text:
\section{Introduction}

A magnon chemical potential
is a key parameter in magnon Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)
and transport phenomena.
Magnons are bosonic quasiparticles that describe the collective motions of a magnet.
To realize the magnon BEC~\cite{MagBEC,MagBEC-Nature},
the magnon chemical potential $\mu$
should satisfy $\epsilon_{0}-\mu=0$,
where $\epsilon_{0}$ denotes the lowest energy of magnon bands.
Since $\epsilon_{0}$ can be a nonzero positive value,
tuning the value of $\mu$
is necessary for the magnon BEC.
Then
$\mu$ plays an essential role in transport phenomena
for a multilayer including a magnet~\cite{NatPhys-mu,PRL-mu,PRB-mu,Science-mu,NatCom-mu}.
For example,
a change of $\mu$ near the interface
needs to be taken into account
in estimating spin transport in the spin Seebeck effect for a bilayer
of Pt and yttrium iron garnet (YIG), a ferrimagnet~\cite{PRB-mu}.

Despite progress in understanding $\mu$,
there exists a gap between experiment and theory.
From an experimental point of view,
$\mu$ can be finite
by using parametric parallel pumping~\cite{MagBEC-Nature,Estimate-MagChem}.
This method~\cite{PP1,PP2,PP3,PP4} uses
two different magnetic fields parallel to each other (Fig. \ref{fig1}):
a time-independent one $h_{0}$ and a time-periodic one $h_{1}(t)$
with a period of $T=2\pi/\omega_{\textrm{p}}$.
In this pumping the system of magnons is nonequilibrium.
After a certain period of time
the system can achieve a quasiequilibrium state in which
the magnon distribution function can be approximated
by the Bose distribution function with finite $\mu$~\cite{MagBEC-Nature,Estimate-MagChem}.
However, from a theoretical point of view,
it remains unclear how $\mu$ can be generated under $h_{1}(t)$.
In the standard theory~\cite{S-theory1,S-theory2,S-theory3,PRB-Stheory1,Inv-Stheory},
which is sometimes called the $S$-theory,
$h_{1}(t)$ is treated as a classical field in the form $h\cos(\omega_{\textrm{p}}t)$,
and its effect is described by the Hamiltonian
$H_{\textrm{pump}}(t)
=g\mu_{\textrm{B}}h_{1}(t)\sum\textstyle_{\boldj}S^{z}_{\boldj}$, where
$g$ is the $g$ factor, $\mu_{\textrm{B}}$ is the Bohr magnetron,
and $S^{z}_{\boldj}$ is the $z$-component of the spin operator at cite $\boldj$.
$H_{\textrm{pump}}(t)$ is then rewritten
as the magnons-pair creation and annihilation terms
by using the Holstein-Primakoff transformation~\cite{HP} and several approximations.
Since such terms violate the magnon-number conservation,
this theory leads to $\mu=0$~\cite{S-theory2,Inv-Stheory}.
(Note that a chemical potential of bosons or fermions becomes zero
when the number is not conserved~\cite{Kubo-text2}.)
This theoretical result (i.e., $\mu=0$) implies that
in the case of nonzero $\epsilon_{0}$
it is impossible to realize the BEC of magnons.
Thus there is the gap between experiment and theory,
and its existence may imply that
something is missing in the standard theory.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=52mm]{69224Fig1.pdf}
  \end{center}
\caption{\label{fig1}
  (Color online) Setup of the parametric parallel pumping of a ferrimagnet.
  As a simple case, a two-sublattice ferrimagnet is considered.
  The time-periodic magnetic field $h_{1}(t)$ (a green wavy line)
  is used to generate $\mu$;
  the time-independent magnetic field $h_{0}$ (a green straight line)
  is used to align the magnetization direction along it.
}
\end{figure}

In this paper
we present a new theory of the parametric parallel pumping,
and we demonstrate a mechanism by which the magnon chemical potential is generated.
We first introduce a model Hamiltonian for a ferrimagnet in the parametric parallel pumping,
and then derive the master equation of the reduced density matrix of magnons.
We show that
the nonequilibrium steady state is achieved
due to the detailed balance between the magnons-pair creation and annihilation.
Most importantly,
the magnon distribution function of this steady state
is the Bose distribution function with $\mu=\omega_{p}/2$.
This result is, to the best of author's knowledge,
a first theoretical demonstration of generation of the magnon chemical potential
in the parametric parallel pumping.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows.
In Sect. 2 we derive the model Hamiltonian for a two-sublattice ferrimagnet
in the parametric parallel pumping.
Our Hamiltonian consists of the magnon Hamiltonian of the ferrimagnet,
the magnon-photon coupling Hamiltonian due to the time-dependent magnetic field,
and the photon Hamiltonian.
In contrast to the standard theory~\cite{S-theory1,S-theory2,S-theory3,PRB-Stheory1,Inv-Stheory},
the time-periodic magnetic field is treated as a quantized field in our theory.
We also argue that
our two-sublattice ferrimagnet can be regarded as a minimal model
for describing magnon properties of YIG at room temperature.
In Sect. 3
we derive the equation of motion of the reduced density matrix of magnons
and write it in the form of the master equation.
In this derivation
we treat photons as a Markovian bath for magnons
and assume that the magnon-photon coupling is weak enough
to treat its Hamiltonian as perturbation.
Such a treatment of photons may be appropriate for YIG,
in which the magnon lifetime is sufficiently long~\cite{Bauer-photon}.
In Sect. 4
we study a steady-state solution to the master equation,
and we show the magnon properties in the nonequilibrium steady state
for the parametric parallel pumping.
In Sect. 5
we compare our result with the experimental results, and
we discuss the differences between our theory and the standard theory
and the implications of our theory.
In Sect. 6
we summarize the achievements of this paper.
Throughout this paper we take $\hbar=1$.

\section{Model Hamiltonian}

Our model Hamiltonian is
\begin{align}
  H=H_{\textrm{s}}+H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)+H_{\textrm{b}},\label{eq:Htot}
\end{align}
where
$H_{\textrm{s}}$, $H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)$, and $H_{\textrm{b}}$
are the system Hamiltonian,
the system-bath coupling Hamiltonian,
and the bath Hamiltonian, respectively.
As we will explain below,
$H_{\textrm{s}}$, $H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)$, and $H_{\textrm{b}}$ are
given by the magnon Hamiltonian for a ferrimagnet [Eq. (\ref{eq:Hs})],
the magnon-photon coupling Hamiltonian [Eq. (\ref{eq:Hsb})],
and the photon Hamiltonian [Eq. (\ref{eq:Hb})], respectively.

