text:
The only ferry from Kusadasi to Greece goes to the Greek island of Samos. It's a great island and certainly worth a few days. From Samos, there are usually direct ferries to Mykonos and Syros. These are very different islands that have a very different vibe – but both appealing in their own way. From Mykonos there will be direct flights to Western Europe (most likely Rome, Paris, Amsterdam, and London) though not every flight flies every day so requires some planning. Santorini would be another ferry ride from Mykonos. And Crete farther still. So you wouldn't have time to get to either island.
Air transport agreement Bermuda Agreement (UK-US, 1946-78) Bermuda II Agreement (UK-US, 1978-2008) China-US Cross-Strait charter (China-Taiwan) Beijing Convention Cape Town Treaty Chicago Convention Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives European Common Aviation Area Flight permit Freedoms of the air Hague Hijacking Convention Hague Protocol ICAO Montreal Convention Open skies (EU–US Open Skies Agreement) Paris Convention of 1919 Rome Convention Sabotage Convention Tokyo Convention Warsaw Convention
The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919. In its first year, the D.L.R. operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a combined length of nearly 1000 miles. By 1921 the D.L.R. network was more than 3000 km (1865 miles) long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia and the Baltic Republics. Another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a separate company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland.
Ultimately, the federal government provided $4.6 billion in one-time, subject-to-income-tax cash payments to 427 U.S. air carriers, with no provision for repayment, essentially a gift from the taxpayers. (Passenger carriers operating scheduled service received approximately $4 billion, subject to tax.)[49] In addition, the ATSB approved loan guarantees to six airlines totaling approximately $1.6 billion. Data from the U.S. Treasury Department show that the government recouped the $1.6 billion and a profit of $339 million from the fees, interest and purchase of discounted airline stock associated with loan guarantees.[50]
Which of these great locations would you recommend for a family with teenagers who like to dive and surf? We have been to Hawaii, Costa Rica and Tahiti. We are looking for a safe, yet different, cultural experience with exotic plants, fish and animals. We would prefer to stay in one villa, as opposed to multiple rooms in a hotel. We don't mind if it is far away from Southern California. I realize this may be painful financially.
Transport between them can be patchy, but a new service linking Zakynthos with Corfu which started this year now brings all the islands (bar Kythira) together. Zakynthos is otherwise linked to Kefallonia with an old-style open deck 'slipper' ferry; Kefallonia includes Ithaki on its local small ferry route to Nydri on Lefkada. There is no link (except for the new service) from Lefkada to Paxi/Corfu. Corfu has links to Paxi and its little know satellite islands just to the north. Kythira has an airport with flights to Athens and ferries to Crete (Kissamos) and the Peloponnese (Gythio, Kalamata, and Neapoli).
Located in southern Thailand, this semi-off-the-map island is one of my favorites and the month I spent here remains one of my most fond memories. Here on Ko Lipe, the super-friendly locals bring in the daily catch for amazing seafood, as the island's water is teeming with life. Accommodation is still basic, and most places turn off the electricity around midnight.
The next big boost for the airlines would come in the 1970s, when the Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and Lockheed L-1011 inaugurated widebody ("jumbo jet") service, which is still the standard in international travel.[35] The Tupolev Tu-144 and its Western counterpart, Concorde, made supersonic travel a reality.[36] Concorde first flew in 1969 and operated through 2003. In 1972, Airbus began producing Europe's most commercially successful line of airliners to date. The added efficiencies for these aircraft were often not in speed, but in passenger capacity, payload, and range. Airbus also features modern electronic cockpits that were common across their aircraft to enable pilots to fly multiple models with minimal cross-training.
Culebra Island is beautiful. I just got back to Canada from Puerto Rico. I was there for a month. I loved Culebra so much I went back twice. On my second trip I spent two nights camping at Playa Flamenco. I paid $20 USD per night for a sweet little camping spot (section E). I saw turtles, amazing, colourful fish and met some wonderful people. The snorkelling was okay in terms of being able to see under water but the reefs are not healthy. There was plenty of coconut to pick to drink the water inside and eat the meat. I found passion fruit, mangoes (not ripe), almonds (not ripe) and another really weird looking fruit I don't know the name of. While I didn't enjoy the main island of Puerto Rico as much as I'd hoped, I would go back to Culebra if the opportunity ever arose. I made some friends (Perri and Hector–owners) at a little place in town called, "Aqui Me Quedo" who I will never forget their kindness and hospitality.
Described as the Philippines' last frontier, Palawan boasts not one but two UNESCO World Heritage sites: Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (don your dive gear), and the Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park (climb in a canoe for a guided tour). Striking limestone formations like Ugong Rock and Karst Mountain Elephant Cave rise starkly from the rice fields of the interior. You can even find overwater bungalows on outlying islands, courtesy of El Nido Resorts.
Considering your interests (great food, hiking, beaches, nightlife unimportant) then Naxos should definitely be your other island. (And Naxos has many daily ferry connections with both Santorini and Athens.) Also, Athens needs at least one full day to explore so you should drop any thoughts about Delphi or Nafplio. Also, I would look into flights from Athens to Santorini on your night of arrival. If you could get to Santorini that night (and move your day in Athens to the end of your trip) you'd almost gain an entire day and could spend two nights on Naxos.
This quiet island is waking up. Luxe boutique Zemi Beach House recently opened with classic details and a laid-back vibe that call to the local natural beauty of Shoal Bay East beach. On Merrywing Bay next to sister property CuisinArt Golf Resort & Spa, The Reef by CuisinArt recently unveiled 80 new suites. Here, farm-to-table fare means local fish and fresh produce from the on-site Hydroponic Farm. The Four Seasons Resort and Residences Anguilla took over the former Viceroy Anguilla with villas that overlook white-sand beaches and the rugged coral coastline.
Bermuda is recognized as one of the most elegant of the Caribbean islands, and also on the formal side. It has a strong British influence, and you can still find many places that serve traditional afternoon tea. Cricket matches are also easy to find. Bermuda is also a great destination for golfers, as the island has many world class courses. This island is extremely convenient to reach from the Eastern U.S. Flights from New York to Bermuda are only two hours.
Kefallonia was severely shaken by an earthquake in 1953 and thereafter lost its quaint gloss. The picturesque northern port of Fiskardo however, escaped much of the destruction and remains to this day one of the main focal points for visitors to the island, so is a good spot for a stay of 2-3 days. Pretty, waterfront cafés and restaurants and a cosy, folksy feel predominate. Asos, between Fiskardo and Argostoli is a west coast 'resort' village that pulls in its fair share of visitors and the view down to Asos from the main island road is one of the most photographed spots on Kefallonia.
Travel & Leisure is part of the Travel & Leisure Group. CopyRight 2019 Meredith Corporation. Travel & Leisure is a registered trademark of Meredith Corporation Travel & Leisure Group All Rights Reserved, registered in the United States and other countries. Travel & Leisure may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Offers may be subject to change without notice. Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Ad Choices | Your California Privacy Rights | EU Data Subject Requests
Known as the Cradle of Polynesia, Samoa is notable for its Fa'a Samoa way of life — a 3,000-year-old social code that prizes family, tradition and the environment. Happily, the landscape is as lovely as the local culture. On the main island of Upolu, a plunge into the To Sua Ocean Trench swimming grotto is a must. On Savaii, Samoa's largest island, visit caves, waterfalls, blowholes and the Saleaula lava field, formed by a 1905 volcanic eruption that buried five villages.
The island's next hotspot may be The Shore Club, the only development on Providenciales' Long Bay Beach with 106 ocean view suites and six luxury villas on a nine-acre stretch. On popular, pristine Grace Bay Beach, Grace Bay Club's tropical-chic redesign led by interior designer Thom Filicia includes redesigned lobby and guest rooms, the new Infiniti Restaurant and Raw Bar and The Residences, a trio of freestanding, beachfront villas. To get off the radar, the eco-conscious Sailrock Resort debuts this year on untouched South Caicos Island — secluded beaches are the buzz.
Airlines often have a strong seasonality, with traffic low in Winter and peaking in Summer. In Europe the most extreme market are the Greek islands with July/August having more than ten times the winter traffic, as Jet2 is the most seasonal among low-cost carriers with July having seven times the January traffic, whereas legacy carriers are much less with only 85/115% variability.[73]
Domestic air transport grew in China at 15.5 percent annually from 2001 to 2006. The rate of air travel globally increased at 3.7 percent per year over the same time. In the EU greenhouse gas emissions from aviation increased by 87% between 1990 and 2006.[75] However it must be compared with the flights increase, only in UK, between 1990 and 2006 terminal passengers increased from 100 000 thousands to 250 000 thousands.,[76] according to AEA reports every year, 750 million passengers travel by European airlines, which also share 40% of merchandise value in and out of Europe.[77] Without even pressure from "green activists", targeting lower ticket prices, generally, airlines do what is possible to cut the fuel consumption (and gas emissions connected therewith). Further, according to some reports, it can be concluded that the last piston-powered aircraft were as fuel-efficient as the average jet in 2005.[78]
The busiest and hottest months. If you like beach parties and packed clubs then Mykonos is the place to be. The less-busy islands (Antiparos, Sifnos, Ikaria, Folegandros, Milos) have short tourists seasons and this is when they're fully open and running. Santorini, Crete, Rhodes, and Corfu are in peak-season but all are large enough to retain their charm.


