text:
Analysts: Spagnuolo Good for New Orleans Saints
Written by Ed Staton
Steve Spagnuolo was in high demand, so Sean Payton didn't waste any time in hiring him as the Saints' defensive coordinator.
I believe Payton was already thinking about hiring the Rams ex head coach before Gregg Williams reunited with Jeff Fisher at St. Louis. Williams lives by the blitz and the Saints blitzed more than 50 per cent of the time. That worked great in the Super Bowl season, but the Saints defenders had trouble dealing with it.
The Saints' hiring earned universally good reviews:
Pat Yasinskas, ESPN.com: "This is a big victory for the Saints because I'm pretty sure Spagnuolo is the guy Sean Payton had targeted for the job, probably before previous coordinator Gregg Williams left for St. Louis. If you a want a picture of a Spagnuolo defense, don't think too much about the St. Louis team he had been the head coach of since 2009. Think more of the New York Giants, when Spagnuolo was their defensive coordinator in 2007 and '08. The Giants won the Super Bowl in the 2007 season. Prior to that, Spagnjuolo had a long run as an assistant with the Philadelphia Eagles, who played in four NFC championship games during his tenure. Spagnuolo worked for the Eagles from 1999 through 2006. In short, his defense -- in theory -- is a lot like we've seen out of the Giants this postseason. It relies on a lot of pressure from the front four and not much blitzing. Spagnuolo prefers tall/angular cornerbacks that can play man-to-man coverage and also playmakers at safety.
Gregg Rosenthal, NBCSports.com: "It's a great fit for both sides. Spagnuolo is a talented defensive mind that knows how to create a pass rush, something the Saints can certainly use. He kept New Orleans' 4-3 attacking defense in place. It's an ideal landing spot for Spagnuolo because he can rehab his coaching reputation during games in the national spotlight with a chance to compete for the Super Bowl. A lot of Saints fans will feel like they've upgraded their defensive coordinator spot significantly. We have a lot of respect for Williams and don't think it's that simple, but New Orleans did well to land Spagnuolo before a team like the Eagles or Colts tried to hire him."
Clark Judge, CBSSports.com: "Spagnuolo's reputation was enhanced in Super Bowl XLII when his defense an d his game brought down Tom Brady and the undefeated New En glad Patriots. The Saints are not in need of a fix, but they had to have a suitable stand-in for Williams to oversee their defense. Spagnuolo is more than that. This was a big catch for a team that needed one."
Jason La Canfora, NFL Newwork: "Spagnuolo's Rams were one of three teams to beat the Saints during the 2011 regular season. Spagnuolo's defense in St. Louis ranked 22nd this season, but the unit was stellar against New Orleans, sacking Drew Brees six times and intercepting him twice in the team's most lopsided loss of the season. Before taking over St. Louis, Spagnuolo had top-10 defenses with the Giants. His 2000 defense led the NFL with 53 sacks and the 2008 unit was sixth in the league with 42."
This assignment should give Spagnuolo every opportunity to reposition himself for things down the road, should head coaching again interest him.
Cameron Jordan and Mark Ingram
Khaled Elsayed of Pro Football Focus has graded the first-round 2011 draft picks and their performances this season. Here's how he judged Cameron Jordan and Mark Ingram's performances:
Cameron Jordan, defensive end (24th pick): "When you watch Jordan you can't help but notice he looks incredibly strong. Not dynamic, he plays like a prototypical left end. So essentially he'll make the Saints' run defense get better in the long run, but is he the guy to help them pick up pressure by sending four? I have my doubts."
Mark Ingram, running back (28th pick): "Had the 13th lowest elusive rating the league, largely as a result of forcing just nine missed tackles on his 93 touches. After a slow start, Ingram seems like he is finding his feet at the NFL level. That's far more preferable to his finding the backs of offensive linemen with his first three games seeing him perfect the art of running into offensive linemen as if they were tacklers. Already has a role carved out in New Orleans, even if he is yet to make the impact last year's rookie Chris Ivory was able to."
Chris Paul has missed five consecutive games for the Clippers with a strained hamstring. His return is undetermined...Saints ring has been voted one of the top five Super Bowl ring designs of all time...Peyton Manning said he's not retiring any time soon. "I never thought 'Soda Pop Curtis' would announce my retirement," said Manning, laughing, referring to Rob Lowe's character in a 1983 movie "Outsiders."...
Three LSU players will plan in the Senior Bowl on Saturday at Mobile. Safety Brandon Taylor, tight end Deangelo Peterson and guard Will Blackwell are working out this week for NFL scouts for the 3 p.m. game on Saturday. The game will be televised by NFL Films...Joe Horn is one of 12 former NFL players who have filed a suit against the league about its concussion policies saying there was widespread use of an anti-inflammatory drug that put someone with a head injury at increased risk...Horn has a new barbecue sauce, Bayou 87, that's available at local food stores...Former LSU running back Stevan Ridley, the Patrots' second-leading rusher this season with 441 yards on 87 carries, was inactive for Sunday's game against the Ravens. He lost two fumbles late in the season.
Four former LSU football players will be after Super Bowl rings in two weeks when the Patriots face the Giants at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis.
The Tigers have two former players on each roster. Cornerback Corey Webster and wide receiver Michael Clayton play for the Giants, while running backs Kevin Faulk and Stevan Ridley are on the Patriots squad. Webster, Faulk, and Ridley are on active rosters, while Clayton is on injured reserve and will not dress out for the game.
LSU has had at least one player win a Super Bowl ring dating back to 2002. With players on both teams, that streak will be extended to a Southeastern Conference leading 11 consecutive years.
Faulk, who has won three Super Bowl titles, will be making his fifth appearance in the game. The five appearances are the most of any former LSU player, one better than the four appearances by Roy "Moonie" Winston. Winston played in four Super Bowls during his 15-year career with the Minnesota Vikings from 1962-76.
We have a pretty good idea just how twisted some Alabama fans are with the allegations against Harvey Udyke (poisoning the trees on Toomer's corner) and Brian Downing (placing his testicles on a passed-out LSU fan). Need more proof? How about a spot in the Elmwood Cemetery where legendary Alabama Bear Bryant is buried is going for $2,200. There are five plots available for $2,200 each OBO...
by Ed Staton
Ex-Saint, Greg Williams Is No Ex-Ram, Spagnuolo
Ed Staton
Ed Staton is a former sports writer for the Times Picayune and New Orleans States Item. He also served as the New Orleans Saints Information Director. He has won 43 media awards in writing, design and photography.
www.louisianasportstalk.com | This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
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Kevin Morton, center, was recognized recently by National Association of Social Workers (NASW) with an "Outstanding Achievement" award. Here he is shown with two colleagues who also received the award: Elsie Moore from Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, left, and Anita Mingo from the Caregiver Support Program.
WASHINGTON—During the Vietnam War, in order to help battle-weary soldiers obtain a moment of reprieve from combat operations, the military held stand downs at secure base camps. There, troops were able to obtain clean uniforms, get medical and dental care, take care of basic hygiene and enjoy the camaraderie of fellow servicemembers without the danger of being shot at. For the last 20 years, the same structure has been used by VAMCs and veterans organizations across the country to provide that same kind of service to homeless veterans.
Kevin Morton, who runs the Health Care for Homeless Veterans Program (HCHV) at the DC VAMC Center, has the daunting job of coordinating Winterhaven—DCVAMC's annual stand down for homeless veterans. A licensed social worker, Morton is a Marine Corps veteran and has been working with homeless veterans since before he came to VA 16 years ago.
While the HCHV was initially formed as a way to contract with providers for community-based residential treatment for homeless veterans, it now serves as a hub for a wide variety of healthcare, housing and other services. The Winterhaven event is a physical manifestation of that multifaceted focus.
At the Winterhaven event held yearly at the DC VAMC, homeless and at-risk veterans can find access to medical and mental health services, social services, legal advice, as well as receive donated coats and boots, haircuts, toiletries, and free meals. VA photo.
At the event held yearly at the medical center, homeless and at-risk veterans can find access to medical and mental health services, social services, legal advice, as well as receive donated coats and boots, haircuts, toiletries and free meals. Representatives from the IRS will come to help veterans with their taxes. Employees of the Veterans Benefits Administration will be on hand to lead veterans through the process of applying for benefits. The event even includes a job fair to help veterans find employment.
Morton and his team work with restaurants in the community to donate food, or they get sponsors to pay for it. They work with partners who buy new boots to supplement donations. They've even partnered with local dry cleaners, who will dry clean donated coats.
Then there is the task of making sure homeless and at-risk veterans know about the event. Flyers are posted in shelters and soup kitchens, and the HCHV outreach teams go out to talk to veterans in the community, as well as those living in transitional housing. On the day of the event, shuttles will go back and forth between shelters and transitional housing, making sure veterans can physically get to the medical center.
However, Morton is seeing the numbers start to creep back up, though he admits that might be specific to Washington, DC. It's one of the few cities that has a "right to shelter," which ensures homeless have a legal right to housing when temperatures fall below freezing. This result is spikes in homeless people traveling to the city from Maryland and Virginia. Homeless veterans are also drawn to DC because of an erroneous belief that being near the seat of the federal government will result in their benefits being processed more quickly.
Finding appropriate housing for homeless veterans remains one of HCHV's biggest challenges. The program has almost 1,500 HUD-VASH vouchers and 120 transitional housing beds, but an aging veteran population might require more support and more flexible housing programs, Morton suggested.
While there are still strides to be made, Morton said he believes VA has done amazing work in helping homeless veterans find their way back into the community. "Who else can provide all of these services in one place? Who else can do something like Winterhaven? And that's something that's happening nationwide," he said.


