, yet is managed by the board of directors. The various other unique difference in between a firm as well as a nonprofit is just how the income is taxed. Now, let's take you through the procedure.
Step One: Employee a Board of Supervisors. A board should include diverse depiction from the following: financing, legal, someone that represents or is taken into consideration a professional when it come to your mission, a person that represents the people you exist to serve, local corporate executive( s) – how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama specifically from a company that tends to money companies like yours, community/professional volunteer( s) – individuals with a network of wealth, and also an additional nonprofit exec. Make certain that you work description in place which plainly indicates board member expectations, consisting of all info pertaining to your nonprofit. Expectations how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama need to consist of administration, financial backing, and also hands-on management. You do not want a board of supervisors that feels "just appearing" fulfills their duty. Ultimately, you never stop seeking excellent board participants. Your board must have a collection period to ensure there is constantly area for fresh faces, ideas, as well as links.
Tip Two: Formation Meeting. The development meeting is a meeting of the initial board of directors to vote on integrating and pursuing the tax obligation exemption status as well as to establish the objective of the nonprofit. Throughout this conference and all succeeding board meetings, ensure to take conference minutes to reveal a consentaneous agreement by the board prior to moving forward how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
Tip Three: Calling Your Nonprofit. Call choice is very important due to the fact that it identifies your purpose and develops your identification and identification as well as brand name. Choose your company name like you pick your kid's name-repeat it often, pretend to answer the phone making use of the name to hear if it has a good ring to it. You can select virtually how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama any type of name you want for your company as long as it is not currently in use. You could inspect name availability on your state's governing website to see if it is available prior to you file it. Normally, this is the secretary of state's office.
Step 4: Integrate. The incorporation procedure is similar to that of a firm. The Articles of Incorporation are ready and submitted with the state's regulating body; once more, commonly the Assistant of State's workplace. Some states have sample short articles which you could acquire and use in preparing your posts, nevertheless, satisfying the state's minimum declaring demand does not necessarily imply you fulfill the IRS's demands. how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama See to it you properly as well as carefully draft articles of unification that fulfill the needs of the IRS if you intend to look for government tax exception; which you will. There is a declaring charge connected with this procedure paid to the state. The charge for the state is normally around $100; the declaring cost for your tax-exempt standing is around $850.
Step Five: The Laws. You are required to prepare laws for your nonprofit. Bylaws are the policies used by the board to govern your nonprofit. Many states do not need a copy of the bylaws to be filed with the state. Despite filing demands, it is a state legislation calls for that an incorporated entity have written bylaws. The Internal Revenue Service will call for a copy of the bylaws to be filed with your application for tax-exemption.
Step Six: Obtain your Federal Employer Recognition Number (EIN). When you have actually finished your documents, you will certainly should apply for an Employer Identification Number (EIN) likewise called a federal tax ID from the Internal Revenue Service. You could do this quickly as well as conveniently online. Do not forget to publish out a duplicate for your irreversible records. You will certainly also need a duplicate to submit to the IRS with your tax exception application. To get your EIN visit the Internal Revenue Service's website. It is important to note that just holding an EIN number does not indicate you are approved as a 501( c) 3 by your state or the IRS. You can raise cash for your organization prior to approval. how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama Nonetheless, be mindful that typically, granting companies call for an accepted 501( c) 3 and will request for a copy of your authorized condition letter.
Tip 7: Application for tax exemption to the IRS. After you have integrated your nonprofit as well as obtained your EIN, after that you can start your tax exemption application to the Internal Revenue Service utilizing IRS Form 1023. The form could be acquired at the IRS internet site. This is a detailed application. You need to thoroughly read the instructions, learn about the legislations of conformity, complete the application, and accumulate & set up the attachments. Working with an expert to assist you is highly recommended. If you are attempting to do this on your own, the Internal Revenue Service estimates a couple of hundred hours are required to complete this application. After your preliminary evaluation, finish the application to the 'letter' of their guideline. If your application is not clear or missing crucial details, it will be sent back to you to learn more. If it does not fit within the tax exemption policies, it will certainly be denied. As pointed out above, there is a fee related to this application; roughly $850. The cost changes periodically, so make certain to check the filing cost before you submit the application. The IRS is presently taking in between 6-8 months to designate the application to an exempt company expert. If your application is authorized, you will obtain a "Letter of Determination" that classifies your company as tax obligation exempt. The wonderful aspect of this long procedure is that the date of your exception is retroactive to the date that the Internal Revenue Service initially got your application. This indicates that if you did obtain a contribution calling for 501( c) 3 condition prior to your approval, you will inevitably remain in conformity with the funding organization as well as the IRS. Yet, it is not advised to raise funds on the surface till you obtain your Letter of Determination.
State Tax Obligation Exception. Many states recognize and also accept the government tax exemption "Letter of Determination." Nevertheless, there is a handful of states that have additional state requirements to be revenue tax obligation exempt for state objectives. You will certainly need to consult your state's controling body to see if there are added state demands.
Recurring Compliance. After you are formally incorporated as a nonprofit company, there are a handful of points that you have to do to preserve conformity with state and federal demands. Some states call for a yearly report. A lot of states call for a yearly company renewal, as well as some states do not need state revenue tax obligations to be filed unless the nonprofit obtains a particular limit revenue. As you can see, each state runs in different ways. The key is to keep on your own educated and current with the requirements of your certain state. On the federal side, IRS Type 990 or a variant of Form 990 is needed to be filed yearly. This is the yearly income tax return form for nonprofit organizations no matter revenue. Presently, the law states that if you fail to submit Kind 990 for three consecutive years, the Internal Revenue Service will immediately revoke your nonprofit standing. If this occurs, after that the nonprofit could not obtain tax-deductible payments. In addition, you will have to reapply for tax obligation exception once again. You have taken the time to develop your nonprofit, so take the time to look after it and remain certified.
Following month search for a step by step process to raise those first dollars for your freshly included nonprofit.
ML Wagner Fundraising Group is a little company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota focused on aiding you increase money without spending it. We are devoted to mentor and also training those that have just recently incorporated non profits to create a framework to increase cash and stay sustainable over the long run. Whether your mission is to help protect the environment for future generations or to ensure that the generation of youngsters right here, today, have the best chances available to them, we could assist. With virtually twenty years of experience in all facets of fundraising, communications and task administration, we are professionals in elevating cash with little expenditure connected– as it should be how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
You're ready to begin a nonprofit and make a positive influence in the world and currently you have to recognize the best means to go about developing your company. There is a lot that enters into a nonprofit, but not a lot that the majority of any individual can do it. There are, nonetheless, vital actions to take as you begin. Follow along listed below as well as I will aid you get started in the right direction with 7 important ideas. These ideas, when used right, will help develop success in your nonprofit.
Producing the actual legal organization can be accomplished in numerous various ways. The initial and also most recognized way is by developing an independent 501( c)( 3) through the Internal Revenue Service. This could be a lengthy process and consists of integrating a business in the state that you desire to do service, and also filing for tax-exempt status through the Internal Revenue Service making use of kind 1024.
The 2nd, fastest expanding means to form a nonprofit company is via fiscal sponsorship. This is where an already existing 501( c)( 3) company accepts your nonprofit project within its organizational framework. This permits an organization to carry out nonprofit projects without the need for setting up an independent 501( c)( 3) through the Internal Revenue Service. Establishing a fiscal sponsorship could be really fast, simple, and economical. One of the most fundamental part of setting up a fiscal sponsorship is discovering an enroller who is trustworthy and long-lasting in the nonprofit sector. If the enroller is hollow, they can negatively affect your nonprofit job. Discover a third party that is experienced and educated concerning monetary sponsors to get suggestions from.
When starting a nonprofit it is very important to extensively look into the reason you will be helping. This will certainly assist you recognize just what companies are already in existence doing similar job. This will assist your company in establishing locations that still need aid as well as companies you can work along with of in much better completing the task. Continual research will certainly aid your organization stay focused on its mission.
When doing nonprofit job declare tax-exempt condition is necessary. Several nonprofits miss this action due to the fact that it could be pricey, only to need to return to the step years in the future. By having tax-exempt standing, your nonprofit could provide contributors tax-deductible receipts for their donations. Tax-exempt standing is essential when obtaining contributions from most companies when seeking grant cash. Don't place on your own in a bind without tax-exempt status. You do not wish to be clambering to obtain tax-exempt condition with a huge contribution pending.
Create A Great Fundraising Strategy how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
Fundraising is the lifeline of a nonprofit organization. Hardly any could be accomplished without funds to spend. Establishing a good fund increasing strategy as well as proceeded economic security is crucial to the success of your nonprofit. Discover good info on how you can money raise and placed the strategy at work from the very start. It is not necessary to employ a fundraising event or give author but rather consider as well as purchase resources that assist you discover how to do these jobs on your own. No person is going to care as much regarding the monetary security of your organization as you.
