text:
December 2, 2021 — Comments are off for this post.
Here Is What You Should Do For Your legal steroids bodybuilding
Topical steroid
Congestive heart failure in susceptible patients, fluidretention, hypokalemia, hypokalemic alkalosis, metabolic alkalosis, hypotensionor shock like reaction, potassium loss, sodium retention with resulting edema. The ACR recommendations for the use of teriparatide and bisphosphonates are shown in Table 11. Drug Interaction Tool Check Potential Drug Interactions. Cycling is also used to try to minimize the undesirable side effects of steroids use. 46 Formulations containing benzalkonium chloride as a preservative may have a bitter taste. The prevalence of anabolic steroid use is increasing not only among professional and recreational athletes, but also among aging individuals who are seeking to mitigate age associated functional decline. There aren't usually any severe side effects if you take steroid injections, a steroid inhaler, or a short course of steroid tablets. Anabolic steroids are classed as performance and image enhancing drugs PIEDs. Steroid medication can weaken your immune system, making it easier for you to get an infection or worsening an infection you already have or have recently had. According to research, anabolic steroiduse for non medical purposes is more common in men in their 30s. It's not about if you need them or not, it's about your body needs them for the rapid growth. Overall, this supplement is a tried and true solution for bodybuilders trying to return their T levels to their previous youthful states. There is no cure for either disease, however the prognosis and life expectancy are different. Active monitoring for AAS abuse and maintaining an open, honest, and evidence based dialogue with all stakeholders, including athletes, coaches, administrators, parents, advisory groups, and others, is vital. This helps keep tissue damage as low as possible. As of this post, neither Dillashaw nor his camp have yet to comment on the recent news of his suspension. This appears to be the explanation for such cases as that of Kenneth Williams who was aged 42 when he tested positive for DHEA Weislo, 2009. «One of the women said this helped her to isolate herself and focus on her education, job, work outs and preparations for competitions,» says Havnes. THG was invisible on the routine gas chromatography–mass spectrometry screen employed by the WADA accredited laboratories and necessitated the development of a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry LC–MS/MS screen for its detection; for a current and detailed review on the analysis of anabolic steroids see Kicman et al.
Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs APEDs Research Report How are anabolic steroids used?
© Buy Steroids Online. But what if you are an amateur bodybuilder, or a fitness coach and want to gain lean muscle mass that's dry and ribbed. Note on which "steroids" are we talking about: The term "steroids" here refers to anti inflammatory steroids corticosteroids such as https://fitness24.store/product-category/injectable-steroids/winstrol-injections/ prednisone and methylprednisolone Medrol® and dexamethasone Decadron®. A 2011 study by Pope and his colleagues found that the average FFMI of steroid users was 23. Stimulants used in this capacity include fat burning and energy boosting drugs Coffey, Steiner, Baker, and Allison, 2004; Maglione et al. Tocilizumab inhibited significantly the production of IL 17 either at 10 μg/ml 62. You can't prevent many of the hormone changes that cause gynecomastia. MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease, primarily involving the small and large intestine, but which can affect other parts of the digestive system as well. Before using legal steroids, write some points about your reps, body weight, and time duration consumed in a single exercise. They affect the entire body. It can still be prescribed like prednisolone, but the dosage may differ. The abuser in most cases is unaware of these hidden dangers. Studying ARS patients treated with 30 mg/day prednisolone or placebo for 7 days, the incidence of mood or sleep disturbance did not differ between treatment groups. The recommended dosing regimen is oral prednisone, 40 mg twice daily for five days, then 40 mg once daily for five days, then 20 mg daily for the duration of the anti pneumocystis therapy. He shared several videos on his social media account and the actor is about to hit 1 million fans on Instagram as well. There are some alternatives that provide support for bulking up and muscle growth, others provide support for fat loss with cutting. While steroids had been part of baseball's banned substance list since 1991, testing for major league players did not begin until 2003, when MLB conducted surveys to help gauge the extent of performance enhancing drug PED use in the game. What do you need to know to avoid that happening to you. So, if you decide to take any other compounds from this list – you'll have no idea what you're putting in your body. Anabolic steroids are synthetic molecules developed in the hope of obtaining a complete separation of the androgenic and myotrophic anabolic actions of testosterone. Conflicts of Interest: One of the authors has received grants and personal fees from pharmaceutical companies. " Genotropin is the manufacturer's name for human growth hormone HGH. These codes check the authenticity of a bought steroid on pharmacies website.
Ernst Peibst
Rule AD, Fridley BL, Hunt SC, Asmann Y, Boerwinkle E, Pankow JS, et al. Please Choose OneOn The InternetFrom An AlumniFrom An EmployeeFrom A Medical ProviderFrom An Insurance CompanyFrom A Printed Article Or AdvertisementFrom An Attorney/CourtFrom A Staff Member At My SchoolOn TelevisionFrom Another Treatment FacilityFrom A Friend Or Family MemberOther. Perhaps looking at triggers in documented cases of generalized pustular psoriasis GPP can offer some perspective. Healthcare Provider Resources. Binding to the amino acid arginine is probably required for development of contact allergy. A: Most legal steroid supplements are designed for anyone to use. It is considered a risk factor for the development of asthma and a major public health problem, due to its prevalence and impact on patients' quality of life, work/school performance, and economic burden. We have done the research so you do not have to. This page explains the dangers of misusing anabolic steroids, and aims to advise and support those who are addicted to the drugs. This isn't surprising. Given the length of the questionnaire, a separate analysis of the cohort and non sexual dysfunction related responses was previously published as a separate manuscript 2. In exchange for those provisions, the league agreed not to discipline players implicated by Mitchell's investigation. Many of the women had been troubled with anxiety and the feelings of inferiority. Pain is the initial feature, which may eventually become severe and debilitating. This faster rate of metabolism is responsible for the fat burning properties of Clenbutrol. Tags: Paid Content, Sponsored content, best legal steroids, Sponsored Content. All steroids have four linked carbon rings and several of them, like cholesterol, have a short tail Figure 3. Am J Vet Res 1993;541:126 129. Training Intensity Primer The Steroids Podcast Episode 41. These flaws are often unnoticeable to others. They can also be imported or exported, as long as this is carried out in person. A slow reduction in the dosage of steroids allows the adrenal glands to regain their ability to manufacture natural cortisone. Fluticasone/vilanterol Breo Ellipta. That individual, who asked not to be identified, praised these sites for increasing awareness of beneficial training strategies and proper drug use, but cautioned that they can quickly become echo chambers for misinformation. Winsol is one of the most powerful legal steroids.
5 pg/ml, for 100 μg/ml, p = 0. Crazy Bulk is one such brand that has popularized D Bal, a safer, legal alternative to Dianabol the production and sale of which is now banned in the U. While systemic reactions are rare, they can be life threatening. In addition to the negative side effects that steroids impose on the body, the imbalanced hormones will also impact behavior. This is because it doesn't provide the type of euphoria that other drugs do. The fans want home runs—give them home runs. These health checks should include. You can use it for bulking, muscle building, maintenance, and any other fitness goal, as long as it involves protecting muscle tissue and selectively burning fat. Biohacking Superhuman Performance's Nathalie Niddam Click here to Listen Now. Significant muscle growth. Everything is available on our website.
Best Alternative to Dianabol: D Bal Max
12 As an explanation they suggest that children with streptococcal infection who received the placebo benefited from the antibiotics, which had an impact on the observed effectiveness of dexamethasone in the test subjects. Normally, the ratio is < 6:1; if exogenous testosterone is being used, the ratio is higher. CAS Article Google Scholar. Colleague's E mail is Invalid. Remember the muscles are made up of mostly water. Non medical use of steroids is not permitted in the U. Natural, legal steroids are a great way for you to achieve your fitness goals. What are theingredients in D Bal Max. There is also a testis specific isoform of HSL with a molecular mass of 120 kDa. Buy online steroids at roidsseek, anabolic steroids for sale at low prices, fast and safe delivery. One analysis, examining pooled data from 10 studies worldwide that had assessed the prevalence of AAS dependence in various populations of users, found that 33% of users had experienced a dependence syndrome. Seek out healthy lifestyle choices you can make to lower your overall risk of heart disease. Republication or distribution of this content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Toronto Star Newspapers Limited and/or its licensors. Each adrenal gland weighs 4–5 g in an adult. Trenbolone is an anabolic steroid routinely used in the finishing phase of beef production to improve animal performance and feed efficiency. 6, commonly termed cholesterol oxidase, a flavoenzyme that catalyses the oxidation of cholesterol to cholest 5 en 3 one which is then rapidly isomerized to cholest 4 en 3 one as the first essential step in a more comprehensive catabolism of sterols. After logging in you can close it and return to this page. Post cycle therapy steroids like Nolvadex, Clomid, Aromex, Femara, Ovinum. The results, published in JAMA on 18 April, show that although there was not much change in symptoms after 24 hours, after 48 hours significantly more participants experienced complete resolution in the dexamethasone group. You may need a bigger dose for a while if you are unwell with other health problems such as an infection, or if you need to have an operation. Follow Matt on twitter @mattmcgrathbbc. Endocrinology 156, 3091–3097. Do you have medical bills to pay, want to improve your house,. Effects of testosterone treatment on body fat and lean mass in obese men on a hypocaloric diet: a randomised controlled trial. In your body it performs a part in a variety of cellular processes by serving to to correct deficiencies in vitamins and minerals, wisel malaysia0. 011 and for those who did not require surgical intervention 23/28 with steroids, 12/15 without; 3. The Seattle Mariners signed Bret Boone to a one year, $3. Since you will be buying these products on their official brand websites, we have recommended only those brands that have convenient and reliable shipping and refund policies. There were also fewer courses of oral corticosteroids and better lung function in the budesonide group.
The decision to start treatment with immunosuppressive agents is based on clear evidence of progressive pulmonary damage as demonstrated by radiologic worsening or decline in pulmonary function as measured by PFTs. "None of us in this room know what else he was taking," Rogol said. Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone help maintain the balance between water and salts in the body, predominantly exerting their effects within the kidney. Dosage Recommendations. Some companies take an extra step towards proving their effectiveness by seeking out a third party lab to verify the benefits that they advertise, while others print their lab reports directly on the website. Join our newsletter to stay up to date on dangerous drugs and devices, keep up on lawsuit and settlement news, learn about FDA recalls, and more. How often any side effect occurs varies from person to person. CYP17A1 was localized to the fetal zone and transition zone Fig. Submitted: November 24th 2011Reviewed: June 7th 2012Published: November 28th 2012. Eye drops and ointments. In addition, some AAS, such as 19 nortestosterone derivatives like nandrolone, are also potent progestogens, and activation of the progesterone receptor PR is antigonadotropic similarly to activation of the AR. Participants were 17 250 adolescent boys taken from a pooled data set of the 14 jurisdictions from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys that assessed sexual orientation. Sterile and nonsterile gloves.
What Is the Prognosis for Steroid Abuse?
Fortunately, legal steroid supplements are not linked to any of these side effects. This is to develop huge muscle mass and put a magnificent end to the bulking cycle. D Bal provides your body with the building blocks it needs to produce more testosterone to facilitate the strength and muscle mass gains you desire. Wherever you have heard about anabolic steroids and bodybuilding is a lie. PubMed Google Scholar. And for that reason, I actually really identify with him and like him. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Doctors prescribe them to treat hormonal problems such as delayed puberty in males or loss of muscle caused by diseases like cancer or HIV.
Benefits Of D Bal