By Jozef Mičic. Used with permission.
Most churches are organized to preserve the institution. The institution may be the church as a whole, a paradigm embraced 25 years ago, or a worship style that fit a previous generation well. I'm not just speaking of traditional churches. This also applied to churches which are contemporary to 1995 or 2005. What worked for the last 25 years will not work for the next 25 years.
A stark difference lies between simpler and simplistic. Simplistic means offering just a few things to easily assimilate busy people into the life of the church. That's not bad. But, perpetuating ministries based merely on the length of their existence or on its success in other churches are insufficient reasons to continue them in your church (or even to start them).
In most cases, the basis of this thinking is a system of staff-led ministries created to move people from the parking lot, through the front door, into a commitment to the church, and finally assigned to ministry. Henry Ford would be proud. But, the people who leave their cars in the parking lot to step into church for the first time are not raw materials or blank slates. They have different backgrounds, education, gifts, abilities, and spiritual experiences. If and when they complete the church's process, they won't be uniform products lined up neatly in rows. We aren't manufacturing widgets.
Ministry is complex when those in authority decide what the church's ministry should be, then attempt to recruit members into ministries which are not well suited for them. The purpose of many of these ministries is to serve the institution: park cars, shake hands, take up the offering, watch the children, and so forth. The focus of ministry is centered on the weekend experience, not the gifts and passions of the members. The end result is the constant need to feed the beast, that is, the weekend service.
There is merit to keeping what works and tossing what doesn't. Every ministry has a time to thrive, and a time to die, especially when it's not aligned to Jesus' mission.
When we give people permission and opportunity, they become very creative. Ministry is simpler by starting only the things our people currently are gifted and called to do. When there is no longer a leader carrying that vision, then the ministry ends. Then, we get behind the next group of leaders with the gifts and passion for what is next. It's simpler.
Most people don't need an elaborate strategy to connect with a church. They only need someone who genuinely cares about them. They need a friend.
This is a function of multiplication, which I wrote about here. A simpler system is a system of multiplication. You must multiply yourself in order for your church to grow. We must realize that ministry is not something we do to people. The people are our ministry. Their development is both the future of our ministry and the future of the church.
But, when does a busy pastor have time for multiplying themselves when the tasks of ministry are overwhelming already? Give some of those tasks away. Develop people to fulfill those roles. Stop doing things which are not multiplication factors. Everyone has the same amount of time – whether they are multiplying or not.
Only 15 percent of Millennials and only 4 percent of GenZ are Christians. We have heard for years that the church is only one generation away from extinction. This could be the generation.
You don't need to become an expert in Millennials or GenZ. You just need to engage them. Talk to them about what Jesus said and help them discover the application for their context. Instead of approaching them as their grandfather, engage them as a missionary. This is a cross cultural experience within our own culture.
I am 53 years old. I am not the future of the church. Neither are you. But, I'm not planning on quitting any time soon. I do plan to continue in relevant ways and to celebrate what the next generations come up with. What will it take to empower and encourage the next generations? How can we give them permission to serve in their cultural context?
Before you go and wreck your church, remember you have a lot of people that it's working for. You can't afford to lose them. Love Millennials all day long, but remember, they're broke, and you're not ready to retire.
Am I speaking out of both sides of my mouth? Maybe. You can be the judge. Your current church members were brought into the current ministry of your church with a certain understanding of how things would be – a contract, if you will. If you attempt to change that contract in an autocratic, mandatory fashion, then you're done. But, what if you could begin to make changes without threatening the base?
In a recent episode of Carey Nieuwhof's Leadership Podcast, Todd Wilson from Exponential shared the idea of churches creating R&D labs and setting aside funds for it. This would allow for pilots and "skunk works" without upsetting the apple cart. I'm not talking about creating services like we did for GenX that ended up splitting our churches. R&D is a portion of funds, staffing, energy, and creativity applied to the future without radically disrupting the status quo until new concepts are proven out.
It will take a long time for our members to give up the worship style and ministry that they love for the sake of the next generation. Wasn't this our argument to the traditional folks when we wanted to implement seeker services? But, time is short. A generation is at stake.
What is your church discovering?


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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It is important that the customer objectives are defined at early stage to ensure that their requirements are fulfilled. The customer should give consideration to how many housing units they wish to construct or if they wish to erect a family home only. Resale prospects should also be considered at this point. The above issues are important in that they will help TMG Architectural Services decide on the best way to process the project in terms of waste water management and planning considerations.
The site inspection will establish the general suitability of the site for building purposes, the impact of neighbouring properties and examine the basic planning and environmental requirements needed to obtain planning permission. If the site meets the basic requirements TMG will generate an initial site sketch layout and forward it our environmental engineer who will carry out a preliminary site assessment .The P.S.A will establish if the site has reasonable chance of meeting the criteria needed to install an onsite waste water system.
TMG will take the customer through all essential steps in order to finalize a design that meets their requirements in terms of layout and best use of space.
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The choice of external finishes is important, particularly for planning purposes, depending on the location of the project. The materials chosen should be in keeping with the character of other buildings in area the issue of durability and maintenance should also be considered.