Developing a strategic plan on how your nonprofit will certainly run, complete its objective, employ team, and grow will be necessary. Without a strategic plan in place it will be extremely tough to earn sure your nonprofit succeeds. Strategic plans are blueprints that you can reference back to consistently, making certain your nonprofit is on track for success. Find a good resource or guidebook that explains the best ways to create a great critical plan for your nonprofit.
Ideally your nonprofit will certainly continuously run efficiently for your life time as well as beyond. While developing the nonprofit, keep this long-range vision in mind. There is knowledge in establishing a strong foundation in the beginning rather than carelessly tossing your organization with each other. Think about taking six months to a year in the starting to develop stable fund raising, how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama excellent programs, as well as excellent methods. For instance, use the very first year to fund raise and also raise understanding of your nonprofit to ensure that you could you're your budget plan. After that with stable financing you could start paying incomes, workplace expenses, as well as fund programs with less tension. Once your programs start, it will certainly be more difficult to concentrate 100% of your efforts on fundraising.
Assisting others must be fun. Starting and running a successful nonprofit could be fun. If at any kind of point you discover you have actually lost the "enjoyable factor," collect yourself and figure out the best ways to put the enjoyable back right into your efforts. If enjoyable and also pleasure is not a consistent component of your nonprofit initiatives, it will certainly be tough to proceed. Make sure those you aid, those that volunteer, and yourself are having a blast and your nonprofit undertaking will constantly live.
Nonprofits provide essential solutions and support numerous crucial objectives both locally as well as worldwide. But it can be hard to produce and also develop a nonprofit that will offer its mission and also make a distinction. There are several distinctions in between a for profit company and a nonprofit. Fortunately, Nolo, a company that makes the law accessible to any person, has a superb guide to help you get started or in order to help you continue along if you are started yet having difficulty constructing it to where you want it to go. how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama The 4th Version of "Starting & Structure a Nonprofit A Practical Overview" by Peri H. Pakroo, J.D., is a crucial guide to help you obtain your nonprofit operating and, most importantly, maintain it going.
Like the majority of Nolo publications, it is organized in a simple manner to allow the viewers to obtain one of the most info in a functional manner. The brief introduction offers some nonprofit essentials and a couple of words on running a nonprofit.
After the introduction, there are chapters that focus on naming as well as structuring your nonprofit, developing your critical strategy, developing your first budget, your board of directors, your workforce of staff as well as volunteers, fundraising, risk administration and also insurance policy, comprehending agreements as well as contracts, marketing your nonprofit, publishing informational products, getting the word out online concerning your nonprofit, managing your financial resources, as well as getting expert aid.
These phases give good general information. They supply the essentials. Nevertheless, you will want to find out more about several of these topics. Take fundraising as an example. This is a crucial area for nonprofits, as well as Nolo really has a couple of various other books that focus simply on this one topic. So while the chapter in this book provides some general advice, you might wish to enhance your reading in this field with additional sources. I also appreciate the phase on getting professional aid, due to the fact that while this publication is good with basic details, there are some areas where you truly should seek the recommendations of an expert as well as working with lawyers and also accountants will certainly be necessary for the nonprofit that intends to do well.
The book comes with a CD-Rom which contains a variety of kinds and also checklists to help you with your organization. These types as well as lists accompany the numerous chapters in the book. There are additionally hard copies in the back of guide.
This is an easy book to read with a lot of good information to aid you with beginning a nonprofit or if you are working from constructing a nonprofit, to create an effective organization that will certainly make a distinction. It is not the only reference you will need, as well as in fact guide recommends various other Nolo titles to help with developing a nonprofit company as well as fundraising. I do suggest this book as a beginning how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama place to any person working with a nonprofit, specifically board of directors, executive directors, or a person would like to know what it requires to begin one. And it is a good referral for an Executive Director or Board participant to review as well as carry the rack.
Response yourself Why, why you wanted to a non profit organization. If you obtained a clear, strong solution, you finished initial step.
Locate your Just what, a casue to collaborate with your non earnings, either education, environmental, Social cause any kind of point you thing will be your non earnings USP as well as requires to work. If you got a clear, bold solution, you finished 2nd step.
How are you going to survive/sustain your non revenues company, just how are you found fuel its financing. Are you having various other individual earnings source? Just how are you mosting likely to manange sources( staff/volunteers)? If you obtained a clear, bold solution, you completed 3rd step.
As you specifically discuss that you are taking into consideration a philanthropic organization/NGO, legally there is no obligation to register your company unless & up until they intend to increase funds, declare tax obligation exemption for their contributors & in this instance every company is legitimately called for to document a trust deed/ Memorandum of Understandings that contain the name and address of the organization & its mission and also goals, controling body participants & their details, management laws as well as treatments, human resource as well as staffing details, regulations as well as laws through which it will certainly be operational.Before you actually register you company, you need your governing body who will certainly be accountable for all the company decisions, strategy/ modus operandi & all financial management/plans of the organization.
Application for Registration: Your Application must be submitted to official of jurisdiction in the location where the count on intend to operate or in the area where it is to be registered.Application form duly submitted with complete information of governing body participants (minimum 2 members are called for as in regulating body (in your instance trustee participants) & registered count on's office address with a registration charge & court cost which may vary according to state/region where the trust fund is registering itself.Application ought to be singed prior to the registrar as well as main authorities of charity commissioner with an approval letter by the controling body when all legal paperworks are cost is paid by the members.
Note: Though there could be minor distinction in the registration process/fees/documents needed as policies and also acts are different in each state while considering count on registration in India.Make sure to be ready with listed below some factors prior to you lawfully register your organization to maintain in long term.
You could utilize multiple resources at begin I would certainly suggest you to have mouth advertising your NGO with the aid of your pals, family, relatives etc and also their circle, when you begin obtaining good quantity of donation/funding, you might make use of some to promote your organization.The fundamental one is to have your own site and also advertise your NGO with your work summary, there are numerous options available to help you obtain excellent site visitors numbers to your website.You could have funded Facebook blog posts where you could upload your NGO's photos, messages, and endorsements of volunteer or recipient of your NGO which in turn will get hold of more focus of people.You could prepare for some events in public areas like railway terminal, bus-stop, shopping centers, yards, health centers where a brief interesting video, dramatization, flash-mob dance from your volunteer will certainly work to collect people attraction and then you could advertise your NGO to them, which in turn can assist you gain some financing also, so aim to prepare as long as public tasks as you can.Keep your web site/ Social presence up-to-date & keep it s content upgrading on a regular basis that will additionally assist you to enhance your online presence.
Numerous public minded business owners could take into consideration beginning a nonprofit organization for the improvement of their neighborhood. Regrettably, most business individuals equate running a nonprofit with volunteer work. You could be a specific with the independent spirit as well as business acumen essential to start an effective nonprofit; you might additionally be questioning if you could make a good living doing so. While there are restrictions on if the organization itself could show an earnings, there are lots of possibilities for you to personally earn money with a nonprofit company.
1. Study as well as apply for federal government, structure as well as business gives that permit a section of the provided funds to be allocated towards administrative costs. Within the classification of administrative expenses lies the income as well as benefits plan of the Chief Executive Officer, supervisor or whatever title you determine to lead your nonprofit organization under how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.
2. Hold fundraisers for your reason( s) that are organized to designate a section of the funds increased to operational costs– the expense of putting on the fundraising event– and administrative costs. Lots of people who participate in fundraising understand that there are costs connected with the activity; these will additionally consist of the costs related to your wage as well as those of the organizational leadership.
3. Spending plan your salary, advantages and perk bundles in proportion for profits your company will certainly produce throughout the year. Because your management initiatives will directly impact the volume of funds raised over the year, you could formulate a settlement bundle that will properly pay you according to just how reliable your initiatives are.
4. Generate revenue for your company via easy resources, consisting of rents, nobilities, investments, or passion settlements. If your company is a 501( c) 3– a tax-exempt organization– you will certainly need to understand any kind of government limitations on this kind of income. However, any type of added funding for the company could contribute to the complete quantity of your individual earnings as soon as you have attended to the objective of the nonprofit.
5. It is feasible to obtain personal worth running a nonprofit without receiving any type of cash. As an example, several nonprofits are able to offer lorries, owned by the organization, for the individual use the organizational management. In addition, gas cards, dish stipends, and also travel costs are all locations where the nonprofit could save you cash by choosing up the expense as well as boosting your disposable revenue as a result how to form a nonprofit organization in alabama.


