text:
Allow Me to Introduce You to World War Three
I suppose Syria is just down the road from Armageddon. I guess that'll have to do.
Let's see, we've got so many players - Syria, of course, and then there's the Syrian rebels (of sorts), Syrian Kurds, the Islamists (al Nusra, al Qaeda, ISIS), the Western Meddlers (US, Britain, France, Canada, Australia and various others), oh yeah, Russia, Iran although they're pretty much in Iraq, and of course there's Turkey although it's not sure from one day to the next whose side they're on. That's a full load by any description.
Now we've got a new player, Saudi Arabia, and the Sauds, unlike the West, are taking their fight right to Assad. This is where things could spiral out of control really fast.
The Sauds are massing ground and air force units in Turkey and, no, they're not going after ISIS. From The Independent:
Syrian President Bashar al-Assad will be removed by force if the Syrian peace process fails, Saudi Arabia's Foreign Minister has said.
"Bashar al-Assad will leave - have no doubt about it" Saudi Arabia's Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir told CNN. "He will either leave by a political process or he will be removed by force."
Saudi Arabia has sent troops and fighter jets to a Turkish military base ahead of a possible ground invasion of Syria.
Mr Jubeir said Saudi Arabia is prepared to contribute ground troops to the fight in Syria, but only as part of a US-led coalition.
He added: "We will push as much as we can to ensure that the political process works. But if that doesn't work, it will be because of the obstinance of the Syrian regime and that of its allies.
"And should that prove to be the case, then it becomes clear that there is no option to remove Bashar al-Assad except by force."
The Saudi foreign minister says Russia won't be able to save Assad. That's pretty big talk from a guy whose country has had to appeal to Israel for help crushing the Houthi rebels in Yemen. Why do they need Israel's help. Because the Houthi are kicking Saudi ass. al-Jubeir let slip that the Houthis have already shot down 28 Saudi F-15s with basic, shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles. Wow, that's getting costly.
al-Jubeir may be crazy enough to believe Putin will fold and withdraw his forces if Saudi troops invade Syria to topple Assad.
Posted by The Mound of Sound at 12:25 PM
Jay Farquharson said...
awdnews is out of Pakistan and are not a reliable source.
I seriously wonder whose side Canada is on because I can't figure out who is supposed to be the good guys.
And who knows what the Taliban are up to these days....
The main story is from The Independent, Jay, and that's very credible. As to the business about Saudi jet losses, I can't imagine a Sunni Pakistani news agency being pro-Houthi, can you?
@ Anon - the Talibs are reportedly fighting ISIS forces in Afghanistan. Then again, we're buddies with the Saudis who are bombing the hell out of the Yemeni Houthis. Those rebel Houthis are also fighting a land war with ISIS and al Qaeda forces in Yemen. In other words we're allied with a country that's flying air support for ISIS. Neat, eh?
I read an article the other day Mound where the author said the US is getting 4 times the money for their military this year. They are expanding throughout Europe because of the threat they say of Russian aggression toward Europe. What their really doing is preparing to provoke, attack or invade Russia. I wonder if Russia going off the dollar and on to the Chinese Yuan has anything to do with the US's military expansion. So much propaganda being focused on Russia. I still believe the Reason US/NATO obliterated Libya and murdered Quaddafi, was because he wanted to also stop using the dollar and go onto the gold dinar for all of Africa.
The US seems to be accelerating their aggression toward Russia. I don't know why Europe is passively accepting this from the US. They know Russia is not a threat to them. This is a very dangerous move by the US. If you're interested in the article, I'd have to look it up and I'd be glad to do that.
If you're interested Mound. The article is posted on the Axis of Logic site, its title is "US now overtly at war against Russia", by Eric Zuesse.
Yes, Pamela, Obama has increased the Pentagon's budget for Europe four-fold recently. It's hard to say what's going on but I don't believe the US is mad enough to start a shooting war with Russia. NATO seems to be more bellicose than ever and I've questioned whether the positioning of destroyers and frigates in the Aegean is really about stopping refugee smuggling.
A recent American assessment suggests NATO's forward deployment in the Baltics would be eliminated within 3-days if the Russians chose to attack.
There's a real propaganda war underway. I trust you saw Ignatieff's call for a NATO 'no fly zone' over Syria in the Washington Post last week. He's one crazy son of a bitch. There's plenty of speculation in the American media that Putin would attack us. Madness.
Each one of these chest bump showdowns increases the chances of something unintentionally going completely wrong.
Well we got our Cold War back. Yippee!
ThinkingManNeil said...
28 F-15's downed? What are those Saudi Eagle Drivers doing? Flying around with "Kick Me!" signs taped to their tails???
e.a.f. said...
NATO ought to expel Turkey. Then the west ought to get out of fighting in the middle east. They ought to lend some support and a give a ton of money to Jordon and some of the other countries, to support the refugees and then just let them fight it out. Oh, perhaps we could ensure the kurds don't get killed.
If the Saudi's will go to war with the Americans leading what that means to me, is the Americans do the work and collect their dead and the Saudis will watch. The Saudis are no one's friend except their own. Watch out for men wearing dresses who aren't drag queens.
They are a rumour site, like Superstation95,
The Ansruallah Movement themselves have claimed 2 F-16's, 1 F-15 and 3 Apache helecopters, ( 2 on the ground),
While the Yemen War is stacking up to be The Saudi/GCC Vietnam, wild claims are being made on the "intertubes", and not by Far's or the Ansruallah Movement, but instead, CT websites and rumour mills.
aphic video of Ansruallah fighters casually walking into a Saudi Guard Forward Operating Base and killing the Saudi National Guard.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=hSTAO-9MG3M&ebc=ANyPxKohgBEc4wwu0xiCy-rs52IWBSONrK2nPlZF-X_UmmNhLATFwC_gEJuU9hpr3hQkaomFUMcdkRw1uXUzd0RlhgtFiKdPyQ
The absence of MSM coverage creates this void.
2:38 AM, February 15, 2016
5:56 Do you mean Ignatieff "Is one crazy son of a bastard"? Since it is women who give life and men who begin wars. This kind of comment only insults women. My comment is meant in the best manner possible but is to remind that this kind of birth so referred, is not an immaculate conception.
Yes, I'm sure that's exactly what I meant. Thanks.
Hey, Junior. Pull Your Thumb Out. Read The Tyee.
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The guest house is small and wonderful, comprised of 4 private rooms, all together 10 guests max.
We are located at Portugal's Surf Capital, a rural area on the beach which is for me the greatest place to live in.
If you surf or want to learn how to surf, if you enjoy beach towns, cleaning and accommodating guests, this is the place for you.
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Help needed includes cleaning mostly and accommodating the guests every now and again.
This is part time, around 2.5 hours a day, the rest of the time is for the helper to enjoy.
Minimum (Portuguese) wages will be paid for hours worked, which exceed 2.5 hours daily. Up to 2.5 hours daily will be offset against accommodation, in accordance with local labor laws.
We offer helpers a bed in the dorm room and free use of all the facilities of the house; kitchen, pool, tennis court, ping pong table, barbecue and pizza oven in the yard, terrace etc..
She has spent the month of October with us and showed great care about the work and about being part of the team.
We wish her all the best!!!
I want to thank you again for a great month of October. I had the best time in your hostel. The guests and the general atmosphere in the hostel made my stay one of the best times. . I once heared 'Your vibe creates your tribe.' Well, for you this defenitely seems to be true.
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Milena has spent 3 months with us this summer. She performed her duties in the most excellent ways, cared about the house and proved to be an incredibly reliable team member and friend.
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On top of her ability to take care of all the basic day to day things our surf-house needed, she has great motivation and many capabilities and rare qualities that drove her to take on bigger tasks… read more and goals with which she was able to make significant positive results for our project on a larger scale.