text:
Pamir Mountains
The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range between Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia, at the junction of the Himalayas with the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun,and Hindu Kush. They are among the world's highest mountains.
Pamir Mountains from an airplane, June 2008
Kongur Tagh
7,649 m (25,095 ft)
Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and China
Gorno-Badakhshan, Osh Region, Wakhan, Xinjiang and Gojal
Range coordinates
38°30′N 73°30′E / 38.5°N 73.5°E / 38.5; 73.5Coordinates: 38°30′N 73°30′E / 38.5°N 73.5°E / 38.5; 73.5
The Pamir Mountains lie mostly in the Gorno-Badakhshan Province of Tajikistan.[1] To the north, they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. To the east, they extend to the range that includes China's Kongur Tagh, in the "Eastern Pamirs",[2] separated by the Yarkand valley from the Kunlun Mountains.
1 Name and etymology
1.1 Names
1.2 "A pamir"
2.1 Mountain
2.2 Glaciers
2.3.1 Paleoclimatology during the Ice Age
5 Discoveries
7 Tourism
8 Strategic position
10 See also
Name and etymologyEdit
Pamir Mountains on map showing Sakastan about 100 BC
Since Victorian times, they have been known as the "Roof of the World", presumably a translation from Persian.[3][4]
NamesEdit
In other languages they are called: Pashto: پامیر غرونه Pamir Ghroona; Kyrgyz: Памир тоолору, Pamir Tooloru, پامىر توولورۇ; Persian: رشته کوه‌های پامیر, romanized: Rešte Kuhhâ-ye Pâmir; Tajik: Ришта Кӯҳҳои Помир, romanized: Rishta Köhhoyi Pomir; Uighur: پامىر ئېگىزلىكى, Pamir Ëgizliki, Памир Езгизлики; Sanskrit: सुमेरु, Sumēru; Urdu: پامیر کوهستان, Pamir Kuhestan; simplified Chinese: 葱岭; traditional Chinese: 蔥嶺; pinyin: Cōnglǐng; Wade–Giles: Ts'ung-ling or "Onion Range" (after the wild onions growing in the region);[5][6] Dungan: Памир or Цунлин, written in Xiao'erjing: پَامِعَر or ڞوْلٍْ. The name "Pamir" is used more commonly in Modern Chinese and loaned as simplified Chinese: 帕米尔; traditional Chinese: 帕米爾; pinyin: Pàmǐ'ěr.
"A pamir"Edit
According to Middleton and Thomas, "pamir" is a geological term.[7] A pamir is a flat plateau or U-shaped valley surrounded by mountains. It forms when a glacier or ice field melts leaving a rocky plain. A pamir lasts until erosion forms soil and cuts down normal valleys. This type of terrain is found in the east and north of the Wakhan,[8] and the east and south of Gorno-Badakhshan, as opposed to the valleys and gorges of the west. Pamirs are used for summer pasture.[7][8]
The Great Pamir is around Lake Zorkul. The Little Pamir is east of this in the far east of Wakhan.[8] The Taghdumbash Pamir is between Tashkurgan and the Wakhan west of the Karakoram Highway. The Alichur Pamir is around Yashil Kul on the Gunt River. The Sarez Pamir is around the town of Murghab, Tajikistan. The Khargush Pamir is south of Lake Karakul. There are several others.
The Pamir River is in the south-west of the Pamirs.
GeographyEdit
Slopes of Pamir Mountains on the Chinese side and Muztagh Ata
MountainEdit
The three highest mountains in the Pamirs core are Ismoil Somoni Peak (known from 1932 to 1962 as Stalin Peak, and from 1962 to 1998 as Communism Peak), 7,495 m (24,590 ft); Ibn Sina Peak (still unofficially known as Lenin Peak), 7,134 m (23,406 ft); and Peak Korzhenevskaya (Russian: Пик Корженевской, Pik Korzhenevskoi), 7,105 m (23,310 ft).[9] In the Eastern Pamirs, China's Kongur Tagh is the highest at 7,649 m (25,095 ft).
Among the significant peaks of the Pamir Mountains are the following:[10]
in meters
Coord.
Sub-range
Kongur (Kungur Tagh) 7,649 (38°35′36″N 75°18′45″E / 38.593428°N 75.312560°E / 38.593428; 75.312560 (Kongur)) Kongur Shan China
Kongur Jiubie (Kungur Tjube Tagh) 7,530 (38°36′57″N 75°11′45″E / 38.615833°N 75.195833°E / 38.615833; 75.195833 (Kungur Tjube Tagh)) Kongur Shan China
Muztagh Ata 7,509 (38°16′33″N 75°06′58″E / 38.275855°N 75.1161°E / 38.275855; 75.1161 (Muztagata)) Muztagh Ata Massif China
Ismoil Somoni Peak (formerly Communism Peak, Stalin Peak) 7,495 (38°56′36″N 72°00′57″E / 38.943422°N 72.015803°E / 38.943422; 72.015803 (Ismoil Somoni Peak)) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan
Lenin Peak (new name: Abu Ali Ibn Sino Peak; formerly Kaufmann Peak) 7,134 (39°20′37″N 72°52′39″E / 39.343724°N 72.877536°E / 39.343724; 72.877536 (Pik Lenin)) Trans-Alay Range Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan
Peak Korzhenevskaya 7,105 (39°03′26″N 72°00′35″E / 39.057317°N 72.00983°E / 39.057317; 72.00983 (Peak Korzhenevskaya)) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan
Independence Peak (also Qullai Istiqlol, formerly Revolution Peak, Dreispitz) 6,940 (38°30′36″N 72°21′15″E / 38.51°N 72.354167°E / 38.51; 72.354167 (Independence Peak)) Yazgulem Range Tajikistan
Russia Peak 6,875 (38°53′46″N 72°01′44″E / 38.896°N 72.029°E / 38.896; 72.029 (Russia Peak)) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan
Moscow Peak 6,785 (38°56′55″N 71°50′04″E / 38.948563°N 71.8344°E / 38.948563; 71.8344 (Moscow Peak)) Peter I Range Tajikistan
Karl Marx Peak 6,726 (37°09′45″N 72°28′54″E / 37.1625°N 72.481667°E / 37.1625; 72.481667 (Karl Marx Peak)) Shakhdara Range Tajikistan
Gora Kurumdy 6,614 (39°27′21″N 73°34′01″E / 39.455812°N 73.566978°E / 39.455812; 73.566978 (Gora Kurumdy)) Trans-Alay Range Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan
Mount Garmo 6,595 (38°48′39″N 72°04′20″E / 38.810955°N 72.072344°E / 38.810955; 72.072344 (Mount Garmo)) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan
Engels Peak 6,510 (37°10′18″N 72°31′22″E / 37.171671°N 72.522898°E / 37.171671; 72.522898 (Engels Peak)) Shakhdara Range Tajikistan
Koh-e Pamir 6,320 (37°09′N 73°13′E / 37.15°N 73.21°E / 37.15; 73.21 (Koh-e Pamir)) Wachan Range Afghanistan
Peak of the Soviet Officers 6,233 (38°25′26″N 73°18′07″E / 38.424°N 73.302°E / 38.424; 73.302 (Peak of the Soviet Officers)) Muskol Range Tajikistan
Mayakovskiy Peak 6,095 (37°01′16″N 71°42′54″E / 37.021092°N 71.715138°E / 37.021092; 71.715138 (Mayakovskiy Peak)) Shakhdara Range Tajikistan
Patkhor Peak 6,083 (37°53′21″N 72°11′21″E / 37.889167°N 72.189167°E / 37.889167; 72.189167 (Patkhor Peak)) Rushan Range Tajikistan
Leipzig Peak 5,725 (39°20′53″N 72°28′37″E / 39.348°N 72.477°E / 39.348; 72.477 (Leipzig Peak)) Trans-Alay Range Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan
Pik Skalisty 5,707 (37°36′02″N 72°13′37″E / 37.6005°N 72.227°E / 37.6005; 72.227 (Skalisty Peak)) Schugnan Range Tajikistan
Kysyldangi Peak 5,704 (37°24′02″N 72°50′37″E / 37.4006°N 72.8435°E / 37.4006; 72.8435 (Kysyldangi Peak)) Southern Alitschur Range Tajikistan
Remark: The summits of the Kongur and Muztagata Group are in some sources counted as part of the Kunlun, which would make Pik Ismoil Somoni the highest summit of the Pamir.
GlaciersEdit
There are many glaciers in the Pamir Mountains, including the 77 km (48 mi) long Fedchenko Glacier, the longest in the former USSR and the longest glacier outside the polar regions.[11] Approximately 12,500 km2 (ca. 10%)[12] of the Pamirs are glaciated. Glaciers in the Southern Pamirs are retreating rapidly. Ten percent of annual runoff is supposed to originate from retreating glaciers in the Southern Pamirs.[12] In the North-Western Pamirs, glaciers have almost stable mass balances.[12]
ClimateEdit
Part of the Pamir Mountain range in springtime
Covered in snow throughout the year, the Pamirs have long and bitterly cold winters, and short, cool summers. Annual precipitation is about 130 mm (5 in), which supports grasslands but few trees.
Paleoclimatology during the Ice AgeEdit
The East-Pamir, in the centre of which the massifs of Mustagh Ata (7620 m) and Kongur Tagh (Qungur Shan, 7578, 7628 or 7830 m) are situated, shows from the western margin of the Tarim Basin an east–west extension of c. 200 km. Its north–south extension from King Ata Tagh up to the northwest Kunlun foothills amounts to c.170 km. Whilst the up to 21 km long current valley glaciers are restricted to mountain massifs exceeding 5600 m in height, during the last glacial period the glacier ice covered the high plateau with its set-up highland relief, continuing west of Mustagh Ata and Kongur. From this glacier area an outlet glacier has flowed down to the north-east through the Gez valley up to c.1850 m asl (meters above sea level) and thus as far as to the margin of the Tarim basin. This outlet glacier received inflow from the Kaiayayilak glacier from the Kongur north flank. From the north-adjacent Kara Bak Tor (Chakragil, c. 6800 or 6694 m) massif, the Oytag valley glacier in the same exposition flowed also down up to c. 1850 m asl. At glacial times the glacier snowline (ELA[A]) as altitude limit between glacier nourishing area and ablation zone, was about 820 to 1250 metres lower than it is today.[14][15] Under the condition of comparable proportions of precipitation there results from this a glacial depression of temperature of at least 5 to 7.5 °C.
EconomyEdit
Coal is mined in the west, though sheep herding in upper meadowlands is the primary source of income for the region.
ExplorationEdit
This section is based on the book by R. Middleton and H. Thomas[7]
Expedition in 1982 to Tartu Ülikool 350 Peak, which was considered to be the highest unreached peak in the territory of former Soviet Union at the time
The lapis lazuli found in Egyptian tombs is thought to come from the Pamir area in Badakhshan province of Afghanistan. About 138 BC Zhang Qian reached the Fergana Valley northwest of the Pamirs. Ptolemy vaguely describes a trade route through the area. From about 600 AD, Buddhist pilgrims travelled on both sides of the Pamirs to reach India from China. In 747 a Tang army was on the Wakhan River. There are various Arab and Chinese reports. Marco Polo may have travelled along the Panj River. In 1602 Bento de Goes travelled from Kabul to Yarkand and left a meager report on the Pamirs. In 1838 Lieutenant John Wood reached the headwaters of the Pamir River. From about 1868 to 1880, a number of Indians in the British service secretly explored the Panj area. In 1873 the British and Russians agreed to an Afghan frontier along the Panj River. From 1871 to around 1893 several Russian military-scientific expeditions mapped out most of the Pamirs (Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko, Nikolai Severtzov, Captain Putyata and others. Later came Nikolai Korzhenevskiy). Several local groups asked for Russian protection from Afghan raiders. The Russians were followed by a number of non-Russians including Ney Elias, George Littledale, the Earl of Dunmore, Wilhelm Filchner and Lord Curzon who was probably the first to reach the Wakhan source of the Oxus River. In 1891 the Russians informed Francis Younghusband that he was on their territory and later escorted a Lieutenant Davidson out of the area ('Pamir Incident'). In 1892 a battalion of Russians under Mikhail Ionov entered the area and camped near the present Murghab. In 1893 they built a proper fort there (Pamirskiy Post). In 1895 their base was moved to Khorog facing the Afghans.
In 1928 the last blank areas around the Fedchenko Glacier were mapped out by a German-Soviet expedition under Willi Rickmer Rickmers.
Pamir Mountains from a NASA satellite image, April 2012
DiscoveriesEdit
In the early 1980s, a deposit of gemstone-quality clinohumite was discovered in the Pamir Mountains. It was the only such deposit known until the discovery of gem-quality material in the Taymyr region of Siberia, in 2000.
The earliest known evidence of human cannabis use was found in tombs at the Jirzankal Cemetery.[16]
TransportEdit
M41 highway
The Pamir Highway, the world's second highest international road, runs from Dushanbe in Tajikistan to Osh in Kyrgyzstan through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, and is the isolated region's main supply route. The Great Silk Road crossed a number of Pamir Mountain ranges.[17]
TourismEdit
In December 2009, the New York Times featured articles on the possibilities for tourism in the Pamir area of Tajikistan.[18][19] 2013 proved to be the most successful year ever for tourism in the region and tourism development continues to be the fastest growing economic sector. The META (Murghab Ecotourism Association) website (www.meta.tj) provides an excellent repository of tourism related resources for the Eastern Pamir region.
Ismoil Somoni Peak (then known as Peak Communism) taken in 1989
Strategic positionEdit
Climbers near "Peak Communism" in 1978
Historically, the Pamir Mountains were considered a strategic trade route between Kashgar and Kokand on the Northern Silk Road, a prehistoric trackway, and have been subject to numerous territorial conquests. The Northern Silk Road (about 2,600 km (1,616 mi) in length) connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an over the Pamir Mountains towards the west to emerge in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia.[20] In the 20th century, they have been the setting for Tajikistan Civil War, border disputes between China and Soviet Union, establishment of US, Russian, and Indian military bases,[21] and renewed interest in trade development and resource exploration.[22][23] China has since resolved most of those disputes with Central Asian countries.[24]