Meet the basic life needs of our children- spiritually, socially, emotionally, etc.
We hope that you and your children will come to St. John's and worship with us. Sept. 16th is Rally Sunday and after the 9:15 service, we will have games for the children in the playground and information and signups for our church ministries. On September 23rd, Sunday School will begin after Eucharist at the 9:15 Service and will end at 10:55 AM.
9/16 – Rally Sunday – We will have a Sunday School table so that you can register your children or confirm information from last year. Games and activities will be outside on the playground.
*10/26 – Friday night Halloween Party! – 6:00-8:00 PM. All children ages 3-10 are welcome to join us for games, hayrides, pizza, etc.
12/2 – Advent I – no Sunday School– Pancake Breakfast in Parish Hall between the 3 services.
*12/09 Family Christmas Party in the Parish Hall from 5:30-7:00 PM. Children will have pizza and games downstairs from 5:30-6:30 PM and then join us upstairs for the singing of carols!
12/30 – no Sunday School – 2 service Sunday with 8:00 and 10:00 am.
1/6– no Sunday School – Sunday School resumes on the 13th!


text:
Q: How do I specify "Twisted Web" as a pip requirement? I am packaging my program and I am having trouble with the "Twisted Web" dependency. I tried inputting all of the following combos in the setup.py file:
install_requires = ['Twisted Web>=12.2.0'],
install_requires = ['Twisted%20Web>=12.2.0'],
install_requires = ['"Twisted Web">=12.2.0'],