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I spent 5 weeks in the house and I am finding it really hard to express the amount of wonderful things going on in this incredible little surfing village and to find any negative thing about my experience, actually, there were none. Yariv and Gali were the bests hosts I could ask for. Yariv is kind, open, fun, interesting to talk to, chill... he… read more would help me with everything that was at his reach and made me feel extremelly valuable and loved... Gali is awesome too, full time smiler, symphathetic and a incredibly amazing cook. The house felt like home, I was able to surf everyday basically and caught the best and biggest waves ever. The work was totally okay, I never felt any preassure or stress about it. Thank you so much, again!
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Volunteer with Sapa O'Chau in Sa Pa, Northern Vietnam.
Help needed with computer skills to re music educational books in Apulia.


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text:
How Germany's Eulenburg Affair Helped Lead To WWI
By Mina Nakatani/Aug. 9, 2022 12:57 am EST
The generally accepted narrative of what started World War I is pretty universal. After all, ask just about anyone, and if they have any answer to give you about the cause of the First World War, it's probably something to the tune of "the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand." A Serbian national kills a visiting Austro-Hungarian noble, everyone starts pointing fingers at everyone else, and then all of a sudden, a world war breaks out. It makes sense.
But the more you start reading into what actually caused this conflict, the messier the whole narrative becomes. Really, it's much closer to a complex web of somewhat-related events and policies, rather than a single, isolated, catastrophic event (via the Indiana Department of Education).
And it's that complicated mess that proves to be the perfect backdrop for Germany's Eulenburg Affair. Described by historian Norman Domeier as "the first homosexual scare of the 20th century," the Eulenburg Affair was a domestic scandal that would ultimately prove to have much more international effects (worldwide effects, quite literally speaking). It's a little-discussed piece of early 20th-century history, but one that might have been a lot more consequential (and complicated) than it would immediately seem. Here's that story.
Otto von Bismarck and the years before the Eulenburg Affair
Estate Of Emil Bieber / Klaus Niermann/Getty Images
To really understand the kind of effects the Eulenburg Affair had on Germany, it's pretty helpful to have a sense of just what was happening in the years prior to it. And given that the Eulenburg Affair is largely said to have taken place from 1906 to 1909 (via "The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I"), well, just what was going on in Germany in the late 19th century?
When it comes to events important to this narrative, that can be summed up by looking at one historical figure: Otto von Bismarck. Per History, Bismarck was a hugely important figure in German national identity. Known as the "Iron Chancellor," Bismarck served as chief minister under Prussian king William I, but he was really the power behind the throne. Major reforms and heavy industrialization came to be under his leadership, but maybe more important than that was the credit he's given for the unification of Germany. That's no small task, and on top of that, he made Germany into a force to be reckoned with on the international stage, waging strategic wars and carefully balancing rivalries across Europe.
Though his rule ended in 1890, Reuters explains that he's maintained a type of hero-worship across Germany – a legacy that's actually rather complicated in the modern day. Present-day Germans don't know exactly where he should stand in their history books, but prior to World War II, he was someone to be worshipped and a symbol of nationalistic pride.
The court of Kaiser Wilhelm II
Everett Collection/Shutterstock
The reign of Otto von Bismarck came to an end in 1890, but, per History, rule under his successors proved to represent a pretty wild swing away from the policies under the Iron Chancellor. Without getting into the full history of the German royal family, it was the grandson of William I, Wilhelm II (or William II) who ultimately ousted Bismarck from power, intending to plot his "New Course," as History describes it. But that course of his ended up fraught with problems.
Over the course of his reign, Wilhelm II was prone to making decisions based purely on his emotions, leading to instances where German foreign policy didn't really make much sense. And that wasn't counting the times when he committed social faux-pas, sometimes offending people on a national scale.
On top of that, according to a review of "The Kaiser and His Court," Wilhelm II effectively set the German court back a few decades. Where Bismarck was known as a man of the people and a capable statesman, Wilhelm modeled his court more like the aristocratic, monarchic organizations of the past – something that would've been considered pretty anachronistic, especially following the changes brought under Bismarck. The old-school, decadent, aristocratic bearings of Wilhelm's court are also mentioned a number of times by Norman Domeier, who then goes on to recount contemporary accounts which linked the aristocracy with effeminacy – a link that would ultimately have quite the dramatic effect on the world at large.
The prince of Eulenburg
Alright, so it's one thing to start deep diving into the nuances of German politics and society prior to the Eulenburg Affair, but just who was this big affair named after anyway? Well, that would be Philipp Friedrich Karl Alexander Botho, Fürst zu Eulenburg – or, more simply, Philipp, prince of Eulenburg. As is clear by his title, Eulenburg was an aristocrat, but more than that, he was an incredibly influential member of Kaiser Wilhelm II's court. In fact, he was actually a close personal friend of Wilhelm, although Britannica chooses to use the wording "intimate friend." Given his place in this story, the word choice isn't entirely unjustified.
Eulenburg was a member of the Liebenberg Dining Circle (via "The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I"), a group of friends who had taken their name from Eulenburg's own castle, and which, in general, came to widely represent an image of posh, aristocratic decadence that had become almost anachronistic in a nation that had been led by Otto von Bismarck. As such, that group fell under heavy scrutiny, but it was the fact that they had close ties to Wilhelm II that really set the stage for scandal. After all, the difference between the connotations of "close" and "intimate" meant a lot, especially in the early 20th century.
Maximilian Harden and Die Zukunft
Rudolf Dührkoop/Wikimedia Commons
As stated in "The Eulenburg Affair," the political and social situation in Germany had already primed the country for a great crisis of some kind, but despite all of that pre-existing tension, the precarious situation still needed that last thing to push it over the edge. Enter Maximilian Harden.
Already a controversial journalist at the time (via "The Power of Sexology in the Eulenburg Affair, 1906-1909"), Harden happened to get his hands on a handful of letters that had been exchanged between Wilhelm II's close group of friends – Eulenburg included. Per "The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I," the writers of those letters referred to each other with intimate nicknames ("sweetie," "old badger," and "sweetheart," to name a few, with the last one allegedly referring to Wilhelm himself). With that information, Harden penned a scathing article and published it in his own magazine, "Die Zukunft," accusing the kaiser and his inner circle of homosexuality, and specifically alleging that Eulenburg was their ringleader.
But it went beyond just accusations of sexuality. Rather, Harden took the chance to slander Eulenburg and his circle, blaming them for every political failing of Wilhelm II up to that point and, essentially, using them as very convenient scapegoats to push his own agenda.
The trials of the Eulenburg Affair
With Maximilian Harden's scathing article regarding Eulenburg and the Wilhelmine court as a whole, it only made sense that trials would follow. And while, according to "German, Jew, Muslim, Gay: The Life and Times of Hugo Marcus," the trials were something of a mess, filled with contradictory testimonies from a supposed expert, they did seem to have an effect in the larger scheme of things.
One of the trials is mentioned fairly often, and it's the one of General Kuno Graf von Moltke, a friend of Eulenburg. As explained in "The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I," a large part of Moltke's trial centered around his relationship with his wife; she reportedly beat him on numerous occasions, and he feared her sexual advances. Officially, the testimony put the blame on her for the problems in their marriage, but unofficially, it emasculated one of the highest officials in Wilhelm II's court, something that surprised the public and, most likely, began to sow seeds of doubt in the minds of the people regarding their nation's reputation.
However, it's also worth mentioning that, per Britannica, the accusations toward Eulenburg, at the very least, were never proven. (For that matter, there's never been any evidence proving that Wilhelm II was gay, either, despite him being indirectly implicated in the entire affair). And as for Harden? In case you were curious, Moltke sued him for libel, though he was eventually acquitted.
