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text:
Karpniki  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mysłakowice, within Jelenia Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately  east of Mysłakowice,  south-east of Jelenia Góra, and  west of the regional capital Wrocław, in the Rudawy Janowickie mountain range.

The village is the site of a 15th-century castle that was redecorated in a Neogothic style in 1844 according to the plans of Friedrich August Stüler for Prince Wilhelm of Prussia who had purchased the estate in 1822. His brother, King Frederick William III, visited him several times and in 1831 bought nearby Erdmannsdorf Estate for himself, and in 1839 Wojanów (Schildau) Castle for his daughter Princess Louise of the Netherlands. Jelenia Góra Valley became a royal hideaway. The prince's daughter, Marie of Prussia, had her confirmation in the Lutheran Fischbach church in the spring of 1842, with King Frederick William IV and his wife Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria being present, as well as their nephew, the Bavarian Crown Prince and later King Maximilian II, Marie's fiancé, whom she married later that year. The following year their first son was born, who became the famous king Ludwig II.

See also
 Castles in Poland

Karpniki

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The research unit BEDA develops mainly body movement research with young children. Perception of the body, space and rhythm education are fundamental elements of the psychomotor functioning. The principle objective is to give modes of perceiving oneself and the others in the environment to learn to be conscious of the own body through exercise and specific adapted movements. Furthermore, research of BEDA aims at adapting elements of psychomotor development to programmes in primary school and to use cognitive learning in movement.


I wish I had something more exciting to tell you, like 'Oh I went on this amazing adventure and you'll never believe what happened!' The truth is, however, this weekend was pretty quiet and uneventful (unless you count being rerouted through small German towns due to autobahn construction and subsequently getting lost despite having a navigation system in the car (that kept telling me to turn onto pedestrian only walkways)). Saturday night found me juicing up a fridge full of greens, and it cracked me up because Saturday night drinks aren't what they used to be! I mean, I wonder what 23 year old me would've said if she knew that in a few years fresh green juices on a Saturday night would make her happier than a college night out with no cover and penny drink specials. Anyway. Then I curled up to finish Osho's book on courage, and started a new read.


text:
Home > Fees and Charges > Other Fees
Other Fees (denoted in HK$)
Supplementary Language Course Fees/Deposit
1. Chinese and English $400
2. Putonghua $600
1. Undergraduate programmes
- local students $450
- non-local students $450
2. Postgraduate programmes
3. Sub-degree programmes $300
For HKBU award sub-degree programmes offered by SCE and CIE:
Associate Degree/Higher Diploma programmes
1. Study abroad programmes 10% of tuition fee
2. International students (other than study abroad programmes) 10% of tuition fee
3. Exchange students (excluding student visa and courier fee) $1,200
4. Credit card payments by payment amount
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5. Telegraphic transfer payments $300
6. Student visa and courier fee $600
7. Refund of admission confirmation fee
a) Taught postgraduate, Postgraduate Diploma/Certificate $5,000
b) Research postgraduate $5,000
8. Reinstatement fee for student status $400
A deposit of $300 for postgraduate and undergraduate students will be payable by a student on first registration and will be refunded only when a student has completed at least one academic year and withdraws officially or graduates from the University, less deduction, if any, made by the University for outstanding debts (e.g. library book fines, late charges) not previously settled. However, there will be no refund for students who fail to complete the procedures for official withdrawal before the deadline set by the University. Special part-time undergraduate students will also be required to pay a deposit of $300 on registration. The full amount of deposit or the balance left after making any deduction as appropriate will be refunded only when the student has completed the units for which he/she has enrolled. If a student leaves the University before the completion of the unit(s) enrolled, no refund will be made.
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A graduation fee of $300 for postgraduate and undergraduate students will be payable on approval for graduation. Please note that this fee applies whether or not graduates plan to attend the Commencement ceremony and it is in addition to the regalia rental fee. In accordance with the practice of the University, the full amount or the balance of the deposit paid on first registration will be used to set off against the graduation fee. Where the balance is insufficient to set off against the entire $300, a student must pay the difference before the official diploma would be issued.
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3. Courier service for overseas delivery of a testimonial (for postgraduate programmes only)
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2. The fee for a transcript (student copy) is $50 per copy.
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2. Undergraduate students $300/semester
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2. Invigilation fee $250/hour
1. Appeal against academic decision $200
2. Certification service $50/copy
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4. Xeroxing service $5/page
Replacement Charge
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2. Parking permit $120
3. Electronic tag/card for campus parking $240
4. Electronic key card for Learning Commons/Student Amenities $150
5. Issuance of replacement diploma $600
Late Charges
Charges will be levied on and will be payable by students upon being given approval to complete certain University required procedures after the stipulated deadlines:
For delay of tuition fee payment:
A student who has not paid the required tuition fees by the due date, or by a later date for which the permission of the Director of Finance has been obtained in advance, will be charged a penalty of $300. Thereafter, the student will be considered as unofficially withdrawn and must obtain the permission from the Academic Registrar/Dean of Graduate School or designate for re-admission. All applications for deferred payment from Undergraduate students should be made online before the due date shown on the tuition fee debit note. Postgraduate students who wish to apply for the deferral of tuition fee payments should complete the paper application form and submit to Graduate School at least 7 working days prior to the payment due date.
For late return of borrowed items from the Library:
A student who returns borrowed items after their due date for return will have to pay a fine in accordance with the Library Regulations in force.
For late completion of official withdrawal:
A penalty will be charged to and payable upon approval for a student who completes the official withdrawal after leaving the University:
a) For one month to one year $200
b) For more than one year $400
For late return of materials borrowed from Language Learning Oasis:
a) Overdue fine for 1 to 6 days $1/day
b) Overdue fine for 7 to 37 days* $3/day
c) Overdue fine for over 37 days** $99 plus full replacement
costs of borrowed materials
* Including fines of $1/day for the first 6 days, thereafter $3/day.
** If the borrowed material is overdue by more than 37 days, it is assumed to be lost. The fine will include the overdue fine of $99 for 37 days plus the full replacement costs of the borrowed material.
1. Opening locker $20
2. Loss of tuition pay-in slip $20
3. Late penalty charge for rejected or delayed payment by bank auto-pay $100
4. Unclamping charge for vehicle impounded
a) Unclamping charge $320
b) Storage charge (after the first day) $320/day
Locker Fees
1. Rental for steel locker
a) 65 cm × 42.6 cm × 28 cm $50/year
b) 90 cm × 51.5 cm × 30 cm $50/year
2. Penalty for not returning locker/illegal occupancy $100
Medical Consultation Fee
A fee of $20 per visit will be payable by students who go to the Health Services Centre for treatment.
Campus Parking Fees
1. Type I
(for full-time students with proven physical disability that requires him/her to drive to the campus)
a) Period of 1 September to 31 August $1,200
b) Fees on pro-rata full month basis Note
Note: A new hirer may pay parking fee during an academic year on a pro-rata full month basis, counting from the month of accepting the parking permit to 31 August each year.
2. Type III $150/month
(for part-time evening undergraduate/postgraduate students of the University or part-time evening students of other courses/programmes from 5:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. on weekdays and during the opening hours of the carparks on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays)
3. Additional electronic tag/card for campus parking $240
4. Additional holder of electronic tag/card $36
1. Administration fee $150/request
2. Photocopying fee $5/page
Administration Fee for Usage of University Sports Facilities
1. Application fee/deposit for fitness room certificate
(refundable if applicant collects certificate within 1 month of issuance) $100
2. Loss of locker key $50/locker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi blog i am posting this because i want to share my work with you.
Hi Cordell it's Toeumu. I really like how you have shown us your writing. I also like how you have used interesting words. This reminds me of when i did 5 word story. Maybe next time you could say what was challenging and what u enjoyed about it.
and congrats for the blog of the week Cordell!