ReligionEdit
Some researchers identify the Pamirs with the Mount Meru or Sumeru.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] The Mount Meru is the sacred five-peaked mountain of Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes.[32]
Mountains portal
Geography portal
Pamir National Park
Pamir languages
List of mountain ranges
List of highest mountains
Soviet Central Asia
Mount Imeon
Ak-Baital Pass
China–Tajikistan border
Kam Air Flight 904 – crashed into Pamir Mountains; the cause remains unknown
Chalachigu Valley
^ The snow line that separates the snow above from the firn (1 yr old snow) or bare glacier ice below is the equilibrium line altitude (ELA).[13]
^ According to the Big Soviet Encyclopedia "The question of the natural boundaries of Pamir is debatable. Normally Pamir is regarded as covering the territory from Trans-Alay Range to the north, Sarykol Range to the east, Lake Zorkul, Pamir River, and the upper reaches of Panj River to the south, and the meridional section of the Panj valley to the west; to the north-west Pamir includes the eastern parts of Peter the Great and Darvaz ranges."
^ N. O. Arnaud; M. Brunel; J. M. Cantagrel; P. Tapponnier (1993). "High cooling and denudation rates at Kongur Shan, Eastern Pamir (Xinjiang, China)". Tectonics. 12 (3): 1335–1346. doi:10.1029/93TC00767.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed. 1911 Archived 2016-04-23 at the Wayback Machine: PAMIRS, a mountainous region of central Asia...the Bam-i-dunya ("The Roof of the World"); The Columbia Encyclopedia, 1942 ed., p.1335: "Pamir (Persian = roof of the world)"; The Pamirs, a region known to the locals as Pomir – "the roof of the world".
^ Social and Economic Change in the Pamirs, pp. 13–14, by Frank Bliss, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-30806-2, ISBN 978-0-415-30806-9: Pamir = a Persian compilation of pay-I-mehr, the "roof of the world".
^ Li, Daoyuan. 水經注 [Commentary on the Water Classic] (in Chinese). 2 – via Wikisource. 蔥嶺在敦煌西八千里,其山高大,上生蔥,故曰蔥嶺也。(quoting from the "西河舊事") The Onion Range is 8,000 Li west of Dunhuangin Uzbek Language "Pamir Tog'i". Its mountains are high and onions grow on them, therefore it is called Onion Range.
^ "The origin of the Chinese name "Onion Range" for Pamir". Depts.washington.edu. 2002-04-14. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
^ a b c Robert Middleton and Huw Thomas, 'Tajikistan and the High Pamirs',Odyssey Books, 2008
^ a b c Aga Khan Development Network (2010): Wakhan and the Afghan Pamir p.3 Archived 2011-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ Tajikistan: 15 Years of Independence, statistical yearbook, Dushanbe, 2006, p. 8, in Russian.
^ Heights of mountains over 6,750 metres in accordance with: List lf all mountains of Asia with a height of over 6,750 metres. www.8000ers.com (retrieved 6 April 2010)
^ In the Karakoram Mountains, Siachen Glacier is 76 km long, Biafo Glacier is 67 km long, and Baltoro is 63 km long. The Bruggen or Pio XI Glacier in southern Chile is 66 km long. Kyrgyzstan's South Inylchek (Enylchek) Glacier is 60.5 km in length. Measurements are from recent imagery, generally with Russian 1:200,000 scale topographic mapping for reference as well as the 1990 Orographic Sketch Map: Karakoram: Sheets 1 and 2, Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich.
^ a b c Knoche, Malte; Merz, Ralf; Lindner, Martin; Weise, Stephan M. (2017-06-13). "Bridging Glaciological and Hydrological Trends in the Pamir Mountains, Central Asia". Water. 9 (6): 422. doi:10.3390/w9060422.
^ "Mendenhall Glacier Facts" (PDF). University of Alaska Southeast. Juneau, Alaska, USA: University of Alaska Southeast. 29 April 2011. p. 2. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
^ Kuhle, M. (1997):New findings concerning the Ice Age (LGM) glacier cover of the East Pamir, of the Nanga Parbat up to the Central Himalaya and of Tibet, as well as the Age of the Tibetan Inland Ice. Tibet and High Asia (IV). Results of Investigations into High Mountain Geomorphology. Paleo-Glaciology and Climatology of the Pleistocene. GeoJournal, 42, (2–3), pp. 87–257.
^ Kuhle, M. (2004):The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) glacier cover in High- and Central Asia. Accompanying text to the mapwork in hand with detailed references to the literature of the underlying empirical investigations. Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.). Extent and Chronology of Glaciations, Vol. 3 (Latin America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica). Amsterdam, Elsevier B.V., pp. 175–199.
^ The origins of cannabis smoking: Chemical residue evidence from the first millennium BCE in the Pamirs
^ "Official Website of Pamir Travel". Pamir Travel. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
^ "The Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
^ Isaacson, Andy (17 December 2009). "Pamir Mountains, the Crossroads of History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2014-08-11.
^ "Silk Road, North China, C.Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham". Megalithic.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
^ "India's 'Pamir Knot'". The Hindu. 11 November 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
^ "The West Is Red". Time. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
^ "Huge Market Potential at China-Pakistan Border". China Daily. Retrieved 2007-08-26. [dead link]
^ "China's Territorial and Boundary Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 2003-06-30. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
^ Chapman, Graham P. (2003). The Geopolitics of South Asia: From Early Empires to the Nuclear Age. p. 16.
^ George Nathaniel Curzon; The Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism, 1968, p 184
^ Benjamin Walker - Hinduism; Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology: Purāṇas in Translation, 1969, p 56
^ Jagdish Lal Shastri, Arnold Kunst, G. P. Bhatt, Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare - Oriental literature; Journal of the K.R. Cama Oriental Institute, 1928, p 38
^ Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal - History; Geographical Concepts in Ancient India, 1967, p 50
^ Bechan Dube - India; Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study, 1972, p 2
^ Dr M. R. Singh - India; Studies in the Proto-history of India, 1971, p 17
^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 78.
Further readingEdit
Curzon, George Nathaniel. 1896. The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus. Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005. ISBN 1-4021-5983-8 (pbk; ISBN 1-4021-3090-2 (hbk).
Gordon, T. E. 1876. The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir. Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint by Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company. Taipei. 1971.
Toynbee, Arnold J. 1961. Between Oxus and Jumna. London. Oxford University Press.
Wood, John, 1872. A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus. With an essay on the Geography of the Valley of the Oxus by Colonel Henry Yule. London: John Murray.
Horsman, S. 2002. Peaks, Politics and Purges: the First Ascent of Pik Stalin in Douglas, E. (ed.) Alpine Journal 2002 (Volume 107), The Alpine Club & Ernest Press, London, pp 199–206.
Leitner, G. W. 1890. Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893: Being an Account of the History, Religions, Customs, Legends, Fables and Songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush. With a supplement to the second edition of The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook. And an Epitome of Part III of the author's "The Languages and Races of Dardistan". First Reprint 1978. Manjusri Publishing House, New Delhi.
Strong, Anna Louise. 1930. The Road to the Grey Pamir. Robert M. McBride & Co., New York.
Slesser, Malcolm "Red Peak: A Personal Account of the British-Soviet Expedition" Coward McCann 1964
Tilman, H. W. "Two Mountains and a River" part of "The Severn Mountain Travel Books". Diadem, London. 1983
Waugh, Daniel C. 1999. "The 'Mysterious and Terrible Karatash Gorges': Notes and Documents on the Explorations by Stein and Skrine." The Geographical Journal, Vol. 165, No. 3. (Nov., 1999), pp. 306–320.
The Pamirs. 1:500.000 – A tourist map of Gorno-Badkshan-Tajikistan and background information on the region. Verlag "Gecko-Maps", Switzerland 2004 (ISBN 3-906593-35-5)
Dagiev, Dagikhudo, and Carole Faucher, eds. Identity, History and Trans-nationality in Central Asia: The Mountain Communities of Pamir. Routledge, 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pamir Mountains.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pamirs.
Life in Afghanistan's Pamir mountains
Information and photos
Afghan's Little Pamir – photos of the life of ethnic Kyrgyz
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamir_Mountains&oldid=1000637570"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This hamlet is set in idyllic countryside just two miles from the city of St Albans.
The name Tyttenhanger – or Tydenhangre – is first recorded in 1248. It is thought to mean the "wooden slope belonging to Tilda".
Tyttenhanger House was bought by Sir Thomas Pope – founder of Trinity college, Oxford – from King Henry the Eighth in 1547. Sir Thomas Pope lived there and made great improvements to it, and after his death, his second wife's relations remained. There are no traces of the old house left, after it was demolished in 1652. The current grade one listed, 20-bed building was converted in 1973 for use as commercial offices, and is available for hire as a wedding venue. It was placed on the market earlier this year for £12 million.
Tyttenhanger Green is within easy reach of the M1, M25, A414 and the A1(M) by car. Main train stations are a short distance away at St Albans with quick services into central London and north. Watford is accessible by train from the Abbey Flyer service, which runs to Watford Junction station from St Albans Abbey Station at the bottom of Holywell Hill.
Tyttenhanger Gravel Pits are the best place to see a variety of interesting bird species in Hertfordshire.
The restored gravel pits and woodland area between London Colney and Colney Heath are recognized by the RSPB and Herts Birds Club.
The main pit is still used to source water to wash the sand and gravel is extracted from an active quarry south of Coursers Road. As well as gulls, waders, sandpipers, dunlins, ruddy ducks and sand martins, butterflies and dragonflies can be seen here. Fisherman are attracted to the area for its fishing lakes.
There are two nearby leisure centres. Nuffield Health in Highfield Park Drive, St Albans, has personal trainers, a gym, pools, tennis and squash courts and club, physiotherapists and a rehabilitation gym. It is a members club. The Highfield Park Centre on Russet Drive is owned by the Highfield Park Trust and managed by Watford YMCA. It has a gym, sports hall, tennis courts, two playing fields and seven football pitches.
Charles Morris Hall is the local community centre, which is available for hire. It has a council-owned playground outside.
Willows Farm is fun for families to feed and handle large and small farm animals and also a source of fresh locally-produced meat and dairy foods which are on sale in the shop. It has a café and large soft play area.
Children living in Tyttenhanger Green are likely to attend Colney Heath or London Colney primary schools. Secondary schools within a short distance are Nicholas Breakspear Catholic School, Samuel Ryder Academy and Marlborough Science Academy in St Albans.
The Plough pub is a family-run traditional village pub dating back to the 18th century. It's very popular among locals and is a warm, welcoming free house, serving well-kept real ales, which change regularly, draught lager and cider and fine wines. Their homemade food menu features a wide selection of delicious food, including specials and great choices for children. There is a large car park, a long pleasant garden for alfresco dining and a play area for youngsters. Food is served during the day – 12-2pm Monday to Friday and 12-4pm at weekends. Bar games, such as backgammon, draughts and dominoes, and daily newspapers are available on request.
The Colney Fox is close by in London Colney and sells hearty seasonal pub food, nurtured cask ales and fine wine. It has 13 bedrooms continuing the tradition of welcoming travellers.
There is a Spar store at the nearby Highfield shops, but the closest large supermarkets, cafes and shopping areas are at London Colney, Hatfield and St Albans – a couple of miles away - where chain stores like Marks & Spencer, Tesco, Sainsbury's, Boots, Next, Starbucks and Costa feature alongside smaller independent boutiques and eateries.