text:
//=============================================================================================================

#ifndef RTINV_GLOBAL_H
#define RTINV_GLOBAL_H

//*************************************************************************************************************
//=============================================================================================================
// INCLUDES
//=============================================================================================================

#include <QtCore/qglobal.h>

//*************************************************************************************************************
//=============================================================================================================
// DEFINES
//=============================================================================================================

#if defined(BUILD_MNECPP_STATIC_LIB)
#  define RTINVSHARED_EXPORT
#elif defined(RTINV_LIBRARY)
#  define RTINVSHARED_EXPORT Q_DECL_EXPORT    /**< Q_DECL_EXPORT must be added to the declarations of symbols used when compiling a shared library. */
#else
#  define RTINVSHARED_EXPORT Q_DECL_IMPORT    /**< Q_DECL_IMPORT must be added to the declarations of symbols used when compiling a client that uses the shared library. */
#endif

//#if defined(RTINV_LIBRARY)
//#  define RTINVSHARED_EXPORT Q_DECL_EXPORT  /**< Q_DECL_EXPORT must be added to the declarations of symbols used when compiling a shared library. */
//#else
//#  define RTINVSHARED_EXPORT Q_DECL_IMPORT  /**< Q_DECL_IMPORT must be added to the declarations of symbols used when compiling a client that uses the shared library. */
//#endif

#endif // RTINV_GLOBAL_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to define a fraction of tt font variables? I am trying to define something like $\frac\mathtt{A\_B}\mathtt{C\_D}$ to get a fraction of two typewriter-font variables (inline math preferred), but I keep getting errors such as

"missing } inserted"

and the result is definitely wrong.
What am I doing wrong?

A: No, \frac can't know where the numerator ends and the denominator begins nor when the denominator ends, unless you tell it precisely.
The macro \frac has two arguments, so its syntax is
\frac{<numerator>}{<denominator>}

and it's better to keep this in mind.
It's true that \mathtt needs an argument, so it's clear to a human reader what the numerator and denominator should be in
\frac\mathtt{A\_B}\mathtt{C\_D}

However, TeX is a computer program, not a human being, and it need precise instructions.
Speaking generally, macros are processed from left to right, so what TeX sees is \frac and it knows it should receive two arguments.
The rule how an argument is determined, when looked for is quite simple:

*

*spaces are ignored until finding something which is not a space;

*if the next token is a {, the argument is whatever goes from { up to the matching };

*otherwise the next token is the argument.
When rule 2 is used, the braces are stripped off after the argument has been determined.
It's by rules 1 and 3 that an input such as \frac 1 2 leads to a properly formatted fraction. In fact, TeX sees 1 and determines it's the first argument to \frac, then it ignores the space and determnes that 2 is the second argument.
Similarly, with your input, \mathtt is determined to be the first argument and {A\_B} is the second one! So your input is completely equivalent to
\frac{\mathtt}{A\_B}\mathtt{C\_D}

which will lead to a malformed numerator and so to weird error messages.
Conversely, with
\frac{\mathtt{A\_B}}{\mathtt{C\_D}}

the fraction will be typeset correctly.
Moral of the story: always use braces around arguments. When you're an experienced TeX user, you may know when it's safe to omit the braces. But be careful:
\frac 11 2

will possibly surprise you! Read again rules 1 to 3 and you'll discover that typing
\frac{11}{2}

is the best strategy. And \frac{1}{2} too.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


During the winter of 1863 a "Great Revival" took place in the Army of Northern Virginia. Many believed after the Battle of Fredericksburg that the Lord had blessed the Southern cause with a great decisive victory, possibly changing the course of the war. As so often happens in times of war and great struggle, men turn toward their creator for understanding, insight, and guidance for their uncertain future. General Stonewall Jackson used the winter respite as an opportunity to increase the spirituality of his men. Jackson believed his army's religious character was an integral part of being successful on the battlefield.
After Sunday afternoon services the leaders of the Army of Northern Virginia headed back through the snow draped countryside in a joyous mood. General Stuart's close friend and horse-drawn artillery commander, Major John Pelham of Alabama, often accompanied the leaders. The idol of many southern belles, the gallant and dashing 24 year-old Pelham had proved his bravery at Fredericksburg and would fight in more than 60 engagements. His daring skill and ability to keep up with his commander's fast moving cavalry raids refined the concept of flying artillery.
Leaders such as Lee, Jackson, and Stuart would call on many such men to sacrifice and give all for their country. It was also their hope and prayer that if the day came when they did not return to camp with their companions, the Lord would embrace them and say, "Well done my brave Christian Soldier."
Image Size 27 3/4" x 19 1/2"
Image Size: 23" x 32"
Image Size: 28 1/2" x 40"