D Bal is theunprecedented mass building king. If you or your child start to have a fever, chills, sore throat, or any other sign of an infection, call your doctor right away. It's designed for those who want extreme strength, enhanced performance, and reduced recovery time. Drug Interaction Tool Check Potential Drug Interactions. Using a spacer device and rinsing the mouth with water after inhalation can prevent this side effect. Schedule yearly eye exams and report any new changes in vision to your eye doctor. Having osteoporosis puts a person at risk of severe bone fractures. The second group of steroids, the androgenic/anabolic steroids, are hormones made in the body to regulate the manufacture of testosterone in the testicles and ovaries. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. If u test positive, u need to not play. Treatment of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis with alfacalcidol/calcium versus vitamin D/calcium. Health care professionals, including athletic trainers and others, manage many illnesses and injuries in their clinical practices. North Ryde: McGraw Hill. If you have any queries or concerns about the use of steroids in your pet, please do not hesitate to contact us. Other side effects commonly seen with long term therapy include weight gain, a pot bellied appearance associated with fat redistribution, alopecia some hairs fracture, but most are arrested in the telogen phase, thin and poorly elastic skin, comedones, pustules, and secondary bacterial infections primarily involving the skin and the urinary tract. Naber D, Sand P, Heigl B. Evidence of prednisolone induced mood change 'steroid euphoria' in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Histopathological findings may reveal poorly formed granulomas and/or a patchy mononuclear infiltration near the alveolar walls. Some athletes and bodybuilders use Steroids for a competitive edge. Eventually, you require it to function normally. Prednisone can be administered as a tablet or a liquid. The two products it compares M Sten to Superdrol and Anadrol are both powerful synthetic oral steroids and Schedule III controlled substances. Necrosis of hips and joints: A serious complication of long term use of corticosteroids is aseptic necrosis of the hip joints. Over 3 weeks, one group of participants took the supplement before exercise, while the other group took a placebo. The primary outcome was death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Teammate Karissa Schweizer described the punishment in an Instagram post as "a death sentence to Houlihan's career. Your trainer should be qualified enough to help you with performing all kinds of exercises and lifting different kinds of weights. Anabolic androgenic steroids AAS are lab made testosterone supplements.
Are Legal Steroids Expensive?
Even though there is a risk of finding paid reviews or dishonest users, gaining details about the experiences of others will ensure that users get a clearer idea of what to expect. However, as mentioned earlier, these legal steroids offered by crazybulk are free from health risks that are also linked with the conventional steroids. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. The mechanism of these variable reactions could not be explained by demographic, psychological, laboratory, or physiological measures. Braun had a 23 game hitting streak, the third longest in team history. 6% by corticosteroids moderate certainty evidence. We will talk about the different functions of steroids later in this lesson. More recently, Newcomer et al. Rodriguez told DEA agents that Sucart sent him an "extortion letter," demanding $5 million so that he "would not disclose Rodriguez's relationship with Bosch," the DEA report said. This is an oral natural steroid. Corticosteroids that you take by mouth affect your whole body rather than just one area, so side effects are more likely to occur with these than with other types. 1007/s00726 013 1632 810. The present study investigated whether a relationship exists between nandrolone decanoate and voluntary ethanol intake in laboratory rats. By its nature, it does not represent a comprehensive review of published reports, but rather a summary of pivotal articles relevant to clinical practice. Comments rate this site: 5 massroids. And he looks much more pumped up than Arnold. It was the only time he every had an accident in the house. Monitor Closely 1sulindac, prednisone. The literature regarding the blood pressure response to AAS use is equivocal. In addition to allergic reactions such as hives or trouble breathing, prednisone can affect the bones, muscles, adrenal glands, cardiovascular system, skin, eyes, gastrointestinal system and even mental health. Aaron Bronsteter @aaronbronsteter April 9, 2019. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. Don't be afraid to ask questions and seek out extra support when you need it. There are two types of liproproteins LDL low density lipoprotein and HDL high density lipoprotein. 9/16/2021AOCD Thursday Bulletin for September 16, 2021. Medical researchers are examining peptides for many possible applications. Deca Intabolin 100 mgIntas$130.
Crazybulk Reviews – Does Crazy Bulk The Best Legal Steroids Brand 2021? SPONSORED CONTENT
The dose of inhaled steroids used should be carefully monitored, and kept at the lowest dose necessary to maintain adequate control of the patient's disease process. D Bal is referred to as one of the best and legal alternate to dianabol. April 02, 2021 SPONSORED CONTENT » Paid Content. Policies and Guidelines Non Discrimination Statement. Talk to your doctor about the risks of using this drug for your condition. A: The most popular injectable steroids include Deca Durabolin, Depo Testosterone, Durabolin, Equipoise, and Tetrahydrogestrinone THG. © 2019 Extreme Fitness Lifestyle Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Winsol lets you maintainand possibly even gain strength even when you are running a hardcore cuttingcycle. The purpose of oral immunotherapy OIT is to decrease your sensitivity to allergy causing foods, so that exposure to the offending food peanut, milk, egg, tree nuts etc. Researchers do not know the exact cause of either disease, but they believe that IBS may be caused and triggered by a variety of factors foods, stress, and the nervous system of the GI tract, while IBD may be genetic or due a problem with the immune system. He's also the youngest person to ever get to 600 home runs in a career. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. Trenorol also has a small list of very effective ingredients. Of an AS user who died of ventricular fibrillation. • strength training. Recreational gym goers of all ages, meanwhile, can access them illicitly at 15 to 30 percent of gyms and health clubs, White says.
Your sports Delivered
Subscribers Are Reading. Testo Max is an analog of Sustanon. For each item in the list, the generic name is first, followed by any brand names. Inhaled steroids are the most effective controller therapy available for asthma. It is increasingly recognised that several inflammatory proteins are regulated post transcriptionally at the level of mRNA stability Anderson et al. Accessed January 2020. The predominant adrenal steroids of all animal species that have been studied are hydrocortisone 17 hydroxycorticosterone, Cortisol, Kendall's Compound F and corticosterone Kendall's Compound B. Alaleh Mazhari, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2014. Those who had had fractures were treated with intravenous pamidronate plus steroid, and those who had not continued on steroid alone. "I haven't talked to either one of them. Low doses of steroids might provide significant relief from pain and stiffness for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical features of Addison's disease. Tetrahydrogestrinone can be easily manufactured by the catalytic hydrogenation of the ethynyl group of the progestogen gestrinone Figure 5. Don't I have the numbers to be inducted. Steroids, like cholesterol, play roles in reproduction, absorption, metabolism regulation, and brain activity. One important advantage of this approach is that it does not require variables to conform to normal distributions. This hormone is responsible for muscle growth. In one study, 25% of steroid users shared needles. Prednisone is also sometimes used with antibiotics to treat a certain type of pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS. All of his books are practical guides. Most steroid users are not athletes. Prior to the tour, numerous riders including the two favourites Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were expelled from the Tour due to their link with the Operación Puerto doping case.
This is in accordance with previous observations that highlight the ability of synovial tissue to make active steroids, and this tissue has been considered an intracrine tissue 45. 3 Steroids provide a high quality raise in muscle mass, promote rapid recovery after exercise, helping to do defeat dystrophy, accelerate metabolism and heal serious sports injuries. When a cat recovers clinically, the infection simply goes dormant. Steroid medicines may aggravate depression and other mental health problems, and may occasionally cause mental health problems. The DecaDuro line of products is formulated to target the problem areas of your scalp and stimulate hair growth. Anabolic steroids can build muscle, increase strength, and reduce body fat, especially in people who are working out two or three times a day, in a relatively short time. All of these benefits combined make Trenorol a very effective supplement for those who need physical condition as well as fast recovery after strenuous workouts. Although testosterone is called a male sex hormone, it also occurs naturally in women, but in much smaller amounts. Round, peach, imprinted with WESTWARD 477. However, studies show that steroids can still be dangerous and cause severe long term effects even when cycling. 8, as recommended in the 2009 updated Cochrane Back and Neck methods guidelines and used in recent Cochrane Back and Neck reviews Cohen 1988; Rubinstein 2011. Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Some of these harmful effects include. Support Local Journalism. Sometimes, steroids are prescribed to counteract the wasting away of the body's muscle mass due to diseases like some cancers and HIV infection. Accessed: August 20, 2013. Despite their potential benefits, AAS have several possible side effects, whose severity varies depending on the extent to which you use these substances. This supplement contains a potent blend of muscle boosting, performance improving, and mood enhancing ingredients known to deliver maximum results. In bone, the mechanism of action of the anabolism of androgens has not been entirely elucidated but both a direct effect of testosterone and a mediated effect by aromatization to oestradiol are important Orwoll, 1996; Zitzmann and Nieschlag, 2004. Mukhin AG, Papodopoulos V, Costa E, Kruger KE: Mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors regulate steroid biosynthesis. Many believe that this is the case with natural steroids as well. Neurosteroids as modulators of neurogenesis and neuronal survival.
CrazyBulk may be the best known brand in the legal steroid supplement space. In terms of legal steroid alternatives, Science. Controlled clinical trials demonstrated that use of finasteride resulted in decreased accumulation of DHT and improvements in both subjective and objective assessments of hair growth and density 23. Steroids also reduce the activity of the immune system by affecting the function of white blood cells. The cardiac muscle changes may be partly reversible if steroid take Dianabol safely discover reason why drug rehabilitation for steroid abuse is necessary. The most common inhaled steroids are listed below. It's one of the most powerful legal steroids—with fewer adverse effects. If side effects persist or worsen, speak with your doctor or pharmacist. Nandrolone, a 19 Nortestosterone, Enhances insulin independent glucose uptake in normal men. Of muscle is 12 weeks. Gradual GC tapering is frequently part of treatment protocols to reduce the risk of relapse and, therefore, comparative studies looking at AS without tapering would be difficult to perform. It was developed in Germany and released in the United States in the 1960s, but it eventually became a controlled substance in the USA and western Europe. Check out this slideshow on Active Living From Day to Night with Osteoarthritis. Source of Character: Professional Wrestling. Some people may experience. Comparison of systemic corticosteroids – Vancouver Coastal Health Formulary tool. What is of particular interest is that the group that gained 6. HGH not only causes your internal organs to grow, but also your skull and nose. 48 For patients who are self managing their allergic rhinitis symptoms with OTC medications, it will be important to monitor these issues during routine office visits and provide counseling as necessary. Effects to the reproductive system include, genital atrophy, genital swelling, sexual dysfunction, sterility, impotence, prostate enlargement, fetal damage, and menstrual irregularities. Nausea, stomach pain, bloating; or.
In the following lines, we briefly discuss the spectrum of pulmonary pathologies seen in various collagen vascular diseases and the role of steroids in their management. Drug Name: Mepolizumab Brand: NUCALA® Medicine Use: Long term control Type Of Medicine: Biologics. These observations suggest that the AR is mainly or exclusively responsible for masculinization and myotrophy caused by androgens. The best bodybuilders in the world have one thing in common, all of them in their careers took a little bit of help from steroids. Thevis told MedPage Today that the site was not easy to find and did not suggest any uses for the drug. You're probably asking yourself right now, hey what's How long to run the cycle, what's the best steroids for cutting. However the muscle cell membrane like most cells in the body does not have these small pores and therefore the steroid can only cross the membrane by diffusing across or by transport via a carrier protein. Estrogen and progesterone are used in birth control pills and also in post menopausal women to replace what is lost during aging this is controversial. Biochemical workup revealed abnormal dexamethasone suppression test, but otherwise no hormonal excess. Largely restricted to the pubic triangle and underarms, no incidence of male pattern hair loss, and no prostate enlargement or incidence of prostate cancer. You can find links in this article that will bring you directly to the official sites where you can purchase the products straight from the manufacturer. A survey conducted in 2001 indicated that 5% of all high school students reported lifetime use of steroid tablets/injections without a doctor's prescription. "Gaining quality weight—in other words, mostly lean muscle mass and relatively little fat—is harder than it gets credit for," explains registered dietician Doug Kalman, Ph Förnekar alla typer av anabola steroider die es jetzt leicht gemacht haben, Fett det andet fordi de fleste videnskabelige , Dessutom är denna förening kliniskt. Not all athletes are willing to wait for their muscles to become stronger through 'natural' training for long periods. Creatine is one of the most well known performance support options. Get on top of the situation – meaning stop it if it's going on – as soon as possible, because anabolic steroids cause both physical and emotional problems in teenage boys.