Sexuality, politics, and morality
corgarashu/Shutterstock
Even though the technicalities of the Eulenburg Affair might seem somewhat straightforward – accusations of homosexuality leveled at prominent government officials – the actual implications that color those accusations are quite a bit more complex.
For one, per "The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I," the trials weren't just about sexuality, but rather about treason, with Maximilian Harden making claims that Eulenburg and his friends were more likely to (and had) committed treason largely as a result of their sexuality. Little of concrete value actually came from those claims, though they did tie Eulenburg and his circle with a supposedly dangerous political pacifism – one that Harden argued was isolating Wilhelm II from the people, and Germany from the rest of the world. Harden even went so far as to claim that Otto von Bismarck himself had named Eulenburg's group as a danger to national interests, as well as the force behind the downfall of his government in 1890.
But things don't end there because, of course, morals also have to get pulled in. Norman Domeier adds that Harden had a bit more to say on that topic, accusing Eulenburg's circle of being "degenerated" individuals who were surrounding the kaiser with the intention of bringing about not just a political decline from Bismarck's empire, but also a moral one.
The Eulenburg Affair and the First Moroccan Crisis
When it comes to talking about the Eulenburg Affair and its relations to the failings of the Wilhelmine court, it's easy to get caught up in generalizations about political pacifism and bungled international dealings. But there is one event that helps to more concretely define just what Harden was thinking about: the First Moroccan Crisis.
As told by History, in March 1905, Britain and France were settling their imperialist affairs in Africa. But Germany saw that the other two nations were intentionally leaving it out of international affairs. So Wilhelm II decided to take matters into his own hands. Turning his attention toward Morocco, he loudly announced that he recognized the country's independence, doing so with the intention of assuring that Germany could have equal trade rights in Africa. But that didn't quite pan out as expected. Instead, Wilhelm's actions invited suspicion, which in turn invited a whole host of international discussions in Algeciras. At the end of the day, France actually came out on top, with controlling interests in Morocco and an informal alliance with Britain.
As for Germany? According to Norman Domeier, Maximilian Harden spun it this way: Germans wanted to use the conference in Algeciras to project strength and threaten war if things didn't go their way. But, at the behest of Eulenburg and his circle, Wilhelm made it public that he desired peace. Doing so undermined the legitimacy of any shows of strength, and that ultimately led to Germany's embarrassment on the world stage. All of a sudden, the nation was supposedly the laughing stock of the world, and no other nation would take them seriously. At least, that's what Harden claimed.
The Eulenburg Affair and views of masculinity
German Army/Wikimedia Commons
While it's one thing to sum up the technical events of the Eulenburg Affair, it's another thing entirely to trace how it ultimately affected all of the events to come later (World War I, included). Because this isn't as simple as one nation getting revenge for an assassination, or something like that; it has a lot more to do with the German people's view of themselves, and that's the kind of thing that starts to get a little murkier.
Norman Domeier gets into all the details. In effect, the Eulenburg Affair made all sorts of connections between a bunch of different concepts. Homosexuality got linked to pacifism and aristocracy, but also a whole host of traits that were, at the time, considered effeminate (softness, meekness, and the like). More generally speaking, these were all traits that were seen as weak, and all of a sudden, Germans were concerned that the international community viewed them as a minor power that would back down from every fight.
In contrast, masculinity came to be associated really heavily with things like rampant imperialism and outright violence, as well as power and progress in a very vague sense. Being viewed as a country that was hyper-masculine by this definition also meant being viewed as a major power in international affairs, the kind of power that shouldn't be trifled with. After losses in foreign affairs and being forced to confront their views of themselves, many Germans decided that belligerent masculinity (and a fear of appearing effeminate) was the way forward.
The international community didn't help
Imagno/Getty Images
While Germany was in the midst of a crisis of self-perception, given that the Eulenburg Affair took place around the turn of the 20th century, this seemingly domestic affair proved to be anything but. In actuality, the rest of the world was watching with interest — and making plenty of comments, some of them pretty provocative.
In general, a number of international observers saw Germany's sudden fall from grace, equating political problems, moral decline, and overall scandal; Wilhelm II, in particular, came to be the target of plenty of scorn (via "The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I").
But it was the French who really saw all of this and decided to run with it. Warmongering newspapers explicitly attacked the German sense of masculinity by poking fun at Wilhelm II, painting him as an effeminate leader surrounded by scores of adoring men. (In contrast, they made it well known that Napoleon – their brilliant military man and leader of the past – would've been surrounded by tons of adoring women. Because this was the early 20th century, so, unfortunately, insults looked like that.) Other publications even said that the scandal and scrutiny were merely Germany's just desserts for the earlier Franco-Prussian War, per "The Power of Sexology in the Eulenburg Affair, 1906-1909," and were fortunes reversed, Germans would gladly point and laugh at the French. So in a way, they saw it as justifiable. The Germans, though? They saw it as an unforgivable insult, and one that would have consequences.
Reactionary warmongering
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Germany was in crisis mode, to say the least. The German people were questioning everything about their government, national identity, morality, and how all of those things played with each other, and all of a sudden, they were also being insulted by the French. All they knew was that something needed to be done, and that became the perfect place for German imperialists to step in and offer a solution: war.
It shouldn't need to be said that war is a terrible solution to anything, but plenty of arguments in its favor began to fly about. Per "The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I," the idea of revitalizing the German military became much more appealing as a way to remind the world that Germany was, in fact, strong and masculine and a force to be reckoned with. Following that logic, war was raised as the perfect vehicle for doing just that; it would allow them to build up their military and give them the chance to, essentially, show off just how tough they were. What was more, due to the connections between aristocracy and pacifism, a war would necessarily drive out those pesky, pacifist nobles; speaking more metaphorically, a war would allow Germany to shed its old skin and emerge as a fully modern nation (you know, the modern nation that many ascribed to the influence of Otto von Bismarck.)
Contemporary journals summed up this feeling, saying, "A fresh and merry war can be a blessing for the people," and all the while, German policy became more and more aggressive and nationalistic as the 1910s approached. If that's not set up for World War I, then what is?
Maybe the Eulenburg Affair was just a symptom of something much larger
In a number of different ways, the Eulenburg Affair was far from an isolated incident. "The Power of Sexology in the Eulenburg Affair, 1906-1909" illustrates that, not only going into the fact that this was an early example of mass media allowing international audiences to snoop on scandals worldwide but also adding that it wasn't the only time accusations of homosexuality had made waves. Europe in general was in the midst of a crisis of masculinity, with various people across the continent giving their two cents about what did or didn't contribute to their concept of true masculinity.
But this concept goes past solely masculinity and sexuality. "The Homosexual Scare and the Masculinization of German Politics before World War I" also delves into the then-emerging idea of globalization, of international groups being formed that reached across national borders. Maximilian Harden raised the point to try and argue that gay men cared little for nationalistic pride, and while that logic is flawed, the general idea of globalization is, perhaps, still interesting.
European nations were looking to others as a means of deciding where they stood on morals and identity, but also foreign policy. The Indiana Department of Education gives a short list of causes for World War I, and many of them have to do with those international relations, whether the complex mess of alliances or the competitive natures of imperialism and nationalism. In short, the world was just getting a lot smaller, and in some ways, the Eulenburg Affair was potentially only an extension of problems that were already there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Linz-Ebelsberg actually consisted of 3 camps and was a sub-camp of Mauthausen. Only Linz III actually issued notes.The camp operated from May 22, 1944 until liberation on May 5, 1945. The notes are unusual in that they are oriented vertically instead of the usual horizontal. There are four denominations 10, 20, 50, and 60 Reichspfennig. The backs are blank. These notes are extremely rare and seldom come on the market.


Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh's recent nomination to the Supreme Court has not been without controversy. After President Donald Trump nominated the federal appeals court judge in Washington, on July 9, 2018, Democratic opposition to Trump's decision has steadily increased in fervor and vehemency. The vocal opposition by Democratic senators in Kavanaugh's Senate hearings is just a snapshot of the party's harried attempts to discredit the conservative nominee. Sen. Corey Booker (D-NJ) claimed that he released "committee confidential" e-mails pertinent to Kavanaugh's time as a White House aide to President George W. Bush—a claim which the GOP quite rightly disputes: the e-mails had previously been cleared by the GOP. Sen. Kamala Harris (D-CA) led out a controversial cross-examination of Kavanaugh, which included her still un-founded suggestion that Kavanaugh had previously discussed Robert S. Mueller's investigation with lawyers at Kasowitz Benson Torres, the law firm founded by President Trump's personal lawyer. Ultimately, the Democratic attempts to stall the nomination of Kavanaugh have been relentless, unproductive, and less convincing than eye-roll inducing.
Despite the difficult task to prove Ford's accusations as credible, polled public opposition to Kavanaugh's nomination has risen after Ford's sexual assault accusation—opposition still breaks down along party lines. According to an NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, opposition has surged from 29 percent to 38 percent of registered voters. On the other hand, 34 percent of registered voters support his confirmation—a percentage that has stayed steady since August. Both the Trump Administration and Republican registered voters still support Kavanaugh's nomination, while Democratic disapproval remains steady.
Though the American public seems to increasingly view Kavanaugh's nomination with disfavor, a more relevant question remains unanswered: could the Senate still nominate Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court? Despite the incessant accusations and charges made against Kavanaugh, his potential nomination still seems secure. Even if Democrats continue to give Kavanaugh the "Bork treatment," Kavanaugh's nomination appears inevitable.
Thanks to the "nuclear option," coined by former Republican leader, Mississippi Sen. Trent Lott, and first initiated by Senate Majority Leader, Harry Reid (D-NV), in 2013, the Senate rules now have a precedent that "nominees for cabinet posts and federal judgeships [can] be confirmed with just 51 votes." With Republicans holding a narrow 51-49 majority in the Senate, 50 Republican senators will have to vote 'yea' for Mike Pence to step in and caste the tie-breaking vote in Kavanaugh's favor.
That being said, the president's nominee is not guaranteed all 51 Republican votes. Moderate GOP Senators Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins have both expressed concern over Kavanaugh's conservative views on Roe vs. Wade, specifically his stance on abortion rights. With only 50 Republican Senate votes needed, it is still likely that Republican Senators will view the nomination of a known textualist like Kavanaugh as the better alternative to a Democratic nominee being voted in after the 2020 presidential election.
National Review writer Ed Whelan, president of the Ethics and Policy Center, has just issued a series of posts that suggest Whelan knows of evidence, which could clear Kavanaugh's name. Whelan wrote a tweet on Sept. 18, 2018, which reads: "By one week from today, I expect that Judge Kavanaugh will have been clearly vindicated on this matter…I expect that compelling evidence will show his categorical denial to be truthful." As a prominent political commentator within the conservative legal sphere, Whelan is likely to have access to evidence in Kavanaugh's favor. Whelan risks tarnishing his journalism's credibility if his assertion of Kavanaugh's innocence can or could be proven false. With Whelan's apparent confidence, it seems likely—as of right now—that Ford's sexual assault accusation is misdirected at Kavanaugh, whether intentionally or not.
What's more, Rich Lowry, Editor of National Review, has also put his credibility on the line to support Whelan's statement. As Lowry writes, "If, based on what we know now, this accusation keeps Kavanaugh from the Court, it will be a new low. The Senate will have embraced a new world where the existence of an allegation, regardless of whether it can be proven, is enough to stop a nominee and destroy his good name." Lowry makes the larger philosophical argument that Kavanaugh's nomination should not be stalled based on—at this point—unproven and seemingly impossible to prove allegations. If no new evidence comes out in favor of Ford, and if additional evidence appears in Kavanaugh's favor, it is difficult to imagine that Republican Senators would not echo Lowry's sentiment that Kavanaugh's nomination be decided based on an irrefutable track record and not he said, she said allegations.
With Kavanaugh's tendency to vote based on precedent, not identity politics or ideological preferences, he has managed to vote both for and against the Republican National Committee, the Bush Administration agencies, and other conservative platforms and agencies. His rulings seem to reflect an apparent bipartisan attempt to judge on the basis of law not shifting politics. If Kavanaugh is cleared of these sexual assault accusations, his model character, devotion to precedent, and his competence in the legal field makes him an obvious nominee for the Supreme Court. Based on his record, it will be more difficult for Democratic Senators to justify why Kavanaugh is not qualified than for Republican Senators to justify why he is qualified.
With the American public and Senate members awaiting further news within the Kavanaugh #MeToo saga, it remains unclear whether another judge will fill Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy's seat anytime soon. Yet, with any damning evidence against Kavanaugh's nomination still uncorroborated, the potential for a conservative Republican to fill Kennedy's seat remains high. Unless Christine Blasey Ford provides new evidence, which unequivocally indicts Kavanaugh, Kavanaugh's nomination to the Supreme Court will likely still proceed. The overall situation still looks like it's in Kavanaugh's favor, but the Senate's still out on this one.
 "Trump Taps Federal Appeals Court Judge Brett Kavanaugh for Supreme Court" NBCNews (July 9, 2018): Accessed September 19, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/trump-taps-federal-appeals-court-judge-brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-n889921.
 Stephen Collinson, "Booker Releases Kavanaugh Documents but GOP Insists They Were Already Cleared" CNN (September 6, 2018): Accessed September 7, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/06/politics/kavanaugh-hearing-document-booker-testimony/index.html.
 Michael McGough, "Kamala Harris and the Curious Case of the Kavanaugh 'Conversation'" Los Angeles Times (September 7, 2018): Accessed September 7, 2018, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-ol-enter-the-fray-kamala-harris-and-the-curious-case-of-1536356316-htmlstory.html.
 Emma Brown, "California Professor, Writer of Confidential Brett Kavanaugh Letter, Speaks out about Her Allegation of Sexual Assault." The Washington Post (September 16, 2018): Accessed September 16, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault/2018/09/16/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html?utm_term=.04958a884804.
 Isaac Stanley-Becker, "Kavanaugh's Accuser Waited Years to Come Forward. Does That Undercut Her Claim?" The Washington Post (September 18, 2018): Accessed September 18, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/09/18/kavanaughs-accuser-waited-years-to-come-forward-does-that-undercut-her-claim/?utm_term=.ddbd80086e84.
 Jacob Pramuk, "Opposition to Trump Supreme Court Pick Kavanaugh Rises after Hearings, Assault Claim: NBC/WSJ Poll" CNBC (September 20, 2018): Accessed September 20, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/20/opposition-to-supreme-court-pick-brett-kavanaugh-rises-after-assault-claim-poll.html.
 "Nuclear Option: Why Trump's Supreme Court Pick Needs Only 51 Votes." CBS News (July 9, 2018): Accessed September 21, 2018 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-option-why-trumps-supreme-court-pick-needs-only-51-votes-in-the-senate/.
 Allahpundit, "NRO's Ed Whelan: 'Much More' Is Coming to Show That Kavanaugh Is Innocent" Hot Air (September 19, 2018): Accessed September 19, 2018. https://hotair.com/archives/2018/09/19/nros-ed-whelan-much-coming-show-kavanaugh-innocent/.
 Richard Wolf, "Brett Kavanaugh: Supreme Court Nominee Straight out of Central Casting" USA Today (July 9, 2018): Accessed September 20, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/07/09/donald-trump-supreme-court-pick-brett-kavanaugh/756956002/.