Rio Grande valley, west of Big Bend, with exposures of Tertiary volcanics.
Why is the geology of Texas important to students of physical geology and to all the inhabitants of the state today?
What tectonic events shaped the Proterozoic geologic record of Texas? When and how were the metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Llano region accreted to the ancient continent Laurentia?
What kinds of sediment were deposited during the Lower Paleozoic? What is the economic significance of these rocks today?
What were the geologic results in Texas of the collision of Gondwana with Laurasia? How do the sedimentary rocks and structural styles of the Marathon area illustrate the collision?
What sedimentary environments characterized the Fort Worth Basin during and after the Ouachita orogeny? Why is this basin rich in oil and gas resources?
Why are red beds and evaporites characteristic of the Permian basins of central and west Texas? How does the geology of that region affect present-day land-use patterns?
What happened in Texas during and after the breakup of Pangaea? What were the results of the Cretaceous transgressions?
What types of tectonic activity are indicated by the volcanic rocks in trans-Pecos Texas? How did the basin and range structural features form in that region?
Which geologic processes led to the formation of the Llano Estacado? What is the Ogallala aquifer, and how is it recharged?
When and how did the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Fault Zone form? How were these geologic features important to the initial settlement of Texas, and how are they important to Texans today?
How have transgressions and regressions shaped the geologic evolution of the Gulf Coastal Plain? What are the economic and environmental implications of using lignite to generate electricity? How did salt domes form, and why are economic resources concentrated around them?
What are the principal features of the Texas Gulf Coast, and how did they form? How do hurricanes affect the coastal areas of Texas?
© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of the Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means--graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage and retrieval systems--without the written permission of the publisher. The Adaptable Courseware Program consists of products and additions to existing Brooks/Cole products that are produced from camera-ready copy. Peer review, class testing, and accuracy are primarily the responsibility of the author(s). The Geology of Texas/C. Reid Ferring - First Edition ISBN 0-759-39079-7. Printed in the United States of America.
comparisons are supported by discussions in your text, including specific examples of how earth scientists formally apply this principle. Lyell's companion volume, Elements of Geology, is taught today as historical geology, which examines the earth and life through time. Lyell eloquently labeled the sequences of ancient rocks and their included fossils as the "earth's autobiography." This chapter treats the geology of Texas chronologically, mainly because it enables us to take advantage of plate tectonics theory as we examine the autobiography of Texas.
The front piece for this chapter is the geologic map of Texas. You should refer to this map frequently as you read the following sections, and especially when you consider the photographs of surface geologic scenes. The geology map and the physiographic map (Figure Texas.1) show much of the geologic history and modern environmental diversity of the state. Notice the strong correspondence between the features of these two maps. They demonstrate that the rocks and sediments of Texas are not just parts of a chronologic sequence, but in many areas are also associated with distinct landforms and environments. While examining the photographs in subsequent sections, you will see different patterns of erosion and markedly different vegetation communities, defined by the dramatic decrease in rainfall from east to west across this huge land area. Geologic maps are marvelous tools for exploring the geologic history and character of the areas they portray. The ages of the rock units are indicated by their color so that our eyes can search for patterns in their spatial arrangements that make both physical and chronologic sense. For example, notice that the Paleozoic rocks in north central Texas (see shades of blue in the front piece illustration) are progressively younger from east to west. In contrast, the rocks of the coastal plain are progressively younger from west to east. The boundary between these two regions is best marked by the Balcones Fault Zone (see red in Figure Texas.1). Can you explain these patterns by identifying the processes that produced them? Another interesting feature is the nature of the contact between Cretaceous rocks (see green in Figure Texas.1) and adjacent rocks in the central part of the state. In this region, they directly overlie older rocks of the Precambrian and Paleozoic eras, and the Triassic Period. What could account for this? How much time is "missing" between the Cretaceous and older rocks? You will find the answers to these questions, and hopefully some of your own questions, in the following discussions and accompanying figures.
examples of the main themes of physical geology, especially the theory of plate tectonics.
petroleum, coal, minerals, groundwater, and fertile soils.
Figure Texas.1 This map shows the principal physiographic regions of Texas. Stars indicate the locations of localities discussed in this chapter. Note the close correspondence between these physiographic regions and the surface geology of the state.
several metamorphic rocks that formed about 1.3 billion years ago (1.3 Ga). A transgression that began in the middle Cambrian Period is registered by the sandstones in the background of this photo (see Figure Texas.7).
layers, but rather by schistosity, which developed through segregation of dark and light minerals that crystallized during metamorphism.
Figure Texas.3 Located just north of Fredericksburg, the prominent granite dome in this cluster is called Enchanted Rock. Granitic magmas intruded metamorphic rocks of the Llano area, including the Packsaddle Schist shown in Figure Texas.2a.
Figure Texas.5 This pegmatite near Llano, Texas, has three minerals that also dominate the Town Mountain granite: microcline (a potassium feldspar), biotite (a mica), and quartz. Notice that the quartz crystallized last, enveloping the mica and feldspar crystals, which formed at higher temperatures.
Figure Texas.4 Looking west from the summit of Enchanted Rock, one can see this classic example of an exfoliation sheet that has broken up into slabs, which are sliding down the dome. Limestone on the horizon formed during Cretaceous transgressions, and the flat surface is the Edwards Plateau. Faulting during the Tertiary Period contributed to the breakup and removal of the limestone that once covered the Precambrian granite.
state. Gold is found in low quantities in the Llano area, but the semiprecious mineral topaz is quite common.
rocks were accreted to Laurentia as part of the Grenville Terrane.
the Franklin Mountains demonstrate the nature of metamorphic and intrusive igneous processes.
area, were deposited near the shoreline at the beginning of the Cambrian transgression. The Lion Mountain sandstone derives its green color from the iron-rich mineral glauconite, and it also has thin beds and pods of limestone with numerous fossils of trilobites and brachiopods.
along a Cambrian beach. The lower part of this bed shows extensive bioturbation through burrowing by organisms, whereas the upper part provides an excellent example of cross-bedded sedimentary structures.
Figure Texas.7 Located in the Beach Mountains near Van Horn, the limestone and dolomite of the El Paso Formation formed in the shallow epeiric sea that covered Texas during the Ordovician Period. These rocks overlie sandstones of latest Precambrian to Cambrian age.
Figure Texas.8 The Bliss Sandstone (Cambrian) and the overlying Ordovician dolomites are exposed in the Franklin Mountains near El Paso. These sedimentary rocks formed during the early Paleozoic transgression and contain fossils of corals, mollusks, and trilobites. This east-facing slope formed along a Miocene Epoch normal fault that separates this uplifted block (a horst) from the broad Hueco Basin (a graben).
Figure Texas.9 This is the west-facing slope of the Franklin Mountains. The rocks at the summit are Devonian-Mississippian in age, and those below belong to the Pennsylvanian Magdalena Formation. All of these rocks formed in shallow, clear marine environments. Because the major source of these carbonates was calcareous algae, these are good examples of biogenic rocks.
limestone occurs with no change in water depth. It is estimated that the depth of Texas's Ordovician sea was always on the order of less than 10 meters. After deposition, many of the Ordovician limestones were changed diagenetically into dolomite. In this process, the limestone was altered to dolomite by substitution of about half of the calcium ions in calcite with the smaller magnesium ion. This process increases the porosity of the rocks by about 15%, which makes them ideal reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons. Thus, the Ordovician rocks have abundant algae-derived organic matter as a source for hydrocarbons and have abundant, highly porous reservoirs. These rocks are among the most important sources of oil and gas in this region. Of special importance are natural gas reservoirs in west Texas that are up to 6,000 meters deep. Royalties on much of those reserves are owned by the State of Texas and by law are used to subsidize (your) higher education!
Figure Texas.10 Two major events in the geologic history of Texas are recorded in these rocks. The flysch sediments of the Pennsylvanian Haymond Formation were deposited as turbidites, then folded and faulted during the Ouachita orogeny. After an enormous interval of erosion, the ocean transgressed over Texas during the Cretaceous Period. Rock creep caused the distinctive bending of the rocks near the surface.
in creation of an epeiric sea that covered all of Texas.
large reserves of oil and natural gas.
Figure Texas.11 These hogbacks near Marathon were formed in rocks that were intensely folded and faulted during the Ouachita orogeny, when South America collided with North America. At the end of that collision, Texas became part of the supercontinent Pangaea.
Figure Texas.12 In the past few years, drilling for natural gas in the Mississippian Barnett Shale west of Dallas-Fort Worth has been intense. These wells are 5 km west of Denton. The one in the foreground has been completed.
Marathon. They were deposited by turbidite flows, which were supplied by great volumes of sediment being shed off of mountains that were being created as South America approached Laurentia from the south. The flysch deposits at Marathon were overlain by coarse-textured sediments called molasse. These sandstones and conglomerates indicate a shift from marine to terrestrial environments at the completion of the continental collision. Discussions in your textbook covering plate tectonics have excellent illustrations of this kind of convergent plate boundary. The structural features of the Marathon area include numerous anticlines and synclines interrupted by high-angle reverse faults, all of which are underlain by a long thrust fault, indicating that these rocks were pushed up onto the continent. These have been eroded into distinctive landforms evident today, such as the hogbacks formed by the Silurian Caballos Novaculite (Figure Texas.11). The entire package of Paleozoic rocks near Marathon was pushed up onto the continent along a long, low-angle thrust fault.
with Texas, creating the Ouachita Mountains and adding these continents to the supercontinent Pangaea.
and patterns of sedimentation and structural deformation that accompanied the collision.
demands for concrete by the residential, public, and commercial sectors.
Pennsylvanian deposits that formed in response to the Ouachita orogeny.
the Fort Worth Basin in north central Texas. Deltas prograded into the shallow shelf, which also supported carbonate banks and platforms where the water was clearer.
Figure Texas.14 El Capitan Peak, a prominent feature of the Guadalupe Mountains in west Texas, is part of the Permian reef that encircled the Delaware Basin. Just across the New Mexico state line, Carlsbad Caverns formed in this limestone.
deposited by a Pennsylvanian delta that prograded westward (right to left) into the Fort Worth Basin (a). Similar rocks, buried thousands of feet deep, are important reservoirs of oil and gas.
This Pennsylvanian coral reef is a good example of the "muddy" reefs of the late Paleozoic Era. The calcareous mud matrix was contributed by algae, which formed the base of the food chain in these reefs and supported colonies of filter-feeding organisms. such as the solitary corals shown here.
Figure Texas.15 These red beds and gypsum layers exposed in Palo Duro State Park are part of the Caprock Escarpment, which is the eastern edge of the Llano Estacado (see Figure Texas.26). The red beds were formed during the arid conditions in the Permian Period. The highest light beds are part of the Triassic Dockum Group.
Figure Texas.16 Gypsum is mined in this quarry near Sweetwater, in the Red Bed Plains. Formed in evaporitic "ponds" during the arid Permian Period, this gypsum is used to manufacture Sheetrock wallboard and Portland cement.
further deposition occurred over most of Texas west of the Gulf Basin until the postrifting transgression of the early Cretaceous Period. The next section addresses this subject.
stone, red beds, and evaporites accumulated in deep basins in central and west Texas.
the Cretaceous Glen Rose Formation. These rocks form part of the Edwards Plateau, which is the recharge zone for the Edwards Aquifer.
analog for the sedimentary environments in which the Glen Rose limestone was formed. Like the ancient environments, these swamps and shallow lagoons are inhabited by clams, oysters, urchins, and crustaceans.
Figure Texas.18 This quarry in Cretaceous rocks near Austin is one of many that are used to produce crushed stone aggregate, lime for cement, and dimension stone for construction and landscaping.
the nineteenth century. This stone is still popular among architects, giving even modern-looking structures a connection to Texas' geologic and historic past.
It is well known that at the end of the Cretaceous Period, there was a profound mass extinction, which ended the Age of Reptiles (the Mesozoic Era) and ushered in the Age of Mammals (the Cenozoic Era). This is often called the K/T boundary, based on the geologic map symbols for Cretaceous and Tertiary, respectively. On the geologic map of Texas, the K/T boundary can be seen on the western edge of the Gulf Coastal Plain as a line separating the last Cretaceous rocks (Ku2, green) with the first Tertiary rocks (PWA, stippled orange). During the Cenozoic Era, mammals diversified rapidly on all the continents and in the oceans as well. Texas has an excellent fossil record of mammalian evolution, but it is contained mainly in sediments in the western part of the state. There the Tertiary landscape evolved in quite dramatic ways, in response to a sequence of compressional and then extensional intraplate tectonics. These tectonic changes appear to be related to an eastward extension of the zone of subduction of the Pacific Plate under the western edge of North America, which resulted in compressional uplift and volcanism. A further lowering of the subduction angle may have contributed to the subsequent extensional regimen, when basin and range features developed not only in transPecos Texas but also over most of the western United States. The regional manifestations of this phase of intraplate tectonism are discussed in the following sections.
Figure Texas.19 The Chisos Mountains, in the heart of Big Bend National Park, are a series of necks that have been exposed by erosion of the softer lavas and ashes that formed these once tall volcanoes.
from Texas, forming the Gulf of Mexico Basin. ered Texas, leaving thick limestone deposits.
Figure Texas.20 Willow Mountain, near Terlingua, Texas, is the neck of a rhyolitic volcano. Note the well-expressed columnar jointing of these rocks and the talus slopes formed by erosion.
Figure Texas.21 Big Bend National Park is within the Chihuahuan Desert. This desert pavement, studded with cacti and the spindly Ocatillo, was formed by wind erosion (deflation) of the surface sediments, leaving behind an "armored" surface of pebbles and cobbles.
Paleozoic sequences of the Franklin and Beach Mountains (see Figures Texas.7 and Texas.8) and the Permian rocks of the Guadalupe Mountains (see Figure Texas.14). The basins between these uplifted blocks are graben-type valleys formed between pairs of normal faults. The Hueco Basin (also called by the Spanish name Bolson), lies between the Franklin and Hueco uplifts near El Paso. The Salt Basin formed below El Capitan Peak west of the Guadalupe Mountains (Figure Texas.22). Up to several kilometers of sediment fill these basins. The deposits include stream deposits, windblown sand and silt, and also evaporites, such as the gypsum and halite seen on the surface of the Salt Basin. One of the Tertiary faults flanking a basin near the Rio Grande River was reactivated in 1931, producing the Valentine earthquake. This earthquake, the strongest recorded in Texas, registered 6.0 on the Richter scale. Buildings were damaged near the epicenter, and the earthquake was felt over much of Texas. Since then, Texas has experienced a number of smaller earthquakes, rarely above Richter 4.0.
basin and range features in the trans-Pecos region of Texas.
Figure Texas.23 This map shows the eastern edge of the Llano Estacado (Southern High Plains), with the Caprock Escarpment surrounding Palo Duro Canyon. The extremely flat surface of the High Plains is dotted by more than 20,000 playa lakes. Lunette dunes are usually on the east sides of playa depressions because of prevailing westerly winds.
Figure Texas.24 This playa lake has been exposed in a borrow pit on the north side of Lubbock. The Randall Clay has filled the basin over the last 10,000 years. Mammoth bones and 11,000 year-old Clovis Paleoindian spear points are found in some of these playa lake deposits.
caliche (locally called the Caprock). Caliche is hardened calcium carbonate formed by soil processes characteristic of arid and semiarid landscapes. The lower part of the Ogallala Formation is the Ogallala aquifer, which provides almost all of the water needs for this region, where irrigation is necessary for crop farming. The extremely flat surface of the Llano Estacado formed as the Pecos River cut northward, intercepting the Rocky Mountain drainages and isolating the Llano Estacado. In geomorphic terms, the streams that formerly crossed the Llano Estacado were beheaded by the Pecos River. After that, only wind could bring sediments to the Llano Estacado, and a flat blanket of silt and sand accumulated (Figure Texas.23). On the western edge of the Llano Estacado, there are number of periodically active sand dune fields, and at its southern end is Monahans State Park, which contains a large dune complex that began accumulating in the late Pleistocene. Today, more than 20,000 playa lakes are present on the Llano Estacado (Figure Texas.24), and many older lake deposits are buried. These ephemeral lake basins formed by a combination of deflation, as indicated by dunes around their margins, and dissolution of underlying carbonates (a karstic process). In the late Pleistocene, extinct mammals such as mammoth, horses, camels, saber-toothed cats, and large, fast bears populated this region. Playa lakes were frequented by these animals, and 11,000-year-old Clovis spear points have been found in association with mammoth bones at the Miami Site, a late Pleistocene playa north of Amarillo. These playas collect seasonal rainfall, some of which percolates down, recharging the Ogallala aquifer. But many parts of the Ogallala Aquifer have experienced progressive lowering of the water table, making water resources management critical for sustaining this region's farming and cattle industries.