Your experience at Gavina Sens Hotel & Convention Center will always be of excellence. That motivates us every day, and for us it is a pleasure to serve our guests. Relax with us, give yourself a taste and enjoy the comfort we have at your disposal.
We care about your experience in the Gavina Hotels is always excellent. Relax with us, treat yourself and enjoy the excellent services and facilities that we have available.
Gavina Sens soon you can enjoy the best Spa in town, we will provide the best massage and relaxation services, so you can feel our philosophy Sens, you are the priority.
Gavina Sens presents a unique space, the first infinity pool City, with a modern style that combines elegance, subtlety and the best view, where you can enjoy a refreshing experience.
We want you to have a variety of spaces, so that you stay as enjoyable and comfortable, our Ocean Bar awaits you to enjoy unique drinks with a spectacular ocean view.
Delight yourself with the highest level of cuisine in our exclusive restaurant in Gavina Hotel & Convention Center. International best, specializing in seafood from the region, Terrazas del Mar promises to satisfy even the most demanding.
We like to take care of our guests. That's why I attend every morning with a breakfast with fresh and freshly prepared products, so you enjoy your day with all the energy.
All our rooms are fully air conditioned and have separate air conditioning system, so you can relax in an atmosphere of comfort.
We have 2 Suite Suite Gavina and equipped for people with special needs.


text:
Q: Hide an element and it's space and notify the app so it displays other content with React Hello everyone. Sorry if this is a stupid question or something really easy. I'm new on the javascript scene.
I'm trying to develop a React Application.
My app consists of two things: a loader, which is a react component, and the app content, which is hidden by default.
The loader is just a simple HTML and CSS animation, which runs a task asynchronously, and when the task finishes, it's assigned a class that makes it fade out.
As the Loader is just hidden, it continues to take space, and as it is a separate React Component, I don't know how would I notify my app that the Loader component has finished.
So basically what I want is the loader to be completely gone, so it doesn't continue taking space while being invisible and the app content to appear when the loader finishes. This seems like an extremely simple task but I haven't been able to figure out how.
How can I achieve this?
Any help would be appreciated. Thanks in advance.
My code
App Component
function App() {
    componentDidMount() {
        Secure()
    }

    return (

          <Loader task={test()}/>

Welcome to GitChain

    );
}

Loader component
class Loader extends React.Component {
    constructor(props) {
      super(props);
      this.state = { loading: true };
    }

    componentDidMount(callback) {
      ;(async () => {
      await this.props.task
      this.setState({ loading: false });
      })();
    }

    render() {
      return (

      );
    }
  }

App.css
.App {
    text-align: center;
    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont;
    font-weight: bold;
 }

.App-logo {
    animation: App-logo-spin infinite 20s linear;
    height: 40vmin;
    pointer-events: none;
}

.App-header {
    background-color: #060606;
    min-height: 100vh;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-size: calc(10px + 2vmin);
    color: white;
}

.App-link {
    color: #61dafb;
}

@keyframes App-logo-spin {
    from {
      transform: rotate(0deg);
    }
    to {
      transform: rotate(360deg);
    }
}

.App-content {
    opacity: 0;
}

A: you can return null in the render method, so it won't render anything.
class Loader extends React.Component {
    constructor(props) {
      super(props);
      this.state = { loading: true };
    }

    componentDidMount(callback) {
      ;(async () => {
      await this.props.task
      this.setState({ loading: false });
      })();
    }

    render() {

      if (!this.state.loading) {
        return null;
      }

      return (

      );
    }
  }

A: You probably want to wrap your whole Loader component in a condition like this
{this.state.loading && <Loader task={test()}/>}

This will only show the loader component if this.state.loading is true.

A: If you want to control what App renders (if I understood you correctly based on "...and the app content to appear when the loader finishes.") based on Loader you would need to move the loading state to App level.
You can do something like this:
class App extends React.Component {
    constructor() {
      super();
      this.state = { loading: true };
      this.switchLoadingState = this.switchLoadingState.bind(this)
    }

    componentDidMount() {
    // componentDidMount is available in class components only
      Secure()
    }

    switchLoadingState() {
      this.setState({ loading: !this.state.loading })
    }

    render() {
      const { loading } = this.state

      return (

          { loading && (

              <Loader task={test()} loading={loading} switchLoadingState={this.switchLoadingState} />

Welcome to GitChain

            )
          }

    );
    }

}

class Loader extends React.Component {
    constructor(props) {
      super(props);
    }

    componentDidMount(callback) {
      ;(async () => {
      await this.props.task
      this.props.switchLoadingState();
      })();
    }

    render() {
      const { loading } = this.props
      return (

      );
    }
  }


The country's leading corporations continue to take advantage of the country's improved credit rating and lower borrowing rates.
The minimum purchase is 50,000 pesos, and additional amounts in multiples of 10,000. The bonds are callable up to the fourth year of issue (I briefly discussed the callable feature here). There are no pricing details yet, but currently 7-year corporate bonds yield around 6% per year, gross of taxes.
SMIC is targeting a yield of 4.625% for the seven-year dollar bond. While lower than comparable peso bonds, this is a good alternative to US dollar deposits for those who want to keep their funds in US dollars.


Srinagar, Dec 26: A mother of Nooru-ul-Kamrain, editor-in-chief of Muslim Kashmir a daily English newspaper, passed away on Tuesday late night at her residence in Peer Bagh area of Srinagar.
According to a family source, his mother was unwell from a very long time and breathed her last at her residence on Tuesday late evening around 10:00 pm.
Meanwhile, Secretary Information, Sarmad Hafeez has condoled the demise of mother of senior journalist and Editor, 'Muslim Kashmir', Noor-ul-Qamrain.
In his condolence message, Hafeez while expressing solidarity with the bereaved family has prayed for peace to the departed soul.
Meanwhile, Director Information, Tariq Ahmad Zargar has also expressed his condolences over the demise of Qamrain's mother and has prayed for peace to the departed soul.