 "Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh Is an Exceptionally Qualified and Deserving Nominee for the Supreme Court" The White House (September 4, 2018): Accessed September 20, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/judge-brett-m-kavanaugh-exceptionally-qualified-deserving-nominee-supreme-court/.


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Passing the Plate: A Good Idea?
As someone who values tithing, the tradition of "passing the plate" still always makes me uncomfortable. It is not that the two are necessarily contradictory, but it does seem to unnecessarily add social pressures to the act of giving to the church. Why should anyone see me give or not give when it is none of their business? On the subject of giving to the needy, Jesus commanded his disciples to "be careful not to do [their] 'acts of righteousness' before men, to be seen by them" and to "not let your left hand to know what your right hand is doing, so that your giving may be secret" (Matt 6:1-4). How does passing the plate, or any other form of giving that requires one to act publicly, comply with this?
I have heard that churches that pass the plate see an increase in income than those that do not. But is increased giving over other churches that use more passive methods really better if it is in any way compulsory? "Each man should give what he has decided in his heart to give, not reluctantly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver" (2 Cor 8:7). If there is higher giving in churches that pass the plate (because they pass the plate), then it is for either of two reasons: 1.) people's laziness has engulfed them to the extent that they will only give when the option is literally placed in their lap, in which case their main priority is not giving to the church, but appealing to their own laziness, or 2.) they give as a result of perceived social pressures. I spoke to someone yesterday who said that her father (a non-Christian) will give, but only if the plate comes to him, because he feels compelled to do so. The church should not want his money because he is hardly a "cheerful giver." The intention of passing the plate might not be to compel people to give, but it is nevertheless perceived in such a way by those to whom the plate is passed.
I maintain that even with the use of checks or some other method, which may conceal the actual amount given, it is no one else's business to observe whether one gives anything on a particular occasion or not. Even people who otherwise would not care cannot help noticing who does and does not contribute something to the plate. Why insist on making people do it publicly when there are alternatives?
Again, there is nothing inherently wrong with the practice of passing the plate, but even if the intent is not to pressure people, even subtly, to give by putting them "on the spot," so-to-speak, it still seems inappropriate to me, given that we are commanded to give in secret and without compulsion. Provide people with a way to give that doesn't require them to be seen by others.
This has been in my thoughts as of late as well, my friend. I am reminded of when Jesus observed the giving of the widow's mite. He did not focus on the fact that others observed her giving, but rather on the heart of those giving. It is for the reasons you have stated and the example I have just recalled that if I was to help start a church that the collection would not take place by passing a plate around but as a reminded act of worship. My pastor does a great job of relieving peer pressure by reminding the congregation that others give in Sunday School and some by mailing checks in and by reminding them it is an act of worship. I am thoroughly convinced that God is able to do more with the little bit given from a cheerful heart than the millions by compulsion.


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Home Facts and lifehacks
Abul Bajandar: Real life 'Tree Man' and the inspiration for the Groot character
Tuesday, January 19, 2021 at 12:26 PM by Salma Rashid
Tree Man's idea quickly makes one think about fictional characters such as Groot from the Guardians of the Galaxy movie series. How about their existence in real life? Although such things are beyond reality, Abul Bajandar is not a fictional character but a man with the condition in real life.
Abul Bajandar. Photo: @klapboardpost
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, commonly known as the tree man syndrome, is a rare skin condition inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The skin disorder is characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human papillomavirus. As a result, the viral infection causes the development of wartlike lesions and plaques resembling tree bark, on forearms, hands and feet.
Abul Bajandar Tree Man
For the longest time, Bajandar had been paddling vans for a living like any other person. However, one unlucky rainy day in 2005, he noticed warty roots growing on his forearms and legs. What was Abul Bajandar age when the sprouting began? He was around 16 years old.
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After many years of living with the condition, Abul underwent a government-funded surgery at Dhaka Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh to remove the lesions. The growths which first appeared in 2005 weighed around 5kg on removal. Over the years, he underwent more than 25 surgeries to remove these growths.
Abul Bajandar after surgery
Tree Man was better after the surgery until he interrupted his treatment and surgery schedule. His condition returned in May 2018. Initially, the doctors had requested him to return for further treatment regularly even though he failed to adhere to these instructions.
He went back to his scheduled treatment in late 2018 even though the syndrome had significantly worsened and spread all over his feet and arms. The doctors stated that he needed to undergo between five and six surgeries to bring the condition under control.
Abul Bajandar amputation
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In June 2019, Abul felt that the pain was too much for him to handle. He requested the doctors to amputate his arms to get rid of the unbearable pain he was feeling.
I cannot bear the pain anymore. I can't sleep at night. I asked the doctors to cut off my hands so I can at least get some relief.
The plastic surgeon handling his case at Dhaka Medical College Hospital said that the board of doctors involved was looking over the amputation option. The board would conclusively partake whatever they would deem best for the patient's health and future.
Abul Bajandar now
Is Abul Bajandar dead? The Tree Man is still alive and getting better by day thanks to his adherence to his treatment and surgery schedule. So far, he has undergone more than 10 surgeries. Speaking after one of his surgeries, Abul was grateful that he could do things done by other normal people.
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I never thought I would ever be able to hold my kid with my hands. Now I feel so much better, I can hold my daughter in my lap and play with her. I can't wait to go back home.
Even though there is no cure to Abul Bajandar skin disorder, cryotherapy, topical creams, and retinoids have been prescribed to remove the growths. The prescription has been working well for him even though it has not resulted in a full cure of the condition.
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Briefly.co.za published the interesting biography of Tsakani Maluluke. Tsakani made history as the first woman to occupy a senior position in the auditor-general's office in South Africa. She is a chartered accountant, and one of her sisters, Basani Maluleke, is the first black CEO of the African Bank in SA.
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Both men and women are affected by hormonal imbalance. Symptoms can include weight gain, fatigue, insomnia, depression, mood swings and fertility problems. When hormone imbalances in the body are left untreated, they can lead to diseases such as cancer or diabetes.
Research has shown that thyme essential oil has beneficial progesterone-balancing effects. It benefits the body by improving progesterone production. Many man and women are low in progesterone. Low levels have been linked to infertility, PCOS and depression, as well as other hormone imbalances in the body.
Sandalwood oil is very effective at balancing testosterone levels in both men and women. It can be added to a homemade deodorant or a homemade lotion to help the body improve hormone levels. Sandalwood oil is also said to be a natural aphrodisiac that works to improve libido.
Lavender has many beneficial properties, including its ability to help the body balance hormones. This oil also offers pain relief for those suffering from abdominal cramps associated with menstrual symptoms. One symptom of PMS or hormone imbalance is feeling emotional or depressed for no apparent reason. Lavender oil has been shown to decrease feelings of stress and depression.
The ovaries produce both estrogen and progesterone. When these hormones aren't balanced, the body can experience symptoms including PMS, infertility and difficult or irregular menstrual cycles. A Dutch study found that the compounds in lemon peels can improve liver functions – including hormone regulation – by lowering liver cholesterol. Lemon essential oil contains these same compounds, giving it the natural ability to balance hormones.
It's estimated that around 20 million Americans suffer from some form of thyroid disease, but 60% of sufferers are not aware of their disorder. The thyroid controls important functions in the body, including the metabolism and the body's temperature. Myrtle oil has the ability to simulate thyroid activity. Studies have shown that myrtle oil can balance and normalize hormonal imbalances of the thyroid, as well as the ovaries.