Figure Texas.25 While Tertiary volcanoes were erupting in west Texas, the central part of the state was experiencing broad regional uplift. This caused larger rivers, such as the Brazos River, to become entrenched deeply into bedrock. Here, a large sandy point bar of the Brazos River stands opposite the cut bank in an entrenched meander.
constructed by deposition of fluvial and eolian sediments. reducing supplies of water for irrigation.
Figure Texas.26 Popular with tourists, the scenic "Hill Country" of central Texas is actually an area of deeply eroded valleys. These rivers cut down into Cretaceous bedrock, as the Edwards Plateau was uplifted along the Balcones Fault Zone.
Figure Texas.27 Many of the Tertiary deposits of the Gulf Coastal Plain formed in environments such as these near the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge. A salt marsh is in the foreground, and San Antonio Bay is in the distance.
wagons could cross the rivers that flowed over bedrock. This string of cities also grew along the boundary between the agriculturally rich coastal plain and the ranch country to the west. Thus, they were ideally situated to become centers of trade, transportation, culture, and government. The western margins of the Edwards Plateau merge with the arid Basin and Range Province and the semiarid High Plains. Rain falling on the central part of the plateau percolates down into the basal Cretaceous rocks, forming the Edwards Aquifer, one of the most important sources of water in the state. Groundwater from the Edwards Aquifer is released to the surface along the Balcones Fault Zone in a series of springs that supply water to cities, including San Antonio and Austin. As recent decades have shown, the level of the Edwards Aquifer drops quite rapidly during droughts, and conservation of groundwater resources is a major concern for all of the communities of that region. The geology of the Edwards Plateau has influenced landuse patterns in other ways. Relatively low rainfall and hard limestone combine to form thin, poor soils, which are characteristic of the Edwards Plateau. Historically, that area is noted for sheep and goat herding, which have enhanced soil erosion through overgrazing. Thin soils also promote extremely high rates of surface runoff during storms, especially hurricanes that frequently penetrate this part of Texas after crossing the coast. Over the years, many lives have been lost, especially at low water crossings, where people attempted to escape approaching flash floods. As a result, arrays of flood detectors have been installed that warn unsuspecting people in downstream areas of an advancing flood.
the Edwards Plateau and the Balcones Fault Zone. cities in central Texas.
Figure Texas.28 This exposure of Tertiary Wilcox sediments in east Texas illustrates short-term changes in sedimentary environments caused by processes such as shifting positions of river channels and flood plains.
Figure Texas.29 This cypress swamp near the Red River is a good analog for the hardwood swamp environments in which lignite formed on the Tertiary coastal plain of Texas.
used to generate electricity. Shallow lignite seams, covered by sediments or soft rocks, are mined using the dragline sidecasting method (Figure Texas.30a). This method involves removal of the overburden with enormous draglines, exposing a long strip of lignite. The lignite is removed, then hauled to the nearby generating plant for immediate use (see Figure Texas.30b). Overburden from the next strip is used to backfill the section just mined, and the process continues until the leased area has been completed. The mine area is reclaimed by resurfacing with soil that had been stacked separately during overburden removal, followed by planting of vegetation according to the needs of the landowners who leased their property to the mining companies. Both the mining and burning of lignite pose risks to the environment. In addition to surface reclamation, shallow groundwater must be protected from contamination during and after mining. Lignite has higher sulfur content than bituminous coal or anthracite, thus increasing the risk for acid rain that can contaminate nearby bodies of water. This problem has been reduced, but not eliminated, by use of "scrubbers" that use dissolved lime to help neutralize smokestack emissions (see Figure Texas.30b). Burning lignite entails significant emissions of CO2, which contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming; needless to say, this issue is one of increasing international concern and a focus for lively debates at home. It is certain that lignite mining will become even more common in the future. At current rates of consumption, the shallow lignite reserves are estimated to last about 400 years. Deeper lignite reserves are even larger, but exploitation of those deposits by any method can threaten the extremely important aquifers of the Wilcox Group. No doubt, lignite mining and the associated efforts to preserve the quality of Texas' environment will be familiar issues to the next generation of Texans.
electrical generating plant. These lignite beds are exposed and removed by colossal-sized machinery such as the dragline at the far end of the strip that is about to be mined.
The Gulf Coastal Plain has enormous petroleum reserves. Although these reserves are widely distributed, active oil fields are concentrated around two principal geologic features. The first is a series of fault zones that roughly follow contours around the Gulf Basin. These differ from the tectonically induced faults discussed earlier in this chapter. They are called growth faults, and they formed along trends where high rates of sedimentation induced rapid subsidence. The lower parts of growth faults commonly bend toward the Gulf Basin, and in some cases, huge blocks of sedimentary rocks slide along nearly horizontal fault planes. All of this faulting results in formation of numerous traps for the hydrocarbons, not only on the coastal plain, but also out on the continental shelf where numerous offshore drilling platforms have been constructed. The other geologic features that concentrate petroleum reserves are salt domes. These domes are common throughout east Texas, forming the western part of their more general distribution about the lower Mississippi valley. As mentioned in Section Texas.7, thick deposits of halite accumulated in the early Gulf Basin that was opened by rifting during the Jurassic Period. Burial under thousands of meters of younger sedimentary rocks mobilized the salt, forcing it upward as discrete plumes. The rising salt intrusions warped and faulted the surrounding rocks, creating ideal traps for oil and gas (Figure Texas.31).
Figure Texas.31 As thick Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments accumulated rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico basin, the deeply buried Jurassic Louann Salt was compressed, forcing numerous plumes of salt up through the overlying rocks, creating salt domes and giant oil fields.
industry, yet significant strides have been made to maintain air and water quality near mines and generating plants.
Salt domes have been targets for oil exploration ever since the Spindletop discovery well was brought in near Beaumont in 1901. In 9 days, this first Texas "gusher" blew an estimated 1 million barrels of oil into the air, forever changing Texas and the oil industry. In addition to oil and natural gas, salt domes concentrate significant sulfur deposits, which are dissolved and brought to the surface. Because the salt has almost no permeability and cannot be dissolved by oil, huge caverns created within large salt bodies are used to store large portions of our nation's strategic oil reserves. Last, it should be mentioned that these salt bodies are mined for their salt, mainly for industrial purposes and for deicing roads.
Figure Texas.32 Barrier islands fringe almost the entire Texas coast, which is dominated by waves, currents, and storms. Galveston Bay is a drowned estuary, as are all the major bays farther south. In 1900, before construction of a protective seawall, more than 6,000 inhabitants of Galveston died during a hurricane. And still today, these low coastal areas are threatened by potentially devastating storms, such as hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005.
longed Tertiary regression of the Gulf of Mexico.
during hurricanes and by the seaward return of storm surge waters after the hurricanes move inland. All too often, hurricanes make their landfall along the Texas coast, and over the past century, the loss of lives and property has been devastating. The tragedies caused by hurricanes Katrina and Rita persist today for thousands of displaced persons, and the damage done to offshore drilling rigs and submarine pipeline networks is still being repaired. Texas is especially vulnerable to hurricanes because of the extensive low-lying areas that can be flooded easily by storm surges. Barrier islands retard the return flow of storm surge waters, lengthening the period of flooding and hampering recovery and rescue efforts. Larger storms are able to overtop the seawalls constructed in Galveston and Corpus Christi, and the populations in these areas are clearly at risk any time that a storm approaches.
lagoons behind an extensive barrier island system.
and the populations who live along the coast.
Texas.1 Introduction Why is the geology of Texas important to students of physical geology and to all the inhabitants of the state today? Learning about the geology of their state helps Texas students better understand the principles of physical geology and makes them more aware of how the state's geologic past is related to the ways in which its residents interact with its landscape and exploit its resources today. Texas.2 Precambrian Texas What tectonic events shaped the Proterozoic geologic record of Texas? The genesis of Proterozoic rocks in Texas is indicated by process sequences such as erosion, sedimentation, regional metamorphism, and postorogenic igneous intrusion. When and how were the metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Llano region accreted to the ancient continent Laurentia? The metamorphic suite of Proterozoic rocks in Texas was accreted to Laurentia and became part of the much larger accretionary Grenville Terrane because of the highly compressional tectonic regimen about 1.3 billion years ago (Ga). The intrusive suite was accreted about 0.2 billion years later. Texas.3 The Paleozoic Tectonic Cycle What kinds of sediment were deposited during the Lower Paleozoic? Sandstone overlain by thicker deposits of limestone, much dolomitized, were deposited in the Cambrian and Ordovician periods. What is the economic significance of these rocks today? These rocks hold tremendous petroleum reserves. Texas.4 The Ouachita Orogeny and Pangaea What were the geologic results in Texas of the collision of Gondwana with Laurasia? The collision caused prolonged orogeny and proportionate structural and sedimentary responses. How do the sedimentary rocks and structural styles of the Marathon area illustrate the collision? The rocks at Marathon show a sequence from rapid preorogenic marine sedimentation to intense thrust faulting and lastly to terrestrial sedimentation. Texas.5 The Fort Worth Basin in the Late Paleozoic Era What sedimentary environments characterized the Fort Worth Basin during and after the Ouachita orogeny? The Fort Worth Basin was flanked on the east by the Ouachita Mountains, from which active deltas prograded onto a shelf that had carbonate banks and platforms. Why is this basin rich in oil and gas resources? Those environments produced abundant hydrocarbons, as well as ideal reservoirs and traps. Texas.6 Permian Red Beds and Evaporites Why are red beds and evaporites characteristic of the Permian basins of central and west Texas? Periodic isolation of evaporitic basins surrounded by weathered and eroded landforms were the depositional environments for those rocks. How does the geology of that region affect present-day land-use patterns? Today, those salts make their way into the surface and groundwater systems, dramatically reducing water quality and water use potentials. Texas.7 Breakup of Pangaea and Cretaceous Transgressions What happened in Texas during and after the breakup of Pangaea? Rifting in the Jurassic Period created the Gulf of Mexico Basin, which became an open ocean just before Cretaceous transgressions. What were the results of the Cretaceous transgressions? The transgressions left thick packages of sedimentary rocks over most of the state and deeply buried below the Gulf Coastal Plain. Texas.8 Basin and Range Texas What types of tectonic activity are indicated by the volcanic rocks in trans-Pecos Texas? Extensive bimodal volcanism is indicated by mainly Oligocene Epoch lava, and ash resulting from a compressional phase of intraplate tectonics. How did the basin and range structural features form in that region? The basin and range features primarily formed during the Miocene Epoch when tensional conditions promoted normal faulting. Texas.9 The Llano Estacado Which geologic processes led to the formation of the Llano Estacado? The Llano Estacado was constructed by accumulating fluvial sediments from the Rocky Mountains, followed by finer sediments that were deposited by wind. What is the Ogallala aquifer, and how is it recharged? The fluvial deposits in the lower part of the Ogallala Formation are the Ogallala aquifer. Abundant playa lake basins promote some recharge of the aquifer, which still falls during droughts. Texas.10 The Edwards Plateau and Balcones Fault Zone When and how did the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Fault Zone form? The Edwards Plateau formed in the Miocene Epoch by epeirogenic uplift, which was accommodated along the Balcones Fault Zone, separating the plateau from the Gulf Coastal Plain. How were these geologic features important to the initial settlement of Texas, and how are they important to Texans today? Locations where springs fed by the Edwards aquifer were near rivers crossing the fault zone were chosen by early settlers of cities from San Antonio to Dallas. The Edwards aquifer is a major source of water today.
deposits. As the salt column rose, it created numerous traps by faulting. Texas.12 The Texas Gulf Coast What are the principal features of the Texas Gulf Coast, and how did they form? The Gulf Coast of Texas is marked by its low-gradient and highwave energy. It exhibits bays, salt marshes, and lagoons behind an extensive series of barrier islands. How do hurricanes affect the coastal areas of Texas? Hurricanes attack the fragile landforms along the coast, delivering large volumes of both sediment and saltwater, together with massive erosion potential. Their threats to the lives and homes of people who live in low coastal areas are realized too often, as shown by the devastation of hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
blocks bounded by normal faults and separated by graben-type valleys.
and marls that were rapidly deposited in basins in advance of a continental convergence.
induced by injecting water and sand into the rocks under high pressure to increase the porosity of the reservoir and the flow of hydrocarbons to the well.
granular clasts in marine sandstones.
extensional tectonics, characterized by magmatic compositions ranging from felsic to mafic.
Gondwana The continent that formerly included Africa, South America, Antarctica, India, Australia, and Madagascar. Grenville Province Huge masses of rocks that were added to the eastern and Texan edges of Laurentia in the middle Proterozoic Era. Hogback A sharp, steep ridge created by erosion of steeply dipping rocks.
appeared until its collision with Baltica in the Silurian Period.
found as pink to red crystals in granites and especially in pegmatites.
Molasse Terrigenous sediments deposited as a continental collision neared completion.
water that carry or contain water only after rains or rainy seasons.
Orogeny A mountain building event. Physiographic map A map divided into provinces that reflect a similar geologic history of deposition and erosion; it usually has distinctive soils, vegetation, and climate.
minute skeletons made of silca or carbonate material.
Theory of plate tectonics A theory that integrates the scientific understanding of the causes, processes, and geologic results of the movement of lithospheric plates relative to each other.
sedimentation, such as a delta.
Reservoir rocks Porous rocks that can contain liquids, including water and petroleum, as well as natural gas. Sedimentary environment A depositional setting with distinctive physical, chemical, and organic agents that impart distinctive properties to the sedimentary deposits that form there. Sedimentary facies A horizontally and vertically distinct body of sediments that is different from adjacent sediments on the basis of physical, chemical, or organic properties.
Uniformitarianism The premise that geologic processes happening today have operated in similar ways in the past.
volcanic pipe that usually has been exposed by erosion.
Following is a list of some ways that you can explore the geology of Texas: The single best source for information about the geology of Texas is the Bureau of Economic Geology, affiliated with the University of Texas at Austin. The bureau sells maps, guidebooks, resources for amateur geologists, and many scientific publications that cover virtually all aspects of the subject. Look for them online at http://www.beg.utexas.edu. The best way to enjoy and learn about the geology of Texas is to see it. A good way to do that is to visit state and national parks. Many of the photographs in this chapter depict scenes in parks. Contact or visit the Texas Cooperative Extension Office of your county, located in the County Seat. They can provide you with information and literature about the soils, vegetation, and landuse practices in your county. If you are taking this course in a geology department, you have the opportunity to take additional courses in geology. Look at your university course catalog, or better yet, visit the department to get information on their geology curriculum. If there is not a geology department on your campus, talk to your instructor about local options, or visit the websites of local universities to learn about the geology courses they offer. Almost all geology courses offered at colleges and universities in Texas are uniformly coded, and credits transfer virtually automatically. If you are really interested in geology, you should consider becoming a student member of The Geologic Society of America. For a low membership fee (and some other optional costs), you can attend regional and national meetings, all of which encourage student papers and offer outstanding field trip opportunities. More information is available online at: http://www.geosociety.org. Many museums around the state have geologic exhibits. Check your local listings. When you travel in Texas, be sure to take a copy of the Roadside Geology of Texas, written by Darwin Spearing and published by Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana. You will also want a copy of the state highway geology map, which is available from the Bureau of Economic Geology.