but the only thing I get is
error in philharmonic setup command: 'install_requires' must be a string or list of strings containing valid project/version requirement specifiers

The rest of the file is OK, because if I set some other single-word package the installation passes without any complaints.
This seems to be a known issue, but I would appreciate any other way of specifying this requirement. Can I input PyPI links or GitHub repo urls in the install_requires field? Is there a good resource for the supported syntax, because I didn't find much explanation in the Hitchhiker's guide?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
/*
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.storage;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;

import java.net.URI;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.clients.impl.internal.api.StorageServerClientManager;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stats.NullStatsLogger;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stats.StatsLogger;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.protocol.util.StorageContainerPlacementPolicy;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.storage.api.StorageContainerStore;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.storage.api.sc.StorageContainerManagerFactory;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.storage.conf.StorageConfiguration;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.storage.impl.StorageContainerStoreImpl;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.storage.impl.sc.StorageContainerPlacementPolicyImpl;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.storage.impl.service.RangeStoreContainerServiceFactoryImpl;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.storage.impl.service.RangeStoreServiceFactoryImpl;
import org.apache.bookkeeper.stream.storage.impl.store.MVCCStoreFactory;

/**
 * Builder to build the storage component.
 */
public final class StorageContainerStoreBuilder {

    public static StorageContainerStoreBuilder newBuilder() {
        return new StorageContainerStoreBuilder();
    }

    private StatsLogger statsLogger = NullStatsLogger.INSTANCE;
    private StorageConfiguration storeConf = null;
    private StorageResources storeResources = null;
    private StorageContainerManagerFactory scmFactory = null;
    private StorageContainerPlacementPolicy.Factory placementPolicyFactory = () ->
        StorageContainerPlacementPolicyImpl.of(1024);
    private MVCCStoreFactory mvccStoreFactory = null;
    private URI defaultBackendUri = null;
    private Supplier<StorageServerClientManager> clientManagerSupplier;

    private StorageContainerStoreBuilder() {
    }

    /**
     * Build the range store with the provided <tt>placementPolicyFactory</tt>.
     *
     * @param placementPolicyFactory placement policy factor to create placement policies.
     * @return range store builder.
     */
    public StorageContainerStoreBuilder withStorageContainerPlacementPolicyFactory(
        StorageContainerPlacementPolicy.Factory placementPolicyFactory) {
        this.placementPolicyFactory = placementPolicyFactory;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Build the range store with the provided {@link StatsLogger}.
     *
     * @param statsLogger stats logger for collecting stats.
     * @return range store builder;
     */
    public StorageContainerStoreBuilder withStatsLogger(StatsLogger statsLogger) {
        if (null == statsLogger) {
            return this;
        }
        this.statsLogger = statsLogger;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Build the range store with provided {@link StorageConfiguration}.
     *
     * @param storeConf storage configuration
     * @return range store builder
     */
    public StorageContainerStoreBuilder withStorageConfiguration(StorageConfiguration storeConf) {
        this.storeConf = storeConf;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Build the range store with provided {@link StorageContainerManagerFactory}.
     *
     * @param scmFactory storage container manager factory.
     * @return range store builder
     */
    public StorageContainerStoreBuilder withStorageContainerManagerFactory(StorageContainerManagerFactory scmFactory) {
        this.scmFactory = scmFactory;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Build the range store with provided {@link StorageResources}.
     *
     * @param resources storage resources.
     * @return range store builder.
     */
    public StorageContainerStoreBuilder withStorageResources(StorageResources resources) {
        this.storeResources = resources;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Build the range store with provided {@link MVCCStoreFactory}.
     *
     * @param storeFactory factory to create range stores.
     * @return range store builder.
     */
    public StorageContainerStoreBuilder withRangeStoreFactory(MVCCStoreFactory storeFactory) {
        this.mvccStoreFactory = storeFactory;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Backend uri for storing table ranges.
     *
     * @param uri uri for storing table ranges.
     * @return range store builder.
     */
    public StorageContainerStoreBuilder withDefaultBackendUri(URI uri) {
        this.defaultBackendUri = uri;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Supplier to provide client manager for proxying requests.
     *
     * @param clientManagerSupplier client manager supplier
     * @return storage container store builder
     */
    public StorageContainerStoreBuilder withStorageServerClientManager(
        Supplier<StorageServerClientManager> clientManagerSupplier) {
        this.clientManagerSupplier = clientManagerSupplier;
        return this;
    }

    public StorageContainerStore build() {
        checkNotNull(scmFactory, "StorageContainerManagerFactory is not provided");
        checkNotNull(storeConf, "StorageConfiguration is not provided");
        checkNotNull(mvccStoreFactory, "MVCCStoreFactory is not provided");
        checkNotNull(defaultBackendUri, "Default backend uri is not provided");
        checkNotNull(placementPolicyFactory, "Storage Container Placement Policy Factory is not provided");
        checkNotNull(clientManagerSupplier, "Storage server client manager is not provided");

        RangeStoreServiceFactoryImpl serviceFactory = new RangeStoreServiceFactoryImpl(
            storeConf,
            placementPolicyFactory.newPlacementPolicy(),
            storeResources.scheduler(),
            mvccStoreFactory,
            clientManagerSupplier.get());