We first derive $H_{\textrm{s}}$.
Since a two-sublattice Heisenberg ferrimagnet~\cite{Nakamura,NA-Lett}
is a minimal model for a ferrimagnet,
we consider the following Hamiltonian:
\begin{align}
  H_{\textrm{s}}
  =2J\sum\limits_{\langle\boldi,\boldj\rangle}
  \boldS_{\boldi}\cdot\boldS_{\boldj}
  +g\mu_{\textrm{B}}h_{0}\sum\limits_{\boldj}S_{\boldj}^{z},\label{eq:H_spin}
\end{align}
where the sum $\sum_{\langle\boldi,\boldj\rangle}$ is restricted to
nearest-neighbor sites for $\boldi\in A$, $\boldj\in B$.
For simplicity we suppose that
the numbers of the $A$ sublattice and the $B$ sublattice are $N/2$.
In Eq. (\ref{eq:H_spin})
the first term corresponds to the Heisenberg Hamiltonian of a two-sublattice ferrimagnet,
and the second term corresponds to the Zeeman coupling Hamiltonian
due to the time-independent magnetic field $h_{0}$.
The spin Hamiltonian of Eq. (\ref{eq:H_spin}) can be rewritten as the magnon Hamiltonian
by using the following Holstein-Primakoff transformation~\cite{Nakamura,NA-Lett}:
\begin{eqnarray}
  \hspace{-8pt}
S_{\boldi}^{z}=S_{A}-a_{\boldi}^{\dagger}a_{\boldi},
S_{\boldi}^{-}=a_{\boldi}^{\dagger}
\sqrt{2S_{A}-a_{\boldi}^{\dagger}a_{\boldi}},
S_{\boldi}^{+}=(S_{\boldi}^{-})^{\dagger},\ \label{eq:HP-A}\\
  \hspace{-8pt}
S_{\boldj}^{z}=-S_{B}+b_{\boldj}^{\dagger}b_{\boldj},
S_{\boldj}^{+}=b_{\boldj}^{\dagger}
\sqrt{2S_{B}-b_{\boldj}^{\dagger}b_{\boldj}},
S_{\boldj}^{-}=(S_{\boldj}^{+})^{\dagger},\ \label{eq:HP-B}
\end{eqnarray}
where
$a_{\boldi}$ and $a_{\boldi}^{\dagger}$ are
the annihilation and creation operators of a magnon for the $A$ sublattice,
and $b_{\boldj}$ and $b_{\boldj}^{\dagger}$ are those for the $B$ sublattice.
Although substitution of Eqs. (\ref{eq:HP-A}) and (\ref{eq:HP-B})
into the first term of Eq. (\ref{eq:H_spin}) leads to not only the kinetic energy terms
but also the interaction terms of magnons~\cite{Nakamura,NA-Lett},
we consider only the kinetic energy terms for simplicity.
After some algebra~\cite{Nakamura,NA-Lett,NA-AF},
we can rewrite Eq. (\ref{eq:H_spin}) as
\begin{align}
  H_{\textrm{s}}
  =&2\sum\limits_{\boldq}J(\boldzero)
  (S_{B}a_{\boldq}^{\dagger}a_{\boldq}+S_{A}b_{\boldq}^{\dagger}b_{\boldq})\notag\\
  &+2\sum\limits_{\boldq}J(\boldq)\sqrt{S_{A}S_{B}}
  (a_{\boldq}b_{\boldq}+a_{\boldq}^{\dagger}b_{\boldq}^{\dagger})\notag\\
  &-h_{0}M
  -g\mu_{\textrm{B}}h_{0}\sum\limits_{\boldq}
  (a_{\boldq}^{\dagger}a_{\boldq}-b_{\boldq}^{\dagger}b_{\boldq}),\label{eq:Hs-sub}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
  a_{\boldi}
  &=\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{N}}\sum_{\boldq}e^{i\boldq\cdot\boldi}a_{\boldq},\\
  b_{\boldj}^{\dagger}
  &=\sqrt{\tfrac{2}{N}}\sum_{\boldq}e^{i\boldq\cdot\boldj}b_{\boldq}^{\dagger},\\
  J(\boldq)
  &=\sum_{\bolddelta}Je^{i\boldq\cdot\bolddelta},
\end{align}
with $\bolddelta$ being a vector to nearest neighbors;
and $M$ is the magnetization without magnons,
\begin{align}
  M=&(-g\mu_{\textrm{B}})\frac{N}{2}S_{A}+(-g\mu_{\textrm{B}})\frac{N}{2}(-S_{B})\notag\\
  =&g\mu_{\textrm{B}}\frac{N}{2}(S_{B}-S_{A}).\label{eq:Magnetization}
\end{align}
In Eq. (\ref{eq:Hs-sub}) we have neglected
the constant terms arising from the Heisenberg interaction.
In the following analyses
we also neglect the term of $-h_{0}M$ in Eq. (\ref{eq:Hs-sub})
because its role is just to make the directions of the time-independent magnetic field
and the magnetization parallel.
By using the Bogoliubov transformation,
\begin{align}
  a_{\boldq}&=\cosh\theta_{\boldq}\alpha_{\boldq}
  -\sinh\theta_{\boldq}\beta_{\boldq}^{\dagger},\label{eq:Bogo1}\\
  b_{\boldq}^{\dagger}&=-\sinh\theta_{\boldq}\alpha_{\boldq}
  +\cosh\theta_{\boldq}\beta_{\boldq}^{\dagger},\label{eq:Bogo2}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
  \tanh2\theta_{\boldq}=\frac{2\sqrt{S_{A}S_{B}}J(\boldq)}{(S_{A}+S_{B})J(\boldzero)},
\end{align}
we can diagonalize Eq. (\ref{eq:Hs-sub})
as follows~\cite{Nakamura,NA-Lett,NA-AF}:
\begin{align}
  H_{\textrm{s}}
  =
  \sum\limits_{\boldq}\tilde{\epsilon}_{\alpha}(\boldq)\alpha_{\boldq}^{\dagger}\alpha_{\boldq}
  +\sum\limits_{\boldq}\tilde{\epsilon}_{\beta}(\boldq)\beta_{\boldq}^{\dagger}\beta_{\boldq},\label{eq:Hs}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
  \tilde{\epsilon}_{\alpha}(\boldq)
  &=\epsilon_{\alpha}(\boldq)-g\mu_{\textrm{B}}h_{0}\notag\\
  &=(S_{B}-S_{A})J(\boldzero)+\Delta\epsilon(\boldq)-g\mu_{\textrm{B}}h_{0},\label{eq:E_alpha}\\
  \tilde{\epsilon}_{\beta}(\boldq)
  &=\epsilon_{\beta}(\boldq)+g\mu_{\textrm{B}}h_{0}\notag\\
  &=(S_{A}-S_{B})J(\boldzero)+\Delta\epsilon(\boldq)+g\mu_{\textrm{B}}h_{0},\label{eq:E_beta}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
  \Delta\epsilon(\boldq)
  =\sqrt{(S_{A}+S_{B})^{2}J(\boldzero)^{2}-4S_{A}S_{B}J(\boldq)^{2}}.\label{eq:DelE}
\end{align}
As we will show in Appendix A,
the $h_{0}$ makes
the lowest energy of the magnon bands nonzero.

Before the derivation of $H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)$,
we argue the validity of the above model in describing
magnon properties of YIG at room temperature.
Although YIG is a ferrimagnet,
its magnon properties have been often discussed
by using
magnons of a ferromagnet with no sublattice.
However,
a theoretical study~\cite{Bauer-Ferri} using a ferrimagnetic Heisenberg model for YIG
has shown that
it is necessary to take account of
not only the lowest-energy branch of magnon bands,
which can be approximately described by magnons of the ferromagnet,
but also
the second-lowest-energy branch
for describing magnon properties of YIG at room temperature.
Since the magnon spectrum obtained in that study~\cite{Bauer-Ferri}
agrees very well with the results of neutron scattering experiments~\cite{Neutron-YIG},
the above result indicates that
in order to describe magnon properties of YIG at room temperature,
one needs to consider, at least, two magnon bands.
Note that
in that theoretical study~\cite{Bauer-Ferri}
the magnetic anisotropy and dipolar interaction are neglected
because they are much smaller than the Heisenberg exchange interactions.
Actually,
another theoretical study~\cite{npj-YIG} has shown that
the effects of the magnetic anisotropy terms on the magnon spectrum of YIG
are vanishingly small.
Then first-principles calculations~\cite{YIG-1stPrinciple} of YIG
have shown that
the largest term of the Heisenberg exchange interactions
is the antiferromagnetic nearest-neighbor Heisenberg exchange interaction
between Fe$^{\textrm{O}}$ and Fe$^{\textrm{T}}$ ions,
which are Fe ions surrounded by an octahedron and a tetrahedron of O ions, respectively,
and the other terms are at least an order of magnitude smaller.
Since these facts can be taken into account in our two-sublattice ferrimagnet,
we believe that
our model can be regarded as a minimal model for describing magnon properties of YIG
at room temperature.

We then derive $H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)$ in a way different from that of the standard theory.
We suppose that
the main effect of a time-periodic magnetic field $h_{\boldr}(t)$
can be described by
\begin{align}
  H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)=g\mu_{\textrm{B}}\sum\limits_{\boldr}h_{\boldr}(t)S^{z}_{\boldr}.\label{eq:Hsb-pre}
\end{align}
In contrast to the standard theory~\cite{S-theory1,S-theory2,S-theory3,PRB-Stheory1,Inv-Stheory},
we treat the time-periodic magnetic field as a quantized field.
(This is because
its time dependence can be appropriately described only for a quantum theory;
if the time-periodic magnetic field is treated in a classical theory,
an approximation whose validity is uncertain
is used~\cite{Inv-Stheory}.)
First,
the quantized magnetic field is expressed in the form~\cite{Schiff}
\begin{align}
  \hspace{-10pt}
  h_{\boldr}(t)
  =\sum\limits_{\boldk,\lambda}
  [C_{\boldk\lambda}e^{i(\boldk\cdot \boldr-\omega_{\boldk}t)}c_{\boldk\lambda}
  +C_{\boldk\lambda}^{\ast}e^{-i(\boldk\cdot \boldr-\omega_{\boldk}t)}c_{\boldk\lambda}^{\dagger}],\label{eq:mag-quant}
\end{align}
where
$c_{\boldk\lambda}$ and $c_{\boldk\lambda}^{\dagger}$
are the annihilation and creation operators of a photon
for $\omega_{\boldk}=c|\boldk|$ with the mode index $\lambda$.
(We have not explicitly expressed the coefficient $C_{\boldk\lambda}$
because its detail is irrelevant to the steady-state properties.)
Since $\omega_{\boldk}$ is chosen to be $\omega_{\boldk}=\omega_{\textrm{p}}$ in the parametric pumping,
we replace $e^{\mp i\omega_{\boldk}t}$ in Eq. (\ref{eq:mag-quant})
by $e^{\mp i\omega_{\textrm{p}}t}\delta(\omega_{\boldk}-\omega_{\textrm{p}})$.
Then we express $S^{z}_{\boldr}$ in terms of the magnon operators
by using Eqs. (\ref{eq:HP-A}) and (\ref{eq:HP-B}).
Combining these results with Eq. (\ref{eq:Hsb-pre})
and using the Fourier transformations of the magnon operators,
we obtain
\begin{align}
  H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)=
  &\sum\limits_{\boldq,\boldq^{\prime},\lambda}
  \tilde{C}_{\boldq-\boldq^{\prime}\lambda}
  e^{-i\omega_{\textrm{p}}t}c_{\boldq-\boldq^{\prime}\lambda}
  (b_{\boldq^{\prime}}^{\dagger}b_{\boldq}-a_{\boldq}^{\dagger}a_{\boldq^{\prime}})+(\textrm{H.c.}),\label{eq:Hsb-ab}
\end{align}
where $\tilde{C}_{\boldk\lambda}=g\mu_{\textrm{B}}C_{\boldk\lambda}\delta(\omega_{\boldk}-\omega_{\textrm{p}})$.
We can also represent Eq. (\ref{eq:Hsb-ab})
in terms of the magnon-band operators
by using the Bogoliubov transformation and
retaining only the relevant terms (see Appendix B):
\begin{align}
  H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)
  =e^{-i\omega_{\textrm{p}}t}H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{abs})}
  +e^{i\omega_{\textrm{p}}t}H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})},\label{eq:Hsb}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
  &H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{abs})}
  =\sum\limits_{\boldq,\boldq^{\prime},\lambda}
  \tilde{C}_{\boldq-\boldq^{\prime}\lambda}
  c_{\boldq-\boldq^{\prime}\lambda}
  B_{\boldq\boldq^{\prime}}
  \alpha_{\boldq}^{\dagger}\beta_{\boldq^{\prime}}^{\dagger},\label{eq:Hsb^abs}\\
  &H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})}
  =\sum\limits_{\boldq,\boldq^{\prime},\lambda}
  \tilde{C}_{\boldq-\boldq^{\prime}\lambda}^{\ast}
  c_{\boldq-\boldq^{\prime}\lambda}^{\dagger}
  B_{\boldq\boldq^{\prime}}
  \alpha_{\boldq}\beta_{\boldq^{\prime}},\label{eq:Hsb^emi}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
  B_{\boldq\boldq^{\prime}}=\cosh\theta_{\boldq}\sinh\theta_{\boldq^{\prime}}
  -\sinh\theta_{\boldq}\cosh\theta_{\boldq^{\prime}}.\label{eq:Bqq'}
\end{align}
Thus the main effect of $h_{\boldr}(t)$ is to create and annihilate a pair of magnons
in different bands.
Although the terms of Eqs. (\ref{eq:Hsb^abs}) and (\ref{eq:Hsb^emi}) violate
magnon-number conservation in general,
the rates of the pair creation and the pair annihilation
satisfy the detailed balance in our nonequilibrium steady state;
as a result,
the effects of the $H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{abs})}$ and $H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})}$
can be reduced to a nonzero chemical potential of nonequilibrium magnons
(see Sect. 4).