The adrenal glands are responsible for how you cope with daily stress. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands. Basil essential oil increases the body's natural response to both physical and emotional stress. In one study, researchers examined the effects of daily basil extracts on stress symptoms in men and women. After six weeks, 39% of participants showed a decrease in general stress symptoms, including sleep problems, exhaustion and forgetfulness.
Mix some coconut oil with the essential oil and rub it on different areas of the body. This will allow them to be absorbed into the body through the skin.
Add 1/4 cup of Epsom salt to a warm bath, then add 3 drops of clary sage and 2 drops of lavender. Soak in the bath to help relieve PMS symptoms.
Create an aromatherapy formula consisting of 2 drops of clary sage oil and 2 drops of lavender oil to help improve hormone balance.
Next ArticleTaking A Hot Bath Does THIS For Your Weight!


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Greens support killing of millions of world's poorest children
More than 100 of the world's top scientists have signed a letter urging Greenpeace to drop its opposition to Golden Rice. Golden Rice is a genetically modified crop that reduces Vitamin A deficiencies. Vitamin A deficiencies cause blindness and death in children, mostly in the developing world. Hundreds of millions of the world's poorest children have died from Vitamin A deficiency since Greenpeace blocked the introduction of Golden Rice two decades ago.
The letter states:
Scientific and regulatory agencies around the world have repeatedly and consistently found crops and foods improved through biotechnology to be as safe as, if not safer than those derived from any other method of production. There has never been a single confirmed case of a negative health outcome for humans or animals from their consumption. Their environmental impacts have been shown repeatedly to be less damaging to the environment, and a boon to global biodiversity.
Greenpeace has spearheaded opposition to Golden Rice, which has the potential to reduce or eliminate much of the death and disease caused by a vitamin A deficiency (VAD), which has the greatest impact on the poorest people in Africa and Southeast Asia.
The World Health Organization estimates that 250 million people, suffer from VAD, including 40 percent of the children under five in the developing world. Based on UNICEF statistics, a total of one to two million preventable deaths occur annually as a result of VAD, because it compromises the immune system, putting babies and children at great risk. VAD itself is the leading cause of childhood blindness globally affecting 250,000 - 500,000 children each year. Half die within 12 months of losing their eyesight.
So the science is settled. What is the New Zealand Green Party's response to the consensus of the world's top scientists?
The Green Party says it will not soften its anti-genetic modification stance despite a plea from some of the world's top scientists, who say opposition by green groups is blocking GM foods that could help reduce disease in third-world countries.
The Greens are a fear-mongering mob. Fear is the currency that drives their politics, economics and philosophy. Like all such political forces they offers no hope for Mankind, only a lasting hatred of people, a hatred they have been allowed to peddle in the nation's classrooms for generations.
The Greens roll out the 'scientific consensus' in support of their equally destructive 'climate change' agenda, but turn into 'science deniers' when it suits.
Tell me, what is the point of 'saving the planet' when the Greens are happy to support the killing the world's poorest and most vulnerable children.
RockyJ
Greens dislike humans. Their view is that if earth's population was cut by 90% that would be a triumph. Therefore what you say above makes perfect sense to them.
paul scott
They don't call them the "Killer Greens" for nothing. There is also the regressive [ I mean progressive ] antagonism to the modification of the 'Zika virus' carrying Mosquito. The genetic modification prevents maturity of the Aedes aegypta mosquito, and collapse of virus carrying population. But the Greens say no. As well of course the added local application of DDT kills off the Mosquito, in domestic situations . But the Greens say No.


Too many Ales for my liking and not enough lagers. I guess most of the beer geeks on BITE get aroused by ales so I can see why the reviews are so high. Food is very good though.
Yeah normal city types going to your normal city type of pub. I used to go there for WC football matches during the day. Not bad - will be a lot better come the smoking ban. A few office type tarts show up Thurs, Fri night looking for a few free drinks and a random pump. A lot better than the Swan in Stockwell!!
Why does the pub get such good reviews. I just don't understand how it is different from most other average pubs?


The second-largest city in Oklahoma is embroiled in controversy over whether to change the name of a large section of downtown that is currently named after an early town leader who was a prominent member of white supremacy group the Ku Klux Klan.
Wyatt Tate Brady owned a general store and hotel, operated a newspaper and signed Tulsa's town papers when Oklahoma became a state in 1907. The town father's presence still emanates throughout the city, where a street, mansions, theater, and an entire historic neighborhood are named in his honor. A new entertainment district, Tulsa's largest in a generation, according to the Associated Press, is known as the Brady Arts District.
An article published two years ago in the Tulsa-based magazine This Land detailed a previously hidden side of Brady's legacy. The son of a Confederate soldier who fought in the Civil War, Brady was a leading member of the Knights of Liberty, a KKK group that instigated the Tulsa Race Riot that leveled the African-American community of Greenwood in 1921. An estimated 300 black people were killed and another 10,000 left homeless as a result of the row.
Brady's newspaper was accused of inciting racial tension in the years before the riot by publishing propaganda, and he himself was later accused of buying up the land that was vacated in the riot.
African-American leaders have complained that Tulsa has glossed over its own local history. Three quarters of Tulsa residents described themselves as "very or somewhat knowledgeable about the riot," according to The New York Times, though only one national textbook publisher mentions the riot in its history books.
"So changing the name of the street isn't going to stop the momentum," he said. Henderson planned to reintroduce a bill Thursday that would change Brady Street's name to Burlington Street.
Other lawmakers, along with a contingent of local business owners, have expressed doubt over the idea, in part because of the Brady Arts District's prominent place in city marketing.
Approximately 40 people who lived through the riot still survive. Most of those still living were too poor to relocate in 1921, forced to subsist in tents where their homes stood before being looted and burnt to the ground.


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OPEN, AVAILABLE, USEFUL
PROFILE of artist Siah Armajani, He is an American citizen, naturalized in 1967, but he was born & raised in Teheran, and, like many Iranians, he often makes his points by telling stories. One summer evening in 1960, when Siah Armajani was in his last year at the Presbyterian missionary school in Teheran, he came home and was told that he would be going to college in America that fall. This was quite a surprise...but it did not occur to him to question or oppose a decision handed down by his father. The Armajanis belonged to the small but thriving Christian minority in Iran. Aga Khan Armajani, Siah's father, had been educated at a Presbyterian missionary school in northern Iran, where the family lived then... He came away with on for the U.S. In time, Aga Khan had moved to Teheran, married & become a successful merchant, an importer of silks from Europe. He sent all four of his children to th4 Presbyterian missionary school in Teheran and all four of them eventually went to live in the U.S. Siah's memories of his childhood are mostly happy one... Christianity did not prevent the Armajanis from being deeply immersed in the Islamic culture of Iran, which differs from its Middle Eastern neighbors in being predominantly Shiite.. Shiism is riot a happy religion. But on the periphery of Shiism there was always Sufism, tempering its severities. All educated people in Iran consider themselves Sufis. All Persian art, all Persian poetry come out of Sufism, which is not a sect but an alternative strategy.


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You are here > What's on > The Jungle Book
Station Street, BIRMINGHAM, West Midlands, B5 4DY
Showcasing at the Old Rep Theatre, Monday 27 May, the classic tale follows Mowgli, a young boy raised in the jungle by wolves. When Shere Khan the tiger threatens Mowgli's safety, Baloo the Bear and Bagheera the Panther, agree to take the boy to the man village.
With brand new songs, creative staging and bags full of fun, why not bring your cheeky little monkeys to laugh like a pack of hyenas.
Book your tickets here!
facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheOldRepTheatre
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The official test ahead of the 24 Hours of Spa is set to be a two-day test in 2019, on the 2nd and 3rd of July.
In the past the test has been over just one day, but SRO has opted to make it a longer event due to the continued rise in the level of competition and the busy schedule during race week.