        RangeStoreContainerServiceFactoryImpl containerServiceFactory =
            new RangeStoreContainerServiceFactoryImpl(serviceFactory);

        return new StorageContainerStoreImpl(
            storeConf,
            scmFactory,
            containerServiceFactory,
            clientManagerSupplier.get(),
            statsLogger);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The ALLEY BOA® returns from the jungle. With a stiffer flex and refreshing style, the Alley is a progressive women's snowboard boot with our BOA® H3 lacing system and evolution flex for versatile all-mountain performance. Thermo-adjustable liners with built-in lacing and articulated cuffs offer the customized comfort and premium performance to take your riding to the next level.
BOA® lacing system allows an effortless and precise tightening of your boot and a quick release. The Coiler version automatically retracts lace slack, making closure and release even quicker.
The BOA® System delivers closure and adjustment solutions purpose-built for performance. BOA®'s patented system consists of a micro-adjustable dial, a superstrong lightweight lace, and low friction lace guides. Each unique configuration is engineered to optimize fit and provide precision, adaptability, and control. The BOA® System dials and laces are backed by The BOA® Guarantee.
Single density molded EVA, heel counter, and molded arch support offers anatomic comfort and support.


Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal. PLM is a set of capabilities that enable an enterprise to effectively and efficiently innovate and manage its products and related services throughout the entire business lifecycle. It is one of the four cornerstones of a corporation's IT digital structure. All companies need to manage communications and information with its customers (CRM-Customer Relationship Management) and its suppliers (SCM-Supply Chain Management) and the resources within the enterprise (ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning). In addition, manufacturing engineering companies must also develop, describe, manage and communicate information about their products (PLM).
The product lifecycle goes though many phases and involves many professional disciplines and requires many skills, tools and processes. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is more to do with managing descriptions and properties of a product through its development and useful life, mainly from a business/engineering point of view; whereas Product life cycle management (PLC) is to do with the life of a product in the market with respect to business/commercial costs and sales measures.


We'd like to say a big thank you to one of our favourite iPad apps for sponsoring this competition, Appetites.
Available for $4.99, this app makes the most of what the iPad has to offer. It's part of the App Store's current Apps for Foodies – App Store Essentials collection. Learn to cook a range of different mouthwatering dishes through beautifully shot step-by-step videos and experience the future of cooking.
There's lots more information on the Appetites website, Facebook page, or you can give it a try for yourself. With a growing library of included cooking classes each month, we guarantee you'll love it!
Appetites is giving a free copy of the $4.99 app to the winner of the iPad.
We're really excited about this new addition to the AppStorm line-up of sites, and would love for you to help us spread the word about today's launch.
We'd love to connect with you on Facebook, so you can also enter the competition by liking iPad.AppStorm on Facebook. Just click below!
Thanks for reading the site, best of luck, and I'm looking forward to picking our winner a week from now!
The competition will run for one week, closing at Midnight GMT on Tuesday 5th April. We'll be pooling all the entries together and selecting the winner at random shortly afterwards.
The winner will be contacted directly (either via email, or Facebook) and posted up on the site. The giveaway is open to anyone (worldwide) and the prize will be given in the form of US$499 sent via PayPal or Moneybookers.