In addition to the magnon-photon Hamiltonian,
we consider the photon Hamiltonian~\cite{Schiff}.
It is
\begin{align}
  H_{\textrm{b}}=\sum\limits_{\boldk,\lambda}
  \omega_{\boldk}c_{\boldk\lambda}^{\dagger}c_{\boldk\lambda}.\label{eq:Hb}
\end{align}

\section{Master equation}

We derive the equation of motion of the reduced density matrix of magnons for our system,
and we express it in the form of the master equation.
The following derivation is an extension of
that for an electron system~\cite{Kubo-text,Master1,Master2,Master3}.

In the following analyses
we use several approximations.
To take account of a finite lifetime of magnons or photons,
we introduce the lifetime of magnons, $\tau_{\textrm{m}}$,
and the lifetime of photons, $\tau_{\textrm{p}}$,
in a phenomenological way,
such as the relaxation-time approximation for an electron system~\cite{Ashcroft}.
(Such finite lifetimes are induced, for example, by the scattering of impurities.)
We assume that $\tau_{\textrm{m}}\gg \tau_{\textrm{p}}$,
which is valid for YIG~\cite{Bauer-photon}.
Then
we suppose that
the $H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)$ is weak enough to treat it as perturbation.
[More precisely,
it is so weak that
$\tau_{\textrm{r}} \gg \tau_{\textrm{p}}$, where $\tau_{\textrm{r}}$ is
the relaxation time of magnons
due to the second-order perturbation of the $H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)$
and characterizes
a time evolution of the reduced density matrix of magnons.]
We also suppose that
$\tau_{\textrm{r}} < \tau_{\textrm{m}}$, which is valid for YIG~\cite{Estimate-MagChem}.
Under those conditions,
photons can be treated as a Markovian bath for magnons~\cite{Bauer-photon},
and the $H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)$ can be regarded as the system-bath coupling Hamiltonian.
Since the bath degrees of freedom
can be traced over~\cite{Kubo-text,Master1,Master2,Master3}
in the equation of motion of the density matrix for $H$,
dynamics of nonequilibrium magnons for our system
can be described by
the equation of motion of the reduced density matrix of magnons
which are weakly coupled to a Markovian bath of photons.

We can derive the equation of motion
of the reduced density matrix of the magnons as follows.
The dynamics for $H$ of Eq. (\ref{eq:Htot})
can be described by the Liouville equation,
\begin{align}
  \frac{d \rho(t)}{d t}
  =\frac{1}{i}[H,\rho(t)],\label{eq:Liouville}
\end{align}
where
$\rho(t)$ is the density matrix for $H$.
To describe magnon dynamics,
we rewrite Eq. (\ref{eq:Liouville})
as the equation of motion of the reduced density matrix of magnons,
\begin{align}
  \rho_{\textrm{s}}(t)=\textrm{tr}_{\textrm{b}}\rho(t),\label{eq:rho_s}
\end{align}
where $\textrm{tr}_{\textrm{b}}$ denotes a trace over the bath variables.
This can be done in a manner similar to
the derivation for an electron system~\cite{Kubo-text,Master1,Master2,Master3}.
Since the details of that derivation have been described
in several textbooks (e.g., Ref. \cite{Kubo-text}),
we quote an expression here:
\begin{align}
  \frac{d \rho_{\textrm{s}}^{(\textrm{I})}(t)}{d t}
  = -\textrm{tr}_{\textrm{b}}[H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{I})}(t),\int_{0}^{t}d\tau
    [H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{I})}(\tau),\rho_{\textrm{b}}\rho_{\textrm{s}}^{(\textrm{I})}(t)]],\label{eq:approx}
\end{align}
where the operators in the interaction picture,
$\rho_{\textrm{s}}^{(\textrm{I})}(t)$ and $H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{I})}(t)$,
are defined as
\begin{align}
  \rho_{\textrm{s}}^{(\textrm{I})}(t)
  &=e^{iH_{\textrm{s}}t}\rho_{\textrm{s}}(t)e^{-iH_{\textrm{s}}t},\label{eq:rho_s^I}\\
  H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{I})}(t)
  &=e^{i(H_{\textrm{s}}+H_{\textrm{b}})t}H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)e^{-i(H_{\textrm{s}}+H_{\textrm{b}})t},\label{eq:H_sb^I}
\end{align}
and $\rho_{\textrm{b}}$ is the density matrix of photons.
[For the derivation of Eq. (\ref{eq:approx}), see Appendix C with Appendix D.]

To proceed further
we rewrite Eq. (\ref{eq:approx})
as the equation for the diagonal elements of $\rho_{\textrm{s}}(t)$
for the eigenstates of $H_{\textrm{s}}$.
Let us introduce $|m\rangle$,
an eigenvector of $H_{\textrm{s}}$:
$H_{\textrm{s}}|m\rangle=E_{m}|m\rangle$.
This $|m\rangle$ also satisfies
$N_{\textrm{s}}|m\rangle=N_{m}|m\rangle$,
where $N_{\textrm{s}}$ is the operator of the total number of magnons
and $N_{m}$ is its value for $|m\rangle$.
This is because $H_{\textrm{s}}$ of Eq. (\ref{eq:Hs}) does not violate the number conservation.
(This property may hold approximately
even in the presence of interactions of magnons
for the temperatures lower than the Curie temperature
because for such temperatures the number-nonconserving terms of the interactions
are negligible compared with the number-conserving terms~\cite{PRB-mu}.)
By using $|m\rangle$,
we define the diagonal elements of $\rho_{\textrm{s}}(t)$ as
$p_{m}(t)=\langle m|\rho_{\textrm{s}}(t)|m\rangle$,
where $p_{m}(t)$ represents the occupation probability of magnons.
In addition,
to trace over the bath variables in Eq. (\ref{eq:approx}),
we introduce $|p\rangle$, an eigenvector of $H_{\textrm{b}}$:
$H_{\textrm{b}}|p\rangle=E_{p}|p\rangle$.
Since $\frac{d }{dt}p_{m}(t)
=\langle m|\frac{d }{dt}\rho_{\textrm{s}}^{(\textrm{I})}(t)|m\rangle$,
Eq. (\ref{eq:approx}) can be rewritten as
\begin{align}
  \frac{d p_{m}(t)}{dt}
  =-\sum\limits_{m^{\prime}}R_{mm^{\prime}}(t)p_{m}(t)
  +\sum\limits_{m^{\prime}}R_{m^{\prime}m}(t)p_{m^{\prime}}(t),\label{eq:Master-tdep-pre}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
  &R_{mm^{\prime}}(t)
  =
  \int_{0}^{t}d\tau \sum\limits_{p,p^{\prime}}p_{p}
  \{
  \langle m|\langle p|H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)|p^{\prime}\rangle|m^{\prime}\rangle\notag\\
  &\times
  \langle m^{\prime}|\langle p^{\prime}| H_{\textrm{sb}}(\tau)|p\rangle|m\rangle
  e^{i\Delta E(t-\tau)}+(\textrm{H.c.})
  \},\label{eq:R-pre}
\end{align}
with
$p_{p}=\langle p|\rho_{\textrm{b}}|p\rangle$ and
$\Delta E=E_{m}+E_{p}-E_{m^{\prime}}-E_{p^{\prime}}$
(for the details see Appendix E).
Here the $p_{p}$, the occupation probability of photons, is given by
\begin{align}
  p_{p}=\frac{e^{-\beta E_{p}}}{\sum\limits_{p^{\prime\prime}}e^{-\beta E_{p^{\prime\prime}}}},\label{eq:p_p}
\end{align}
where $\beta=(k_{\textrm{B}}T)^{-1}$.
(Note that the $p_{p}$ can be approximated by the equilibrium occupation probability
because the photons can be treated as a bath for magnons.)
The time integration in Eq. (\ref{eq:R-pre}) can be performed
with the use of Eq. (\ref{eq:Hsb});
the result is
\begin{align}
  &R_{mm^{\prime}}(t)
  =\sum\limits_{p,p^{\prime}}
  |\langle m^{\prime}|\langle p^{\prime}|H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})}|p\rangle|m\rangle|^{2}
  p_{p}\frac{2\sin\Delta E_{-}t}{\Delta E_{-}}
  \notag\\
  &+\sum\limits_{p,p^{\prime}}
  |\langle m^{\prime}|\langle p^{\prime}|H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{abs})}|p\rangle|m\rangle|^{2}
  p_{p}\frac{2\sin\Delta E_{+}t}{\Delta E_{+}},\label{eq:R}
\end{align}
where $\Delta E_{\mp}=\Delta E\mp\omega_{\textrm{p}}$ (see Appendix F).
Since $R_{mm^{\prime}}(t)$ is
the transition rate of the magnon system from $|m\rangle$ to $|m^{\prime}\rangle$,
Eq. (\ref{eq:Master-tdep-pre}) is the master equation
for the magnon system that is weakly coupled to the Markovian bath.