The dispute between Virgin Media and Sky over the rights to a number of non-premium Sky channels has dragged on over the weekend and now enters a crucial stage with the channels set to go off air for Virgin Media customers this Thursday (March 1). The row regards the renegotiation between Virgin Media and Sky for the non-premium Sky channels, including Sky One, Two and Three, as well as Sky News, Sky Sports News and Sky Travel. The current deal is set to expire on Thursday and so far no agreement has been reached onto how much Virgin Media should pay to carry the channels for their customers.
Talks broke down last Friday morning with Virgin Media issuing a press release accusing Sky of "bullying" and "arrogance". They claim that Sky has doubled the asking price for these channels in a deliberate attempt to end negotiations. They also claim that this was premeditated as the company has broadcast several advertisements telling Virgin Media customers to contact the company pleading with them to keep the basic Sky channels. Virgin Media have therefore accused Sky of trying to poach its customers and by forcing them to switch provider in order to keep the basic Sky channels. However, Sky has responded to the Virgin Media accusations by saying that it was surprised and disappointed" by the comments, and that it stood for "choice and competition".
It went on to say that it wanted its basic channels to remain available to Virgin Media customers. It said in a statement: "Sky has negotiated with NTL/Virgin in good faith and has shown flexibility on price," the broadcaster said in a statement. We categorically reject their claims that we have broken off negotiations or that we are seeking to more than double the price of these channels." Sky has today said that it is in its best interests to reach an agreement with Virgin Media as the loss of a potential 3.3 million customers could hit its operating profits by up to twenty million pounds. It has said that it is disappointed that Virgin Media has broken off the negotiations and that the increase in price for the channels was to reflect its heavily increased investment in them.
Sky has said that the loss of up to twenty million pounds was down to the possibility of lower carriage fees and weaker advertising revenues. The two companies only have until Wednesday to reach an agreement and the reaction to the news so far from Virgin Media customers has been mixed. Some have praised Virgin Media's stance against Sky whilst others have criticised the company and signalled their intention to join Sky if an agreement cannot be made. Many in this second category has highlighted the years they have had as customers of NTL and Telewest with no problems before Virgin has joined and suddenly the problems have starteed.
Also many customers are disappointed to be losing Sky One for programmes such as Lost and 24 which are currently mid-season. The same customers will not be pleased by the news that Virgin Media has no plans to reduce the price of its tariffs if it does not secure the Sky channels as it plans to invest this money in addition content and improved services. However many customers have said they see this as more investment in repeats and programmes which do not interest them.
Guide to TV discusses television options for residential customers, primarily for the UK market. Find out more about getting the best option for your home at Guide to TV.