Jinsei Spa is our preferred spa in Bend. Jinsei Spa provides custom care and improvement in your overall well-being. Find relaxation, restoration and true transformation with award winning services and curated products including massage, facials, manicures and pedicures using natural and organic ingredients.
The Yoga Lab, Namaspa, Groove Yoga, Juniper Yoga, Wild Thing Yoga, Sol Alchemy, Wren & Wild, & Beer Yoga! are some of our favorites!


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:Intro}

Neutron-rich matter forms during a core-collapse supernova, as an increasing electron Fermi energy drives electron capture. Furthermore, while the outer crust of a neutron star consists of an ion lattice, the core (or at least the outer core) is believed to be uniform nuclear matter.  Between these two phases, a transition layer likely exists that involves non-spherical shapes \cite{Pethick19987, PhysRevLett.50.2066}.

Near nuclear saturation density, the system is \textit{frustrated} because of an inability to minimize all of the fundamental interactions. This competition between the attractive short-range nuclear force, with a range of order  $1\unit{fm}$, and the repulsive long-range Coulomb force produces complex nonuniform structures, called \textit{nuclear pasta} \cite{PhysRevC.69.045804}. Theoretical symmetry arguments and numerical simulations of the phases of nuclear pasta have identified a variety of structures. These phases are, in order of increasing density: spheroids (``gnocchi''), rods (``spaghetti''), slabs (``lasagna"), uniform matter with cylindrical voids (``anti-spaghetti''), and uniform matter with spherical voids (``anti-gnocchi'') \cite{Okamoto2012284, PhysRevC.88.065807}. These geometries have been produced both by large-scale classical molecular dynamics simulations and quantum Hartree-Fock calculations \cite{Schuetrumpf:2014aea, PhysRevC.79.055801}.

More exotic structures have also been recently identified, such as flat plates with a lattice of holes or ``nuclear waffles'' \cite{2014arXiv1409.2551S}, a networked ``gyroid'' phase \cite{Schuetrumpf:2014aea, PhysRevLett.103.132501} and chiral deformations in intertwined lasagna configurations \cite{Alcain:2014fma}.  This indicates that pasta can be described by not only the simple shapes presented above, but that for varying proton fractions, temperatures, and densities there appear to be a richer variety of possible structures.  Increases in computing power now facilitate the study of a wider range of pasta shapes.

As nuclear pasta is expected to form during the core collapse phase of a supernova, it may play an important role in the evolution of the supernova and the resulting neutron star \cite{Horowitz:2012za}.
For example, supernova neutrinos can scatter coherently from pasta, because neutrino wavelengths are comparable to the pasta size. Therefore, calculations of the static structure factor of nuclear pasta can help determine the neutrino opacity in core collapse supernovae \cite{PhysRevC.69.045804, Alcain:2014fma}.

Furthermore, the pasta shapes could influence the thermal and electrical conductivities of the inner crust of neutron stars.  Horowitz \textit{et al. } suggest that topological defects in nuclear pasta increase electron pasta scattering and reduce the thermal conductivity.  This could slow crust cooling after accretion in low mass X-ray binaries  \cite{2014arXiv1410.2197H}.    Furthermore defects would also reduce the electrical conductivity.  This could lead to the decay of magnetic fields, if the fields are supported by currents in the crust.   As a result, neutron stars would stop spinning down \cite{2013NatPh...9..431P}.

The elastic properties of pasta, such as its shear modulus and breaking strain, help determine the maximum size of  ``mountains'' that may be present on neutron stars.  Here pasta may be a particularly important part of the crust because of its high density.  These mountains, on rapidly rotating stars, are energetic sources of gravitational wave radiation \cite{PhysRevLett.102.191102}.  Finally the pasta breaking strain is relevant for crust breaking models of star quakes and magnetar giant flares \cite{CTPP:CTPP201100075}.

However, despite the large literature on nuclear pasta and its relevant astrophysical properties, very little work has been done identifying the role pasta might play in heavy element nucleosynthesis.  Astrophysical sites may involve the ejection of dense neutron rich matter that may originally be in a nuclear pasta phase.  As the matter decompresses, the pasta shapes may react to form seed nuclei and free neutrons, and these may later undergo more conventional nucleosynthesis reactions.

It is thought the rapid neutron capture process, or r-process, produces about half of the elements heavier than iron, but the site of the r-process remains uncertain \cite{2007PhR...450...97A}. Previously, supernovae were prime candidates but the most recent simulations of the neutrino driven wind in core collapse supernova are not neutron rich enough to produce heavy r-process elements \cite{PhysRevLett.82.5198,PhysRevD.65.083005,2007PhR...450...97A}.

Neutron star mergers have recently been identified as strong candidate sites for the r-process due to their ejection of neutron rich matter and their relatively high galactic merger rate, which is now expected to be as high as $\sim \,$ $10^{-4} \unit{yr}^{-1}$ \cite{2007PhR...450...97A,lrr-2008-8}.
Recently, NS-NS mergers and NS-BH mergers have been studied using relativistic hydrodynamic simulations, which find that the nuclear abundances in ejecta match well to solar ratios and are robust for a variety of mass ratios for the merging system \cite{2011ApJ...738L..32G, 2012MNRAS.426.1940K}.  Calculations show that the inner crust provides the largest portion of ejecta mass and that the amount of ejecta varies with the mass ratio of binary.  Estimates range between $10^{-3} \unit{M_{\odot}}$ for symmetric NS mergers and $10^{-2} \unit{M_{\odot}}$ for asymmetric NS mergers, with systems where $M_{1}/M_{2} = 0.55 $ ejecting greater than $0.2 \unit{M_{\odot}}$ \cite{MNR:MNR10238}.

In this paper, we explore the possibility that nuclear pasta, ejected from the inner crust during these mergers, could provide the initial material for the r-process.  Pasta properties could be important for the evolution of the material's temperature and entropy.  Furthermore, weak interactions in the pasta, such as neutrino or charged lepton capture, will determine the evolution of the proton fraction.

In previous work we identified the average size of gnocchi (mass number of nuclei) using MD simulations \cite{PhysRevC.88.065807}.  In that work we evolved dense matter with a proton fraction of $Y_P=0.40$ at a temperature of 1\unit{MeV} from high to low densities, $n=0.10\unit{fm}^{-3}$ to $n\sim0.01\unit{fm}^{-3}$, by expanding the simulation volume at different rates. That work observed the nucleation mechanism for a number of different pasta phase transitions and quantified those transitions by calculating the average mean and Gaussian curvatures, allowing us to characterize the phases by Minkowski functionals.

The simulated NS-NS mergers cited above observed ejecta expansion timescales on the order of milliseconds \cite{MNR:MNR10238}, which is much slower than the nuclear timescales in this work. As we expect nuclear matter to remain in nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE) while evolving over such long timescales, we expand our simulation volume as slow as possible for as many time steps as computationally allowable, and compare to faster expansion rates to confirm that we are expanding slow enough to remain in quasi-static equilibrium, which should be expected of ejecta with millisecond expansion timescales.

There have been many MD simulations of heavy ion collisions to study the formation of clusters via multi-fragmentation, see for example \cite{PRC63.024602,PLB519.46}.  Typically these involve relatively small systems and sometimes neglect Coulomb interactions.  In this paper we use the recently developed Indiana University Molecular Dynamics GPU code (IUMD) to simulate larger volumes of nuclear matter as its density decreases.  We include full Coulomb interactions and consider a range of proton fractions and temperatures.

In Sec. \ref{sec:Formalism} we describe our MD formalism and discuss the IUMD GPU code and its performance.   In Sec. \ref{sec:Results} we discuss our results and compare to previous work.
We conclude in Sec. \ref{sec:Conclusions}.

\section{Formalism}\label{sec:Formalism}

To describe the decompression of ejected matter during a neutron star merger we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a fixed number of nucleons in a volume that slowly expands.   This corresponds to decreasing densities from 0.08 fm$^{-3}$, where complex nuclear pasta phases may be present, to 0.01 fm$^{-3}$ or below, where many nucleons bind into largely isolated nuclei.  We first discuss our MD formalism in Sec. \ref{ssec:Formalism},
and then describe the IUMD GPU code and its performance in Sec. \ref{ssec:codes}.  Finally we review a cluster algorithm in Sec. \ref{ssec:clusteralgorithm} that determines which nucleons belong to which nuclei.   This algorithm allows us to deduce the final nuclear abundances produced by our simulations.

\subsection{Semiclassical nuclear pasta model}\label{ssec:Formalism}

Our MD formalism is the same as that used by Horowitz \textit{et al. } in previous works
\cite{PhysRevC.69.045804,PhysRevC.70.065806,PhysRevC.72.035801,PhysRevC.78.035806,PhysRevC.86.055805,GiménezMolinelli201431,PhysRevC.88.065807,PhysRevC.89.055801} and is briefly reviewed here. In particular, much of this work is a continuation of Schneider \textit{et al. } \cite{PhysRevC.88.065807}.