The test will be open to the public at no cost of admission, meaning fans can head trackside and get a glimpse of the 2019 grid before race week. The test will kick off a packed month of activities at the Belgian venue, with the SRO Spa Speedweek (19-21 July) once again taking place over the weekend before the Total 24 Hours of Spa.
The race itself will play out across Saturday and Sunday (July 27/28). A host of exciting support series will precede the main event, while further entertainment, including the Fan Zone and music concert, will run throughout the on-track contest.


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Q: I can't understand this solution with $\equiv$ I found a solution for finding the units digit of a sum. It said that the $\equiv$ means  "has the same units digit as". Using this, they said that $3^1+3^3+3^5+...+3^{2009} \equiv 3+7+3+...+3+7+3$ But they said that this is $\equiv$ to $0+0+0+...+3$. How did they come up with this?

A: You correctly identified that $\pmod{10}$, the sequence is equivalent to
$$3 + 7 + 3 + 7 + 3 + 7 + 3 + 7 + \cdots.$$
You then asked how it could be concluded that the final sum is equivalent to $3 \pmod{10}.$
$(2009 - 1)$ is equivalent to $(0) \pmod{4}$, rather than $(2) \pmod{4}$.  Therefore, there is an odd number of terms in the sequence, rather than an even number of terms.
If there were an even number of terms, the sum of the sequence could be viewed as
$$\left[ ~(3 + 7) + (3 + 7) + \cdots + (3 + 7) ~\right] \pmod{10}.$$
Since the sum $\pmod{10}$ of each pair of terms is $0$, the overall sum of the sequence would be $(0)$, if there were an even number of terms.
However, there is an odd number of terms.  Therefore, the sequence should be viewed as
$$\left\{ ~\left[ ~(3 + 7) + (3 + 7) + \cdots + (3 + 7) ~\right] + 3 ~\right\} \pmod{10}.$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What made Peru's Chimú people sacrifice their own children?
Some 500 years ago, the Chimú in what is now Peru ritually killed hundreds of their young in the largest mass child sacrifice events known in world history. Now archaeologists are trying to understand why.
A headdress of macaw feathers adorns the skull of a sacrificed child who had shoulder-length hair. Researchers say the headdress indicates the youth may have been from an elite family.
Two college students—archaeologists in training, wearing hospital scrubs and masks—splay on their stomachs on either side of the grave and begin digging with trowels.
The remains of two children, perhaps a boy and a girl, rest beside each other at a mass burial site of Pampa la Cruz on the arid coast of northern Peru. They are among the 269 children who were sacrificed and buried around A.D. 1450 at two sites near Chan Chan, the ancient capital of the Chimú people. Most of the victims were killed with a cut to the chest, possibly to remove the heart, and buried in simple shrouds.
Fourteen year-old Danila holds a baby alpaca near Huaylillas in the highlands of northern Peru. Skeletal analysis of the sacrificed children reveals that they were between the ages of five and 14 and came from throughout the Chimú Empire, including the highlands.
Prieto grew up in Huanchaco (pronounced wan-CHA-co), the town that encompasses Huanchaquito. As a child, he hunted for beads outside the 16th-century Spanish colonial church that perches on the town's highest hill. He recalls spending afternoons on the southern edge of town exploring the adobe ruins of Chan Chan, the ancient capital of the Chimú people. At its peak in the 15th century, Chan Chan was one of the largest cities in the Americas, the seat of power for an empire that stretched some 300 miles along the Peruvian coast.
Those childhood experiences inspired Prieto to become an archaeologist, and while earning a doctorate from Yale, he returned to his hometown to excavate a 3,500-year-old temple.
Archaeology students at the National University of Trujillo prepare to clean and catalog skulls from the mass burial at Huanchaquito. The arid climate of northern Peru naturally mummified many of the remains, which are unusually well preserved.
Then in 2011 the owner of a local pizza shop shared startling news: His children—and the neighborhood dogs—were finding human bones sticking out of the sand of a nearby vacant lot. He implored the archaeologist to investigate.
At first Prieto thought the site was simply a long-forgotten cemetery. But after recovering the remains of several children wrapped in shrouds—remains that radiocarbon analysis dated to between A.D. 1400 and 1450—the archaeologist realized that he had stumbled onto a much bigger discovery.
Local pizza shop owner Michael Spano holds a photograph of one of the first children excavated at Huanchaquito. Spano alerted archaeologist Gabriel Prieto to the bones eroding from the vacant lot across from his house, urging him to excavate the site. "You'll be famous," Prieto recalls Spano telling him.
The burials, Prieto noticed, weren't typical of the Chimú. The children were interred in unusual positions—prone on their backs or curled on their sides instead of sitting upright, as was customary—and they lacked the adornments, pottery, and other grave goods commonly found in Chimú burials.
Instead, many were buried alongside very young llamas and possibly alpacas. As vital sources of food, fiber, and transport, these Andean animals were among the Chimú's most valuable assets. And finally there was this: Many of the children and animals had visible cut marks across their sternum and ribs.
To help make sense of the clues, Prieto called John Verano, a biological anthropologist and forensic expert at Tulane University. Verano has decades of experience analyzing physical evidence of ritual violence in the Andes, including a 13th-century Chimú massacre of some 200 men and boys at the site of Punta Lobos.
Prieto (with brush, propped on an elbow) and Verano (at far left, with camera) work with their team to uncover shallow graves at Huanchaquito. Soon after excavations concluded here, archaeologists discovered a second child sacrifice site at nearby Pampa la Cruz.
After examining the remains from Huanchaquito, Verano confirmed that the children and animals were deliberately killed in the same manner—with a horizontal cut across the sternum, likely followed by removal of the heart. He found the consistency of the cut location, as well as the absence of any "hesitation marks"—stop-starts of the knife blade—on the bones especially striking. "It's ritual killing, and it's very systematic," he said.
But reconstructing events at Huanchaquito is difficult, mainly because archaeologists and historians know very little about the Chimú. Theirs may be the greatest empire that few have ever heard of, bookended in history by two civilizations that loom much larger in the popular imagination: the Moche, whose stunning murals depict the bloody sacrifice of war captives, and the Inca, who vanquished the Chimú around 1470, only to be conquered by Spanish invaders little more than 60 years later.
One major clue to what happened at Huanchaquito is the thick layer of ancient, dried mud in which the sacrificial victims were buried. Deep mud means heavy rain, and on the arid coast of northern Peru, "such rains usually only come with El Niño," Prieto explains.
Chan Chan's population was sustained by carefully managed irrigation systems and coastal fisheries, both of which could have been thrown into disarray by the higher sea temperatures and heavy downpours associated with the climatic event. A severe El Niño, the researchers theorize, may have shaken the political and economic stability of the Chimú kingdom. Its priests and leaders may have ordered the mass sacrifice in a desperate attempt to persuade the gods to stop the rain and the chaos.
"This number of children, this number of animals—it would have been a massive investment on behalf of the state," Prieto says.
The hoofprints of young llamas are preserved in a deep layer of mud around the grave of a sacrificed child at Huanchaquito. Evidence of heavy rain on the arid coast has led researchers to suggest that the mass sacrifice of children may have been a desperate response to flooding caused by an El Niño.
Jane Eva Baxter, an anthropology professor at DePaul University who specializes in the history of children and childhood, agrees that the Chimú may have considered their children among the most valuable offerings they could present to the gods.
Offering children also may represent an evolution in the way pre-Columbian societies in northern Peru sought to win favor in the spirit world.
Haagen Klaus, a professor of anthropology at George Mason University, points out that child sacrifice became more common in the region after the fall of the Moche (the culture that preceded the Chimú) in the ninth century. The Moche sacrificed large numbers of captive adult warriors at their Temple of the Moon, just a few miles and a few centuries distant from where the Chimú later ruled at Chan Chan.