text:
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Steampunker has reached 100% at Indiegogo. The campaign continues until December 28th. All the extra money will be spent on Germaan, Japanese and Polish translations.
Steampunker has just reached 100% at Indiegogo. We collected the funds needed for the iPhone and Android versions. The campaign ends on December 28th so you can still contribute. All the money raised above the basic goal will be spent on German, Japanese and Polish translations.
There are perks for all the backers: the game at $2, the soundtrack, game merchandise and placing the funder's face in the game.


text:
Best Digital Pianos for Under $500
The plethora of features is what makes digital pianos attractive to beginners and even intermediate musicians. Compared to their acoustic counterparts, they are sometimes cheaper and weigh less. But for the piano enthusiast who is a little tight on budget, it may come a shock to see that most digital and acoustic pianos are thousands in price. That's not really the case. There are quality digital pianos now available at less than $500. Check out our list below to see which of these $500 digital pianos are great for your practice and performance.
Best Digital Piano with Built in Speakers
Yamaha has been one of the most trusted names in the digital piano industry. And one their best is the Yamaha P35B 88-Key Digital Piano. Now, you're not just getting the piano itself but also a bundle of other important things. There's the keyboard stand, a pair of stereo headphones, a sustain pedal, and an in-built speakers. Equipped with the Advanced Wave Memory, this unit produces the sound of an acoustic piano. Unique to Yamaha is the 10 sound qualities that enable it to produce some special notes. Also, as is with other digital pianos, the Yamaha P35B features MIDI outputs that allow you to connect with computers and use various music apps. Additionally, it has an automatic shutdown after a period of inactivity.
Best Console Digital Piano
Elegance of built is what makes the Williams Rhapsody Console Digital Piano stands out from the rest of its counterparts. It is in a state-of-the-art digital piano that produces a remarkable acoustic sound. Its rich wood finish is definitely an eye-catcher, and the piano itself would make a great display anywhere in your home. It features 12 piano and keyboard sounds, split and layer sounds, a two-track recorder that allows for recording and playing back songs, a USB/MIDI connection for computers, sustain and soft pedals, and stereo/mono line outs. With all these features and an exceptional design, this is a great choice for beginners and music students who need an affordable instrument.
Best Digital Stage Piano 2015
The Casio Privia PX-150 88-Key Digital Piano has a simple and sleek look that is ideal for the minimalist musician. Weighing at only 25 pounds, you can easily carry it when you have musical gigs around town. Once you start to play with it, the first thing you'd notice is how much it sounds like the real grand piano. Casio's own Linear Morphing System technology, combined with four different levels of stereo piano samples, has made this authentic sound possible. Moreover, it comes with 16 different beautiful tones, which can all be controlled through the control panel. This is yet another great thing about the Casio Privia PX-150: functionality.
Best Rated 88-Key Digital Piano
The Korg SP170s 88-Key Digital Piano is a stunning piece of instrument. And with great appearance comes the expectation of great audio quality. This piano does not disappoint with its vibrant and rich sound. It almost has the sound of an authentic grand piano and the sensation of an acoustic piano. Compared with the pianos mentioned above, though, it weighs a little heavier at 35 pounds. But that is still considered lightweight enough for portability. The weight can also be compensated by the 10 clear and realistic sounds that the unit produces. This recommended for learners and seasoned digital piano players.


This is my kinda film incorporating politics, romance, tragedy, and a strong, unwavering belief in one's ideals which totally took me by surprise since I had never heard of it, and then found out it was a nominee for Best Foreign Language Film. This movie is an accurate account of political intrigue in the battle for progressive reforms against the Danish Court's conservative values that kept the Danish people under their rule in poverty and ignorance.
A historical drama about the increasingly "mad" King Christian VII (Mikkel Boe Folsgaard) of Denmark (reigned 1766-1808) who is married off to an idealistic 15 year-old British Princess of Wales ignorant of what she is getting into when she moves to the throne in Copenhagen; this well educated youthful woman arrives into an environment of conservative religious values and censorship. This is also the period when the ideas of The Age of Enlightenment promoting intellectual skepticism, humanism and scientific exploration pervaded European thought. Very quickly the young Queen Caroline Mathilda (Alicia Vikander) realizes how mentally ill her husband is–she fulfills her "duty" and gives him an heir to the throne, and then she foregoes any further conjugal relations with him.
The catalytic force in this movie is the arrival of German Dr. Johann Struensee (Mads Mikkelsen) who is hired to be the King's personal physician – a man who believes in fighting intolerance and making life more humane for "the people," through literally tending to them as a doctor, as well as writing anonymous tracts publicizing the ideas of the Enlightenment such as universal education, banishing censorship of the press, abolishing torture and dissolving the slave trade in the colonies, etc. Struensee and the lonely, isolated Queen become aware of their profound philosophical bond, which eventually blossoms into a physical love affair albeit a dangerous liaison. Together they are able to influence the King to enact laws which will improve the lives of the Danish populace until intrigue and a backlash sets in.
A film which is very well-acted, expressive, utopian and a history lesson which was not in my ken. I visited Copenhagen recently and am sorry that I had not seen this movie before visiting – I think the trip would have been even more meaningful.


What a wonderful man Tom was. No matter what he was called upon to endure he faced it with such a pure heart. What a 'Spirit of Zen' he must have provided for all those who were lucky enough to serve with him.
An enduring memory I have of my grandfather is this compliment, offered with a big smile, "Oh, you're a good sport!" He did his best with what he had before him, and expected the same in others.
A powerful post about being in combat in the particularly grim conditions of trench warfare.


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This is an industry event where I hope to meet more retailers and distributors to get Robit Riddle out into the wild!
This is a convention that I am a co-organizer. It is a great multi-day players convention with a focus on free-to-play gaming. There is a great designers section where I will be showing off my new designs as will other amazing designers. Come and check us out!
Robit Riddle will be showing (and hopefully available) at PAX Unplugged! We don't have many details yet, other than we will definitely be there! Come by and say hi, would love to meet you!
Come see Robit Riddle before it's released in stores at GenCon 50! We have almost 20 events to choose from. Some have sold out but there are many days and times still available! At the very least you should be able to find us at, ICC : Hall C : Purple : 8, as all our events are there.
The links below are for that specific event's ticketing on the Gen Con site. Grayed out items are sold out, will try and keep this list up to date.
Come see Robit Riddle in it's near final form at GenCon 2016! We will be showing in both the First Exposure Playtest Hall like last year, and we have our own events that you can sign up for!
In a last minute bid, I was able to secure a booth at Origins Game Fair 2016 in Columbus, OH. This will be my first multi-day all day long booth. I am super excited to meet new people and have new experiences.
This first time convention is must come for those in the New England area. I may be biased as I am one of the organizers of the event. It will be a small one day event with some big names like Jon Gilmour (Dead of Winter) and Flip the Table. There will be many designers showing off their released or soon to be games. Not to mention a much improved Robit Riddle will be there to see. It is getting very close to production quality and the game play is greatly improved. So come on out and see me and other awesome people from this hobby.
Going to show off Robit Riddle at Arisia's Indie Showcase. Hope to see you there.
I will be showing Robit Riddle at BGG CON's IndieLand on November 18th, 2015. Stop by to check out my game!
Robit Riddle will be showing at this event! Come on by to test it out!


text:
#include "astronomy/orbital_elements.hpp"

#include <limits>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "astronomy/frames.hpp"
#include "base/file.hpp"
#include "base/not_null.hpp"
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "mathematica/mathematica.hpp"
#include "physics/body_centred_non_rotating_dynamic_frame.hpp"
#include "physics/ephemeris.hpp"
#include "physics/kepler_orbit.hpp"
#include "physics/solar_system.hpp"
#include "testing_utilities/almost_equals.hpp"
#include "testing_utilities/approximate_quantity.hpp"
#include "testing_utilities/is_near.hpp"
#include "testing_utilities/matchers.hpp"
#include "testing_utilities/numerics_matchers.hpp"

namespace principia {
namespace astronomy {

using astronomy::J2000;
using base::make_not_null_unique;
using base::not_null;
using base::OFStream;
using geometry::Instant;
using geometry::Position;
using geometry::Velocity;
using integrators::EmbeddedExplicitRungeKuttaNyströmIntegrator;
using integrators::SymmetricLinearMultistepIntegrator;
using integrators::methods::DormandالمكاوىPrince1986RKN434FM;
using integrators::methods::QuinlanTremaine1990Order12;
using physics::BodyCentredNonRotatingDynamicFrame;
using physics::DegreesOfFreedom;
using physics::DiscreteTrajectory;
using physics::Ephemeris;
using physics::KeplerianElements;
using physics::KeplerOrbit;
using physics::MassiveBody;
using physics::MasslessBody;
using physics::OblateBody;
using physics::RotatingBody;
using physics::SolarSystem;
using quantities::Angle;
using quantities::AngularFrequency;
using quantities::Cos;
using quantities::Pow;
using quantities::Sqrt;
using quantities::Time;
using quantities::astronomy::JulianYear;
using quantities::si::ArcMinute;
using quantities::si::ArcSecond;
using quantities::si::Day;
using quantities::si::Degree;
using quantities::si::Kilo;
using quantities::si::Metre;
using quantities::si::Micro;
using quantities::si::Milli;
using quantities::si::Minute;
using quantities::si::Radian;
using quantities::si::Second;
using testing_utilities::AbsoluteErrorFrom;
using testing_utilities::AlmostEquals;
using testing_utilities::DifferenceFrom;
using testing_utilities::IsNear;
using testing_utilities::IsOk;
using testing_utilities::RelativeError;
using testing_utilities::operator""_⑴;
using ::testing::Lt;

class OrbitalElementsTest : public ::testing::Test {
 protected:
  OrbitalElementsTest() {}