Our simulation volume is a cubic box with periodic boundary conditions which contains point-like protons and neutrons, with mass $M=939\unit{MeV}$.  The electrons are assumed to form a degenerate relativistic Fermi gas and are not explicitly included in the simulations. The protons and neutrons interact via the two-body potentials:

\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
 V_{np}(r)&=a e^{-r^2/\Lambda}+[b-c]e^{-r^2/2\Lambda}\\
 V_{nn}(r)&=a e^{-r^2/\Lambda}+[b+c]e^{-r^2/2\Lambda}\\
 V_{pp}(r)&=a e^{-r^2/\Lambda}+[b+c]e^{-r^2/2\Lambda}+\frac{\alpha}{r}e^{-r/\lambda}.
\end{align}
\end{subequations}

The indices indicate whether the potential describes a neutron-proton interaction, a neutron-neutron interaction, or a proton-proton interaction, while $r$ is the separation between the two nucleons. The constants $a$, $b$, $c$, and $\Lambda$ can be found in Table \ref{Tab:parameters} and are chosen to approximately reproduce some bulk properties of pure neutron matter and symmetric nuclear matter, as well as the binding energies of selected nuclei \cite{PhysRevC.69.045804}.

\begin{table}[h]
\caption{\label{Tab:parameters} Nuclear interaction parameters.
The parameter $a$ defines the strength of the short-range repulsion between nucleons,
$b$ and $c$ the strength of their intermediate-range attraction and $\Lambda$ the length scale of the nuclear potential.}
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{*{4}{c}}
$a$ (MeV) &$b$ (MeV)&$c$ (MeV)&$\Lambda$ (fm$^{2}$) \\
\hline
  110     &  $-$26    &   24    &    1.25      \\
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\end{table}

The proton-proton interaction includes the Coulomb repulsion that is screened by the electron gas.  This screening has a characteristic length $\lambda$ that depends on the fine structure constant $\alpha$ and the electron Fermi momentum $k_F=(3\pi^2n_e)^{1/3}$, where $n_e$ is the electron density (assumed equal to the proton density) and the electron mass is $m_e$.  Its value is
\begin{equation}
 \lambda=\frac{\pi^{1/2}}{2\alpha^{1/2}}\left(k_F\sqrt{k_F^2+m_e^2}\right)^{-1/2}.
\label{eq:lambda}
\end{equation}
Though in this work we fix $\lambda$ to the slightly smaller value  $10\unit{fm}$, for all proton fractions, to agree with the value used in earlier work.  We do not expect our results to be very sensitive to the precise value of $\lambda$.

We use a cut-off radius for the nuclear potential of 11.5 fm, and no cutoff radius for the Coulomb potential.
The nuclear potential is assumed to be zero and is not computed for separations greater than the cut-off distance. The boundary conditions allow particles to only interact with the nearest periodic image of other nucleons. Due to the short range of the nuclear potential, the computation of the nuclear force can be greatly accelerated with the periodic construction of neighbor-lists, which are discussed in detail in Sec. \ref{sssec:IUMD}.

After computing all the inter-particle forces, the nucleon positions and velocities are updated using a velocity-Verlet algorithm \cite{PhysRev.159.98}. After the timestep $\Delta t$ is completed, the box size is increased by a small amount. The length of each side of the box $l_{i}$ ($i = x, y, z$) and the volume $V$ is
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
l_{i}(t) = l_{i}(0) \left( 1 + \dot\xi_{i} t \right) \\
V(t) = V(0) \left( 1 + \dot\xi t \right)^{3}
\label{eq:BoxLength}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where $l_{i}(0)$ and $V(0)$ are the initial side length and volume of the box, and $\dot\xi_{i}$ is the expansion rate. To preserve the cubic geometry, $\dot\xi_{i}$ is the same for all $i$. Particle positions and velocities are not incremented with the change in box volume, and are allowed to respond dynamically to the changing simulation volume. Furthermore, particles that cross one side of the box and reenter on the other do not have their velocities rescaled. The error this introduces is discussed in detail in Scheinder \textit{et al. } \cite{PhysRevC.88.065807} and is found to be negligible for the parameters of our system because the expansion rate is very slow compared to the particle velocities.

In order to approximately maintain an isothermal expansion, the velocities of all nucleons are rescaled every 100 time steps so that the average kinetic energy per particle is $(3/2)kT$.

\subsection{GPU code}\label{ssec:codes}

The simulations in this work were computed using a new version of the Indiana
University Molecular Dynamics (IUMD) Fortran code, which has been modified
from our previous work Ref. \cite{PhysRevC.88.065807} to run on the GPU nodes of the Big Red II
supercomputer at Indiana University.

\subsubsection{The IUMD code}\label{sssec:IUMD}

The IUMD code has been used for a decade and run on the original Big Red
supercomputer at Indiana University (an IBM JS21), and the Kraken supercomputer
at Oak Ridge National Lab (a Cray XT5). Both these machines consisted of
general purpose multi-core CPU nodes.

In mid 2013, Indiana University acquired a Cray XE6/XK6 supercomputer. The
XE6 part of the machine consists of 344 general purpose dual 16-core CPU nodes.
The XK6 part consists of 676 accelerated nodes, containing one 16-core CPU and
one Nvidia Kepler K20 GPU \cite{BigRed}.  A new version of IUMD (version 6.3.1)
was created to take advantage of the powerful accelerated nodes. IUMD 6.3.1 is
explained in greater detail in \cite{2014arXiv1409.2551S}. Here we explain it only
enough to understand the performance we observed in our expansion runs.

IUMD is a parallel Fortran code which uses MPI to pass data between nodes,
OpenMP on each CPU to take advantage of its 16 cores, and CUDA Fortran to
take advantage of the GPUs. In discussing the code, it is helpful to think of
the two-particle interactions as making up a \emph{force matrix}, whose $ij$
element is the force $\boldsymbol{f}_{ij}$ that \emph{source} $j$ exerts on
\emph{target} $i$.  Overall of course, targets and sources are the same
particles.  In IUMD the force matrix is partitioned into a $P \times Q$ block
matrix, where $PQ$ is the total number of MPI processes (nodes). Each MPI
process is responsible for calculating forces represented by one block.  Note
that this decomposition is an abstract one, rather than one based on geometry.
Targets and sources are distributed randomly among MPI processes so that each
process is responsible for the entire simulation volume, but only a fraction
of the targets and sources in the volume. This is different from parallel
algorithms where each process is responsible for all particles in a subvolume.
The advantage of IUMD is particles do not have to be transferred from process
to process as they move from one subvolume to another.  Orchestrating such
transfers involves a level of coding complexity that may be difficult to
optimize.  The disadvantage of IUMD is that an MPI\_Allreduce must be performed to
combine partial forces from different processes to get the total force on a
target.  However, this is a single call to an MPI subroutine that hopefully
has been optimized in the MPI library. A similar MPI\_Allreduce is used to
update source particle positions each time step. Again, see \cite{2014arXiv1409.2551S}
for details.

The force calculation is by far the most time consuming part of each time step.
It consists of a short-range two-nucleon nuclear force, and a screened Coulomb
force between protons.  IUMD calculates the nuclear force on the CPUs using
an efficient neighbor list algorithm.  Each target's neighbor list consists
of those sources within distance $r_{nuc} + \delta r_{nuc}$.  Forces are
calculated only for those sources within interaction range $r_{nuc}$; however,
sources within a halo of thickness $\delta r_{nuc}$ are included in the list
so it does not have to be rebuilt every time step.  Rather, a target's list
needs to be rebuilt only when the distance it has moved, plus the maximum
distance any source on its node has moved exceeds $\delta r_{nuc}$.  For only
then is it possible that a source not in the target's list could have come
into interaction range.  Since rebuilding neighbor lists is time-consuming
and disruptive, all lists on all processes are rebuilt if any one list needs
to be.  We set $r_{nuc} = 11.5\unit{fm}$ for the runs in this paper.
Due to the rapid decrease of the nuclear force, it will rarely register
for separations greater than this, even in 64-bit IEEE arithmetic.

While the CPUs calculate the nuclear force, the GPUs calculate the screened
Coulomb force using a simple all-pairs, or \emph{particle-particle} (PP)
algorithm.  The work for each process to calculate the screened Coulomb force
scales like $(Y_P N)^2/PQ$, where $N/P$ and $N/Q$ are the number of targets
and sources on each process.  With work rising as the square of the number of
particles, the PP algorithm would seem to be very inefficient.  However, each
Kepler K20 GPU on BigRed II contains 2496 single precision floating point
cores, 832 double precision cores, and 416 special function units for
computing square root, exponential and trigonometric functions. This is a
powerful computational capacity for implementing simple, straightforward
algorithms, whereas complex algorithms may not work so well.  Thus we keep
the algorithm as simple as possible, eschewing even the use of Newton's Third
Law, as it entails branching that would slow the GPU. We depend instead on
the Kepler K20's massive parallelism.  In the next section we show that for
51 200 nucleons, $Y_p<=0.400$ and densities of interest in nuclear pasta
research, the PP algorithm running on GPUs still finishes before the neighbor
list algorithm on the CPUs.  Even for 409 600 nucleons it outperforms the
CPU at low proton fractions.

\subsubsection{Performance}\label{sssec:performance}

The PP algorithm for the Coulomb interaction takes order $O((Y_p N)^2/PQ)$
amount of work per process.  For a fixed number of nucleons, it therefore
scales as the square of the proton fraction. On the other hand, the work
involved in the neighbor list algorithm for the nuclear force is independent
of $Y_p$, but depends linearly on density, because the the number of sources
within interaction range of each target depends linearly on density.  We
therefore expect the work to calculate the nuclear force for all $N/P$ targets
on a process to be of order $O((N/P) (4\pi/3) (r_{nuc}+\delta r_{nuc})^3 (n/Q))$.
To this should be added the work to build neighbor lists.  How frequently
neighbor lists need to be rebuilt depends on the density and temperature of
the system. We chose $\delta r_{nuc} = 4.0\unit{fm}$, to reduce the frequency,
while still keeping lists relatively short.  With this value of $\delta r_{nuc}$
we found that neighbor lists were rebuilt approximately every ten timesteps for
high temperatures and densities, and every hundred time steps for low density,
low temperature, equilibrium systems. The algorithm IUMD uses to build neighbor
lists involves dividing the simulation volume into cubical cells of width
$r_{nuc}+\delta r_{nuc}$ and checking only sources in a target's cell and its
26 neighboring cells. The work in this algorithm is thus of order
$O(27(N/P)(r_{nuc}+\delta r_{nuc})^3 (n/Q))$, the same order as the nuclear
force calculation itself.  The exact coefficients in this estimate and the
nuclear force calculation were not determined, but the work to decide if a
source should go in a neighbor list is much less than calculating the force
it exerts. Thus the neighbor list build may be noticeable, but still a small
fraction of the force calculation.