At Adeva Hair Spa, our mission is to live out our passion for hair and beauty while caring for the environment and our clients. We are a sustainable eco salon that offers a welcoming and relaxing atmosphere that is both modern and chic.
Our expertly trained stylists are passionate about what they do and make every decision with your needs in mind. Your satisfaction is our number one priority and we strive to completely accommodate all of your needs in an environment of innovation and excellence.
Creative freedom is a vital ingredient in our success. It grants us the opportunity to go beyond your expectations and, as a result, offer multi-faceted services and a wide range of products that allow us to meet your individual needs.
All of our products and brands have a sustainable focus. They are not tested on animals and are also consumer and environmentally friendly.
GHD, Malibu Professional and Eleven.
We guarantee all of our services.


text:
Diller & Scofidio – Blur Building
Updated on January 4, 2022 in Architecture Rumbling
Image Source: Swiss Expo 2002
Seven years ago when I was in secondary school I came across a documentary about the Swiss Expo 2002 in discovery channel, I can't quite remember the content of the documentary but some of the finer details like the mist was rather hard to forget. Time flies, that was seven years ago.
The idea behind the so called 'blur pavillion' with self generated mist/fog was meant to gave an impression that the building is floating above the water without any structural support, the interactive media project features also a wearable 'brain coats' for the visitors, basically the architecture is as much about the nature of space as it is about creating spaces, possibly the idea of how architecture interacts with human beings.
The building was constructed for the swiss expo in 2002 by architects diller & scofidio. the massive construction was constantly shrouded in a body of thick mist, produced by 31′500 separate high-pressure water jets which propelled lake water droplets so small that they remained suspended for an extremely long time.
If it caught fire, no one would know.
See More ▼ Creating Seamless Textures
Anyway, this reminded me of a photo of Dubai in the fog at PartIV, isn't that amazing?
In Malaysia, we have this annual Haze festival, endorsed by Indonesia with the aid of some of our plantation companies, every year these plantation companies would clear large amount of forest for re-cultivation and the easiest way to clear these bushes and forest is non other than the use of fire, coincidentally the wind is blowing towards our country (they can't control the wind's direction, can they?), thus every year for an entire month our country is blanketed with a layer of thick chocking haze.
Image Source: The Star
We too should burn our forest when the wind is blowing towards their country. An eye for an eye.
The Malaysian Houses of Parliament Building
Find source of an image, name of building, architects that designed it and etc
12 Architecture Fossil Art – Ghost Building
HerrK says:
i can advise this book:
Architecture.Expo.02
all about the expo in switzerland, great book!
can i put here pics/liks with html-codes?
Rob Schaumer says:
Great Pictures.
It's amazing how you can take an unexciting to nice scene and take it to a whole new level with mist or fog.
PEJA says:
old, but very interesting

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jaime Vilamajó Ipiens (* Tárrega, 27 de noviembre de 1959). es un antiguo ciclista español, profesional entre 1981 y 1990, cuyos mayores éxitos deportivos los logró en la Vuelta a España, donde consiguió una victoria de etapa en la edición de 1987.

Palmarés

Enlaces externos
 Palmarés

Ciclistas de España
Ganadores de etapa en la Vuelta a España
Ciclistas del Reynolds
Ciclistas del Orbea
Deportistas de la provincia de Lérida
Nacidos en Tárrega

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Erratum to: "On a functional satisfying a weak Palais-Smale condition"
Liouville type theorem for nonlinear elliptic equation with general nonlinearity
November 2014, 34(11): 4967-4986. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2014.34.4967
The Cauchy problem for a generalized $b$-equation with higher-order nonlinearities in critical Besov spaces and weighted $L^p$ spaces
Shouming Zhou 1,
College of Mathematics Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
Received August 2013 Revised March 2014 Published May 2014
This paper deals with the Cauchy problem for a generalized $b$-equation with higher-order nonlinearities $y_{t}+u^{m+1}y_{x}+bu^{m}u_{x}y=0$, where $b$ is a constant and $m\in\mathbb{N}$, the notation $y:= (1-\partial_x^2) u$, which includes the famous $b$-equation and Novikov equation as special cases. The local well-posedness in critical Besov space $B^{3/2}_{2,1}$ is established. Moreover, a lower bound for the maximal existence time is derived. Finally, the persistence properties in weighted $L^p$ spaces for the solution of this equation are considered, which extend the work of Brandolese [L. Brandolese, Breakdown for the Camassa-Holm equation using decay criteria and persistence in weighted spaces, Int. Math. Res. Not. 22 (2012), 5161-5181] on persistence properties to more general equation with higher-order nonlinearities.
Keywords: local well-posedness, blow-up, Persistence properties, weighted $L^p$ spaces..
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35G25, 35L05; Secondary: 35Q5.
Citation: Shouming Zhou. The Cauchy problem for a generalized $b$-equation with higher-order nonlinearities in critical Besov spaces and weighted $L^p$ spaces. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2014, 34 (11) : 4967-4986. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2014.34.4967
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Shouming Zhou


Charge: Unlicensed driver with 17 DUIs was high when he caused serious crash in Dakota Co.
Blood test found meth and speed in his system.
A Twin Cities man with a relentless habit of driving drunk has been charged with being high on illicit drugs when he triggered a four-vehicle crash in southern Dakota County that caused serious injury last fall.
Marshall A. Knoll, 59, of Rosemount, was charged in District Court with criminal vehicular operation, drunken driving and driving after having his license taken away in connection with the wreck on Oct. 20, 2017. Knoll appeared in court late last week and remains jailed in lieu of $150,000 bail with conditions.
Knoll has 17 convictions for drunken driving dating to 1979, according to the County Attorney's Office.
At the time of the crash last fall, he was behind the wheel after the state canceled his driving privileges.
Knoll's attorney, Patricia Phill, on Monday said, "This case is winding its way through the court system," but had no further comment.
Witnesses saw a truck pulling a trailer on northbound Hwy. 52 that was traveling erratically and speeding. Traffic stopped, but Knoll's truck did not, and his vehicle rear-ended another at 50 miles per hour.
An occupant in the vehicle that Knoll struck suffered a broken sternum and fractured ribs, a broken arm and bleeding on the brain. Another person in the same vehicle required surgery to his spine.
"At least one victim sustained substantial injuries as a result of the collision into the vehicle including multiple bone fractures and internal bleeding," the County Attorney's Office said Monday.
Officers at the scene noticed that Knoll had bloodshot and watery eyes, slurred speech and lethargic movements and was unsteady on his feet.
Knoll completed field sobriety tests but showed "signs of impairment," and a blood sample was collected for testing, which turned up the presence of amphetamine and methamphetamine.
"Driving under the influence of illegal drugs or alcohol poses a significant risk to public safety and too often results in serious injuries or death," County Attorney James Backstrom said.
Last fall, Danny Lee Bettcher, 64, received his state record 28th drunken driving charge, despite having spent the past 10 years in and out of jails and prison. Legislation last March proposed permanent license revocation for five-time DWI offenders. The measure did not pass.