  // Completes |initial_osculating_elements| and returns a GCRS trajectory
  // obtained by flowing the corresponding initial conditions in |ephemeris|.
  static not_null<std::unique_ptr<DiscreteTrajectory<GCRS>>>
  EarthCentredTrajectory(
      KeplerianElements<GCRS>& initial_osculating_elements,
      Instant const& initial_time,
      Instant const& final_time,
      Ephemeris<ICRS>& ephemeris) {
    MassiveBody const& earth = FindEarthOrDie(ephemeris);
    ephemeris.Prolong(final_time);
    BodyCentredNonRotatingDynamicFrame<ICRS, GCRS> gcrs{&ephemeris, &earth};
    DiscreteTrajectory<ICRS> icrs_trajectory;
    KeplerOrbit<GCRS> initial_osculating_orbit{earth,
                                               MasslessBody{},
                                               initial_osculating_elements,
                                               initial_time};
    initial_osculating_elements = initial_osculating_orbit.elements_at_epoch();
    icrs_trajectory.Append(
        initial_time,
        gcrs.FromThisFrameAtTime(initial_time)(
            DegreesOfFreedom<GCRS>{GCRS::origin, Velocity<GCRS>{}} +
            initial_osculating_orbit.StateVectors(initial_time)));
    ephemeris.FlowWithAdaptiveStep(
        &icrs_trajectory,
        Ephemeris<ICRS>::NoIntrinsicAcceleration,
        final_time,
        Ephemeris<ICRS>::AdaptiveStepParameters{
            EmbeddedExplicitRungeKuttaNyströmIntegrator<
                DormandالمكاوىPrince1986RKN434FM,
                Position<ICRS>>(),
            /*max_steps=*/std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max(),
            /*length_integration_tolerance=*/1 * Milli(Metre),
            /*speed_integration_tolerance=*/1 * Milli(Metre) / Second
        },
        /*max_ephemeris_steps=*/std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max());
    auto result = make_not_null_unique<DiscreteTrajectory<GCRS>>();
    for (auto const& [time, degrees_of_freedom] : icrs_trajectory) {
      result->Append(time, gcrs.ToThisFrameAtTime(time)(degrees_of_freedom));
    }
    return result;
  }

 private:
  static MassiveBody const& FindEarthOrDie(Ephemeris<ICRS> const& ephemeris) {
    for (not_null<MassiveBody const*> const body : ephemeris.bodies()) {
      if (body->name() == "Earth") {
        return *body;
      }
    }
    LOG(FATAL) << "Ephemeris has no Earth";
  }
};

#if !defined(_DEBUG)

TEST_F(OrbitalElementsTest, KeplerOrbit) {
  // The satellite is under the influence of an isotropic Earth and no third
  // bodies.

  SolarSystem<ICRS> solar_system(
      SOLUTION_DIR / "astronomy" / "sol_gravity_model.proto.txt",
      SOLUTION_DIR / "astronomy" /
          "sol_initial_state_jd_2451545_000000000.proto.txt");
  std::vector<std::string> const names = solar_system.names();
  for (auto const& name : names) {
    if (name != "Earth") {
      solar_system.RemoveMassiveBody(name);
    }
  }
  solar_system.LimitOblatenessToDegree("Earth", 0);
  auto const ephemeris = solar_system.MakeEphemeris(
      /*accuracy_parameters=*/{/*fitting_tolerance=*/1 * Milli(Metre),
                               /*geopotential_tolerance=*/0x1p-24},
      Ephemeris<ICRS>::FixedStepParameters(
          SymmetricLinearMultistepIntegrator<QuinlanTremaine1990Order12,
                                             Position<ICRS>>(),
          /*step=*/1 * JulianYear));
  MassiveBody const& spherical_earth =
      *solar_system.massive_body(*ephemeris, "Earth");

  KeplerianElements<GCRS> initial_osculating;
  initial_osculating.semimajor_axis = 7000 * Kilo(Metre);
  initial_osculating.eccentricity = 1e-6;
  initial_osculating.inclination = 10 * Milli(ArcSecond);
  initial_osculating.longitude_of_ascending_node = 10 * Degree;
  initial_osculating.argument_of_periapsis = 20 * Degree;
  initial_osculating.mean_anomaly = 30 * Degree;
  auto const status_or_elements = OrbitalElements::ForTrajectory(
      *EarthCentredTrajectory(initial_osculating,
                              J2000,
                              J2000 + 10 * Day, *ephemeris),
      spherical_earth,
      MasslessBody{});
  ASSERT_THAT(status_or_elements, IsOk());
  OrbitalElements const& elements = status_or_elements.ValueOrDie();
  EXPECT_THAT(
      elements.anomalistic_period(),
      AbsoluteErrorFrom(*initial_osculating.period, Lt(510 * Micro(Second))));
  EXPECT_THAT(
      elements.nodal_period(),
      AbsoluteErrorFrom(*initial_osculating.period, Lt(3.9 * Milli(Second))));
  EXPECT_THAT(
      elements.sidereal_period(),
      AbsoluteErrorFrom(*initial_osculating.period, Lt(1.9 * Micro(Second))));

  EXPECT_THAT(elements.nodal_precession(), Lt(1.4 * Degree / JulianYear));

  // Mean element values.
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_semimajor_axis_interval().midpoint(),
              AbsoluteErrorFrom(*initial_osculating.semimajor_axis,
                                Lt(410 * Micro(Metre))));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_eccentricity_interval().midpoint(),
              AbsoluteErrorFrom(*initial_osculating.eccentricity,
                                Lt(4.6e-11)));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_inclination_interval().midpoint(),
              AbsoluteErrorFrom(initial_osculating.inclination,
                                Lt(0.64 * Micro(ArcSecond))));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_longitude_of_ascending_node_interval().midpoint(),
              AbsoluteErrorFrom(initial_osculating.longitude_of_ascending_node,
                                Lt(62 * ArcSecond)));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_argument_of_periapsis_interval().midpoint(),
              AbsoluteErrorFrom(*initial_osculating.argument_of_periapsis,
                                Lt(62 * ArcSecond)));

  // Mean element stability.
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_semimajor_axis_interval().measure(),
              Lt(1.0 * Milli(Metre)));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_eccentricity_interval().measure(),
              Lt(1.1e-10));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_inclination_interval().measure(),
              Lt(1.4 * Micro(ArcSecond)));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_longitude_of_ascending_node_interval().measure(),
              Lt(2.2 * ArcMinute));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_argument_of_periapsis_interval().measure(),
              Lt(2.2 * ArcMinute));

  OFStream f(SOLUTION_DIR / "mathematica" /
             "unperturbed_elements.generated.wl");
  f << mathematica::Assign("unperturbedOsculating",
                           elements.osculating_equinoctial_elements());
  f << mathematica::Assign("unperturbedMean",
                           elements.mean_equinoctial_elements());
}

TEST_F(OrbitalElementsTest, J2Perturbation) {
  // The satellite is under the influence of an Earth with a zonal geopotential
  // of degree 2 and no third bodies.

  SolarSystem<ICRS> solar_system(
      SOLUTION_DIR / "astronomy" / "sol_gravity_model.proto.txt",
      SOLUTION_DIR / "astronomy" /
          "sol_initial_state_jd_2451545_000000000.proto.txt");
  std::vector<std::string> const names = solar_system.names();
  for (auto const& name : names) {
    if (name != "Earth") {
      solar_system.RemoveMassiveBody(name);
    }
  }
  solar_system.LimitOblatenessToDegree("Earth", 2);
  solar_system.LimitOblatenessToZonal("Earth");
  auto const ephemeris = solar_system.MakeEphemeris(
      /*accuracy_parameters=*/{/*fitting_tolerance=*/1 * Milli(Metre),
                               /*geopotential_tolerance=*/0x1p-24},
      Ephemeris<ICRS>::FixedStepParameters(
          SymmetricLinearMultistepIntegrator<QuinlanTremaine1990Order12,
                                             Position<ICRS>>(),
          /*step=*/1 * JulianYear));
  auto const& oblate_earth = dynamic_cast<OblateBody<ICRS> const&>(
      *solar_system.massive_body(*ephemeris, "Earth"));

  Time const mission_duration = 10 * Day;

  KeplerianElements<GCRS> initial_osculating;
  initial_osculating.semimajor_axis = 7000 * Kilo(Metre);
  initial_osculating.eccentricity = 1e-6;
  initial_osculating.inclination = 10 * Milli(ArcSecond);
  initial_osculating.longitude_of_ascending_node = 10 * Degree;
  initial_osculating.argument_of_periapsis = 20 * Degree;
  initial_osculating.mean_anomaly = 30 * Degree;
  auto const status_or_elements = OrbitalElements::ForTrajectory(
      *EarthCentredTrajectory(initial_osculating,
                              J2000,
                              J2000 + mission_duration,
                              *ephemeris),
      oblate_earth,
      MasslessBody{});
  ASSERT_THAT(status_or_elements, IsOk());
  OrbitalElements const& elements = status_or_elements.ValueOrDie();
  EXPECT_THAT(
      elements.anomalistic_period(),
      DifferenceFrom(*initial_osculating.period, IsNear(-7.8_⑴ * Second)));
  EXPECT_THAT(
      elements.nodal_period(),
      DifferenceFrom(*initial_osculating.period, IsNear(-23_⑴ * Second)));
  EXPECT_THAT(
      elements.sidereal_period(),
      DifferenceFrom(*initial_osculating.period, IsNear(-16_⑴ * Second)));

  // The notation for the computation of the theoretical precessions follows
  // Capderou (2012), Satellites : de Kepler au GPS, section 7.1.1.
  double const η = elements.mean_semimajor_axis_interval().midpoint() /
                   oblate_earth.reference_radius();
  Angle const i = elements.mean_inclination_interval().midpoint();
  AngularFrequency const K0 = 3.0 / 2.0 * oblate_earth.j2() *
                              Sqrt(oblate_earth.gravitational_parameter() /
                                   Pow<3>(oblate_earth.reference_radius())) *
                              Radian;
  // See (7.6).
  AngularFrequency const theoretical_Ωʹ = -K0 * Pow<-7>(Sqrt(η)) * Cos(i);
  // See (7.13).
  AngularFrequency const theoretical_ωʹ =
      0.5 * K0 * Pow<-7>(Sqrt(η)) * (5 * Pow<2>(Cos(i)) - 1);

  EXPECT_THAT(theoretical_Ωʹ, IsNear(-7.2_⑴ * Degree / Day));
  EXPECT_THAT(theoretical_ωʹ, IsNear(14_⑴ * Degree / Day));

  EXPECT_THAT(RelativeError(theoretical_Ωʹ, elements.nodal_precession()),
              IsNear(0.0029_⑴));

  // Mean element values.  Since Ω and ω precess rapidly, the midpoint of the
  // range of values is of no interest.
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_semimajor_axis_interval().midpoint(),
              AbsoluteErrorFrom(*initial_osculating.semimajor_axis,
                                IsNear(25_⑴ * Metre)));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_eccentricity_interval().midpoint(),
              IsNear(0.0013_⑴));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_inclination_interval().midpoint(),
              AbsoluteErrorFrom(initial_osculating.inclination,
                                Lt(2.0 * Micro(ArcSecond))));