We collected timing data from the simulations described in Sec. \ref{ssec:populations} and
Sec. \ref{ssec:409600} to check the above workload estimates.  These simulations involved
51 200 and 409 600 particles, run on 32 and 128 GPU nodes respectively. The
simulations were evolved for $3 \times 10^7\unit{fm/c}$ with 2 fm/c per timestep
on Big Red II, and were expanded at a rate of $\dot{\xi} = 10^{-7}\unit{c/fm}$,
starting at an initial nucleon density of $0.08 \unit{fm}^{-3}$ and decreasing
to $0.00125 \unit{fm}^{-3}$. Since the density was monotonically decreasing the
average time per MD timestep could be calculated from timestamps on checkpoint
files output by the program every $5 \times 10^5$ timesteps during the
$15 \times 10^6$ timesteps of the run.

Figure \ref{fig:performance} shows the average time per MD timestep as a function of density for the
five proton fractions we ran with 51 200 nucleons.  For $Y_p = 0.05$ and 0.10
time decreases almost linearly as density decreases, in accord with our model
for the work involved in the nuclear calculation. This indicates the nuclear
calculation takes longer than the Coulomb at all densities.  We call this the
linear case. For $Y_p=0.40$ time decreases linearly from $n=0.06$ to 0.01 $\unit{fm}^{-3}$,
then flattens out. For this proton fraction the nuclear force calculation takes
longer above 0.01 $\unit{fm}^{-3}$, while the Coulomb calculation takes longer
below 0.01 $\unit{fm}^{-3}$. We call this the broken linear case.

For $Y_p=0.20$ and 0.30 the decrease is linear for high density, but slower and
nonlinear at lower density.  According to our simple model, if the performance
model is not linear or broken linear, then the Coulomb calculation should take
longer at all densities, which we call the flat performance case. However, these
two proton fractions fit none of these cases.  What the model does not take into
account, is that the size of neighbor lists actually depends on local density
rather than mean density.  As nucleons cluster into pasta shapes, or nuclei at
very low mean density, the local density inside clusters goes to saturation
density, while outside is a low density gas of neutrons, a few free protons and
alpha particles.  Thus the curves for $Y_p=0.05$ and $0.10$ are linear because
there are few clusters.  For $Y_p=0.40$ clusters have not yet formed by the
time mean and local density diverge.  However, for $Y_p=0.20$ and 0.30 clusters
do form while the nuclear force calculation still dominates, so the curves
gradually flatten. Note that at about $n=0.005 \unit{fm}^{-3}$ the curve
appears to suddenly go horizontal. This may be the point at which the Coulomb
calculation finally dominates the time.

The slopes of the curves do appear to depend on proton fraction and temperature.
At $T=1.00$ MeV, neighbor lists are rebuilt more often. Since the work to do
that depends linearly on density, they increase the coefficient in the order
estimate, thus increasing the slope.

One odd characteristic of Figure \ref{fig:performance} is that the curves do not all start at the
same point at $n=0.06 \unit{fm}^{-3}$. Other tests we did to investigate this
indicate it is due to differences in the way MPI communication is set up
between different runs. Either the node set allocated to the run, or the way
the MPI runtime system places processes on nodes, may affect the efficiency
of message passing.

In Figure \ref{fig:performance409600} we show the time per MD timestep for the $N=409 600$ nucleon run
for $Y_p=0.05$ on 128 nodes. Because of the low proton fraction, the nuclear
calculation dominates at all densities, resulting in the nearly linear decrease
in time as density decreases. Again there is a slight temperature dependence,
being greater for $T=1.00$ MeV. Finally, we note the dependence on $N$. This
run involved eight times as many nucleions on four times as many nodes (128
vs. 32). According to our model for the nuclear force, the run should have
therefore taken twice as long. Figure \ref{fig:performance409600} shows it performed better than this,
taking on average only about 1.6 times as long. This may be due to better
performance of the MPI communication for larger messages, and better performance
in the velocity Verlet update with a larger number of particles.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figures/PerformanceLegend.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:performance} (Color online) Performance of the IUMD GPU code for the 15 simulations described in Secs. \ref{ssec:populations} \& \ref{ssec:nonequilibrium}. All computations were performed using 51\,200 particles with 32 GPU nodes on Big Red II.}

\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{figures/Performance409600.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:performance409600} (Color online) Performance of the IUMD GPU code for the 3 simulations described in Sec. \ref{ssec:409600}. All simulations were performed using 409\,600 particles, $Y_P = 0.05$, with 128 GPU nodes on Big Red II.}

\end{figure}

In general, we observe that lower proton fractions can be computed the fastest and speed up with decreasing density, while higher proton fractions take longer to compute and only slightly accelerate for decreasing densities. We observe negligible dependence on temperature. While the 409\,600 particle simulations mark an eightfold increase in the number of particles from the 51\,200 particle runs, they were only run on four times the GPU nodes. In good agreement with our prediction of performance scaling linearly with $N$, we observe the time-per-timestep to double at high density, but to only increase by $\sim 50\%$ for very low density.

\begin{table*}[!t]
\caption{\label{Tab:expansionstats} Mass fraction of free neutrons, mean mass number of clusters ($A \geq 12$), and mean charge number of clusters from simulations of 51\,200 nucleons, expanded at four proton fractions ($Y_P$) and four stretch rates ($\dot{\xi}$) are shown. All data shown is for the final configuration of the simulation, when $n = 0.01\unit{fm}^{-3}$.
The data in the rightmost columns are offered for comparison to NSE tables. This data is generated from a Virial expansion of 8980 species of nuclei with $A\geq12$, and shows fair agreement with the IUMD results \cite{PhysRevC.82.045802}. }
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{lccccccc}
\multicolumn{2}{c}{ } & \multicolumn{3}{c}{IUMD} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{NSE} \\
$Y_P$ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{ $log_{10}\dot{\xi}$} & $M_{\text{free neutrons}}$ & $\overline{A} \pm \sigma_{A}$ & $\overline{Z} \pm \sigma_{Z}$ & $M_{\text{free neutrons}}$ & $\overline{A}$ & $\overline{Z}$\\
\hline
0.1 & -5 & 0.6538 & 90.12 $\pm$ 24.20 & 26.25 $\pm$ 7.69 & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Unavailable} \\%0.3250 & 0.6750 \\
 & -6 & 0.6561 & 94.08 $\pm$ 18.01 & 27.57 $\pm$ 5.69 &  & &\\
 & -7 & 0.6578 & 99.18 $\pm$ 17.42 & 29.20 $\pm$ 5.57 &  & &\\
0.2 & -5 & 0.3748 & 147.75 $\pm$ 33.88 & 47.31 $\pm$ 10.95 & 0.3335 & 179.3 & 53.80\\
 & -6 & 0.3731 & 146.22 $\pm$ 24.96 & 46.69 $\pm$ 8.30 & & &\\
 & -7 & 0.3704 & 136.12 $\pm$ 20.32 & 43.29 $\pm$ 6.72& & &\\
0.3 & -5 & 0.1359 & 186.47 $\pm$ 73.19 & 64.75 $\pm$ 24.59 & 0.0475 & 184.4 & 58.07\\
 & -6 & 0.1377 & 175.13 $\pm$ 34.48 & 60.94 $\pm$ 12.16 & & &\\
 & -7 & 0.1367 & 166.74 $\pm$ 34.71 & 57.95 $\pm$ 12.44 & & &\\
0.4 & -5 & 0.0109 & 369.37 $\pm$ 426.03 & 149.32 $\pm$ 167.45 & 0.0001 & 194.4 & 77.75\\
 & -6 & 0.0121 & 179.40 $\pm$ 29.83 & 72.64 $\pm$ 11.93 & & &\\
 & -7 & 0.0115 & 190.25 $\pm$ 29.34 & 76.94 $\pm$ 11.83 & & &\\
 & -8 & 0.0111 & 191.74 $\pm$ 24.55 & 77.55 $\pm$ 9.79 & & &
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Cluster Algorithm}\label{ssec:clusteralgorithm}

To find clusters of protons and neutrons in our simulations we use the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm which we previously used in Schneider \textit{et al. } \cite{PhysRevC.88.065807} and is common in other molecular dynamics studies of nuclear pasta \cite{Dorso1995197, PhysRevC.86.055805}.

The MST algorithm identifies nearest neighbors to build lists of nucleons in each cluster. The algorithm examines every pair of protons $i$ and $j$ and proton $i$ is determined to belong to a cluster $C$ if $i$ is within the cut-off distance $r_{pp}$ of at least one proton $j$ that is also a part of $C$.
Schneider \textit{et al. } found that $r_{pp} = 4.5 \unit{fm}$ was an acceptable value for all densities by examining the proton-proton correlation function $g_{pp}(r)$ \cite{PhysRevC.88.065807}. If no protons $j$ are within range of a proton $i$ then $i$ is considered its own cluster. After a list of protons in each cluster have been assembled, the neutrons in each cluster are counted. Neutrons are counted as members of a cluster $C$ if it is within a distance $r_{np}$ of at least one proton $j$ that also belongs to $C$.
Again following Schneider \textit{et al. }  we use $r_{np} = 3 \unit{fm}$. Neutrons that are not apart of any cluster are counted as free neutrons. This algorithm accounts for periodicity in the system, and checks the nearest periodic images of all protons $j$ during both the proton-proton check, and the proton-neutron check.

As neutrons are constantly being exchanged between the clusters and the free neutron gas, there exists a small probability that neutrons get miscounted if they are in the process of escaping or making close fly-bys. This probability is small, and has little effect on our results. More cluster algorithms exist, such as those that check the energy between particle pairs to check if they are bound, such as the Minimum  Spanning Tree in Two-particle Energy Space (MSTE). While they have the advantage of discriminating against questionable surface neutrons, they compare well to the MSE overall, and we find the MSE is sufficient in this work \cite{PhysRevC.88.065807, PhysRevC.86.055805, Dorso1995197}.