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Inside The $7.85 Million Las Vegas Home You Can Buy With Bitcoin
Dylan Love
Despite Bitcoin's pronounced volatility, a Las Vegas realtor will readily accept the cryptocurreny as payment for an expansive 25,000 square foot Las Vegas estate.
The house can be yours for a mere $7.85 million, or 8,991 Bitcoins (at the time of this writing).
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Since beginning writing this story, the value of Bitcoin has swung such that the house now costs 9,057 Bitcoins.
The house is 25,000 square feet.
Gorgeous marble floors and huge windows help fill it with natural light.
This is just one of a few outdoor seating areas.
We love this lion fountain.
See the rest of the story at Business Insider
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These are small neighbourhood events, where we knock on residents' door to find out their priorities and concerns. We set up a gazeboo nearby where you can meet with Housing Officers and other residents so you can discuss or show them your areas of concern.
All the information gathered is fed back to the Council to improve service-delivery.


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Home » About NLRB » Who We Are » Careers » Job Descriptions and Listings
Applying for Attorney Positions in the Office of the General Counsel Washington, D.C. Headquarters
Division of Advice (Regional Advice Branch and Injunction Litigation Branch)
Division of Enforcement Litigation (Appellate and Supreme Court Litigation Branch, Office of Appeals)
Division of Legal Counsel (Contempt, Compliance, and Special Litigation Branch)
The following is a description of the type of work done by the various legal divisions within the Office of the General Counsel in Washington, DC, along with the general requirements for law student and attorney applicants. For all offices described below, please watch for position postings on USAJobs.com.
THE DIVISION OF ADVICE
The Division of Advice, located within the Office of the General Counsel in Washington, D.C., consists of two branches -- the Regional Advice Branch and the Injunction Litigation Branch.
The Regional Advice Branch provides guidance to the General Counsel and to the Regional Offices with respect to difficult or novel legal issues arising in the processing of unfair labor practice charges. It determines whether charges have merit and, if so, what legal theories should be advanced in support. If the decision is to dismiss a charge, it sets forth the theories that support that decision. In either case, the guidance must take into account the current law and agency policies as well as an analysis of how those legal principles and policies may be evolving.
The Injunction Litigation Branch implements, in conjunction with the Regional Offices, the General Counsel's Section 10(j) program to obtain interim injunctions to restore or preserve the status quo where necessary to preserve the effectiveness of the Board's ultimate remedial order. The Branch evaluates Regional recommendations for seeking interim injunctive relief and drafts recommendations to the Board in cases in which the General Counsel recommends seeking such relief. It provides to Regional Offices resource materials and training on the investigation and litigation of Section 10(j) cases. The Branch also advises and assists Regions in the litigation of both Section 10(j) and Section 10(l) injunction cases in federal district courts, and directly handles all appellate litigation in such cases.
Application requirements:
For Law Student positions: Second or third year law student. Basic labor law course preferred but not required. Strong research and writing skills.
For Staff Attorney positions: Law school graduate and licensed attorney (or admission within one year of hire). Labor law course(s) and/or experience in labor relations field preferred. Strong research and writing skills.
APPELLATE AND SUPREME COURT LITIGATION BRANCH
DIVISION OF ENFORCEMENT LITIGATION
The Appellate and Supreme Court Litigation Branch of the Division of Enforcement Litigation represents the Board in cases involving enforcement or review of the Board's orders, in the federal circuit courts of appeals, and also represents the Board in all Supreme Court litigation. Attorneys in the Branch handle all aspects of the appellate litigation, including drafting the Board's brief and presenting oral argument before the circuit court.
CONTEMPT, COMPLIANCE, AND SPECIAL LITIGATION BRANCH
DIVISION OF LEGAL COUNSEL
The Contempt, Compliance, and Special Litigation Branch (CCSLB) represents the Board and the General Counsel in all suits not statutorily based on Sections 10(e) and (f) of the Act, and conducts civil and criminal contempt litigation to obtain compliance with Board orders. These matters may include actions to restrain or compel issuance of complaint by the General Counsel, actions to restrain or compel particular Board proceedings, actions to review Board rulemaking, actions to compel disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act or payment of attorney fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act, subpoena enforcement proceedings under Section 11 of the National Labor Relations Act, filing objections to subpoenas issued against Agency personnel, or proceedings and assistance to Regions to protect the Board's remedial orders in bankruptcy courts or against attachments, garnishments, or liens. In addition, based on the recommendation of the General Counsel, and upon authorization by the Board, CCSLB may initiate an action or intervene in ongoing litigation in federal district court in order to protect the Board's jurisdiction and the primacy of its decisions. In conjunction with the Justice Department, CCSLB also assists defending Agency employees in suits filed against them in their individual capacity for actions they have taken within the scope of their authority and employment.
CCSLB also conducts civil and criminal contempt litigation in the U.S. Courts of Appeals to coerce compliance or to punish non-compliance with judgments enforcing orders of the Board; obtains protective orders to ensure that assets will not be dissipated in an effort to avoid the payment of backpay judgments; and institutes and monitors ancillary collection proceedings, including actions under the Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act to garnish and obtain other injunctive relief pendente lite. CCSLB also provides investigative assistance to the Regions in order to obtain compliance with Board and court orders, including investigating entities and/or individuals that may be derivatively liable under the Act.
CCSLB litigation is nationwide in scope, affects all segments of industry and applies to all unfair labor practices proscribed by law. Through this litigation, compliance with orders of the Courts of Appeals is obtained, and the policies enunciated in the National Labor Relations Act and the orders of the courts are effectuated.
OFFICE OF APPEALS
The primary function of the Office of Appeals is to review, on behalf of the General Counsel, appeals of decisions by the Regional Directors to dismiss or defer unfair labor practice charges. Procedures governing such appeals are set forth in Section 102.19 of the Board's Rules and Regulations. The General Counsel has sole authority to review and sustain or deny these appeals and the decisions in such cases are not subject to review by the National Labor Relations Board or in any court.
When an appeal is filed, the full investigatory file developed in the Regional Office is forwarded to the Office. The case is then assigned to a staff attorney for review. This attorney, in conjunction with his or her supervisor, is expected to review the facts developed in the field investigation, identify the legal issues involved, find the relevant case law; and orally and in writing analyze whether, based on case precedent, the decision of the Regional Director should be reversed. When a reversal is recommended, or where, due to the novelty of the legal issues presented or the notoriety of the case, review by the General Counsel is desirable, the attorney, with the assistance of his or her supervisor, will present the case to either the Assistant Director or Director of the Office and ultimately to the General Counsel for decision. Meetings with the General Counsel are held weekly for the purpose of discussing cases identified by the Office as deserving of General Counsel review. The Office of Appeals also reviews appeals from Regional Directors' refusals to provide information from Regional office files to requesting parties seeking documents and records under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). The Office of Appeals has a tradition of innovative legal work under FOIA and has been instrumental in assisting the General Counsel in developing the policy of disclosure of records in the Agency investigative files and on e-mail under FOIA.
A newly-hired staff attorney will become quickly immersed in the leading labor law issues on a daily basis. Case assignments cover each and every section of the Act as it pertains to allegations surrounding unfair labor practice charges filed by Employers, Unions and individuals. Superior research and writing skills are a prerequisite for a staff attorney position and a familiarity with the Act as part of the applicant's law school curriculum would be an asset.
A law student intern in the Office of Appeals would be responsible with the assistance of supervision for organizing facts from the agency investigative files; ascertaining the substantive legal issues; interpreting relevant case law; interpreting and construing pertinent provisions of the Act; analyzing and presenting oral and written reports of cases at various levels of supervision including the General Counsel's agenda and preparing disposition letters and memoranda. A legal internship is available in the Office of Appeals through the Peggy Browning Fund (link is external) Summer Intern program and through cooperative education agreements with law schools whereby law students work in the Office for scholastic credit.