  // Mean element stability: Ω and ω precess as expected, the other elements are
  // stable.
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_semimajor_axis_interval().measure(),
              IsNear(70_⑴ * Milli(Metre)));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_eccentricity_interval().measure(),
              IsNear(3.8e-9_⑴));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_inclination_interval().measure(),
              Lt(1.1* Micro(ArcSecond)));
  EXPECT_THAT(
      RelativeError(
          -theoretical_Ωʹ * mission_duration,
          elements.mean_longitude_of_ascending_node_interval().measure()),
      IsNear(0.004_⑴));
  EXPECT_THAT(
      RelativeError(theoretical_ωʹ * mission_duration,
                    elements.mean_argument_of_periapsis_interval().measure()),
      IsNear(0.0029_⑴));

  OFStream f(SOLUTION_DIR / "mathematica" /
             "j2_perturbed_elements.generated.wl");
  f << mathematica::Assign("j2PerturbedOsculating",
                           elements.osculating_equinoctial_elements());
  f << mathematica::Assign("j2PerturbedMean",
                           elements.mean_equinoctial_elements());
}

TEST_F(OrbitalElementsTest, RealPerturbation) {
  SolarSystem<ICRS> solar_system(
      SOLUTION_DIR / "astronomy" / "sol_gravity_model.proto.txt",
      SOLUTION_DIR / "astronomy" /
          "sol_initial_state_jd_2451545_000000000.proto.txt");
  auto const ephemeris = solar_system.MakeEphemeris(
      /*accuracy_parameters=*/{/*fitting_tolerance=*/1 * Milli(Metre),
                               /*geopotential_tolerance=*/0x1p-24},
      Ephemeris<ICRS>::FixedStepParameters(
          SymmetricLinearMultistepIntegrator<QuinlanTremaine1990Order12,
                                             Position<ICRS>>(),
          /*step=*/10 * Minute));
  MassiveBody const& earth = *solar_system.massive_body(*ephemeris, "Earth");

  Time const mission_duration = 10 * Day;

  KeplerianElements<GCRS> initial_osculating;
  initial_osculating.semimajor_axis = 7000 * Kilo(Metre);
  initial_osculating.eccentricity = 1e-6;
  initial_osculating.inclination = 10 * Milli(ArcSecond);
  initial_osculating.longitude_of_ascending_node = 10 * Degree;
  initial_osculating.argument_of_periapsis = 20 * Degree;
  initial_osculating.mean_anomaly = 30 * Degree;
  auto const status_or_elements = OrbitalElements::ForTrajectory(
      *EarthCentredTrajectory(
          initial_osculating, J2000, J2000 + mission_duration, *ephemeris),
      earth,
      MasslessBody{});
  ASSERT_THAT(status_or_elements, IsOk());
  OrbitalElements const& elements = status_or_elements.ValueOrDie();
  EXPECT_THAT(
      elements.anomalistic_period(),
      DifferenceFrom(*initial_osculating.period, IsNear(-8.0_⑴ * Second)));
  EXPECT_THAT(
      elements.nodal_period(),
      DifferenceFrom(*initial_osculating.period, IsNear(-14_⑴ * Second)));
  EXPECT_THAT(
      elements.sidereal_period(),
      DifferenceFrom(*initial_osculating.period, IsNear(-16_⑴ * Second)));

  // This value is meaningless, see below.
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.nodal_precession(), IsNear(2.0_⑴ * Degree / Day));

  // Mean element values.
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_semimajor_axis_interval().midpoint(),
              AbsoluteErrorFrom(*initial_osculating.semimajor_axis,
                                IsNear(105_⑴ * Metre)));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_eccentricity_interval().midpoint(),
              IsNear(0.0014_⑴));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_inclination_interval().midpoint(),
              AbsoluteErrorFrom(initial_osculating.inclination,
                                IsNear(6.0_⑴ * ArcSecond)));

  // Mean element stability: Ω and ω exhibit a daily oscillation (likely due to
  // the tesseral terms of the geopotential) as the very low inclination means
  // that these elements are singular.
  // The other elements are stable.
  // A closer analysis would show that the longitude of periapsis ϖ = Ω + ω
  // exhibits a precession that is largely free of oscillations, and that, if
  // its oscillations are filtered, the argument of periapsis ω precesses as
  // expected; the longitude of the ascending node Ω exhibits no obvious
  // precession even if its daily oscillation is filtered out.
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_semimajor_axis_interval().measure(),
              IsNear(20_⑴ * Metre));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_eccentricity_interval().measure(),
              IsNear(9.2e-5_⑴));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_inclination_interval().measure(),
              IsNear(11_⑴ * ArcSecond));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_longitude_of_ascending_node_interval().measure(),
              IsNear(136_⑴ * Degree));
  EXPECT_THAT(elements.mean_argument_of_periapsis_interval().measure(),
              IsNear(154_⑴ * Degree));

  OFStream f(SOLUTION_DIR / "mathematica" /
             "fully_perturbed_elements.generated.wl");
  f << mathematica::Assign("fullyPerturbedOsculating",
                           elements.osculating_equinoctial_elements());
  f << mathematica::Assign("fullyPerturbedMean",
                           elements.mean_equinoctial_elements());
}

#endif

}  // namespace astronomy
}  // namespace principia


Teksupport aims to lift the sounds of the underground to the New York festival circuit with the debut of Gather Outdoors Festival in the Catskill Mountains!
"For the love of music, we come together in nature". This is the mission of Teksupport as they embark on their brand new festival concept, Gather Outdoors Festival at Holiday Mountain in Monticello, NY, May 25-26, 2019. As the sounds of house and techno bounce between the majesty of the Catskill Mountains, this promises to be an experience that will linger on in your memory bank for many years to come!
With the date and location locked in, the news has just gotten so much sweeter as we have a phase one lineup for you to sink your teeth into. From the genre-transcendent stylings of ART DEPARTMENT and the Desert Hearts crew who are focused on dancefloor unity to legendary artist MK and iconic groove master Danny Tenaglia, this lineup is stacked! Also joining in on the fun are artists like Francesca Lombardo, Matador, Chaim, and Amelie Lens who will surely be rocking the stage over the course of the weekend.
Ready for more great news? Attendees have the option to camp on-site or relax in the comfort of many neighboring resorts and hotels. Beyond the musical experience, you will also be able to jump in on a vast array of fun-filled seasonal activities as you become one with the refreshing environment. And have no fear about getting to the location because a shuttle service to and from Manhattan will be available as well!
With Teksupport leading the way, you can bet that this gathering will be the first of many to come. Tickets for Gather Outdoors Festival 2019 are on sale now via Tixr! Check out the phase one lineup below and let us know who you're stoked to see.


text:
Norge deltog med 70 deltagare vid de olympiska sommarspelen 1988 i Seoul. Totalt vann de fem medaljer och slutade på tjugoförsta plats i medaljligan.

Medaljer

Guld
 Jon Rønningen - Brottning, grekisk-romersk stil, flugvikt
 Tor Heiestad - Skytte, 50 m rörligt mål

Silver
 Handbollslandslaget damer (Ingrid Steen, Heidi Sundal, Cathrine Svendsen, Karin Pettersen, Karin Singstad, Annette Skotvoll, Hanne Hogness, Vibeke Johnsen, Kristin Midthun, Susann Goksør, Trine Haltvik, Hanne Hegh, Kjerstin Andersen, Berit Digre och Marthe Eliasson)
 Alf Hansen, Vetle Vinje, Rolf Thorsen och Lars Bjønness - Rodd, fyrsculler
 Ole Pollen och Erik Bjørkum - Segling, flygande holländare

Brottning

Lätt flugvikt, grekisk-romersk stil
Lars Rønningen

Flugvikt, grekisk-romersk stil
Jon Rønningen

Bantamvikt, grekisk-romersk stil
Ronny Sigde

Lättvikt, grekisk-romersk stil
Morten Brekke

Mellanvikt, grekisk-romersk stil
Stig Kleven

Cykling

Damernas linjelopp
 Unni Larsen — 2:00:52 (→ 20:e plats)
 Astrid Danielsen — 2:00:52 (→ 35:e plats)

Friidrott

Herrarnas 5 000 meter
 Lars Ove Strømø
 Heat — fullföljde inte (→ ingen placering)

Herrarnas 10 000 meter
 John Halvorsen
 Heat — 28:22,25
 Final — 28:29,21 (→ 16:e plats)

Damernas 10 000 meter
 Ingrid Kristiansen
 Heat — Ingrid Kristiansen
 Final — fullföljde inte (→ ingen placering)

Herrarnas maraton
 Geir Kvernmo — fullföljde inte (→ ingen placering)

Damernas maraton
 Sissel Grottenberg — 2"38:17 (→ 36:e plats)
 Grete Waitz — fullföljde inte (→ ingen placering)
 Bente Moe — startade inte (→ ingen placering)

Herrarnas kulstötning
 Georg Andersen
 Kval — 20,05m (gick till final)
 Final — 19,91m (→ 10:e plats)

Herrarnas diskuskastning
 Knut Hjeltnes
 Kval — 63,50m
 Final — 64,94 m (→ 7:e plats)

 Svein Inge Valvik
 Kval — 60,64m (→ gick inte vidare)

Damernas spjutkastning
 Trine Hattestad — Final, 58,82m (18:e plats)

Herrarnas 20 kilometer gång
 Erling Andersen — 1:23:30 (→ 22:a plats)

Herrarnas 50 kilometer gång
 Erling Andersen — fullföljde inte (→ ingen notering)

Handboll

Damer
Gruppspel

Slutspel

Ridsport

Segling

Simhopp

Källor

1988 i Norge
Nationer i olympiska sommarspelen 1988
1988

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Gandhinagar and Surendranagar "Mega Job Fair" (09-07-2018 & 10-07-2018): District Employment Exchange Gandhinagar and Surendranagar has published Recruitment notifications for below mentioned Posts 2018. More information please read below mention Official notification carefully.
Educational Qualification: ITI / 10th / 12th / Graduate, More information please read below mentioned details carefully.