We remark on Eq. (\ref{eq:Master-tdep-pre}).
The first term on its right-hand side
denotes the contribution due to the transitions from $|m\rangle$ to $|m^{\prime}\rangle$,
whereas
the second term
denotes the contribution due to the transitions from $|m^{\prime}\rangle$ to $|m\rangle$.
Since these contributions are not balanced in general,
the expectation value of the magnon number,
$\langle N_{\textrm{s}}\rangle=\sum_{m}N_{m}p_{m}(t)$,
should depend on time except the steady-state case.
In such time-dependent cases,
the magnon number is not conserved,
and thus the magnon chemical potential should be zero.
However,
the magnon chemical potential could be finite
in the steady-state case
because the $\langle N_{\textrm{s}}\rangle$ becomes independent of time.
We will demonstrate this property in the next section.

\section{Steady-state solution}

We now study the steady-state solution
to Eq. (\ref{eq:Master-tdep-pre}).
Since we focus on the nonequilibrium steady state
that is achieved after a long time evolution
under the time-periodic magnetic field,
we replace the factors $\frac{2\sin\Delta E_{\mp}t}{\Delta E_{\mp}}$ in Eq. (\ref{eq:R})
by $2\pi\delta(\Delta E_{\mp})$;
this replacement is valid for large $t$.
Thus Eq. (\ref{eq:R}) becomes
\begin{align}
  R_{mm^{\prime}}(t)\sim \bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(-)}+\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(+)},\label{eq:R-bar}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
  &\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(-)}
  = 2\pi \sum\limits_{p,p^{\prime}}
  |\langle m^{\prime}|\langle p^{\prime}|H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})}|p\rangle|m\rangle|^{2}
  p_{p}\delta(\Delta E_{-}),\label{eq:R-bar^-}\\
  &\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(+)}
  = 2\pi \sum\limits_{p,p^{\prime}}
  |\langle m^{\prime}|\langle p^{\prime}|H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{abs})}|p\rangle|m\rangle|^{2}
  p_{p}\delta(\Delta E_{+}).\label{eq:R-bar^+}
\end{align}
$\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(-)}$ and $\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(+)}$ correspond to
the transition rates given by Fermi's golden rule.
Since the steady-state solution
to Eq. (\ref{eq:Master-tdep-pre}), $\bar{p}_{m}$,
satisfies $\frac{d}{dt}\bar{p}_{m}=0$,
$\bar{p}_{m}$ is determined by
\begin{align}
  \hspace{-10pt}
  0=\sum\limits_{m^{\prime}}
  \{[\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(-)}+\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(+)}]\bar{p}_{m}
    -[\bar{R}_{m^{\prime}m}^{(-)}+\bar{R}_{m^{\prime}m}^{(+)}]\bar{p}_{m^{\prime}}\}.\label{eq:Master}
\end{align}
To find its solution,
we use the relations between $\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(-)}$ and $\bar{R}_{m^{\prime}m}^{(+)}$
and between $\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(+)}$ and $\bar{R}_{m^{\prime}m}^{(-)}$.
Since $p_{p}$ is given by Eq. (\ref{eq:p_p}),
the transition rates satisfy
\begin{align}
  \hspace{-10pt}
  \frac{\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(-)}}{\bar{R}_{m^{\prime}m}^{(+)}}
  =e^{\beta(E_{m}-E_{m^{\prime}}-\omega_{\textrm{p}})},
  \frac{\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(+)}}{\bar{R}_{m^{\prime}m}^{(-)}}
  =e^{\beta(E_{m}-E_{m^{\prime}}+\omega_{\textrm{p}})}.\label{eq:detailed-balance}
\end{align}
[In deriving them we have used the identity
  $e^{-\beta E_{p}}\delta(\Delta E_{\mp})=e^{\beta(E_{m}-E_{m^{\prime}}\mp\omega_{\textrm{p}})}e^{-\beta E_{p^{\prime}}}\delta(\Delta E_{\mp})$.]
Equation (\ref{eq:detailed-balance})
represents the detailed balance between
magnons-pair creation and annihilation
because
$H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{abs})}$ and $H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})}$
describe the pair creation and annihilation, respectively.
Combining Eq. (\ref{eq:detailed-balance}) with Eq. (\ref{eq:Master}),
we have
\begin{align}
  0=&\sum\limits_{m^{\prime}}\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(-)}
  [\bar{p}_{m}-e^{\beta(E_{m^{\prime}}-E_{m}+\omega_{\textrm{p}})}\bar{p}_{m^{\prime}}]\notag\\
  &+\sum\limits_{m^{\prime}}\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(+)}
  [\bar{p}_{m}-e^{\beta(E_{m^{\prime}}-E_{m}-\omega_{\textrm{p}})}\bar{p}_{m^{\prime}}].\label{eq:Master-final}
\end{align}
By assuming the $\bar{p}_{m}$ of the form
\begin{align}
  \bar{p}_{m}=\frac{e^{-\beta (E_{m}-\mu N_{m})}}
      {\sum\limits_{m^{\prime\prime}}e^{-\beta (E_{m^{\prime\prime}}-\mu N_{m^{\prime\prime}})}},\label{eq:p_m}
\end{align}
and substituting Eq. (\ref{eq:p_m}) into Eq. (\ref{eq:Master-final}),
we can show that
both terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (\ref{eq:Master-final}) are zero if
\begin{align}
  \mu=\frac{\omega_{p}}{2}.\label{eq:mu}
\end{align}
[For the first and second terms in Eq. (\ref{eq:Master-final}),
$N_{m^{\prime}}-N_{m}=-2$ and $2$, respectively,
because two magnons are annihilated by $H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})}$
and created by $H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{abs})}$.]
We have chosen
the chemical potentials of $\alpha$-band magnons and $\beta$-band magnons
to be the same
because
the change in the number of $\alpha$-band magnons due to $H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)$
is the same as the change in the number of $\beta$-band magnons.
Since the magnon operators satisfy the commutation relations for bosons,
the solution to Eq. (\ref{eq:p_m})
gives the Bose distribution function~\cite{FW}.
Indeed, we can express
$\langle N_{\textrm{s}}\rangle=\sum_{m}N_{m}\bar{p}_{m}$
as the sum of the Bose distribution functions with $\mu=\omega_{p}/2$ (see Appendix G).
Thus
the magnon distribution function of our nonequilibrium steady state
is given by the Bose distribution function with $\mu=\omega_{p}/2$.
This finite $\mu$ results from
the detailed balance of Eq. (\ref{eq:detailed-balance}).

To obtain a deeper understanding of our mechanism for generating the $\mu$,
we remark on some of the properties of Eqs. (\ref{eq:R-bar^-}) and (\ref{eq:R-bar^+}).
The $\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(-)}$ in Eq. (\ref{eq:R-bar^-}) includes
the factor
$|\langle m^{\prime}|\langle p^{\prime}|H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})}|p\rangle|m\rangle|^{2}\delta(\Delta E_{-})$;
the $\bar{R}_{mm^{\prime}}^{(+)}$ in Eq. (\ref{eq:R-bar^+}) includes
the factor
$|\langle m^{\prime}|\langle p^{\prime}|H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{abs})}|p\rangle|m\rangle|^{2}\delta(\Delta E_{+})$.
The former factor is finite only if
\begin{align}
  \Delta E_{-}=E_{m}+E_{p}-E_{m^{\prime}}-E_{p^{\prime}}-\omega_{\textrm{p}}=0;\label{eq:cond_R^-}
\end{align}
the latter is finite only if
\begin{align}
  \Delta E_{+}=E_{m}+E_{p}-E_{m^{\prime}}-E_{p^{\prime}}+\omega_{\textrm{p}}=0.\label{eq:cond_R^+}
\end{align}
A detailed examination of these conditions is helpful in obtaining
the deeper understanding of our mechanism.
Since $H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})}$ is given by Eq. (\ref{eq:Hsb^emi}),
we can express Eq. (\ref{eq:cond_R^-}) as
\begin{align}
  E_{m}(N_{m})+E_{p}-E_{m^{\prime}}(N_{m}-2)-E_{p^{\prime}}-\omega_{\textrm{p}}=0,\label{eq:cond_R^-_rewr}
\end{align}
where we have explicitly written the magnon numbers
for the states $|m\rangle$ and $|m^{\prime}\rangle$.
For the scattering processes due to the $H_{\textrm{sb}}^{(\textrm{emi})}$
we have
\begin{align}
  E_{m}(N_{m})-E_{m^{\prime}}(N_{m}-2)
  &\approx E_{m}(N_{m})-E_{m^{\prime}}(N_{m})+2\mu \notag\\
  &=\epsilon_{\alpha}(\boldq)+\epsilon_{\beta}(\boldq^{\prime})+2\mu,\label{eq:cond_R^-_rewr_1}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
  E_{p^{\prime}}-E_{p}\approx \omega_{\textrm{p}}.\label{eq:cond_R^-_rewr_2}
\end{align}
Thus Eq. (\ref{eq:cond_R^-}) is divided into
$\epsilon_{\alpha}(\boldq)+\epsilon_{\beta}(\boldq^{\prime})=\omega_{\textrm{p}}$
and $2\mu=\omega_{\textrm{p}}$.
Similarly, we can divide Eq. (\ref{eq:cond_R^+}) into the same two equations.
Therefore
both the change in the magnon number and
the term $(E_{p}-E_{p^{\prime}})$ are necessary
for obtaining the finite $\mu$.
The term $(E_{p}-E_{p^{\prime}})$ appears
only if the time-periodic magnetic field is treated as the quantized field.
[If it is treated as the classical field,
  that term is absent because of lack of the creation or annihilation operator of a photon;
  in this classical case,
  the corresponding conditions
  might be $E_{m}(N_{m})-E_{m^{\prime}}(N_{m}-2)-\omega_{\textrm{p}}=0$
  and $E_{m}(N_{m})-E_{m^{\prime}}(N_{m}+2)+\omega_{\textrm{p}}=0$,
  and thus the $\mu$ should be zero.]
We thus conclude that
the quantum-mechanical treatment of the time-periodic magnetic field
and the Markovian-bath treatment of its effects on the magnon system are
essential for obtaining the finite $\mu$ in the nonequilibrium steady state.