As part of our series of profiles on imagemakers working with light, published in association with Aurea by Philips, Paula Carson interviews UVA. Shown above: A glimpse of UVA's live show, which they have been performing since 2005.
Matt Clark, Chris Bird and Ash Nehru formed United Visual Artists in 2002. Using bespoke software, LED, projection technologies and traditional lighting they create real-time, immersive, responsive experiences and environments for clients and collaborators in the music and fashion industries, as well as installation art, interiors and music videos.


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Goodbye, Ziggy. In his new album, David Bowie predicts his demise. But he saw the end much earlier than that.
A pop star falls to earth
written by Francesco Adinolfi
Also filed under culture
It was the joke no one expected, yet another coup de théâtre by David Bowie. His most dramatic. Bowie exited the stage just two days after releasing, on his 69th birthday, a new album, Blackstar. Now we know that Bowie had been fighting a tumor for 18 months, but the news hadn't leaked. It did seem strange, though, knowing Bowie, that all the statements and comments related to the release were coming from Tony Visconti, a friend, producer and fellow musician who helped create the album Space Oddity in 1969.
"He always did what he wanted to do," Visconti wrote. "And he wanted to do it his way and he wanted to do it the best way. His death was no different from his life — a work of Art. He made Blackstar for us, his parting gift."
There isn't just one Bowie, but a thousand Bowies to mourn. There is the glam Bowie of Ziggy Stardust or Diamond Dogs, the disco Bowie of Young Americans and Station to Station, the ice age of the infamous Berlin trilogy (Low, "Heroes", Lodger), the dancing Bowie of Let's Dance or Tonight. His genius was his uncontrollably changing self-representation, constantly cannibalizing itself to create new turmoil, insight and vision.
That game went on for years, until the dawn of the millennium and the great artistic crash. Bowie — who had already struggled through the '90s to find his place in the shifting artistic currents — almost left the scene. For a musician, timing is crucial. Like the Rolling Stones, who unveiled African-American blues to white audiences, or The Beatles, who showed love for soul and girl-group sounds — turning both bands into producers of culture — so Bowie was always in the right place at the right time.
It was Bowie who revealed — in a revolutionary way — that divisions of sex and gender weren't so significant. He helped bring Lou Reed (as a producer on "Walk on the Wild Side" and the album Transformer) and Iggy Pop ("China Girl," "The Passenger") to mass popularity. Bowie has always embodied the mystical Berlin. He promoted Lindsay Kemp and Klaus Nomi. In 1975 he was the first to plug Kraftwerk, which launched the new romantics movement and became that rare icon appreciated even by the punk scene. Bowie wove film, fashion and art into his life. Bowie knew everything: what songs to dance to and what synthetic drug to use. He revealed to us the power of Mick Ronson, Earl Slick and Carlos Alomar, providing different perspectives on guitarists like Robert Fripp and Adrian Belew. Siloed, we knew very little. But we had Bowie, in the center of everything.
When the Bowie machine left this world, it took place amid a historic transition he expected but could not stop: the rise of the network. Now everyone, everywhere, at all times has become a little Bowie, at the center — or almost — of everything. The artist folds in on himself and loses the catalyst aura, which for years had characterized Bowie.
While the Rolling Stones or The Ramones have invested in a specific artistic identity largely unchanged over time, making them equally immortal, Bowie went the opposite direction. Certainly — proudly, beautifully — he is penalized for it. He admitted this himself in 2002, when he declared that music would soon become like running water or electricity. One year later, Apple released the iPod, confirming that decades or centuries of music could be lodged inside a small device. But Bowie's prediction had gone a step further, that music would spring directly from the network. Six years later: Spotify.
In combatting the future, Bowie's final strike was to predict his own artistic weakening. He stepped into the shadows, which to him was the abyss. What he'd already accomplished, however, has changed the lives of entire generations.
In 1974, he released the single "Rebel Rebel," and it was another epochal event. He sang: "You've got your mother in a whirl. She's not sure if you're a boy or a girl." Even this was a first for rock: himself, the characteristically androgynous artist, in a song blending identity and gender, merging images through which male and female adolescents — as sociologist Dick Bebdige pointed out years ago — transition from childhood to maturity and therefore the world of work. Culturally, it had enormous sexual and social implications.
Bowie therefore appeared the perfect antidote to the older generation. It had already happened with rock 'n' roll in which adverbs like "forever" abounded in songs, suggesting the desires of adolescents. But this time sex was in the open — and 1974 is not 2016. Even though in recent years Bowie was not very prolific (partly for health reasons), it was still important to know he was still working, recording his mutations and imaginings. He still is with Blackstar. And no can ever take it away, not even his last joke, the most brutal.
Francesco Adinolfi
Originally published in Italian on January 12, 2016http://ilmanifesto.info/una-pop-star-caduta-sulla-terra/