text:
Cuts Won't Stop the Crony Capitalism or Corruption in the CDBG Program
By Victor Nava
Last month, House Republicans introduced a $44.1 billion transportation and housing bill which includes a $1.3 billion cut to the federal Community Development Block Grant program (CDBG). While the cut does slash government spending for the block grant program in half, it doesn't address the crony capitalism inherent in the CDBG program which breeds the waste, fraud, and corruption continually seen within the CDBG program.
You don't need to look far in the past to see this sort of corruption taking place. In June, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) sent a scathing letter to the Mayor of Honolulu Hawaii, calling on the city to return nearly $8 million in CDBG funds that it gave to Opportunities and Resources Inc. (ORI), a nonprofit redevelopment organization in central Oahu. The Aloha Gardens Wellness Center and Camp Pineapple 808 both were projects developed by ORI with federally issued CDBG money meant to serve elderly and disabled persons, but since completion, the projects haven't exactly been used for their advertised purpose.
The HUD report claims ORI had been marketing the centers to the public as venues for weddings, parties, banquets, fundraisers, corporate retreats, conferences and family reunions. The city also lent ORI nearly $1.2 million in CDBG funds between 1989 and 1995, which it decided to forgive back in 2010. HUD found that this decision was made by city employees who were running for elected office while receiving campaign donations from ORI representatives. The report states:
"ORI has maintained significant support over many years by the direct involvement of high ranking City and State officials…The direct involvement of the officials' appears to have placed pressure on staff resulting in the City ignoring regulatory violations in favor of completing the project and satisfying ORI's requests."
The fraudulent behavior in cases like Honolulu is precipitated by the crony capitalism sewn into the fabric of the program-in order to get public money you need to have close ties with public officials. It's how the game works, which leads to certain private companies getting preferential treatment over others at best, and straight up corruption at worst.
Community Development Block Grants are the largest subsidy program run by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), providing funds to over 1,200 state and local governments. HUD claims the grants support low-income individuals, prevent slums and blight, and address immediate threats to community welfare by funding public and private infrastructure improvements.
But by allowing federal dollars to go towards funding private interests, a system of crony capitalism is created that is nearly impossible to get rid of. Crony capitalism is best defined as private interests colluding with government to acquire subsidies or economic benefits that give them an advantage or special privilege in the marketplace that would not otherwise exist. Usually this takes the form of lobbying, donating to a city council member's campaign, or just knowing the right people. Sometimes though certain parties will cross the line and engage in outright corruption that no one can defend.
This kind of corruption is not limited to just Hawaii. Once again in June, HUD found that the City of Pine Bluff, Arkansas improperly spent nearly $200,000 in CDBG funds and failed to properly document an additional $279,000 in expenditures. The city is accused of spending more than 20% of CDBG funds on "administrative costs", purchasing properties without redeveloping them, disbursing funds to contractors before receiving bids, and not following federal project documentation guidelines.
Instances like this happen all too often when it comes to the CDBG program, as private interests jockey for every last bit of taxpayer money from the hands smarmy local politicians who are in charge of distributing it. Cuts to the CDBG program, while welcomed, won't end the cronyism and corruption inherent in the program. The best solution is to just eliminate the program. The latest cuts bring us halfway there, so now is the time to just go all the way and end the crony capitalism once and for all.
For more on community development cronyism see our piece for the Heartland Institute here.
Also see our Policy Brief, Crony Capitalism and Community Development Subsidies here.
Victor Nava is a policy analyst at Reason Foundation, where he researches public sector pensions, federal and state economic policy, and crony capitalism.
More by Victor Nava
Analysis of the California Public Employees' Pension Reform Act of 2013 (PEPRA)
PEPRA failed to substantially reform Californiaâ??s pension systems
By Victor Nava and Lance Christensen
Stockton and Detroit Exit Bankruptcy Leaving Pension Systems As-Is
By Lance Christensen and Victor Nava
California Public Pension Cuts Ties With Hedge Funds
North Dakota Public Employees Retirement System Pension Solvency Analysis
The public pension plan has only 68 percent of the assets needed to fully fund the system in the long-term.
By Leonard Gilroy, Raheem Williams and Steven Gassenberger
Modernizing School Finance in Idaho
This policy brief provides a brief overview of Idaho's school finance system, highlights its primary shortcomings, and makes several recommendations for reform.
By Aaron Garth Smith, Christian Barnard and Satya Marar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Questions are an essential tool for any business, but are you asking the right ones in the right way? A question can help you find out information, it can prove a point and it can help you make a sale. So, the most important question is: How do you ask the right questions?
As you may have guessed from the title we are headed for a trusty acronym, one that I came up with to help me when structuring my questions. If you can keep these tips and tricks in mind when you are planning to ask people questions, then you are much more likely to get the answers you need.
Question your questions – what is the question, why are you asking it and who are you asking it to? When you are planning to ask a question, you need to be able to answer these points and more (and many of the following tips relate back to this one).
Understand your goal – a question should have a goal but what that goal is can vary depending on the situation. A question's purpose is rarely as simple as just providing an answer. It is more often along the lines of getting feedback, reinforcing marketing or sales messages and collecting opinions.
Expand on your initial question – your first question will get you your first response, your second question should be about the response you just got. It is a rare and wonderful experience when you ask a simple question and get all the information you need in one go. It is much more likely you will need to encourage people to talk more about the areas you want them to.
Speak the right language – don't get me wrong, I love a bit of jargon and an acronym (as evidenced by this article) but when you are asking questions it is more important to spell everything out in a way that everyone understands than to save a few seconds with a quick abbreviation, IMHO (sorry couldn't resist that one).
Transition from one question to the next – this is not the same as expanding on your question, this is more about planning the flow of your questions. Good questions take people on a journey and the best way to make sure they don't get lost along the way is to plan your route in advance and have a clear vision on where your next question is headed.
Information comes from listening – don't forget the key part of asking a question is getting an answer. Even if you are positive you know what the person's answer will be, make sure you listen to what they have to say. They could surprise you with insights you never thought of and even if they do say what you expect, they still want the chance to tell you.
One thing at a time – one question is usually not enough but multi part questions are not the answer. Expand on answers, transition from question to question but don't ask more than one thing per question. If you ask two or three things in a single question you are more than likely to only get the answer to one of them.
Neutrality – this does not mean all your questions need to be neutral, it just means you need to be aware of their level of neutrality. If you want an unbiased, honest opinion, be neutral. If you want to get someone fired up, push a certain point of view or lead people to a set conclusion, you want it to be anything but!
https://theconsultantscommunity.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Untitled-design-8.png 1080 1080 Andy Sephton, The Consultants' Community https://theconsultantscommunity.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TCC-Logo-Main-Sqaure-300x300.png Andy Sephton, The Consultants' Community2018-11-26 08:52:092018-11-26 08:53:48Q.U.E.S.T.I.O.N.
How big is your business? Networking. Are you doing it right?


What this does is trap the closing of the tab or window or browser and send an AJAX call out so you can do whatever you need to do.
Of course this won't stop people from killing the browser via a task manager. But most people just click on the close and unless you use alerts they won't know that you are performing one extra task as they leave.


text:
Happy New Year to Binance with green lights from Canada and Bahrain
Crypto News Jan 21: Bitcoin likely to return to $30,000 region with news from Stader Labs, Shiba Inu, Cardano, NFT, Binance, a16z, 1inch
Binance Holdings Ltd., the world's largest exchange by volume, has received approval from the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) to become a cryptocurrency service provider. According to a release from the company, the exchange is applying for a license with the aim of becoming a fully regulated central exchange.
Happy New Year to Binance
It's worth noting that this news comes after was recently granted permission by Canada to offer crypto services.
Prior to this positive news, Binance saw months of clashes with a number of regulators around the world. Among the measures taken to address this issue, Binance hired many influential industry executives last year to work in their flagship offices as part of a better compliance initiative. Exchanges have been restricted for "non-compliance" in countries such as the United States, Singapore, United Kingdom, Thailand and others.
The world exchange may still have a bumpy road ahead, however, as the Turkish regulator Binance recently fined nearly $ 750,000, according to Bitcoin Magazine. The Turkish Financial Crime Investigative Commission (MASAK) reportedly closed its local office for non-compliance with customer information and anti-money laundering (AML) regulations.
However, with the consent of the Kingdom of Bahrain, Changpeng Zhao (CZ), founder and CEO of Binance, commented:
"Recognition and approval of national regulators like the Central Bank of Bahrain is essential to build trust in cryptocurrencies and blockchain, which further enhances the adoption of series."
However, the approval process still requires Binance to complete the entire registration process, which the company wants to adhere to "on time".
In recent interviews and blog posts, CZ suggests that the foundation aims to end regulatory issues by partnering with regulators around the world.
And as Binance forges into the Gulf, it's noteworthy that the platform signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Dubai World Trade Center Authority (DWTCA) last week.
Notify shown The aim is to support exchanges, blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT) companies, as well as a wide range of licensed digital currencies and assets in Dubai.
According to media reports, top Binance executives are negotiating with a lawmaker in the United Arab Emirates to set up a headquarters in the country in order to gain a foothold in the region.
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Crypto Market Highlights December 28, 2021
The Kingdom of Bahrain has granted Binance its first regulatory clearance.
Happy 'Beray', Bitcoin: It's been 3 years since BTC bottomed out at $ 3.1k
Why is Vitalik Buterin happy about "crypto cities" that run on DAO and NFT?
Happy Bitcoin breaks $ 45k with "greed" psychology
Tags: BahrainBinanceCanadaGreenHappylightsyear
Can the connection between DAOs and NFTs accelerate the adoption of Web3?
El Salvador ends 2021 with nearly 1,400 bitcoins below the belt