\section{Discussion}

We first compare our results with experimental results.
Experimental studies of the parametric parallel pumping of YIG~\cite{MagBEC-Nature,Estimate-MagChem}
have shown that
after a certain period of time under the time-periodic magnetic field,
the magnon distribution function can be approximated by
the Bose distribution function with finite $\mu$.
This means that
the time-periodic magnetic field generates $\mu$
because the zero of this $\mu$ is set to the value without it.
Our result can qualitatively explain this experimental result.
However, there is a quantitative difference between them
because
the experimentally estimated value of $\mu$
reaches $\mu\approx \omega_{\textrm{p}}/4$ for some pumping powers~\cite{Estimate-MagChem}.
Although a quantitatively appropriate theoretical description
is beyond the scope of the present study,
we believe that
for the quantitative comparison with the experimental results
the effect of a phonon should be taken into account.
This is because
the phonon-assisted processes,
which are similar to the indirect transitions~\cite{Ziman,Ashcroft}
in semiconductors,
may be vital for understanding
how a pair of magnons in different bands is created or annihilated
by a GHz-frequency photon.
It is known that
in order to describe the optical properties of semiconductors,
one needs to consider not only the direct transitions,
the transitions using only a photon,
but also the indirect transitions,
the transitions using a photon and a phonon~\cite{Ziman,Ashcroft}.
Such phonon-assisted processes can be used even for the optical properties of magnon systems.
If the energy of a phonon is set to $0.03$ eV~\cite{Ziman},
the sum of it and the energy of a GHz-frequency photon
is comparable with
the energy of a pair of small-$|\boldq|$ magnons in the lowest branch and
the second lowest branch for YIG.
Note that the energy of a small-$|\boldq|$ magnon in the second lowest branch is
about $7$THz$\approx 0.03$eV~\cite{Bauer-Ferri},
where we have used $1$THz$\approx 4$meV,
the relation between frequency units and energy units
used in the neutron scattering experiments~\cite{Neutron-YIG} for YIG.

We then discuss the differences between the standard theory and our theory.
As described in Sect. 1,
the time-periodic magnetic field is treated as a classical field
in the standard theory~\cite{S-theory1,S-theory2,S-theory3,PRB-Stheory1,Inv-Stheory}.
Because of this treatment,
the standard theory uses
an approximation whose validity is uncertain:
the factor $\cos(\omega_{\textrm{p}}t)$ of
$H_{\textrm{pump}}(t)
=g\mu_{\textrm{B}}h\cos(\omega_{\textrm{p}}t)\sum\textstyle_{\boldj}S^{z}_{\boldj}$
is replaced by $e^{-i\omega_{\textrm{p}}t}$ or $e^{i\omega_{\textrm{p}}t}$
for the magnons-pair creation or annihilation term,
respectively~\cite{PRB-Stheory1,Inv-Stheory}.
In contrast,
our theory does not use that approximation
because such exponential time dependence appears naturally
in the quantized magnetic field.
This difference is one advantage of our theory.
Another advantage is the presence of a photon bath.
Since the standard theory~\cite{S-theory1,S-theory2,S-theory3,PRB-Stheory1,Inv-Stheory}
does not consider a photon bath,
magnon-number conservation is always violated by
the magnons-pair creation and annihilation terms due to the time-periodic magnetic field,
and, as a result, $\mu=0$~\cite{S-theory2,Inv-Stheory}.
In our theory
the rates of the pair creation and the pair annihilation satisfy the detailed balance
in the nonequilibrium steady state,
and, as a result,
the effects of their terms are reduced to $\mu=\omega_{\textrm{p}}/2$.

We now discuss
the implications of our theory.
The framework of our master equation
is applicable to other collinear magnets,
in which the magnetization directions are collinear,
because in a similar way
$H_{\textrm{sb}}(t)$ can be expressed
as the magnons-pair creation and annihilation terms.
Thus, even for other collinear magnets,
the distribution function of nonequilibrium steady-state magnons
in the parametric parallel pumping
could be approximated by the Bose distribution function with finite $\mu$.
Since our theory can be extended
to a more complicated model of YIG~\cite{YIG-review,YIG-1stPrinciple},
our theory provides an important step towards a thorough understanding of
properties of nonequilibrium magnons of YIG.
In addition,
since the similar mechanism
can be used to generate $\mu$ for antiferromagnets,
our results will stimulate further research of
the parametric parallel pumping and the magnon BEC for antiferromagnets.
It should be noted that
for the parametric parallel pumping of an antiferromagnet
a pair of magnons in different bands can be created or annihilated by a GHz-frequency photon
even without the assistance of a phonon
because the band splitting is induced by
the Zeeman energy of the time-independent magnetic field~\cite{NA-AF}
and it is much smaller than that induced by the Heisenberg exchange interaction.
This property is distinct from the property for ferrimagnets,
and thus may be an advantage of antiferromagnets.

\section{Summary}

We have studied
the magnon properties of the two-sublattice ferrimagnet
in the nonequilibrium steady state under the time-periodic magnetic field.
We have introduced the model Hamiltonian, in which
the magnon system in the parametric parallel pumping
is described by the system of magnons with the weak coupling to the Markovian bath of photons.
To understand
the nonequilibrium steady-state properties of this system,
we have derived the master equation of the reduced density matrix of the magnons,
and then we have studied its steady-state solution.
We have shown that
the magnon distribution function of the nonequilibrium steady state
becomes the Bose distribution function with $\mu=\omega_{\textrm{p}}/2$.
This result can qualitatively explain the generation of the magnon chemical potential
in experiments~\cite{MagBEC-Nature,Estimate-MagChem},
and it is distinct from
the value of the standard theory, $\mu=0$.

\begin{acknowledgments}

    The author thanks E. Saitoh and H. Adachi for useful discussions
    about magnon properties in the parametric parallel pumping.
    This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K14664.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Campodea rossi är en urinsektsart som beskrevs av Camille Bareth och Otto Conde 1958. Campodea rossi ingår i släktet Campodea och familjen Campodeidae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Larvborstsvansar
rossi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sarah Barker is a Special Counsel at MinterEllison. She has two decades' experience as a corporate lawyer, and is regarded as one of the world's foremost experts on investment governance issues relating to climate change. Her expertise is sought by clients across Australia and New Zealand, and by global institutions from the Bank of England to the OECD, European Union and United Nations PRI. She is currently a non-executive director of one of Australia's largest superannuation funds, the $26-billion Emergency Services & State Super, and the Responsible Investment Association Australasia.
She has taught the flagship Company Directors' Course of the Australian Institute of Company Directors for more than a decade, is part of the faculty of the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership's Earth on Board executive programme, and in an academic visitor at the Smith School of Enterprise & the Environment at the University of Oxford.
Harald Drager is the founding member of the worldwide acting society TIEMS (The International Emergency Management Society), which he took the initiative to establish in 1993. He was the International Vice President of TIEMS since its inauguration until 2002, when he took over as TIEMS President, a position he was re-elected to for the 5th time in 2016. He has brought in new ideas and new people in TIEMS and succeeded the organization to span worldwide.
Harald, has extensive experience from industry and research activity, especially in emergency and risk management, and he acts as the Managing Director of QUASAR Invest AS in Norway, a consultancy in global safety, emergency and disaster management.
His specializations are international organizational development, emergency, disaster and risk management and project management.
He has published numerous papers internationally on emergency, risk and disaster management.
He was a European Commission appointed evaluator for the EU Security Calls for FP7 2013 and the Horizon 2020 Call for Secure Societies in 2014. He was appointed Professor Chair for 4 years in 2014 at King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He was also appointed Visiting Professor at North Western University in Xian in China in 2016 for 2 years.


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text:
Mostly clear. Low 57F. Winds WNW at 10 to 20 mph..
Mostly clear. Low 57F. Winds WNW at 10 to 20 mph.
Kami-Jo Jorian and her horse, Badger.
Photo by Dan Lesovsky
Kami-Jo Jorian and Badger work the poles.
Tehachapi teen wins state rodeo title
By CARLA COOK Contributing writer
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Carla Cook is a friend of the Jorian family.
This Week's e-Edition
Kelcy's Restaurant to reopen in August
Walmart announces a tentative opening date for August
Police had active sex abuse case against man allegedly killed by ex-wife in Tehachapi
New TUSD superintendent shares goals, looks forward to this year
Family, friends of woman accused of murdering her ex-husband in Tehachapi protest her arrest
Norma Jean O'Briant-Kirby, 1959-2019
Natural Sightings: The scale of Farewell-to-Spring revealed
Tehachapi City Council agrees to consider 'In God We Trust' decals for public safety vehicles
PHOTO GALLERY: City workers, church members and more volunteer for major neighborhood cleanup
PHOTO GALLERY: Kickin' back for a summer concert