For two weeks, Blake Fielder-Civil has hovered between life and death after being rushed to intensive care with organ failure following an apparent drugs and alcohol binge.
Kept alive with life-support machines and pumped full of antibiotics to fight infections, Blake finally started to show signs of improvement, and he was woken from his medically induced coma on Wednesday.
Opening his eyes, he sobbed. His first words, once the ventilator was removed, were: 'I want my mum'.
Georgette Civil, 47, raced to his bedside to comfort her drug-addict son, who is better known to the world as the notorious ex- husband of the late singer Amy Winehouse.
'Take me home, Mum, just take me home', he pleaded — and Georgette promised him she would. She told him she would care for him and try to help him get better.
But can she? This is the question that has tormented Georgette during the sleepless nights when she has kept vigil at Blake's hospital bedside in Dewsbury, Yorkshire.
Night after night she has made desperate bargains with God to save her son. Blake, 30, remains in a critical condition, barely able to speak, and exhausted with the effort of drawing breath into his damaged lungs.
If he doesn't improve, he will be put on a ventilator again. If he is ever well enough to go home with his mother, the underlying addiction still has to be contended with.
The prospect terrifies Georgette. She has tried before to help her son and failed miserably — but who else is there?
Weeping at her kitchen table in Sleaford, Lincolnshire, Georgette tells me that she knows that there are many people who wish Blake dead and regard him as nothing more than a 'junkie scumbag'.
She is well aware that he will forever be blamed for the downfall of Amy, who drank herself to death a year ago following a well-documented battle against drug addiction — which she had appeared to conquer after splitting up from Blake.
Indeed, who can forget those awful images of an emaciated Amy five years ago in her blood-stained ballet pumps, her tear-stained face streaked with mascara, clinging to her husband Blake as they lurched through London in the middle of yet another drug-induced crisis?
The couple divorced in 2009 after two toxic years of marriage — Amy dismissing Blake with the words: 'Our whole marriage was based on drugs.' Still, she retained a lasting and, some might say, inexplicable affection for him. She was found dead in her home in July last year. She was 27.
Amy's father Mitch Winehouse this week urged her fans to pray for Blake, reminding them that Amy loved him. In the past, however, he's made no secret of his belief that Blake was a destructive and deadly influence on his already vulnerable daughter.
Georgette, in a heartfelt interview with the Mail, says: 'Blake is aware that he is the most hated man on Earth. He knows people blame him for Amy's death, and it's too much for him to cope with.
'Blake used to say to me: "My biggest crime was to fall in love with Amy. Why don't people realise I loved her? Why am I the most hated man?" It breaks my heart because they were both damaged people before they got together.
But in Amy's absence, Georgette feels compelled to be there for Blake. 'Sometimes I feel as if I am the only person who loves him unconditionally,' she says.
'I'm his mother. I feel responsible for him. He may be 30 but he's still my little boy. I can't turn my back on him but I'm scared for him.
'I really hope this near-death experience will be the wake-up call he needs to change his life. But he has to want to change and I can't make him. I'm willing to relocate anywhere to get him away from his addict friends and dealers, even to the Isle of Skye if necessary.
She goes on: 'I try to visualise a better future for Blake but it's hard because drugs have such a powerful hold over him and take away the best parts of his personality.
To describe Georgette as long- suffering would be an under- statement. She has watched her intelligent, charming, privately educated son turn from an experimental drug user into a hardened heroin and crack-cocaine addict.
She has paid off Blake's drug dealers when he ran out of money and put him through rehab, in the process losing her hairdressing business and her 21-year marriage to headteacher Giles — father to her two younger sons, aged 20 and 19.
She has also witnessed Blake's descent into crime. The former music-industry runner has twice been jailed — in 2008 for assault and attempting to pervert the course of justice, and in 2011 for burglary and possessing a fake firearm.
Georgette has comforted Blake through the sickness and sweating of withdrawal as he tried to go 'cold turkey', and been repaid by finding a secret stash of heroin hidden on top of her cooker at home.
She has tried 'tough love' by throwing out Blake after walking downstairs to see his drug-addict friends around her kitchen table at 6am in the morning — and discovering one of them had been smoking heroin in her son Harry's bedroom.
Routinely, she blames herself for Blake's self-destructive behaviour, wondering if she was a bad mother, and castigating herself for not recognising that he was an addict and intervening sooner.
Worst of all, she has spent many anxious years bracing herself for the call to tell her that Blake is dead. It seemed inevitable the lower he sank — especially after Amy's death.
Georgette thought the call might have come on August 3, when Blake's girlfriend Sarah Aspin, 34 — who is mother to his 15-month-old son Jack — phoned Georgette from their home in Leeds at 10.30am.
Blake had been found unconscious in bed having inhaled vomit, two weeks after being released on licence from HMP Armley in Leeds. He had served 12 months of his 32-month sentence before returning to Sarah — whom he'd met in rehab — and the toddler son he barely knew.
Georgette has been told by Sarah that Blake found text messages from Amy on an old phone that said she wanted to be Jack's godmother.
Blake told friends 'I miss Amy' and spent most days after his release staring vacantly into space.
It is Georgette's understanding that the night before he fell ill, he took around 30 tablets of a heroin substitute that had been posted to him from an unknown source — as well as a psychiatric anti-anxiety drug and alcohol.
'All his organs were failing and doctors could not tell us if he would live or die,' says Georgette, who saw Blake once when he was in prison.
'His lungs were badly damaged. My biggest fear was that he was brain-damaged. I talked to him constantly, telling him what was happening in my life, that everything would be OK, even though I didn't know if it would be. I held his hand, and when he heard my voice he tried to open his eyes.
During the past fortnight, Georgette has had time to reflect on the past and ruminate on the future. She wonders if she and Amy's father Mitch were too swift to split up the couple, because the divorce did not save Amy's life or set Blake on the road to recovery.
'I can understand fully why Mitch did not want Blake anywhere near his daughter,' says Georgette, who split from Blake's market-trader father Lance when he was six months old, and met Giles — who became his stepfather — a year later.
Blake still plummeted into drug addiction, though. Georgina says: 'When Mitch told me, "Your son's an addict," I used to say: "Don't talk stupid." Perhaps if I had accepted the truth sooner, I could have found help for Blake and Amy but I buried my head in the sand.
When Blake was jailed for 27 months in 2008 after pleading guilty to assaulting a pub landlord then offering him money not to testify, Georgette started to agree with Mitch that her son and Amy were better off apart.
'When Blake was sent to Pentonville prison, I thought it would be a watershed moment for him,' she says. 'I thought he would embrace the recovery programme, and that Amy's family would help her.
'What no one expected was for Amy to spiral out of control, which she did, while Blake got further and further down in Pentonville.
'Perhaps, with hindsight, that was the wrong thing to do. I know that Blake often blamed me for the divorce, saying he never wanted it to happen.
'Mitch and I shared the fear that if they stayed together they would both end up dead but I think we all under-estimated the love she had for Blake. I certainly underestimated his love for her.
'Mitch used to say: "If we separate them they both have a chance," but neither of us anticipated what would happen.
After the couple divorced, Georgette says Amy and Blake stayed in contact, often speaking and meeting secretly despite having new partners.
In another she speaks of her desire to conceive a baby with Blake on Valentine's Day and call him or her Lucky.
'I think they both knew they couldn't be married but they were still joined emotionally,' says Georgette.
'When Amy died, I went to see him in prison but he was too ill to see me. He was devastated.
Blake will remain in hospital for some time to come. His prognosis remains uncertain. Georgette has banned all of his drug-addict or dealer friends from visiting him.
She does not know if Blake will be returned to prison — if he does recover — for breaking the terms of his licence, or if he will be allowed to go into rehab again. Ultimately, she wants him to come back home to her, and hopes that she will somehow find the strength and the courage to give Blake the help that might just turn his life around.
'I'm going to do everything I can to save Blake,' says Georgette.
'Unless you have experienced addiction, it is easy to be judgemental. When you are faced with it, as I have been with my son, you don't know what the answers are or what to do for the best.
'I'm frightened for his future and terrified of what his life will be like. Will I get another call in a year's time? Will it be fatal next time?