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text:
Daily News · 13/12/2021
· Politics
Visegrad Group leaders held talks with Macron
European Union France Hungarian government Hungary migration Poland Slovakia The Czech Republic Viktor Orbán Visegrád Four
Photo: MTI
The Visegrad Group (V4) leaders held "exhaustive talks" with French President Emmanuel Macron, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán said after the summit in Budapest on Monday.
Orbán told a press conference he held jointly with his V4 counterparts and Macron that the French president had laid out plans and goals of France's upcoming European Union presidency.
Apart from the "passionate" discussions on the issue and the rule of law and the "thorough and exhaustive" talks on migration, the five leaders also discussed the situation in the Western Balkans and the issue of energy — nuclear power, in particular — as well as the future of the EU's emissions trading system, Orbán added.
The prime minister said it was a "rare opportunity" for the five of them to be able to "speak openly about such important issues".
Orbán thanked Macron on behalf of the V4 for his openness and future-mindedness, and for having given the central European grouping the chance to think ahead about the most important goals of the French EU presidency.
In response to a question, the prime minister said he and Macron often had "sharp debates" which he said he enjoyed.
read also: Macron held talks with the Hungarian joint opposition
A debate is only bad if there is no "quality" to it, Orbán said, adding that in future, too, he looked forward to having "quality debates" with the French president.
Orbán said this meant that Hungary would always give the president of France the respect he deserved, partly because of who he is and partly because the French president "is highly valued in Hungary". Orbán praised Charles de Gaulle as a "point of reference", and he noted that Giscard d'Estaing had visited Hungary to campaign for Fidesz before it won the 1998 general election. He added that he had worked together with Jacques Chirac and noted that Nicolas Sarkozy's ties to Hungary were well known.
This is why, he said, he showed Macron and France respect by not giving his opinion on French domestic politics.
Orbán said Hungary, along with its secret services, was governed by the rule of law. "When we started out in politics, this was not the case, since we come from the resistance to the communist regime," the prime minister said. "We came into politics from the world of freedom fighters and street fighters."
In response to another question, Orbán said Hungary's economic performance and financial situation were assessed by the market. The euro zone, he said, was a "lukewarm and nice place" where the order of things was determined by the bloc's Stability and Growth Pact. "But the market is cold and cruel," he added. "That's where we have to hold our own," Orbán said, adding that the value and strength of the Hungarian economy was measured on the markets.
Hungary "is in good shape so far", he said, adding, at the same time, that the government needed to keep an eye on the budget deficit.
As regards the government's planned reacquisition of Liszt Ferenc International Airport, Orbán said it was not reasonable to close the deal before the 2022 election given the high rate of inflation and the volatility of the global financial markets.
"So we'll wait for the elections and decide on this afterwards," he said.
Orbán also said the EU's payouts of the pandemic recovery monies Hungary was entitled to were delayed for "political reasons". He said it was "completely unacceptable" on the part of the European Commission to expect Hungary to amend its law on family rights and education. "What does this have to do with restarting the European economy? What does this have to do with spending the funds sensibly?" he said.
"We're the victims of political blackmail",
Orbán said, adding that Hungary's economy would survive without the funding for a long while yet, and all the relevant projects were under way thanks to state pre-financing.
He said neither the economy nor Hungarians had suffered as a result of "Brussels' blackmail".
The prime minister said Hungary had been alone in deciding to put up a physical barrier to protect the border and Europe as a whole, but had been on the receiving end of "the harshest attacks" from "Brussels and several European capitals" for its efforts.
The government, he said, had not taken offence or complained, knowing that it was protecting Europe as well as the country.
But now Hungary's standpoint had changed, he said, adding that several countries would have to spend serious money to defend themselves and the Schengen border. "It's high time the European Union showed some solidarity," he said.
Orbán said
Hungary had supported other EU member states, but Brussels had not reciprocated.
He underlined Hungary's demand that at least half of the costs of protecting Europe that Hungarian taxpayers borne should be picked up by the EU.
Read alsoMacron held talks with Orbán in Budapest
Source: MTI
Hungarian government was harshly criticised by Human Rights Watch
Hungarian President meets Kenyan counterpart in Nairobi
István says:
Orbán is becoming a great statesman. Great for Hungary.