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Psychology Professor Mentors Students in Cause of Fighting Effects of Smoking
By Brian Hiro
Psychology professor Kim Pulvers is one of two CSUSM nominees for 2023 CSU Wang Family Excellence Award. Photo by Alicia Lores
Kim Pulvers was a doctoral student in clinical psychology at the University of Kansas in the early 2000s when she first encountered a statistic that floored her.
Every year, almost half a million people die from the effects of cigarette smoking, which is more than the number of deaths from auto accidents, drugs and alcohol, murder, suicide and AIDS – combined.
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She never really stopped, and for more than a decade, Cal State San Marcos has been the beneficiary. Hired as a psychology professor and clinical health psychologist in 2008, Pulvers has dedicated her career to reducing the risk of smoking, helping people stop smoking, and researching tobacco control policy. In the process, she has incorporated more than 100 students in her research and helped dozens of them advance to postgraduate education in the field.
For her tireless efforts, Pulvers has been chosen as one of two CSUSM nominees for the 2023 CSU Wang Family Excellence Award, which annually recognizes four California State University faculty members and one staff member who have distinguished themselves through exemplary contributions and achievements. Pulvers was nominated for the Outstanding Faculty Scholarship Award, with history professor Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall nominated for the Outstanding Faculty Teaching Award.
"I am thankful for the privilege to be a faculty member in the largest state university system in the nation and the opportunity to have devoted my faculty career to CSUSM," Pulvers said. "Contributing to social and economic mobility in California and in North County San Diego specifically, while addressing the leading cause of preventable death and disease in the United States through my research, makes me excited to work every day."
During an eight-year period starting in 2014, Pulvers was awarded nine different research grants totaling $1.8 million in funds. From those projects arose four nationally recognized contributions to addressing the public health crisis of cigarette smoking:
Being among the first U.S. studies establishing electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for smokers.
Serving as co-investigator on a randomized trial testing the effect of cigarette packing on smoking perceptions and behaviors. This study demonstrated that graphic warning labels are effective reminders of the negative health consequences of smoking.
Serving as a co-investigator on a randomized trial testing filtered vs unfiltered cigarettes.
Serving as principal investigator on a multi-site study promoting engagement and compliance with college smoke- and vape-free policies. The project led to the creation of a real-time Tobacco Tracker to help keep college campuses smoke and vapor free.
Kim Pulvers continuously involves students in her research on smoking cessation and other causes.
Far from resting on her laurels, Pulvers now is taking her research to the next level. In the last year, she applied for and received three new grants totaling $3.1 million and representing 12 years of continuous funding.
The most notable of these allows her to develop and administer a training program for students from diverse backgrounds to conduct tobacco-related research projects in partnership with UC San Diego. The inaugural CSUSM/UCSD Smoke and Vape Free Scholars Initiative Program for Reducing Tobacco Disease in Diverse Communities is funding 15 CSUSM students from racial/ethnic minoritized, low-income and/or LGBTQ backgrounds – the populations that tobacco companies frequently target – for a comprehensive, two-year training experience, filling a critical gap as the first student training program devoted to tobacco control and advocacy.
Pulvers says she was prepared to lead this program because of her long record of mentoring students. In her 14 years at CSUSM, she has trained 100 students, more than half of whom completed at least two years of mentored research. That kind of experience has proved instrumental in many of her students gaining admission to competitive master's and Ph.D. programs.
"As a minority student, the road to graduate school was difficult," said Eleuterio Limas, a former undergraduate and master's student of Pulvers' who went on to earn a Ph.D. at Indiana University and is now a staff psychologist at UCSD. "Fortunately, Dr. Pulvers has made a career of helping underrepresented students such as myself. I have never seen her turn a student away. Even if a student had little to no research experience, she would give that person a chance. That type of approach goes a long way for an underrepresented student because it gives them hope and the confidence from someone believing in them.
"She continually puts out top-tier research, is admired by her colleagues, and is an inspiration to her students. It is an example that I hope to be to the students I have a chance to impact and mentor."
Throughout her career, Pulvers has been inspired by a quote from, of all people, a hockey player. The legendary Wayne Gretzky once said, "I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it's been." Similarly, as Pulvers observed, tobacco executives employ that philosophy to stay ahead of mitigation efforts and keep certain people addicted to nicotine to remain profitable.
Her work, and her mentorship of students from groups most affected, is devoted to fighting back against that harmful ethos.
"The research I have conducted over the past 14 years at CSUSM," she said, "is designed to counteract the disastrous effects of cigarette smoking and the unjust predatory practices yielding this unimaginable toll."
Brian Hiro, Communications Specialist
bhiro@csusm.edu | Office: 760-750-7306
Communication Professor Wins Award for Published Article
History Professor Wins Prestigious Award for Making Past Come Alive
Biotechnology Students Grow Personally, Professionally on Tokyo Trip
Activist in Fight to End Child Sexual Abuse Highlights Spring Arts & Lectures
Looking Back on Successes of 2022
Speech-Language Pathology Student's Advocacy Efforts Pay Off
Physics Student Honored for Research
Another Record-Breaking Giving Day
Advocate Leaves Lasting Impact on Students
Engineering Student Cultivates Success with Positive Outlook
Quilting Is Therapy, Adventure for Communication Lecturer
Career Skills Class Helps Theater Students Find Their Path
CTREE Helping Students Achieve and Surpass Goals
Bio-Artist Closes Out Arts & Lectures Series
Anthropology Professor Hosts Student Tool-Making Activity
Celebrate Native American Heritage Month
Make Your Voice Heard in Next Week's Election
New Center Dedicated to Mindfulness Set to Launch
Filmmaker to Discuss Impact of Horror, Science Fiction Films
Sharing Passion for Art, Military at Library Context Exhibit
Campus Common Read Shines Light on Banned Books
Ask the Experts: Drought and Climate Change in California
Student's Perseverance, Courage Lead to Recognition
Black Voices in STEM Sparks Conversation, Elicits Change
Scholar-Activist to Speak About Border's Salient Features
Afro Puerto Rican Feminist Writer to Speak at Arts Event
Neufeldt Touts Power of CSUSM at Report to Community
Poet to Speak at Arts & Lectures Event
Israeli Filmmaker to Speak at Arts & Lectures Event
Showing Resilience on Path to Trustees' Award
New VP Values Mission of Impacting Students
Daughter of Malcolm X Kicks Off Arts & Lectures Series
Celebrate Latinx Heritage Month
Library Develops More Representative, Anti-Racist Materials
Professor's Grants Will Open More Doors to Science
Kinesiology Alumnus Is Serving Those Who Served
Alumnus Helps Other LGBTQ+ People Find Their Authentic Selves
No Stone Unturned: Social Mobility Is Donors' Latest Cause at CSUSM
Bright Ideas: Under Neufeldt, Spirit of Innovation Is Shining at CSUSM
A Different Kind of Coach
Ask the Expert: Making Sense of Monkeypox
Difficult Times Give Way to Bright Future
Fighting Injustices in Food System Through Farming
Bridging the Gap: Alumni Introduce Platform to Transform Research
Keeping Lessons From Late Father Close to Her Heart
New Academic Year Underway
Wilderness Orientation Brings Together Incoming Students
Talk by Educator Daughter of Malcolm X Highlights Arts & Lectures This Fall
Hologic Grant Allows Summer Scholars to Dream Big
Batman or Bruce Wayne? CSUSM Panel Talks Criminology at Comic-Con
Computer Science Alumnus Becomes Valued Professional Mentor
Student's Short Film Wins Emmy Awards for Impactful Message
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Our stylish Northwest contemporary community is located only a few blocks from Marymoor Park and tucked into a quiet residential Redmond neighborhood. Whether inside our beautifully designed community or enjoying the ample outdoor spaces, we offer the finest features and amenities to truly support, pamper, and bring joy to our residents as they enter a new phase in their life. Inspired by a Pacific Northwest lodge, our community feels like you are on a vacation in the woods.
Social setting. There are many common areas and outdoor spaces in the community for residents to socialize over a cup of coffee or find their perfect blend of loose-leaf teas in the tea room.
Nightcap lounge. The top-level lounge is the perfect place to sip a beverage, celebrate a special occasion, or enjoy music from the vintage jukebox with friends and neighbors.
Sports den. A cozy den to hang out with a cold beer, play a game of pool, or watch the big game on one of several wide-screen televisions. Or get a haircut and shave in our adjacent barbershop.
Memory care. Our nationally recognized Life's Neighborhood™ program for our dementia care residents re-creates the feeling of yesteryear. Take a trip back in time as you step into our vintage campsite, complete with an Airstream trailer and the makings for s'mores!
Select from a variety of layouts and sizes of private apartments to meet your needs and lifestyle.
Notice the difference. Designer touches transform expectations.
Welcome your family and friends with a sense of grandeur for happy visits.
Personalize your apartment with favorite accents and create your cozy home.
Stay active, indulge in your favorite hobbies, and live life creatively.
Everyone gathers around the table for great food, good conversation, and laughter.
Please check out our Careers page to learn more about open jobs and the Aegis Living experience.


text:
Rio All-Suite Hotel & Casino Details
World Series of Poker Gaming Vendor Information
Nevada Gambling
Ranked Online Poker Rooms
Guy Fieri's Flavortown Sports Kitchen coming to Las Vegas
Las Vegas to celebrate the Year of the Rabbit
Top 10 poker stories of 2022
Australian wins PLO8 title, $255,942 at WSOP
Jarred Graham can add his name to the list of Australians who have excelled at the World Series of Poker after claiming the $1,500 Pot-Limit Omaha High-Low title for his first WSOP bracelet and $255,942.
Gary Benson became the first Australian to win a gold bracelet in 1996. Nine years later, Aussie Joe Hachem became the first World Champion from that part of the world, winning the 2005 WSOP Main Event. In fact, Hachem was on hand to witness the victory.
"We are good friends from playing in cash games back home," Graham said of the world champion. "To have him here was really special. It meant a lot."
Graham has been playing semi-professionally and professionally off and on for about five years. He also works in real estate and helps to manage properties. And now, he will have to manage more than a quarter million in prize money added to his bankroll.
Australia may be called the land down under, but, at least for today, that proud nation led by Jarred Graham is on top of the world.
Graham defeated Marco Johnson heads up to claim the title. Johnson took home $158,379 for second.
Barry Greenstein was third, Noomis Jones was fourth, Gabriel Blumenthal was fifth, Lon Harwood was sixth, Eric Rodawig was seventh, Joao Simao was eighth, and Perry Green, who was the runner up to Stu Unger in the 1981 Main Event, finished ninth.
The tournament drew 936 players, with the top 117 finishing in the money. Notable players who cashed but did not make the final table included Yuval Bronshtein (1th), Leif Force (23rd), Jeff Lisandro (24th), Mel Judah (27th), Chris Bell (32nd), Matt Giannetti (35th), Mike Matusow (40th), Owais Ahmed (42nd), Kirill Gerasimov (43rd), Allen Cunningham (44th), Mark Gergorich (49th), Nick Binger (58th), Ryan Lenaghan (59th), Dao Bac (66th), Jonathan Little (75th), Jason Mercier (83rd), and Eoghan O'Dea (93rd).
Tournament recap modified from a report by WSOP Media Director Nolan Dalla, used by permission.
Australian wins PLO8 title, $255,942 at WSOP is republished from CasinoVendors.com.