\section{Results}\label{sec:Results}

We start in Sec. \ref{ssec:epsdot} with a discussion of the effect of expansion rate on the final configuration of the simulation. In Sec. \ref{ssec:populations} we discuss the final populations of nuclides present in our simulations at 0.75 and 1.0 MeV. In Sec. \ref{ssec:nonequilibrium} we discuss the results of simulations at 0.5 MeV, specifically the non-equilibium effects observed at higher proton fractions.

\begin{table*}[!t]
\caption{\label{tab:Visualizations} (Color online) Comparisons of configurations at several densities obtained from three different simulations, shown to scale. The figures are generated in Paraview by finding isosurfaces of charge density. The dark surfaces are generated where $n_{Z} = 0.03 \unit{fm}^{-3}$, and the lighter surfaces at the boundary show where $n_{Z} > 0.03 \unit{fm}^{-3}$.
The first column shows the density of the configurations in each row. }
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{cccc}
 & \bf{$T=$ 1.0 MeV} & \bf{$T=$ 1.0 MeV}  & \bf{$T=$ 0.5 MeV} \\
\bf{$n \unit{(fm}^{3}$)} & \bf{$Y_P=$ 0.1} & \bf{$Y_P=$ 0.4} & \bf{$Y_P=$ 0.4} \\
\hline
 & & & \\
 \bf{0.0601}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp01T10/images0000.png}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp04T10/image0000.png}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp04T05/images0000.png}    \\
 \bf{0.0195}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp01T10/images0005.png}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp04T10/image0005.png}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp04T05/images0005.png}    \\
 \bf{0.0116}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp01T10/images0008.png}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp04T10/image0008.png}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp04T05/images0008.png}    \\
\bf{0.0027}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp01T10/images0020.png}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp04T10/image0020.png}
& \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{51200Yp04T05/images0020.png}
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Expansion Rate}\label{ssec:epsdot}

Due to the slow timescale of ejecta evolution in NS-mergers ($\sim 1 \unit{ms}$) relative to the timescale of nuclear reactions near saturation density, we study the role of the expansion rate on the configuration of our system at 1.0 MeV. Our goal was to identify the fastest expansion rate the simulations could experience before coming out of equilibrium. This allows us to minimize the computation times for the simulations in Sec. \ref{ssec:populations}.

We use our highest temperature for these simulations for three reasons. Firstly, it allows us compare our nuclide populations to available nuclear statistic equilibrium data obtained with a Virial expansion, which is more consistent with our classical approach. This is opposed to the Hartree-Fock calculations which have been done for lower temperatures. Secondly, it allows us to compare to our previous work \cite{PhysRevC.86.055805}. Lastly, the lower temperature data produced non-equilibrium structures, which are discussed in more detail in Sec. \ref{ssec:nonequilibrium}.

We simulate 51\,200 particles at a temperature of 1.0 MeV for expansion rates between $\dot\xi = 10^{-5} - 10^{-8}$ c/fm and evolve our simulations for $t = \dot\xi^{-1}$ starting at an initial density of $0.08 \unit{fm}^3$ down to $0.01 \unit{fm}^3$. The initial configurations are first equilibrated from random for $5 \times 10^5$ timesteps at a density of $n=0.08 \unit{fm}^{-3}$. Table \ref{Tab:expansionstats} compares the mass fraction of free neutrons, the mean mass number of clusters, and the mean charge number of clusters in our simulations to NSE data. The NSE data is obtained from the tables of G. Shen \textit{et al. } \cite{PhysRevC.82.045802}, which include 8980 species of nuclei with $A\geq12$ as well as protons, neutrons and alpha particles, and shows fair agreement with the IUMD results.

Light isotopes ($A<12$) accounted for less than 1\% of the mass fraction of all simulations and are excluded from the analysis of mean cluster mass and charge number for comparison to NSE. The vast majority of these clusters were free protons with several bound neutrons.

We observe that the only simulations where clusters with $A>300$ were observed when proton fractions $Y_P=$0.3, 0.4 were stretched at $\dot\xi = 10^{-5}$ c/fm. These cases were not able to equilibrate due to the short time of the simulation (50\,000 timesteps). In the $Y_P$=0.3 case the mass fraction of the system above $A>300$ is 10\%, and there are many large oblong clusters that are approaching fission. In contrast, more than 66\% of the mass of the system in $Y_P$=0.4 case are in clusters where $A>300$, the largest being $A=3063$. This system is still in the spaghetti phase at $n=0.01 \unit{fm}^{-3}$.

We find that expansion rates of $\dot\xi = 10^{-5}$ c/fm are too fast and produce non-equilibrium effects, while expansion rates of $\dot\xi = 10^{-6}$ c/fm and $\dot\xi = 10^{-7}$ c/fm do not differ much from each other and are in good agreement with NSE data. For the one case we tested $\dot\xi = 10^{-8}$ c/fm, we also find good agreement. For this reason, we choose $\dot\xi = 10^{-7}$ c/fm as our expansion rate for the main simulations in \ref{ssec:populations} as they can be computed in a reasonable amount of time while still maintaining statistical equilibrium.

\subsection{Nuclide Abudances at 0.75 and 1.0 MeV}\label{ssec:populations}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering

\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{figures/MassFrac_histograms_075_1MeV.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:MassHist075}  Distribution of cluster masses for $T=0.75 \unit{MeV}$ (top row) and $T=1.0 \unit{MeV}$ (bottom row) for proton fractions $Y_P =$ 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 (columns) from simulations of $51\,200$ nucleons at a density of $n=0.00125 \unit{fm}^{-3}$. The mass fraction of free neutrons $m_n$ is indicated.}

\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{figures/CharFrac_histograms_075_1MeV.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:CharHist075}  Distribution of charge for $T=0.75 \unit{MeV}$ (top row) and $T=1.0 \unit{MeV}$ (bottom row) for proton fractions $Y_P =$ 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 (columns) from simulations of $51\,200$ nucleons at a density of $n=0.00125 \unit{fm}^{-3}$.  The mass fraction of free neutrons $m_n$ is indicated.}

\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering

\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{figures/MassFrac_histograms_05MeV.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:MassHist05}  Distribution of cluster masses for $T=0.5 \unit{MeV}$ for proton fractions $Y_P =$ 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 from simulations of $51\,200$ nucleons at a density of $n=0.00125 \unit{fm}^{-3}$. The mass fraction of free neutrons $m_n$ is indicated.}

\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{figures/CharFrac_histograms_05MeV.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:CharHist05}  Distribution of charge for $T=0.5 \unit{MeV}$ for proton fractions $Y_P =$ 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 from simulations of $51\,200$ nucleons at a density of $n=0.00125 \unit{fm}^{-3}$.}

\end{figure*}

Our simulations survey five proton fractions, $Y_{P} =$ 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40, and three temperatures, $T = $ 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 MeV.  All 15 cases were simulated using 51\,200 particles, and the runs with $Y_{P} = 0.05$ were also run with 409\,600 particles to get better statistics for the mean number of protons in each cluster. These simulations are evolved for $3 \times 10^7 \unit{fm/c}$ with 2 fm/c per timestep on 32 GPU nodes on Big Red II, and are expanded at a rate of $\dot\xi_i = 10^{-7}$ c/fm, starting at an initial nucleon density of 0.08 fm$^{-3}$ decreasing down to 0.00125 fm$^{-3}$.

Our simulations are equilibrated from uniformly distributed random initial positions for $5 \times 10^5$ timesteps at a density of $n=0.08 \unit{fm}^{-3}$.  The higher proton fractions of 0.3 and 0.4 begin as lasagna, while the lower proton fractions below 0.2 have less regular structure and are highly dependent on the temperature. During the expansion, we observe that the pasta phase transitions occurred at densities consistent with the results of our previous work \cite{PhysRevC.88.065807}. Between densities of $0.02 \unit{fm}^{-3}$ and $0.01 \unit{fm}^{-3}$ the spaghetti fissions to produce the spheroidal gnocchi, whose statistics are presented in Fig. \ref{fig:MassHist075} and Fig. \ref{fig:CharHist075}, and is visualized in Tab. \ref{tab:Visualizations}. We specifically observe that the gnocchi clusters form a lattice in the $Y_P = 0.40$, $T=1.0$ MeV simulation near densities of $n=0.01 \unit{fm}^{-3}$, which is consistent with our previous work.

Below densities of 0.01, the proton populations of individual gnocchi stayed relatively constant, with new clusters forming only occasionally when protons escape from clusters. This is more common at 1.0 MeV, which produced larger populations of light isotopes ($A < 12$) than at 0.75 MeV.

The free neutron population grew asymptotically in all cases, and eventually flattens out close to when our simulations end. We expect that our final cluster masses would continue to shed neutrons as the simulations evolved, but we expect a change of no more than 1\% in their mass fractions.

In our final configurations we observe several trends. First, the distribution of cluster masses and charges is approximately Gaussian. Comparing the temperatures across proton fractions, the mean mass and charge of clusters was greater in the 0.75 MeV simulations; conversely, the mass fraction of free neutrons was greater in the the 1.0 MeV simulations. Similarly, comparing results at constant temperature reveals that both the mean number of protons per cluster and the mean mass of clusters grows with increasing proton fraction.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figures/isotopes75.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:Nuclides075} (Color online) Atomic number $Z$ and neutron number $N$ of nuclides for simulations at $T=$ 0.75 MeV with $Y_P = $ 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 described in Sec. \ref{ssec:populations}.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figures/isotopes1.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:Nuclides1} (Color online) Atomic number $Z$ and neutron number $N$ of nuclides for simulations at $T=$ 1.0 MeV with $Y_P = $ 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 described in Sec. \ref{ssec:populations}.}
\end{figure}

We observe an approximate ``2 to 1 rule" for mass fractions of bound neutrons. At both temperatures, there are approximately two bound neutrons for every proton. For example, in a system with 5\% protons approximately 15\% of nucleons will be bound in clusters, with the remaining 85\% of the system as free neutrons. This lets us predict that systems with $Y_{P} > 0.33 $ will have a negligible population of free neutrons, as well as the slope of the N vs Z plots of nuclides present in our clusters, in Fig. \ref{fig:Nuclides075}.

Consistent with our observations in Sec. \ref{ssec:epsdot}, we also observe the presence of light isotopes at $T=$ 1.0 MeV which account for less than 1\% of the total mass, but we find no such clusters at $T=$ 0.75 MeV. These can be seen in Fig. \ref{fig:MassHist075} and Fig. \ref{fig:Nuclides1}.

\subsection{Nuclide Abudances at 0.5 MeV}\label{ssec:nonequilibrium}

Much of the discussion offered for the simulations at $T=$ 0.75 and 1.0 MeV apply to the simulations at $T=$ 0.5 MeV at proton fractions of $Y_P = $ 0.05 and 0.10. There is a slight increase in the mean mass and mean charge of clusters, with a decrease in the mass fraction of free neutrons when compared to the simulations at  $T=$ 0.75 and 1.0 MeV. This can be seen in Fig. \ref{fig:MassHist05} and Fig. \ref{fig:CharHist05}

The simulations at $T=$ 0.50 MeV with $Y_P \geq 0.20$ show non-equilibrium effects, with a static population of super heavy clusters. We find that this is the result of a phase transition in the nucleons. While the \textit{macrophase} of the system can be described by the pasta, the \textit{microphase} of the nucleons within the pasta structures is either liquid or solid. At temperatures above $T=0.5$ MeV the nucleons undergo a phase transition to the solid microphase while still at high densities, which produces a collection of large rods, slabs, and spheroids as seen in Tab. \ref{tab:Visualizations}. This was recently observed in molecular dynamics simulations of pasta by Alcain \textit{et al. } \cite{Alcain:2014fma}, who found that the nucleons undergo a solid-liquid phase transition at low densities near $T=0.5$ MeV. Although our observation is consistent Alcain \textit{et al. }, it is worth mentioning that the nuclear potential used there differs slightly from the one we use here.