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The curious culinary secrets of PNG's last cannibalistic tribe
Life Travel The curious culinary secrets of PNG's last cannibalistic tribe 4:30pm, Mar 9, 2018
Ian Lloyd Neubauer
For centuries, cannibalism was not only part of tribal life in Papua New Guinea but a central part of religion.
When European colonialists arrived in the late 19th century, cannibalism was outlawed. The last part of PNG where it was openly practised was also one of the most remote – East Sepik Province, a floodplain dominated by the Sepik River, PNG's largest river and one of the world's largest river systems.
The last reported case of cannibalism in the Sepik was in 1964 when a group of men raided a neighbouring village for meat – as their ancestors had for thousands of years. All seven offenders were hanged by "kiaps" – Australian patrol officers who were the law of the land until PNG's independence in 1975.
Most kiaps left the Sepik after independence. It is, after all, a malarial swamp. But one, John Pasquarelli, took such a liking to the place he stayed on and built a lodge to share the raw, wild beauty and unique culture of the Sepik River with travellers and like-minded souls.
Villagers perform at a festival in East Sepik. Photo: AAP
Planes, jet boats and troop carriers
My journey to the Sepik begins in Mount Hagen, the PNG highlands' largest city, where I board a nine-seater plane. The scenery on the 45-minute flight to the Sepik is insane – a magazine of dramatic valleys, fast-flowing rivers, glacial peaks and forested escarpments. It must be one of the most scenic flights on Earth.
The moment we touch down, I am attacked by mosquitos – with a ferocity their fellows elsewhere exhibit only at dusk. The insects do not leave me alone for the duration of the stay. It is dog eats malaria-infested dog in the Sepik. Only the strongest survive.
From the airstrip, a path leads through the sweltering jungle to a jetty where I board a flat-bottomed jet boat for the journey to the Karawari River, a tributary of the Sepik.
After 10 minutes we arrive at Karawari Lodge, where a final scramble in a troop carrier up an incline with foot-deep muddy ruts takes me to the front door. There, uniformed attendants offer a chilled towelette and fresh guava juice before leading me to my room – a stilt bungalow with 180-degree river, jungle and mountain views. There is usually electricity from 6am-10pm, although it cuts out half a dozen times a day.
The view from Karawari Lodge.
Lunch is served in the main lodge. A long room inspired by the local "spirit haus", where river chiefs once displayed skulls of vanquished foes, it is filled with the hand-carved ceremonial masks and totem poles the Sepik is renowned for. Today's menu features homemade pumpkin soup with fresh-baked bread, barramundi with lemon and herb sauce and date pudding – washed down with South Australian sauvignon blanc.
"Everything you see on the table, from the plates, to the salt, to the butter had to be flown in by us," Toronto-born general manager Nick Kosonic says. "It's an incredible logistical feat running a place of this standard the middle of nowhere. Everything here is a challenge – one the biggest challenges I've faced in my life."
After lunch, I return to the jet boat for a romp along the river with my guide, Sepik man Paul Api. "This afternoon we will go to Kundiman 2," he says. "Originally it was part of another village that is now called Kundiman 1, but it grew too big and they had a hard time feeding everyone so they split the village in half."
Kundiman 2 is a few minute's from the lodge but might as well be on the other side of the moon. There's no power, no jetty, no amenities – just a collection of hardscrabble stilt huts in a clearing on the river bank. The women are topless, wearing only skirts made of pandanus leaves. The men wear dirty old pants or shorts, while the children – of which there are legions – are naked. Many have bloated stomachs from the intestinal tapeworms they get from drinking the river water.
A Tufi villager extracts sago from a tropical palm tree in Papua New Guinea. Sago is a starchy extract that is used to make sago flour, which in turn helps the locals to make bread, scones and pancakes! 😊👍🏻 #PNG #PapuaNewGuinea #tufi #tradition #sago #tropics #skills #igerstravel #SimonInPNG #instatravel #travelgram #travelstories #travel
A post shared by Simon Heyes – Travel Blogger (@mrheyes) on Jul 17, 2015 at 12:31am PDT
The villagers put on a sago-making demonstration (sago is a starch extract from a palm tree of the same name). First, the bark is removed from a sago stump with two sticks, in the same way a mechanic would jimmy a tire from a wheel. The spongy pulp is chiselled out and taken to the river, where women squeeze out the starch with water and elbow grease.
When the pulp dries, it becomes sago flour and is fried as a pancake or combined with water for a gooey, semi-transparent porridge. River people eat sago as the base of every meal, accompanied by fish, greens and nuts from the jungle.
The pancake tastes quite rubbery, while the porridge is a bit hard to stomach. But seeing the effort that goes into harvesting and cooking it gives me plenty to think about later that night as I drift off to sleep listening to the noise of creatures trapping and consuming their dinner in the dark jungle.
The bloodstone
The next day we visit Konmei Village on the Konmei River. We're treated to a victory dance once used to celebrate successful headhunts – the last vestige of the Sepik people's not-so-distant cannibalistic past.
"When the Konmei warriors made plans to go out to hunt heads at night, they would put a triangular-shaped mask at the head of the canoe to let their enemies know it was war," Paul says as villagers jump up and down, beat drums, chant, stamp their feet, sing and shout.
"If the hunt was successful, they would dress up and assemble in front of the spirit haus by the bloodstone," he says, pointing to an angular rock sticking in the ground.
A traditional village hut on the Sepik River bank.
The dancers pick up speed and their voices rise, spiralling into a frenzy of colour, limbs and sound.
"Then the victims," Paul says, shouting to be heard, "would have their heads cut off. Their blood would then be poured over the stone so they can tame the spirit of the dead. But the main way to pass on the power and knowledge of the victims was by making brain soup mixed with ginger, cinnamon and bark."
The performance reaches a crescendo and comes to a heart-pounding end. The dancers are sweet-soaked and exhausted.
Back on the river, our driver steers us towards a forested bank where we land for lunch. Paul puts on a lavish spread but before we can swallow the first mouthful, mosquitos attack. We have no choice but to untie the jet boat and continue down the river, eating on the run.
Cannibalism might be a thing of the past in the Sepik but you can still get eaten alive.
PNG Air flies four times daily from Port Moresby to Mount Hagen. Return airfare starts at AU$500.
From Mount Hagen, Trans Niugini Tours will fly you to Karawari. Return airfares AU$660 per person.
Staying there
Room rates at Karawari Lodge, including board and tours, are AU$1600 per couple or twin share per night. Board on the Sepik Spirit, an air-conditioned luxury houseboat on the Sepik River, is AU$2000 per couple or twin share per night. See pngtours.com/lodge2.html
Karawari Lodge welcomes guests from March-December. The Sepik Spirit operates from April-November.
Mosquito repellant and lots of it.
Countdown for a stress-free holiday departure