Thanks for your interest in creating a grant!
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The mission of the INTEGRAL Guest Observer Facility at NASA/GSFC was to provide support for US-based scientists wishing to utilize INTEGRAL data in the research.
A mirror of the INTEGRAL public data archive at the ISDC in Versoix, Switzerland, is available through the HEASARC at NASA/GSFC. The data is accessible at either site via the HEASARC's W3Browse facility. The INTEGRAL archive at the HEASARC is maintained by the INTEGRAL GOF and HEASARC staffs.
The current INTEGRAL OSA software releases from the ISDC are also available from this website as binaries for the Linux and Mac OS X operatings systems as well as source code. In addition to the ESA INTEGRAL help desk, e-mail and telephone support to U.S. participants is available through the GOF.
The INTEGRAL Guest Observer Program is managed by ESA with data distribution and user support provided by the INTEGRAL Science Data Center (ISDC).
Please direct any inquires to the NASA INTEGRAL GOF, S. Sturner, 301-286-8447 or by selecting Integral via the Feedback form.
The Astrophysics Science Division (ASD) of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is one of the consortium institutions of the ISDC. In addition, several Goddard scientists are members of the INTEGRAL Spectrometer (SPI) instrument development team.


13 girls vests, 12 short sleeve, 1 long sleeve. mixture of brands but mostly George Asda, 1 with tags, 2 unworn.
Lovely Top. Can easily dress up or down.
90s esq knitted crop - goes well with a pair of Mom jeans.


The Department of Human Resources (DHR) is providing cooling assistance for low income Georgians through the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). The $6.4 million federally funded program will provide much needed assistance to those who are experiencing added financial strain in paying their power bills due to recent high temperatures. The state expects to serve approximately 24,000 low income households.
Most Georgians think that flashlights, duct tape, batteries, and canned goods will get them through an emergency, but these items alone are not enough especially for older adults and people with disabilities who may require additional supplies. Seventy-eight percent of Georgians believe they are adequately prepared to get through 72 hours following an emergency, but studies show that most people have not taken the necessary steps to fully prepare themselves for a large-scale disaster.
The Georgia Department of Human Services (DHS), Division of Family and Child Services (DFCS) will hold a public hearing Thursday, July 14, 2011 to receive comments and feedback on the FY 2012 State Plan for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Block Grant (LIHEAP). The LIHEAP block grant provides assistance with home heating costs, weatherization and other home energy needs for eligible elderly, homebound, and other low-income Georgians.
The Georgia Department of Human Services (DHS), Division of Family and Child Services (DFCS) will hold a public hearing Thursday, July 14, 2011 to receive comments and feedback on the FY 2012 State Plan for the Community Services Block Grant (CSBG) program. The CSBG program assists eligible low-income Georgians remove obstacles and provides tools to move towards self-sufficiency.
ATLANTA– Commissioner Clyde L. Reese of the Georgia Department of Human Services issued the following statement addressing the Department of Audits' recent ARRA Adult Subsidized Employment Report.
June 2, 2011- ATLANTA – Elder abuse is one of the most unrecognized and under-reported crimes. In recognition of Elder Abuse Awareness Month, the Georgia Department of Human Services, Division of Aging Services is alerting the aging community and Medicare recipients of potential elder abuse through Medicare scams.
May 18, 2011 - ATLANTA – The Georgia Department of Human Services (DHS) is reminding Georgians that the Disaster Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (D-SNAP) benefits are still available in the following counties: Bartow (zip codes 30145, 30171, 30123, 30103), Catoosa, Cherokee, Coweta, Dade, Floyd, Gordon (zip codes 30746 and 30733), Greene, Habersham, Harris, Heard, Lamar, Lumpkin, Meriwether, Monroe, Morgan, Newton, Pickens, Polk, Rabun, Spalding, Troup, Upson, Walker and White. Registration for the D-SNAP program will be available in these counties until Thursday, May 19 at 6 p.m.
The Georgia Department of Human Services (DHS) is supporting the fight against elder abuse by encouraging Georgians to wear purple on World Elder Abuse Awareness Day on June 15. A proclamation marking June as Elder Abuse Awareness Month in Georgia was recently signed by Governor Nathan Deal to educate and raise awareness of the warning signs associated with elder abuse.
May 12, 2011 - ATLANTA – The Georgia Department of Human Services (DHS), Division of Family and Children Services (DFCS), is notifying Catoosa County residents affected by last month's severe weather of the new location to receive disaster food assistance. The new location will be <b>Catoosa Hall located at 7658 Nashville Street, Ringgold, GA 30736</b>.


Little Big City (by Gameloft) — Mobers.ORG — Your Daily Source For Mobile FUN!
Make it a wonderful place to live for your citizens using a vast number of creative resources. Unleash your imagination as you place functional buildings and cool decorations. Meet characters who can't wait to be your neighbors and help each other's cities grow. You can even take an entertaining break from being Mayor with special mini-games that will challenge you and offer various missions and collectibles.
- Many creative resources to build your dream city, from houses and businesses to cool decorations.
- Dozens of fun & rewarding missions that will test your mayoral muscle.
- Play a variety of fun mini-games for cool collectables and other rewards.
- Befriend up to 5 AI-controlled neighbors and exchange gifts to brighten up both your cities.
- Accept missions to help your neighbors and they may return the favor.
- Enjoy the cute, vibrant graphics and watch your city grow in 3D.


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Nestlé tops leading sustainability indices | Nestlé Waters NA
Nestlé tops leading sustainability indices
Nestlé is the leading food products company in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for the first time with a score of 88%, double the industry average.
The company has also achieved the maximum score for the second year running in the CDP 'Climate Disclosure Leadership Index' and the CDP 'Climate Performance Leadership Index', both of which are published in the Global 500 Climate Change Report 2013.
Nestlé's leading positions in all three indices recognise its strong performance against a number of benchmarks that measure the environmental and the social impact of its operations and the transparency of its information disclosure.
Strong policies
Nestlé's strong policies and transparent reporting in the area of environmental sustainability - including its climate change mitigation activities, water management practices and raw material sourcing - led it to achieving 97% in the 'environment dimension' of the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, the best score in the industry.
The Dow Jones Sustainability Index is based on an analysis of companies' economic, environmental and social performance, including areas such as corporate governance, climate strategy, supply chain standards and labour practices.
Halve emissions
Initiatives such as switching from long-distance road transportation to rail or short-sea shipping in Europe, opting for wind power to supply energy to its factories in Mexico, and installing wood-fired boilers at factories in France, have all helped Nestlé to maintain its position in the CDP rankings for the second year running.
The CDP indices measure the performance of the top 500 companies in the FTSE Global Equity Index in terms of their efforts to cut carbon emissions, as well as the transparency of the information they disclose.
Since 2002 Nestlé has managed to halve the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from its factories per tonne of product, by continuing to improve energy efficiency, switching to cleaner fuels and investing in renewable sources.
Earlier this year the company announced its commitment to reducing direct GHG emissions per tonne of product by more than a third again by 2015, compared to 2005 levels.
Nestlé policy on environmental sustainability
Global 500 Climate Change Report 2013
CDP website
Read more stories about Nestlé and environmental sustainability:
Nestlé factory reduces water use by almost two thirds in less than 12 months


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NFL Props for Week 13: Will Washington Lean on Heinicke?
by Gray Gutfreund December 3, 2022 December 3, 2022
The 2022 NFL regular season has been a wild one so far. And, as the playoffs approach, the season may get even weirder. We'll be diving into our favorite NFL Props for Week 13 in a matchup that could dictate the NFC playoff picture.
The New York Giants are hosting the Washington Commanders — kickoff is at 1:00 ET. The Giants are trending in the wrong direction, while the Commanders have won six of their last seven games. This is each team's biggest game of the season thus far, as the winner will be in the driver's seat before these teams square off again just two weeks from now.
New York's rushing defense has been vulnerable this season. Meanwhile, Washington has become one of the NFL's most run-oriented offenses over the last month. With Taylor Heinicke and the Commanders entering as 2-point favorites, this is an excellent opportunity for their run-heavy play-calling to continue.
Shop NFL Player Props for FREE in our Prop Odds Comparison Tool.
NFL Props for Week 13 (12/4)
Taylor Heinicke Under 29.5 Pass Attempts (-114 @ FanDuel)
In six starts this season, Taylor Heinicke has led the Washington Commanders to a 5-1 record. In these games, the team is running on 56.5% of their offensive plays. That marks a massive increase from Washington's 38.1% run rate before Heinicke took over.
Since Week 6, Washington's defense is giving up just 16.8 points per game. Only the Jets, Titans, and 49ers have held opponents to fewer points per game during this stretch. Offensive coordinator Scott Turner has taken advantage of this stellar defensive output by limiting Heinicke's volume and embracing the team's rushing attack.
The Commanders' 37.0 rushing attempts per game with Heinicke at QB are the league's second-most during that stretch, trailing only the Chicago Bears. Against a Giants' defense that is better against the pass than against the run, expect a heavy dosage of Brian Robinson and company out of the backfield.
By Expected Points contributed, the Giants have the NFL's 19th-ranked pass defense and 25th-ranked run defense through 12 weeks. And, opposing offenses have attacked them accordingly since their Week 9 Bye.
In New York's last three games, their opponents are averaging 31.7 rush attempts and only 31.0 pass attempts per game.
Opposing QBs vs. Giants since Week 9.
Jared Goff threw only 26 passes, compared to his 33.8 attempts per game in Detroit's other ten games. And, although Dak Prescott and Davis Mills were closer to their season averages in the attempts department, they also posted a negative Pass Rate Over Expected against New York.
PROE measures how often teams throw compared to their expected pass rate, adjusted for game situations. And, lately, Washington has been leaning on their run game no matter what.
38 quarterbacks have thrown at least 100 passes this NFL season. Heinicke ranks 36th in PROE, as Washington passes 9.2% less than expected when the Old Dominion product starts.
Lowest PROE, among QBs with 100+ Pass Attempts in 2022.
Only Justin Fields and Marcus Mariota have thrown less than Heinicke in 2022. Mariota and Fields' passing attempt props have been easy fades this season, so it's only right that Heinicke joins the club headed into Week 13.
The New York Giants utilize a ton of man coverage on the defensive side of the ball. This is perfect for Washington's offense, which has relied on pre-snap motion and rush-oriented play calling lately.
This is a must-win game for the Commanders, and the only way they can win is if they keep Taylor Heinicke out of harm's way. He's thrown fewer than 30 passes in four straight weeks, and the Commanders should try to extend that streak to five on Sunday.
Enjoy playing our NFL Props for Week 13 and Join us for the rest of the NFL season!
Brian RobinsonTaylor HeinickeShare0
Hiding Hunter Henry: Best Props for Patriots Bills
MNF Player Props: Can Andy Dalton Best the Bucs?
Season Long NFL Props: Big Things in Store for D.J. Moore & Dalvin Cook
Cort Smith August 28, 2019 January 25, 2023
Best Props for Giants Eagles: A Passing Grade on Daniel Jones
Cort Smith October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020
2019 NFL Combine Prop Bets: Is Parris Campbell the Fastest Man in College Football?
Jeremy Cohen February 28, 2019 January 12, 2023