Aplications: It can be used in the welding of 18%Cr-8%Ni or 20%Cr-10%Ni austenitic stainless steel equipment and pipe with SJ601, HJ260 and other fluxes.
Precuations:1.It should take small current and small wire energy input in welding, and users according to their own welding conditions for process assessment, and to develop a reasonable technical specifications.
2.Do remove the rust , oil, water and other impurities on weldment before welding.
The sub arc process uses a powdered flux that the welding wire is submerged into. The welding process takes place inside the flux bed to protect the arc. Available in a large variety of AWS classifications Subarc Stainless Steel MIG wire is used in the joining of various types of stainless steel.


Know Mount Notre Dame Class of 1968 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 1968 Class List by adding missing names.
More 1968 alumni from Mount Notre Dame HS have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 1968 alumni.
Alumni from the Mount Notre Dame High School class of 1968 that have been added to this alumni directory are shown on this page. All of the people on this page graduated in '68 from Mount Notre Dame . You can register for free to add your name to the MNDHS alumni directory.


9am - At the Wal*Mart, yesterday, a bunch of red clay pots were bought. Big ones, and medium size too.
I've been busy this morning using some of those newly bought red clay pots. Re-potting from ceramic pots which feature an included dish. Those included dish pots do not drain correctly. That's bad for the flowers.
The Tiny Waterfall side, on the right of the garden, is done. Only fine tuning to do for that side.
In the pic below, you may see the left side. Some more concrete bricks may be needed over there.
Yesterday I picked up the Weber 1Burner Q1000 Gas Grill that I bought from the Wal*Mart. Now I will be able to invite friends over to eat at the park with me!
I bought the folding hand truck, that you see in the pic below, to help me move the Weber when I go to the park. I plan to attach a wood platform to the hand truck. The Weber will sit on the platform when I'm moving the grill.
The first thing that I plan to do with my new Weber Grill is to take to the park and test it. Make sure that it gets hot. And grill a chicken breast to see how that works.
The Weber Q1000 does not come with a temperature gage. So, I bought one and will install it myself when it arrives. It's really easy to install the gage. Just drill a hole in the cover, and hold the gage in place with a wing nut.
Now I am able to invite my friends, John and Mimi, to a park party and I will prepare the food that we will eat myself! I've eaten at John & Mimi's home many times since I met them in 2003. I never invited them over to eat, until now!
Weber and his friend, Hand Truck!
My intention when I made a reservation at PF Chang's, was to do some blog post during lunch. When I was seated at a table and opened my backpack, the MacBook wasn't there. I had forgotten it.
But I had my iPhone! I had attempted blogging on the iPhone before. However, I did not remember how that went for me.
After spending about an hour trying to blog, I put the phone away. Blogging on a screen that is as small as my iPhone, is an exercise in futility! If you are able to do it, I am in awe of your skills.
5pm - "In Search of Israeli Cuisine"
"In Search of Israeli Cuisine"
A Temple Emanu-El friend sent me a blurb about this movie. It looked good. So, I bought a ticket. If you like to view a trailer, click [here].
The title of the movie is kind of an inside joke. Israel is not known for making good food. At least that was the case during Israel's first 30 years.
When I returned to Guava Gardens, I saw a group of my lady friend/tenants out at poolside talking. I went over to the group, and sat down.
We talked about my going hot tubbing every evening. And I invited them to go tubbing with me. None of them came. Hmmmmm?
PS: I've invited other ladies to the hot tub. Ladies who don't live at Guava Gardens. They didn't come either. The last one told me, "I'm not ready for hot tubbing yet." Double Hmmmmm with sugar on it!
I have the webber 1200, and it will get to 500 degrees, so you should be fine! Nice grill!
I bought a thermometer that I will install in the cover. Your 1200 unit came with a thermometer. Mine didn't.
That looks like a great setup..Weber is a reliable brand. and..You can put a small cooler on the same hand truck....good choice.
The flowers that grow in my balcony garden are shade tolerant.
I have a couple of grow lights on the balcony. I've just bought 15 tiny red clay pots. My thinking is to grow veggies from seed and start those seeds in the tiny red clay pots.
Well, the friends are very cute. I hope they have good time with each other.
Hilarious!!!......."Double Hmmmmm with sugar on it!"


That's because math can create a model for how everything works. And there's always a 'right' answer.
Making an impact, they claim, is not about the tool or the platform, it's about the people. So, Chris and Julien focus on principles that will impact people, regardless of the medium. It's about spreading ideas and making your mark, no matter how you connect with people. It just so happens that today's online tools puts everyone on equal playing field where there's no excuse for you to not to make a difference. Even though Chris and Julien are big advocates of the current tools, and seem to be regarded as 'social media experts' that is not their focus. They are experts in the human element – how to be more human – with today's social tools, instead of just more automated and impersonal, which only creates 'noise'.
The word, CREATE, not only helps us to remember the 6 concepts, but also signifies that creating something is at the core of all your work, and impact is the goal.
We all like to think that our ideas or message or life in general will have a positive impact on at least someone somewhere. This book will get us thinking about the dynamics of how impact happens and what strategies we need to incorporate for us to generate more of it.
What will you create that will make an impact?
"When everyone has a tattoo, tattoos cease to stand out and we need more."
Contrast is the multiplier of the equation (if you noticed the mathematical operator), which means that it contributes the most to the overall impact. It is the thing that makes you stand out from the crowd. Marketers call it a USP (Unique Selling Proposition) so it is not a new concept, just maybe one that people don't seem to put a lot of effort into developing.
"The best idea spreaders think hard about how they design and shape their ideas." pg. 56 In an age where ideas are overwhelmingly abundant and easily published, the only way for one of them to get noticed among the noise is for it to have contrast with all around it. The authors describe good ideas as ones with the right 'shape', which means they can be thrown, caught, and bounced effectively, whereas a poorly shaped idea won't go far.
Ideas have an ecosystem, "they are always competing either until they have achieved a monopoly, like human beings, or until they die out entirely, like the dodo." As creators we are having ideas all the time, so knowing which ones to nurture and which ones to let die is a critical skill that is helped by the tools of the internet. It is a perfect laboratory for testing environments.
As humans we recognize patterns. We learn everything by recognizing patterns and seeing the breaks in those patterns. We do things we like, that make us happy, and avoid things we don't like, or that cause us pain. We are always experimenting to find out what side things are on. So, pattern breaking, or contrast, gets our idea into the experiment more easily.
"…idea creation is not an accident. It follows a process. You must recognize a good idea in your head and then mold it like clay until it's ready for public consumption."
We'd all like our YouTube video to go viral, or our web site to be at the top of a Google search for our subject, or our book to reach number one on the best seller list, but that doesn't happen just because you've produced it. You need the design of the idea to have certain qualities. The authors reference the Heath brothers' Made to Stick as a great resource on this subject, but they explain a few.
One of those essential qualities is that your idea must fulfill a need. "Highly efficient ideas help people fill a blank space in their head, whether they know it exists or not" explain the authors. Your audience needs something useful to them, not just something you think is cool.
Along with good qualities, Chris and Julien have developed a framework for helping an idea serve your needs. They list 7 useful questions on pages 70 and 71 that help you determine how it fits into your work, such as, what is the goal of the idea, can I make it happen, and when will I be done.
I'll be using this framework and designing my ideas with 'sticky' qualities as part of my actions.
"Good ideas make you feel… something, anything!"
Another essential quality of a good idea is that it goes past the brain and reaches into the heart. The only reason people feel compelled to share something with others is when they have had an emotional experience with your idea. They are wiping tears either because of sadness, compassion, joy, or because they are laughing so hard their gut hurts.
Information alone does not sway people to make decisions. Logically, you may think it makes the most sense, if people only knew the facts, they would choose correctly, but the market tells us otherwise. Think of the commercials you remember most. Are they the ones that displayed the most facts in a list of bullet points? I don't think so. You remember the ones that made you fall off your chair laughing, or digging into your wallet to donate because you couldn't bear to see another helpless child suffer.
People react to emotion. That's what makes us unique and human. Let computers handle the number crunching and information gathering, we have a higher power when communicating with other humans. Find the emotional angle to your idea to give it that power of impact in the human world.
Chris and Julien are excellent humans. They know how to make an impact because they've done it. They've also done things that haven't been so effective, and they've learned from their mistakes. If you'd like some game changing instruction on how to make a difference in the world, then I highly recommend reading The Impact Equation. It'll help you make things happen, instead of just making noise.
What have you learned from creating ideas and launching them into the marketplace? Have you made an impact, or just noise?


PM Modi will also visit the Sant Kabir cave and unveil a plaque to mark the laying of foundation stone of the Kabir Academy, which will highlight the great saint's and teachings.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Thursday will address a public rally and lay the foundation stone of the Sant Kabir Academy at Maghar in Uttar Pradesh to mark the 500th death anniversary of Kabir Das, the mystic poet, and saint.
According to an official statement issued in New Delhi, the prime minister will offer a 'chadar' at the 'mazaar' of Kabir.
He will also visit the Sant Kabir cave and unveil a plaque to mark the laying of foundation stone of the Kabir Academy, which will highlight the great saint's and teachings.
Earlier on Sunday, during his monthly radio address programme 'Mann Ki Baat', the prime minister had recalled the contribution of 15th-century poet and saint Kabir Das in dispelling superstitions.
Kabir Das preferred to breathe his last in Maghar, despite the common belief that whoever dies there does not reach heaven, he had said.
"Just as the prime minister gave a message from the Gorakhnath peeth in Gorakhpur in 2014, he will give a message from the nirvan sthali of Kabir Das this time," zonal vice president of the BJP, Satyendra Sinha said.
He added that more than two lakh people are expected to attend the rally on Tuesday.
Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath will receive the prime minister at the Gorakhpur airport. The two leaders would leave for Maghar in a chopper, BJP district unit president Jarnadan Tiwari said.
The chief minister had been personally reviewing preparations for the prime minister's visit. Adityanath had also held meetings with the Sant Kabir Nagar administration officials, party leaders and office bearers in this regard.
The prime minister will be taken around the mausoleum of Kabir Das. He would also lay the foundation stone of the Sant Kabir Academy, a research institute expected to come up at a cost of Rs. 24 crore, Sinha said.
His visit will give a message of social harmony as Sant Kabir stood for equality, he added.