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Welcome and Connect
Rector's Sabbatical
What's Happening at St. Francis-in-the-Fields
Easy Opportunities to Get Involved at St. Francis-in-the-Fields
Opportunities abound at St. Francis for members, new and old, to connect with the social, spiritual and service activities of our parish. This page includes descriptions of many of our groups, along with time commitments, who to contact, and any training or background expectations.
Our 10 am service of Holy Eucharist is streamed live on the internet via YouTube and Facebook. This church service as well as other special presentations are also available to watch anytime on the church Facebook page and YouTube channel, so it's easy to stay connected.
For contact information for any parishioner, log into the Member Directory on the home page of the website or call the church office at 610-647-0130.
Acolytes - Acolytes play a major role in the worship service at St. Francis. They carry one of the crosses, a taper, the gospel book, or the banner. In addition, they help the celebrant set up the communion table, stand at the Altar during the eucharistic liturgy and ring the Sanctus bells at specific times. The Acolytes have their own robing room adorned by photographs of all those who have graduated. St. Francis welcomes those between 2nd and 12th grade to join the Acolyte corps. For more information, contact David Brooks.
Altar Flower Delivery – Flowers from the Altar are delivered each week to people who may be ill, in the hospital or celebrating a birthday, birth or other special occasion. Please call the church office to help with this uplifting ministry.
Altar Gulld - Members ready the church for worship by dressing the Altar, cleaning silver and caring for liturgical linens. New volunteers are always welcome. Contact Sherri Lewis for information on the set-up team.
Audio/Visual - The Audiovisual ministry is a critical technical component of St. Francis. We use it to help enhance our communications and engage the community near and far. Most visible is the live streaming of our services, including our Sunday worship, funerals, Compline, special events, The Rector's Study, and the occasional interview and recording of parishioners. The streaming is done from the media center in the sanctuary or by using the remote TV Media Cart. You do not have to be a techno-wizard to be involved, just have the willingness to learn a few things. Please get in touch with Everett Warren for more information.
Book Group – The St. Francis Book Group meets in the church library on the third Friday of the month at 7:30 pm. Members of the group contribute book suggestions. Current book selections can be seen on the church calendar. New members are welcome anytime. Please contact Elizabeth Pitt for more information.
Choir – Adult choir members lead the congregation's responses and singing during the 10 am Sunday services and other special services throughout the year. Members of the choir rehearse with the choir director weekly from 7 - 8:30 pm on Thursdays and 9:15 am on Sunday mornings. The choir sings on a September – June schedule. No musical experience is necessary! Please contact the Choir Director, Joe Perry for more information.
Church Gardens – This ministry keeps our grounds at St. Francis beautiful by maintaining existing gardens and adding new plantings to enhance the aesthetic appeal of church surroundings. Veteran gardeners and horticultural novices lead spring and fall cleanups. Many beds can be maintained on your own schedule. For more information, please contact Laura Petersen.
Coffee Hour – Members serve coffee and provide breakfast treats after the 10 am Sunday service during the school year. This important ministry allows us to get to know each other and connect after church on a more personal level. Written and personal instruction is provided. There is a signup sheet on the church bulletin board. Please contact Sue Kelly to help.
Fellowship – The Fellowship Committee plans numerous social events throughout the year. Francis and Friends and other events are announced in our monthly newsletter Fieldnotes, and signup boards are displayed in the narthex. All parishioners are invited to attend and bring guests. These are informal gatherings in a relaxed, fun environment. Please contact chair Suzanne Steinberg.
Flower Guild – The flower team arranges the beautiful flowers on the Altar each week. Please contact Mahala Renkey for information on the flower team.
Greeters – The greeters provide welcoming personal contact for first time and repeat visitors, as well as for long time parishioners. The primary goal of this ministry is to make visitors feel comfortable and welcome at our church. Members of this ministry usually greet once every month or two and are provided with easy written and personal instruction. Please contact Mike Lenkaitis for more information.
Intercessors – Readers offer Prayers of the People at the 10 am service each Sunday. New intercessors are always welcome. Please contact Sandra Healey for more information.
Note: Volunteers at the 8 am service on Sunday mornings read the Lessons, the Prayers and assist Fr. Kevin at the Altar.
Invite-Welcome-Connect (I-W-C) – The I-W-C Committee consists of three subcommittees that collaborate for three purposes: to spread the word to the greater community about St. Francis; to welcome visitors and new members; and to connect new and established parishioners with the ministries of our church.
The Invite Committee is outward-facing and spreads the word about St. Francis via the website, social media, news organizations, signage, community events, etc.
The Welcome Committee encompasses the Ushers and Greeters ministries, while also preparing materials to welcome visitors and newcomers to the parish.
The Connect Committee strives to bring new and current parish members into fellowship and active involvement in the St. Francis church community.
New members and new ideas are always welcome in these dynamic groups. Contact Fr. Kevin or Cindy Claffey ([email protected]) for more information.
Lay Readers – Adults and tweens/teens are welcome to read the lessons and lead the psalm on Sunday mornings. Minimal training is required, and personal instruction will be provided. Please contact the quarterly scheduler, Ed Damerau or Fr. Kevin to volunteer or for more information.
Lectionary Bible Study and Eucharist – Members meet from 10 - 11:30 am on Wednesday mornings to read and discuss Bible passages in preparation for the coming Sunday's lessons, followed by Holy Eucharist. No prior background in Bible study is necessary and there is no homework. A Zoom link will also be provided on Monday for those that prefer to attend virtually. Please contact Fr. Kevin (610-647-0130 or [email protected]) for more information.
Men's Group – St. Francis has a fellowship group for men of the parish that meets for breakfast occasionally during the year. They help with many odd jobs and projects at the church and set up for various events in the parish. Please contact the church office for more information.
Oblation Bearers - Oblation Bearers bring the offerings of wine and bread to the Altar before Eucharist. A sign up sheet to serve as OB is in the Narthex, along with printed instructions. Ushers will be glad to guide you in this quick, simple but important moment in our worship service.
Outreach – St. Francis participates in a variety of outreach programs throughout the year. Some programs involve collection and delivery of food, clothing and other items. St. Francis supports many local charities in our community through our time, talent, materials and financial donations. Information is available in the church bulletin or by calling the church office.
The Rector's Study – Periodic studies in Christian Discipleship are led by Fr. Kevin (or others) throughout the year. These generally occur on Sunday mornings beginning at 9 am, and last about 30-45 minutes. Lectures by Fr. Kevin are often recorded and made available online. Upcoming dates and topics are announced in the Sunday bulletins and other sources of parish communication.
Transportation for Parishioners – Volunteers provide residents of retirement communities with transportation to worship services and church activities. Please contact the church office or Shirley Warren for more information.
Ushers – Ushers help with seating, gather the offering and tidy up the pews after services. Volunteers are scheduled for the 10 am Sunday services and other special services throughout the year. No experience is necessary and personal instruction will be provided. Please contact Mike Quinn for more information.
Vegetable Garden (in partnership with the West Chester Food Cupboard) – St. Francis tends a raised bed vegetable garden that grows and donates three crops per bed per season. The growing season starts in April and ends in late October. Volunteers meet one hour a week to plant, maintain and water plants. The church has donated over 265 pounds of produce a year. Please contact Mahala Renkey for more information.
Youth Group - The middle school and high school Youth Groups meets on designated Sundays from 5 to 6:30 pm, beginning with dinner together and then discussion or a project. The Youth Groups have collections of food during Advent and collection of personal hygiene products during Lent for the West Chester Food Cupboard. All Middle School and High School students are welcome to join us. For more information, contact Diane Faison in the church office.
COVID-19 Protocols, Information and Resources