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Readers respond to Stonington, Matinicus photos
Filling in the blanks on historic images
Tom Groening
We asked for reader with information about old photographs we published in the May and June issues of The Working Waterfront, and you did not disappoint.
First, the Matinicus photo, which depicted a woman playing an accordion-like instrument. Across the sepia-tone image, the date was hand-written. Several readers correctly pointed out that it was the abbreviation for October, and not December, 1929. We'll blame our error on the eye-strain that comes at the end of editing an issue. And to be honest, we're not sure how we knew the photo was shot on Matinicus (but we're confident that it was).
Playing a button accordion on Matinicus in October 1929.
Howard Weinberg wrote to note that it was not a concertina she was playing "but a button accordion, sometimes referred to as a melodeon."
The Stonington photo, which came courtesy of the Penobscot Marine Museum (check out the website, PenobscotMarineMuseum.org for its impressive digitized photo collections) showed a row of buildings with business names. The names were fairly clear in the digital version, but lost some clarity in newsprint.
But readers came to the rescue.
Stoning ton's business district; the buildings now make up the Inn on the Harbor.
Kris Johnson wrote: "About the pic of Stonington in the June issue, the fish market was Captain Webster's. He used to carve me boats when I visited his shop as a kid! I grew up summers on Deer Isle, now live in Rockland."
Bill Haviland added: "Those buildings are still there. I remember the one on the far left as the Harbor Lights restaurant (back in the 1950s); the other two as a fish market and barber shop. All three are now the Inn on the Harbor.
Khela Ransier of Stonington wrote to say the photo was printed in "Images of America" series on Deer Isle and Stonington.
"The caption states it's from the early 1900s, and right to left are Charles Brimigion's Barber Shop, the post office with fish market sign on its side (market in back of the post office), the Central Grocery Store, and Webb's Store. The card includes a few additional background structures on the left."
Glenn Webb added that the fish market sign "directed people down the alleyway to the fish market on the waterfront behind the buildings shown."
Jay Brown, owner of the Inn on the Harbor, adds more information:
"All the buildings sit on pilings and are over the water, and I've seen a photo of a fish shack behind them. My guess is this photo was taken around 1905 to 1910."
Thanks to all who wrote.
Remembering the colorful Kirstie Alley


'RAILS TO TRAILS" Access to miles and miles of trails, also access to the CT. River. Zoned Roadside Commercial. This charming Full Dormer cape style home, has spacious rooms, lovely fireplace. hardwood floors. Full basement with bulkhead and bomb shelter. Access to Ct River is via 'LISCOM'S CREEK" , out through a passage under a stone arch bridge to the river. Property consists of two lots and abuts town park and historical society. Start your own business or enjoy evening hikes along the "Rail Trail"


The Komara Midi skimmer utilizes 4 banks of Olephilic discs that collect oil is a 360 degree configuration, making it suitable to collect a wide range of oils from very light oil to heavy contaminants. This mid-sized skimmer works effectively in ports and harbors, as well as coastal waters. The versatility of this model oil skimmer makes is suitable for use in most situations.
As a system, the Komara Midi is supplied with a powerful hydraulic powerpack, transfer pump along with necessary hoses and connectors.


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Q: Setting masterName on MVC view causes error when calling RenderAction I have a Masterpage (site.master) that calls a View using RenderAction.  At the moment the View returns "hello world".
site.master:
<%@ Master Language="C#" Inherits="System.Web.Mvc.ViewMasterPage" %>

   <title><asp:ContentPlaceHolder ID="ContentPlaceHolder1" runat="server" /></title>
   <asp:ContentPlaceHolder ID="ContentPlaceHolder2" runat="server" />

    <% Html.RenderAction("Test", "Charts"); %>

    <asp:ContentPlaceHolder ID="ContentPlaceHolder3" runat="server" >

site.master

    </asp:ContentPlaceHolder>

    <asp:ContentPlaceHolder ID="ContentPlaceHolder4" runat="server" />

Test.aspx:
<%@ Page Language="C#" Inherits="System.Web.Mvc.ViewPage<dynamic>" %>

hello world!

ChartsController.cs:
public ActionResult Test()
{
    return View();
}

If I update the View to pass in the name of the Masterpage explicitly I get an error when I call RenderAction.
ChartsController.cs:
public ActionResult Test()
{
    return View(null, "site");
}

Error:
Content controls have to be top-level controls in a content page or a nested master page that references a master page.
Stack Trace:

[HttpException (0x80004005): Content controls have to be top-level controls in a content page or a nested master page that references a master page.]
   System.Web.UI.MasterPage.CreateMaster(TemplateControl owner, HttpContext context, VirtualPath masterPageFile, IDictionary contentTemplateCollection) +8857854
   System.Web.UI.Page.get_Master() +54
   System.Web.UI.Page.ApplyMasterPage() +15
   System.Web.UI.Page.PerformPreInit() +45
   System.Web.UI.Page.ProcessRequestMain(Boolean includeStagesBeforeAsyncPoint, Boolean includeStagesAfterAsyncPoint) +328

How do I go about setting the master page that I want the view to use?  Ultimately I will be setting the Masterpage dynamically using a custom ViewEngine (by overriding VirtualPathProviderViewEngine.FindView).
if ( String.IsNullOrEmpty(masterName) ){ masterName = "site"; }

When I set the masterName property in my ViewEngine and then call RenderAction from site.master I get the same error as when I set the masterName property in the Action.
I am using:
Visual Studio 2010
MVC 3
IIS Express
edited: added full site.master markup

A: Subclass ViewPage<T> and override the OnPreInit() event.  In your override,
protected override void OnPreInit(EventArgs e)
{
    this.MasterLocation = GetMasterLocation();
    base.OnPreInit(e);
}

The GetMasterLocation() method should get the filename of the view (beginning with a "~/").
The error comes from the CreateMaster method in MasterPage, the code that throws it is:
if (masterPageFile == null)
{
    if ((contentTemplateCollection != null) && (contentTemplateCollection.Count > 0))
    {
        throw new HttpException(SR.GetString("Content_only_allowed_in_content_page"));
    }
    return null;
}

So, the MasterPage doesn't exist and content template collection has templates, so the page throws an exception.  Following the above instructions will programmatically set the masterpage's location (which gets processed into the virtual path which is the variable masterPageFile)

A: I have come up with a solution and at least a partial answer/understanding to the cause of my issue.
If I am correct the issue is that I as trying to set the Masterpage on a view that didn't have/need a Masterpage.  I think that the result was that I was setting a path to a Masterpage and even though that Masterpage exists the View was not expecting it and through an error.
When I updated the View to use a Masterpage I was able to pass the name of the Masterpage directly to the View without an error.
Test.aspx:
<%@ Page Language="C#" MasterPageFile="~/Views/Shared/Charts.Master" Inherits="System.Web.Mvc.ViewPage<dynamic>" %>

<asp:Content ID="Content1" ContentPlaceHolderID="ContentPlaceHolder1" runat="server">
    hello world!
</asp:Content>

The way that I resolved this in my custom ViewEngine was to check if the current View is a ChildAction.
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(masterName) && !controllerContext.IsChildAction)
{
    masterName = "site";
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Character Encoding - Find broken character? Simple problem.. I need to detect this character �. If it exists I need to utf8_encode the string. strpos doesn't find it.. Server doesn't have mb_detect_encoding. Any ideas?
Some strings are valid so I can't utf8 encode a valid utf8 string or bad things happen..

A: Are you sure all of the below are set to UTF-8:

*

*Your database table/fields are set to store UTF-8.

*Your MySQL (or other database) connection is transmitting in UTF-8.

*Your definitive output is set to be UTF-8.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
Mycol. Pap. 114: 23 (1968)

#### Original name
Podosporium penicillium Speg.

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The objective of this study was to determine the technological readiness of senior citizen bank customers and their banking technology adoption behaviours. In particular, the purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between technology readiness and age seniority as a moderator. A quantitative research methodology was adopted for this exploratory research study, where a survey was administered with a population of 70 senior citizen bank customers residing in old age centres in Gauteng and North-West provinces. A small proportion of the study's respondents comprised or senior citizen bank customers resident in private homes in Mafikeng, North West. The findings of the study revealed that senior citizen bank customers of the South African banks who have access to technology based banking services and products are ready for banking technologies. The study also revealed that senior citizen bank customers currently only have access to, and use of, basic banking technology services and products that include a bank account, landline telephone banking and ATMs. ln addition, the study found that senior citizen bank customers of the South African Banks that have access to technology based banking services and products have higher desirability to learn more about technology banking products and services, are concerned about the safety of banking technologies which affect their level of trust on them. Further, the study found that this segment of bank customers does not have adequate access to information on new banking technology innovations that is tailored to their unique traits prompting a need for the marketing efforts of the banks to target segment of bank clients with customised marketing strategies.