text:
TB Joshua honours victims of church collapse; Experts counsel on security
By ElombahNews	 On Sep 12, 2015
Prophet T.B. Joshua [above] and The Synagogue Church of All Nations [SCOAN] are today holding a memorial service for the victims of the September 12, 2014
building collapse in the Ikotun, Lagos premises of the church.
Though the service holds in South Africa, there are very strong indications that he has sent a delegation from Nigeria to take part in activities leading to the memorial.
The self-styled prophet has maintained that the deceased, mostly South Africans were on an appointment with God when they met their death and therefore believes that they did not die in vain.
Meanwhile, months after a Lagos coroner had passed is verdict calling for the prosecution of the contractors that handled the building of the collapsed structure, experts have warned that the government might have been chasing shadows rather than focus on the real issues that led to the tragedy.
They observed that the way the building collapsed questions the security consciousness of the government, especially in an era when terrorism is becoming highly scientific and sophisticated.
A combatant captain and blasts specialist in the late General Adekunle-led 3rd Marine Commandoes during the Nigerian Civil War, Michael Oyediran who spoke from his Felele, Ibadan residence said that he was alarmed at the September 12 incident and how government inquest handled the matter:
"Considering the evidence of those engineers and the scientist, I became very worried because infrasound implosion was used in my time during the Nigerian Civil War".
Also speaking on the collapse, Rtd Capt. 'Tele Olagundoye, also of the 3MCO, said in retrospect: "…I watched the collapse of that building on YouTube. The way it collapsed brought back memories of some of our operations during the Nigerian Civil War and made me fear that terrorism has gone deeply scientific.
"Now seeing the way government is ignoring dangerous signals and chasing after shadows makes me worry that insurgents may have penetrated and tested the ground of Lagos successfully and the authorities don't know yet".
It would be recalled that the DSS recently arrested some Boko Haram commanders in certain areas of Lagos. It would also be recalled that a Boko Haram member had come to The SCOAN to confess the group's failed plans to bomb the church.
According to the insurgent who spoke on Emmanuel TV, they would have carried out their evil plan but for divine gifts of the man of God who kept appearing to him in his dreams.
In spite of all those ominous signs, government treated the whole development with kid gloves until the unfortunate incident happened.
Even though the coroner has since passed its verdict, some observers believe that it failed to consider certain important evidences such as that of a geo-technical engineer of over forty years' experience, Mr. Afolayan who told the magistrate that the soil under the foundation of the building did not fail.
The CCTV footage which showed the building collapse in less than four seconds and the extensive and scientific evidence of an explosive researcher, Mr. Biedomo Iguniwei which suggested that an infrasonic weapon was fire at the church building by the aircraft that hovered around it moments earlier were all discountenanced by the magistrate.
As the memorial for the victims holds today in South Africa, the entire SCOAN family all over the world join forces to pray for the repose of the souls of their departed.
Philip Patrick
Criminal invasion of A'Ibom govt house by DSS & APC desperadoes
Defence College Course Participants Visit ECOWAS Commission


Researchers from Amsterdam UMC – location VUmc and Leiden University, have recently written an invited review on post-mortem MRI and histology studies in multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), and their relevance as radiological (bio)markers for the clinical (research) setting. The manuscript is published in Neuroscience Bulletin.
In this review, combined post-mortem brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology studies are highlighted, illustrating the relevance of translational approaches to define novel MRI signatures of neuropathological lesions in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Initial studies combining post-mortem MRI and histology have validated various MRI sequences, assessing their sensitivity and specificity as diagnostic biomarkers in neurologic disease. More recent studies have focused on defining new radiological (bio)markers and implementing them in the clinical (research) setting. By combining neurological and neuroanatomical expertise with radiological development and pathological validation, a cycle emerges that allows for the discovery of novel MRI biomarkers to be implemented in vivo. Examples of this cycle are presented for multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Some applications have been shown to be successful, while others require further validation. In conclusion, there is much to explore with post-mortem MRI and histology studies, which can eventually be of high relevance for clinical practice.
We are proud to present the publication of our manuscript "Normal Aging Brain Collection Amsterdam (NABCA): A comprehensive collection of postmortem high-field imaging, neuropathological and morphometric datasets of non-neurological controls." In open access journal Neuroimage: Clinical. We would like to thank everyone who has contributed to this publication.
Click on this link to go to the manuscript.
Well-characterized, high-quality brain tissue of non-neurological control subjects is a prerequisite to study the healthy aging brain, and can serve as a control for the study of neurological disorders. The Normal Aging Brain Collection Amsterdam (NABCA) provides a comprehensive collection of post-mortem (ultra-)high-field MRI (3Tesla and 7 Tesla) and neuropathological datasets of non-neurological controls. By providing MRI within the pipeline, NABCA uniquely stimulates translational neurosciences; from molecular and morphometric tissue studies to the clinical setting. We describe our pipeline, including a description of our on-call autopsy team, donor selection, in situ and ex vivo post-mortem MRI protocols, brain dissection and neuropathological diagnosis. A demographic, radiological and pathological overview of five selected cases on all these aspects is provided. Additionally, information is given on data management, data and tissue application procedures, including review by a scientific advisory board, and setting up a material transfer agreement before distribution of tissue. Finally, we focus on future prospects, which includes laying the foundation for a unique platform for neuroanatomical, histopathological and neuro-radiological education, of professionals, students and the general (lay) audience.
Researchers from the department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC – location VUmc have combined MRI and histology to determine the the micro-scale correlates of macro-scale network measures of segregation and integration in multiple sclerosis.
Abnormalities in segregative and integrative properties of brain networks have been observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and are related to clinical functioning. This study aims to investigate the micro-scale correlates of macro-scale network measures of segregation and integration in MS.
Eight MS patients underwent post-mortem in situ whole-brain diffusion tensor (DT) imaging and subsequent brain dissection. Macro-scale structural network topology was derived from DT data using graph theory. Clustering coefficient and mean white matter (WM) fiber length were measures of nodal segregation and integration. Thirty-three tissue blocks were collected from five cortical brain regions. Using immunohistochemistry micro-scale tissue properties were evaluated, including, neuronal size, neuronal density, axonal density and total cell density. Nodal network properties and tissue properties were correlated.
A negative correlation between clustering coefficient and WM fiber length was found. Higher clustering coefficient was associated with smaller neuronal size and lower axonal density, and vice versa for fiber length. Higher whole-brain WM lesion load was associated with higher whole-brain clustering, shorter whole-brain fiber length, lower neuronal size and axonal density.
Structural network properties on MRI associate with neuronal size and axonal density, suggesting that macro-scale network measures may grasp cortical neuroaxonal degeneration in MS.
An international team led by Prof. Vincenzo Bonifati from the Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, has discovered for the first time variants in a gene (termed LRP10) in patients with familial forms of Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia, and Dementia with Lewy bodies. The paper reporting this discovery will be published in The Lancet Neurology this week. 'This discovery opens a novel window on the molecular mechanisms of these common neurodegenerative diseases, and might pave the way to the identification of novel biomarkers and novel disease-modifying therapies', says Prof. Bonifati.