\subsection{Simulations with 409\,600 Nucleons}\label{ssec:409600}

We perform simulations containing 409\,600 particles for three reasons: (1) to test the scaling of our code performance, which was discussed in Sec. \ref{sssec:performance}; (2) to check for finite size effects; and (3) to specifically obtain better cluster statistics for the $Y_P = 0.05$ cases, see Fig. \ref{fig:409600}. With 51\,200 particles at $Y_P = 0.05$ the simulation only contains 2\,560 protons, which yields the poor Gaussians in the first column in Figs. \ref{fig:MassHist075}, \ref{fig:CharHist075}, \ref{fig:MassHist05}, \& \ref{fig:CharHist05}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figures/hist_409600.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:409600} (Color online) Charge fractions (left) and mass fractions (right hand side) for simulations of 409\,600 particles at $T=$ 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 MeV with $Y_P = $ 0.05 as described in Sec. \ref{ssec:409600}.  The mass fraction of free neutrons $m_n$ is indicated on the left hand panels.}
\end{figure}

Aside from the poor cluster statistics at low proton fractions, we observe negligible finite size effects.  Simulations with 409\,600 particles are in good agreement with simulations using 51\,200 particles.  In particular, we observe that the mass fraction of free neutrons, mean cluster charge, and mean cluster mass are in good agreement with results found in Secs. \ref{ssec:populations} \& \ref{ssec:nonequilibrium}.

\section{Conclusions}\label{sec:Conclusions}

We have performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the decompressing nuclear matter that may be ejected during neutron star mergers.  We slowly expand a simulation volume and then analyze the final configurations for the different kinds of nuclei (clusters) present.  We find that, as long as the expansion rate is not too high and the temperature is not too low, the system appears to remain in statistical equilibrium.   In general, at temperatures of 0.75 and 1.0 MeV, expanding MD simulations at rates of $\dot\xi = 10^{-7} \unit{c/fm}$ or slower produces distributions of nuclei similar to many nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE) models.  Expansion at faster rates do not allow the clusters to remain in equilibrium and produces a greater spread in the masses and charges of the final clusters.   At $T= $ 0.5 MeV with $Y_P \geq 0.20$ the system comes out of NSE by undergoing a solid-liquid phase transition at the nucleon scale, producing large rod like clusters which do not fission.

This simple MD model can describe matter over a large range of densities where the system may be uniform nuclear matter, a variety of complex nuclear pasta phases, or a collection of more or less isolated nuclei.  At lower densities we reproduce many features of NSE models, such as the mass fraction of free neutrons and the mean mass and charge of heavy nuclei.  Therefore our model can describe matter at high densities, during the initial stages as it is ejected during neutron star mergers, through latter stages where nuclei and free neutrons provide the initial conditions for more conventional nuclear reaction network calculations of nucleosynthesis.

In future work we will use our simulations to predict a variety of weak interaction rates for charged lepton and neutrino capture on the complex nuclear pasta phases.  This may allow better predictions of the initial proton fractions and temperatures of neutron rich matter ejected in NS mergers.

\begin{acknowledgments}

We are grateful to David Reagan at the Advanced Visualization Laboratory - Indiana University for his help with ParaView.
We would also like to thank Indiana University for access to the BigRed II supercomputer.
This research was supported in part by DOE grants DE-FG02-87ER40365 (Indiana University) and DE-SC0008808 (NUCLEI SciDAC Collaboration).

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
package cluster

// Object is the struct to store
type Object interface{}

// Store is a generic interface to represents a storage
type Store interface {
	Load() (Object, error)
	Get() Object
	Begin() (Transaction, Object, error)
}

// Transaction allows to set a struct in the KV store
type Transaction interface {
	Commit(object Object) error
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: What is CLI/C++ exactly? How does it differ from 'normal' c++? Let me clarify what I mean by 'normal' C++ first- I'm currently reading Walter Savitch's "Problem Solving in C++". As far as I am aware this is not written specifically for Microsoft or Unix. So my question is, how does what I am learning in this book (which I am using for my universal knowledge-gaining of c++) differ from what I keep reading about CLI C++?
Is CLI C++ just what I would encounter if I used Visual C++? I'm totally confused.

A: C++ and C++/CLI differ greatly. C++/CLI is the managed .NET-version of C++, made by Microsoft to enable a layer from .NET to native code.

A: C++/CLI, (Also sometimes C++/CLR) refers to a language which is positioned somewhere in between native C++, and the .NET framework.
It's usually used for applications where you need to bridge some native code (pure C++) and managed code (Like VB, C#, F#, etc).
C++/CLI is a much different beast than regular C++ though. And when people say Visual C++, the meaning can vary depending on context. Sometimes they mean C++ with the common language runtime (CLR) layer enabled, other times they mean just plain C++. It's unfortunate that there's a lot of different terminology out there, and a lot of misnomers, but what can you do?

A: c++/cli is the current version of Microsoft's Visual c++ brand of tools.  (There was a different design before c++/cli)
c++/cli is really two versions of c++ in one.  There is a highly standardized c++ compiler and also a version of c++ that runs on the CLI virtual machine.  Obviously standard c++ never runs on a VM so that determined the two in one approach to the language.
When using it you can mix unman aged and managed code together.  "Unmanaged" is code compiled just like standard c++.  "Managed" is code compiler to the CLI (.Net) virtually machine's bytecode.  Microsoft has extensive APIs for both managed and unmanaged code.  With the product you can access both APIs.
You can develop standard c++ apps with the language and tool, you just have to be careful not to used the non-standard extensions.  I suggest compiling in another compiler once in a while if you are in doubt.  The managed side is totally non standard and even the unmanaged side has tons of non standard extensions.
PS I'm no expert but I was curious and read about this last week.  I thought your question deserved an answer.  Good luck!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Međuopćinska nogometna liga Brčko je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1979./80.  Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio "Hajduk" iz Orašja.

Ljestvica

 Begovača - tadašnji naziv za Omerbegovaču

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Posavska grupna liga 1979./80.
 Posavsko-podmajevička grupna liga 1979./80.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Iljo Dominković: 70 godina NK "Sloga", Tolisa : (1947. – 2017.), Tolisa, 2017.,  (Proventus natura), str. 107-111

1979-80 Brčko
MOL Brčko
1979-80 1 MOL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The excellent article by H W Paar on the Salvation Army Railway has more than stood the test of time.
It has now been updated, refreshed and extended with rare and valuable pictures of the Salvation Army Colony.
One of the colony's greatest achievements was the development of a transport system, including tramways, a railway line and wharf used to transport bricks by sailing barge from the colony's brickworks, and raw materials back from the Salvation Army's City Colony wharf in London.
The booklet's extensive references and footnotes reflect a justifiable pride in the Salvation Army's successful creation of an environment where thousands of destitute people from London were helped to rebuild their lives.
Click here: information and purchase opportunities for this booklet on the Essex Hundred site.


text:
Demos was een coalitie van Sloveense politieke partijen tijdens de eerste vrije verkiezingen in 1990. De naam Demos was afgeleid uit Democratische Oppositie van Slovenië (Sloveens: Demokratična opozicija Slovenije). Door interne onenigheid viel deze partijencoalitie in april 1992 uiteen, wat eindigde in de val van het kabinet Peterle.

Aangesloten waren de volgende partijen:
 Sloveense Christendemocraten
 Sloveense Volkspartij
 Groenen van Slovenië
 Sociaaldemocratische Partij van Slovenië
 Sloveense Handwerkliedenpartij
 Sloveense Democratische Bond

Demos


Imagine giving away part of your war fighting equipment to your enemy and then fighting a war against your tanks, your planes, enemy combatants using your encryption and even your night vision goggles; essentially fights a war without any technical advantage.
Alternatively, imagine competing in business against companies that have access to your intellectual property to our intellectual property.
Competitive advantage is very closely linked to scientific discoveries and technological improvements and there are rules and programs in place to help keep U.S. based technology and intellectual capital from being used again the United States as either economic weapons or weapons of war.


The structure field tries to create the best possible preview for the field in its table view, once you have submitted the form.
For more complex fields like URL, email, files, pages or users, we provide special preview components in Vue that take care of rendering the result in a nice way.
If you create your own field plugins, you might want to optimize the preview of such fields in the structure table as well. This can be done with custom field preview components in your plugin.
You don't necessarily have to register them all. Register the ones you need for your preview. It's fine if you only need the value.


"You'll spend the rest of the day and into the night...savoring the irreverent, poignant, brilliant, tongue-in-cheek, revisionist, rollicking adventures of the life of the renowned sage....This is spiritual investment at it very, very entertaining best!"Tezuka, Osamu is the author of 'Buddha 1 Kapilavastu', published 2005 under ISBN 9781932234565 and ISBN 193223456X.
Loading marketplace prices 28 copies from $5.49 How does the rental process work?


The Senior Youth Club caters for people of Secondary School age and runs on a Tuesday evening between 8pm and 10 pm.
We have recently transformed the games room from 'run of the mill' into a funky room that can be enjoyed by all groups. A lot of thought went into the décor and we all really enjoyed doing the work ourselves.
The Senior Youth Club recently won an annual unihoc competition for the second year running and we hope to retain the trophy next year.
In order to raise funds we recently started with Avon Cosmetics. This is proving to be quite successful and we are grateful to all who have ordered from us so far and hope to retain their custom. With our Avon proceeds and recent bag packing in the Co-op we are hoping to go camping during the summer holidays.
On a Tuesday night there are different activities to take part in, basketball, football, other sports, pool, darts, group games. Whatever we do, we have a good laugh and everyone enjoys themselves. Sometimes, the leaders are more entertaining than any game could ever be!


text:
EPP Group: Strasbourg attack makes our actions more urgent
Updated: 12. decembra, 2018
EPP Group: Strasbourg attack makes our actions more urgent Photo: Twitter
What happened last night in Strasbourg, in one of the busiest Christmas Markets in Europe, makes it more urgent for us, as policy-makers, to act, and to act fast. Today's Report voted on by the European Parliament is just one step to defend people's security. We now expect the European Commission and Member States to act swiftly to make sure that terrorists are blocked from carrying out their intentions, whilst at the same time, people feel safe everywhere on our continent.
Monika Hohlmeier MEP, Co-Rapporteur of the Report, said: "Today, the European Parliament will lay down the foundations for a strong approach by the European Union. But we need these foundations to be translated into building blocks which will transform the way we tackle terrorism. We are putting forward a number of concrete recommendations and proposals with the aim of making Europe more secure and safe, both for Europeans and non-Europeans visiting our continent. These proposals range from having information exchanged by national authorities, a process which should be coordinated by Europol; ensuring that terrorists will have their money blocked; countering radicalisation and extremists; as well as providing the necessary protection to victims and their families."
The EPP Group is also pushing to have a standing parliamentary committee responsible for matters relating to internal security and terrorism, and dealing with particularly sensitive information. This recommendation is based on the success of the Terrorism Committee over the past year which has shown that stakeholders, police and security services are ready to cooperate with a specialised structure within the Parliament which would guarantee that classified information stays in safe hands.
Arnaud Danjean MEP, the EPP Group's Spokesman in the Terrorism Committee, said: "The European Parliament needs to demonstrate its credibility on the sensitive issue of terrorism. The text we voted today represents an excellent basis: it answers the citizens' concerns as it proposes concrete measures to support counter-terrorism professionals and takes victims' needs into consideration. Many of the initiatives mentioned and provided in this Report are already on track, on the Member States' side as well as on the European Commission's side. This is particularly the case for the most important and most operational reform: interoperability between information systems. The last three decades have shown that jihadist terrorism comes from a real ideology and determined and organised groups who have never given up on fighting our model of society. We need to remain extremely vigilant and the recommendations of this Report m ust be quickly implemented."
Sorce: EPP Group

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


once in a while i'll write descriptions for these photos that i later read in disbelief, wondering how the hell i ever thought they were a good idea. either a reference will be so obscure that it's certain to be misunderstood or i'll say something so ridiculous that it'll probably just be taken offensively - even though i never mean it that way.
moral of the story is, you should have seen the stuff i just deleted, it was hilarious.