Price from $198.99 per person!
You will be picked up from your Las Vegas Strip hotel and taken to our private terminal at McCarran International Airport. Once in the air, you will fly over the Las Vegas valley with a bird's eye view of exclusive golf resorts, celebrity homes and hotels. As you fly over Lake Mead, the fiery-red skies of sunset combined with reflections off the water from the surrounding desert landscape create breathtaking views. As the serene view of Hoover Dam comes into sight, the soft light of twilight glows everywhere with the Colorado River in the distance. The return flight to Las Vegas features spectacular sunset views of the Strip, showing off the iconic landmarks from the historic district to the Bellagio, Caesars Palace, Stratosphere Tower, the Luxor and the Eiffel Tower of the Paris Hotel.
A narrated Las Vegas helicopter tour hosted by your pilot.
Tour Times: Daily after sunset. Exact tour time will be sent via email.


The Christchurch Motorway Half Marathon is being held on Sunday 3rd of March 2019, starting and finishing at Nga Puna Wai Sports Hub on the athletics track.
This is an amazing course and with no vehicles, allows runners and walkers to concentrate on your running. You will be able to see vehicles racing past on the motorway as you enjoy the relaxing fast run and starting on the athletics track at Nga Puna Wai.
Christchurch Motorway Half Marathon will cater for all runners; whether you're a beginner or an elite runner, this fast-flat course will give you the opportunity to do one of the fastest half's or 10km you've ever done.
There will be a walking section in both the 10km & Half Marathon. With the Kidz Dash being a 1.6km run on the track. This will give the children a flavour of the experience of running in a big event and on the athletic track. The Kidz dash will be held on the Nga Puna Wai track..
The Motorway Half Marathon will be Race 3 of the Finesse Finance - Half Marathon Series. With this, your best 2 Half Marathon's will be counted out of the 3 Half Marathon's, including South Island Half Marathon - Lake Hood and Canterbury Half Marathon - Pegasus Town.
All Runners will start at 9:00am with race brief at 8:55am.
All Walkers and Hybrid will start at 9:05am with race brief at 9:01am.


Bought this tabled before some weeks and i must admite that worth lot's more from its actual price. Battery last long time since it has no sim module wich drains the battery in a short time. So using the Wifi at home is best and healthier about our kids and of couse for our money bcs no need to buy internet packages. Solid material and structure it has been droped down many times and still working.
Best toy for the summer time for our kids to take with us everyehere after i instaled many games and videos. So far i m very pleased with it.
I was a bit dubious about shopping and encourage me to buy 2 Tablets, and I came faster than I expected in the door of my house! You encourage me to buy 2 units and I will continue buying more! Thank you.
Another good thing is that you get many easy payment, I have no credit card and I pay through Western Union!
I used to leave reviews for the seller after I have received my items and tell all the pros and cons. I think that will be very helpful for the people who want to buy them. This time I give the seller five stars for both the delivery time and the product quality is worthy of praise.
Well made in all aspects. The screen produces amazing pictures and the speaker delivers crisp and clear sound, even the volume rocker and the screen lock button is sturdy and responsive. Good quality and I entirely recommend it.
I was considering to buy a larger screen tablet while I found this 7.0 inch one might be more convenient to take around. The cameras are good and the construction feels sturdy. Overall I am very pleased with it.
very cool tablet for the price. does everything i want it to do, streams movies no problem and runs quite quickly. all in all, i dig it. also they shipped it remarkably fast for coming to illinois, US from china.
I love it. I can play games and check my emails and shop online on it. Good quality for the price, so far I have no problems with it. Honestly, it's really a good value for the money.
beautiful tablet, simple, light, and easy to use. get what you pay for. so far not given me any problems.
It is easy to use and play. Also it could put a Sim card for internet wherever you go.
Great screen and good sound quality. runs fast and plays smooth videos, all in all it's a great tablet especially for this price.


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Q: IOS8 Text in TextField Bounces on Focus There is a weird bug where I switch to a screen in my app. This causes the first textfield to become first responder and the cursor is inside the textfield. Then type some text into the field and switch focus to the next textfield, this causes the text in the first box to bounce up and come back down. This happens only on the first time of coming to the screen in question. In order to replicate I need to back out of the screen and go back to it. Any ideas what would cause the text to bounce when focus is lost for the first time? Why would text field text bounce in general?

A: adding
[textField layoutIfNeeded];
to start of textFieldDidEndEditing: fixed the issue. Any ideas why?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


All-in-one table tennis set including two paddles, three balls and an extending net in a handy carry bag.
Really good fun. Decent quality. Make sure the clamps for the net are wide enough for your take top though.
This is brilliant, so pleased I've bought it. Thought the net was good quality and so quick and easy to set up without any damage to the table. Bats aren't the best but perfectly adequate for the job. Whole family are really enjoying it. Getting the kids off tablets too. Buy one!
Hours of fun and so practical !
Great Fathers' Day present, easy set up and brilliant on our kitchen table, ideal if your table has an extra leaf or two to extend.


Art in Korea is not hard to find.
A 20-year-old South Korean law mandates owners of large buildings to set aside 1% of construction costs to commission a piece of art for public display. As a result, sculptures, installations, and artwork permeate many residential and commercial areas in the ROK. While you'll be hard-pressed to walk a few blocks without seeing any of the aforementioned artistic works on display, locating various graffiti and street art may not be so easy.
There are little to no legal consequences for street artists in Korea, allowing for a plentiful assortment of artwork. Hidden between alleys and underneath overpasses, many stunning works of art seemingly exist only to those who actively search for them. If you're lucky, you can wander around and stumble upon some of these pieces lurking around corners and along quiet streets. Here are some of the many thought-provoking and visually satisfying works of street art from various neighbourhoods in Busan.
Busan's graffiti culture is here to stay, adding beauty and edge to otherwise sleepy neighbourhoods. Take a walk and bring your camera; you never know what you might find.
Katie is a writer, dancer and current kindergarten teacher with a love for strong coffee and an aversion to social media. You can find her with her nose in a book, upside-down on her yoga mat, or exploring the nooks and crannies of her new home in Busan.


I love things that is recycled, objects that is not in use anymore and through transformation gets a new life. On these images you can se jewelry I have made from old piano parts. The pianos I use are old pianos from early 1900, so these keys are made of ebony and ivory.
I know ivory is really a no, no, but old ivory is better to use than to throw away. I look at it as giving honour and respect to the elephants that died because of the ignorance and the greediness that we humans have exploited on our natural resources.