Annual Reports for 2013 - What has MoBikeFed done for YOU lately?
Thanks to your membership and support, 2013 has been one of the most productive years ever for the Missouri Bicycle & Pedestrian Federation and for the Missouri Foundation for Bicycling and Walking.
Highlights from those reports are below.
The support of members like you is bringing real change to Missouri--and helping our Vision of Bicycling and Walking in Missouri become a reality.
MoDOT and the General Assembly adopt a "Total Transportation" approach to Missouri transportation funding, for the first time ever including bicycling and walking on equal footing with all other transportation modes.
MoDOT introduces its first-ever Long Range Transportation Plan that fully integrates bicycling, walking, and trails.
Stopped another proposed bicycle ban.
National & statewide bicycle touring routes make significant progress; TransAmerica Trail (US Bicycle Route 76) officially signed, marked, and printed as part of Missouri's bicycle map.
Complete Streets policies continue to move forward across Missouri.
No fewer than 34 legislative successes for biking and walking in Jefferson City total since 1995.
Summarized bicycle and pedestrian needs at local, regional, and state levels into a series of campaigns and easy-to-understand checklists; already we are seeing items from those campaigns beginning to be adopted.
The Bicycle Friendly Communities, Universities, and Businesses programs now has no fewer than 30 enrolled in Missouri.
MoBikeFed membership has doubled since 2008, reaching an ambitious goal we set then.
Helped guide MoDOT policy and decision making on bicycle and pedestrian issues as the agency rolled out is first-ever long-range plan to fully embrace bicycling and walking as transportation options on par with public transit, railroads, ports, roads, and bridges.
Helped guide policy, procedures, and priorities for a proposed $8 billion in new Missouri transportation spending over the next 10 years.
Supported the effort to create the first-ever Missouri Trails Census and Statewide Trails Plan.
Provided expertise and technical assistance for other bicycle & pedestrian organizations and groups across Missouri.
Provided assistance to groups, agencies, and officials across the state with bicycle and pedestrian-related planning and policy making.
See the complete Foundation Annual Report for details.


text:
"""Sample announcements."""

__author__ = 'Pavel Simakov (psimakov@google.com)'

import datetime

SAMPLE_ANNOUNCEMENT_1 = {
    'edit_url': None,
    'title': 'Example Announcement',
    'date': datetime.date(2012, 10, 6),
    'is_draft': False,
    'html': """

Certificates will be e-mailed to qualifying participants by
        Friday, October 12.

Do you want to check your assessment scores? Visit the
        "My profile" page!

        """}

SAMPLE_ANNOUNCEMENT_2 = {
    'edit_url': None,
    'title': 'Welcome to Class 6 and the Post-class Assessment',
    'date': datetime.date(2012, 10, 5),
    'is_draft': True,
    'html': """

Welcome to the final class!  Class 6
        focuses on combining the skills you have learned throughout the class
        to maximize the effectiveness of your searches.

Customize Your Experience

You can customize your experience in several ways:

You can watch the videos multiple times for a deeper understanding
          of each lesson.

You can read the text version for each lesson. Click the button
          above the video to access it.

Lesson activities are designed for multiple levels of experience.
          The first question checks your recall of the material in the video;
          the second question lets you verify your mastery of the lesson; the
          third question is an opportunity to apply your skills and share your
          experiences in the class forums. You can answer some or all of the
          questions depending on your familiarity and interest in the topic.
          Activities are not graded and do not affect your final grade.

We'll also post extra challenges in the forums for people who seek
          additional opportunities to practice and test their new skills!

Forum

Apply your skills, share with others, and connect with your peers
        and course staff in the forum. Discuss your favorite
        search tips and troubleshoot technical issues. We'll also post bonus
        videos and challenges there!

For an optimal learning experience, please plan to use the most
        recent version of your browser, as well as a desktop, laptop or a tablet
        computer instead of your mobile phone.

        """}

SAMPLE_ANNOUNCEMENTS = [SAMPLE_ANNOUNCEMENT_1, SAMPLE_ANNOUNCEMENT_2]