Your profile is selected as a Space Provider, Please switch your profile to Space Seeker.
You are currently logged in as a Seeker, Do you wish to switch to being a Provider ?
Copyright © 2016 Smarter Spaces Pty. Ltd. All rights reserved.


Ever wonder what you would do if you were the first on scene after the earthquake in Haiti or in the Superdome as Hurricaine Katrina survivors started to arrive? How could you save the most lives? As is typical of emergency medicine, blood and gore tend to get the most attention, but if you want to save lives you have to think about what is the greatest life threat. In a large-scale disaster, it turns out, lack of water and abundance of feces kill the most, the fastest and need to be addressed first.
-outlines what should be done to save the most lives in the first days, weeks, and months of a disaster.
People's need for water and defecation will not stop in a disaster and too little water and too much excrement are the greatest immediate life threats to disaster survivors. Plan to deal with these early to save the most lives.


text:
Sign up to the TRUSIK newsletter and receive 10% off any Trusik Recordings order from Unearthed and our Bandcamp.
TRUSIK Mix 51: Malleus
Alastair·
TRUSIK MIXES
· 01.01.18
The mighty Malleus conjures up an impressive mix for the fifty-first entry in our TRUSIK mix series. This decade long guitarist, drummer, and self-taught producer has roots darker than most within the bass culture. With a slight obsession of horror and the occult, Malleus applies his early hip hop background to his death metal roots to create a sound all too eerie. Captivated by low end frequencies found within the bpm of 140, he harnessed a taste for raw sampling, odd time signatures, forward thinking syncopation, and haunting melodies that would give even the strong hearted the creeps. His productions are lively and energetic while still somehow sinister and troubling. With music on FatKidOnFire, Gourmet Beats, Grand Ancestor and mostly recently Encrypted Audio, we wondered why Malleus hadn't been featured yet. Label mate Samba caught up with Tyler to discuss parenthood, witches and forthcoming releases.
What made you want to produce?
Well, my father has always been a musician. As a child and as a young adult, his love for music clearly had an impact on me. Computers started getting pretty big as I made my way through high school so naturally I got really into web design, making crude hip hop beats, and playing Starcraft. I played in a total of 7 bands all the way through my twenties, and some of them were quite successful for what they were, and through all of that I learned a lot about the music industry. However, as I got older and found the club/rave scene, I soon took production a bit more seriously. Initially, I just wanted to try making something that I felt was fun and new, that didn't require 5 guys getting together to practice. That changed over time as I became more and more obsessed with production and creating my own sound. At this stage in the game I really look to make an impact with the messages and sound I've put down in my DAW.
You've done a fair bit then. I think a bit of each of those things comes through in your music and there's definitely that musician style element to your productions, your melodies and progressions are always so on point. Do you tend to focus on them when you're starting a track up or do they come after the beat is down?
It really depends because sometimes I start tracks with sampled melodies and others I have random sounds I decide to use in samplers to create something fresh. In a lot of cases, a good run of tracks stem from a good sample hunting session, but lately I've been finding more fun in creating and manipulating organic sounds with my studio mic and guitars.
Yeah fair enough, some of these more melodic bits you have been doing are really nice, I know you were toying with an alias but I've always meant to ask, why the name Malleus where did it come from?
The malleus is one of the three bones in your inner ear. It's "the hammer" and it actually vibrates when sound hits it to create the noise we hear as frequencies. It's also associated with witches.
Of course it's associated with witches, wouldn't expect anything less from you, how is it associated then?
The Malleus Maleficarum is a well known book full of witchcraft and the punishment of being a witch in the 1400's, it loosely translates to Hammer of the Witch.
Wow, makes my name seem so lazy, Sam Bartlett, Sam ba? Yes that'll do.
(Laughs) I knew that's how you got your name but you know what, sometimes it's that simple. I'm just obsessed with hidden meanings. I named one of my old bands Susan Constant because that was the name of one of the three boats that first came to the Americas but that one in particular was the one with all the disease on it that spread to the natives and killed most of the early settlers.
Bleak, very bleak, but again I'd expect nothing less from the witch dad of 140. What does the witch dad plan to do today anyway?
Traverse the rain with my fiancé and son to grab some coffee downtown, browse some shops, make our way home, attempt to make homemade pizza, and watch a scary movie if we're not too tired once the little guy goes to bed.
Actually sounds pretty ideal to be honest, I know you like scary films, what do you reckon is the villain or monster you would least like to be trapped in a room with?
Honestly, the devil. Movies like The Exorcist are the only ones that truly give me any sort of spook. I dunno, might have something to do with not having control over being possessed.
Yeah man definitely feel that, couldn't think of much worse than being trapped in a room with the devil, well on the flip of that, which would you want to be the most?
Dude, Belial aka Basket Case! He gets to chill in a wicker basket and then when no one's looking, he sneaks out and kills people. Not to mention he's got a great noise he makes instead of talking.
(Laughs) I just Googled him, he seems like my kind of chap. But yeah, onto more serious matters, I've been meaning to ask dad life, dad bod? Can I get an update.
(Laughs) Mannn, being a dad is something else. It's totally different than you'd imagine. I love every minute of it though. This year we had a baby, bought a house, and are planning a wedding, all while both having full time jobs, 5 days a week and still trying to manage our own personal lives. It's been tough. Luckily we're starting to get a routine going so things are kinda settling down. As far as the dad bod, it's in full effect. It's like having a beer belly but without the perks of drinking all the beer to acquire it! You just basically let yourself go and it's okay because you have a kid.
I should probably ask some real questions now aside from your upcoming Encrypted release, what else is in the pipeline for you?
Surprisingly not a whole lot. I've got a few tracks sitting around that need to be released but all kinds of weird stuff happening behind the scenes are making it hard to release them. If you noticed I started giving stuff away on my Bandcamp out of frustration. No point in talking politics so I'll save the explanations. Things are moving, just at a snail's pace. I did a remix for an upcoming release planned to drop at the end of the year, some time next year I have another Gourmet Beats release planned, and hoping to solidify some stuff with Encrypted down the road. Lately if I've had any time for music it's been working on experimental stuff that's been dwelling in my mind forever that needs to get out.
Fair enough man, yeah we've spoken about some of that before, it's a shame there's a few bits of drama in the scene but oh well, I guess it happens everywhere.
Yeah man, if a scene doesn't have some sort of drama then it's probably not flourishing. The styles we work within have been around for over 10 years so people are bound to butt heads.
If you could make a collaboration with one person who would it be? (Regardless of genre)
Dave Phillips. His mind is of some other realm.
Yeah that would be one dark collaboration. Okay now for some quick fire questions, get on those toes mate. If you could curate one line up, any venue, any artists, who would be on it?
Goth-Trad, The Body, Defeated Sanity, Pharmakon, and The Haxan Cloak.
Describe your life in 3 words.
Unlucky, perseverance, incredible.
What is your most played song at home at the moment?
Personal: Liam Gallagher – Wall of Glass
Family: The opening theme to Broad City
Favourite beer?
Guinness.
What's the maddest dream you've ever had?
As a child I had a reoccurring dream that my family was slaughtered in front of me by a man with a blurred face and extremely long sharp fingers. He stares at me through a screen door and rakes his fingers along the weaved wire before my parents rush over, only to be ripped apart. Then I wake up. I stopped having it after I told my mother about it.
If you could only listen to one song on repeat forever, what would it be?
Holy Other – Held
Pharmaceutical Prisoner is out now and available from Unearthed Sounds, Redeye, White Peach, Juno and Intense Records.
encrypted audiomalleussamba
TRUSIK Newsletter
Sign up and receive 10% off any TRUSIK Recordings order from Unearthed and our Bandcamp.
Chief Cherokee at TRUSIK
TRUSIK Mix 56: DubDiggerz
TRUSIK Mix 54: Mister Shifter
© 2020 TRUSIK. All Rights Reserved.
TRUSIK Recommends: December 2019
SP:MC: Midas Touch
Download: Congo Natty – Marcus Garvey (DJ Madd Remix)
TRUSIK Recommends: November 2019
Download: Vivek – One Heart (feat. Dego Ranking)
Fearless Dread x Juan Forté: JUAN001
dubstep trusik mix download sleeper dub


Vanessa McGrady is an award-winning communications expert skilled in delivering results-oriented, multi-platform, integrated communications plans to Fortune 200 corporations, small businesses and solo entrepreneurs. Vanessa's understanding of narrative, keen editorial eye, deep knowledge of up-to-the-minute communication platforms and strategic vision have provided compelling, successful campaigns for clients such as BBVA Compass bank, Wells Fargo, Discover, Quicken, Lending Tree, Arizona Public Service, Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Edison, Alaska Airlines Magazine, Comply Socially, the Japan External Trade Organization and PostSecret.com.
She's currently a personal finance columnist for Forbes.com. As a journalist, Vanessa has covered parenting, travel, sustainability and business for the New York Times, Reuters, Sunset, the Seattle Times, the Puget Sound Business Journal and other online and print publications. Well-versed in how to make an impact in today's saturated, highly connected media and consumer environment, Vanessa brings together multiple disciplines to achieve powerful results for her clients.
Vanessa values collaboration, streamlined processes, creative problem solving, responsiveness and community building. Call 323-244-3300 or write for a consultation about how you can get the results you need to move your initiatives forward.