Sunk into the mud more than 500 years ago, this footprint preserves the step of a sandaled adult who was there during the sacrifice ceremony at Huanchaquito. Llama hoofprints immediately to the left suggest that the animal was also present.
The need to placate the spirits and stop the rain may have been urgent, but the mass sacrifice itself appears to have been carefully orchestrated. The young llamas—another important resource, culled from state-owned herds—seem to have been specially selected for the event.
Nicolas Goepfert, an expert on camelids at France's National Center for Scientific Research, analyzed the well-preserved coats of the four-legged victims. He determined that the Chimú likely chose particular animals to sacrifice based on their age and color. Dark brown llamas often were interred together with light brown llamas, for example, while no white or black animals were sacrificed.
ly. When that ended, their troubles began.
that ended, their troubles began.
How the children were chosen for their terrible fate remains a mystery. Scientific studies show that those killed at Huanchaquito were both boys and girls, all of whom appear to have been well cared for, with little sign of malnutrition or disease. Isotopic analysis of their teeth suggests that they came from many regions of the sprawling Chimú Empire. The backs of some of the children's skulls are unnaturally elongated, evidence of a deliberate cranial modification that was practiced only in the remote highlands.
But many questions remain unanswered. Did the children come from elite families or poor ones? Without burial goods, it's impossible to know. How many families lost children in the sacrifice? Were they given up willingly in the face of impending disaster, or let go under compulsion? For now, archaeologists have no answers. But telltale signs and forensic clues are helping them reconstruct the sequence of events.
The pattern of footprints and tracks preserved in the dried mud indicates that there was a formal procession to the sacrifice site. The prints of small bare feet, as well as those of four-legged animals being dragged against their will, make Prieto and Verano think the victims were led alive to their graves, where they were killed. A lack of insects in the remains means the children were carefully wrapped in shrouds and promptly buried alongside the llamas.
Fishermen at Pimentel Beach prepare to launch their reed boats into the Pacific. Known as caballitos de totora, or little reed horses, these distinctive vessels have been in use in the region for at least 3,500 years.
That dreadful task may have fallen to two adult women who were killed by blows to the head and buried among the children on the northern side of the site. Nearby were the remains of an adult male, lying on his back under a pile of rocks. His unusually robust build leads the archaeologists to wonder if he might have been the executioner.
Did the costly offering bring relief from the flooding rains? It's impossible to know, but the disturbing event may be a window into the last, desperate years of a dying empire.
Within decades, Inca warriors would arrive at the walls of Chan Chan and depose the Chimú.
Archaeologist Prieto stands in one of six excavated burial pits atop the hill at the site of Pampa la Cruz, where 132 children and 260 llamas were found sacrificed. In the time-lapse below, Prieto and assistants unwrap one of the burial bundles from the site, which contains the remains of two children wrapped in textiles.
Months after wrapping up the excavation at Huanchaquito, Prieto sends word that he has uncovered more sacrificed children and llamas at a location known as Pampa la Cruz. The new site is another empty lot on a high hill, only this one is crowned by a large wooden crucifix, hence its name. The cross was erected more than a century ago by a grateful fisherman who survived near drowning.
A bit farther south along the coast, a new monument built to honor the sacrificial victims of Huanchaquito features a statue of a young boy and a llama surrounded by freshly planted palm trees, one for each human victim. The crest of Pampa la Cruz offers an unobstructed view west to the sea, and when I visit during the Peruvian winter, a few daring surfers are braving the cold waters. By now Prieto has uncovered the remains of another 132 Chimú children, most executed with the familiar horizontal incision across the chest and buried in simple shrouds. His running tally of victims found at the two sites now stands at 269 children, three adults, and 466 llamas.
But what's throwing Prieto for a loop are nine burials clustered at the top of the hill and dug into the ruins of an earlier Moche-era shrine facing the sea.
A copper knife found at Pampa la Cruz, the first discovery of its kind, includes a rattle (demonstrated below) that would have sounded as the blade was drawn across the victim's chest.
Child skulls from Huanchaquito exhibit two types of cranial modification, suggesting different geographic origins. Elongated skulls, formed by binding the head at infancy, are characteristic of the highlands, while skulls with flattened backs are commonly seen among populations along the northern coast.
These graves also hold Chimú children, but they were buried in robes and elaborate headdresses adorned with parrot feathers and carved wooden ornaments. None of the nine victims bear the usual cut marks to the chest, but the skull of one was severely damaged by what must have been a lethal blow to the head.
During the week that I'm at the site, Prieto unearths an enormous copper knife with a rattle on one end that's unlike anything previously discovered by any archaeologist. "My god, what is this?" he blurts out. Could it be the very knife used to kill the children buried here? The possibility is both thrilling and appalling.
Prieto is still struggling to understand the motivation and logic behind the mass killings. But one afternoon as he breaks for lunch, he shares an old story that casts a more charitable light on the Chimú. The colonial chronicles describe an event following the Inca and Spanish conquests in which Don Antonio Jaguar, the leader of the now beleaguered Chimú, escorts his new Spanish overlords to a cache of priceless treasure.
The legend in Huanchaco, Prieto says, is that Don Antonio pointed them to the peje chico—the lesser treasure—and that the peje grande has yet to be discovered.
Archaeology editor Kristin Romey writes about new discoveries and ancient cultures. Robert Clark has photographed more than 40 feature stories for National Geographic.
The nonprofit National Geographic Society helped fund fieldwork for this article.


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Israeli Police arrest Jewish teen suspected of threatening Jewish community
Israel arrests hacker linked to threats on US Jewish centers - SFGate - sfgate.com
Joint investigation between Israeli cybercrimes police and FBI lead to suspect.
by Anne Cox
March 24, 2017 at 7:11 AM March 24, 2017 at 7:11 AM
Michael Kaydar, 19, was arrested Thursday by Israeli Police in connection with a series of bomb threats worldwide against Jewish community centers, schools, and museums in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.
Judge Amit Michles ordered Kaydar held until March 30 and ordered the teen to have a medical exam. His attorney, Galit Bash, said her client was diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor when he was 14-years-old and it could affect his cognitive behavior and lead to irrational behavior. She also stated that he was rejected for military service, deemed medically unfit, though most Israelis are drafted into service.
Kaydar's father was also ordered held until March 30 on suspicion that he might have been known of the threats or been involved. His father, however, denies any knowledge of the threats, according to his lawyer, Eran Rau.
Kaydar's background and police discoveries
Though Kaydar has never lived in the U.S., he has dual Israeli and American citizenship. Attorneys for father and son stated that the teen is an only child, lived with his parents and was home-schooled, which is not usual in Israel.
Israeli cybercrime police arrested Kaydar after partially following information from the FBI. Police seized 5 computers and antennas he is accused of using to access others' networks and to evade detection.
Israeli Police spokesman, Micky Rosenfeld, said Kaydar used "advanced camouflage technologies."
Authorities have not offered a motive or state how many threats – against Jewish institutions – Kaydar is suspected of making. The FBI held a conference with leaders of Jewish organizations following Kaydar's arrest. The news evoked mixed reactions.
Reaction to news of Kaydar's arrest in Israel
According to the Anti-Defamation League (since January), Jewish institutions across the country have been targeted by 165 bomb threats against schools, synagogues and ADL offices in New York, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and Boston.
Jonathan A. Greenblatt, CEO of the Anti-Defamation League said, while the motive is not, yet, known, the impact is clear: "These were acts that terrorized a community just because of their faith."
Anne Cox
Multi-dimensional writer with the ability to synthesize information quickly. My background is high-tech, computer or digital forensics. I am adept at research, as well.
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