SELF was founded in 1990 by Neville Williams, an award-winning journalist and author (Chasing the Sun: Solar Adventures Around the World ), who had experience actively promoting solar power as a staffer with the U.S. Department of Energy during the Carter administration. By 1997, SELF had established 11 self-sustaining solar energy projects in eleven countries across Asia, Africa, and South America.
In its early projects, SELF used funds donated by private philanthropies to buy home-size photovoltaic systems in bulk on the open market, usually enough for one small village at a time. SELF then sold the systems to villagers in developing areas, in partnership, where possible, with in-country nonprofit agencies. Each participating household made a 20 percent down payment on a solar energy system and paid off the balance – usually between $300 and $400 – over several years. The buyers' payments were pooled in a local revolving loan fund from which their neighbors could borrow to buy their own solar power gear. SELF used a portion of the proceeds on the equipment to establish a local dealership and train residents as solar installers and technicians.
The arrangement brought power to the people in more ways than one. Residents had acquired electricity for their homes and farms through equipment that they had paid for themselves. Trained technicians had learned a profitable trade, and their training ensured that the power systems' continued operation did not depend on return visits from outsiders with exotic knowledge. The revolving loan funds made it possible for villagers to finance the continued dissemination of solar systems in their areas.
The program yielded broader benefits as well. In much of the developing world, the primary fuel for night lighting is kerosene, which causes more than 20,000 injuries and house fires annually through spills and other accidents. In addition, every home burning kerosene-fueled lamps emits an average of 6 tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere annually, and exposes family members to fumes as hazardous to the health as smoking two packs of cigarettes per day.
For much of the 1990s, SELF's primary mission was to deliver solar home systems – 50-watt units installed at the household level that could generate enough power to run a few compact florescent lights, a radio, and a small black and white television for four or five hours each evening. The electricity generated by the solar panel is stored in a battery, which then provides power at night and during rainy weather.
In western China, SELF brought solar power to 1,000 households in 14 villages; created the Gansu PV Company to manufacture small-scale photovoltaic systems as a joint venture with SELF; and established the Gansu Solar Electric Light Fund to extend credit to villagers to buy the systems. In Sri Lanka, SELF helped a national development agency start a division to sell photovoltaic systems at prices that villagers can afford, but that will still enable the agency to sustain itself.
In Tanzania, SELF worked with the Masai people – a widely-scattered group of herders – to help the tribe acquire solar-powered telephones and FM radios to share information about land speculators threatening to drive them off their ancestral lands. In a poor area of black South Africa, SELF installed a photovoltaic system in a school, using the energy to power computers and connect the school to the Internet.
Over time, SELF began to evolve more elaborate project structures. In a joint venture with local partners in India, SELF formed a for-profit subsidiary using India's Renewable Energy Development Agency to tap World Bank funds set aside specifically for photovoltaic installations. In part, the company used the money to finance rural co-ops' bulk purchase of solar-energy systems for their members, to install the systems, and to train local technicians. The company then repaid the World Bank's loan from funds collected from the co-ops.
SELF's goal was not merely to supply solar lighting systems to 50 or 100 homes in a given village and walk away, but rather to establish a mechanism that could be self-sustaining over the long term, and that would eventually pave the way for the commercialization of solar household electrification in the developing world. Through this and a series of other pilot projects around the world, SELF has demonstrated the willingness of rural families to pay for solar electricity at the household level when they are given access to credit.
Given the success of this financing model, in 1997 SELF decided to launch a for-profit affiliate, the Solar Electric Light Company, or SELCO, based in Bangalore, India, whose goal would be to sell solar home systems in the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Over the past decade, SELCO has sold close to 90,000 solar home systems in India– but still just a drop in the bucket when compared to the two billion people worldwide who don't have electricity.
Since the solar home system model had proven to be commercially viable as a business, SELF began working to find ways to address basic needs at the community level.
Beginning in 2000, SELF embarked on its next generation of projects that would seek to harness solar energy for things such as advancing water pumping and purification, purveying electrification to rural schools and health clinics, providing power to small businesses and micro-enterprises, and facilitating communication access.
The first opportunity to fulfill this expanded vision was found in South Africa, where SELF had been working on a project to install solar home systems in the Valley of a Thousand Hills, a beautiful but impoverished backwater region near Durban, in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. SELF installed a 1.5-kilowatt solar array, which generated enough electricity to power approximately 20 PCs donated by Dell Computers and a small satellite dish that delivered Internet access to Myeka High School. This was the first solar-powered computer lab built in South Africa, affecting a wonderful transformation at Myeka High School, where the pass rate jumped from 30 percent to 70 percent within a year and a half of installation.
As SELF continued to experiment with novel ways of promoting rural electrification, we started to think more and more about how multiple applications of solar energy might be combined into a single, integrated model. In 2003, SELF found the opportunity to implement a "Whole-Village" approach when the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) invited SELF to carry out a solar electrification project in Nigeria. With support from the DOE, SELF equipped three villages in Jigawa State, in northern Nigeria, with solar power systems for a community water-pumping system, a health clinic, a primary school, street lighting, a portable irrigation pump, and a micro-enterprise center.
Over the next few years, SELF continued to push the envelope in terms of using solar energy for a broader range of development objectives.
In 2006, SELF partnered with the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) to install solar water pumping and drip irrigation systems in two pilot villages in the arid Kalalé District of Benin. As a result, Kalalé farmers have been able to grow high-value produce during the six-month dry season for the first time. Improved nutrition, increased food security, and, crucially, new income opportunities are just some of the life saving benefits of this project in a part of Africa where malnutrition is a grave threat during much of the year.
Most recently, SELF worked with the Clinton Foundation and Partners In Health (PIH) to launch solar energy solutions for a series of rural health centers in Rwanda and Tanzania. Initially, Partners In Health planned to generate power using diesel generators donated by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculois, and Malaria; but after SELF's assessment of their sites in Rwanda, PIH was persuaded that solar energy is a better choice to meet the power needs of rural health centers. Though the upfront capital costs are higher, solar energy is more reliable, sustainable, and less expensive over the long term. PIH has since requested SELF's help in providing sustainable energy solutions for all of its health centers in Lesotho and Haiti, as well as for a new hospital in Burundi that is run by its sister NGO, Village Health Works.
Going forward, SELF has a unique opportunity to further leverage its impact on the world by forming strategic alliances with other organizations, both non-profit and for-profit, and then demonstrating practical ways in which solar energy can be harnessed and applied to specific development objectives.
Whether it be through our government's foreign aid, the charitable giving of foundations, the efforts of corporate social responsibility programs, or simply the goodwill of individuals like you, there is much that all of us can do to help address the problem of energy poverty in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world.